document_title: O Arise, All You Sons

question_text: who wrote the national anthem of papua new guinea

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text: O Arise, All You Sons

text:
O Arise, All You Sons

National anthem of  Papua New Guinea

Lyrics
Thomas Shacklady

Music
Thomas Shacklady

Adopted
1975

Audio sample

O Arise, All You Sons (instrumental)

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text: "O Arise, All You Sons" is the national anthem of Papua New Guinea. The song was promoted to national anthem when Papua New Guinea became independent on 16 September 1975. The anthem was composed by a former Royal Marine and Australian soldier, Thomas Shacklady.

tag: p

text: Lyrics[edit]


document_title: History of Austin, Texas

question_text: who is the capital of texas (austin) named after

question_tokens: who is the capital of texas ( austin ) named after

text: History of Austin, Texas

text: Beginning[edit]

text: Evidence of habitation of the Balcones Escarpment region of Texas can be traced to at least 11,000 years ago. Two of the oldest Paleolithic archeological sites in Texas, the Levi Rock Shelter and Smith Rock Shelter, are located southwest and southeast of present-day Austin respectively.[4] Several hundred years before the arrival of European settlers, the area was inhabited by a variety of nomadic Native American tribes. These indigenous peoples fished and hunted along the creeks, including present-day Barton Springs,[5] which proved to be a reliable campsite.[6] At the time of the first permanent settlement of the area, the Tonkawa tribe was the most common, with the Comanches and Lipan Apaches also frequenting the area.[7]

text: The first European settlers in the present-day Austin were a group of Spanish friars who arrived from East Texas in July 1730. They established three temporary missions, La Purísima Concepción, San Francisco de los Neches and San José de los Nazonis, on a site by the Colorado River, near Barton Springs. The friars found conditions undesirable and relocated to the San Antonio River within a year of their arrival.[8] Following Mexico's Independence from Spain, Anglo-American settlers began to populate Texas and reached present-day Central Texas by the 1830s. The first documented permanent settlement in the area dates to 1837 when the village of Waterloo was founded near the confluence of the Colorado River and Shoal Creek.[9]

text: Capital City of A New Republic[edit]

text: By 1836 the Texas Revolution was over and the Republic of Texas was independent. That year was also characterized by political disarray in Texas. In 1836, no fewer than five Texas sites served as temporary capitals of the new republic (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia), before President Sam Houston moved the capital to Houston in 1837.[10]

text: Shortly after the election of President Mirabeau B. Lamar, the Texas Congress appointed a site-selection commission to locate an optimal site for a new permanent capital. They chose a site on the western frontier, after viewing it at the instruction of President Lamar, who visited the sparsely settled area in 1838. Lamar was a proponent of westward expansion. Impressed by its beauty, abundant natural resources, promise as an economic hub, and central location in Texas territory, the commission purchased 7,735 acres (3,130 ha) along the Colorado River comprising the hamlet of Waterloo and adjacent lands.[11]

text: Because the area's remoteness from population centers and its vulnerability to attacks by Mexican troops and Native Americans displeased many Texans, Sam Houston among them, political opposition made Austin's early years precarious ones. However, Lamar prevailed in his nomination, which he felt would be a prime location that intersected the roads to San Antonio and Santa Fe.[12]

text: Officially chartered in 1839, the Texas Congress designated the name of Austin for the new city. According to local folklore, Stephen F. Austin, the "father of Texas" for whom the new capital city was named, negotiated a boundary treaty with the local Native Americans at the site of the present-day Treaty Oak after a few settlers were killed in raids.[13] After the republic purchased several hundred acres to establish the city, Lamar renamed it in honor of Stephen F. Austin in March 1839. The city's original name is honored by local businesses such as Waterloo Ice House and Waterloo Records, as well as Waterloo Park downtown.[14]

text: Lamar tapped Judge Edwin Waller to direct the planning and construction of the new town. Waller chose a 640-acre (260 ha) site on a bluff above the Colorado River, nestled between Shoal Creek to the west and Waller Creek (which was named for him) to the east. Waller surveyed a grid plan on a single square-mile plot with 14 blocks running in both directions. One grand avenue, which Lamar named "Congress", cut through the center of town from Capitol Square down to the Colorado River. The streets running north-south (paralleling Congress) were named for Texas rivers with their order of placement matching the order of rivers on the Texas state map. The east-west streets were named after trees native to the region, despite the fact that Waller had recommended using numbers. (They were eventually changed to numbers in 1884.) The city's perimeters stretched north to south from the river at 1st Street to 15th Street, and from East Avenue (now Interstate 35) to West Avenue.[15] Much of this original design is still intact in downtown Austin today.

text: In October 1839, the entire government of the Republic of Texas arrived by oxcart from Houston. By the next January, the population of the town was 839. During the Republic of Texas era, France sent Alphonse Dubois de Saligny to Austin as its chargé d'affaires. Dubois purchased 22 acres (8.9 ha) of land in 1840 on a high hill just east of downtown to build a legation, or diplomatic outpost. The French Legation stands as the oldest documented frame structure in Austin.[16] Also in 1839, the Texas Congress set aside 40 acres (16 ha) of land north of the capitol and downtown for a "university of the first class." This land became the central campus of the University of Texas at Austin in 1883.[17]

text: Political turmoil and the Texas Annexation[edit]

text: Austin flourished initially but in 1842 entered the darkest period in its history. Lamar's successor as President of the Republic of Texas, Sam Houston, ordered the national archives transferred to Houston for safekeeping after Mexican troops captured San Antonio on March 5, 1842. Convinced that removal of the republic's diplomatic, financial, land, and military-service records was tantamount to choosing a new capital, Austinites refused to relinquish the archives. Houston moved the government anyway, first to Houston and then to Washington-on-the-Brazos, which remained the seat of government until 1845. The archives stayed in Austin. When Houston sent a contingent of armed men to seize the General Land Office records in December 1842, they were foiled by the citizens of Austin and Travis County in an incident known as the Texas Archive War.[18] Deprived of its political function, Austin languished. Between 1842 and 1845 its population dropped below 200 and its buildings deteriorated.

text: During the summer of 1845, Anson Jones, Houston's successor as president, called a constitutional convention meeting in Austin, approved the annexation of Texas to the United States and named Austin the state capital until 1850, at which time the voters of Texas were to express their preference in a general election. After resuming its role as the seat of government in 1845, Austin officially became the state capital on February 19, 1846, the date of the formal transfer of authority from the republic to the state.[19]

text: Austin's status as capital city of the new U.S. state of Texas remained in doubt until 1872, when the city prevailed in a statewide election to choose once and for all the state capital, turning back challenges from Houston and Waco.[20]

text: Statehood and the U.S. Civil War[edit]

text: Austin recovered gradually, population reaching 854 by 1850, 225 of whom were slaves and one a free black. Forty-eight percent of Austin's family heads owned slaves. The city entered a period of accelerated growth following its decisive triumph in the 1850 election to determine the site of the state capital for the next twenty years. For the first time the government constructed permanent buildings, among them a new capitol at the head of Congress Avenue, completed in 1853, and the Governor's Mansion, completed in 1856. State-run asylums for deaf, blind, and mentally ill Texans were erected on the fringes of town. Congregations of Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Catholics erected permanent church buildings, and the town's elite built elegant Greek Revival mansions. By 1860 the population had climbed to 3,546, including 1,019 slaves and twelve free blacks. That year thirty-five percent of Austin's family heads owned slaves.

