document_title: Parliament of the Bahamas

question_text: who is in charge of meeting in the senate in the bahamas

text: Parliament of the Bahamas

text: History[edit]

text: Originally inhabited by the Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taino people, the Bahamas were the site of Columbus' first landfall in the New World in 1492. Although the Spanish never colonized the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.

text: In 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas, who rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors, and administering the country.[1] The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy.

text: A General Assembly was established in 1729; the first elections took place in September, and on 29 September 1729 twenty-four members representing the islands of New Providence, Eleuthera, and Harbour Island gathered together at the house of Samuel Lawford to form the Assembly.

text: The Bahamas legislature has had a bicameral feature since its inception in 1729 as the Governor's Council performed both executive and legislative functions. In 1841 Governor Francis Cockburn divided Governors Council into two separate councils. The Executive Council to deal with executive functions and the Legislative council to deal with Legislative functions of the upper house. So in 1841 the Bahamian legislature took on more structure, with the Legislative council being the superior legislative body and the House of Assembly being the lesser. The Legislative council eventually was renamed to the senate in 1964 and became the weaker house while the House of Assembly became the superior legislative body. The Senate is however still known as the upper house and the House of Assembly still as the lower house.[2]

text: Bahamians achieved self-government in 1964 and full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on July 10, 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as monarch. The Parliament as presently constituted was established by Chapter 5 of the Constitution of The Bahamas, which came into effect upon the country's independence from the United Kingdom.

text: House of Assembly[edit]

text: The House of Assembly is the lower chamber. It consists of 39 members (known as Members of Parliament), elected from individual constituencies for five-year terms. As under the Westminster system, the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time. The House of Assembly performs all major legislative functions. The Prime Minister is the leader of the party controlling the majority of the House of Assembly seats. Dewitt Halson Moultrie was elected the new speaker of the House of Assembly on May 24, 2017.

text: Latest election[edit]

text: Bahamian general election, 2017:

text:
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–

Free National Movement
91,137
57
35
+26

Progressive Liberal Party
59,164
37
4
–25

Democratic National Alliance
7,537
4.7
0
0

Bahamas Constitution Party

0
0

Bahamas National Citizen Coalition

0
New

The Gatekeepers

0
New

Independents
1,244
0.8
0
-1

Invalid/blank votes

–
–
–

Total
159,910

39
+1

Registered voters/turnout

–
–

Sources: Antillean, Nassau Guardian

text: Senate[edit]

text: The Senate (upper house) consists of 16 members appointed by the Governor-General. Nine of these senators are selected on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition, and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The Senate is authorised by the Constitution to pass Bills in the same manner as passed by the House or it can make such amendments to the Bill should it consider it necessary. Those amendments will then have to be approved by the House of Assembly. The Senate may even reject a Bill outrightly that had been passed by the House. However, if the House passes the Bill in two successive sessions, and the Senate rejects the Bill each time, the House of Assembly may send the Bill directly to the Governor-General without the Senate having consented to the Bill.

text: If the House passes a Money Bill and sends that Bill to the Senate for its consent, and if the Senate does not give its consent within a month after receiving the Bill, the money bill is sent to the Governor-General for assent even though the Senate had not consented to it [3]

text: In a historic vote, attorney Sharon Wilson was unanimously elected to a second term as President of the Senate, marking the first time a woman won re-election to head that legislative body. She previously served as President of the Senate from 2002 to 2007, and succeeded Lynn Holowesko, who served as President of the Senate from 2007 to 2012.

text: K. Forbes Smith was elected the new President of the Senate on May 24,2017.

text: Legislative functions[edit]

text: Parliament is empowered by Article 52(1) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order and good government of The Bahamas. The Constitution also empowers Parliament to:

text:
determine the privileges, immunities, powers, and procedures of both the Senate and the House of Assembly;
alter or amend any of the provisions of the constitution;
prescribe the officers who are to constitute the personal staff of the Governor-General;
prescribe the number of Justices of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal; and
approve the Government's budget.[4]

text: Parliament also maintains oversight of the Government's finances through the Public Accounts Committee. Parliament is also the forum where public policy and matters of national importance are debated.

text: Legislative procedure[edit]

text: Most of the laws passed by Parliament are for the modification or amendment of existing laws.

text: Article 52(2) of the Constitution empowers Parliament to make laws by the passing of a bill. Most bills are introduced into Parliament by a Government minister,[citation needed] but in principle any parliamentarian may introduce a bill. A bill must be passed by both the House of Assembly and Senate, and then must be formally assented to by the Governor-General, before it becomes law.

text: There are currently four main classifications of Bills: public, money, private member, and private bills.

text: A bill must pass through a series of stages in order to be passed by each[citation needed] chamber, with a vote taken at each stage. The procedure in the House of Assembly is as follows:[5]

text:
A bill is formally introduced into Parliament at the first reading; this stage is generally a formality, with the bill's long title being read out and the presiding officer placing the motion without debate. After the first reading, the Speaker orders the bill to be printed; it is then numbered, circulated to members of Parliament, and made available to the public.
At the second reading, the principle of the bill is debated.
At the committal stage, the entire House of Assembly sits as a Committee of the Whole House, with the Speaker leaving the chair and the Deputy Speaker presiding as Chairperson. During this stage the bill is examined clause by clause, with detailed amendments considered. After the bill has been dealt with in Committee, the Chairperson formally reports to the Speaker the outcome of the Committee's deliberations, including what amendments have been made.
The third reading is the final stage; the motion made by the Speaker for the third reading is usually agreed to without debate. Once a bill has had its third reading, the Speaker orders the bill passed, and instructs the Chief Clerk to take the bill to the Senate for its consideration.

tag: ol

text: Each Bill consists of five main parts: the long title, the short title, the interpretation clause, the main body of the Bill and the objects and reasons. The long title is a description of the nature of the Bill and covers the intent of the Bill. The Short title follows the long title and labels the Bill for identification purposes. The short title sometimes also, contains the commencement clause, which states when the Bill will have legal force. The short title in turn is followed by the interpretation clause, which defines certain words and phrases used in the Bill. The body of the Bill consists of all of the other clauses, which contain the provisions of the Bill, that is, they contain all of the measures that the Bill is enacting. The objects and reasons is the final part of a Bill and it seeks to explain in layman’s terms the purpose of the Bill and the reason why it is necessary.

text: Members[edit]

text:
List of members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas, 2002–2007
List of members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas, 2007–2012
List of members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas, 2012–2017
List of current members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas


document_title: List of heads of state of Nigeria

question_text: who is 14th presidential head of state in nigeria

root

text: List of heads of state of Nigeria

text: Monarchs (1960–1963)[edit]

text: The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

tag: p

text:
Queen
Reign
Royal House
Prime Minister

№
Portrait
Name
Start
End
Duration

1

Elizabeth II
(1926–)
1 October 1960
1 October 1963
7003109500000000000♠3 years, 0 days
Windsor
Balewa

tag: table

text: Governors-General[edit]

text: The Governor-General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Nigeria was granted independence by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960, rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government, with the sole of exception of James Robertson, the former colonial governor, who served as Governor-General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi Azikiwe. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer Administering the Government.

text:
Governor-General
Term of office
Monarch
Prime Minister

№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration

1

Sir James Robertson
(1899–1983)
1 October 1960
16 November 1960
7001460000000000000♠46 days
Elizabeth II
Balewa

2

Nnamdi Azikiwe
(1904–1996)
16 November 1960
1 October 1963
7003104900000000000♠2 years, 319 days
Elizabeth II
Balewa

text: First Republic (1963–1966)[edit]

text: Under the 1963 Constitution, the first constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President was elected by Parliament for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would have served as Acting President.

text:
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)
Prime Minister(s)

№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration

1

Nnamdi Azikiwe
(1904–1996)
1 October 1963
16 January 1966
(deposed.)
7002838000000000000♠2 years, 107 days
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons
Balewa

text: Military rule (1966–1979)[edit]

text: Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a coup d'état in 1966 which overthrew President Azikiwe and his government.

text:
Head of State
Term of Office
Military

№
Portrait
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Duration

2

Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
(1924–1966)
16 January 1966
12 July 1966
(assassinated.)
7002177000000000000♠177 days
Federal Military Government

3

General Yakubu Gowon
(1934–)
1 August 1966
29 July 1975
(deposed.)
7003328400000000000♠8 years, 362 days
Federal Military Government

4

General Murtala Mohammed
(1938–1976)
29 July 1975
13 February 1976
(assassinated.)
7002199000000000000♠199 days
Federal Military Government

5

Major-General Olusegun Obasanjo
(1937–)
13 February 1976
1 October 1979
(resigned.)
7003135400000000000♠3 years, 258 days
Federal Military Government

text: Second Republic (1979–1983)[edit]

text: Under the 1979 Constitution, the second constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President was head of both state and government. The President was elected by for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President would have served as Acting President.

text:
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)

№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration

6

Shehu Shagari
(1925–)
1 October 1979
31 December 1983
(deposed.)
7003155200000000000♠4 years, 91 days
National Party of Nigeria

text: Military rule (1983–1993)[edit]

text: Major-General Muhammadu Buhari led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shagari and his government.

text:
Head of State
Term of Office
Military

№
Portrait
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Duration

7

Major-General Muhammadu Buhari
(1942–)
31 December 1983
27 August 1985
(deposed.)
1 year, 239 days
Supreme Military Council

