document_title: American Horror Story: Coven

question_text: where was season 3 of american horror story filmed

text: American Horror Story: Coven

text: Plot[edit]

text: The third season follows a Coven of Salem descendants who reside within Miss Robichaux's Academy in New Orleans. Zoe Benson (Taissa Farmiga) is sent to the Academy after discovering her dark power: she can magically induce brain hemorrhaging in any man by having sex with him. Upon arrival, she meets Madison Montgomery (Emma Roberts), a telekinetic and a recovering drug abuser who was once a child film star; Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe), a descendant of Tituba with the power to inflict wounds on others by harming herself, without feeling any pain; and Nan (Jamie Brewer), an enigmatic clairvoyant who can hear the thoughts of others.

text: The Academy is run by headmistress Cordelia Foxx (Sarah Paulson), who has always lived in the shadow of her mother, Fiona Goode (Jessica Lange). Fiona is the Coven's "Supreme", a witch born every generation who embodies specific gifts and magical abilities known as the Seven Wonders of Witchcraft. The Academy is looked after by Spalding (Denis O'Hare), a mute butler who has a mysterious relationship with Fiona. The Coven is assessed by the Council of Witchcraft, which includes Fiona's old rival and Cordelia's mother figure, Myrtle Snow (Frances Conroy).

text: At a party, Zoe meets fraternity president Kyle Spencer (Evan Peters), who takes a liking to her. Madison is gang-raped by Kyle's frat brothers and, as revenge, uses her power to flip their bus, killing Kyle and six others. Two of the boys survive and are placed in critical care. Zoe goes to the hospital and kills the remaining rapist with her power. To repay Zoe, Madison revives a dismembered Kyle by attaching his frat brothers' severed limbs to his head and casting a resurrection spell, but he returns frightened and simple-minded. It is revealed that Kyle's mother sexually abused him, making it hard for him to be trusting of physical touch. His revived corpse attracts Misty Day (Lily Rabe), a witch who resurrected herself after being burned at the stake.

text: Meanwhile, Fiona is cursed with an untreatable cancer due to a new Supreme rising. She tries, in vain, to regain her youth and cure herself. Voodoo priestess and the Salem witches' rival, Marie Laveau (Angela Bassett), has gained immortality by dealing with a voodoo spirit, Papa Legba (Lance Reddick). Fiona frees Marie's immortal prisoner, 19th-century slave killer Delphine LaLaurie (Kathy Bates), who becomes the Academy's maid. She struggles to adjust to the modern world due to her inherent racism. Fiona believes Madison is the next Supreme and slits her throat; Spalding helps cover it up. Zoe discovers Spalding's secrets and kills him, turning him into a ghost that haunts the Academy. Cordelia is blinded in an acid attack by witch hunters, one of whom is her husband. Myrtle is framed by Fiona, with Queenie's help, and is burned at the stake.

text: In 1919, witches of the Academy killed the notorious serial killer the Axeman (Danny Huston), whose spirit has since been confined inside the Academy's walls. He is freed when Zoe tries to contact the ghost of Madison via ouija board. He then begins a twisted romance with Fiona. Misty revives Myrtle and Madison, both of whom return with vengeful notions; Madison seduces Kyle behind Zoe's back, and Myrtle slaughters the Council of Witchcraft. Queenie joins the voodoo tribe and gives over Delphine, who is tortured and beheaded but remains alive. Cordelia's husband, Hank (Josh Hamilton), slaughters the tribe and nearly kills Marie, before Queenie uses her powers on Hank by shooting herself in the head, killing him.

text: A hopeless Marie joins the Academy, and she and Fiona drown Nan in order to fulfill a deal with Legba and remove a Supreme candidate. Queenie returns with a reattached Delphine. Marie, Fiona, and the Axeman slaughter the witch hunters. Spalding's ghost helps Delphine dissect Marie. Madison attempts to eliminate Supreme competition by entombing Misty, but she is brought back by Queenie and Cordelia. Queenie kills Delphine after making a deal with Legba to return her mortality. Marie and Delphine are banished to hell for eternity due to their actions in life. Fiona makes the Axeman believe he has murdered her, and the witches kill him in return.

text: The Coven sets out to find the next Supreme with the test of Seven Wonders. Misty and Zoe die while attempting different tests. Queenie is disqualified when she is unable to revive Zoe. Madison can but refuses, and angrily leaves after she fails a test. Kyle then kills her for not saving Zoe. Cordelia enters the competition and successfully brings Zoe back. She becomes the new Supreme, regains her sight, and reveals the Coven to the world. Myrtle is burned once again for murdering the Council. Zoe and Queenie are appointed seats on the Council, and Kyle becomes the new butler. Fiona returns to the Coven alive but withered from cancer. She makes amends with Cordelia, before dying in her arms. Fiona is then banished to hell with the Axeman. Cordelia, Zoe, Queenie, and Kyle open the doors to the Academy, welcoming the new recruitment of witches.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Sarah Paulson as Cordelia Foxx
Taissa Farmiga as Zoe Benson
Frances Conroy as Myrtle Snow
Evan Peters as Kyle Spencer
Lily Rabe as Misty Day
Emma Roberts as Madison Montgomery
Denis O'Hare as Spalding
Kathy Bates as Delphine LaLaurie
Jessica Lange as Fiona Goode

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Angela Bassett as Marie Laveau
Gabourey Sidibe as Queenie
Danny Huston as the Axeman
Patti LuPone as Joan Ramsey
Stevie Nicks as herself

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jamie Brewer as Nan
Josh Hamilton as Hank Foxx
Alexander Dreymon as Luke Ramsey
Lance Reddick as Papa Legba
Michael Cristofer as Harrison Renard
Leslie Jordan as Quentin Fleming
Robin Bartlett as Cecily Pembroke
Mike Colter as David
Riley Voelkel as Young Fiona Goode
Christine Ebersole as Anna-Lee Leighton
Michelle Page as Young Myrtle Snow
Grey Damon as Brener
Ian Anthony Dale as Dr. David Zhong
Lance E. Nichols as Detective Sanchez
Andrew Leeds as Dr. Dunphy
Gavin Stenhouse as Billy
P.J. Boudousqué as Jimmy
Ameer Baraka as Bastien, the Minotaur
Dana Gourrier as Chantal

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Alexandra Breckenridge as Kaylee
Mare Winningham as Alicia Spencer
Grace Gummer as Millie
Kyle Secor as Bill
Raeden Greer as Pauline LaLaurie
Jennifer Lynn Warren as Borquita LaLaurie
Ashlynn Ross as Marie Jeanne LaLaurie
Scott Michael Jefferson as Louis LaLaurie
James DuMont as Dr. Morrison

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

26
1
"Bitchcraft"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
3ATS01
5.54[1]

Zoe Benson (Taissa Farmiga) plans to have sex with her boyfriend for the first time, but something goes horribly wrong when the loss of her virginity leads to the discovery of a hidden power. Zoe learns she is a descendant from Salem and is in fact a witch. Her unique power causes violent hemorrhaging and certain death to whomever she has sex with. Fearing their daughter may become a hazard to the ones around her, Zoe's parents send her to a mysterious all-girls private school in New Orleans that teaches young witches how to survive in the modern world. Upon arriving, she meets her classmates: Madison Montgomery (Emma Roberts), a spoiled brat teenage movie star, who can move objects with her mind, Nan (Jamie Brewer), a girl with Down syndrome, who can hear the thoughts of others, and Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe), a witch from Detroit who descends from an African-American line of Salem witches: she is a human voodoo doll who can transfer her own wounds onto someone else. The school is owned and run by Cordelia Foxx (Sarah Paulson). After a young witch named Misty Day (Lily Rabe) is burned at the stake, Cordelia's estranged mother, reigning Supreme and most powerful witch of her generation, Fiona Goode (Jessica Lange), arrives to ensure their protection. However, Fiona also has her own agenda: finding a way to regain her youth. Zoe and Madison go to a local fraternity party only for it to end in tragedy when Madison is drugged and gang-raped by several frat brothers. She then takes quick and lethal revenge against them. Zoey later kills the last surviving frat boy by using her new power.

27
2
"Boy Parts"
Michael Rymer
Tim Minear
October 16, 2013 (2013-10-16)
3ATS02
4.51[2]

Still seeking to be perpetually young and beautiful, Fiona questions her new captive, Madame Delphine LaLaurie (Kathy Bates), who in the previous episode was dug up from an unmarked grave, still alive. Delphine tells Fiona that 180 years ago, a voodoo priestess named Marie Laveau (Angela Bassett) gave her an immortality elixir, killed her family, and buried her alive. In hopes of becoming immortal as well, Fiona visits the still-living Laveau in a 9th Ward beauty salon and creates a renewed rivalry between the Salem witches and the voodoo practitioners. Meanwhile, Zoe and Madison decide to cast a resurrection spell in order to bring Kyle (Evan Peters), one of several frat boy members that Madison murdered, back to life. When Kyle reanimates as a scared, angry monster, Zoe must seek help from a reclusive Necromancer, Misty Day. Elsewhere, Cordelia and her husband Hank (Josh Hamilton) have trouble conceiving a child, so he wants her to perform a fertility ritual.

28
3
"The Replacements"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
James Wong
October 23, 2013 (2013-10-23)
3ATS03
3.78[3]

Madison and Nan take a liking to the new next door neighbor, Luke Ramsey (Alexander Dreymon), but have problems with his overly-religious mother Joan (Patti LuPone). After an encounter with the Ramseys, Madison develops the power of Pyrokinesis. A weakened Fiona learns she has terminal cancer and believes it to be caused by one of the students rising to take her place as the Supreme. After hearing of Madison's growing power, Fiona takes her under wing. She shows Madison what it means to be a real witch, and gets her to reveal another new power she possesses. Realizing she is the next Supreme, Fiona plans to get rid of her. Meanwhile, Zoe visits Kyle's distraught mother (Mare Winningham) and takes him home, not knowing of her true colors. Cordelia is told by her doctor that she can never have a baby and goes to Marie Laveau for help. As punishment for her crimes of torture and abuse of slaves in 1830, the racist Delphine LaLaurie is forced by Fiona to be a maid to the students, causing tension between her and Queenie.