text: While Texas voted overwhelmingly to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy in 1861, Travis County was one of a few counties in state to vote against the secession ordinance (704 to 450). However, Unionist sentiment waned once the war began. By April 1862 about 600 Austin and Travis County men had joined some twelve volunteer companies serving the Confederacy. Austinites followed with particular concern news of the successive Union thrusts toward Texas, but the town was never directly threatened. Like other communities, Austin experienced severe shortages of goods, spiraling inflation, and the decimation of its fighting men.[21] The end of the Civil War brought Union occupation troops to the city and a period of explosive growth of the African-American population, which increased by 57 percent during the 1860s. During the late 1860s and early 1870s the city's newly emancipated blacks established the residential communities of Masontown, Wheatville, Pleasant Hill, and Clarksville. By 1870, Austin's 1,615 black residents comprised some 36 percent of the town's 4,428 inhabitants.[22]

text: Emergence of a political and educational center[edit]

text: The Reconstruction boom of the 1870s brought dramatic changes to Austin. In the downtown area, the wooden wagon yards and saloons of the 1850s and 1860s began to be replaced by the more solid masonry structures still standing today. On December 25, 1871, a new era opened with the coming of the Houston and Texas Central Railway, Austin's first railroad connection. By becoming the westernmost railroad terminus in Texas and the only railroad town for scores of miles in most directions, Austin was transformed into a trading center for a vast area. Construction boomed and the population more than doubled in five years to 10,363. The many foreign-born newcomers gave Austin's citizenry a more heterogeneous character. By 1875 there were 757 inhabitants from Germany, 297 from Mexico, 215 from Ireland, and 138 from Sweden. For the first time a Mexican-American community took root in Austin, in a neighborhood near the mouth of Shoal Creek. Accompanying these dramatic changes were civic improvements, among them gas street lamps in 1874, the first streetcar line in 1875, and the first elevated bridge across the Colorado River about 1876. Although a second railroad, the International and Great Northern, reached Austin in 1876, the town's fortunes turned downward after 1875 as new railroads traversed Austin's trading region and diverted much of its trade to other towns. From 1875 to 1880 the city's population increased by only 650 inhabitants to 11,013.[23] Austin's expectations of rivaling other Texas cities for economic leadership faded.

text: However, Austin solidified its position as a political center during the 1870s, after the city prevailed in the 1872 statewide election to settle the state capital question once and for all. Three years later Texas took the first steps toward constructing a new Texas State Capitol that culminated in 1888 in the dedication of a magnificent granite building towering over the town. After a fire destroyed its predecessor in 1881, a nationwide design contest was held to determine who would build the current Capitol building. Architect Elijah E. Myers, who built the Capitols of Michigan and Colorado, won with a Renaissance Revival style. However, construction was held up for two years over a debate as to whether the exterior should be built from granite or limestone. It was eventually decided that it would be built of "sunset red" granite from Marble Falls. Funded by the famous XIT Ranch, the building remains part of the Austin skyline. The state capitol is smaller than the United States Capitol in total gross square footage, but is actually 15 feet (4.6 m) taller than its Washington, D.C., counterpart.[24]

text: Another statewide election in 1881 set the stage for Austin to become an educational and cultural hub as well, when it was chosen as the site for a new state university in a hotly contested election. A state constitution adopted in 1876 mandated that Texas establish a "university of the first class" to be located by vote of the people and styled the University of Texas. On September 6, 1881, Austin was chosen for the site of the main university and Galveston for the location of the medical department. In 1882 construction began on the Austin campus with the placement of the cornerstone of the Main Building. The university held classes for the first time in 1883.[25] Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute, the forerunner of Huston-Tillotson University, founded by the American Missionary Association to provide educational opportunities for African-Americans, opened its doors in East Austin by 1881. The Austin Independent School District was established the same year.

text: Before either UT or Huston-Tillotson opened their doors, however, St. Edward's Academy (the forerunner of today's St. Edward's University) was established by the Rev. Edward Sorin in 1878 on farmland in present-day south Austin. In 1885, the president, the Rev. P. J. Franciscus strengthened the prestige of the academy by securing a charter, changing its name to St. Edward's College, assembling a faculty, and increasing enrollment. Subsequently, St. Edward's began to grow, and the first school newspaper, the organization of baseball and football teams, and approval to erect an administration building all followed. Well-known architect Nicholas J. Clayton of Galveston was commissioned to design the college's Main Building, four stories tall and constructed with local white limestone in the Gothic Revival, that was finished in 1888.[26]

text: Of note during this period were serial murders committed in 1884 and 1885 by an unidentified perpetrator known as the "Servant Girl Annihilator". According to some sources there were eight murders, seven women and one man, attributed to the serial killer, in addition to eight serious injuries. These occurred in a town that had only about 23,000 citizens total. The murders made national headlines, but only three years later London was plagued by Jack the Ripper overshadowing Austin's tragedy in the history books.[27]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Learning to live with the Colorado River[edit]

text: Austin's fortunes has been tied with the Colorado River for much of its history, no more so than in the 1890s. At the urging of local civic leader Alexander P. Wooldridge, the citizens of Austin voted overwhelmingly to put themselves deeply in debt to build a dam along the river to attract manufacturing. The hope was that cheap hydroelectricity would lure industrialists who would line the riverbanks with cotton mills. Austin would become "the Lowell of the South," and the sleepy center of government and education would be transformed into a bustling industrial city. The town had reached its limits as a seat of politics and education, Wooldridge contended, yet its economy could not sustain its present size. Empowered by a new city charter in 1891 that more than tripled Austin's corporate area from 4 ½ to 16 ½ square miles, the city fathers implemented a plan to build a municipal water and electric system, construct a dam for power, and lease most of the hydroelectric power to manufacturers. By 1893 the sixty-foot-high Austin Dam was completed just northwest of town. In 1895 dam-generated electricity began powering the four-year-old electric streetcar line and the city's new water and light systems. The dammed river formed a lake that became known as "Lake McDonald," for John McDonald, the mayor who had whipped up support for the project—attracted new residents and developers, while the waters of the lake itself drew those seeking respite from the Texas heat. Austin boomed in the mid-1890s, driven largely by land speculation. Monroe Shipe established Hyde Park, a classic streetcar suburb north of downtown, and smaller developments sprang up around the city. Thirty-one new 165-foot-high moonlight towers illuminated Austin at night. Civic pride ran strong during those years, which also saw the city blessed with the talents of sculptor Elisabet Ney and writer O. Henry.

text: By today's standards, the dam was unremarkable – a wall of granite and limestone, 65 feet high and 1,100 feet long, with no catwalk or floodgates. But Scientific America magazine was sufficiently impressed to feature the dam on its cover. However, structurally the dam was likely doomed from the start, as it was constructed on the spot where the Balcones Fault passes under the river. Silt had filled nearly half the lake by February 1900, and the dam's design failed to accommodate the force that could be created by a large volume of water. However, the flow of the Colorado proved to be far more variable than the project's promoters had claimed, and the dam was never able to produce the kind of steady power needed to drive a bank of mills. The manufacturers never came, periodic power shortfalls disrupted city services, Lake McDonald silted up, and, on April 7, 1900, the Austin Dam was dealt its final blow after a spring storm. At 11:20 am, floodwaters crested at 11 feet atop the dam before it disintegrated, with two 250-foot sections – almost half the dam – breaking away. In all, the flood drowned 18 people and destroyed 100 houses in Austin, at a total estimated loss of $1.4 million, in 1900 dollars.[28]

text: After 1900, the people of Austin did what they could to recover from the disaster. Having gotten a taste of city-owned electric power, they refused to go back; they bought out the local private power company, which used steam-driven generators, and today's Austin Energy municipal utility is in a sense a legacy of the old Austin Dam. The city also tried to rebuild the dam itself, but a dispute with the contractor left the repairs unfinished in 1912, and another flood in 1915 damaged it further. The wrecked dam sat derelict, "a tombstone on the river," until the Lower Colorado River Authority stepped in and, with federal money, rebuilt it as Tom Miller Dam, completed in 1940. The remaining portions of the 1893 and 1912 dams were incorporated into the new structure, but are now hidden under new layers of concrete.[29] By the time it was finished, however, Tom Miller Dam was already overshadowed by the much larger LCRA dams built upstream that formed the Texas Highland Lakes. For the last seventy years, Lake Travis (Mansfield Dam) and Lake Buchanan (Buchanan Dam), have provided water, hydroelectric power, and flood control for Central Texas.