8

General Ibrahim Babangida
(1941–)
27 August 1985
26 August 1993
(resigned.)
7003292100000000000♠7 years, 364 days
Armed Forces Ruling Council

text: Third Republic (1993)[edit]

text: The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution.

text: The constitution of the Third Republic was drafted in 1989, when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB), the military Head of State, promised to terminate military rule by 1990 – a date which was subsequently pushed back to 1993. IBB lifted the ban on political activity in the spring of 1989, and his government established two political parties: the center-right National Republican Convention (NRC) and the center-left Social Democratic Party (SDP). Gubernatorial and state legislative elections were conducted in December 1991, while the presidential election was postponed till 12 June 1993 – due to political unrest. M. K. O. Abiola, a wealthy Yoruba businessman, won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP platm.

text:
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)

№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration

9

Ernest Shonekan
(1936–)
26 August 1993
17 November 1993
(deposed.)
7001830000000000000♠83 days
Independent

text: Military rule (1993–1999)[edit]

text: General Sani Abacha led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shonekan and his government.

text:
Head of State
Term of Office
Military

№
Portrait
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Duration

10

General Sani Abacha
(1943–1998)
17 November 1993
8 June 1998
(died in office.)
7003166400000000000♠4 years, 203 days
Provisional Ruling Council

11

General Abdulsalami Abubakar
(1942–)
8 June 1998
29 May 1999
(resigned.)
7002355000000000000♠355 days
Provisional Ruling Council

text: Fourth Nigerian Republic[edit]

text: Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President is head of both state and government. The President is elected by for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President.

text:
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)

№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration

12

Olusegun Obasanjo
(1937–)
29 May 1999
29 May 2007
7003292200000000000♠8 years, 0 days
People's Democratic Party

13

Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
(1951–2010)
29 May 2007
5 May 2010[2]
(died in office.)
7003107200000000000♠2 years, 341 days
People's Democratic Party

14

Goodluck Jonathan
(1957–)
5 May 2010
29 May 2015
7003185100000000000♠5 years, 25 days
People's Democratic Party

15

Muhammadu Buhari
(1942–)
29 May 2015
Incumbent
7002847000000000000♠2 years, 116 days
All Progressives Congress

text: Living former heads of state[edit]

text:
Name
Term/Reign
Office
Date of birth

Elizabeth II
1952–1961
Queen of Nigeria
(1926-04-21) April 21, 1926 (age 91)

Yakubu Gowon
1966–1975
Military ruler
(1934-10-19) October 19, 1934 (age 82)

Olusegun Obasanjo
1976–1979
1999–2007
Military ruler
President of Nigeria
(1937-03-05) March 5, 1937 (age 80)

Shehu Shagari
1979–1983
President of Nigeria
(1925-02-25) February 25, 1925 (age 92)

Ibrahim Babangida
1985–1993
Military ruler
(1941-08-17) August 17, 1941 (age 76)

Ernest Shonekan
1993
President of Nigeria
(1936-05-09) May 9, 1936 (age 81)

Abdulsalami Abubakar
1998–1999
Military ruler
(1942-06-13) June 13, 1942 (age 75)

Goodluck Jonathan
2010–2015
President of Nigeria
(1957-11-20) November 20, 1957 (age 59)


document_title: Liturgical colours

question_text: what is the liturgical color for holy thursday

text: Liturgical colours

text: Roman Catholic Church[edit]

text: Current rubrics[edit]

text: In the Roman Rite, as reformed by Pope Paul VI, the following colours are used.[1]

text:
Color
Obligatory usage
Optional usage (in lieu of prescribed obligatory colour)

Green

Sundays and Ferias in Ordinary Time

Violet

Sundays and Ferias of Advent
Sundays and Ferias in Lent
Liturgies on Holy Saturday (except for the Easter Vigil)
Sacrament of Reconciliation
Sacrament of the Sick

All Souls' Day
Requiem Masses and offices for the dead

Rose

Gaudete Sunday (Third Sunday of Advent)
Laetare Sunday (Fourth Sunday in Lent)

White

Christmastide (from [Vigil] of Christmas to the Baptism of the Lord)
Holy Thursday
Easter season (from the Easter Vigil to the Vigil of Pentecost excl.)
Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity
Feasts of Our Lord other than those of His Passion
Marian feast days[2]
Feasts of the Angels
Feasts of non-martyred saints or confessors
Feast of St. John
Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter
Feast of the Conversion of Paul the Apostle
The Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Feast of All Saints
Sacrament of Baptism
Sacrament of Matrimony
Sacrament of Holy Orders

Requiem Masses and offices for the dead where the Conference of Bishops has permitted it.[3]
Votive Masses and other Masses where Green is normally used.

Red

Palm Sunday
Good Friday
Pentecost
Feasts of the Passion of the Lord
Feasts of Martyrs, Apostles, and Evangelists
Sacrament of Confirmation

Red Masses and other votive Masses of the Holy Spirit.
Papal funeral (Red is the colour of mourning for popes according to an ancient Byzantine custom)

Black

All Souls' Day
Requiem Masses

text: On more solemn days, i.e. festive, more precious, sacred vestments may be used, even if not of the colour of the day. Such vestments may, for instance, be made from cloth of gold or cloth of silver. Moreover, the Conference of Bishops may determine and propose to the Apostolic See adaptations suited to the needs and culture of peoples.[4]

text: Ritual Masses are celebrated in their proper colour, in white, or in a festive colour. Masses for Various Needs, on the other hand, are celebrated in the colour proper to the day or the season or in violet if they bear a penitential character. Votive Masses are celebrated in the colour suited to the Mass itself or even in the colour proper to the day or the season.[5]

text: Regional and situational exceptions[edit]

text: Some particular variations:

text:
Blue, a colour associated with the Virgin Mary, is permitted for the feast of the Immaculate Conception in Spain and in some dioceses in Portugal, Mexico, and South America. In the Philippines, it is authorised for all feasts of the Virgin Mary, a practice followed in some other places without official warrant. There have also been uses of blue in place of violet for the season of Advent despite the fact that this practice is prohibited under liturgical law.[6]
  White or   cloth of gold was traditionally used for the Novena from 16 to 24 December according to a Spanish custom abolished in that country in the 1950s, but still widely observed in the Philippines[citation needed]. White is also used for East Asian Masses for the dead, as white is the traditional colour of mourning in many of the region's cultures. Furthermore, if not enough vestments of the proper colour are available (particularly in concelebrations), white may be used for all concelebrants.
  Violet or   black are often permitted on national holidays honoring military dead. For example in Canada, they are used on Remembrance Day.
  Gold or   silver may be worn on more solemn occasions in the Dioceses of the United States.[7]

tag: ul

text: Pre-1969 rubrics[edit]

text: The Roman Missal, as revised by Pope John XXIII in 1962, was authorised for use as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite by Pope Benedict XVI by the 2007 motu proprio entitled Summorum Pontificum. Pope John XXIII's revision of the Missal incorporated changes that he had made with his motu proprio Rubricarum instructum of 29 July 1960.[8] The following are the differences between its rules for liturgical colours and the later rules:

text:
Colour
1920–1955 usage
1955–1960 Usage
1960-1969 Usage

Violet

Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of St. Andrew
Vigil of St. Thomas
Vigil of Christmas
Holy Innocents (when this falls on a weekday)
Purification (Blessing of Candles and Procession)
Vigil of St. Matthias (in leap years only)
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Blessing of Palms, Procession, Mass)
Holy Saturday (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of St. James
Vigil of the Assumption
Vigil of Sts. Simon and Jude
Vigil of All Saints
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)

Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of Christmas
Holy Innocents (when this falls on a weekday)
Purification (Blessing of Candles and Procession)
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Mass only)
Good Friday (Distribution of Holy Communion only)
Easter Vigil (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of the Assumption
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)

Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of Christmas
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Mass only)
Good Friday (Distribution of Holy Communion only)
Easter Vigil (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of Sts. Peter and Paul
Vigil of St. Lawrence
Vigil of the Assumption
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)

Rose

Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday

Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday

Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday

White

Octave of the Immaculate Conception
Octave of St. John
Vigil of the Epiphany
Octave of the Epiphany
Octave of the Solemnity of St. Joseph
Vigil of the Ascension
Octave of the Ascension
Octave of Corpus Christi
Octave of the Sacred Heart
Octave of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Octave of the Assumption
Octave of All Saints
Sacrament of Confirmation

Vigil of the Ascension
Sacrament of Confirmation

Vigil of the Ascension
Sacrament of Confirmation

Red

Octave of St. Stephen
Octave of the Holy Innocents
Octave of Pentecost
Octave of Sts. Peter and Paul

Palm Sunday (blessing of palms only)
Octave of Pentecost

Palm Sunday (blessing of palms only)
Octave of Pentecost

Black

Good Friday
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses

Good Friday (main liturgy)
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses

Good Friday (main liturgy)
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses

text: Pope Pius X raised the rank of Sundays of ordinary time, so that on those that fell within octaves green was used instead of the colour of the octave, as had previously been the rule.[9]

text: The rules on liturgical colours before the time of Pope Pius X were essentially those indicated in the edition of the Roman Missal that Pope Pius V promulgated in 1570, except for the addition of feasts not included in his Missal. The scheme of colours in his Missal reflected usage that had become fixed in Rome by the twelfth century.

text: Byzantine Rite[edit]

text: The Byzantine Rite, which is used by all the member churches of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite, does not have a universal system of colours, with the service-books of the Byzantine tradition only specifying "light" or "dark" vestments in the service books. In the Greek tradition, maroon or burgundy are common for solemn feast days, and a wide variety of colours are used at other times, the most common of which are gold and white.

text: Slavic-use churches and others influenced by Western traditions have adopted a cycle of liturgical colours. The particulars may change from place to place, but generally:

text:
Colour
Common usage
Other usage

Gold

When no other colour is specified

Light blue

Feasts of the Theotokos
Feasts of the Holy Archangels

Churches dedicated to the Theotokos may use light blue for the default, instead of gold.
In some places, blue is also used for Holy Theophany.
In many places, blue is used for the Dormition Fast (except from the Transfiguration to its afterfeast (August 6–13), when either gold or white is used).