29
4
"Fearful Pranks Ensue"
Michael Uppendahl
Jennifer Salt
October 30, 2013 (2013-10-30)
3ATS04
3.71[4]

Fiona tells the house butler, Spalding (Denis O'Hare), to get rid of Madison's body and rescues Queenie from the Minotaur, a mythological beast that was sent to the Academy by Marie Laveau. At Kyle's house, Zoe hastily cleans up the mess that he created after killing his mother, but ends up losing him as Halloween commences. Away on a "business" trip, Hank cheats on Cordelia with his girlfriend, Kaylee (Alexandra Breckenridge), whom he then murders in his hotel room. The Council of Witchcraft pays a surprise visit the Academy to discuss Madison's disappearance. After receiving a gruesome present from Fiona, Marie officially ends the truce between the witches and voodoo practitioners and calls upon the dead to wreak havoc on the Academy.

30
5
"Burn, Witch. Burn!"
Jeremy Podeswa
Jessica Sharzer
November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06)
3ATS05
3.80[5]

Continuing from the last episode set on Halloween night, Zoe and the others go on the defensive when zombies attempt to get into the school. Faced with death, Zoe unleashes a new power. Madame LaLaurie deals with the fact that she was a horrible mother when she sees her own daughters amongst the hordes of zombies. After an attack on Cordelia leaves her blind and helpless, Fiona also deals with the fact that she was a bad mother. The Council returns after the attacks on Cordelia and the girls, but Fiona manages to persuade them into believing head of the Council, Myrtle Snow (Frances Conroy), attacked Cordelia due to her grudge against Fiona. Myrtle is sentenced to burn at the stake for harming another witch. At the end, Misty Day appears and resurrects Myrtle.

31
6
"The Axeman Cometh"
Michael Uppendahl
Douglas Petrie
November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13)
3ATS06
4.16[6]

Zoe, Queenie and Nan decide to come together as a Coven and use a spirit board to make contact with the other side in order to find Madison. The girls end up making contact with the spirit of legendary serial killer, The Axeman of New Orleans (Danny Huston). Queenie warns Zoe to stay away from that kind of witchcraft because it has dangerous consequences, but Zoe is determined to find out what happened to Madison. Zoe uses the spirit board alone, and summons the Axeman, who wants something in return for helping her find Madison. After decades of being held inside the Academy's walls, he asks Zoe to release his spirit that was trapped there by its former students. A now blind Cordelia develops the power of Second Sight and finds out about Hank's indiscretion, causing him to worry that she will find out his real secret of being a witch hunter. Madison is revived by Misty, and Kyle is kept at the Coven. Also, Fiona desperately wants to have one last whirlwind romance before she inevitably dies.

32
7
"The Dead"
Bradley Buecker
Brad Falchuk
November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)
3ATS07
4.00[7]

Fiona has a tryst with the Axeman, which is complicated by the side effects of her chemotherapy. Meanwhile, Zoe casts a spell to restore Spalding's tongue and interrogates him, killing him after he admits Fiona was Madison's real murderer. A newly revived Madison bonds with Kyle over being undead. Delphine and Queenie also become closer, and Delphine tells Queenie that the other witches will never truly accept her because of her race. Queenie visits Marie, who offers to let Queenie join the voodoo practitioners if she brings her Delphine. After walking in on Kyle and Madison having sex, Zoe feels betrayed by them both, but Madison claims the two should simply share him. Zoe refuses, knowing that the minute they have sex her power will kill him. Madison insists that she can't kill him because he is already dead; that night Madison, Zoe and Kyle engage in a threesome.

33
8
"The Sacred Taking"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy
December 4, 2013 (2013-12-04)
3ATS08
4.07[8]

Fearing for their lives, Misty and a resurrected Myrtle arrive at the Coven to escape a witch hunter. The Coven prepares for the Sacred Taking ritual; which is only invoked to protect the Coven in which a Supreme witch takes her own life to ensure the safety of the Coven, hastening the arrival of the next Supreme. As Fiona's health begins to fail, she finds Madison dancing around her bed. Madison claims to be the next Supreme by reviving herself, and Fiona's punishment will be to burn at the stake. She convinces Fiona to avoid that fate and swallow a handful of pills given to her. Fiona takes ipecac syrup, and vomits up the pills. She vows that she will avenge both Spalding's death and her own. At Marie Laveau's, Delphine is being held in a cage with no food or water. Delphine scoffs at Marie's taunts, pointing out she cannot die. Marie produces a large sword, mocking Delphine's lack of imagination. She hacks off Delphine's hand, warning that she's just getting started. That evening, an attack is carried out when an unseen witch hunter shoots and kills Joan Ramsey and injures Luke while Nan escapes injury. Misty, at Fiona's insistence, resurrects Joan. The next morning, with no servants to be found, Fiona answers the front door, only to find a cardboard box on the porch. She scans it with magic, takes it inside and opens it. Inside is Delphine LaLaurie's severed head staring back at her.

34
9
"Head"
Howard Deutch
Tim Minear
December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)
3ATS09
3.94[9]

Marie scoffs at Fiona's offer of an alliance, but must later reconsider when witch hunter Hank turns his attention on her voodoo tribe. Hank's back story is revealed, showing how his father trained him to be a witch hunter and how he met and charmed his way into Cordelia's life. Myrtle finally gets her revenge upon the Council that betrayed her. Meanwhile, Queenie attempts to force the disembodied Delphine to appreciate the modern African-American heritage. Nan's clairvoyance allows a comatose Luke to reveal a dark Ramsey family secret. Also, Myrtle restores Cordelia's eyes and allows her to see again. In doing so, Cordelia loses her power of Second Sight.

35
10
"The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
James Wong
January 8, 2014 (2014-01-08)
3ATS10
3.49[10]

Marie and Fiona form an uneasy alliance in order to protect themselves from the witch hunters. Meanwhile, Nan develops new powers of being able to read and control people's thoughts. Madison tries to sabotage Zoe and the other witches in the race for the Supremacy. Fiona tries to show Misty the wonderful things a Supreme can enjoy, by introducing Stevie Nicks to her. It is also revealed how Marie is still beautiful and alive after so many years. Nan learns that Joan murdered Luke in his hospital bed after he threatened to reveal a family secret, and Nan turns to a dark path by exacting an equally cruel and lethal revenge against Joan.

36
11
"Protect the Coven"
Bradley Buecker
Jennifer Salt
January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)
3ATS11
3.46[11]

A flashback to the 1830s reveals the origins of Delphine LaLaurie. After she moves back to New Orleans from Paris, she fears she will tire of the city's atmosphere. She then discovers her shocking attraction to blood and torture. In present day, a newly reassembled Delphine takes up an old hobby to pass the time. Marie and Fiona have a deadly face off with witch hunters of the Delphi Trust, while Cordelia makes a desperate sacrifice to protect the Coven. Meanwhile, a jealous Madison doesn't accept the fact that Kyle is in love with Zoe. The two argue over who deserves him more and Madison uses magic to hurt Zoe.

37
12
"Go to Hell"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Jessica Sharzer
January 22, 2014 (2014-01-22)
3ATS12
3.35[12]

Knowing her death from cancer is approaching, Fiona attempts to make amends by saying goodbye to Cordelia, giving her a family heirloom. Cordelia regains her power of Second Sight and foresees the harrowing future of the Coven. Cordelia goes to the Axeman and shares her visions with him, which later leads to the murder of Fiona. With Fiona gone, the girls finally band together as a Coven. Also, Queenie summons Papa Legba (Lance Reddick) and visits her own personal hell. Later Queenie kills Delphine LaLaurie, inadvertently killing Marie (as Papa Legba terminated their immortality after breach of contract) and the two find themselves in their actual hell, which is an eternity of Delphine being tortured by Marie in her own torture chamber.

38
13
"The Seven Wonders"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Douglas Petrie
January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)
3ATS13
4.24[13]

In order to identify the next Supreme, Zoe, Madison, Misty and Queenie undergo the test of the Seven Wonders. The Seven Wonders are seven acts of magic so advanced, each pushes the boundaries of witchcraft. The one who performs them all successfully is the next Supreme. At first, the girls pass each test of magic with ease, until they reach the test of descensum, where they must send their spirits to hell and return before sunrise. All pass the test except Misty whose spirit remains trapped in her own personal hell. When the sun rises, her body turns to dust. They recommence the tests with completing the act of transmutation (teleportation). This leads Zoe to her own demise when she teleports herself through the iron gates of the Academy, impaling and ultimately killing herself. Queenie tries, but can't resurrect Zoe. Madison has the power to perform the resurrection, but refuses. By process of elimination, she believes she is the new Supreme. Fearing Madison as Supreme will be no different from Fiona, Myrtle convinces Cordelia to join the competition. Cordelia completes all the tests successfully while Madison fails at divination. Cordelia brings back Zoe and is crowned Supreme. Myrtle later requests to again be burned alive for her dishonorable actions of murder. Kyle kills Madison for refusing to resurrect Zoe, and Spalding takes her body. Cordelia makes peace with her dying mother after inheriting her powers and title of Supreme. Fiona then joins the Axeman in her personal hell where, as he informs her, they will spend the rest of eternity. At the end, Cordelia comes out to the public on television, informing people of the witches' Coven. Along with new Council members Zoe and Queenie, and the new house butler Kyle, she offers hope to young witches everywhere.