text: Between 1880 and 1920 Austin's population grew threefold to 34,876, but the city slipped from fourth largest in the state to tenth largest. The state's surging industrial development, propelled by the booming oil business, passed Austin by. The capital city began boosting itself as a residential city, but the heavy municipal indebtedness incurred in building the dam resulted in the neglect of city services. On December 20, 1886, the Driskill Hotel opened at 6th and Brazos, giving Austin its first premier hotel. The hotel would close and reopen many times in subsequent years. In 1905 Austin had few sanitary sewers, virtually no public parks or playgrounds, and only one paved street. Three years later Austin voters overturned the alderman form of government, by which the city had been governed since 1839, and replaced it with commission government. Wooldridge headed the reform group voted into office in 1909 and served a decade as mayor, during which the city made steady if modest progress toward improving residential life. The Littefield and Scarborough buildings at 6th and Congress downtown also opened that year, representing the city's first skyscrapers.[30] In 1910, the city opened the concrete Congress Avenue Bridge across the Colorado River and, by the next year, had extended the streetcar line to South Austin along South Congress Avenue. The fostered development south of the river for the first time, allowing for development of Travis Heights in 1913.

text: In 1918 the city acquired Barton Springs, a spring-fed pool that became the symbol of the residential city. Upon Wooldridge's retirement in 1919 the flaws of commission government, hidden by his leadership, became apparent as city services again deteriorated. At the urging of the Chamber of Commerce, Austinites voted in 1924 to adopt council-manager government, which went into effect in 1926 and remains in effect today. Progressive ideas like city planning and beautification became official city policy. A 1928 city plan, the first since 1839, called upon Austin to develop its strengths as a residential, cultural, and educational center. A $4,250,000 bond issue, Austin's largest to date, provided funds for streets, sewers, parks, the city hospital, the first permanent public library building, and the first municipal airport, which opened in 1930. A recreation department was established, and within a decade it offered Austinites a profusion of recreational programs, parks, and pools.[31]

text: Race and the 1928 City Plan[edit]

text: By the early years of the 20th century, African-Americans occupied settlements in various parts of the city of Austin. By and large, these residential communities had churches at their core. Some had black-run businesses and schools for African-American youth. Though surrounded by Anglo neighborhoods, these island enclaves functioned as fairly autonomous residential neighborhoods often organized around family ties, common religious practices, and connection to pre-emancipation slave-status relationships with common slave holders/land owners. Though some date back to slavery, by the 1920s these communities were located across the city and include Kincheonville (1865), Wheatville (1867), Clarksville (1871), Masonville, St. Johns, Pleasant Hill, and other settlements.[32]

text: While residences of blacks had been widely scattered all across the city in 1880, by 1930 they were heavily concentrated in East Austin, a process encouraged by the 1928 City Plan, which recommended that East Austin be designated a "Negro district." City officials implemented the plan successfully, and most blacks who had been living in the western half of the city were "relocated" back to the former plantation lands, on the other side of East Avenue (now Interstate 35). Municipal services like schools, sewers, and parks were made available to blacks in East Austin only. At mid-century Austin was still segregated in most respects—housing, restaurants, hotels, parks, hospitals, schools, public transportation—but African Americans had long fostered their own institutions, which included by the late 1940s some 150 small businesses, more than thirty churches, and two colleges, Tillotson College and Samuel Huston College. Between 1880 and 1940 the number of black residents grew from 3,587 to 14,861, but their proportion of the overall population declined from 33% to 17%.[33]

text: Austin's Hispanic residents, who in 1900 numbered about 335 and composed just 1.5% of the population, rose to 11% by 1940, when they numbered 9,693. By the 1940s most Mexican-Americans lived in the rapidly expanding East Austin barrio south of East Eleventh Street, where increasing numbers owned homes. Hispanic-owned business were dominated by a thriving food industry. Though Mexican Americans encountered widespread discrimination—in employment, housing, education, city services, and other areas—it was by no means practiced as rigidly as it was toward African-Americans.

text: Between the 1950s and 1980s ethnic relations in Austin were transformed. First came a sustained attack on segregation. Local black leaders and political-action groups waged campaigns to desegregate city schools and services. In 1956 the University of Texas became the first major university in the South to admit blacks as undergraduates. In the early 1960s students staged demonstrations against segregated lunch counters, restaurants, and movie theaters. Gradually the barriers receded, a process accelerated when the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed racial discrimination in public accommodations. Nevertheless, discrimination persisted in areas like employment and housing. Shut out of the town's political leadership since the 1880s, when two blacks had served on the city council, African-Americans regained a foothold by winning a school-board seat in 1968 and a city-council seat in 1971. This political breakthrough was matched by Hispanics, whose numbers had reached 39,399 by 1970, or 16 percent of the population. Mexican-Americans won their first seats on the Austin school board in 1972 and the city council in 1975.

text: Growth during the Great Depression[edit]

text: During the early and mid-1930s, Austin experienced the harsh effects of the Great Depression. Nevertheless, the town fared comparatively well, sustained by its twin foundations of government and education and by the political skills of Mayor Tom Miller, who took office in 1933, and United States Congressman Lyndon Baines Johnson, who won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1937. Its population grew at a faster pace during the 1930s than in any other decade during the 20th century, increasing 66 percent from 53,120 to 87,930. By 1936 the Public Works Administration had provided Austin with more funding for municipal construction projects than any other Texas city during the same period. UT nearly doubled its enrollment during the decade and undertook a massive construction program. In addition, the Robert Mueller Municipal Airport opened its doors for commercial air traffic in 1930.

text: Over three decades after the original Austin Dam collapsed, Governor Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson signed the bill that created the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA). Modeled after the Tennessee Valley Authority, the LCRA is a nonprofit public utility involved in managing the resources along the Highland Lakes and Colorado River. The old Austin Dam, partially rebuilt under Mayor Wooldridge but never finished due to damage from flooding in 1915, was finally completed in 1940 and renamed Tom Miller Dam. Lake Austin stretched twenty-one miles behind it. Just upriver the much larger Mansfield Dam was completed in 1941 to impound Lake Travis. The two dams, in conjunction with other dams in the Lower Colorado River Authority system, brought great benefits to Austin: cheap hydroelectric power, the end of flooding that in 1935 and on earlier occasions had ravaged the town, and a plentiful supply of water without which the city's later growth would have been unlikely.[34] In 1942 Austin gained the economic benefit of Del Valle Army Air Base, later Bergstrom Air Force Base, which remained in operation until 1993.

text: Post-War growth and its consequences[edit]

text: From 1940 to 1990 Austin's population grew at an average rate of 40 percent per decade, from 87,930 to 472,020. By 2000 the population was 656,562. The city's corporate area, which between 1891 and 1940 had about doubled to 30.85 square miles, grew more than sevenfold to 225.40 square miles by 1990. During the 1950s and 1960s much of Austin's growth reflected the rapid expansion of its traditional strengths—education and government. During the 1960s alone the number of students attending the University of Texas at Austin doubled, reaching 39,000 by 1970. Government employees in Travis County tripled between 1950 and 1970 to 47,300. University of Texas buildings multiplied, with the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library opening in 1971. A complex of state office buildings was constructed north of the Capitol. Propelling Austin's growth by the 1970s was its emergence as a center for high technology. This development, fostered by the Chamber of Commerce since the 1950s as a way to expand the city's narrow economic base and fueled by proliferating research programs at the University of Texas, accelerated when IBM located in Austin in 1967, followed by Texas Instruments in 1969 and Motorola in 1974. Two major research consortia of high-technology companies followed during the 1980s, Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation and Sematech. By the early 1990s, the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos Metropolitan Statistical Area had about 400 high-technology manufacturers. While high-technology industries located on Austin's periphery, its central area sprouted multi-storied office buildings and hotels during the 1970s and 1980s, venues for the burgeoning music industry, and, in 1992, a new convention center.

text: On August 1, 1966, UT student and former Marine Charles Whitman killed both his wife and his mother before ascending the UT Tower and opening fire with a high-powered sniper rifle and several other firearms. Whitman killed or fatally wounded 14 more people over the next 90 minutes before being shot dead by police.

text: 1970 to 1989[edit]

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, the city experienced a tremendous boom in development that temporarily halted with the Savings and Loan crisis in the late 1980s. The growth led to an ongoing series of fierce political battles that pitted preservationists against developers. In particular the preservation of Barton Springs, and by extension the Edwards Aquifer, became an issue that defined the themes of the larger battles.