Purple or wine-red

Saturdays and Sundays during Great Lent

In many places, purple or dark red are only worn on the weekdays of the Great Fast, while bright colors (gold, gold/white) are used on Saturdays and Sundays.

Red

Holy Thursday
Feast of the Cross
Beheading of St. John the Baptist
Feasts of Martyrs
Nativity Fast
Apostles' Fast

Pascha (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Nativity (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Feasts of the Holy Theotokos (Mount Athos)
In some places, red is used for the Dormition Fast (except from the Transfiguration to its afterfeast (August 6–13), when either gold or white is used).

Green

Palm Sunday
Pentecost
Feasts of Venerable (Monastic) Saints

Feast of the Cross in some places (such as Jerusalem)

Black

Weekdays during Great Lent
Weekdays during Holy Week (except Holy Thursday)

Black is far more prevalent in the Slavic traditions than the Greek tradition, especially in the United States.

White

Pascha
Nativity
Theophany
Other Great Feasts of the Lord

Funerals (Throughout the year, even during Holy Week.)

text: The colours would be changed before Vespers on the eve of the day being commemorated. During Great Feasts, the colour is changed before the vespers service that begins the first day of a forefeast, and remains until the apodosis (final day of the afterfeast).

text: Under Western influence, black is often used in the Slavic churches for funerals, weekdays of Great Lent, and Holy Week as a sign of penance and mourning, but in the second half of the 20th century, the ancient white became more common, as a sign of the hope of the Resurrection.

text: Russian liturgical colours[edit]

text: According to the Russian Orthodox Church's Nastol'naya Kniga Sviashchenno-sluzhitelia,[10] up to eight different liturgical colours may be used throughout the year. Exact usage of these colours varies, but the following are the most common uses.

text:
Colour
Common usage
Uncommon or other usage

Gold

Feasts of the Lord Jesus Christ
Feasts of Prophets
Feasts of Apostles
Feasts of Holy Hierarchs
When no other colour is specified

Light blue

Feasts of the Theotokos
Presentation of the Lord
Annunciation
Feasts of Bodiless Powers
Feasts of Virgins

Fifth Friday in Lent
Dormition Fast until Elevation of the Cross, or even Advent (Carpatho-Russians)

Purple or wine-red

Cross of Our Lord
Great and Holy Thursday
Weekends of Lent

Weekdays of Lent

Red

Feasts of Martyrs
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
Advent
Feasts of Angels
Elevation of the Cross

Pascha (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Nativity (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)

Green

Palm Sunday
Pentecost
Holy Spirit Day
Feasts of Monastic Saints
Feasts of Ascetics
Feasts of Fools for Christ
Feasts of Prophets
Feasts of Angels

Pentecost until Saints Peter and Paul (Carpatho-Russians)

Black

Weekdays of Lent

Weekday funerals, memorials, and liturgies (Carpatho-Russians)

White

Epiphany
Transfiguration
Paschal season
Funerals

Theophany
Christmas Day

Orange or tawny

Saints Peter and Paul fast
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul until Transfiguration

text: Coptic Rite[edit]

text: The Coptic tradition, followed by the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church, only uses white vestments, with gold and silver being considered variations of white. The only exception is during Passion Week when black is used. Nonetheless, trimmings of red, gold or blue may be found on some vestments.

text: Ethiopian Rite[edit]

text: The liturgical tradition of Ethiopia, followed by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Catholic Church, embraces a wide variety of liturgical colours. In Eritrea, similar traditions are followed.

text: Anglicanism[edit]

text: Most Anglican churches use the colours appointed in the Roman Rite, usually in its post-1969 form, with the exception of Sarum Blue replacing violet for Advent, but some use the earlier form, with, for instance, black in place of red on Good Friday. Some churches use black at Masses for the dead, but more commonly white or purple is used. For historical reasons much of the worldwide Anglican Communion takes a noticeable lead from the practice of the Church of England. Since the 1980 Alternative Service Book, liturgical colours have been recommended for seasons, with more detailed advice offered as part of the Common Worship series of liturgies, including colours for all Sundays and festivals printed in the 'core volume' next to collects.

text: The Church's published Lectionary now makes detailed suggestions for liturgical colour throughout the year, which corresponds almost exactly with the above table of Roman Rite (post-1969 usage) usage with five minor exceptions, and one more significant one:

text:
there is no reference in Anglican usage to Masses of deceased popes and cardinals;
no liturgical colour at all is suggested for Holy Saturday (the words "hangings removed" are printed);
the recommendation of red for confirmation rites is extended also to ordination rites;
Lenten Array (unbleached linen) continues to be listed as an alternative option to purple during Lent;
the option exists for using red instead of green during the "Kingdom Season", the four last Sundays of the liturgical year, culminating in Christ the King, as is common is some Lutheran traditions (see below);
finally, and more significantly, the Church of England provision suggests white throughout the Sundays after Epiphany as a distinct "Epiphany season", with ordinary time commencing the day after Candlemas.

text: The Church of England suggested colour scheme also indicates where gold vestments should be used in those churches that possess gold and white as distinct colours. The use of rose-pink vestments, as in the Roman Rite table above, was mentioned as an option in early editions of Common Worship,[11] and is a listed option in the annual published lectionary; however, later Common Worship publications have begun to refer to this practice as "traditional" reflecting its resurgence.[12]

text: Sarum Rite[edit]

text: The Sarum Rite was a medieval liturgical rite used in England before the Reformation which had a distinct set of liturgical colours. After the Anglo-Catholic Revival of the 19th Century, certain Church of England churches began adopting Sarum liturgical colours as an attempt to produce something that was an English expression of Catholicism rather than a Roman expression. One of the chief advocates behind this was the Reverend Percy Dearmer. The exact colours used by the mediaeval Sarum rite are a matter of dispute, but colours adopted by contemporary churches claiming to use the Sarum scheme include in particular deep blue for Advent, which may be popularly referred to as "Sarum blue", and unbleached linen for Lent. The Sarum rite has never received official approval in the Church of England or in The Episcopal Church, but has influenced a number of cathedrals and parish churches.

text: Protestants[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Some Protestant churches, historically especially Methodists, and today many mainline Protestants, use a colour scheme similar to those used by Anglicans and Catholics, although the practice is not universally followed. Many Protestant churches do not use liturgical colours at all. The United Methodist Church, prior to the early-1990s, used red solely for Pentecost, even including the Sundays after Pentecost Sunday, with the use of green being reserved for the season of Kingdomtide, which usually lasted from late August/early September until Christ the King (the last Sunday in Kingdomtide). Since the publication of the 1992 Book of Worship, the UMC has followed the ELCA practice of wearing red only for Pentecost and Reformation Sundays and green for the rest of the Pentecost season.

text: The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), uses the same colour scheme as that of the Anglicans and their Scandinavian Lutheran counterparts, but with the use of gold only for the Easter Vigil and Easter Sunday services, with Holy Week using scarlet in place of crimson.

text: Both the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), along with the United Methodist Church use a similar system, but with purple being the primary colour for both Advent and Lent (with blue being the alternate colour for Advent only), and the use of gold in place of white for both Christmas and Easter (in similar practice to the Catholic Church). In the WELS, the use of red is also done during the Period of End Times, a period of the Church regarding the teachings of the Book of Revelation, culminating in the creation of the New Jerusalem (corresponding to Christ the King in the ELCA). In all three churches, including the ELCA, red is also worn on the last Sunday of October, in celebration of the Reformation on October 31, when Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses onto the door of Wittenberg Castle Church.

text: The Presbyterian Church (USA) has sanctioned the use of liturgical colours and promoted their use in the 1993 Book of Common Worship (although their use was also promoted in the church's annual Planning Calendars beginning in the 1980s). Advent and Lent are periods of preparation and repentance and are represented by the colour purple. The feasts of Christmas Day and Christmastide, Epiphany Sunday, Baptism of the Lord Sunday, Transfiguration Sunday, Easter Season, Trinity Sunday, and Christ the King Sunday are represented by white. Green is the colour for periods of Ordinary Time. Red is for Pentecost Sunday, but may also be used for ordinations, church anniversaries, and memorial services for ordained clergy. Red or purple are appropriate for Palm Sunday. During Holy Week, the church may use purple or remain bare (although a few churches will use black for Good Friday).

text: Similarly, the United Church of Christ includes indications of which liturgical colour to use for each Sunday in its annual calendar. The general Western pattern is followed, with either purple or blue recommended for Advent.[13]


document_title: List of The Jungle Book characters

question_text: what is the tigers name on the jungle book

text: List of The Jungle Book characters

text: In the Mowgli stories[edit]

text:
Mowgli (मोगली Maogalī; feral child) - Also referred to as "Man Cub".
Jungle characters - The following characters reside in the jungle.

