document_title: Big Mac

question_text: how much meat is there in a big mac

question_tokens: how much meat is there in a big mac

text: Big Mac

text: History

text:
The Big Mac was created by Jim Delligatti, an early Ray Kroc franchisee,[1] who was operating several restaurants in the Pittsburgh area. It was invented in the kitchen of Delligatti's first McDonald's franchise, located on McKnight Road in suburban Ross Township.[2]
The Big Mac had two previous names, both of which failed in the marketplace: the Aristocrat, which consumers found difficult to pronounce and understand, and Blue Ribbon Burger. The third name, Big Mac, was created by Esther Glickstein Rose, a 21-year-old advertising secretary who worked at McDonald’s corporate headquarters in Oak Brook, Illinois.[3]
The Big Mac debuted at Delligatti's Uniontown, Pennsylvania restaurant in 1967, selling for 45 cents.[4] It was designed to compete with Big Boy Restaurants' Big Boy hamburger; Eat'n Park was the Pittsburgh area's Big Boy franchisee at the time.[5] The Big Mac proved popular and it was added to the menu of all U.S. restaurants in 1968.[4]

text: Product

text: The Big Mac consists of two 1.6 oz (45.4 g) beef patties, "special sauce" (a variant of Thousand Island dressing), iceberg lettuce, American cheese, pickles, and onions, served in a three-part sesame seed bun.[6]

text: The Big Mac is known worldwide and is often used as a symbol of American capitalism. The Economist has used it as a reference point for comparing the cost of living in different countries – the Big Mac Index – as it is so widely available and is comparable across markets. This index is sometimes referred to as Burgernomics.[7]

text: Special sauce

text: The name was popularized by a 1974 advertising campaign featuring a list of the ingredients in a Big Mac: "Two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions – on a sesame seed bun."[8]

text: Big Mac Sauce is delivered to McDonald's restaurants in sealed canisters designed by Sealright, from which it is meant to be directly dispensed using a special calibrated "sauce gun" that dispenses a specified amount of the sauce for each pull of the trigger.[9] Its design is similar to a caulking gun.

text: In 2012, McDonald's admitted that "the special sauce ingredients were not really a secret" because the recipe had been available online "for years".[10] It consists of store-bought mayonnaise, sweet pickle relish and yellow mustard whisked together with vinegar, garlic powder, onion powder and paprika.[10]

text: Packaging

text: The Big Mac, along with many other McDonald's products, was first served in a "clamshell" styrofoam container that was phased out beginning in 1990 due to environmental concerns.[11] The product is now sold in a collapsible cardboard box.

text: Advertising

text: The earliest instances of McDonald's using advertising for the burger were mainly print ads, and a TV ad in which Hoyt Axton sings "The Ballad of Big Mac" which aired in 1969.

text: Two all-beef patties slogan

text: The Two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions – on a sesame seed bun concept for the jingle was created by Keith Reinhard, Chairman Emeritus of DDB Worldwide, and his creative group at Needham Harper and Steers. Originally, the ingredients appeared as a one-word heading for a McDonald's ad developed for college newspapers. The words were then set to music created by Mark Vieha, who performed the original jingle. The first run of commercials ran only a year and a half, going off the air in 1976, but its popularity remained beyond its TV life. Subsequent to the jingle, McDonald's followed up with a promotion based on its customers spontaneously having a "Big Mac Attack".

text: In the United States during the original campaign many franchises ran promotions that awarded a free burger to customers who could recite the slogan within a specified time (usually two or three seconds). One example of its success was that the McDonald's operators in New York City ran out of Big Mac buns.[citation needed] McDonald's Australia emulated this promotion in the mid-1980s, and some Brazilian McDonald's around the same time (only offering a free glass of Coca-Cola instead), in the Portuguese-language version, which is "Dois hambúrgueres, alface, queijo, molho especial, cebola e picles num pão com gergelim".

text: In 2003, McDonald's revived the phrase. In an English-language ad from McDonald's international "i'm lovin' it" campaign, a rapper rapidly spouts off the trademark in the background music. Also in 2003, American Greetings and Carlton Cards released a Christmas ornament of a Big Mac, on which the slogan was both printed and played aloud by pulling on a string. Roy Bergold, National Advertising Manager at McDonald's, has a big hand in championing the original campaign and helping to bring it back.

text: In 2008 McDonald's Malaysia revived the phrase. The revival includes the original prize of a free Big Mac if the customer is able to recite the phrase in under four seconds. It was released in May, along with the promotional Mega Mac, which has four beef patties instead of two.[12]

text: 1980s advertising

text: In the early 1980s, as a promotion, McDonald's staged an in-house rivalry between their two most popular products. Consumers were invited to decide "Which one will be number one? Chicken McNuggets or Big Mac sandwiches?" For each of either item that a customer bought, they received another of the same at half price. Later in the ad campaign, the second was offered for free. It was eventually announced that the Big Mac was "number one".

text: 2005 advertising

text: In 2005, McDonald's began offering product placement rewards to hip hop artists who namechecked the Big Mac in their music, giving US$5 to the artist for every time a song mentioning the hamburger was played on the radio.[13] This offer quickly spawned a satirical reference from hip hop artist Mad Skillz, who references the marketing ploy in his track "2005 Wrap Up" by stating "And I'm beefin' wit' Mickey D's man, y'all dead wrong, Talkin' 'bout payin' rappers to mention Big Macs in their song, We do rap from the heart, y'all better have some respect, Alright, Big Mac! Big Mac! Big Mac! Now where's my check?"

text: Variants

text:
The Mega Mac or Double Big Mac: four 1.6 oz (45.4 g) beef patties and an extra slice of cheese. Available in Canada, China, Egypt, Ireland, Japan, Malaysia (during promotional periods only), Turkey, Singapore, Pakistan, South Korea, and Thailand.[12] In New Zealand and Australia it was discontinued and replaced by the Grand Big Mac. In the United States, buyers can ask to double their Big Mac with two additional patties, although this option is limited to certain states. The Double Big Mac is the biggest regular hamburger the chain produces and it has 680 calories.[14]
Big Big Mac: a Quarter Pounder–like product sold in Europe (Finland, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy). Has been sold periodically in Sweden, there called "Grand Big Mac" (where "Grand" was pronounced in British, not American, English, in their advertising[not in citation given]).[15]
The Denali Mac: made with two quarter pound patties. Named after Denali in Alaska, and sold only in that state.[16][17] Also known as the Bigger Big Mac as a limited-time offer product to celebrate the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
In India, where consuming beef is illegal in most states, the Big Mac is known as the Maharaja Mac and was originally made with lamb instead of beef; however, along with the company's other items, it is now made from chicken.[18][19] A vegetarian option is also available, substituting corn patties in the place of beef.
The Chicken Big Mac is a Big Mac with two breaded chicken patties sold in Pakistan, Egypt, UAE, Kuwait, and Qatar.[20][21][22]
The Giga Big Mac is a larger version of the Big Mac with three times the meat of a Big Mac sold in Japan.[23]
Mac Jr. is a reduction of the standard Big Mac. It uses a two-piece bun and contains only one beef patty. Available in the U.S. beginning in 2017.[24]

text:
Grand Mac uses larger patties, at 1⁄3 pound (150 g) combined. Available in the U.S. beginning in 2017 and was first made available overseas in the UK and Australia as the "Grand Big Mac" in 2018 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the original Big Mac.[24]
Big Mac BLT is a standard Big Mac burger with the addition of bacon and tomato. Released in Australia in late 2017.[26]

text: McDonaldland character

text: In addition to the McDonald's signature hamburger, Big Mac was the name of a character, Officer Big Mac, in McDonaldland, the fictional world created as an advertising campaign for McDonald's. Officer Big Mac was similar to Mayor McCheese, except he was the chief of police, wearing a constable uniform and sporting a large Big Mac for a head.

text: Museum

text: On August 22, 2007, McDonald's opened the Big Mac Museum in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania to celebrate the Big Mac’s 40th anniversary. The museum features the world's largest Big Mac statue (measuring 14 feet high and 12 feet wide) and has hundreds of historic artifacts and exhibits that celebrate the Big Mac.[27][28]

text: Some Uniontown residents were unhappy with the selected location;[29] a McDonald’s spokesperson said that the decision was based on ease of highway access.[30]

text: Nutritional values per geographical location

text: The Big Mac is a geographically localized product. In the United States, the Big Mac has 550 kcal (2,300 kJ), 29 grams of fat and 25 grams of protein. In Australia, the burger is slightly smaller with 493 kcal (2,060 kJ) and 26.9 grams of fat, but similar amounts of protein with 25.2 grams,[31] while the Japanese burger tops out the scales at 557 kcal and 30.5 grams of fat. Several Mcdonald's subsidiaries adapt the standard features of the Big Mac (from the USA) to regional requirements.[32]

text:
Comparisons of the Big Mac standard nutritional values in different countries – Sodium values converted to their salt equivalents, rounded and in bold

Country

Energy kcal

Carbohydrates g

Protein g

Fat (total) g

Dietary fiber g

Salt equivalent mg

Serving size (weight) g

Reference

 Argentina
485
40
24
26
3.3
2005

.ar

 Australia
493
35.3
25.2
26.9

2148
201
.au[dead link]

 Austria
495
40
27
25
3
2300
219
.at

 Belgium
495
40
27
25

2300

.be

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
510
41
27
26
3
2200

.ba

 Brazil
491
40
26
26
3.8
2033

.br

 Canada
520
45
23
28
3
2413
209
.ca

 Chile
478
40
26
24
4
2133

.cl[permanent dead link]

 China
520
46
26
26

.cn

 Croatia
510
41
27
26
3
2200

.hr

 Czech Republic
510
41
27
26

2200

.cz

 Denmark
510
41
27
26.1
3
2200

.info

 Egypt
522
52
28.235
30
2

234
.eg

 Finland
510
41
27
26
3
2200

.fi

 France
508
42
27
26
3.1
2300
221
.info

 Germany
510
41
27
26
3
2200
221
.de

 Greece
495
40
27
25
3
2300
221
.gr

 Hong Kong
497
43.1
26.4
24.2

2003

.hk

 Hungary
510
41
27
26
3
2200

.info

 Ireland
490
41
28
24
4
2100

.ie

 Italy
510
42
27
26
3
2200

.it

 Japan
557
45.2
25.5
30.5

2800

.jp

 Lithuania
509
42
27
26
3.1
2300
219
.lt

 Malaysia
484
46
26
23

1825
209
.my

 Mexico
486
45
22
26
3
2228

.mx[permanent dead link]

 Netherlands
510
41
27
26
3
2200

.info

 New Zealand
494
36.8
26.4
25.9

2415
202
.nz[dead link]

 Norway
510
41
27
26
3
2200

.no

 Poland
510
41
27
26
3
2200

.info

 Portugal
509
42
27
26
3.2
2300
219
.pt

 Romania
510
41
27
26
3
2200

.info[dead link]

 Russia
495
40
27
25
3
2300

.info[dead link]

 Serbia
493
40
27
25
3
2300

.rs

 South Africa
496
39
24.3
26.4
3.2
2433

.za

 South Korea
510

26

2533
213
.kr

 Sweden
505
42
26
26
3
2300
219
.se

  Switzerland
510
41
27
26
3
2200

.info

 Taiwan
530
45
27
26

.tw

 Turkey
480
43
28
22

2100

.tr

 United Kingdom
508
43
26
25
3.6
2300

.uk

 United States
540
47
25
28
3
2426
215
.us


document_title: List of Magic: The Gathering sets

question_text: when does the next magic expansion come out

root

text: List of Magic: The Gathering sets

text: Base/core set editions[edit]

text: After the second version (Beta) of the first set, which contained two cards mistakenly excluded from the first version (Alpha), all subsequent base sets through 10th Edition consisted of cards that had been printed before in either the original base set or an expansion set. Alpha through Fifth Edition did not have set symbols printed on the actual cards, though those sets were retroactively given set symbols in Wizards of the Coast's official Gatherer[3] database of Magic cards.