text: Austin's rapid growth generated strong resistance by the 1970s. Angered by proliferating apartment complexes and traffic flow, neighborhood groups mobilized to protect the integrity of their residential areas. By 1983 there were more than 150 such groups. Environmentalists organized a powerful movement to protect streams, lakes, watersheds, and wooded hills from environmental degradation, resulting in the passage of a series of environmental-protection ordinances during the 1970s and 1980s. A program was inaugurated in 1971 to beautify the shores of Lake Lady Bird, a downtown lake impounded in 1960 behind Longhorn Crossing Dam. Historic preservationists fought the destruction of Austin's architectural heritage by rescuing and restoring historic buildings. City election campaigns during the 1970s and 1980s frequently featured struggles over the management of growth, with neighborhood groups and environmentalists on one side and business and development interests on the other. As Austin became known as a location for creative individuals, corporate retail branches also moved into town and displaced many "home-grown" businesses. To many longtime Austinites, this loss of landmark retail establishments left a void in the city's culture. In the 1970s, Austin became a refuge for a group of country and western musicians and songwriters seeking to escape the music industry's corporate domination of Nashville. The best-known artist in this group was Willie Nelson, who became an icon for what became the city's "alternate music industry". Others included Stevie Ray Vaughan and Janis Joplin. In 1975, Austin City Limits premiered on PBS, showcasing Austin's burgeoning music scene to the country.

text: The Armadillo World Headquarters gained a national reputation during the 1970s as a venue for these anti-establishment musicians as well as mainstream acts. In the following years, Austin gained a reputation as a place where struggling musicians could launch their careers in informal live venues in front of receptive audiences. This ultimately led to the city's official motto, "The Live Music Capital of the World".

text: 1990 to present[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018)

text: In the 1990s, the boom resumed with the influx and growth of a large technology industry. Initially, the technology industry was centered around larger, established companies such as IBM, but in the late 1990s, Austin gained the additional reputation of being a center of the dot-com boom and subsequent dot-com bust. Austin is also known for game development, filmmaking, and popular music. On May 23, 1999, Austin-Bergstrom International Airport served its first passengers, replacing Robert Mueller Municipal Airport.[35] In 2000, Austin became the center of an intense media focus as the headquarters of presidential candidate and Texas Governor George W. Bush. The headquarters of his main opponent, Al Gore, were in Nashville, thus re-creating the old country music rivalry between the two cities.

text: Also in the 2000 election, Austinites narrowly rejected a light rail proposal put forward by Capital Metro. In 2004, however, they approved a commuter rail service from Leander to downtown along existing rail lines. Capital MetroRail service finally began service in 2010.[36]

text: In 2004, the Frost Bank Tower opened in the downtown business district along Congress Avenue. At 515 feet (157 m), it was the tallest building in Austin by a wide margin, and was also the first high rise to be built after September 11, 2001. Several other high-rise downtown projects, most residential or mixed-use, were underway in the downtown area at the time, dramatically changing the appearance of downtown Austin, and placing a new emphasis on downtown living and development.[37]

text: In 2006, the first sections of Austin's first toll road network opened. The toll roads were extolled as a solution to underfunded highway projects, but also decried by opposition groups who felt the tolls amounted in some cases to a double tax.

text: In March 2018, a series of four explosions centered in Austin, killed two civilians and injuring another five.[38]

text: Presently, Austin continues to rise in popularity and experience rapid growth. Young people in particular have flooded the city, drawn in part by its relatively strong economy, its reputation of liberal politics[39] and alternative culture in Middle America, and its relatively low housing costs compared to the coastal regions of the country. The sudden growth has brought up several issues for the city, including urban sprawl, as well as balancing the need for new infrastructure with environmental protection. Most recently, the city has pushed for smart growth, mostly in downtown and the surrounding neighborhoods, spurring the development of new condominiums in the area and altering the city's skyline. While Smart Growth has been successful in revitalizing downtown and the surrounding central city neighborhoods housing development has not kept pace with demand driven by rapid and sustained employment growth which has resulted in higher housing costs.


document_title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

question_text: how did disney get the rights to avatar

question_tokens: how did disney get the rights to avatar

text: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: History[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In early 2011, James Cameron was approached by Disney executives Bob Iger and Tom Staggs, CEO and then-COO respectively, regarding the possibility of Avatar-themed attractions at Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products properties.[17] Originally, discussions were held about creating an Avatar-themed attraction at Disney's Hollywood Studios, perhaps at the park's then-functioning Studio Backlot Tour.[18] Staggs suggested incorporating the film into a newly designed "land" at Disney's Animal Kingdom to improve the park's attraction roster.[18] Cameron was initially surprised at Disney's approach in scope, commenting that "Disney’s vision when they came to me was to create a land. I thought we were going to be talking about creating an attraction."[19]

text: On September 17, 2011, Disney entered into an exclusive, long-term licensing agreement with Cameron's Lightstorm Entertainment and Fox Filmed Entertainment for the worldwide theme park rights to Avatar; Disney agreed to pay Cameron and Fox a licensing fee and a percentage of merchandise sales.[17][20] The deal was officially announced to the public on September 20, 2011.[21] The highlight of the announcement was that Disney's Animal Kingdom would receive a new themed area entirely devoted to Avatar.[9] While no specifics were announced, the new area was described as being several acres in size and costing an estimated $400 million to build, a scale similar to Cars Land at Disney California Adventure in California.[22] The area was later estimated to cost approximately $500 million.[17] Disney showcased a first look presentation of the land at the 2013 Japan D23 Expo.[1]

text: Construction began in January 2014,[15] with an initially planned opening date in 2016.[11][12] The deal could see Avatar attractions added to other Disney theme parks in the future—Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland are also in consideration—however, there are no immediate plans to do so.[23] The opening date was later revised to summer 2017.[1][2][3][11][12][15] In February 2017, the official opening day was confirmed to be May 27, 2017.[4] The land received a dedication ceremony on May 24, 2017 with Iger, Cameron, Jon Landau, Fox chairman Stacey Snider, and cast members Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, and Sigourney Weaver, attending the dedication.[24]

text: Design[edit]

text: Pandora – The World of Avatar is designed by Walt Disney Imagineering and Lightstorm Entertainment with Avatar producers James Cameron and Jon Landau acting as creative consultants.[20][25] Imagineer Joe Rohde, creative executive of Disney's Animal Kingdom, served as creative director for the project. The area was constructed in the former location of Camp Minnie-Mickey, which was originally earmarked for the Beastly Kingdom, a never-built themed land which would have been based around mythological creatures.[26] Instead of including characters or basing the land on existing plotlines from the films, the team emphasized issues such as conservation and environmental stewardship.[27][14] Project manager Tim Warzecha described the land as a standalone experience from the films, focusing on "all about the people, the environment, the culture, the animals and the beauty of the world."[28] Rhode cited the film's themes and environmental message as compatible to the park's established values. Rohde said: "If you think about the intrinsic value of nature, transformation through adventure, and personal call to action — these are the values of Animal Kingdom. But if you say them again, those are the themes of the film Avatar. So Avatar and Animal Kingdom will nest into each other very, very neatly."[29]

text: Animal Kingdom is a place about the kind of realism that derives from those animals. We really want to live up to that state of realism to the detail, to the complete immersion which is part of the signature of that park to the sense that these are events that are really happening to you - that it is your adventure. When we translate that into the world of Avatar it presents a whole new series of technical challenges because of the very nature of that world itself."