Seeonee Wolf Pack

Akela (अकेला Akēlā, "alone"; Indian wolf) - The leader of the wolf pack.
Raksha (रक्षा Rakṣā, "protection"; Indian wolf) - Also called Mother Wolf, she is Mowgli's adoptive mother

Baloo (भालू Bhālū, "bear"; Himalayan brown bear) - Mowgli's best friend. In Kipling's book, he is described as a sleepy old brown bear, who teaches Mowgli the law of the jungle.
Bagheera (बघीरा Baghīrā; بگیڑہ Bagīrah, "black panther"; black panther variety of Indian leopard) - Mowgli's mentor.
Bandar-log (बन्दर-लोग Bandar-lōg, "monkey-folks"; grey langurs) - A group of monkeys who are treated as pariahs for their scatterbrained anarchy. They kidnap the very young Mowgli, who is rescued by Bagheera, Baloo, and Kaa.
Kaa (का Kā; Indian rock python) - Mowgli's wise mentor and friend, though also feared throughout the jungle for his mesmerising "hunger dance".
Hathi (हाथी Hāthī, "Elephant"; Indian elephant) - The leader of the jungle's elephants and the individual called "The True Master of The Jungle".
Tabaqui (तंबाकूवी Taṃbākūvī; "Dish-Licking Dog"; golden jackal) - He feeds on scraps from either Shere Khan or the wolves of the Seeonee Pack. In some adaptations, he is a hyena. Tabaqui is the only friend of Shere Khan as well as Shere Khan's spy and messenger. He is killed by Grey Brother after the Grey Brother interrogates him into admitting both what Shere Khan plans to do and where and then crushes the jackal's back in "Tiger! Tiger!".
Shere Khan (शेर खान شیر خان (Śēr Khān, "Tiger King" ("Khan" is a common title of Indian Muslim lordship and royalty); Bengal tiger),[1] - A man-eating Royal Bengal Tiger who is the main villain and the archenemy of Mowgli. He is often known as "a chief among tigers" and in multiple adaptations as the one called "The King of Tigers". Despite being born with a withered leg and derisively nicknamed "Lungri" ("The Lame One") by his own mother, Shere Khan is aggressive, arrogant, self-centered, and sees himself as the rightful lord of the jungle. Tabaqui is his only friend. He has a very serious anger issue.
Chil (चील Cīl, "kite"; brahminy kite), in earlier editions called Rann (रण Raṇ, "battle") - A kite that serves as a messenger.

Human characters - The following characters are known humans.

Messua - The wife of the richest man of the human village, who decides to adopt the wild Mowgli, believing that he is their long-lost son Nathoo.
Messua's husband - An unnamed man who is the richest man of the village.
Nathoo (नत्थू Natthū) - The long-lost son of Messua and her husband, who has been snatched by a tiger.

text: Other stories[edit]

text:
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"

Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (mongoose)
Nag and Nagaina (cobras) - "Nag" is the Hindi word for "cobra."
Darzee (tailorbird) - "Darzee" means tailor in Hindi.
Chuchundra (Asian house shrew) - Called a muskrat in the story.
Karait (common krait)
The Coppersmith (coppersmith barbet)

"The White Seal"

Kotick (albino seal)
Sea Catch (northern fur seal)
Matkah (northern fur seal)
Sea Vitch (walrus)
Sea Cow (Steller's sea cow)
Burgomaster Gull (species) (same as Glaucous gull)
Limmershin, the Winter Wren

"Toomai of the Elephants"

Toomai
Kala Nag (elephant)

"Her Majesty's Servants"

Two-Tails (elephant)
Billy (battery-mule)
Vixen (a small dog)

"The Undertakers"

The Jackal (Golden jackal)
The Adjutant (Lesser adjutant stork, erroneously referred to as a crane)
Mugger of Mugger-Ghaut (Mugger crocodile)
The Gavial (Gharial) - The Mugger's cousin.

text: Disney adaptations[edit]

text: The following characters appear in the Disney adaptions:

text:
King Louie - The orangutan who leads the Bandar-log. In the 2016 film, he is a Gigantopithecus. He is voiced by Louis Prima in the first movie, Jim Cummings in TaleSpin, Jason Marsden in Season One of Jungle Cubs, Cree Summer in Season Two of Jungle Cubs, and Christopher Walken in the 2016 film.
Winifred - Colonel Hathi's wife and the mother of Hathi Jr. who serves as Hathi's second-in-command of the Jungle Patrol. She is voiced by Verna Felton in the first movie and by Kath Soucie in "Jungle Cubs."
Hathi Jr. - The baby elephant who is the son of Hathi and Winifred and is a good friend of Mowgli. He is voiced by Clint Howard in the first movie and by Jimmy Bennett in The Jungle Book 2.
Flunkey - King Louie's monkey servant and right hand-man. He is voiced by Leo De Lyon in the first film and by Jim Cummings in The Jungle Book 2.
Buzzie, Dizzy, Flaps, and Ziggy the Vultures - They are four vultures who closely resemble the Beatles because of their shaggy moptop haircuts and Liverpool accents. Buzzie resembles Ringo Starr, Dizzy resembles George Harrison, Flaps resembles Paul McCartney, and Ziggy resembles John Lennon. Their song "That's What Friends Are For" was sung in the style of a barbershop quartet instead of a Beatles song. Disney was originally going to have The Beatles voice them, but John Lennon refused the offer. Buzzie was voiced by J. Pat O'Malley in the first film and by Jim Cummings in The Jungle Book 2. Dizzy is voiced by Lord Tim Hudson in the first film and by Baron Davis in The Jungle Book 2. Flaps is voiced by Chad Stuart in the first film and by Jeff Bennett in The Jungle Book 2. Ziggy is voiced by Digby Wolfe in the first film and by Jess Harnell in The Jungle Book 2.
Shanti (named only in The Jungle Book 2) - The girl whose song "My Own Home" lured Mowgli into the Man Village in the 1967 film. Shanti later serves as his closest human friend/love interest in the sequel. Shanti is voiced by Darleen Carr in the first film and by Mae Whitman in The Jungle Book 2.
Ranjan (The Jungle Book 2) - Mowgli's adopted younger brother. He is depicted as the son of Messua and her husband. Ranjan is voiced by Connor Funk.
Lucky (The Jungle Book 2) - The vultures' friend who loves teasing Shere Kahn as seen in The Jungle Book 2. He is voiced by Phil Collins.
Rocky the Rhino - Rocky is an Indian rhinoceros. In the earlier production of the first film, Rocky was to appear in the same scene as the Vultures where he would've been voiced by Frank Fontaine. Unfortunately, his part got scrapped.[2] Rocky did appear in the 2016 film voiced by Russell Peters where he was among the animals observing the Water Truce. After telling Mowgli to watch himself after being backed into him upon being accidentally pricked by Ikki's quills, Rocky tells Raquel that Mowgli is a man-cub.
Raquel the Rhino (2016 film) - The daughter of Rocky the Rhino. She is voiced by Madeleine Favreau.
Fred the Pygmy Hog (2016 film) - A pygmy hog who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo. He was voiced by Jon Favreau.
Giant Squirrel (2016 film) - An Indian giant squirrel who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo. The Giant Squirrel was the one who supported Baloo's claim to Mowgli that the honey works to soothe the bee stings. He was voiced by Sam Raimi.
Pangolin (2016 film) - An Indian pangolin who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo. No voice actor was credited for this role.


document_title: Civil engineering

question_text: how long the course of civil engineering is

text: Civil engineering

text: History of the civil engineering profession[edit]

text: Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practice of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in ancient Egypt, the Indus Valley Civilization, and Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, creating a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing.

text: Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same occupation, and often used interchangeably.[5] The construction of pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700–2500 BC) were some of the first instances of large structure constructions. Other ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water management system (the oldest is older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km,[6]) the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447–438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng T'ien under orders from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC)[7] and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads.

text: In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering.[4] The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse.[3][7] In 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more than a social society.

text: In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. The institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. Its charter defined civil engineering as:

text: the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man, as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation and docks for internal intercourse and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns.[8]

text: History of civil engineering education[edit]

text: The first private college to teach civil engineering in the United States was Norwich University, founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge.[9] The first degree in civil engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835.[10][11] The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905.[12]

text: In the UK during the early 19th century, the division between civil engineering and military engineering (served by the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich), coupled with the demands of the Industrial Revolution, spawned new engineering education initiatives: the Royal Polytechnic Institution was founded in 1838, the private College for Civil Engineers in Putney was established in 1839, and the UK's first Chair of Engineering was established at the University of Glasgow in 1840.

text: History of civil engineering[edit]

text: Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles for solving the problems of society, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide-ranging profession, including several specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.

text: Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.[13]

text: One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.[14]

text: The civil engineer[edit]

text: Education and licensure[edit]

text: Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering. The length of study is three to five years, and the completed degree is designated as a bachelor of engineering, or a bachelor of science in engineering. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design and specific topics in civil engineering. After taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move onto specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advanced levels. While an undergraduate degree (BEng/BSc) normally provides successful students with industry-accredited qualification, some academic institutions offer post-graduate degrees (MEng/MSc), which allow students to further specialize in their particular area of interest.[15]

text: In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification, and a professional body certifies the degree program. After completing a certified degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work experience and exam requirements) before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated as a professional engineer (in the United States, Canada and South Africa), a chartered engineer (in most Commonwealth countries), a chartered professional engineer (in Australia and New Zealand), or a European engineer (in most countries of the European Union). There are international agreements between relevant professional bodies to allow engineers to practice across national borders.