tag: p

text:
Set
Set symbol[3]
Set code[4][3]
Pre-release date
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Limited Edition Alpha
None
LEA
none
August 5, 1993[6]
295[I]
74
95
116
—
10
—

Limited Edition Beta
None
LEB
none
October 1993[7]
302[I]
75
95
117
—
15
—

Unlimited Edition
None
2ED
none
December 1993[6]
302[I]
75
95
117
—
15
—

Revised Edition[II]
None
3ED
none
April 1994[8]
306
75
95
121
—
15
—

Fourth Edition
None
4ED
none
April 1995[9]
378
121
121
121
—
15
—

Fifth Edition
None / Roman-numeral five[III]
5ED
none
March 24, 1997[10]
449
165
132
132
—
20
—

Classic Sixth Edition
A Roman-numeral six
6ED
none
April 28, 1999[10]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Seventh Edition
A serif numeral seven
7ED
none
April 11, 2001[10]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Eighth Edition
The number eight superimposed over three fanned cards
8ED
none
July 28, 2003[11]
357
110
110
110
—
20
7[IV]

Ninth Edition
The number nine superimposed over three fanned cards
9ED
none
July 29, 2005[12]
359
110
110
110
—
20
9[IV]

Tenth Edition
A Roman-numeral ten
10E
none
July 13, 2007[13]
383
121
121
121
—
20
—

Magic 2010
"M10"
M10
July 11, 2009[14]
July 17, 2009[15]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2011
"M11"
M11
July 10, 2010[16]
July 16, 2010[16]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2012
"M12"
M12
July 9, 2011[17]
July 15, 2011[17]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2013
"M13"
M13
July 7, 2012[18]
July 13, 2012[18]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2014
"M14"
M14
July 13, 2013[19]
July 19, 2013[19]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2015
"M15"
M15
July 12, 2014[20]
July 18, 2014[20]
269
101
80[21]
53
15
20
15[IV]

Magic Origins
Planeswalker symbol breaking through the horizon
ORI
July 11, 2015[22]
July 17, 2015[22]
272
101
80
55
16
20
16[IV]

Core 2019
unrevealed
M19
July 14, 2018
July 20, 2018
269
unrevealed

tag: table

text: Expansion sets[edit]

text: Expansion sets from Ice Age to Rivals of Ixalan (with the exception of Homelands) came in groups called "blocks". (From 1997–2008, Wizards of the Coast also used the term "cycle" when describing the associated storyline.) Blocks were cohesive products: they centered around one plane, followed a particular storyline, and contained cards and mechanics that supported both. Blocks generally consisted of one large "stand-alone" expansion set of 250–300 cards, followed by one or two small expansion sets of 150–200 cards which continue the themes introduced in the large set. Like the base set, stand-alone expansion sets contain basic land cards; other expansion sets do not. Beginning with Alliances, expansion sets were given codenames while in development; the code names of the expansions of a cycle usually fit together to form a phrase or common theme.[23] Starting with Mirage in 1996, blocks were officially refined in form: they would consist of would be three sets, large-small-small. With Zendikar block in 2009, the traditional large-small-small block structure began to be varied, with some blocks including a second large set later in the block. Starting with the Battle for Zendikar block in 2015, the default structure of a block was changed to large-small, with each block consisting of only two sets and two blocks released per year.[24]

text: Ice Age and Alliances were the first two sets to have a well-defined relationship, but were not created as a canonical block at the time of printing. Also beginning with Alliances in June 1996, expansion sets were released in a regular pattern: the base sets were released in October with the small expansion sets being released in February and June (Alliances was originally the third set of the block; it was retroactively made a second set with the release of Coldsnap in 2006). With the exceptions of Stronghold, a 1998 set released in March rather than February, and Scourge, a 2003 set which was released in May rather than June, this pattern of months was never broken, over a 10-year period, until 2006, when Dissension was also released a month early in May instead of June, because of the July release of Coldsnap. The third set in a block has since been released in late April or early May. From 2005–2015, there was a fourth release date each year in mid-July, usually reserved for Core Sets. Other summer releases included Coldsnap and Eventide.[XXVI]

text: Fallen Empires was an experimental expansion in which most card have three or four different pieces of artwork. You could see them as 121 common cards, by art, or 36 cards by the text. It was also a major expansion in the idea of tribes, especially Goblins and Merfolk.

text: Most early expansion sets did not have exact release dates; they were just shipped out within the space of a week, and retailers could start selling them as soon as the sets were received. By the time of Alliances in 1996, however, release dates were set as Mondays (the earliest set with an exact Monday release date might possibly have preceded Alliances, but Alliances is the earliest set with a cited and confirmed Monday release date). Beginning with Mirrodin in 2003, the release dates were changed from Monday to Friday. All sets beginning with Homelands[VI] also have a pre-release date, on which cards are sold in limited quantities in pre-release tournaments. These tournaments were formerly always held two weeks before the release date, but since Shards of Alara they are now held one week before the release date.

text: Premium foil cards have been inserted into booster packs since Urza's Legacy. Originally 1 foil card was inserted for every 100 cards. The ratio was changed to 1 in 70 cards with the Torment expansion. Beginning with Tenth Edition the rate was increased to 1 in 56 cards.[25]

text: Starting with Kaladesh block, sets sometimes also contain an entry in the Masterpiece Series.[26]

text: The block model has evolved as time went on. In addition to a formalized structure (which was occasionally variated on), Wizards began to have trouble developing small sets that satisfied their own quality standards. Players also reported fatigue at playing in the same environment for a year at a time. The decision to remove one small set from each block, as showcased in Battle For Zendikar block, was a result of this dissatisfaction. It culminated in the decision to delete small sets entirely: After the Ixalan block concludes, forthcoming sets will all be large-sized sets. However, not all large-size sets will involve travel to a new plane; some will be sequels to the set prior to it, if the depth of the plane's story and mechanics allows. Dominaria, to be released in 2018, will be the first set under this model.[26]

text:
Set
Expansion
symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Development
codename[23]
Pre-release date
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total
Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic
Land
Other

Arabian Nights
A scimitar
ARN
Arabian Nights[27]
none
December 1993[28]
92[V]
41
19
32
—
—
—

Antiquities
An anvil
ATQ
Antiquities[27]
none
March 1994[29]
100[VI]
30
44
26
—
—
—

Legends
The capital of a Doric column
LEG
Legends[27]
none
June 1994[30]
310
75
114
121
—
—
—

The Dark
A thin crescent moon
DRK
The Dark [27]
none
August 1994[31]
119
40
44
35
—
—
—

Fallen Empires
A crown
FEM
Fallen Empires[27]
none
November 1994[32]
187[VII]
121
30
36
—
—
—

Ice Age
A snowflake
ICE
Ice Age[27]
none[VII]
June 1995[33]
383
121
121
121
—
20
—

Homelands[IX]
The globe of Ulgrotha
HML
Homelands[27]
October 14, 1995[VII]
October 1995[34]
140[X]
71
27
42
—
—
—

Alliances
A flowing banner
ALL
Quack[23]
May 18, 1996[35]
June 10, 1996[10]
199[XI]
110
43
46
—
—
—

Mirage Block

Mirage
A palm tree
MIR
Sosumi/Menagerie[23]
September 21, 1996[36][XXV]
October 7, 1996[10]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Visions
Zhalfirin Triangle of War/stylized "V"
VIS
Mirage Jr.[23]
January 11, 1997[37]
February 3, 1997[38]
167
62
55
50
—
—
—

Weatherlight
The Thran Tome, an open book
WTH
Mochalatte[23]
May 31, 1997[39]
June 9, 1997[10]
167
62
55
50
—
—
—

Rath Cycle or Tempest Block

Tempest
A storm cloud
TMP
Bogavhati[23]
October 4, 1997[40]
October 13, 1997[10]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Stronghold
A portcullis
STH
Rachimulot[23]
February 21, 1998[41]
March 2, 1998[10]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Exodus
A bridge
EXO
Gorgonzola[23]
June 6, 1998[42]
June 15, 1998[10]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Artifacts Cycle or Urza Block

Urza's Saga
Two gears
USG
Armadillo[23]
October 3, 1998[43]
October 12, 1998[44]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Urza's Legacy
A hammer
ULG
Guacamole[23]
February 6, 1999[45]
February 15, 1999[10]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Urza's Destiny
An Erlenmeyer flask
UDS
Chimichanga[23]
May 29, 1999[40]
June 7, 1999[46]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Masquerade Cycle or Masques Block

Mercadian Masques
A domino mask
MMQ
Archimedes[23]
September 25, 1999[47]
October 4, 1999[48]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Nemesis
The spiked halberd wielded by Crovax
NMS
Euripides[23]
February 5, 2000[49]
February 14, 2000[50]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Prophecy
Three crystals
PCY
Dionysus[23]
May 27, 2000
June 5, 2000[51]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Invasion Block

Invasion
The symbol of the Coalition[XII]
INV
Beijing[23]
September 23, 2000[40]
October 2, 2000[52]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Planeshift
A swirling portal
PLS
Hong Kong[23]
January 27, 2001[53]
February 5, 2001[53]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Apocalypse
The mask of Yawgmoth
APC
Shanghai[23]
May 26, 2001[54]
June 4, 2001
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Odyssey Block

Odyssey
The Mirari on a twisted stand
ODY
Argon[23]
September 22, 2001[40]
October 1, 2001
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Torment
An ouroboros
TOR
Boron[23]
January 26, 2002[55]
February 4, 2002[55]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Judgment
A balancing scale
JUD
Carbon[23]
May 18, 2002
May 27, 2002[56]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Onslaught Block

Onslaught
A four-legged "morph"[XIII] creature
ONS
Manny[23]
September 28, 2002[57]
October 7, 2002[57]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Legions
Two crossed spears behind a shield
LGN
Moe[23]
January 25, 2003[58]
February 3, 2003
145
55
45
45
—
—
—

Scourge
A dragon mask
SCG
Jack[23]
May 17, 2003[59]
May 26, 2003[59]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Mirrodin Block

Mirrodin
The Sword of Kaldra
MRD
Bacon[23]
September 20, 2003[60]
October 3, 2003[60]
306
110
88
88
—
20
—

Darksteel
The shield of Kaldra
DST
Lettuce[23]
January 24, 2004[61]
February 6, 2004[61]
165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Fifth Dawn
The helm of Kaldra
5DN
Tomato[23]
May 22, 2004[62]
June 4, 2004[63]
165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Kamigawa Block

Champions of Kamigawa
A torii gate
CHK
Earth[23]
September 18, 2004[64]
October 1, 2004[65]
306
110
88[XIV]
88
—
20
—

Betrayers of Kamigawa
A shuriken
BOK
Wind[23]
January 22, 2005[66]
February 4, 2005[65]
165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Saviors of Kamigawa
A Japanese-style lantern
SOK
Fire[23]
May 21, 2005[67]
June 3, 2005[65]
165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Ravnica Block

Ravnica: City of Guilds
A Gothic-style church tower
RAV
Control[68]
September 24, 2005[69]
October 7, 2005[70]
306
110
88
88
—
20
—

Guildpact
The seal of the Guildpact
GPT
Alt[68]
January 21, 2006[71]
February 3, 2006[71]
165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Dissension
The broken seal of the Guildpact
DIS
Delete[68]
April 22, 2006[72]
May 5, 2006[72]
180
60
60
60
—
—
—

Coldsnap

Coldsnap[IX]
A hanging trio of icicles
CSP
Splat[23]
July 8, 2006[73]
July 21, 2006[74]
155
60
55
40
—
—
—