text: Disney and Lightstorm decided to set the land's timeline a generation after the warring conflict between the indigenous Na'vi and the Resources Development Administration (RDA) that sought to exploit Pandora for its unobtanium in the first film.[19][31] According to the backstory, the Na'vi and humans have achieved peace and Alpha Centauri Expeditions (ACE)–a fictional tourism company–has partnered with the Na'vi to present Pandora as a new destination for ecotourism and scientific research.[32] As a result, ACE established the Pandora Conservation Initiative to preserve and study the native Pandoran species.[33]

text: In September 2011, Cameron confirmed that a flying attraction featuring "3-D projections and creature designs that were cut from the original film" was a concept on the drawing board for the area.[17] Pandora – The World of Avatar includes elements from the original Avatar film as well as its four, yet-to-be-released sequels.[25] Rhode initially admitted difficulty in adapting the locations depicted in Avatar to the physical realm, as Pandora is portrayed in the films solely through computer-generated imagery.[19] Therefore, Imagineering adapted the concept art and digital designs from the films and expanded upon it, with Rhode explaining that "there was not enough detail in those images for an actual place that you're really going to build."[34]

text: A major visual feature of Pandora is the Valley of Mo'ara and its floating mountain ranges. The 156 foot (48 m)-tall mountains employ forced perspective to appear larger than they physically are, and are held aloft by steel beams concealed with rockwork and vinery.[35] Designers were sent to Zhangjiajie National Forest Park to study the jagged pillar peaks of the Wulingyuan region for inspiration, as well as foliage studies in Hawaii.[19] The steel foundations for the floating mountains required a year to complete.[19] Pandora's bioluminescent species of flora are also found throughout the area.[7][8][9] Imagineers created twenty species of Pandoran flora exclusively for the land.[36] The landscaping consists of real Earth plant species mixed with sculpted Pandora flora, with each alien plant requiring its own concealed control box to create the necessary amount of illumination in bioluminesce during the evening hours.[37][19] New motion sensor technology developed by Disney Research, allows the plant life to respond to tactile interaction from guests.[38] Audio recordings of Pandoran animals create ambient noise throughout the land.[30]

text: Unlike other themed lands and attractions in the company's history, Disney omitted traditional theme park attributes throughout Pandora – The World of Avatar—such as attraction marquees, Disney-branded merchandise, and Mickey Mouse images on the MyMagic+ scanners found in Fastpass lines—as a way of maintaining the natural theming of the land.[27] The parks' cast members play ACE field experts.[28]

text: The area features music composed by James Horner and Simon Franglen based on the original score from Avatar, which was originally composed by Horner and arranged by Franglen.[39][40]

text: Attractions[edit]

text:
Avatar Flight of Passage, a flying augmented reality simulator attraction, where guests learn to fly with a mountain Banshee.[41]
Na'vi River Journey, a boat ride attraction through the Kasvapan River, showcasing the native fauna and flora of Pandora, including Audio-Animatronics and 3-D holograms.[42]

tag: ul

text: Restaurants and shops[edit]

text: The land contains two food locations:

text:
Satu'li Canteen - a quick service restaurant [43]
Pongu Pongu - a food and beverage stand [44]

text: At the end of Flight of Passage, the queue exits into Windtraders, the land's only gift shop. [45]


document_title: Bristol & West

question_text: who took over the bristol and west building society

text: Bristol & West

text:
Bristol & West plc
Former type
Division of Bank of IrelandIndustry
FinanceFounded
1850Defunct
2009Headquarters
Bristol, England, UKProducts
MortgagesOwner
Bank of IrelandWebsite
[1]

text: Bristol & West (B&W) was a former building society in the United Kingdom, one of the first to be demutualised to become a commercial bank.  It became a division of the Bank of Ireland in 1997. Bristol & West had its headquarters in Bristol, England. The bank's main activity was mortgage lending for residential and commercial customers, although in 2009 its business was transferred to Bank of Ireland and it became a shell company and stopped accepting new customers.[1] The Bristol & West name has since been replaced by the Bank of Ireland brand.

text: History[edit]

text: The Building society was founded in 1850 as the Bristol, West of England and South Wales Permanent Building Society.  It offered mortgages in the Bristol and the south west of England area and became a well known institution in the region.

text: By 1996 Bristol & West was the 9th largest building society in the United Kingdom, at a time when the UK government relaxed rules on funding for building societies which led a number of Building Societies to demutualise and convert into banks.

text: In 1997 Bristol & West demutualised and was sold to Bank of Ireland, becoming a division of the bank but maintaining its operations and branch network under the Bristol & West brand.[2]

text: The UK's Financial Services Authority (FSA) fined the Bristol & West subsidiary Chase de Vere Financial Solutions for the "approval and issue of a misleading direct offer promotion" in December 2003.[3]

text: In 2005, Bristol & West sold its savings and investment business to the Britannia Building Society. The deal also included Bristol & West's branch network, as well as its direct savings business for an estimated £80 million.

text: Bank of Ireland continued to offer mortgages to intermediaries, packagers and direct customers through the Bristol & West brand at its main processing centres in Bristol and Solihull; this meant the closure of a number of smaller mortgage processing centres throughout the country. In 2007 the estimated profit from this mortgage venture was £52 million.

text: Following the financial crisis of 2007–08 the bank suffering large losses and as a result the Bank of Ireland took the decision to limit mortgage lending.

text: On 8 January 2009 Bank of Ireland announced to the stock market that it would close its Solihull and Reading processing centres (the Reading Centre processed Bank of Ireland Mortgages only) and as of 9 January 2009, Bristol & West Mortgages would cease accepting new customers.[4] Bank of Ireland now only offer residential mortgages in the U.K. through the Post Office brand.


document_title: Demetrius

question_text: what is the meaning of the name demetrius

text: Demetrius

text:
Demetrius

A statue of the goddess Demeter

Gender
Male

Origin

Word/name
Greek

Meaning
tribute to Goddess of Grain: Demeter, Mother-Earth

Other names

Related names
Dimitrije, Demetria, Dimitrios, Demetra, Dimitris, Dmitry, Dimitar, Mitar, Dmytro

text: Demetrius is the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek male given name Dēmḗtrios (Δημήτριος), meaning "devoted to Demeter". Alternate forms include Demetrios, Dimitrios, Dimitris, Dmytro, Dimitri, Demitri, Dhimitër, and Dimitrije,[1][2] in addition to other forms (such as Russian Dmitri) descended from it.

text: Demetrius and its variations may refer to the following:

text:
Pope Demetrius I of Alexandria, ruled in 189–232
Demetrius of Alopece (4th century BCE), Greek sculptor noted for his realism
Demetrius of Phalerum (c. 350 – 280 BCE)
Demetrius I of Macedon (337–283 BCE), called Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus, King of Macedonia 294–288 BCE
Demetrius II Aetolicus, son of Antigonus II, King of Macedonia 239–229 BCE
Demetrius, son of Philip V of Macedon
Demetrius the Chronographer (late 3rd century BCE), Jewish chronicler (historian)
Demetrius I Soter (185–150 BCE), king of Syria
Demetrius I of Bactria (d. 180 BCE), Greek king of Bactria
Demetrius II of India (fl. early 2nd century BCE), possible relative of the above
Demetrius II Nicator (d. 125 BCE), son of Demetrius I Soter
Demetrius III Aniketos, Indo-Greek king c. 100 BCE
Demetrius III Eucaerus (d. 88 BCE), son of Antiochus VIII Grypus, Seleucid King
Demetrius the Cynic (1st century), Cynic philosopher
Demetrius of Thessaloniki (d. 306), Christian martyr and saint
Demetrius Zvonimir (died 1089), King of Croatia 1075–1089
Demetrius I of Georgia, son of David IV of Georgia the Great, (1125–1156)
Demetrius the Neomartyr (1779–1803), Orthodox Crystian martyr and saint
Pope Demetrius II of Alexandria, ruled in 1861–1870
Pseudo-Demetrius I, also known as False Dimitry I, Tsar of Russia, ruled 1605–1606
Demetrius, a main character in Friedrich Schiller's dramatic fragment of the same name, as well as in Alexander Pushkin's blank verse drama Boris Godunov and several other works of literature; the figure is modelled after False Dimitry I, short-time Tsar of Russia, claiming descent of Ivan the Terrible
Demetrius, a main character in William Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream; Demetrius is also a villainous character in Shakespeare's revenge tragedy, Titus Andronicus
Demetrius, a character in Mira Nair's Mississippi Masala
Demetrius, a Greek slave in the Lloyd C. Douglas Christian novel The Robe and its film sequel below
Demetrius and the Gladiators, a 1953 20th Century Fox film
Demetri, a fictional character in the Twilight fantasy series
Demetri Martin, American comedian
Demitri Maximoff, a vampire from the Capcom video game series Darkstalkers
Demetri McCamey, American basketball player
Dimitrij, an opera by Antonín Dvořák
Dmitry Donskoy (1350–1389), Russian prince
Dmitri Kissoff, a character in Stanley Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb
Dmitry Medvedev, Prime Minister of Russia
Dmitri Mendeleev Russian chemist, creator of the first periodic table
Dimitri Petrenko, a character in the first-person shooter Call of Duty: World at War
Dmitri Shostakovich Russian composer
Dimitri Kitsikis Greek Geopolitician
Dimitrios Salpingidis Greek footballer
Dimitrios Papadopoulos Greek footballer
Dimitrios Siovas Greek footballer
Dimitar Berbatov Bulgarian footballer
Dimitrije Tucović Serbian politician
Dimitrije Injac Serbian footballer
Dimitrije Ljotić Serbian politician
Dimitrije Pejanović Serbian handballer
Dimitrije Mitrinović Serbian writer
Dimitri Davidović Serbian footballer
Dositej Obradović Serbian writer
Dimitrije Ruvarac Serbian writer
Dimitrije Banjac Serbian actor
Dome Sztojay Serbian politician
Dimitrije Avramović Serbian painter
Dimitrije T. Leko Serbian architect
Serbian Patriarch Dimitrije of the Serbian Orthodox Church
Dimitrije Bašičević Serbian painter
Dimitri Nanopoulos Greek Physicist
Demetrius Treadwell (born 1991), American basketball player for Hapoel Gilboa Galil of the Israeli League Liga Leumit
Lucia Demetrius, Romanian writer
Vasile Demetrius, Romanian writer