text: The benefits of certification vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada, "only a licensed professional engineer may prepare, sign and seal, and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval, or seal engineering work for public and private clients."[16] This requirement is enforced under provincial law such as the Engineers Act in Quebec.[17]

text: No such legislation has been enacted in other countries including the United Kingdom. In Australia, state licensing of engineers is limited to the state of Queensland. Almost all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics which all members must abide by.[18]

text: Engineers must obey contract law in their contractual relationships with other parties. In cases where an engineer's work fails, he may be subject to the law of tort of negligence, and in extreme cases, criminal charges.[19] An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations such as building codes and environmental law.

text: Sub-disciplines[edit]

text: In general, civil engineering is concerned with the overall interface of human created fixed projects with the greater world. General civil engineers work closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers to design grading, drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service, dams, electric and communications supply. General civil engineering is also referred to as site engineering, a branch of civil engineering that primarily focuses on converting a tract of land from one usage to another. Site engineers spend time visiting project sites, meeting with stakeholders, and preparing construction plans. Civil engineers apply the principles of geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering and construction engineering to residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects of all sizes and levels of construction.

text: Coastal engineering[edit]

text: Coastal engineering is concerned with managing coastal areas. In some jurisdictions, the terms sea defense and coastal protection mean defense against flooding and erosion, respectively. The term coastal defense is the more traditional term, but coastal management has become more popular as the field has expanded to techniques that allow erosion to claim land.

text: Construction engineering[edit]

text: Construction engineering involves planning and execution, transportation of materials, site development based on hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical engineering. As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types of civil engineering firms do, construction engineers often engage in more business-like transactions, for example, drafting and reviewing contracts, evaluating logistical operations, and monitoring prices of supplies.

text: Control engineering[edit]

text: Control engineering (or control systems engineering) is the branch of civil engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled (often a vehicle) and those measurements can be used to give feedback to the input actuators that can make corrections toward desired performance. When a device is designed to perform without the need of human inputs for correction it is called automatic control (such as cruise control for regulating a car's speed). Multidisciplinary in nature, control systems engineering activities focus on implementation of control systems mainly derived by mathematical modeling of systems of a diverse range.

text: Earthquake engineering[edit]

text: Earthquake engineering involves designing structures to withstand hazardous earthquake exposures. Earthquake engineering is a sub-discipline of structural engineering. The main objectives of earthquake engineering are[20] to understand interaction of structures on the shaky ground; foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes; and design, construct and maintain structures to perform at earthquake in compliance with building codes.

text: Environmental engineering[edit]

text: Environmental engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering, though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by environmental engineering. Public health engineering and environmental health engineering are other terms being used.

text: Environmental engineering deals with treatment of chemical, biological, or thermal wastes, purification of water and air, and remediation of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, waste water treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment, and hazardous waste management. Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology. Environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences of proposed actions.

text: Forensic engineering[edit]

text: Forensic engineering is the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property. The consequences of failure are dealt with by the law of product liability. The field also deals with retracing processes and procedures leading to accidents in operation of vehicles or machinery. The subject is applied most commonly in civil law cases, although it may be of use in criminal law cases. Generally the purpose of a Forensic engineering investigation is to locate cause or causes of failure with a view to improve performance or life of a component, or to assist a court in determining the facts of an accident. It can also involve investigation of intellectual property claims, especially patents.

text: Geotechnical engineering[edit]

text: Geotechnical engineering studies rock and soil supporting civil engineering systems. Knowledge from the field of soil science, materials science, mechanics, and hydraulics is applied to safely and economically design foundations, retaining walls, and other structures. Environmental efforts to protect groundwater and safely maintain landfills have spawned a new area of research called geoenvironmental engineering.[21][22]

text: Identification of soil properties presents challenges to geotechnical engineers. Boundary conditions are often well defined in other branches of civil engineering, but unlike steel or concrete, the material properties and behavior of soil are difficult to predict due to its variability and limitation on investigation. Furthermore, soil exhibits nonlinear (stress-dependent) strength, stiffness, and dilatancy (volume change associated with application of shear stress), making studying soil mechanics all the more difficult.[21]

text: Materials science and engineering[edit]

text: Materials science is closely related to civil engineering. It studies fundamental characteristics of materials, and deals with ceramics such as concrete and mix asphalt concrete, strong metals such as aluminum and steel, and thermosetting polymers including polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and carbon fibers.

text: Materials engineering involves protection and prevention (paints and finishes). Alloying combines two types of metals to produce another metal with desired properties. It incorporates elements of applied physics and chemistry. With recent media attention on nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials engineering has been at the forefront of academic research. It is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis.

text: Outside plant engineering[edit]

text: "Outside plant engineering" or OSP engineering is related to both Civil engineering and Telecommunications engineering. It is concerned with the design of the aerial and underground structures that interconnect communications nodes. Some of the typical components of outside plant are cables, poles, messenger wire, down guys, pole anchors, underground vaults, service boxes/hand-holes, and conduit.

text: Structural engineering[edit]

text: Structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of buildings, bridges, towers, flyovers (overpasses), tunnels, off shore structures like oil and gas fields in the sea, aerostructure and other structures. This involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads, and then designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads. The loads can be self weight of the structures, other dead load, live loads, moving (wheel) load, wind load, earthquake load, load from temperature change etc. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfill the function they are designed for (to be serviceable). Due to the nature of some loading conditions, sub-disciplines within structural engineering have emerged, including wind engineering and earthquake engineering.[23]

text: Design considerations will include strength, stiffness, and stability of the structure when subjected to loads which may be static, such as furniture or self-weight, or dynamic, such as wind, seismic, crowd or vehicle loads, or transitory, such as temporary construction loads or impact. Other considerations include cost, constructability, safety, aesthetics and sustainability.

text: Surveying[edit]

text: Surveying is the process by which a surveyor measures certain dimensions that occur on or near the surface of the Earth. Surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites, are used for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. With computerisation, electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, GPS surveying and laser scanning have to a large extent supplanted traditional instruments. Data collected by survey measurement is converted into a graphical representation of the Earth's surface in the form of a map. This information is then used by civil engineers, contractors and realtors to design from, build on, and trade, respectively. Elements of a structure must be sized and positioned in relation to each other and to site boundaries and adjacent structures. Although surveying is a distinct profession with separate qualifications and licensing arrangements, civil engineers are trained in the basics of surveying and mapping, as well as geographic information systems. Surveyors also lay out the routes of railways, tramway tracks, highways, roads, pipelines and streets as well as position other infrastructure, such as harbors, before construction.

text: In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and most Commonwealth countries land surveying is considered to be a separate and distinct profession. Land surveyors are not considered to be engineers, and have their own professional associations and licensing requirements. The services of a licensed land surveyor are generally required for boundary surveys (to establish the boundaries of a parcel using its legal description) and subdivision plans (a plot or map based on a survey of a parcel of land, with boundary lines drawn inside the larger parcel to indicate the creation of new boundary lines and roads), both of which are generally referred to as Cadastral surveying.

text: Construction surveying is generally performed by specialised technicians. Unlike land surveyors, the resulting plan does not have legal status. Construction surveyors perform the following tasks:

text:
Surveying existing conditions of the future work site, including topography, existing buildings and infrastructure, and underground infrastructure when possible;
"lay-out" or "setting-out": placing reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings;
Verifying the location of structures during construction;
As-Built surveying: a survey conducted at the end of the construction project to verify that the work authorized was completed to the specifications set on plans.

text: Transportation engineering[edit]

text: Transportation engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining transportation infrastructure which includes streets, canals, highways, rail systems, airports, ports, and mass transit. It includes areas such as transportation design, transportation planning, traffic engineering, some aspects of urban engineering, queueing theory, pavement engineering, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), and infrastructure management.

text: Municipal or urban engineering[edit]

text: Municipal engineering is concerned with municipal infrastructure. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand, etc.), public parks and cycling infrastructure. In the case of underground utility networks, it may also include the civil portion (conduits and access chambers) of the local distribution networks of electrical and telecommunications services. It can also include the optimizing of waste collection and bus service networks. Some of these disciplines overlap with other civil engineering specialties, however municipal engineering focuses on the coordination of these infrastructure networks and services, as they are often built simultaneously, and managed by the same municipal authority. Municipal engineers may also design the site civil works for large buildings, industrial plants or campuses (i.e. access roads, parking lots, potable water supply, treatment or pretreatment of waste water, site drainage, etc.)

text: Water resources engineering[edit]

text: Water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water (as a natural resource). As a discipline it therefore combines elements of hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, conservation, and resource management. This area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground (aquifers) and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources. Water resource engineers analyze and model very small to very large areas of the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, through, or out of a facility. Although the actual design of the facility may be left to other engineers.

text: Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of pipelines, water supply network, drainage facilities (including bridges, dams, channels, culverts, levees, storm sewers), and canals. Hydraulic engineers design these facilities using the concepts of fluid pressure, fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and hydraulics, among others.