Time Spiral Block

Time Spiral
An hourglass
TSP/TSB[XV]
Snap[68]
September 23, 2006[75]
October 6, 2006[75]
422[XV]
121
80
80
—
20
121

Planar Chaos
Stylized letters "PC" / Möbius strip
PLC
Crackle[68]
January 20, 2007[76]
February 2, 2007[76]
165[XV]
60
55
50
—
—
—

Future Sight
an eye gazing through a rift portal
FUT
Pop[68]
April 21, 2007[77]
May 4, 2007[77]
180[XV]
60
60
60
—
—
—

Lorwyn Block

Lorwyn
Elvish "leaf blade" with a serrated edge
LRW
Peanut[78]
September 29, 2007[79]
October 12, 2007[79]
301
121
80
80
—
20
—

Morningtide
Sunrise / A flame
MOR
Butter[78]
January 19, 2008[80]
February 1, 2008[80]
150
60
40
50
—
—
—

Shadowmoor Block[81]

Shadowmoor
Crown of the Reaper King
SHM
Jelly[78]
April 19, 2008[82]
May 2, 2008[82]
301
121
80
80
—
20
—

Eventide
Eclipsed sun
EVE
Doughnut[81]
July 12, 2008[83]
July 25, 2008[83]
180
60
60
60
—
—
—

Alara Block

Shards of Alara
5-part gem
ALA
Rock[84]
September 27, 2008[85]
October 3, 2008[86]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Conflux
5-shard shield
CON
Paper[84]
January 31, 2009[87]
February 6, 2009[87]
145
60
40
35
10
—
—

Alara Reborn
5-branched gem
ARB
Scissors[84]
April 25, 2009[88]
April 30, 2009[88]
145
60
40
35
10
—
—

Zendikar Block

Zendikar
A hedron
ZEN
Live[84]
September 26, 2009[89]
October 2, 2009[89]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Worldwake
A hedron opening
WWK
Long[84]
January 30, 2010[90]
February 5, 2010[90]
145
60
40
35
10
—
—

Rise of the Eldrazi
A hedron opened
ROE
Prosper[84]
April 17, 2010[91]
April 23, 2010[91]
248
100
60
53
15
20
—

Scars of Mirrodin Block

Scars of Mirrodin
Encircled hexplate with a smaller hex cut out
SOM
Lights[92]
September 25, 2010[93]
October 1, 2010[93]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Mirrodin Besieged
Mirran/Phyrexian symbols combined
MBS
Camera[92]
January 29, 2011[94]
February 4, 2011[94]
155
60
40
35
10
10
—

New Phyrexia
The letter Phi, the symbol of Phyrexia
NPH
Action[92]
May 7, 2011[95][96]
May 13, 2011[95][96]
175
60
60
35
10
10
—

Innistrad Block

Innistrad
Two stylized outward facing herons[97]
ISD[98]
Shake[92]
September 24, 2011[99]
September 30, 2011[99]
264[XXVII]
107
67
59
16
15
—

Dark Ascension
Innistrad symbol turned inward[100]
DKA[101]
Rattle[92]
January 28, 2012[101]
February 3, 2012[101]
158[XXVII]
64
44
38
12
—
—

Avacyn Restored
The collar of Avacyn
AVR[102]
Roll[92]
April 28, 2012[102]
May 4, 2012[102]
244
101
60
53
15
15
—

Return to Ravnica Block

Return to Ravnica
Symbol of the five guilds in set
RTR[103]
Hook[84][104]
September 29, 2012[103]
October 5, 2012[103]
274
101
80
53
15
25
—

Gatecrash
Pointed arch
GTC[105]
Line[84][104]
January 26, 2013[105]
February 1, 2013[105]
249
101
80
53
15
—
—

Dragon's Maze
Return to Ravnica and Gatecrash symbols combined[106]
DGM[106]
Sinker[84][104]
April 27, 2013[106]
May 3, 2013[106]
156[XXVIII]
70
40
35
11
—
—

Theros Block

Theros
Column and arcs
THS[107]
Friends[84][104]
September 21, 2013[107]
September 27, 2013[107]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Born of the Gods
Horns of Xenagos
BNG[108]
Romans[84][104]
February 1, 2014[108]
February 7, 2014[108]
165
60
60
35
10
—
—

Journey into Nyx
Horns of Xenagos and column
JOU[109]
Countrymen[84][104]
April 26, 2014[110]
May 2, 2014[109]
165
60
60
35
10
—
—

Khans of Tarkir Block

Khans of Tarkir
Two crossed scimitars in front of a shield
KTK[111]
Huey[112]
September 20, 2014[111]
September 26, 2014[111]
269
101
80
53
15
20
—

Fate Reforged
Two mirrored fangs
FRF[113]
Dewey[112]
January 17, 2015[113]
January 23, 2015[113]
185[XXIX]
70
60
35
10
10
—

Dragons of Tarkir
A shield in the shape of a dragon's face
DTK[114]
Louie[112]
March 21, 2015[114]
March 27, 2015[114]
264
101
80
53
15
15
—

Battle for Zendikar Block

Battle for Zendikar
A hedron with a "Z" crimp
BFZ[115]
Blood[116]
September 26, 2015[115]
October 2, 2015[115]
274[XXX]
101
80
53
15
25
—[XXX]

Oath of the Gatewatch
Kozilek blade projections
OGW[117]
Sweat[116]
January 16, 2016[117]
January 22, 2016[117]
184[XXX]
70
60
42[118]
12[118]
—
—[XXX]

Shadows over Innistrad Block

Shadows over Innistrad
Avacyn's collar deformed (in this case, upside-down)
SOI[119]
Tears[116]
April 2, 2016[119]
April 8, 2016[119]
297[XXXI]
105
100
59
18
15
—

Eldritch Moon
Silhouette of Emrakul
EMN [120]
Fears[24]
July 16, 2016[120]
July 22, 2016[120]
205[XXXI]
74
70
47
14[121]
—
—

Kaladesh Block

Kaladesh
Stylized vines
KLD
Lock[122]
September 24, 2016
September 30, 2016
264
101
80
53
15
15
—

Aether Revolt
Stylized blossom
AER
Stock[122]
January 14, 2017
January 20, 2017
184
70
60
42
12
—
—

Amonkhet Block

Amonkhet
Pyramid with floating top
AKH
Barrel[122]
April 22, 2017
April 28, 2017
269
101
80
53
15
20
—

Hour of Devastation
Horns of Nicol Bolas
HOU
Laughs[123]
July 8, 2017
July 14, 2017
199
70
60
42
12
15
—

Ixalan Block

Ixalan
Compass rose
XLN
Ham[124]
September 23, 2017
September 29, 2017
279
101
80
63
15
20
—

Rivals of Ixalan
Half compass rose with two Northern points
RIX[125]
Eggs[124]
January 13, 2018
January 19, 2018
196
unrevealed

Post-block sets[26]

Dominaria
unrevealed
DOM
Soup[126]
April 21, 2018
April 27, 2018
269
unrevealed

"Spaghetti"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Spaghetti[127]
c. September 2018
c. September 2018
unrevealed

"Meatballs"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Meatballs[127]
c. January 2019
c. January 2019
unrevealed

"Milk"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Milk[128]
c. Spring 2019
c. Spring 2019
unrevealed

"Archery"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Archery[129]
c. September 2019
c. September 2019
unrevealed

"Baseball"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Baseball[129]
c. January 2020
c. January 2020
unrevealed

"Cricket"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Cricket[130]
c. Spring 2020
c. Spring 2020
unrevealed

text: Other sets[edit]

text: Introductory sets[edit]

text: These introductory sets were intended for novice Magic: The Gathering players. They were illegal in sanctioned tournaments until October 2005,[131] when they became legal in Legacy and Vintage.

text:
Set
Expansion
symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Portal[XIX]

Portal
A portal
POR
June 1997[132]
222[XX]
90
57
55
—
20
—

Portal Second Age
A pentagon
PO2
June 1998[133]
165
70
45
35
—
15
—

Portal Three Kingdoms
The Chinese character for the number 3
PTK
May 1999[134]
180
55
55
55
—
15
—

Starter

Starter 1999
A five-pointed star
S99
July 1999[135]
173
63
55
35
—
20
—

Starter 2000
None
S00
July 2000[136]
57[XXI]
39
6
2
—
10
—

text: Compilations/reprint sets[edit]

text: Reprint sets are sets of certain cards from previous sets that were re-released for different reasons. Some reasons include the cards were fan favorites and popular demand brought them back or in some cases, reprints were to commemorate certain events such as widely known matches or anniversary sets. Some reprint sets revolved around a certain theme; for example, Beatdown was themed around old, out-of-print, heavy-hitting creatures. Reprinting a card in one of these sets does not affect when it leaves Standard.

text: Deck Builder's Toolkits are released at the same time as a core set and contain only cards from sets that are legal in Standard at that time; they are not sets as such. These boxed sets therefore have no symbol or code of their own.

text:
Set
Expansion symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Chronicles[XVII]
No specific symbol[XVIII]
CHR
July 1995[137]
125[XVII]
37
43
45
—
—
—

Rivals Quick Start Set
No specific symbol
none
July 1996[138]
Four pre-constructed decks

Multiverse Gift Box
No specific symbol
none
November 1996[139]
Boosters from various sets in various languages

Anthologies
No specific symbol
ATH
November 1998[140]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Battle Royale Box Set
No specific symbol
BRB
November 12, 1999[141]
Four 40-card pre-constructed decks

Beatdown Box Set
A mace
BTD
December 2000[142]
Two 61-card pre-constructed decks

Deckmasters: Garfield vs. Finkel
A stylized letter "D"
DKM
September 17, 2001[143]
Two 62-card pre-constructed decks

Premium Foil Booster
Alara block symbols
none
January 8, 2010[144]
539 foil cards from the Alara block[XXXV]

Duels of the Planeswalkers (decks)
A stylized letter "M" inside a circle
DPA
June 4, 2010[145]
Five 60-card decks

Modern Event Deck
Three-pronged object
MD1
May 30, 2014[146]
60-card deck, 15-card sideboard

International Sets

Renaissance (French/German)
No specific symbol
none
August 1995[137]
122
51
40
31
—
—
—

Rinascimento (Italian)
No specific symbol
none
August 1995[137]
69
 ?
 ?
 ?
—
—
—

Duel Decks

Duel Decks: Elves vs. Goblins
A stylized axe and bow combination symbol
EVG
November 16, 2007[147]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Jace vs. Chandra
A point-reflected pair of swooshes
DD2
November 7, 2008[148]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Divine vs. Demonic
A halo with horns coming up through its center
DDC
April 10, 2009[149]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Garruk vs. Liliana
A leaf inside a semicircle
DDD
October 30, 2009[150]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Phyrexia vs. the Coalition
Yawgmoth's and the Coalition's symbols combined
DDE
March 19, 2010[151]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Elspeth vs. Tezzeret
Two trapezoids with parts missing
DDF
September 3, 2010[152]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Knights vs. Dragons
A shield in the shape of a dragon in flight
DDG
April 1, 2011[153]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Ajani vs. Nicol Bolas
Nicol Bolas' horns superimposed on Ajani's axe-head
DDH
September 2, 2011[154]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Venser vs. Koth
Two nearly-interlocking zigzags
DDI
March 30, 2012[155]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Izzet vs. Golgari
Combination of Izzet and Golgari symbols
DDJ
September 7, 2012[156]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Sorin vs. Tibalt
Combination of stylized sword and devil horns
DDK
March 15, 2013[157]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Heroes vs. Monsters
Combination axe, helmet, and wings
DDL
September 6, 2013[158]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Jace vs. Vraska
Arcane symbol and gorgon tentacle
DDM
March 14, 2014[159]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Speed vs. Cunning
Winged eye
DDN
September 5, 2014[160]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks Anthology
No specific symbol
DD3
December 5, 2014[161]
A reprint of the first four Dual Deck sets