text: In other languages[edit]

text:
Albanian: Dhimitër, Mitro
Belarusian: Зьміцер, Дзмітрый (Z'mitser, Dz'mitry)
Bulgarian: Димитър (Dimitar)
Croatian: Dmitar
Dutch: Dimitri
English: Demetrius, Demetri, Demetry
Finnish: Mitri, Mitro, Dimitri
French: Dimitri
Georgian: დემეტრე (Demetre), დიმიტრი (Dimitri), დიტო (Dito), დუტა (Duta), დიმა (Dima), მიტო (Mito)
German: Demetrius
Modern Greek: Δημήτριος, Δημήτρης, Μήτρος, Μήτσος, Μητσάρας (Dimitrios, Dimitris, Mitros, Mitsos, Mitsaras)
Hebrew: (Demetrius) דמיטריוס ,(Dima) דימה ,(Dmitriy) דמיטרי
Hungarian: Dömötör
Italian: Demetrio, Dimitri
Macedonian: Димитар, Димитриja
Polish: Dymitr, Demetriusz
Portuguese: Demétrio
Romanian: Dumitru, Dimitrie
Russian: Дмитрий (Dmitriy), Дима (Dima), Митя (Mitya)
Serbian: Димитрије (Dimitrije), Митар (Mitar), Дмитар (Dmitar), Мита (Mita), Мића (Mića)
Slovak: Demeter
Slovene: Dimitrij, Mitja
Spanish: Demetrio
Ukrainian: Дмитро (Dmytro)


document_title: Transformers: The Last Knight

question_text: when will transformers the last night be released on dvd

text: Transformers: The Last Knight

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 484 AD, King Arthur and his knights struggle in a battle against the Saxons. Meanwhile, Merlin begs for help from the Knights of Iacon, twelve Transformers who have hidden on Earth. They give Merlin an alien staff and combine into a huge dragon to help Arthur triumph over the Saxons, but not before warning Merlin that a great evil will come for the staff.

text: Present day, three years after the Hong Kong Battle. Transformers are declared outlaws by all governments on Earth, to which end the Transformer Reaction Force (TRF) is formed to eradicate the alien robots, despite more Transformers continuously arriving on Earth. In the half of the ruins of Chicago, a group of kids find a ship with a knight inside before being caught by a TRF drone. Izabella, a survivor of the Battle of Chicago, saves the kids along with her Transformers companions Sqweeks and Canopy. The TRF mistake Canopy for a Decepticon and kill him before Bumblebee and Cade Yeager arrive and help the kids and Izabella escape. Cade finds the knight in the ship, who gives Cade a talisman, an act observed by Decepticon Barricade, who reports this to Megatron. Cade then returns to his junkyard in South Dakota, where the remaining Autobots are hiding, including Bumblebee, Hound, Drift, Crosshairs, Wheelie, Grimlock, Slug, Daytrader, Trench, and three Mini-Dinobots.

text: In deep space, Optimus Prime crash-lands on Cybertron, discovering that it is heading directly for Earth. He encounters Quintessa, the self-proclaimed creator of the Transformers, who places Optimus under her control. Quintessa charges Optimus with recovering the staff from the Knights who stole it from her. Earth, she reveals, is actually Cybertron’s ancient enemy Unicron, and she intends to drain its life force using the staff, so that Cybertron can be restored.

text: TRF member and former Autobot ally William Lennox brokers a deal between the TRF and Megatron so he can find Cade and recover the talisman. In exchange, Megatron demands the release of a squad of Decepticons, including Nitro Zeus, Dreadbot, Mohawk, and Onslaught. Megatron and TRF find Cade and the Autobots. In the ensuing chaos, Dreadbot, Onslaught, and Mohawk are all killed by Grimlock, Crosshairs, Drift, and Bumblebee, forcing Megatron, Nitro Zeus, and Barricade to retreat. Cade is then approached by Cogman, a Transformer envoy who takes him and Bumblebee to England to meet his master, Sir Edmund Burton. There, Burton arranges a meeting between Cade and Viviane Wembly, an Oxford professor, who was just shortly been kidnapped by the Autobot Hot Rod. Burton introduces himself as the last living member of the "Witwiccan" order, an ancient brotherhood dedicated to guarding the secret history of Transformers on Earth. He also reveals that Viviane is Merlin’s last descendant, and that she must find and use his staff to prevent the impending destruction of Earth by Cybertron.

text: Fleeing the TRF, Cade and Viviane follow clues left by Viviane’s father that lead them, Bumblebee, and Cogman to take the submarine HMS Alliance into the sea to find the Cybertronian Knights' sunken ship while Burton meets the Prime Minister to engage the military at Stonehenge, which he deduces is the access point to Unicron. In the ship, Cade and Vivian discover the tomb of Merlin and the staff. Viviane activates the staff, and the ship rises to the surface. The TRF confronts the group before a mind-controlled Optimus intervenes and takes the staff away. Bumblebee chases after Optimus and the two Autobots fight each other. Before Optimus can kill Bumblebee, the mute Autobot finally speaks, freeing Optimus of Quintessa’s control. Megatron, revealed to be conspiring with Quintessa, arrives to steal the staff and flees while the Knights attack Optimus for his betrayal. Cade stops the Knights with the talisman, which transformed into the sword Excalibur, and the Knights yield to Cade, who then urges Optimus to fight for Earth once more.

text: Megatron, Nitro Zeus, and Barricade deliver the staff to Quintessa, who begins draining the life force of Earth from Unicron. Burton and the British military intervene, and Megatron shoots Burton, who dies with Cogman at his side. The Autobots arrive to join the fight with the TRF, landing on Cybertron and battling against Megatron and Quintessa’s minions, the Infernocons. Vanquishing their foes with help from the Knights as the dragon, the Autobots reach the chamber where the staff and Quintessa are. Optimus defeats Megatron by kicking him through the Ignition Chamber's wall, sending him flying through Earth, while Bumblebee kills Nitro Zeus. Together, Optimus and Bumblebee seemingly kill Quintessa. Viviane removes the staff, stopping Cybertron's destruction of Earth but leaving both worlds connected. Optimus declares that humans and Transformers must now work together to rebuild their worlds, and sends a message calling any surviving Autobots to come home.