text: Civil engineering associations[edit]

text:
American Society of Civil Engineers
Canadian Society for Civil Engineering
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
Engineers Australia
European Federation of National Engineering Associations
International Federation of Consulting Engineers
Indian Geotechnical Society
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institute of Engineering (Nepal)
International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
The Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh
Institution of Engineers (India)
Institution of Engineers of Ireland
Institute of Transportation Engineers
Pakistan Engineering Council
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
Transportation Research Board


document_title: Janet King (TV series)

question_text: what city does janet king take place in

question_tokens: what city does janet king take place in

text: Janet King (TV series)

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: Shortly before the final episode of the ABC1 legal drama Crownies was broadcast in November 2011, David Knox from TV Tonight reported that the series could continue in the form of a spin-off.[2] The drama had suffered from modest ratings and mixed critical reviews during its 22-part run.[2] ABC1 controller, Brendan Dahill explained "Crownies won't be coming back as Crownies. But we are talking to (producers) Screentime about a spin-off. There are lots of things I love about Crownies and lots of things that were done brilliantly, and I'm really proud of Crownies. I'm genuinely surprised it didn't engage a bigger audience than it did. Genuinely surprised. But I don't want to throw the baby out with the bathwater. There are plenty of brilliant things in it and we're talking to Screentime at the moment."[2]

text: Dahill stated that the spin-off would not be season two of Crownies and that it would take the characters in different directions.[2] He told Knox that there were certain elements of Crownies that worked well and he did not want to lose them because of poor ratings.[2] He continued "So what Screentime have come up with is a really great compromise that allows us to keep the best bits, and learn and move on."[2] Knox added that a spin-off is rare in Australian television drama, but not unprecedented.[2] On 20 August 2012, ABC TV confirmed that it had commissioned the Crownies spin-off, Janet King.[3] The series was billed as an 8-part legal and political thriller.[3][4] Janet King was produced by Karl Zwicky, Jane Allen and Lisa Scott, with Hilary Bonney acting as story consultant.[3] Greg Haddrick, Jane Allen, Kris Mrksa and Shaun Grant wrote the series.[3]

text: Dahill said he was excited about Janet King and the fresh new direction it would take.[3] Carole Sklan, ABC's Head of Fiction, commented "Screentime has developed an exciting drama series about the fabulous character, Janet King. The series looks at the dilemmas of a contemporary woman who returns to work after a year's maternity leave and is flung into a shocking prosecution that involves layers of intrigue played out at the highest levels of power. Janet King's case leads her through some astounding twists and revelations that impact on her life on every level."[3] Screentime's Des Monaghan said that it had become clear to Screentime and the ABC that viewers had developed "a great deal" of affection for the character of Janet King and the cast of Crownies, so he was "delighted" that there would be a chance to build on that.[3]

text: On 30 June 2015, it was announced that ABC had renewed Janet King for a second eight-part series.[5] At the ASTRA Conference in September 2016, Dusseldorp confirmed four scripts for the third series had been written.[6] The third series began airing from 25 May 2017, replacing Seven Types of Ambiguity.[7] It focuses on organised crime in the sporting world, with Janet heading up a National Crime Commission investigation. Her former colleague Richard Stirling (Hamish Michael) is now a barrister for some of the athletes involved, while Owen Mitchell (Damian Walshe-Howling) has become the head of the DPP.[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Anthony Soegito from If Magazine revealed that Marta Dusseldorp would return as Janet King, while many of the characters that became established on Crownies would also make appearances.[4] These include; Hamish Michael (Richard Stirling), Ella Scott Lynch (Erin O'Shaughnessy), Andrea Demetriades (Lina Badir), Peter Kowitz (Tony Gillies), Christopher Morris (Andy Campbell), Indiana Evans (Tatum Novak), Jeanette Cronin (Tracey Samuels), Aimee Pedersen (Ashleigh Larsson) and Lewis Fitz-Gerald (David Sinclair).[8] Knox revealed that Vince Colosimo had been cast as Chief Superintendent Jack Rizzoli, while Damian Walshe-Howling was cast as Owen Mitchell, a rising star prosecutor.[8] John Howard, Sonia Todd, Jessica Napier, Deborah Kennedy and Tiriel Mora also have roles in the series.[8] Todd Lasance and Daniel Lissing did not reprise their respective roles as Ben McMahon and Conrad De Groot.[9]

text: Joining Dusseldorp as title character Janet King for series 2 include former Crownies originals; Hamish Michael (Richard Stirling), Andrea Demetriades (Lina Badir), Christopher Morris (Andy Campbell) and Peter Kowitz (Tony Gillies), as well as, Janet King season one cast members, Damian Walshe-Howling (Owen Mitchell) and Terry Serio (Terry Renner). New faces include Leah Purcell, Philip Quast, Anita Hegh, Aaron Jeffery, Genevieve Hegney, Nicholas Hope and Ewen Leslie.[10]

text: Dusseldorp, Michael, Demetriades, Morris, Kowitz, Walshe-Howling, Hegh all returned for the third series. Joining them was Don Hany, Robert Mammone, Susie Porter, Andrew Ryan, Huw Higginson, Steve Le Marquand, Arka Das, Adam Demos,[11] Geraldine Viswanathan and Zoe Terakes.[12] John Bach was cast as Janet's estranged father Graham King.[13] Todd Lasance reprised his Crownies role of Ben McMahon.[14]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The series went into production in early 2013.[15] Grant Brown, Peter Andrikidis, and Ian Watson were hired to direct the episodes.[1] Filming finished by June 2013.[16] It began broadcasting on 27 February 2014.[17][18] Filming on the second series commenced in October 2015 for 11 weeks.[5][19] The series was mostly shot in Bankstown, and locations included the former library, the Compass Centre, and Saigon Place.[19] The third series went into production during the week commencing 7 November 2016.[11]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Marta Dusseldorp as Janet King[8]
Vince Colosimo as Chief Superintendent Jack Rizzoli[8]
Damian Walshe-Howling as Owen Mitchell[8]
John Howard as Steven Blakely[8]
Hamish Michael as Richard Stirling[9]
Ella Scott Lynch as Erin O'Shaughnessy[9]
Andrea Demetriades as Lina Badir[9]
Indiana Evans as Tatum Novak[9]
Jeanette Cronin as Tracey Samuels[9]
Peter Kowitz as Tony Gillies SC [9]
Lewis Fitz-Gerald as David Sinclair QC[8]
Christopher Morris as Andy Campbell[8]
Aimee Pedersen as Ashleigh Larsson[8]
Sonia Todd as Gail Jones[8]
Jessica Napier as Caroline Martin[8]
Deborah Kennedy as Dianne Vasilich[8]

Tiriel Mora as Judge Granville Renmark[8]
Aaron Glenane as Collard[20]
Akos Armont as Drew Blakely[1]
Harriet Dyer as Maya Blakely[1]
Terry Serio as Terry Renner[1]
Melissa Bonne as Keisha Gibson[9]
Peter Mochrie as Geoff Hadley[21]
Leah Purcell as Heather O'Connor[10]
Anita Hegh as Sergeant Bianca Grieve[10]
Leeanna Walsman as Peta Vickers[22]
Genevieve Hegney as Deborah Larsson[10]
Philip Quast as Lincoln Priest[10]
Ewen Leslie as Patrick Boccaro[10]
Aaron Jeffery as Simon Hamilton[10]
Gary Sweet as Roger Embry[22]

Don Hany as Clay Nelson[11]
Robert Mammone as Darren Faulkes[11]
Susie Porter as Maxine Reynolds[11]
Andrew Ryan as Flynn Pearce[11]
Huw Higginson as Wayne Page[11]
John Bach as Graham King[13]
Steve Le Marquand as Wes Foster[11]
Arka Das as Ravi Hasan[11]
Adam Demos as Nate Baldwin[11]
Geraldine Viswanathan as Bonnie Mahesh[12]
Zoe Terakes as Pearl Perati[12]
Oliver Pittman as Jamie Meyer-Williams[13]
Milly Alcock as Cindi Jackson

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
27 February 2014 (2014-02-27)
17 April 2014 (2014-04-17)

2
8
24 March 2016 (2016-03-24)
12 May 2016 (2016-05-12)

3
8
25 May 2017 (2017-05-25)
13 July 2017 (2017-07-13)

text: Series 1 (2014)[edit]

text:
Episode
no.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Australian viewers
(in millions)

1
"A Song of Experience"[23]
Grant Brown
Greg Haddrick
27 February 2014 (2014-02-27)
0.824[24]

Senior Prosecutor Janet King returns to the Department of Public Prosecutions following maternity leave. She fails to get suspected sexual predator Alex Moreno convicted, so she throws herself into a case involving high ranking police officer, Steven Blakely, who has been charged with the assisted suicide of his wife.

2
"Every Contact Leaves a Trace"[25]
Grant Brown
Jane Allen
6 March 2014 (2014-03-06)
0.754[26]

Janet feels guilty when Blakely is found dead of an apparent suicide. However, Detective Campbell believes that Blakely was murdered by Dianne Vasilich, a woman who was angry with Blakely for covering up her daughter's murder. Meanwhile, Erin and Owen become involved with a bikie murder that ends with their witness being killed in a drive-by shooting.

3
"Natural Justice"[27]
Grant Brown
Kris Mrska
13 March 2014 (2014-03-13)
0.770[28]

Owen takes on the case of Zabina's murder and the police soon identify the two bikies responsible, Franzen and Collard. Janet goes for a murder conviction when Blakely's blood is found on Dianne's coat but she claims she merely found him injured. Franzen offers to testify that Dianne tried to pay him to beat information out of Blakely, in return for immunity from prosecution. Collard's confession is ruled inadmissible and Erin's testimony is torn to shreds. Dianne and her son are found guilty but then Blakely's body is found far away from where they supposedly dumped it.