Duel Decks: Elspeth vs. Kiora
Godsend (Elspeth's spear) and waves
DDO
February 27, 2015[162]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Zendikar vs. Eldrazi
Half-hedron and Eldrazi tentacle
DDP
August 28, 2015[163]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Blessed vs. Cursed
Demon wing and half of Avacyn's collar
DDQ
February 26, 2016[164]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Nissa vs. Ob Nixilis
Hedron and horns
DDR
September 2, 2016[165]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Mind vs. Might
Stylized knotwork
DDS
March 31, 2017[166]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Merfolk vs. Goblins
Combined trident and axe heads
DDT
November 10, 2017[167]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Elves vs. Inventors
(TBD)
DDU(?)
April 6, 2018[168]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

From the Vault

From the Vault: Dragons
Wings of a Dragon
DRB
August 29, 2008[169]
15 limited foil dragon cards

From the Vault: Exiled
An arrow firing diagonally leaving a trail
V09
August 28, 2009[170]
15 limited foil formerly banned cards

From the Vault: Relics
An orb on a stand
V10
August 27, 2010[171]
15 limited foil artifact cards

From the Vault: Legends
A crown[172]
V11
August 26, 2011[172]
15 limited foil legendary creature cards

From the Vault: Realms
Mountain and sunrise
V12
August 31, 2012[173]
15 limited foil land cards

From the Vault: Twenty
Numeral 20 in a circle
V13
August 23, 2013[174]
20 limited foil cards

From the Vault: Annihilation
Stylized bomb or fractured orb
V14
August 22, 2014[175]
15 limited foil cards

From the Vault: Angels
Stylized angel wings
V15
August 21, 2015[176]
15 limited foil cards

From the Vault: Lore
Scroll unrolling to become castle tower
V16
August 19, 2016[177]
15 limited foil cards and one token

From the Vault: Transform
unrevealed
V17
November 24, 2017[178]
15 limited foil double-faced cards

Premium Deck Series

Premium Deck Series: Slivers
A coiled sliver
H09
November 20, 2009[179]
60-card premium foil deck

Premium Deck Series: Fire and Lightning
A flame and lightning bolt
PD2
November 19, 2010[180]
60-card premium foil deck

Premium Deck Series: Graveborn
A human skull
PD3
November 18, 2011[181]
60-card premium foil deck

Masters Series

Modern Masters
A stylized City of Brass
MMA
June 7, 2013[182]
229[182]
101[183]
60[183]
53[183]
15[183]
—
—

Modern Masters 2015 Edition
The City of Brass symbol rotated and then mirrored
MM2
May 22, 2015[184]
249[184]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Eternal Masters
Unusually-shaped hourglass
EMA
June 10, 2016[185]
249[185]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Modern Masters 2017 Edition
Floating "U" over crown
MM3
March 17, 2017[186]
249[186]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Iconic Masters
Stylized letters I and M.
IMA
November 17, 2017[187]
249[187]
unrevealed

Masters 25
Unrevealed
A25
March 16, 2018[188]
249[187]
unrevealed

Deck Builder's Toolkits

Deck Builder's Toolkit
"M10"
w10
May 21, 2010[189]
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Refreshed Version)
"M11"
w11
March 11, 2011[189]
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (2012 Edition)
"M12"
w12
July 13, 2012
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (2014 Core Set Edition)
"M14"
w14
July 19, 2013
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (2015 Core Set Edition)
"M15"
w15
July 18, 2014
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Magic Origins Edition)
Planeswalker symbol breaking through the horizon
ORI
July 17, 2015
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Shadows over Innistrad Edition)
Star with trail and "16"
w16
April 8, 2016
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Amonkhet Edition)
Star with trail and "17"
w17
April 28, 2017
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Ixalan Edition)
Star with trail and "17"
w17
September 29, 2017
Box set of 285 cards

(Holiday) Gift Boxes

2012 Holiday Gift Box
N/A
N/A
November 16, 2012[190]
4 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Return to Ravnica (Dreg Mangler), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

2013 Holiday Gift Box
N/A
N/A
November 15, 2013[191]
4 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Theros (Karametra's Acolyte), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

2014 Holiday Gift Box
N/A
N/A
November 14, 2014[192]
4 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Khans of Tarkir (Sultai Charm), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

2015 Holiday Gift Box
N/A
N/A
November 6, 2015[193]
5 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Battle for Zendikar (Scythe Leopard), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

Shadows over Innistrad: The Gift Box
N/A
N/A
May 13, 2016 [194]
5 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Shadows over Innistrad (Ravenous Bloodseeker), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

Kaladesh: The Gift Box
N/A
N/A
N/A
5 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Kaladesh (Chief of the Foundry), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

text: Masterpiece Series[edit]

text: Starting with Kaladesh block, some blocks and sets also include an entry in the Masterpiece Series. The Zendikar Expeditions from Battle for Zendikar were not released under the title of Masterpiece Series, but were retroactively included in the series.[195] Cards in the Masterpiece Series entry for a given block appear in booster packs for that block's sets at a rate lower than that of Mythic Rares, and consist of either reprints, or cards from the set whose packs they appear in. However, they are not considered part of that set, and instead get their own expansion symbol; moreover, as with reprint sets (see below), printing in a Masterpiece Series entry does not affect format legality. Note that entries in the Masterpiece Series do not have expansion codes, except for Zendikar Expeditions, which has code "EXP".

text:
Block/set
Set
Expansion symbol[3]
Release Date
Total Cards
Cards in first set
Cards in second set

Battle for Zendikar
Zendikar Expeditions
Hedron with base
September 26, 2015
45
25
20

Kaladesh
Kaladesh Inventions
Stylized column or letter π
September 24, 2016
54
30
24

Amonkhet
Amonkhet Invocations
Nicol Bolas' head shape
April 28, 2017
54
30
24

text: Multiplayer-focused sets[edit]

text: Starting with Planechase in 2009, Wizards of the Coast has occasionally printed sets intended primarily for multiplayer play, which do not necessarily consist entirely of reprints but are not legal in Standard; a card printed in one of these is legal only in Eternal formats, and reprinting a card in one of these sets does not affect when it leaves Standard. These sets usually consist of fixed decks.

text:
Set
Expansion symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Release date
Size[3][5]
New cards

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Planechase

Planechase
Two circular arcs, the lower with three upper spikes
HOP
September 4, 2009[196]
Four 60-card decks + 40 plane cards
0

Planechase 2012 Edition
Two circular arcs, the upper with three bites removed from bottom
PC2
June 1, 2012[197]
Four 60-card decks and 40 plane or phenomenon cards
21

Planechase Anthology
Two circular arcs, the upper with five upper spikes
PCA
November 25, 2016[198]
Four 60-card decks and 86 plane or phenomenon cards
0

Archenemy

Archenemy
A trident
ARC
June 18, 2010[199]
Four decks, each with 60 cards and 20 oversized scheme cards
0

Archenemy: Nicol Bolas
Nicol's horns with orb
E01
June 16, 2017[200]
Four 60-card decks, four planeswalker cards, and one 20-card scheme deck
0

Commander

Commander
Three prongs symbolizing the "wedge" coloration
CMD
June 17, 2011[201]
Five 100-card decks each with 3 oversized foil Commander cards
51

Commander's Arsenal
3-part gem
CM1
November 2, 2012[202]
28 foil cards (18 regular, 10 oversized)
0

Commander 2013 Edition
3-part gem with hooks
C13
November 1, 2013[203]
Five 100-card decks each with 3 oversized foil Commander cards
51

Commander 2014
Shield-shaped 3-part gem
C14
November 7, 2014[204]
Five 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card
61

Commander 2015
2-part shield
C15
November 13, 2015[205]
Five 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card
56

Commander 2016
Bisected shield
C16
November 11, 2016[206]
Five 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card
56

Commander Anthology
Shield with crown
CMA
June 9, 2017[207]
Four 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card
0

Commander 2017
Shield with 4 parts
C17
August 25, 2017[208]
Four 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card
56

Conspiracy

Conspiracy
Seal
CNS
June 6, 2014[209]
210[XXXII]
89
68
43
10
—
—
65

Conspiracy: Take the Crown
Seal of the Black Rose
CN2
August 26, 2016[210]
221[210]
90
67
50
14
—
—
80

Other sets

Explorers of Ixalan
Ship's wheel
E02
November 24, 2017[211]
Four 60-card decks and various game components
0

text: Non-DCI-sanctioned-tournament-play-legal sets[edit]

text: These sets, though also published by Wizards of the Coast, are not legal for DCI-sanctioned tournament play.

text:
Set
Expansion symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Pre-release date
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Collector's Edition[212]
no symbol[XXXIII]
CED
none
December 1993[213]
363
75
95
117
—
76
—

International Collector's Edition
no symbol[XXXIV]
CED
none
December 1993[213]
363
75
95
117
—
76
—

Astral[XXII]
star with a trail
none
none
April 1997[214]
12
—
—
—
—
—
—

Un-sets[XXIII]

Unglued
A cracked-open egg
UGL
August 7, 1998[40]
August 17, 1998
88
33
22
28
—
5
—

Unhinged
A horseshoe
UNH
November 20, 2004[215]
November 19, 2004[215]
141
55
40
40
—
5
1[XXIV]

Unstable
A wrench with an acorn-shaped hole
UST
none
December 8, 2017
268[XXXVI][216]
102[XXXVI]
90[XXXVI]
61[XXXVI]
15
5
—

World Championship Decks

World Championship Decks 1999
No specific symbol
none
none
1999[217]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2000
No specific symbol
none
none
2000[217]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2001
No specific symbol
none
none
2001[217]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2002
No specific symbol
none
none
2002[217]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2003
No specific symbol
none
none
2003[217]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2004
No specific symbol
none
none
2004[217]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

text: Magic: The Gathering Online exclusive sets[edit]

text: These sets are exclusive to Magic: The Gathering Online.

text:
Set
Expansion
symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Masters Editions

Masters Edition
A circle and a quarter-circle
MED
September 10, 2007[218]
195
60
60
60
—
15
—

Masters Edition II
A circle and two quarter-circles
ME2
September 22, 2008[219]
245
80
80
80
—
5
—

Masters Edition III
A circle behind two quarter-circles
ME3
September 7, 2009[220]
230
75
70
70
—
15
—

Masters Edition IV
4 quarter-circles forming an hourglass
ME4
January 10, 2011[221]
269
80
72
105
—
12
—

Vintage Masters
Helmet with a V-shaped pattern
VMA
June 16, 2014[222]
325
101
80
105
30
—
9

Tempest Remastered
Arch broken by lightning bolt
TPR
May 6, 2015[223]
269
101
80
53
15
20
—

Magic: The Gathering Online Deck Series

Magic Online Deck Series: Legacy Format
No specific symbol
N/A
November 8, 2010[224]
Two 60-card decks with 15 card sideboards

Momir Vig Basic Event Deck
No specific symbol
N/A
November 22, 2010[225]
Deck with 1 avatar card & 60 basic lands