text: In a mid-credits scene, scientists inspect one of the horns of Unicron in a desert. Quintessa, who has survived and is disguised as a human, arrives and offers them a way to destroy Unicron.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Mark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager, a single father and inventor, who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction.
Josh Duhamel as William Lennox, a former NEST commander and U.S. Army Ranger captain, who partnered with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction, and now a U.S. Army Colonel and reluctant member of the Transformer Reaction Force (TRF).
Stanley Tucci as Merlin, King Arthur's wizard and Viviane's ancestor.[12] Tucci was originally reported to be reprising his role as Joshua Joyce from Age of Extinction.[13]
Anthony Hopkins as Sir Edmund Burton, 12th Earl of Folgan, a virtuous astronomer and historian who knows about the history of the Transformers on Earth.[14][15][16]
Laura Haddock as Viviane Wembly, a Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a polo player, who turns out to be a descendant of Merlin.[17][18][19] Minti Gorne portrays a younger Viviane.
Isabela Moner as Izabella, a street-wise tomboy who was orphaned with Sqweeks and Canopy, them being her only friends until meeting Cade.[20][21]
Jerrod Carmichael as Jimmy, a young man from South Dakota whom Cade hired from a want ad.[22]
Santiago Cabrera as Santos, a former Delta Force operative and commander of the TRF, who seeks to eradicate every Transformer and their human allies regardless of faction.[23][24][18][25]
John Turturro as Seymour Simmons, a former government agent with Sector Seven and NEST turned successful writer who hides out in Cuba, and was allied with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction.[26]
Glenn Morshower as General Morshower, the director of NEST in Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon who now supervises TRF operations.
Liam Garrigan as King Arthur, the legendary knight who first fought with the Knights of Iacon.[27]

text: Additionally, Mitch Pileggi,[28]Tony Hale, and Gil Birmingham appear as a TRF group leader, a JPL engineer and Chief Sherman, respectively. Nicola Peltz has a vocal cameo as Tessa Yeager, Cade's daughter, who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction,[29] while Sam Witwicky's photograph is seen in Burton's mansion.[30] Tyrese Gibson was cast to return as Robert Epps, but was unable to appear in the film due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious.[31]

text: Transformers[edit]

text: Autobots[edit]

text:
Peter Cullen voices Optimus Prime, the leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a blue and red 2014 Western Star 5700 Custom semi-trailer truck while searching for the truth about his Creators.[32]
Erik Aadahl voices Bumblebee, an Autobot scout and Optimus Prime's second-in-command, who transforms into a custom-built yellow and black 2016 Chevrolet Camaro.[33][34] In the past, he is shown to be able to transform into a Mercedes-Benz 770.
John Goodman voices Hound, a trigger-happy Autobot commando and field medic who transforms into an olive green Mercedes-Benz Unimog military tactical ambulance.[35]
Ken Watanabe voices Drift, a Samurai-motif Autobot tactician and former Decepticon who transforms into a black and red 2017 Mercedes-AMG GT R.[36]
John DiMaggio voices Crosshairs, a cocky Autobot paratrooper and sniper who transforms into a green and black 2016 Chevrolet Corvette C7 Stingray, equipped with a custom split-spoiler. His ego lends him a misplaced belief in his future command of the Autobots. [37]
Jim Carter voices Cogman, a polite but sociopathic, human-sized robot who serves as the faithful butler to Sir Edmund Burton.[38][39][40][41][42]
Omar Sy voices Hot Rod, an Autobot who transforms into a Citroën DS, before upgrading into a 2017 Lamborghini Centenario LP770-4. He is brother-in-arms with Bumblebee and speaks in a thick French accent.[43][38][44]
Reno Wilson voices Sqweeks, a small Autobot and Izabella's closest friend who can't transform and only says "Chihuahua" due to prior damage.[45]
Tom Kenny voices Wheelie, a former Decepticon turned Autobot who survived the Chicago battle in Dark of the Moon, and transforms into a blue monster truck toy.
Steve Buscemi voices Daytrader, a Cybertronian scavenger who transforms into a cloaked rusty Mercedes-Benz LK Model 1920 dump truck.[46] He is held in disregard by the Autobots for being annoying despite his skill in finding good material.
Steven Barr voices Topspin, an Autobot Wrecker from Dark of the Moon, who resides in Cuba with Simmons.
Frank Welker voices Canopy, an Autobot refugee and a friend of Izabella who camouflages into a shielding pile of rubble.[47]

text: Additionally, Mark Ryan voices "Bulldog", an Autobot veteran of World War I and World War II, and a sentry for Burton's castle, who transforms into an army Mark IV tank and suffers from 'robot dementia'.[48] An elderly Autobot who resembles Jetfire from Revenge of the Fallen that transforms into a Hawker Hurricane fighter plane cameos at Burton's castle. A Transformer who turns into the HMS Alliance appears, though not seen in robot mode. Trench, an Autobot who resembles a Constructicon Scrapper from Revenge of the Fallen made a cameo at Cade's junkyard. A picture of Ironhide is seen in Burton's castle. Roadbuster, another Autobot Wrecker from Dark of the Moon, makes a cameo appearance in Cuba, where he resides with Topspin and Simmons.

text: Dinobots[edit]

text:
Grimlock, the leader of the Dinobots, who transforms into a mechanical horned, fire-breathing Tyrannosaurus.[18]
Slug, the savage Dinobot destroyer who transforms into a mechanical spiked and bestial Triceratops.[49]
Mini-Dinobots, the Mini Dinobots versions of Grimlock, Slug, and Strafe.[50]

text: Decepticons[edit]

text:
Frank Welker voices Megatron, the reborn leader of the Decepticons, who possessed a KSI Drone in Age of Extinction and transforms into a Cybertronian jet.[51][52]
John DiMaggio voices

Nitro Zeus, a Decepticon hunter who transforms into an JAS 39 Gripen Fighter Jet.[53]
Onslaught, a Decepticon tactician who transforms into a green Western Star 4900SF tow truck.[54][53]

Jess Harnell voices Barricade, a Decepticon scout who survived the Chicago War in Dark of the Moon. He transforms into a 2016 Ford Mustang police car, featuring a new robot mode.[55]
Reno Wilson voices Mohawk, a Decepticon foot soldier who transforms into a Confederate P51 Combat Fighter Motorcycle.[56]
Dreadbot, a Decepticon thug who transforms into a rusty Volkswagen Type 2.[57][58]

text: Additionally, Steven Barr voices Berserker, a monstrous Decepticon commando who made a cameo.[53] Starscream's severed head is shown being boasted by Daytrader, and later held by Megatron. In Sir Edmund Burton's castle, a picture of Shockwave is seen.

text: Others[edit]

text:
Gemma Chan as Quintessa, a mysterious sorceress, the "Prime of Life" and the creator of Cybertronians who wants to destroy "Unicron" and rebuild Cybertron.[59]
The Knights of Iacon, a group of twelve Cybertronian Knights who protects the Staff and merge to form the three-headed dragon, Dragonstorm. They include Dragonicus, Stormreign, Steelbane, and Skullitron.[60]
Infernocons, Quintessa's demon-like guardians who combine to form Infernocus.[59]
Unicron, a giant planet-destroying Transformer who is mentioned at various points throughout the film; six of his mechanical horns are seen on Earth.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In March 2015, Deadline.com reported that Paramount Pictures was in talks with Oscar winner Akiva Goldsman (A Beautiful Mind) to pitch new ideas for the Transformers franchise's future installments. The studio intends to do what James Cameron and 20th Century Fox have been doing in planning three Avatar sequels, and what Disney has done to revive Star Wars, with sequels and spin-offs. Paramount wants to have their own cinematic universe for Transformers, similar to Marvel's/Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe (which had been one of Paramount's previous film series), and DC Comics/Warner Bros.' DC Extended Universe. Goldsman is the head of the future projects, and worked with franchise director Michael Bay, executive producer Steven Spielberg, and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura to organize a "writers' room" that incubates ideas for potential Transformers sequels, prequels and spin-offs. The writers' room members include: Christina Hodson, Lindsey Beer, Andrew Barrer, and Gabriel Ferrari (Ant-Man), Robert Kirkman (The Walking Dead), Art Marcum & Matt Holloway, Zak Penn (Pacific Rim: Uprising), Jeff Pinkner (The Amazing Spider-Man 2), Ken Nolan, and Geneva Robertson-Dworet.[61] Kirkman left the room after just one day to undergo throat surgery.[62] In July 2015, Akiva Goldsman and Jeff Pinkner were announced as the fifth Transformers film's screenwriters.[63] However, on November 20, due to Goldsman's commitments creating a writers' room for G.I. Joe and Micronauts properties, Paramount began to negotiate with Art Marcum and Matt Holloway (Iron Man), as well as Ken Nolan (Black Hawk Down), to write the film. Lindsey Beer and Geneva Robertson-Dworet were also brought aboard for writing duties.[64]

text:
"I think I brought the concern to the movie studio and certainly to the writers. Perhaps...Transformers 5 and 6 movies will go back more to its roots. There was an occasion where one line [in Transformers: Age of Extinction] which Optimus Prime had, I did not want to say. It was my gut instinct and certainly my commitment to the character... not to say the line. But I was told to say. You can't fight the big boys. I think you all know what that line was."