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: In January 2013, series co-creator Ryan Murphy hinted that a clue about the third season would be hidden in the tenth episode of the second season.[14] In a later interview discussing that episode, he stated, "I sorta feel like for the third version I want to do something that's a little bit more 'evil glamour.' Just something that's a little bit more...one of the things that I missed this season was I really loved having that Romeo and Juliet youth story with Violet and Tate [from the first season]. I want something like that again and we're doing something like that in the third season. And we're contemplating shooting the show in a different place. We're contemplating shooting it in a place in the country where true horror has been."[15] In another interview, Murphy added that the season would be set in the modern day.[16]

text: Executive producer Tim Minear has stated that, while this season's tone might be lighter with more humor, the global themes of it will be "oppression of minorities of all kinds, and within that idea, minority groups going after each other and doing the work of the larger culture." He added, "While there is a strong feminist theme that runs throughout Coven, there are themes of race and themes of oppression, and themes of family – especially mothers and daughters."[17]

text: Future season[edit]

text: In October 2016, Murphy stated that a future season of the show will feature a return/continuation of Coven. However, that season is to be determined. He stated that this is not the theme for season 7, but a later season. He also confirmed that Lady Gaga's character from Roanoke is the first Supreme.[18] Later that month, Murphy announced that the season would be a Coven and Murder House crossover continuation. Merging stories, themes and characters. He also stated that he had begun reaching out to actors from both seasons to reprise their respective roles.[19]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that, as with the second season, "many actors" would return for the third season in different roles.[20] Jessica Lange, Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson all confirmed their returns. Murphy added that Lange would portray a "real glamour-cat lady",[16] whose name was later revealed to be Fiona Goode.[21] Paulson said in an interview that her character would "definitely [be] different [to her season two character]." She added, "Basically, she's going to look different, and my relationship to Lange is going to be quite different this time. At the beginning of last season, no one knew that Lana would be the hero, so it's possible I could end up the evil one this year. As of right now, there will be some of Lana Winters' qualities in my character, but I don't know for sure."[22] Taissa Farmiga, who played a lead role in the first season, starred as Zoe Benson, a character involved in a prominent romance with Peters' character.[23] Lily Rabe and Frances Conroy portrayed series regulars Misty Day and Myrtle Snow, respectively.[23][24] Kathy Bates co-starred as Delphine LaLaurie, an evil woman from the past who tortures her slaves.[25] Murphy stated that Bates' character would be "five times worse than [her] Misery character" and is also inspired by a "true event".[26] It was reported on May 22, 2013 that Emma Roberts would co-star as Madison Montgomery, a difficult Hollywood starlet.[27]

text: In May 2013, Murphy announced via Twitter that Angela Bassett and Patti LuPone had joined the cast.[28] Bassett later confirmed she would be playing voodoo priestess, Marie Laveau. In an interview, LuPone said that her character, Joan Ramsey, would not be a witch but "the personification of the religious right, 'like Piper Laurie in Carrie.'"[29] Gabourey Sidibe appeared in 12 episodes of the season portraying Queenie, a young witch, whose prominent ability allows her to become a human voodoo doll.[30] First season actress Jamie Brewer recurred as Nan, a young witch who is clairvoyant.

text: In July and August 2013, Murphy announced through Twitter that first season alums Denis O'Hare and Alexandra Breckenridge had joined the cast in unknown roles, later known as Spalding and Kaylee, respectively.[31][32] Also in August, Murphy announced that Christine Ebersole would be playing a "Glinda the Good Witch-type of gal", who is Fiona's predecessor.[33] In an interview, Jessica Lange revealed that Mare Winningham had joined the cast as Peters' character's mother, Alicia Spencer.[34] Leslie Jordan announced that he had joined the cast as Quentin Fleming, a high-ranking witch.[35] In September 2013, Alexander Dreymon was cast in the role of Luke Ramsey. Described as "the handsome young man who moves in next door to the Academy".[36] Danny Huston, Josh Hamilton, and Lance Reddick all recurred throughout the season as the Axeman, Hank Foxx, and Papa Legba, respectively. Murphy also invited singer Stevie Nicks to be a part of the season. She appeared in two episodes, "The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks" and "The Seven Wonders".

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the season began on July 23, 2013,[37] in New Orleans, Louisiana.[38] The casting call reads, "After two seasons shooting in Los Angeles, the series moves to [New Orleans] for its third season. Filming begins July 23, 2013 in New Orleans, Louisiana and [will be] completed on January 17, 2014."[39] Despite Ryan Murphy stating that the third season would take place in multiple cities,[16] New Orleans is the primary setting of the third installment.[17]

text: Mythology[edit]

text: History of the witches[edit]

text: Witches are humans gifted with the power to affect change by supernatural or paranormal means, a practice known as "witchcraft". Witches are generally female, though there are a few male witches, referred to as "warlocks". Because of their unnatural abilities and supposed connections with dark forces, witches have historically been feared, persecuted, and hunted. Many escaped the Salem witch trials and sought refuge in New Orleans.[40] Among the population of witches, there is always one witch per generation who possesses a class of seven powers considered to be advanced acts of magic. This witch is known as the "Supreme". As the witches settled in their new territory, a rivalry between them and the native Voodoo practitioners arose. The feud is still ongoing in present day New Orleans.[41] A group of witches are the focus of Coven, in which magic is a genetic heredity that connects a person to the elements and forces of nature in order to practice witchcraft.

text: It has been attested that the witches of Salem received their power from the Voodoo slave girl Tituba, though evidently, their abilities stem from a genetic affliction that is passed down through bloodlines.[42] During the Salem witch trials in 1692, witches faced persecution and decided to flee south in the midst of the hysteria. However, their ailing Supreme, Prudence Mather, was unable to make the journey and decided to take her own life in a ritual known as the Sacred Taking.[43] This selfless act allowed a new Supreme to take power and lead the Coven to safety, where they eventually settled in New Orleans. The generations of witches to follow would become known as the "Salem descendants".

text: The governing body of the witches and warlocks, depicted as elders and known as the "Council of Wichcraft", are very old fashioned as they still use typewriters in modern times. They are responsible for policing witch crimes, the concealment of witchcraft to the uninitiated, and for the welcoming of potential students to Miss Robichaux's Academy.[42] The council only visits the Coven on very important cases, such as the death of another witch.[44]

text: The Supreme[edit]

text: The Supreme Witch, known more colloquially as the Supreme, is a worldwide recognized status among the witches descending from the Salem witch trials. While most witches possess only a handful of gifts, the Supreme is said to embody multiple, if not all, gifts. Historically, there is said to be only one Supreme per generation (approximately 30–50 years). Part of being a Supreme means no ailments or diseases would harm them.[45] The Supreme role comes with the responsibility of the entire Coven as a leader of the new generation. One of the most important tasks of the Supreme is to identify her successor, a task that wasn't accomplished by former Supreme Fiona Goode, and, as a consequence, multiple girls were tested and one of them died trying to perform the Seven Wonders.

text: As a new Supreme flowers, the life force of the current regnant gradually fades, which manifests as multiple organ failures, disease, and cancer due to the crippled immune system. In the cases where a new Supreme must rise before the natural death of the incumbent, a ritual known as "The Sacred Taking" is employed; it is a stylized suicide blessed by Coven members. It was developed when the ailing Prudence Mather was not able to make the journey to relocate the Coven to New Orleans during the Salem Witch Trials, and allowed a potential to ascend to Supremacy. Fiona inherited her powers earlier than most Supremes (she was in her late teens to early twenties at the time) because she killed her generation's Supreme and self-ascended. Fiona lived for a while after Cordelia became the Supreme, but had already become very weak and sickly.

text: According to Ryan Murphy, the original Supreme is Scáthach, from Roanoke.[46] Scáthach is an immortal English woman descending from the Druids and their Roman conqueror, and is a practitioner of prehistoric Celtic religion and a worshipper of the Old Gods. She was a stowaway on a British voyage destined for the colonies, but the ship's occupants all died. The colonists discovered her upon landfall and blamed her presence for enraging the sea gods. She was subsequently imprisoned and sentenced to be burned at the stake for witchcraft. Using her darker powers, she massacred the soldiers. This was later blamed on Natives, and Scáthach escaped into the wild. Prudence Mather was the Supreme of Salem. Marion Warton, the purchaser of Miss Robichaux's Academy and the predecessor of Mimi DeLongpre, was followed by Anna-Leigh Leighton, Fiona Goode and the current Supreme, Cordelia Foxx.

text: Magic[edit]

text: A number of magical powers and abilities have been showcased in Coven. Some abilities are inherent or reflexive to certain witches, that is they do not need to focus or concentrate. It is not rare for a witch to manifest more than three powers, though a Supreme is required to have at least seven (the Seven Wonders), though not necessarily all possible powers. It is said that the reason that a Supreme is so powerful is because she is the physical embodiment of many and or all powers. Witches are shown to be able to use their powers collectively.[47] Certain abilities can also be triggered by certain events and substances. Voodoo and witchcraft practitioners share certain powers.

text: The Seven Wonders[edit]

text: All Supremes are assumed to have demonstrated these abilities during their ascension to Supremacy, despite not necessarily being depicted. The explicit depictions of the seven gifts are:

text: Telekinesis: The ability to manipulate objects with the power of the mind. This is the most commonly seen power, displayed by many witches.

text: Concilium: Imposition of one's will onto another. It can be resisted, though doing so causes increasing intracranial pressure to the point of explosion. If exercised, it can bend the strongest of wills. It is also known as coercion and mind control.

text: Pyrokinesis: The ability to control and conjure fire with the power of the mind.

text: Divination: The ability to obtain direct knowledge about an object, person, location or physical event through means other than the user's physical senses. This can be activated by just being around a person, focusing on specific tasks, searching for information, and touching objects.

text: Transmutation: The ability to move instantaneously from one location to another without physically occupying the space in between, also known as teleportation.

text: Vitalum Vitalis: The balancing of the scales between one life force and another. Witches can transfer their own life force to dead or nearly dead people in order to heal them. Commonly seen side effects are fainting and dizziness due to the strain. Can also be used to drain life force as well.

text: Descensum: Perilous descent into the nether worlds of afterlife. Witches are able to project themselves directly into hell, which takes the form of their worst fears. If a witch is stuck for a certain amount of time, they will never be able to leave and their body disintegrates into dust. To use this power, they commonly chant an incantation.

text: Uncommon powers[edit]

text: Immortality: The ability to live forever and never age. It allow user to immune to aging, diseases, and even death.

text: Resurgence: Returning oneself or others from the dead to full life. It is powerful enough to heal the skin of burnt corpses and even fuse limbs not previously attached to the body. The power is useless if the body is in too many pieces. Not to be confused with the Resurrection Spell which can be done by any witch that performs the ritual and incantation, often with undesirable results in accordance with the witches power and adherence to the spell. Nor is it the same as the Voodoo power of Necromancy which creates mindless zombies.

text: Injury Transference: Traumatic physical injuries sustained can be sympathetically transmuted to the body of another, chosen by the caster, along with the pain of the injury. Also referred to as "human voodoo doll".

text: Black Widow: The ability to cause fatal hemorrhage by coitus. Also referred to as "killer vagina". More like a congenital curse than a power.

text: Power Negation: Cancelling out someone else's magic or voodoo curse. Zoe was able to use this power when Marie Laveau sent evil undead creatures (zombies) to Miss Robichaux's Academy, although she had no prior knowledge that she possessed the ability before-hand and it was activated out of sheer panic and alarm.

text: The Sight: The ability to see significant visions of the past and future through touch. It applies to people and materials in a series of visions or premonitions. Also referred to as "Second Sight", it is described as the greatest ability to have and the most painful to live with.

text: Clairvoyance: An ability that can manifest as the power to read the minds of others, commonly known as telepathy.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Similar to the prior seasons, FX published mini teaser trailers for Coven on the show's Facebook page.[48]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: American Horror Story: Coven has received positive reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 85% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.24/10, based on 32 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "A noteworthy ensemble cast combined with creepy storytelling and campy, outrageous thrills make American Horror Story: Coven a potently structured fright-fest."[49] The season scored 71 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 24 reviews.[50]

text: In contrast, Coven was also met with negative reviews from some critics. The A.V. Club gave the season a low rating of D+, with critic Todd VanDerWerff remarking, "It lurched drunkenly from idea to idea, never settling on one long enough to build anything of worth."[51]

text: In their post-season reviews, The Michigan Daily gave Coven a B+, saying, "And while its conclusion, appropriately titled "The Seven Wonders", never quite matched the high standard it set for itself throughout the season, Coven's reputation will nonetheless remain a solid one."[52] Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly gave the season a B rating and said, "I can't deny my experience: Week to week, the excesses of Coven were wickedly amusing. Next year, I hope American Horror Story can be more than that, and with less."[53]

text:
American Horror Story (season 3): Critical reception by episode

Season 3 (2013–14): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[54]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: In its third season, the series was nominated for 73 awards, 13 of which were won.