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: List of islands by area

question_text: where are most of the worlds landmasses located

text: List of islands by area

text: Continental landmasses[edit]

text: Although the continental landmasses listed below are not normally called islands (by definition a landmass cannot be both an island and a continent), they are, in fact, land entirely surrounded by water. In effect, they are enormous islands and are shown here for that reason. The figures are approximations and are for the continental mainland only.[citation needed]

text:
Rank
Landmass
Area
(km2)
Area
(sq mi)
Country or countries

1
Afro-Eurasia
85,000,000
33,000,000
Various

2
Americas
42,300,000[dubious – discuss]
16,300,000
Various

3
Antarctica[Note 1]
14,000,000
5,400,000
None (various countries have territorial claims)

4
Australia[Note 2]
7,600,000
2,900,000
 Australia

text: Islands[edit]

text: Islands 100,000 km2 (39,000 sq mi) and greater[edit]

text:
Rank
Island's name
Area
(km2)[4]
Area
(sq mi)
Country or countries

1
Greenland[Note 3]
2,130,800[6]
822,700
 Greenland, forms part of the Danish Realm ( Denmark)

2
New Guinea
785,753
303,381
 Papua New Guinea and  Indonesia (Papua and West Papua)

3
Borneo
743,330
288,869
 Brunei,  Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) and  Indonesia (Central, East, North, South and West Kalimantan)

4
Madagascar
587,713
226,917
 Madagascar

5
Baffin Island
507,451[7]
195,928
 Canada (Nunavut)

6
Sumatra
443,066
171,069
 Indonesia (Aceh, Bengkulu, Jambi, Lampung, Riau and North, South and West Sumatra)

7
Honshu
225,800
87,200
 Japan (Chūbu, Chūgoku, Kansai, Kantō and Tōhoku regions)

8
Victoria Island
217,291[7]
83,897
 Canada (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)

9
Great Britain
209,331
80,823
 United Kingdom (England, Scotland and Wales)

10
Ellesmere Island
196,236[7]
75,767
 Canada (Nunavut)

11
Sulawesi
180,681
69,761
 Indonesia (Gorontalo and Central, North, South, Southeast and West Sulawesi provinces)

12
South Island
145,836
56,308
 New Zealand (Canterbury, Otago, Southland, West Coast, Tasman, Nelson, Marlborough regions)

13
Java
138,794
53,589
 Indonesia (Banten, Jakarta, Yogyakarta and Central, East and West Java provinces)

14
North Island
111,583
43,082
 New Zealand (Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Gisborne, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu-Wanganui and Wellington regions)

15
Luzon
109,965
42,458
 Philippines (Bicol Region, Cagayan Valley, Calabarzon, Central Luzon, Cordillera Administrative Region, Ilocos Region, and National Capital Region)

16
Newfoundland
108,860[7]
42,030
 Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador)

17
Cuba (main island)
105,806
40,852
 Cuba

18
Iceland (main island)
101,826
39,315
 Iceland

text: Islands 25,000–99,999 km2 (9,653–38,610 sq mi)[edit]

text:
Rank
Island's name
Area
(km2)[4]
Area
(sq mi)
Country or countries

19
Mindanao
97,530
37,660
 Philippines (Caraga, Davao Region, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Northern Mindanao, SOCCSKSARGEN, and Zamboanga Peninsula)

20
Ireland
84,421[8]
32,595
 Ireland and  United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)

21
Hokkaido
78,719
30,394
 Japan (Hokkaido region)

22
Hispaniola
73,929
28,544
 Dominican Republic and  Haiti

23
Sakhalin
72,493
27,990
 Russia (Sakhalin Oblast)

24
Banks Island
70,028[7]
27,038
 Canada (Northwest Territories)

25
Sri Lanka (main island)
65,610[9]
25,330
 Sri Lanka

26
Tasmania
65,022
25,105
 Australia (Tasmania)

27
Devon Island
55,247[7]
21,331
 Canada (Nunavut) (largest uninhabited island in the world)

28
Alexander Island
49,070
18,950
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Argentina (partial),  Chile and  United Kingdom)

29
Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
47,401
18,302
 Argentina (Tierra del Fuego Province) and  Chile (Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region)

30
Severny Island (Novaya Zemlya, north)
47,079
18,177
 Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast)

31
Berkner Island
43,873
16,939
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Argentina,  Chile (partial) and  United Kingdom)

32
Axel Heiberg Island
43,178[7]
16,671
 Canada (Nunavut)

33
Melville Island
42,149[7]
16,274
 Canada (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)

34
Southampton Island
41,214[7]
15,913
 Canada (Nunavut)

35
Marajó
40,100[9]
15,500
 Brazil (Pará). At the mouth of the Amazon River, it is the world's largest fluvial island.

36
Spitsbergen
38,981[10]
15,051
 Norway (Svalbard)

37
Kyushu
37,437
14,455
 Japan (Kyūshū region)

38
Taiwan (island)
35,883[11]
13,855
 Republic of China (Taiwan)[Note 4]

39
New Britain
35,145
13,570
 Papua New Guinea (West New Britain Province and East New Britain Province)

40
Prince of Wales Island
33,339[7]
12,872
 Canada (Nunavut)

41
Yuzhny Island (Novaya Zemlya, south)
33,246
12,836
 Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast)

42
Hainan
33,210
12,820
 People's Republic of China (Hainan Province)

43
Vancouver Island
31,285[7]
12,079
 Canada (British Columbia)

44
Timor
28,418
10,972
 East Timor and  Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara)

45
Sicily
25,662
9,908
 Italy (Sicily)

text: Islands 10,000–24,999 km2 (3,861–9,652 sq mi)[edit]

text:
Rank
Island's name
Area
(km2)[4]
Area
(sq mi)
Country or countries

46
Somerset Island
24,786[7]
9,570
 Canada (Nunavut)

47
Kotelny Island
24,000
9,300
 Russia (Sakha Republic)

48
Sardinia
23,949
9,247
 Italy (Sardinia)

49
Bananal
20,000[9]
7,398
 Brazil (Tocantins) (world's 2nd largest fluvial island)

50
Shikoku
18,545
7,160
 Japan (Shikoku region)

51
Halmahera
18,040
6,970
 Indonesia (North Maluku)

52
Seram Island
17,454
6,739
 Indonesia (Maluku)

53
New Caledonia (Grande Terre)
16,648
6,428
 New Caledonia, special collectivity of  France

54
Bathurst Island
16,042[7]
6,194
 Canada (Nunavut)

55
Prince Patrick Island
15,848[7]
6,119
 Canada (Northwest Territories)

56
Thurston Island
15,700[9]
6,100
None (unclaimed island of Antarctica)

57
Nordaustlandet
14,467[10]
5,586
 Norway (Svalbard)

58
Sumbawa
14,386
5,554
 Indonesia (West Nusa Tenggara)

59
October Revolution Island (Oktyabrskoy Revolyutsii)
14,204
5,484
 Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai)

60
Flores
14,154
5,465
 Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara)

61
King William Island
13,111[7]
5,062
 Canada (Nunavut)

62
Negros
13,075
5,048
 Philippines (Western Visayas and Central Visayas)

63
Samar
12,849
4,961
 Philippines (Eastern Visayas)

64
Palawan
12,189
4,706
 Philippines (MIMAROPA)

65
Panay
12,011
4,637
 Philippines (Western Visayas)

66
Yos Sudarso (Dolak)
11,742
4,534
 Indonesia (Papua)

67
Bangka
11,413
4,407
 Indonesia (Bangka-Belitung Islands)

68
Ellef Ringnes Island
11,295[7]
4,361
 Canada (Nunavut)

69
Bolshevik Island
11,206
4,327
 Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai)

70
Jamaica
11,190
4,320
 Jamaica

71
Bylot Island
11,067[7]
4,273
 Canada (Nunavut)

72
Sumba
10,711
4,136
 Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara)

73
Mindoro
10,572
4,082
 Philippines (MIMAROPA)

74
Viti Levu
10,531
4,066
 Fiji (Central Division and Western Division)

75
Hawaiʻi (Big Island)
10,434
4,029
 United States (Hawaii)

76
Cape Breton Island
10,311[7]
3,981
 Canada (Nova Scotia)

text: Islands 5,000–9,999 km2 (1,931–3,861 sq mi)[edit]

text:
Rank
Island's name
Area
(km2)[4]
Area
(sq mi)
Country or countries

77
Prince Charles Island
9,521[7]
3,676
 Canada (Nunavut)

78
Bougainville Island
9,318
3,598
 Papua New Guinea (Autonomous Region of Bougainville)

79
Kodiak Island
9,310
3,595[12]
 United States (Alaska)

80
Cyprus
9,234
3,565
 Cyprus,  Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Sovereign Base Areas of the  United Kingdom, and  Northern Cyprus[Note 5]

81
Puerto Rico
9,100
3,500
 Puerto Rico, insular area of the  United States

82
Komsomolets Island
8,812
3,402
 Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai)

83
Corsica
8,741
3,375
 France (Corsica)

84
Qeqertarsuaq (Disko)
8,612
3,325
 Greenland, forms part of the Danish Realm ( Denmark)

85
Carney Island
8,500[9]
3,300
None (unclaimed island of Antarctica)

86
Chiloé Island
8,478
3,273
 Chile (Los Lagos Region)

87
Buru
8,473
3,271
 Indonesia (Maluku)

88
Crete
8,350
3,220
 Greece (Crete)

89
Anticosti Island
7,941[7]
3,066
 Canada (Quebec)

90
Roosevelt Island
7,910
3,050
None (Antarctic territorial claim by  New Zealand)

91
Wrangel Island (Vrangelya)
7,866
3,037
 Russia (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug)

92
Tupinambarana (western part)
7,700
3,000
 Brazil (Amazonas) (if taken as one fluvial island)

93
New Ireland
7,405
2,859
 Papua New Guinea (New Ireland Province)

94
Leyte
7,368
2,845
 Philippines (Eastern Visayas)

95
East Falkland (Isla Soledad)
7,040
2,720
 Falkland Islands, part of the British Overseas Territories, territories under sovereignty of  United Kingdom and disputed with  Argentina[Note 6]

96
Zealand (Sjælland)
7,031[13]
2,715
 Denmark (Zealand and Capital Region)

97
Cornwallis Island
6,995[7]
2,701
 Canada (Nunavut)

98
Prince of Wales Island
6,675
2,577
 United States (Alaska)

99
Kerguelen (main island) (Desolation Island)
6,617
2,555
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands, overseas territory of  France

100
Siple Island
6,390
2,470
None (unclaimed island of Antarctica)

101
Graham Island
6,361[7]
2,456
 Canada (British Columbia)

102
New Siberia (Novaya Sibir)
6,201
2,394
 Russia (Sakha Republic)

103
Melville Island
5,765
2,226
 Australia (Northern Territory)

104
Prince Edward Island
5,620[7]
2,170
 Canada (Prince Edward Island)

105
Vanua Levu
5,587
2,157
 Fiji (Northern Division)

106
Wellington Island
5,556
2,145
 Chile (Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region)

107
Coats Island
5,498[7]
2,123
 Canada (Nunavut)

108
Bali
5,416
2,091
 Indonesia (Bali)

109
Chichagof Island
5,388
2,080
 United States (Alaska)

110
Guadalcanal
5,353
2,067
 Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal Province and Capital Territory)

111
Amund Ringnes Island
5,255[7]
2,029
 Canada (Nunavut)

112
Great Lyakhovsky Island (Bolshoy Lyakhovsky)
5,157
1,991
 Russia (Sakha Republic)

113
St. Lawrence Island
5,135
1,983
 United States (Alaska)

114
Riesco Island
5,110[14]
1,970
 Chile (Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region)

115
Edgeøya
5,073[10]
1,959
 Norway (Svalbard)

116
Mackenzie King Island
5,048[7]
1,949
 Canada (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)

117
Trinidad
5,009
1,934
 Trinidad and Tobago

118
Caviana
5,000[14]
1,900
 Brazil (Pará)

text: Islands 2,500–4,999 km2 (965–1,930 sq mi)[edit]

text:
Rank
Island's name
Area
(km2)[4]
Area
(sq mi)
Country or countries

119
Kolguyev Island
4,968
1,918
 Russia (Nenets Autonomous Okrug)

120
Ilha Grande de Gurupá
4,864[14]
1,878
 Brazil (Pará)

121
Isabela Island
4,711
1,819
 Ecuador (Galápagos Province)

122
North Jutlandic Island (Vendsyssel-Thy)
4,685[13]
1,809
 Denmark (North Denmark) (physically part of the Jutland peninsula until 1825)