4
"The Third Man"[29]
Peter Andrikidis
Jane Allen and Shaun Grant
20 March 2014 (2014-03-20)
0.740[30]

The case against Dianne and her son will collapse unless the police produce an accomplice who buried Blakely's body. Andy finds Blakely argued with Danny Novak shortly before he died and was reinvestigating the murder of Dianne's daughter; Tatum gives her father a false alibi. Rizzoli points Andy towards Cranford, who claims to have buried Blakely's body for the Vasilichs, but Janet exposes him as a liar in court. Lina becomes obsessed with convicting Tim Clarke and mistakes his daughter for one of his victims. Novak tells Janet that Blakely's murder is connected to the Moreno case.

5
"Lurking Doubt"[31]
Peter Andrikidis
Jane Allen
27 March 2014 (2014-03-27)
0.772[32]

Janet recognises Moreno's daughter Ruby in one of the photos from Clarke's computer and Lina discovers it was taken in a house owned by Blakely. Gail Jones orders Tony to oversee Dianne's appeal but the judges overturn the conviction with little discussion. Andy is taken off the case when he has to cover Rizzoli's leave, while Janet is harassed by the press when she is accused of having an affair with Erin, who has just been promoted. Ash and the children are taken into protective custody when a bomb goes off in Janet's empty car.

6
"Overtime"[33]
Peter Andrikidis
Kris Mrska
3 April 2014 (2014-04-03)
0.831[34]

Janet is convinced Moreno was involved in the bombing but no evidence can be found. Blakely's daughter Maya reveals she was abused as a child by Keith Nelson, a family friend; Owen and Lina get him committed to trial but Maya is reluctant to give evidence. Janet and Richard investigate Judge Renmark, who acquitted Moreno and is currently investigating Janet and Erin; Rizzoli suspects he was in the pay of organised crime.

7
"An Achilles Heel"[35]
Ian Watson
Shaun Grant and Greg Haddrick
10 April 2014 (2014-04-10)
0.820[36]

Renmark is found dead after a fall from a multi-storey car park, and a USB stick full of child pornography, similar to one Nelson had, is found in his house. Lina tells Andy about her apparent infertility. Richard tells Andy and Janet that Owen knew about Richard's investigation into the history of Renmark's judgements, and Tony discovers that he spread the story about Janet and Erin to the press. Tony convinces Maya to testify but Owen fails to cut a deal with David Sinclair. Drew claims in court that it was Blakely who abused them.

8
"The Greatest Good"[23]
Ian Watson
Jane Allen
17 April 2014 (2014-04-17)
0.855[37]

Drew is exposed as Blakely's murderer, Danny Novak is arrested for the murder of Orianna Vasilich and Nelson is found guilty. Moreno confesses to taking the photographs and offers information in exchange for Ruby's name being left out of it. Drew states that Blakely was behind the ring and Renmark behind the car bomb. However, Janet realises Rizzoli was behind both, as well as Renmark's murder: He was using the ring to control high ranking officials and ensure convictions. When Janet refuses to keep quiet, he commits suicide. Gail increases the DPP's budget in return for keeping quiet about his involvement and the other members of the ring are arrested.

text: Series 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
Episode
no.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Australian viewers
(in millions)

1
"The Invisible Wound"[38]
Peter Andrikidis
Greg Haddrick
24 March 2016 (2016-03-24)
0.627[39]

The murder of Todd Wilson is the latest in over a dozen committed with illegal handguns in the last 15 months and Attorney-General Lincoln Priest assigns Janet to a Royal Commission to investigate the crimes; Owen, Richard, Lina and Andy are assigned to assist her. Janet is also dealing with Ash's murder by a still unknown gunman two years previous and running an inquest into the suicide of Corporal Allman, a soldier with PTSD. The police are interested in George Healy, a small-time drug user who was involved in a car crash near Todd's murder, and Janet's new assistant Heather O'Connor helps Andy arrest him. Richard visits Keisha Gibson, who was with Todd when he was killed, and sees a bag of blood-stained money in her room; Janet and the others suspect she is going to meet someone to split it and decide to keep her under surveillance. Janet is visiting Todd's widow Elaheh and her family to give her an expensive bracelet he bought her when someone shoots through the window.

2
"Here and Now"[38]
Peter Andrikidis
Stuart Page
31 March 2016 (2016-03-31)
0.613[40]

The Commission feel that the Nabekhts know more about the shooting than they are letting on. Susie, who is married to Elaheh's brother Amil, turns out to be the sister of Allman's friend Karen. Keisha contacts Richard for help and makes a statement about the money. Janet has personal trouble with Ash's sister Deborah, who has been unable to conceive and wishes to use an embryo of Ash's that was never used. CCTV footage shows that Todd stole something from Boccaro's car but when Janet and Owen talk to him he admits it. Ballistics show that the gun used in the attack on the Nabekht house was the same one used in Ash's murder. George offers to give information on the guns in exchange for immunity and a new protection, but when Andy and Heather go to see him they find he has been hanged.

3
"In Plain Sight"[38]
Ian Watson
Niki Aken
7 April 2016 (2016-04-07)
0.608[41]

Janet asks Andy and Owen to have Bianca carry out an undercover operation to get information from Felix Murphy, who was shot with the same gun as Ash. Tony tells Janet that DNA evidence suggests Ash and George were killed by the same person and Bianca suggests advanced tests could get a description of the killer. Janet asks Richard to help her with her case against Deborah. Lina and Heather convince Elaheh to make an appeal to the public. Richard finds out that Major Hamilton bought a car similar to the one Todd tried to steal shortly before Todd was killed.

4
"The Smoking Gun"[38]
Ian Watson
Niki Aken
14 April 2016 (2016-04-14)
0.613[42]

Karen admits to Janet and Owen that Todd stole Hamilton's credit card details, and Richard and Lina learn Todd bought and sold the Ferrari using Hamilton's identity. Janet asks Tim to support her position but instead he puts in a request that the embryo be destroyed. Richard nearly blows Bianca's cover when he unknowingly takes Keisha on a date to the bar where she is meeting Felix. Owen learns Hamilton is importing a crate and he, Janet, Andy and Richard raid it to find fridges stuffed with handguns.

5
"Apprehended Violence"[38]
Grant Brown
Greg Haddrick
21 April 2016 (2016-04-21)
0.595[43]

Richard supervises the federal police disarming and repacking the guns, and realises the contact number is not Hamilton but Amil. However, when he receives notification of the shipment he makes no move to collect it. Heather and Lina realise Todd was killed with one of the homemade, one-use-only guns Hamilton had the plans of. They visit a council meeting and witness an altercation between Boccaro and Bao Long, who is opening a leisure centre-cum-casino. Heather visits Roger Embry of the State Corruption Commission to see if anyone tipped off the Nobakhts. Janet gets Richard to take Keisha to PTSD counselling, where she recalls hearing another witness to the murder. A judge awards Janet ownership of the embryo. Janet's iPad is stolen, with Heather's security codes used to enter the building. The corruption officers start investigating Janet, Bianca, Richard and Lina. Lincoln pressures Janet and Owen to deliver an interim report and Bianca has Andy poses as her ex so Felix will send the person who shot him to give her a gun. However, the person that turns up is Brett, who recognises Andy as a police officer and fires at him.

6
"The Thaw"[38]
Grant Brown
Felicity Packard
28 April 2016 (2016-04-28)
0.628[44]

Bianca kills Brett, saving Andy but preventing them getting any information from him. More guns are found at Brett's house and DNA evidence shows he was one of the people that killed George but not the one that killed Ash. The Nobakhts are caught trying to take 30,000 US dollars to Iran and explain they are trying to buy Sam exemption from military service; Brett paid them to put their details on the shipping order and was the one who shot up their house. Lina tells Andy she is pregnant, while Richard spends the night with Keisha. Embry shows Janet evidence that she helped Richard get Keisha off a drug possession charge; Janet suspects that Deborah, who is appealing the ruling, tipped him off. Heather learns Hamilton had a liaison with Robbie Carter. Bianca gets Felix witness protection and he leaves behind an anagram indicating Brett was working for Bao Long.

7
"The Heart of It"[38]
Peter Andrikidis
Stuart Page and Greg Haddick
5 May 2016 (2016-05-05)
0.663[45]

Janet interviews Hamilton and Robbie and realises Jane Carter killed Todd with a plastic gun that Hamilton gave Robbie, believing he was Hamilton. Lincoln encourages Janet to resign prior to the SCC investigation. Boccaro, who has used a damaging press report to convince Lincoln to give him the leisure centre contract, tells Owen and Heather that Brett and Todd may have sold what they stole from his car to Bao Long. The Commission interview Lang but fail to get a DNA sample. Janet and Bianca have sex. Deborah's appeal is rejected and she admits she spoke to the SCC. Peta gives Janet her iPad, from which photos of Ash have been deleted. Keisha asks Richard to go overseas with her; instead, he tells Janet that once the Commission is over he will be leaving the DPP to do his bar exams. Janet asks Owen to help her and Bianca with a trap, then announces she is suspending the Commission.