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2013
IGN's Best of 2013: TV[55]
Best TV Horror Series
American Horror Story: Coven
Nominated

2014
4th Critics' Choice TV Awards
Best Miniseries
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Miniseries
Kathy Bates
Nominated

Best Actress in a Movie or Miniseries
Jessica Lange
Won

5th Dorian Awards[56]
TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Won

TV Drama of the Year
American Horror Story: Coven
Nominated

Campy TV Show of the Year
Won

66th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Miniseries
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk (for "Bitchcraft")
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon (for "Bitchcraft")
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
Kathy Bates
Won

Frances Conroy
Nominated

Angela Bassett
Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
Sarah Paulson
Nominated

Jessica Lange
Won

66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special
Robert J. Ulrich, Eric Dawson, Meagan Lewis
Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Lou Eyrich, Elizabeth Macey, Ken Van Duyne (for "Bitchcraft")
Won

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Monte C. Haught, Michelle Ceglia, Yolanda Mercadel, Daina Daigle
Won

Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Eryn Krueger Mekash, Kim Ayers, Vicki Vacca, Mike Mekash, Christopher Nelson, Lucy O'Reilly
Nominated

Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special
James S. Levine (for "The Seven Wonders")
Nominated

Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Eryn Krueger Mekash, Mike Mekash, Christien Tinsley, Jason Hamer, Christopher Nelson, David L. Anderson, Cristina Patterson, Rob Freitas
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Gary Megregian, David Klotz, Timothy A. Cleveland, Paul Diller, Brian Thomas Nist, Steve M. Stuhr, Lance Wiseman, Noel Vought (for "Fearful Pranks Ensue")
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or Movie
Bruce Litecky, Joe Earle, Doug Andham (for "Fearful Pranks Ensue")
Nominated

Outstanding Art Direction for a Period Series, Miniseries or a Movie
Mark Worthington, Andrew Murdock, Ellen Brill
Nominated

71st Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Miniseries or TV Film
Jessica Lange
Nominated

Best Miniseries or TV Film
American Horror Story: Coven
Nominated

61st MPSE Golden Reel Awards[57][58]
Best Sound Editing in TV – Short Form: Dialogue & ADR
Episode: "Bitchcraft"
Nominated

45th NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special
Gabourey Sidibe
Nominated

Angela Bassett
Nominated

18th Online Film & TV Association Awards[59]
Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Nominated

Kathy Bates
Won

Frances Conroy
Nominated

Lily Rabe
Nominated

Gabourey Sidibe
Nominated

Best Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Jessica Lange
Nominated

Sarah Paulson
Nominated

Best Miniseries
American Horror Story: Coven
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Nominated

Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Nominated

Best Music in a Non-Series
Nominated

Best Editing in a Non-Series
Nominated

Best Cinematography in a Non-Series
Nominated

Best Production Design in a Non-Series
Nominated

Best Costume Design in a Non-Series
Won

Best Makeup/Hairstyling in a Non-Series
Won

Best Sound in a Non-Series
Nominated

Best Visual Effects in a Non-Series
Won

Best New Titles Sequence
Nominated

40th People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Movie/Miniseries
Won

18th Satellite Awards
Best TV Series – Genre
Nominated

Best Actress – Miniseries or TV Film
Jessica Lange
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or TV Film
Kathy Bates
Nominated

40th Saturn Awards
Best Supporting Actress on TV
Nominated

Best Guest Starring Role on TV
Danny Huston
Nominated

Best Syndicated/Cable TV Series
American Horror Story: Coven
Nominated

Best Actress on TV
Jessica Lange
Nominated

20th Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series
Nominated

30th TCA Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries and Specials
American Horror Story: Coven
Nominated

54th Golden Nymph Awards[60][61]
Best Actress in a Miniseries
Jessica Lange
Nominated

Sarah Paulson
Nominated

18th ADG Excellence in Production Design Awards
TV Movie or Miniseries
Mark Worthington (for "Bitchcraft")
Nominated

35th Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Series – Guest Starring Young Actor 11–13
Toby Nichols
Nominated

BET Awards 2014
Best Actress
Angela Bassett
Nominated

50th CAS Awards[62]
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing – TV Movie or Miniseries
Bruce Litecky, CAS (Production Mixer)
Joe Earle, CAS (Re-recording Mixer)
Doug Andham, CAS (Re-recording Mixer)
James S. Levine (Scoring Mixer)
Judah Getz (ADR Mixer)
Kyle Billingsley (Foley Mixer) (for "The Replacements")
Nominated

16th CDG Awards[63][64]
Outstanding Made for TV Movie or Miniseries
Lou Eyrich
Nominated

Make-up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards 2014[65][66]
Miniseries or TV Movie Period and/or Character Make-up
Eryn Krueger Mekash, Christien Tinsley
Nominated

Miniseries or TV Movie Period and/or Character Hair Styling
Monte C. Haught
Nominated

51st ICG Publicists Awards[67]
Maxwell Weinberg Campaign Award – TV
Matthew Mitchell
Won

TV Guide Awards 2012[68][69]
Favorite Horror Show
American Horror Story: Coven
Nominated

Women's Image Network Awards 2014[70]
Actress MFT Movie/Miniseries
Emma Roberts (for "The Dead")
Nominated

2015
26th PGA Awards
Outstanding Producer of Long-Form TV
Brad Buecker, Dante Di Loreto, Brad Falchuk, Joseph Incaprera, Alexis Martin Woodall, Tim Minear, Ryan Murphy, Jennifer Salt, James Wong (also for Freak Show)
Nominated

30th Artios Awards[71]
TV Movie or Miniseries
Robert J. Ulrich, Eric Dawson, Carol Kritzer, Meagan Lewis (Location Casting), Eric Souliere (Associate)
Nominated

Bram Stoker Award 2014[72]
Superior Achievement in a Screenplay
James Wong (for "The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks")
Nominated

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Coven's premiere episode, "Bitchcraft", was watched by 5.54 million viewers, which, at the time, was the highest total viewers of any American Horror Story episode.[42] It was surpassed by the fourth season's premiere, "Monsters Among Us", which received 6.13 million viewers during its broadcast.[73] The ratings slipped for the second episode, delivering 4.51 million viewers and a 2.5 rating among adults 18-49 – down 17% from the premiere.[74] The rest of the season's episodes remained relatively steady in ratings; the episode with the lowest viewing numbers was the penultimate episode, "Go to Hell".[12]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13

Murder House
3.18
2.46
2.59
2.96
2.74
2.83
3.06
2.81
2.85
2.54
2.59
3.22
N/A

Asylum
3.85
3.06
2.47
2.65
2.78
1.89
2.27
2.36
2.22
2.21
2.51
2.30
2.29

Coven
5.54
4.51
3.78
3.71
3.80
4.16
4.00
4.07
3.94
3.49
3.46
3.35
4.24

Freak Show
6.13
4.53
4.44
4.51
4.22
3.65
3.91
3.30
3.07
2.99
3.11
2.94
3.27

Hotel
5.81
4.06
3.20
3.04
2.87
2.64
2.64
2.31
2.14
1.85
1.84
2.24
N/A

Roanoke
5.14
3.27
3.08
2.83
2.82
2.48
2.62
2.20
2.43
2.45
N/A

Cult
3.93
2.38
2.25
2.13
2.20
2.15
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
N/A


document_title: Fish and chips

question_text: when was the first fish and chip shop opened

root

text: Fish and chips

text: History[edit]

text: Fried fish as a culinary trend may have begun in Lancashire or it may have come from London's Western Sephardic Jews.[2][3] Originally, Western Sephardic Jews settling in England in the 17th century would have prepared fried fish in a manner similar to Pescado frito, which is coated in a flour.[4] Battered fish is first coated in flour then dipped into a batter consisting of flour mixed with liquid, usually water but sometimes beer. Some newer modifications to the recipe may have cornflour added, and instead of beer sometimes soda water is added.[5] In 1860, the first fish and chip shop was opened in London by Joseph Malin[6] who sold "fish fried in the Jewish fashion".[7]

tag: p

text: Fish and chips became a stock meal among the working classes in England as a consequence of the rapid development of trawl fishing in the North Sea,[8] and the development of railways which connected the ports to major industrial cities during the second half of the 19th century, so that fresh fish could be rapidly transported to the heavily populated areas.[9]

text: Deep-fried chips (slices or pieces of potato) as a dish may have first appeared in England in about the same period: the Oxford English Dictionary notes as its earliest usage of "chips" in this sense the mention in Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities (1859): "Husky chips of potatoes, fried with some reluctant drops of oil".[10]

text: The modern fish-and-chip shop ("chippy" or "chipper" in modern British slang[11][12]) originated in the United Kingdom, although outlets selling fried food occurred commonly throughout Europe. Early fish-and-chip shops had only very basic facilities. Usually these consisted principally of a large cauldron of cooking fat, heated by a coal fire. The fish-and-chip shop later evolved into a fairly standard format, with the food served, in paper wrappings, to queuing customers, over a counter in front of the fryers. By 1910, there were more than 25,000 fish and chip shops across the country, and in the 1920s there were more than 35,000 shops.[13] As a boy Alfred Hitchcock lived above a fish and chip shop in London, which was the family business.[14] According to Professor John Walton, author of Fish and Chips and the British Working Class, the British government made safeguarding supplies of fish and chips during World War I a priority: "The cabinet knew it was vital to keep families on the home front in good heart, unlike the German regime that failed to keep its people well fed".[2] In 1928, Harry Ramsden opened his fish and chip shop in Guiseley, West Yorkshire. On a single day in 1952, the shop served 10,000 portions of fish and chips, earning a place in the Guinness Book Of Records.[13] In George Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), documenting his experience of working class life in the north of England, the author considered fish and chips chief among the 'home comforts' which acted as a panacea to the working classes.[13] During World War II, fish and chips remained one of the few foods in the United Kingdom not subject to rationing.[15] Prime Minister Winston Churchill referred to the combination of fish and chips as "the good companions".[2] John Lennon enjoyed his fish and chips—a staple of the working class—smothered in ketchup.[2]