123
Lombok
4,625
1,786
 Indonesia (West Nusa Tenggara)

124
West Falkland (Isla Gran Malvina)
4,531
1,749
 Falkland Islands, part of the British Overseas Territories, territories under sovereignty of  United Kingdom and disputed with  Argentina[Note 6]

125
Belitung
4,478
1,729
 Indonesia (Bangka-Belitung Islands)

126
Cebu
4,468
1,725
 Philippines (Central Visayas)

127
Adelaide Island
4,463
1,723
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Argentina,  Chile and  United Kingdom)

128
Stefansson Island
4,463[7]
1,723
 Canada (Nunavut)

129
Madura Island
4,429
1,710
 Indonesia (East Java)

130
Buton
4,408
1,702
 Indonesia (South East Sulawesi)

131
Kangaroo Island
4,374
1,689
 Australia (South Australia)

132
Admiralty Island
4,362
1,684
 United States (Alaska)

133
Nunivak Island
4,209[14]
1,625
 United States (Alaska)

134
Unimak Island
4,119
1,590
 United States (Alaska)

135
Hoste Island
4,117[14]
1,590
 Chile (Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region)

136
Spaatz Island
4,100[14]
1,600
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Chile and  United Kingdom)

137
Baranof Island
4,065
1,570
 United States (Alaska)

138
Nias
4,048
1,563
 Indonesia (North Sumatra)

139
Espiritu Santo
3,956
1,527
 Vanuatu (Sanma Province)

140
Milne Land
3,913
1,511
 Greenland, forms part of the Danish Realm ( Denmark)

141
Malaita
3,836
1,481
 Solomon Islands (Malaita Province)

142
Siberut
3,829
1,478
 Indonesia (West Sumatra)

143
Bohol
3,821
1,475
 Philippines (Central Visayas)

144
South Georgia
3,718
1,436
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, part of the British Overseas Territories, territories under sovereignty of  United Kingdom

145
Euboea (Evvoia)
3,707
1,431
 Greece (Central Greece)

146
Santa Inés Island
3,688
1,424
 Chile (Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region)

147
Majorca
3,667
1,416
 Spain (Balearic Islands)

148
Santa Isabel Island
3,665
1,415
 Solomon Islands (Isabel Province)

149
Long Island
3,629[14]
1,401
 United States (New York)

150
Socotra
3,607
1,393
 Yemen (Socotra Governorate)

151
Wetar
3,600[14]
1,400
 Indonesia (Maluku)

152
Tupinambarana (northern part)
3,600
1,400
 Brazil (Amazonas)

153
Traill Island
3,542
1,368
 Greenland, forms part of the Danish Realm ( Denmark)

154
Bear Island
3,500[14]
1,400
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Argentina,  Chile and  United Kingdom)

155
North Andros Island
3,439
1,328
 Bahamas (North Andros and Central Andros)

156
Vaygach Island
3,329
1,285
 Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast)

157
Masbate Island
3,268[14]
1,262
 Philippines (Bicol Region)

158
Iturup (Etorofu)
3,238
1,250
 Russia (Sakhalin Oblast) (also claimed by  Japan (Hokkaidō region))

159
Makira (San Cristóbal)
3,190
1,230
 Solomon Islands (Makira-Ulawa Province)

160
Mansel Island
3,180[7]
1,230
 Canada (Nunavut)

161
Yamdena
3,100[14]
1,200
 Indonesia (Maluku)

162
Waigeo
3,060[14]
1,180
 Indonesia (West Papua)

163
Akimiski Island
3,001[7]
1,159
 Canada (Nunavut)

164
Gotland
2,994[15]
1,156
 Sweden (Gotland)

165
Funen (Fyn)
2,985[13]
1,153
 Denmark (Southern Denmark)

166
Choiseul Island
2,971
1,147
 Solomon Islands (Choiseul Province)

167
Revillagigedo Island
2,965
1,145
 United States (Alaska)

168
Taliabu
2,913
1,125
 Indonesia (North Maluku)

169
Muna Island
2,889
1,115
 Indonesia (South East Sulawesi)

170
Zemlya Georga
2,821
1,089
 Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast)

171
Kupreanof Island
2,813
1,086
 United States (Alaska)

172
Borden Island
2,794[7]
1,079
 Canada (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)

173
North Andaman Island
2,781
1,074
 India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

174
Manitoulin Island
2,766[16]
1,068
 Canada (Ontario) (world's largest freshwater lake island)

175
Unalaska Island
2,722
1,051
 United States (Alaska)

176
Saaremaa
2,672
1,032
 Estonia (Saaremaa)

177
Moresby Island
2,608[7]
1,007
 Canada (British Columbia)

178
James Ross Island
2,598
1,003
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Argentina,  Chile and  United Kingdom)

179
Obira
2,542
981
 Indonesia (North Maluku)

180
Réunion
2,535
979
 France (Réunion, overseas department)

text: Islands 1,000–2,499 km2 (386–965 sq mi)[edit]

text: This section of the list might not be complete, but covers almost all of the islands in the world over 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi). The area of some Antarctic islands is uncertain.

text:
Rank
Island's name
Area
(km2)[4]
Area
(sq mi)
Country or countries

181
Navarino Island
2,473[citation needed]
955
 Chile (Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region)

182
Paramushir
2,471[14]
954
 Russia (Sakhalin Oblast)

183
Ross Island
2,460[14]
950
None (Antarctic territorial claim by  New Zealand)

184
Ymer Island
2,437
941
 Greenland, forms part of the Danish Realm ( Denmark)

185
Anvers Island
2,432
939
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Argentina,  Chile and  United Kingdom)

186
Karaginsky Island
2,404[citation needed]
928
 Russia (Kamchatka Krai)

187
Cornwall Island
2,358[7]
910
 Canada (Nunavut)

188
Peleng
2,346
906
 Indonesia (Central Sulawesi)

189
Groote Eylandt
2,285
882
 Australia (Northern Territory)

190
Yapen
2,278
880
 Indonesia (Papua)

191
Morotai
2,266
875
 Indonesia (North Maluku)

192
Princess Royal Island
2,251[7]
869
 Canada (British Columbia)

193
Isla de la Juventud
2,237
864
 Cuba (Isla de la Juventud)

194
Wilczek Land
2,203[citation needed]
851
 Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast)

195
Hinnøya
2,198[10]
849
 Norway (Nordland and Troms)

196
Nelson Island
2,183[citation needed]
843
 United States (Alaska)

197
Richards Island
2,165[7]
836
 Canada (Northwest Territories)

198
Trangan
2,149
830
 Indonesia (Maluku)

199
Alor Island
2,120
820
 Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara)

200
Margarita Island
2,100
810
 Colombia (an inland fluvial island in the Magdalena River, not to be confused with the Caribbean Venezuelan island)

201
Lewis and Harris
2,086
805
 United Kingdom (Scotland)

202
Laut Island
2,057
794
 Indonesia (South Kalimantan)

203
Malakula
2,041
788
 Vanuatu (Malampa Province)

204
New Georgia
2,037
786
 Solomon Islands (Western Province)

205
Misool
2,034
785
 Indonesia (West Papua)

206
Magdalena Island
2,025
782
 Chile (Aysén Region)

207
René-Levasseur Island
2,020[16]
780
 Canada (Quebec) (largest artificial island)

208
Tenerife
2,008
775
 Spain (Canary Islands)

209
Ayon Island
2,000[citation needed]
770
 Russia (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug)

210
Kuiu Island
1,962
758
 United States (Alaska)

211
Manus Island
1,940
750
 Papua New Guinea (Manus Province)

212
Bioko
1,935
747
 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Norte Province and Bioko Sur Province)

213
Biak
1,904
735
 Indonesia (Papua)

214
Maui
1,903
735
 United States (Hawaii)

215
Bacan
1,900
730
 Indonesia (North Maluku)

216
Žitný ostrov
1,886[citation needed]
728
 Slovakia (Bratislava Region, Trnava Region and Nitra Region)

217
Mauritius
1,874
724
 Mauritius

218
Fraser Island
1,840[17]
710
 Australia (Queensland) (world's largest sand island)

219
Jejudo
1,826[18]
705
 South Korea (Jeju Province)

220
Stewart Island/Rakiura
1,815
701
 New Zealand (Southland)

221
Bely Island
1,810
700
 Russia (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug)

222
Afognak
1,809
698
 United States (Alaska)

223
Umnak
1,793
692
 United States (Alaska)

224
Bolshoy Shantar Island
1,766
682
 Russia (Khabarovsk Krai)

225
Bolshoy Begichev Island
1,764
681
 Russia (Sakha Republic)

226
Simeulue
1,754
677
 Indonesia (Aceh)

227
Kobroor
1,723
665
 Indonesia (Maluku)

228
Air Force Island
1,720[7]
660
 Canada (Nunavut)

229
Natuna Besar
1,720[citation needed]
660
 Indonesia (Riau Islands)

230
Savai'i
1,718
663
 Samoa (Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, Gaga'ifomauga, Vaisigano, Satupa'itea and Palauli)

231
Geographical Society Island
1,717
663
 Greenland, forms part of the Danish Realm ( Denmark)

232
Bathurst Island
1,692
653
 Australia (Northern Territory)

233
Bering Island
1,660[citation needed]
640
 Russia (Kamchatka Krai)

234
Skye
1,659
641
 United Kingdom (Scotland)

235
Lesbos (Lesvos)
1,641
634
 Greece (North Aegean)

236
Soisalo
1,635[19]
631
 Finland (Northern Savonia and Southern Savonia)

237
Fuerteventura
1,633
631
 Spain (Canary Islands)

238
Salawati
1,623
627
 Indonesia (West Papua)

239
Great Inagua
1,615
624
 Bahamas (Inagua)

240
Kunashir Island
1,612
622
 Russia (Sakhalin Oblast) (also claimed by  Japan (Hokkaidō region))

241
Joinville Island
1,607
620
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Argentina,  Chile and  United Kingdom)

242
Tanahbesar (Wokam)
1,604
619
 Indonesia (Maluku)

243
Rantau
1,598
617
 Indonesia (Riau)

244
Senja
1,590[10]
610
 Norway (Troms)

245
Flaherty Island
1,585[7]
612
 Canada (Nunavut)

246
Oahu
1,583
611
 United States (Hawaii)

247
Zanzibar (Unguja)
1,575
608
 Tanzania (Unguja North Region, Unguja South Region and Mjini Magharibi Region)

248
Graham Bell Island
1,557
601
 Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast)

249
Eglinton Island
1,541[7]
595
 Canada (Northwest Territories)

250
Middle Andaman Island
1,536[18]
593
 India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

251
Clavering Island
1,535
593
 Greenland, forms part of the Danish Realm ( Denmark)

252
Gran Canaria
1,530
590
 Spain (Canary Islands)

253
Pioneer Island
1,527
590
 Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai)

254
Great Karimun
1,524
588
 Indonesia (Riau Islands)

255
Catanduanes
1,523
588
 Philippines (Bicol Region)

256
Charcot Island
1,500[citation needed]
580
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Chile and  United Kingdom)