8
"The Long Goodbye"[38]
Peter Andrikidis
Greg Haddrick and Felicity Packard
12 May 2016 (2016-05-12)
0.673[46]

Janet and Owen use a micro-camera to get footage of Boccaro selling the handguns to a biker gang. Tony convinces Embry to drop the SCC investigation and Boccaro is arrested. Lincoln is forced to resign when it is revealed Boccaro paid him millions of dollars, ostensibly for a tea set but more likely a bribe for the land deal. Boccaro indicates that he loaned the gun to Ashley's killer, who is now going to kill Janet. Janet and Bianca learn the killer was someone genetically male but outwardly female and suspect Heather, whose nephew Janet sent to jail on an apparently false rape charge. Richard represents Heather at her bail hearing. DNA morphology reveals the culprit to be Peta, whose husband committed suicide after Janet refused to prosecute a historic child abuse charge. Peta traps Janet's children at the bottom of a lift shaft but Bianca stops her sending the lift down by shooting her in the leg. Janet visits a pregnant Deborah in hospital, implying she gave her the embryo after all.

text: Series 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
Episode
no.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Australian viewers
(in millions)

1
"Playing Advantage"
Peter Andrikidis
Greg Haddrick
25 May 2017 (2017-05-25)
0.503[47]

Janet, Tony and Bianca are working for the National Crime Commission investigating bet fixing in sports, with Owen having taken over the DPP. Janet focuses on the case of Oliver Pittman, a young cricketer who committed suicide after being accused of fixing a Twenty20 match for the Firecrackers. Sports agent Maxine Reynolds has hired Richard to represent several of her clients, including Firecrackers captain Clay Nelson, and sets him up to almost take a bribe from developer Darren Faulkes. Janet is also suspicious of Ravi Hasan, whose home was torched just after the match. She asks Richard to convince Clay to tell the commission the truth. Instead, Clay deliberately steps in front of a bus outside the commission.

2
"Blindsided"
Peter Andrikidis
Felicity Packard
1 June 2017 (2017-06-01)
0.475[48]

The commission speak to Maxine who suggests they talk to Northern Devils' sponsor, Pax Car Rentals, whose chairman turns out to be Janet's estranged father Graham. Nate Baldwin accidentally kills Tyler during a brawl after Tyler sees the video of his teammates assaulting Pearl and is charged with manslaughter. The autopsy shows that Tyler was taking an unknown performance enhancing drug which may have caused excessive bleeding. Andy tells Janet that a pack of morphine tablets found at Clay's home was stolen from a hospital. Janet realises the family's computer was recording and they hear someone telling Clay that if he doesn't commit suicide and make it look like an accident they will kill Reed.

3
"Levelling the Playing Field"
Grant Brown
Niki Aken
8 June 2017 (2017-06-08)
0.425[49]

Tony discovers that Graham called the man who visited Clay and orders Janet to stay out of interviews. Graham also has links to Wazim Jandaphur, whose house Razim was staying in at the time of the arson. Lina gets Nate committed to trial and he rejects Richard's attempt to get him to plead guilty to a lesser charge. Both Janet and Richard go looking for Pearl, who has run away from home and is staying with Flynn from Continuum. Wayne discovers Eddie Cooke and Shannon Hinksman are selling steroids. It transpires that Graham and Darren offered Nate extra payments to sign for the Devils, which Shannon picks up but which are delivered by the man who visited Clay, who was also behind the arson.

4
"Running Out the Clock"
Grant Brown
Alexa Wyatt
15 June 2017 (2017-06-15)
0.518[50]

Graham makes a statement to the press denying knowledge of the salary cap. Owen hires Ben McMahon to prosecute Nate's trial. Janet offers Richard the drug in exchange for testimony from Nate, prompting Maxine to try and get a sample herself. She goes to Eddie but he no longer has any; however, Flynn has a bottle that he offers to sell to Maxine. Janet admonishes Bonnie for ignoring Maxine's meeting with Flynn. She has Zoe approach Eddie for help and he gets the bottle from Flynn but analysis shows it only contains tap water. Eddie's car is run off the road. Without the drug as evidence of a contributing factor, Nate is found guilty of manslaughter. Pearl has stolen the real bottle, intended to sell it, but Cindi drinks some of it and collapses.

5
"Game Changer"
Peter Andrikidis
Alexa Wyatt
22 June 2017 (2017-06-22)
0.462[51]

Janet and Tony are suspicious of Maxine and Janet deduces that Nate, Eddie or Flynn could give evidence against her, aiming to put pressure on them. Janet gets the bottle from Pearl and it is found to be THX-5, a blood thinner not authorised for human consumption, which has dangerous side effects for a minority of people like Tyler and Cindi. Richard helps Lucy sort out her finances and they sleep together, before Janet gives him the evidence that could free Nate. Janet uses Flynn's role in Tyler's death to convince Pearl to report him for sex with a minor, then sets her up in an apartment. Janet asks Bianca to move in with her and the twins. Mitchell Douglas turns out to be the one who ran Eddie off the road. On learning Maxine was in contact with Clay's visitor, Janet and the police go to her house to find it ransacked and empty.

6
"Hard Ball"
Peter Andrikidis
Felicity Packard
29 June 2017 (2017-06-29)
0.477[52]

Darren tells the commission that Maxine gave the signal to Oliver about the spot betting. Bianca and Wayne catch her trying to leave the country and she says Darren is behind everything but refuses to testify. Janet insists Lina proceeds with the case against Flynn despite her misgivings but he is found not guilty after his defence points out Pearl contacted him with an app for over-18s. Janet does however discover Flynn was the one who stole the morphine tablets given to Clay. Nate is released on appeal. Richard confides in Lina about his guilt over not helping Pearl. Graham, who is being investigated for fraud, gives evidence to the commission and is then beaten by masked men in front of Janet. The phone used by Clay's visitor is found in the possession of Lionel Cartwright, who is being threatened into bringing in the ingredients for MDMA. Surveillance identifies Shannon and Clay's visitor, Wes Foster, as being involved; Foster is arrested but refuses to say anything. A recording of Richard having sex with Lucy is used to induce him to help infiltrate Darren's inner circle, unaware that Owen is already befriending him.

7
"White Line Fever"
Catherine Millar
Greg Haddrick
6 July 2017 (2017-07-06)
0.521[53]

Janet invites Graham, who has declared himself bankrupt, to stay with her while he recuperates. She and Tony help him prepare for his case but an attempt to talk through their history ends unsatisfactorily. Richard attends one of Darren's parties on a pretext, where Nate blames him for the breakdown of his marriage. Owen instructs Lina not to oppose Foster's bail but keeps quiet about Richard's connection to the NCC, asking Darren for advice on betting. Andy replaces Wayne at the NCC and carries out blatant surveillance of Foster but Foster gives him the slip. Darren uses Richard as an unwitting courier to deliver a case full of money that will be sent abroad labelled as foreign currency; Richard tampers with the combination lock. Foster attacks someone implied to be Richard in a public toilet.

8
"Little Victories"
Catherine Millar
Felicity Packard
13 July 2017 (2017-07-13)
0.480[54]

The body in the toilet turns out to be Flynn, his death made to look like an overdose. Foster is arrested after his DNA is found at the scene. Richard learns Darren's next target is Glen Farmer, a young tennis player who will be bribed to throw a set. Janet convinces him to talk Glen into it when Shannon fails and the police arrest the drug dealers Darren is working with, forcing him to rely on his laundered money to make bets so the NCC can track it. Janet gets Pearl into a sports scholarship but Bianca breaks up with her, realising she'll never be her priority. Darren and Shannon are arrested after an attempt to abduct Richard but Owen has ASIO agents shut down the NCC interrogation; Darren is needed to monitor international terrorist organisations radicalising Australian youths, with NCC only allowed to confiscate the profits from the betting scams and money laundering. Zoe dies of heart failure, probably caused by damage from taking performance-enhancing drugs. Janet has Foster make a statement about all the crimes Darren was involved in, predicting that one day his usefulness to ASIO will be over and he can be charged.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ben Neutze from Crikey said that Janet was an "audience favourite" from Crownies. He also noted that Dusseldorp’s acting profile had been raised following her appearance in A Place to Call Home. He predicted that the combination would secure success for the show and ABC.[55] Ben Pobjie, writing for The Sydney Morning Herald, praised the series for trying "to keep things varied and interesting. Most likely aware of the pitfalls of such a familiar genre, the show moves at a neat pace."[56]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

2014
AACTA Awards[57][58]
Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama
Marta Dusseldorp
Won

Best Television Drama Series
Janet King
Nominated

2015
Logie Awards[59]
Most Outstanding Actress
Marta Dusseldorp
Nominated

Most Outstanding Drama Series
Janet King
Nominated

2016
AACTA Awards[60]
Best Editing In Television
Nicole La Macchia
Nominated

Best Guest or Supporting Actor in a Television Drama
Hamish Michael
Nominated

2017
Logie Awards[61]
Most Outstanding Actress
Marta Dusseldorp
Nominated

AWGIE Awards[62]
Best Script for a Television Series or Miniseries
Greg Haddrick for "Playing Advantage"
Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: Series 1 was released on a three disc DVD on 18 April 2014,[63] and release in the U.S. on 21 June 2016. [64] Series 2 was release in the U.S. on 25 October 2016. [65] Series 3 will be released in the U.S. on 26 September 2017. [66]

text: International[edit]

text: In the United States, the series premiered on Acorn TV on 14 March 2016.[67][68] The show also airs in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Spain and the United Kingdom.[13]