text: British fish and chips were originally served in a wrapping of old newspapers but this practice has now largely ceased, with plain paper, cardboard, or plastic being used instead. In the United Kingdom, the Fish Labelling Regulations 2003[16] and in Ireland the European Communities (Labelling of Fishery and Aquaculture Products) Regulations 2003 [17] respectively enact directive 2065/2001/EC, and generally mean that "fish" must be sold with the particular commercial name or species named; so, for example, "cod and chips" now appears on menus rather than the more vague "fish and chips". In the United Kingdom the Food Standards Agency guidance excludes caterers from this;[18] but several local Trading Standards authorities and others do say it cannot be sold merely as "fish and chips".[19][20][21]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: A prominent meal in British culture, the dish became popular in wider circles in London and South East England in the middle of the 19th century: Charles Dickens mentions a "fried fish warehouse" in Oliver Twist, first published in 1838, while in the north of England a trade in deep-fried chipped potatoes developed. The first chip shop stood on the present site of Oldham's Tommyfield Market.[22] It remains unclear exactly when and where these two trades combined to become the fish-and-chip shop industry we know. A Jewish immigrant, Joseph Malin, opened the first recorded combined fish-and-chip shop in London in 1860 or in 1865; a Mr Lees pioneered the concept in the North of England, in Mossley, in 1863.[23]

text: The concept of a fish restaurant, as opposed to take-away, was introduced by Samuel Isaacs (born 1856 in Whitechapel, London; died 1939 in Brighton, Sussex) who ran a thriving wholesale and retail fish business throughout London and the South of England in the latter part of the 19th century. Isaacs' first restaurant opened in London in 1896 serving fish and chips, bread and butter, and tea for nine pence,[24] and its popularity ensured a rapid expansion of the chain.

text: The restaurants were carpeted, had table service, tablecloths, flowers, china and cutlery, and made the trappings of upmarket dining affordable to the working classes for the first time. They were located in Tottenham Court Road, St Pancras, The Strand, Hoxton, Shoreditch, Brixton and other London districts, as well as Clacton, Brighton, Ramsgate, Margate and other seaside resorts in southern England. Menus were expanded in the early 20th century to include meat dishes and other variations as their popularity grew to a total of thirty restaurants. Sam Isaacs' trademark was the phrase "This is the Plaice", combined with a picture of the punned-upon fish in question. A glimpse of the old Brighton restaurant at No.1 Marine Parade can be seen in the background of Norman Wisdom's 1955 film One Good Turn just as Wisdom/Pitkin runs onto the seafront; this is now the site of a Harry Ramsden's fish and chips restaurant. A blue plaque at Oldham's Tommyfield Market marks the first chips fried in England in 1860, and the origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries.[25]

text: Dundee City Council claims that chips were first sold by a Belgian immigrant, Edward De Gernier, in the city's Greenmarket in the 1870s.[26]

text: In Edinburgh, a combination of Gold Star brown sauce and water or malt vinegar, known as "sauce", or more specifically as "chippy sauce", has great popularity.[27]

text: Fish & Chips Awards[edit]

text: The annual National Fish & Chips Awards were set up in the UK in 1988.[28] The 30th Annual Fish & Chips Awards ceremony was attended by Norwegian ambassador to the UK Mona Juul.[29]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, the first fish and chips were sold by an Italian immigrant, Giuseppe Cervi, who mistakenly stepped off an North American-bound ship at Queenstown (now Cobh) in County Cork in the 1880s and walked all the way to Dublin.[30] He started by selling fish and chips outside Dublin pubs from a handcart. He then found a permanent spot in Great Brunswick Street (now Pearse Street). His wife Palma would ask customers "Uno di questa, uno di quella?" This phrase (meaning "one of this, one of that") entered the vernacular in Dublin as "one and one", which is still a way of referring to fish and chips in the city.[12]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Fish and chips are the most popular takeaway food in New Zealand. Food historians have been unable to pinpoint exactly when the meal became an established part of New Zealand cuisine but all recognise that the first fish and chips shops were introduced by British settlers before World War I.[31] During the 20th century, nearly every small town and suburb in New Zealand had at least one fish-and-chip shop. As in Britain, Friday night has been the traditional night to eat fish.[31]

text: Traditionally, fish and chips were served in wrappings of newspaper. With the decline of the newspaper industry, this has become less common.

text: In 1980, four up-and-coming Labour Party politicians, including David Lange, were nicknamed the "Fish and Chip Brigade" due to a picture published at the time with the group eating fish and chips.[32]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the dish is most commonly sold as "fish and chips", except in Upstate New York and Wisconsin and other parts of the Northeast and Upper Midwest, where this dish would be called a fish fry.[33] Despite the name "fish and chips", and the US meaning of "chips", the dish is served with French fries (much thinner than British and Irish chips).[34] In the Southern United States, a common form of cuisine is fried catfish with French fries, accompanied by coleslaw, pickles, raw onion slices and lemon slices.

text: Composition[edit]

text: Cooking[edit]

text: Traditional frying uses beef dripping or lard; however, vegetable oils, such as peanut oil (used because of its relatively high smoke point) now[update] predominate. A minority of vendors in the North of England and Scotland, and the majority of vendors in Northern Ireland, still use dripping or lard, as it imparts a different flavour to the dish, but this makes the fried chips unsuitable for vegetarians and for adherents of certain faiths. Lard is used in some living industrial history museums, such as the Black Country Living Museum.

text: Thickness[edit]

text: British and Irish chips are usually thicker than American-style French fries sold by major multinational fast food chains, resulting in a lower fat content per portion. In their homes or in some restaurants, people in or from the United States may eat a thick type of chip, more similar to the British and Irish variant, sometimes referred to as steak fries.[35][36]

text: Batter[edit]

text: In Britain and Ireland, fish and chip shops traditionally use a simple water and flour batter, adding a little sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and a little vinegar to create lightness, as they react to create bubbles in the batter. Other recipes may use beer or milk batter, where these liquids are often substitutes for water. The carbon dioxide in the beer lends a lighter texture to the batter. Beer also results in an orange-brown colour. A simple beer batter might consist of a 2:3 ratio of flour to beer by volume. The type of beer alters the taste of the batter; some prefer lager[37][38] whereas others use stout or bitter.

text: Choice of fish[edit]

text: In Britain and Ireland, cod and haddock appear most commonly as the fish used for fish and chips,[39] but vendors also sell many other kinds of fish, especially other white fish, such as pollock or coley, plaice, skate, and ray (particularly popular in Ireland); and huss or rock salmon (a term covering several species of dogfish and similar fish). In Northern Ireland, cod, plaice or whiting appear most commonly in 'fish suppers'—'supper' being Scottish and Northern Irish chip-shop terminology for a food item accompanied by chips.[citation needed] Suppliers in Devon and Cornwall often offer pollock and coley as cheap alternatives to haddock.[40]

text: In Australia, reef cod and rock cod (a different variety from that used in the United Kingdom), barramundi or flathead (more expensive options), flake (a type of shark meat) or snapper (cheaper options), are commonly used. From the early 21st century, farmed basa imported from Vietnam and hoki have become common in Australian fish and chip shops. Other types of fish are also used based on regional availability.[citation needed]

text: In New Zealand, snapper or gurnard was originally the preferred species for battered fillets in the North Island. As catches of this fish declined, it was replaced by hoki, shark (particularly rig) – marketed as lemon fish – and tarakihi. Bluefin gurnard and blue cod predominate in South Island fish and chips.[31]

text: In the United States, the type of fish used depends on availability in a given region. Some common types are cod, halibut, flounder, tilapia or, in New England, Atlantic cod or haddock. Salmon is growing common on the West Coast, while freshwater catfish is most frequently used in the Southeast.[citation needed]

text: In India, the dish is usually based on pomfret fish, and uses chilli paste, and more pepper than would be used in Britain.[41]

text: Accompaniments[edit]

text: In chip shops in Britain and Ireland, salt and vinegar are traditionally sprinkled over fish and chips at the time it is served.[39] Suppliers use malt vinegar, onion vinegar (used for pickling onions), or the cheaper non-brewed condiment. In England, a portion of mushy peas is a popular side dish,[42] as are a range of pickles that typically include gherkins, onions and eggs.[43] In table-service restaurants and pubs, the dish is usually served with a slice of lemon for squeezing over the fish and without any sauces or condiments, with salt, vinegar and sauces available at the customer's leisure.[44][unreliable source?]

text: In Ireland, Wales and England, most takeaways serve warm side portions of sauces such as curry sauce, gravy or mushy peas. The sauces are usually poured over the chips. In some areas, this dish without fish is referred to as 'wet chips'. In the Midlands especially, chips with mushy peas or baked beans is known as a "pea mix" or a "bean mix". Other fried products include 'scraps' (also known as 'bits' in Southern England and "scrumps" in South Wales), originally a by-product of fish frying. Still popular in Northern England, they were given as treats to the children of customers. Portions prepared and sold today consist of loose blobs of batter, deep fried to a crunchy golden crisp in the cooking-fat. The potato scallop or potato cake consists of slices of potato dipped in fish batter and deep fried until golden brown. These are often accompanied for dipping by the warm sauces listed above.[45]

text: Nutrition information[edit]

text: An average serving of fish and chips consisting of 6 ounces of fried fish with 10 ounces of fried chips has approximately 1,000 calories and contains approximately 52 grams of fat.[46] The use of tartar sauce as a condiment adds more calories and fat to the dish.

text: Vendors[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa, fish and chips are usually sold by independent restaurants and take-aways known as fish and chip shops. Outlets range from small affairs to chain restaurants. Locally owned seafood restaurants are also popular in many places, as are mobile "chip vans".[47] In Canada, the outlets may be referred to as "chip wagons". In the United Kingdom some shops have amusing names, such as "A Salt and Battery", "The Codfather", "The Frying Scotsman", "Oh My Cod" and "Frying Nemo"[48] In New Zealand and Australia, fish-and-chip vendors are a popular business and source of income among the Asian community, particularly Chinese migrants.[49] In Indonesia, fish and chips are commonly found in metropolitan cities such as Jakarta in western restaurants.[50]

text: In Ireland, the majority of traditional vendors are migrants or the descendants of migrants from southern Italy. A trade organisation exists to represent this tradition.[51]

text: Fish and chips is a popular lunch meal eaten by families travelling to seaside resorts for day trips who do not bring their own picnic meals.