257
Rupat
1,490
580
 Indonesia (Riau)

258
Qeshm
1,488
575
 Iran (Hormozgan Province)

259
Nares Land
1,466
566
 Greenland, forms part of the Danish Realm ( Denmark)

260
South Andros Island
1,448
559
 Bahamas (South Andros)

261
Bhola Island
1,441[citation needed]
556
 Bangladesh (Barisal Division)

262
Fergusson Island
1,437
555
 Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay Province)

263
Urup
1,437
555
 Russia (Sakhalin Oblast)

264
Kauai
1,435
554
 United States (Hawaii)

265
São Luís Island
1,410[citation needed]
540
 Brazil (Maranhão)

266
Rhodes
1,410
540
 Greece (South Aegean)

267
King George Island
1,384
534
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Argentina,  Chile and  United Kingdom)

268
Graham Island
1,378[7]
532
 Canada (Nunavut)

269
Pitt Island
1,375[7]
531
 Canada (British Columbia)

270
Nottingham Island
1,372[7]
530
 Canada (Nunavut)

271
Desolación Island
1,352
522
 Chile (Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region)

272
Ramree Island
1,350[18]
520
 Myanmar (Rakhine State)

273
Flinders Island
1,330
510
 Australia (Tasmania)

274
Öland
1,347[15]
520
 Sweden (Kalmar)

275
Lougheed Island
1,308[7]
505
 Canada (Nunavut)

276
Dawson Island
1,290
500
 Chile (Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region)

277
Barentsøya (Barents)
1,288[20]
497
 Norway (Svalbard)

278
Lembata (Lomblen)
1,270
490
 Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara)

279
Chongming Island
1,267[citation needed]
489
 People's Republic of China (Shanghai Municipality)

280
Basilan
1,266
489
 Philippines (Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and Zamboanga Peninsula)

281
Shannon Island
1,259
486
 Greenland, forms part of the Danish Realm ( Denmark)

282
Mill Island
1,258
486
None (Antarctic territorial claim by  Australia)

283
Morfil
1,250
480
 Senegal (Saint-Louis Region)

284
Lolland
1,243[13]
480
 Denmark (Zealand)

285
Mangole Island
1,229
475
 Indonesia (North Maluku)

286
New Hanover Island (Lavongai)
1,227
474
 Papua New Guinea (New Ireland Province)

287
Rote Island
1,227
474
 Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara)

288
South Andaman Island
1,211
468
 India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

289
Okinawa Island
1,200
460
 Japan (Ryukyu Islands)

290
Oleniy Island
1,197
462
 Russia (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug)

291
Tiburón Island
1,190
460
 Mexico (Sonora)

292
Campana Island
1,188
459
 Chile (Aisén Region)

293
Bintan Island
1,173
453
 Indonesia (Riau Islands)

294
Martinique
1,167
451
 France (Martinique, overseas department)

295
Aracena Island
1,164
449
 Chile (Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region)

296
Sherman Island
1,159
447
None (unclaimed island of Antarctica)

297
Byam Martin Island
1,150[7]
440
 Canada (Nunavut)

298
Great Abaco
1,146
442
 Bahamas (North Abaco, Central Abaco and South Abaco)

299
Lifou Island
1,146
442
 New Caledonia, special collectivity of  France

300
Wales Island
1,137[7]
439
 Canada (Nunavut)

301
Île Vanier
1,126[7]
435
 Canada (Nunavut)

302
Upolu
1,125
434
 Samoa (Tuamasaga, A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Va'a-o-Fonoti and Gaga'emauga)

303
King Island
1,121
433
 Australia (Tasmania)

304
Clarence Island
1,111
429
 Chile (Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region)

305
Padang Island
1,109
428
 Indonesia (Riau)

306
Grand Bahama
1,096
423
 Bahamas (East Grand Bahama, West Grand Bahama and Freeport)

307
Alexandra Land (Zemlya Aleksandry)
1,095
423
 Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast)

308
Rowley Island
1,090[7]
420
 Canada (Nunavut)

309
Hecla Island
1,084[21]
419
 Canada (Manitoba)

310
Tahiti
1,069
413
 French Polynesia, overseas collectivity of  France

311
Sääminginsalo
1,069[19]
413
 Finland (Southern Savonia) (not a true island because it is detached from the mainland by an artificial canal)

312
Serrano Island
1,063
410
 Chile (Aisén Region)

313
Atka Island
1,061
410
 United States (Alaska)

314
Cameron Island
1,059[7]
409
 Canada (Nunavut)

315
Gallya (Hall Island)
1,049
405
 Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast)

316
Madre de Dios Island
1,043
403
 Chile (Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region)

317
Normanby Island
1,040
400
 Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay Province)

318
Hiiumaa
1,031
398
 Estonia (Hiiumaa)

319
Margarita Island
1,020
390
 Venezuela (Nueva Esparta)

320
Resolution Island
1,015[7]
392
 Canada (Nunavut)

321
Grande Comore
1,013
391
 Comoros (Grande Comore)

322
Mornington Island
1,002[citation needed]
387
 Australia (Queensland)

323
Smyley Island
1,000[citation needed]
390
None (Antarctic territorial claims by  Chile and  United Kingdom)


document_title: Plagues of Egypt

question_text: what was the last plague god sent on egypt

text: Plagues of Egypt

text: Context[edit]

text: The reason for the plagues appears to be twofold:[3] to answer Pharaoh's taunt, "Who [is] the LORD, that I should obey his voice to let Israel go?",[4] and to indelibly impress the Israelites with God's power as an object lesson for all time, which was also meant to become known "throughout the world".[5][6]

text: According to the Book of Exodus, God hardened Pharaoh's heart so he would be strong enough to persist in his unwillingness to release the people, so that God could manifest his great power and cause his power to be declared among the nations,[7] so that other people would discuss it for generations afterward.[8] In this view, the plagues were punishment for the Egyptians' long abuse of the Israelites, as well as proof that the gods of Egypt were false and powerless.[9] If God triumphed over the gods of Egypt, a world power at that time, then the people of God would be strengthened in their faith, although they were a small people, and would not be tempted to follow the deities that God proved false. Exodus 9:15–16 (JPS Tanakh) portrays Yahweh explaining why he did not accomplish the freedom of the Israelites immediately: "I could have stretched forth My hand and stricken you [Pharaoh] and your people with pestilence, and you would have been effaced from the earth. Nevertheless I have spared you for this purpose: in order to show you My power and in order that My fame may resound throughout the world."

text: Biblical narrative[edit]

text: The plagues seemed to affect "all the land of Egypt",[10] but the children of Israel were unaffected.[11] For the last plague, the Torah indicates that they were only spared from the final plague by sacrificing the Paschal lamb, marking their place directly above their doors with the lamb's blood, and hastily eating the roasted sacrifice together with unleavened bread (now known as Matzoh) which they took from their ovens in haste, as they made ready for the Exodus. The Torah describes God as actually passing through Egypt to kill all firstborn children and cattle, but passing over (hence "Passover") houses which have the sign of lambs' blood on the doorpost.[12][13] It is debated whether it was actually God who came through the streets or one of his angels. Some also think it may be the Holy Spirit. It is most commonly known as the "Angel of Death". The night of this plague, Pharaoh finally relents and sends the Israelites away under their terms.

text: After the Israelites leave en masse, a departure known as The Exodus, God introduces himself by name and makes an exclusive covenant with the Israelites on the basis of this miraculous deliverance.[14] The Ten Commandments encapsulate the terms of this covenant.[15] Joshua, the successor to Moses, reminds the people of their deliverance through the plagues.[16] According to 1 Samuel, the Philistines also knew of the plagues and feared their author.[17][18] Later, the psalmist sang of these events.[19]

text: The Torah also relates God's instructions to Moses that the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt must be celebrated yearly on the holiday of Passover (Pesaḥ פסח); the rituals observed on Passover recall the events surrounding the exodus from Egypt.[20] The month of Nisan has become important to the Jews.[21] The Torah additionally cites God's sparing of the Israelite firstborn as a rationale for the commandment of the redemption of the firstborn.[22] This event is also commemorated by the Fast of the Firstborn on the day preceding Passover but which is traditionally not observed because a siyum celebration is held which obviates the need for a fast.

text: It seems that the celebration of Passover waned from time to time, since other biblical books provide references to revival of the holiday.[13] For example, it was reinstated by Joshua at Gilgal,[23] by Josiah,[24] by Hezekiah[25] and, after the return from the captivity, by Ezra.[26] By the time of the Second Temple it was firmly established in Israel.

text: Plagues[edit]

text: The plagues as they appear in the 1984 New International Version of the Book of Exodus are:[27]

text: 1. Water into blood (דָם): Ex. 7:14–24[edit]

text: This is what the LORD says: By this you will know that I am the LORD: With the staff that is in my hands I will strike the water of the Nile, and it will be changed into blood. The fish in the Nile will die, and the river will stink and the Egyptians will not be able to drink its water.

text: 2. Frogs (צְּפַרְדֵּעַ): Ex. 7:25–8:15[edit]

text:
This is what the great LORD says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go, I will plague your whole country with frogs. The Nile will teem with frogs. They will come up into your palace and your bedroom and onto your bed,
into the houses of your officials and on your people, and into your ovens and kneading troughs. The frogs will go up on you and your people and all your officials.

text: 3. Lice (כִּנִּים): Ex. 8:16-19[edit]

text: "And the LORD said [...] Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt." […] When Aaron stretched out his hand with the rod and struck the dust of the ground, lice came upon men and animals. All the dust throughout the land of Egypt became lice.

text: The Hebrew noun כִּנִּים (kinim) could be translated as lice, gnats, or fleas.[28]

text: 4. Mixture of wild animals (עָרוֹב): Ex. 8:20-32[edit]

text: The fourth plague of Egypt was of creatures capable of harming people and livestock. The Torah emphasizes that the ‘arob (עָרוֹב, meaning "mixture" or "swarm") only came against the Egyptians, and that it did not affect the Land of Goshen (where the Israelites lived). Pharaoh asked Moses to remove this plague and promised to allow the Israelites' freedom. However, after the plague was gone, the LORD "hardened Pharaoh's heart", and he refused to keep his promise.[29]

text: The word ‘arob has caused a difference of opinion among traditional interpreters.[29] The root meaning is (ע.ר.ב), meaning a mixture - implying a diversity, array, or assortment of harmful animals. While Jewish interpreters understand the plague as "wild animals" (most likely scorpions, venomous snakes, and other venomous arthropods and reptiles),[30] Gesenius along with many Christian interpreters understand the plague as a swarm of flies.[31]

text: 5. Diseased livestock (דֶּבֶר): Ex. 9:1–7[edit]

text: This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go and continue to hold them back, the hand of the LORD will bring a terrible plague on your livestock in the field—on your horses and donkeys and camels and on your cattle and sheep and goats.

text: 6. Boils (שְׁחִין): Ex. 9:8–12[edit]

text: Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron, "Take handfuls of soot from a furnace and have Moses toss it into the air in the presence of Pharaoh. It will become fine dust over the whole land of Egypt, and festering boils will break out on men and animals throughout the land."

text: 7. Thunderstorm of hail and fire (בָּרָד): Ex. 9:13–35[edit]

text: This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me, or this time I will send the full force of my plagues against you and against your officials and your people, so you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth. For by now I could have stretched out my hand and struck you and your people with a plague that would have wiped you off the earth. But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might show you my power and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth. You still set yourself against my people and will not let them go. Therefore, at this time tomorrow I will send the worst hailstorm that has ever fallen on Egypt, from the day it was founded till now. Give an order now to bring your livestock and everything you have in the field to a place of shelter, because the hail will fall on every man and animal that has not been brought in and is still out in the field, and they will die. […] The LORD sent thunder and hail, and lightning flashed down to the ground. So the LORD rained hail on the land of Egypt; hail fell and lightning flashed back and forth. It was the worst storm in all the land of Egypt since it had become a nation.

text: 8. Locusts (אַרְבֶּה): Ex. 10:1–20[edit]

text: This is what the LORD, the God of the Jews, says: 'How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go, I will bring locusts into your country tomorrow. They will cover the face of the ground so that it cannot be seen. They will devour what little you have left after the hail, including every tree that is growing in your fields. They will fill your houses and those of all your officials and all the Egyptians—something neither your fathers nor your forefathers have ever seen from the day they settled in this land till now.

text: 9. Darkness for three days (חוֹשֶך): Ex. 10:21–29[edit]

text: Then the LORD said to Moses, "Stretch out your hand toward the sky so that darkness will spread over Egypt—darkness that can be felt." So Moses stretched out his hand toward the sky, and total darkness covered all Egypt for three days. No one could see anyone else or leave his place for three days.

text: 10. Death of firstborn (מַכַּת בְּכוֹרוֹת): Ex. 11:1–12:36[edit]

text: This is what the LORD says: "About midnight I will go throughout Egypt. Every firstborn son in Egypt will die, from the firstborn son of Pharaoh, who sits on the throne, to the firstborn of the slave girl, who is at her hand mill, and all the firstborn of the cattle as well. There will be loud wailing throughout Egypt—worse than there has ever been or ever will be again."

text: Before this final plague, God commanded Moses to inform all the Israelites to mark lamb's blood above their doors on every door in which case the LORD will pass over them and not "suffer the destroyer to come into your houses and smite you" (chapter 12, v. 23).

text: After this, Pharaoh, furious, saddened, and afraid that he would be killed next, ordered the Israelites to leave, taking whatever they wanted, and asking Moses to bless him in the name of the Lord. The Israelites did not hesitate, believing that soon Pharaoh would once again change his mind, which he did; and at the end of that night Moses led them out of Egypt with "arms upraised". However, as the Israelites left Egypt, the Pharaoh changed his mind again and sent his army after Moses' people. The Israelites were trapped by the Red Sea. God split the sea, and they were able to pass safely. As the Egyptian army descended on them, the sea closed before they could reach the Israelites.[32]

text: In the Quran[edit]

text: In the view of Islam, the plagues were almost identical.  It is mentioned in the Quran, specifically in Surah Al-A'raf verse 133 "So We sent on them: the Tuwfan (a calamity causing wholesale death, a flood or a typhoon - Ali, Note 1090 to S. VII.133),[33] the locusts, the Qummal, the frogs, and the blood (as a succession of) manifest signs, yet they remained arrogant, and they were of those people who were criminals".[34][35] The Quran further relates that the plagues included a mighty blast, showers of stones and earthquakes (Ali, Notes 3462-3464 to S. XXIX.40).[33]

text: Scholarly interpretation[edit]

text: The Book of Deuteronomy, in reviewing previous events, mentions the "diseases of Egypt" (Deuteronomy 7:15 and 28:60), but refers to something that afflicted the Israelites, not the Egyptians; Deuteronomy 7:19 mentions the plagues of the book of Exodus. The Exodus plagues are divine judgments, a series of curses like those in Deuteronomy 28:15–68, verses which mention many of the same afflictions; they are even closer to the curses in the Holiness code (Leviticus 26), since like the Holiness Code they leave room for  repentance. The theme that divine punishment should lead to repentance is echoed:

text:
in the prophets (Amos 4:6–12, Ezekiel 20)
in the form of prophetic speech: "Thus says Yahweh"[citation needed]
in the figure of the prophet as divine messenger echoed in the late prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel and in the Deuteronomistic history.

tag: ul

text: The 6th-century prophets refer to the theme of Pharaoh's obstinacy – Isaiah 6:9–13, Jeremiah 5:3, and Ezekiel 3:7–9.[36][not in citation given]

text: Historicity[edit]

text: While proponents of biblical archaeology argue that the plague stories are true, a large consensus of historians believe them to be allegorical or inspired by passed-down accounts of disconnected  disasters. Some scientists[who?] claim the plagues can be attributed to a chain of natural phenomena triggered by changes in the climate and environmental disasters hundreds of miles away. The Ipuwer Papyrus, written probably in the late Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt (c.1991-1803 BCE)[37] has often been put forward in popular literature as confirmation of the Biblical account, most notably because of its statement that "the river is blood" and its frequent references to servants running away, but these arguments ignore the many points on which Ipuwer contradicts Exodus, such as the fact that its Asiatics are arriving in Egypt rather than leaving, and the likelihood that the "river is blood" phrase may refer to the red sediment colouring the Nile during disastrous floods, or may simply be a poetic image of turmoil.[38]

text: Archaeology[edit]

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text: Some archaeologists believe the plagues occurred at the ancient city of Pi-Rameses in the Nile Delta, which was the capital of Egypt during the reign of Ramesses II. There is some archaeological material which such archaeologists, for example William F. Albright,[39] have considered to be historical evidence of the ten plagues; for example, an ancient water trough found in El Arish bears hieroglyphic markings detailing a period of darkness. Albright and other Christian archaeologists have claimed that such evidence, as well as careful study of the areas ostensibly travelled by the Israelites after the Exodus, make discounting the biblical account untenable.

text: Natural explanations[edit]

text: Some historians have suggested that the plagues are passed-down accounts of several natural disasters, some disconnected, others playing part of a chain reaction. Natural explanations have been suggested for most of the phenomena:

text:
Plague 1 — water turned into blood; fish died
Dr. Stephen Pflugmacher, a biologist at the Leibniz Institute for Water Ecology and Inland Fisheries in Berlin believes that rising temperatures could have turned the Nile into a slow-moving, muddy watercourse—conditions favorable for the spread of toxic fresh water algae. As the alga Planktothrix rubescens dies, it turns the water red in a phenomenon known as "Burgundy Blood".
Alternatively, a bloody appearance could be due to an environmental change, such as a drought, which could have contributed to the spread of the Chromatiaceae bacteria which thrive in stagnant, oxygen-deprived water.[40]
Plague 2 — frogs
Any blight on the water that killed fish also would have caused frogs to leave the river and probably die.
Plagues 3 and 4 — biting insects and wild animals
The lack of frogs in the river would have let insect populations, normally kept in check by the frogs, to increase massively. The rotting corpses of fish and frogs would have attracted significantly more insects to the areas near the Nile.
Plagues 5 and 6 — livestock disease and boils
There are biting flies in the region which transmit livestock diseases; a sudden increase in their number could spark epizootics.
Plague 7 — fiery hail
Volcanic eruption, resulting in showers of rock and fire.
Plague 8 — locusts
According to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, when they get hungry, a one-ton horde of locusts can eat the same amount of food in one day as 2,500 humans can.[41]
Plague 9 — darkness
The immediate cause of this plague is theorized to be the "hamsin", a south or southwest wind charged with sand and dust, which blows about the spring equinox and at times produces darkness rivaling that of the worst London fogs.[42]
Plague 10 — death of the firstborn
If the last plague indeed selectively tended to affect the firstborn, it could be due to food polluted during the time of darkness, either by locusts or by the black mold Cladosporium. When people emerged after the darkness, the firstborn would be given priority, as was usual, and would consequently be more likely to be affected by any toxin or disease carried by the food. Meanwhile, the Israelites ate food prepared and eaten very quickly which would have made it less likely to be contaminated.[citation needed] However, this does not explain how the firstborn cattle alone also would have perished.

text: A volcanic eruption did occur in antiquity and could have caused some of the plagues if it occurred at the right time. The eruption of the Thera volcano was 1,050 kilometres (650 mi) away from the northwest part of Egypt. Controversially dated to about 1628 BC, this eruption is one of the largest on record, rivaling that of Tambora, which resulted in 1816's Year Without a Summer. The enormous global impact of this eruption has been recorded in an ash layer deposit found in the Nile delta, tree ring frost scars in the bristlecone pines of the western United States, and a layer of ash in the Greenland ice caps, all dated to the same time and with the same chemical fingerprint as the ash from Thera.[citation needed]

text: However, all estimates of the date of this eruption are hundreds of years before the Exodus is believed to have taken place; thus the eruption can only have caused some of the plagues if one or other of the dates is wrong, or if the plagues did not actually immediately precede the Exodus.

text: Following the assumption that at least some of the details are accurately reported, many modern Jews[who?] believe that some of the plagues were indeed natural disasters, but argue for the fact that, since they followed one another with such uncommon rapidity, "God's hand was behind them". Indeed, several biblical commentators (Nachmanides and, more recently, Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetzky) have pointed out that, for the plagues to be a real test of faith, they had to contain an element leading to religious doubt.

text: In his book The Plagues of Egypt: Archaeology, History, and Science Look at the Bible, Siro Igino Trevisanato explores the theory that the plagues were initially caused by the Santorini eruption in Greece. His hypothesis considers a two-stage eruption over a time of a bit less than two years. His studies place the first eruption in 1602 BC, when volcanic ash taints the Nile, causing the first plague and forming a catalyst for many of the subsequent plagues. In 1600 BC, the plume of a Santorini eruption caused the ninth plague, the days of darkness. Trevisanato hypothesizes that the Egyptians (at that time under the occupation of Hyksos), resorted to human sacrifice in an attempt to appease the gods, for they had viewed the ninth plague as a precursor to more. This human sacrifice became known as the tenth plague.[43]

text: In an article published in 1996, physician-epidemiologist John S. Marr and co-author Curt Malloy integrated biblical, historical and Egyptological sources with modern scientific conjectures in a comprehensive review of natural explanations for the ten plagues, postulating their own specific explanations for the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and tenth plagues. Their explanation also accounted for the apparent selectiveness of the plagues, as implied in the Bible. The paper served as the basis for a website and documentary aired on the Learning Channel from 1998 to 2005.[44]

text: Artistic representation[edit]

text: Visual art[edit]

text: In visual art, the plagues have generally been reserved for works in series, especially engravings. Still, relatively few depictions in art emerged compared to other religious themes until the 19th century, when the plagues became more common subjects, with John Martin and Joseph Turner producing notable canvases. This trend probably reflected a Romantic attraction to landscape and nature painting, for which the plagues were suited, a Gothic attraction to morbid stories, and a rise in Orientalism, wherein exotic Egyptian themes found currency. Given the importance of noble patronage throughout Western art history, the plagues may have found consistent disfavor because the stories emphasize the limits of a monarch's power, and images of lice, locusts, darkness, and boils were ill-suited for decoration in palaces and churches.[citation needed]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Taking direct inspiration from the ten plagues, Iced Earth's eleventh studio album Plagues of Babylon contains many references and allusions to the plagues. Metallica's song "Creeping Death" makes references to a few of the plagues, in addition to the rest of the story of the Exodus.
Perhaps the most successful artistic representation of the plagues is Handel's oratorio Israel in Egypt, which, like his perennial favorite, "Messiah", takes a libretto entirely from scripture. The work was especially popular in the 19th century because of its numerous choruses, generally one for each plague, and its playful musical depiction of the plagues. For example, the plague of frogs is performed as a light aria for alto, depicting frogs jumping in the violins, and the plague of flies and lice is a light chorus with fast scurrying runs in the violins.[45]

text: Literature[edit]

text:
Let My People Go! by Tilda Balsley
The 10 Plagues of Egypt by Shoshana Lepon[citation needed]

text: Films[edit]

text:
The Ten Commandments (1956)
The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971)[46]
Moses (1995)
The Prince of Egypt (1998)[47]
Magnolia (1999)[48]
The Mummy (1999)[49]
The Reaping (2007)[50]
Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014)[51]
Os Dez Mandamentos (2015)[52]

text: TV[edit]

text:
The Bible (2013 miniseries) – Episode 2 has a scene of these plagues.
Haven – In "A Tale of Two Audreys," the town of Haven is afflicted by almost all of the plagues of Egypt.
A Rugrats Passover
Simpsons Bible Stories
Family Guy – In the second season episode "If I'm Dyin', I'm Lyin'", the Griffin family is affected by most of the plagues due to Peter being worshiped like God.