text: Fish-and-chip outlets sell roughly 25% of all the white fish consumed in the United Kingdom, and 10% of all potatoes.[52]

text: The numerous competitions and awards for "best fish-and-chip shop"[53] testify to the recognised status of this type of outlet in popular culture.[54]

text: Fish-and-chip shops traditionally wrapped their product in newspaper, or with an inner layer of white paper (for hygiene) and an outer layer of newspaper or blank newsprint (for insulation and to absorb grease), though the use of newspaper for wrapping has almost ceased on grounds of hygiene. Nowadays[update], establishments usually use food-quality wrapping paper, occasionally printed on the outside to imitate newspaper.

text: The British National Federation of Fish Friers was founded in 1913. It promotes fish and chips and offers training courses.

text: A previous world record for the "largest serving of fish and chips" was held by Gadaleto's Seafood Market in New Paltz, New York.[55][56] This 2004 record was broken by Yorkshire pub Wensleydale Heifer in July 2011.[57] An attempt to break this record was made by Doncaster fish and chip shop Scawsby Fisheries in August 2012, which served 33 pounds (15 kg) of battered cod alongside 64 pounds (29 kg) of chips.[58]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The long-standing Roman Catholic tradition of not eating meat on Fridays, especially during Lent, and of substituting fish for meat on that day continues to influence habits even in predominantly Protestant, Anglican, semi-secular and secular societies. Friday night remains a traditional occasion for eating fish-and-chips; and many cafeterias and similar establishments, while varying their menus on other days of the week, habitually offer fish and chips every Friday.[59]

text: In Australia and New Zealand, the words "fish and chips" are often used as a shibboleth to highlight the difference in each country's short-i vowel sound /ɪ/. Australian English has a higher forward sound [i], close to the ee in see (but shorter), while New Zealand English has a lower backward sound [ɘ] akin to the a in Rosa's (but not in Rosa, which is typically lower [ɐ]). Thus, New Zealanders hear Australians say "feesh and cheeps," while Australians hear New Zealanders say "fush and chups."[60]

text: Environment[edit]

text: In the UK, waste oil from fish and chip shops has become a useful source of biodiesel.[61] The German biodiesel company Petrotec has outlined plans to produce biodiesel in the UK from waste oil from the British fish-and-chip industry.[61]


document_title: Canon EOS 1200D

question_text: when did the canon rebel t5 come out

question_tokens: when did the canon rebel t5 come out

text: Canon EOS 1200D

text:
Canon EOS 1200D/EOS Rebel T5/EOS Kiss X70

1200D with a 55-250mm lens

Overview

Type
Digital single-lens reflex camera

Lens

Lens
Canon EF lens mount, Canon EF-S lens mount

Sensor/Medium

Sensor
CMOS APS-C 22.3 mm × 14.9 mm (1.6× conversion factor)

Maximum resolution
18.1 effective megapixels, 5,184 × 3,456

ASA/ISO range
ISO 100 to 12800

Storage
Secure Digital Card
Secure Digital High Capacity
Secure Digital Extended Capacity

Focusing

Focus modes
AI Focus, One-Shot, AI Servo

Focus areas
9 AF points

Exposure/Metering

Exposure modes
Full Auto, Portrait, Landscape, Close-up, Sports, Night Portrait, No Flash, Program AE , Shutter-priority, Aperture-priority, Manual, Auto Depth-of-field, Creative Auto

Exposure metering
Full aperture TTL, 63 zone iFCL SPC

Metering modes
Evaluative, Partial (approx. 10% at center of viewfinder), Center-weighted average

Flash

Flash
E-TTL II automatic built-in pop-up, 13 m ISO 100 guide number, 27 mm (equivalent in 35 format) lens focal length coverage; compatible with Canon EX Series Speedlite external hotshoe-mount flashes

Flash bracketing
Yes

Shutter

Shutter
focal-plane

Shutter speed range
1/4000 s to 30 s and Bulb

Continuous shooting
3 fps for 69 JPEG frames or for 6 RAW frames

Viewfinder

Viewfinder
Eye-level pentamirror SLR, 95% coverage, 0.80x magnification

Image Processing

Custom WB
Auto, Daylight, Shade, Cloudy, Tungsten Light, White Fluorescent Light, Flash, Manual, user-set

WB bracketing
± 3 stops in 1-stop increments;

General

Rear LCD monitor
3.0 in (7.6 cm) color TFT LCD, 460.000 pixels

Battery
LP-E10 Battery Pack

Dimensions
130 mm × 100 mm × 78 mm (5.11 in × 3.93 in × 3.07 in)

Weight
480 g (17 oz) CIPA

Made in
Taiwan

tag: table

text: Canon EOS 1200D is an 18.1-megapixel digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) announced by Canon on 11 February 2014.[1] It is known as the EOS Kiss X70 in Japan and the EOS Rebel T5 in the Americas. The 1200D is an entry-level DSLR that introduces an 18 MP sensor from the 700D and 1080p HD video to Canon's entry level DSLRs. It replaces the 1100D.

text: Canon announced in March 2016 that the 1200D was replaced by the 1300D/Rebel T6.[2]

text: Features[edit]

text:
18.0 Megapixel CMOS (APS-C) image sensor
Canon’s DIGIC 4 Image Processor
9-point AF points
ISO 100 – 6400 (Expandable to H: 12800)
Up to 3.0 fps Continuous Shooting
Canon EF lens mount
3.0 in (7.6 cm) LCD monitor
sRGB and Adobe RGB color spaces
RAW, JPEG file formats
Full HD video recording
Compatible with GPS receiver GP-E2
Canon RS-60E3 pin type for intervalometer.

tag: ul


document_title: Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Akwa Ibom

question_text: list the senators representing akwa ibom state in the senate

text: Fourth Republic[edit]

text: The 4th Parliament (1999 - 2003)[edit]

text:
OFFICE
NAME
PARTY
CONSTITUENCY
TERM

Senator
Akpanudo-Edehe John James
PDP
Akwa Ibom North-East
1999–2003

Senator
Emmanuel Ibok Essien
PDP
Akwa Ibom North-West
1999–2003

Senator
Udo Udoma
PDP
Akwa Ibom South
1999–2003

Representative
Akpan Eno Sampson
PDP
Ukanafun/Orukanam
1999–2003

Representative
Bassey AsuquoEmah
PDP
Etinan
1999–2003

Representative
Enang Ita Solomon
PDP
Itu/Ibiono Ibom
1999–2003

Representative
Nduese Essien
PDP
Eket
1999–2003

Representative
Esu Tony Ibana
ANPP
Ikot Ekpene/ Essien Udim/ Ubot Akara
1999–2003

Representative
Eyo Akaninyene Eno
ANPP
Abak
1999–2003

Representative
Minimah Iquo-Inyang
PDP
Ikono/ Ini
1999–2003

Representative
Udoh Esio Oquong
PDP
Oron/Mbo/Okobo/UrueOffong/Oruko/Udung-Uko Const.
1999–2003

Representative
Udoh Bernard Ambrose
PDP
Ikot Abasi
1999–2003

Representative
Ukpong Emaeyak Nkana
PDP
Uyo/Uruan/Nsit Ata/Ibeskip Asutan
1999–2003

text: 5th Parliament (2003 - 2007)[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)

text: 6th Parliament (2007 - 2011)[edit]

text:
OFFICE
NAME
PARTY
CONSTITUENCY
TERM

Senate
Aloysius Akpan Etok
PDP
Akwa Ibom North West
2007–2011

Senate
Effiong Bob
PDP
Akwa Ibom North East
2007–2011

Senate
Eme Ufot Ekaette
PDP
Akwa Ibom South
2007–2011

House of Representatives
Aniedi Ikpong King
PDP
Etinan/Nsit ibom/Nsit Ubim
2007–2011

House of Representatives
Bassey Effiong Etim
PDP
Uyo/Uruan/Nsit Atai

House of Representatives
Bernard Udoh
PDP
Ikot Abasi/Mkpat Enin/Eastern Obolo
2007–2011

House of Representatives
Ekperikpe Ekpo
PDP
Abak/Etim ekpo/Ika
2007–2011

House of Representatives
Enang Ita Solomon
PDP
Itu/Ibiono Ibom
2007–2011

House of Representatives
Eseme Sunday Eyiboh
PDP
Eket
2007–2011

House of Representatives
Ini Akpan Udoka
PDP
Ikono/Ini

House of Representatives
Patty Etete Ineme
PDP
Ikot Ekpene/Essien Udim/Obot Akara
2007–2011

House of Representatives
Peter Linus Umoh
PDP
Oron
2007–2011

House of Representatives
Sabbath Sandy Obot
PDP
Ukanafun/Orukaanam
2007–2011

text: 7th Parliament (2011 - 2015)[edit]

text:
OFFICE
NAME
PARTY
CONSTITUENCY
TERM

Senate
Aloysius Akpan Etok
PDP
Akwa Ibom North West
2011–2015

Senate
Ita Enang
PDP
Akwa Ibom North East
2011–2015

Senate
Helen Esuene
PDP
Akwa Ibom South
2011–2015

House of Representatives
Effiong Akpan
PDP
Etinan/Nsit ibom/Nsit Ubim
2011–2015

House of Representatives
Ekpenyong Etim
PDP
Uyo/Uruan/Nsit Ata/Ibesip Asutan
2011–2015

House of Representatives
Udoh Micah
PDP
Ikot Abasi/Mkpat Enin/Eastern Obolo
2011–2015

House of Representatives
Ekon Bartholomew
PDP
Abak/Etim Ekpo/Ika
2011–2015

House of Representatives
Archibong Edet
PDP
Itu/Ibiono Ibom
2011–2015

House of Representatives
Dan-Abia Bassey
PDP
Eket/Onna/Esit Eket/Ibeno
2011–2015

House of Representatives
Ini Akpan Udoka
PDP
Ikono/Ini
2011–2015

House of Representatives
Francis Udoh
PDP
Ikot Ekpene/Essien Udim/Obot Akara
2011–2015

House of Representatives
Uwak Edet
PDP
Oron/Mbo/Okobo/Urue Offong/Uko
2011–2015

House of Representatives
Ukoette Isaac
PDP
Ukanafun/Orukanam
2011–2015

text: 8th Parliament (2015 - 2019)[edit]

text:
OFFICE
NAME
PARTY
CONSTITUENCY
TERM

Senate
Godswill Akpabio
PDP
Akwa Ibom North West
2015–2019

Senate
Bassey Albert
PDP
Akwa Ibom North East
2015–2019

Senate
Nelson Asuquo Effiong
PDP
Akwa Ibom South
2015–2019

House of Representatives
Samuel Okon
PDP
Etinan/Nsit ibom/Nsit Ubim
2015–2019

House of Representatives
Dr. Michael Okon Enyong
PDP
Uyo/Uruan/Nsit Ata/Ibesikpo Asutan
2015–2019

House of Representatives
Francis Charles Udoyuk
PDP
Ikot Abasi/Mkpat Enin/Eastern Obolo
2015–2019

House of Representatives
Emmanuel Ikon
PDP
Abak/Etim Ekpo/Ika
2015–2019

House of Representatives
Henry Okon Archibong
PDP
Itu/Ibiono Ibom
2015–2019

House of Representatives
Owoidighe Ekpoatai
PDP
Eket/Onna/Esit Eket/Ibeno
2015–2019

House of Representatives
Iboro Asuquo Ekanem
PDP
Ikono/Ini
2015–2019

House of Representatives
Emmanuel S. Asian,
PDP
Ikot Ekpene/Essien Udim/Obot Akara
2015–2019

House of Representatives
Nse Bassey Ekpenyong
PDP
Oron/Mbo/Okobo/Urue Offong/Uko
2015–2019

House of Representatives
Emmanuel Ukoette Isaac
PDP
Ukanafun/Orukanam
2015–2019


document_title: List of records of the Philippines

question_text: what is the coldest temperature recorded in the philippines

text: List of records of the Philippines

text: Geography[edit]

text:
The tallest mountain: Mt. Apo, Mindanao, 2,954 m (9,692 ft)
The largest lake: Laguna de Bay, Luzon, 911–949 km² (352-366 sq mi)
The largest island: Luzon, 109,965 km2 (42,457.7 sq mi)
The largest island within a lake on an island: Vulcan Point, Main Crater Lake, Taal Volcano, Batangas
The longest river: Cagayan River, Cagayan Valley. 367 km.
The longest underground river: Puerto Princesa Underground River, Palawan, more than 24 km (15 mi)
The highest temperature: Tuguegarao, Cagayan, 42.2 °C (107.96 °F), April 29, 1912 & May 11, 1969[1]
The lowest temperature: Baguio, 6.3 °C (43.34 °F), January 18, 1961[2][3][note 1]
The strongest earthquake: 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake, Mw 8.0,  August 16, 1976[5]
The deadliest earthquake: 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake, 4,791 deaths,  August 16, 1976[6]

text: Political entities[edit]

text:
The largest province, Palawan, 14,649.7 km2 (5,656.3 sq mi)
The smallest province, Batanes, 219.01 km2 (84.56 sq mi)
City with the most population, Quezon City, 2,761,720 residents (2010)
Oldest city, Cebu City, founded 1565
Largest city by area: Davao City, 2,444 km2 (944 sq mi)
Municipality with the smallest population:
disputed: Kalayaan, Palawan, 114 residents (2007)
undisputed: Ivana, Batanes, 1,181 residents (2007)
Largest municipality by area: Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, 2,188.80 km2 (845.10 sq mi)

text: Building[edit]

text:
The tallest building: Grand Hyatt Manila, Makati, Metro Manila, 281.78 m (924.5 ft)
The tallest twin building: One Shangri-La Place Towers, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, 227 m (745 ft)
Largest shopping mall by gross leasable area: SM City North EDSA , Quezon City, Metro Manila, 498,000 m2 (5,360,000 sq ft)
The largest indoor arena: Philippine Arena, Bocaue, Bulacan, 55,000 seats and 3.644 hectares

text: Others[edit]

text:
Shortest man: Junrey Balawing, 60 cm (2 ft 0 in).
Largest serving of balut: Pateros, Metro Manila, 117.5 kg (259 lb).[7]
Largest attended papal gathering: Mass by Pope Francis in Rizal Park, Manila on January 18, 2015,attended by 6-7 million people[8]


document_title: List of regions of California

question_text: is sacramento located in a valley or in a mountainous region

text: List of regions of California

text: Northern California[edit]

text: Central California[edit]

text:
Central California

Central Coast (North)

Monterey Bay
Santa Cruz Mountains

text: Central Valley[edit]

text:
Central Valley (North)

Sacramento Valley

Chico Area
Greater Sacramento
Yuba-Sutter Area

Sutter Buttes

Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta
San Joaquin Valley (North)

Metropolitan Fresno
Merced Area
Modesto Area
Stockton Area

text: North Coast[edit]

text:
North Coast

Lost Coast
Emerald Triangle
Klamath Mountains
Mendocino Mountains
Humboldt

text: San Francisco Bay Area[edit]

text:
San Francisco Bay Area

East Bay

Oakland–Alameda County
Tri-Valley Area

Amador Valley
Livermore Valley
San Ramon Valley

North Bay

Marin County
Wine Country

Napa Valley
Russian River Valley
Sonoma Valley

Telecom Valley

The Peninsula

City and County of San Francisco
San Mateo County

South Bay

Santa Clara Valley

San Jose–Santa Clara County
Silicon Valley

text: Sierra Nevada[edit]

text:
Sierra Nevada

Gold Country
Lake Tahoe
Yosemite

text: Shasta Cascade[edit]

text:
Shasta Cascade

Mount Shasta
Redding Area
Trinity Alps

text: Surprise Valley[edit]

text:
Tricorner Region/Surprise Valley

Modoc Plateau
Warner Mountains

text: Southern California[edit]

text: Central Coast[edit]

text:
Central Coast (South) /Tri-Counties

San Luis Obispo Area

Five Cities

Santa Barbara Area
Ventura Area

Oxnard Plain

Central Valley (South)

San Joaquin Valley (South)

Bakersfield Area
Visalia-Porterville Area

text: South Coast[edit]

text:
South Coast

Channel Islands

Greater Los Angeles

Los Angeles Basin

Gateway Cities
Los Angeles City

East Los Angeles
Harbor Area
South Los Angeles
Westside

Palos Verdes Peninsula

South Bay

Beach Cities

Conejo Valley
San Gabriel Valley

Crescenta Valley

Peninsular Ranges (North)

San Jacinto Mountains
Santa Rosa Mountains

Pomona Valley

Puente Hills
Santa Clarita Valley
San Gabriel Mountains
San Fernando Valley
Santa Monica Mountains

Hollywood Hills

Orange County Area

Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, CA

Santa Ana

South Coast Metro

Santa Ana Valley
Saddleback Valley
Santa Ana Mountains

San Diego–Tijuana

San Diego metropolitan area

North County

North County Coastal
North County Inland

East County
South Bay
Mountain Empire

text: Desert Region[edit]

text:
Desert Region

Eureka Valley
Ivanpah Valley

Antelope Valley
Rainbow Basin
Saline Valley

Riverside-San Bernardino (Inland Empire)

Death Valley
Mojave Desert (High Desert)

Victor Valley
Morongo Basin

Coachella Valley (Palm Springs Area)
West Valley Region

Cucamonga Valley
Chino Valley

Big Cities Region

San Bernardino Area
Riverside Area
San Bernardino Valley
San Jacinto Valley

Mountain Areas

San Bernardino Mountains
Little San Bernardino Mountains

Imperial Valley

El Centro metropolitan area
Sonoran Desert (Low Desert)

Colorado Desert

Salton Sink/Salton Sea

Owens Valley


document_title: List of India Test cricket centurions

question_text: who scored the first test century for india

text: List of India Test cricket centurions

text: A century in cricket occurs when a batsman scores 100 runs or more in an innings, 80 India players have scored centuries in Test matches.[1]

text: Key[edit]

text:
* denotes that the batsman remained not out.
200s denotes the number of times the players scored 200 or more during an innings.
300s denotes the number of times the players scored 300 or more during an innings.
HS denotes the players highest score
Maiden century and Date give the details of the player's first century.[2]

text: List of centurions[edit]

text:
Lala Amarnath: India's first Test cricket centurion.

Virender Sehwag: The first Indian batsman to score a triple century.

Sachin Tendulkar: He is India's all-time leading Test century maker having scored 51.

text:
No.
Player
100s
200s
300s
HS
Maiden century
Date

1
Amarnath, LalaLala Amarnath
1
0
0
118
118 vs England at Gymkhana Ground, Bombay
000000001933-12-15-000015 December 1933

2
Merchant, VijayVijay Merchant
3
0
0
154
114 vs England at Old Trafford, Manchester
000000001936-07-25-000025 July 1936

3
Ali, MushtaqMushtaq Ali
2
0
0
112
112 vs England at Old Trafford, Manchester
000000001936-07-25-000025 July 1936

4
Mankad, VinooVinoo Mankad
5
2
0
231
116 vs Australia at Melbourne Cricket Ground
000000001948-01-01-00001 January 1948

5
Hazare, VijayVijay Hazare
7
0
0
164*
116 vs Australia at Adelaide Oval
000000001948-01-23-000023 January 1948

6
Phadkar, DattuDattu Phadkar
2
0
0
123
123 vs Australia at Adelaide Oval
000000001948-01-23-000023 January 1948

7
Adhikari, HemuHemu Adhikari
1
0
0
114*
114* vs West Indies at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
000000001948-11-10-000010 November 1948

8
Modi, RusiRusi Modi
1
0
0
112
112 vs West Indies at Brabourne Stadium, Bombay
000000001948-12-09-00009 December 1948

9
Roy, PankajPankaj Roy
5
0
0
173
140 vs England at Brabourne Stadium, Bombay
000000001951-12-14-000014 December 1951

10
Umrigar, PollyPolly Umrigar
12
1
0
223
130* vs England at Madras Cricket Club Ground
000000001952-02-06-00006 February 1952

11
Manjrekar, VijayVijay Manjrekar
7
0
0
189*
133 vs England at Headingley, Leeds
000000001952-06-05-00005 June 1952

12
Shodhan, DeepakDeepak Shodhan
1
0
0
110
110 vs Pakistan at Eden Gardens, Calcutta
000000001952-12-12-000012 December 1952

13
Apte, MadhavMadhav Apte
1
0
0
163*
163* vs West Indies at Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain
000000001953-02-19-000019 February 1953

14
Kripal Singh, A. G.A. G. Kripal Singh
1
0
0
100*
100* vs New Zealand at Fateh Maidan, Hyderabad
000000001955-11-19-000019 November 1955

15
Ramchand, GulabraiGulabrai Ramchand
2
0
0
109
106* vs New Zealand at Eden Gardens, Calcutta
000000001955-12-28-000028 December 1955

16
Borde, ChanduChandu Borde
5
0
0
177*
109 vs West Indies at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
000000001959-02-06-00006 February 1959

17
Baig, Abbas AliAbbas Ali Baig
1
0
0
112
112 vs England at Old Trafford, Manchester
000000001959-07-23-000023 July 1959

18
Contractor, NariNari Contractor
1
0
0
108
108 vs Australia at Brabourne Stadium, Bombay
000000001960-01-01-00001 January 1960

19
Jaisimha, M. L.M. L. Jaisimha
3
0
0
129
127 vs England at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
000000001961-12-13-000013 December 1961

20
Pataudi, M. A. K.M. A. K. Pataudi
6
1
0
203*
103 vs England at Corporation Stadium, Madras
000000001962-01-10-000010 January 1962

21
Durani, SalimSalim Durani
1
0
0
104
104 vs West Indies at Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain
000000001962-04-04-00004 April 1962

22
Kunderan, BudhiBudhi Kunderan
2
0
0
192
192 vs England at Corporation Stadium, Madras
000000001964-01-10-000010 January 1964

23
Hanumant Singh, Hanumant Singh
1
0
0
105
105 vs England at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
000000001964-02-08-00008 February 1964

24
Nadkarni, BapuBapu Nadkarni
1
0
0
122*
122* vs England at Green Park, Kanpur
000000001964-02-15-000015 February 1964

25
Sardesai, DilipDilip Sardesai
5
2
0
212
200* vs New Zealand at Brabourne Stadium, Bombay
000000001965-03-12-000012 March 1965

26
Engineer, FarokhFarokh Engineer
2
0
0
121
109 vs West Indies at Madras Cricket Club Ground
000000001967-01-13-000013 January 1967

27
Wadekar, AjitAjit Wadekar
1
0
0
143
143 vs New Zealand at Basin Reserve, Wellington
000000001968-02-29-000029 February 1968

28
Viswanath, GundappaGundappa Viswanath
14
1
0
222
137 vs Australia at Green Park, Kanpur
000000001969-11-15-000015 November 1969

29
Gavaskar, SunilSunil Gavaskar
34
4
0
236*
116 vs West Indies at Bourda, Georgetown
000000001971-03-19-000019 March 1971

30
Solkar, EknathEknath Solkar
1
0
0
102
102 vs West Indies at Wankhede Stadium, Bombay
000000001975-01-23-000023 January 1975

31
Amarnath, SurinderSurinder Amarnath
1
0
0
124
124 vs New Zealand at Eden Park, Auckland
000000001976-01-24-000024 January 1976

32
Patel, BrijeshBrijesh Patel
1
0
0
115*
115* vs West Indies at Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain
000000001976-03-24-000024 March 1976

33
Amarnath, MohinderMohinder Amarnath
11
0
0
138
100 vs Australia at WACA Ground, Perth
000000001977-12-16-000016 December 1977

34
Vengsarkar, DilipDilip Vengsarkar
17
0
0
166
157* vs West Indies at Eden Gardens, Calcutta
000000001978-12-29-000029 December 1978

35
Dev, KapilKapil Dev
8
0
0
163
126* vs West Indies at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
000000001979-01-24-000024 January 1979

36
Gaekwad, AnshumanAnshuman Gaekwad
2
1
0
201
102 vs West Indies at Green Park, Kanpur
000000001979-02-02-00002 February 1979

37
Sharma, YashpalYashpal Sharma
2
0
0
140
100* vs Australia at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
000000001979-10-13-000013 October 1979

38
Kirmani, SyedSyed Kirmani
2
0
0
102
101* vs Australia at Wankhede Stadium, Bombay
000000001979-11-03-00003 November 1979

39
Patil, SandeepSandeep Patil
4
0
0
174
174 vs Australia at Adelaide Oval
000000001981-01-23-000023 January 1981

40
Shastri, RaviRavi Shastri
11
1
0
206
128 vs Pakistan at National Stadium, Karachi
000000001983-01-30-000030 January 1983

41
Azharuddin, MohammadMohammad Azharuddin
22
0
0
199
110 vs England at Eden Gardens, Calcutta
000000001984-12-31-000031 December 1984

42
Srikkanth, KrisKris Srikkanth
2
0
0
123
116 vs Australia at Sydney Cricket Ground
000000001986-01-02-00002 January 1986

43
Sidhu, Navjot SinghNavjot Singh Sidhu
9
1
0
201
116 vs New Zealand at M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000001988-11-12-000012 November 1988

44
Manjrekar, SanjaySanjay Manjrekar
4
1
0
218
108 vs West Indies at Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
000000001989-04-07-00007 April 1989

45
Tendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar
51
6
0
248*
119* vs England at Old Trafford, Manchester
000000001990-08-09-00009 August 1990

46
Amre, PravinPravin Amre
1
0
0
103
103 vs South Africa at Kingsmead, Durban
000000001992-11-13-000013 November 1992

47
Kambli, VinodVinod Kambli
4
2
0
227
224 vs England at Wankhede Stadium, Bombay
000000001993-02-19-000019 February 1993

48
Prabhakar, ManojManoj Prabhakar
1
0
0
120
120 vs West Indies at PCA Stadium, Mohali
000000001994-12-10-000010 December 1994

49
Ganguly, SouravSourav Ganguly
16
1
0
239
131 vs England at Lord's, London
000000001996-06-20-000020 June 1996

50
Mongia, NayanNayan Mongia
1
0
0
152
152 vs Australia at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
000000001996-10-10-000010 October 1996

51
Dravid, RahulRahul Dravid
36
5
0
270
148 vs South Africa at The Wanderers, Johannesburg
000000001997-01-16-000016 January 1997

52
Ramesh, SadagoppanSadagoppan Ramesh
2
0
0
143
143 vs Sri Lanka at Sinhalese Sports Club, Colombo
000000001999-02-24-000024 February 1999

53
Laxman, V. V. S.V. V. S. Laxman
17
2
0
281
167 vs Australia at Sydney Cricket Ground
000000002000-01-02-00002 January 2000

54
Das, Shiv SunderShiv Sunder Das
2
0
0
110
110 vs Zimbabwe at VCA Ground, Nagpur
000000002000-11-25-000025 November 2000

55
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag
23
4
2
319
105 vs South Africa at Chevrolet Park, Bloemfontein
000000002001-11-03-00003 November 2001

56
Dasgupta, DeepDeep Dasgupta
1
0
0
100
100 vs England at PCA Stadium, Mohali
000000002001-12-03-00003 December 2001

57
Bangar, SanjaySanjay Bangar
1
0
0
100*
100* vs Zimbabwe at VCA Ground, Nagpur
000000002002-02-21-000021 February 2002

58
Ratra, AjayAjay Ratra
1
0
0
115*
115* vs West Indies at Antigua Recreation Ground, St John's
000000002002-05-10-000010 May 2002

59
Agarkar, AjitAjit Agarkar
1
0
0
109*
109* vs England at Lord's, London
000000002002-07-25-000025 July 2002

60
Singh, YuvrajYuvraj Singh
3
0
0
169
112 vs Pakistan at Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
000000002004-04-05-00005 April 2004

61
Gambhir, GautamGautam Gambhir
9
1
0
206
139 vs Bangladesh at M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
000000002004-12-17-000017 December 2004

62
Dhoni, Mahendra SinghMahendra Singh Dhoni
6
1
0
224
148 vs Pakistan at Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad
000000002006-01-21-000021 January 2006

63
Jaffer, WasimWasim Jaffer
5
2
0
212
100 vs England at VCA Ground, Nagpur
000000002006-03-01-00001 March 2006

64
Kaif, MohammadMohammad Kaif
1
0
0
148*
148* vs West Indies at Beausejour Stadium, Gros Islet
000000002006-06-10-000010 June 2006

65
Karthik, DineshDinesh Karthik
1
0
0
129
129 vs Bangladesh at Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka
000000002007-05-25-000025 May 2007

66
Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble
1
0
0
110*
110* vs England at The Oval, London
000000002007-08-09-00009 August 2007

67
Pathan, IrfanIrfan Pathan
1
0
0
102
102 vs Pakistan at M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002007-12-08-00008 December 2007

68
Raina, SureshSuresh Raina
1
0
0
120
120 vs Sri Lanka at Sinhalese Sports Club, Colombo
000000002010-07-26-000026 July 2010

69
Vijay, MuraliMurali Vijay
8
0
0
167
139 vs Australia at M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002010-10-09-00009 October 2010

70
Harbhajan Singh, Harbhajan Singh
2
0
0
115
115 vs New Zealand at Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
000000002010-11-04-00004 November 2010

71
Ashwin, RavichandranRavichandran Ashwin
4
0
0
124
103 vs West Indies at Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
000000002011-11-22-000022 November 2011

72
Kohli, ViratVirat Kohli
16
4
0
235
116 vs Australia at Adelaide Oval
000000002012-01-24-000024 January 2012

73
Pujara, CheteshwarCheteshwar Pujara
10
2
0
206*
159 vs New Zealand at Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Hyderabad
000000002012-08-23-000023 August 2012

74
Dhawan, ShikharShikhar Dhawan
4
0
0
187
187 vs Australia at PCA Stadium, Mohali
000000002013-03-14-000014 March 2013

75
Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma
2
0
0
177
177 vs West Indies at Eden Gardens, Kolkata
000000002013-11-06-00006 November 2013

76
Rahane, AjinkyaAjinkya Rahane
7
0
0
188
118 vs New Zealand at Basin Reserve, Wellington
000000002014-02-14-000014 February 2014

77
Rahul, LokeshLokesh Rahul
3
0
0
199
110 vs Australia at Sydney Cricket Ground
000000002015-01-06-00006 January 2015

78
Saha, WriddhimanWriddhiman Saha
1
0
0
104
104 vs West Indies at Gros Islet
000000002016-08-09-00009 August 2016

79
Jayant Yadav
1
0
0
104
104 vs England at Wankhede Stadium
11 December 2016

80
Karun Nair
1
0
1
303*
303* vs England at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
19 December 2016

81
Hardik Pandya
1
0
1
108
108 vs Sri Lanka at Pallekele International Cricket Stadium, Pallekele
13 August 2017