 — Peter Cullen on a question from a fan on the future of the franchise from Sac-Anime 2015[65]

tag: div

text: After Transformers: Age of Extinction, Bay had decided not to direct any future Transformers films. But in early January 2016, in an interview with Rolling Stone, he stated that he would return to direct the fifth film, and that it will be his last Transformers film.[66] Paramount Pictures spent $80 million on production in Michigan, in return for $21 million in state incentives, under agreements entered into before the state legislature eliminated the film office incentive program in July 2015.[67] In April 2016, Paramount hired cinematographer Jonathan Sela.[68] On May 17, Bay revealed the official title of the film to be The Last Knight on his Instagram account, where he also posted a production video showing a close-up of Optimus Prime's face with purple eyes instead of blue, and his face mostly discolored.[69] The official Twitter account showed a 19-second short video in morse code that translates to "I'm coming for you May 31".[70] On May 31, it was revealed that Megatron would return in the sequel.[51]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In December 2014, Mark Wahlberg confirmed that he would return in the sequel.[71] In February 2016, there were casting calls for new lead and supporting roles in Los Angeles and London, and Peter Cullen was announced as returning to voice Optimus Prime.[72] Approximately 850 cast and crew were hired, 450 of whom were Michigan residents, equating to 228 full-time positions.[73] Additionally, 700 extras were hired from among Detroit residents, as part of Paramount's incentive deal with the state.[74] On April 13, TheWrap reported that Isabela Moner was in talks to star as Izabella.[20] The site also reported that Bay was eyeing Jean Dujardin, Stephen Merchant, and Jerrod Carmichael for supporting roles.[75][76] On May 17, 2016, it was confirmed that Josh Duhamel would reprise his role in the film, and Jerrod Carmichael was cast.[77][22] In June 2016, Anthony Hopkins, Mitch Pileggi, Santiago Cabrera, and Laura Haddock joined the cast, and Tyrese Gibson stated that he will return as Robert Epps.[78][79][28][17][14] In August 2016, Liam Garrigan was confirmed to play King Arthur, a different version from his role as the same character on the television series Once Upon a Time.[27] On September 4, 2016, Stanley Tucci confirmed his return.[13] On October 14, 2016, Bay announced that John Turturro would reprise his role as Seymour Simmons from the first three films, and that John Goodman would return to voice Hound.[26] A month before the film's release, Bay revealed that the character Cogman would be voiced by Downton Abbey actor Jim Carter, at the request of co-writer Matt Holloway, who is a fan of the series.[40] On June 9, 2017, Reno Wilson confirmed via Twitter that he would have a voice role in the film.[80] On June 16, 2017, Gibson revealed that despite closing a deal for the film, he was unable to appear as Epps due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious.[31]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on May 25, 2016, in Havana, Cuba, with a few scenes shot by a "small team".[81][82][83] Filming continued on June 6, 2016, in Phoenix, Arizona, and on June 19, 2016, in Detroit, Michigan, under the working title E75,[72][73][84] with additional filming taking place in Chicago, Illinois.[85] In Detroit, filming took place in the Michigan Motion Pictures Studio, Packard Plant, Michigan Central Station, Cafe D'Mongo's Speakeasy, and MGM Grand Detroit.[86] Production moved to Europe on August 21, and filming commenced on August 22 in Scotland and Wales. In England, filming took place in North Yorkshire, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, London, Gosport and Stonehenge. Between August and October, filming occurred in Ireland, and Preikestolen, Trolltunga and Atlanterhavsveien in Norway.[87][88][89]

text: In early September 2016, filming took place in Alnwick Castle in Alnwick Northumberland in England, including car chase scenes.[90] Production continued at St Aidan's Church, Seahouses, where Walhberg spent an hour inside the church and reportedly donated £200. Rev Father Des McGiven said: "I didn't even know he was in church until he left. One of my parishioners, Danielle Love, recognised him and explained who he was. It's great that we had him in for the service, and we appreciate his generosity towards our church." Car chases were also filmed at the monument area of Newcastle upon Tyne, where Josh Duhamel was filming, while Wahlberg and Sir Anthony Hopkins continued at Alnwick, Seahouses and the Bamburgh Region of Northumberland.[91] In late September 2016, filming was spotted in Gosport, Hampshire at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum. On October 5, 2016 filming was spotted at St Bartholomew-the-Great, London. London filming wrapped on October 27, 2016.[92] Principal photography wrapped on December 4, 2016.[93]

text: Effects[edit]

text: As with previous Transformers installments, Industrial Light & Magic served as the main visual effects company for Transformers: The Last Knight. In early 2016, the company showed Bay an underwater rendering of a crash-landed alien spaceship and a new dump-truck Transformer with a cloak.[66]

text: Music[edit]

text: On September 27, it was confirmed that Steve Jablonsky would return to write the score, having composed the music for the first four films. The score was released digitally on the film's original release date, Friday June 23, 2017, and a Limited Edition 2-Disc CD set of 3,000 Units will be released by La-La Land Records on July 11, 2017. Unlike the previous films' scores, which contained anywhere from fourteen to twenty-three tracks, the film's soundtrack contains thirty-four tracks, amounting to over two hours of music.

text: On the score, Jablonsky said, "I met with Michael before he started shooting 'Transformers: The Last Knight.' He showed me some amazing concept art and explained how the story connects the history of Transformers all the way back to the times of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. I loved the idea because it gave me the opportunity to explore new musical ideas. The storyline allowed me to write melodies that are a bit more 'classical' than I've written for the other Transformers films, which was a lot of fun for me. Another important aspect of the story revolves around massive skyscraper-sized 'horns from hell' that start emerging from the Earth. They look like gigantic animal horns, but no one knows what they are or why they have appeared. I wanted to create an unsettling sense of mystery and tension with the music."The film also featured the song Torches by X Ambassadors. [94]

text: Release[edit]

text: Transformers: The Last Knight was released on June 21, 2017, after being moved up from its original June 23 release date.[95][96][97] The teaser trailer of the film was released on December 5, 2016, and was later attached to Rogue One.[98]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first teaser trailer aired on Monday, December 5, during ESPN's Monday Night Football, and was released online shortly thereafter. With 24 hours of its release, the trailer garnered a record breaking 93.6 million views from social media platforms, such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Instagram, making it the third highest-viewed trailer of 2016, falling behind Disney's Beauty and the Beast remake (127.6 million views) and Universal's Fifty Shades Darker (114 million views in 24 hours), but surpassing Marvel Studios' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 trailer, which scored 81 million views in its first 24 hours online.[99] Following the trailer's release, the film trended on all major social media sites, including YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit. It was Weibo's No. 1 trending topic in China, where the preview was viewed 16 million times its first day of release.[100] Television spots for the filmed started airing ahead of the Super Bowl spot on February 3, 2017. An extended TV spot for the Super Bowl aired during Super Bowl LI, on February 5, 2017.[101] On March 11, 2017, a new TV spot and clip were shown at Nickelodeon's 2017 Kids' Choice Awards. A new trailer aired with the release of Beauty and the Beast on March 17, 2017, while the third trailer was released on April 13, 2017.[102] The international trailer was released on May 17th, 2017, and a smaller trailer was released shortly after, on June 4th, 2017. After that, various TV spots were released.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Transformers: The Last Knight was released on Digital HD on September 12, 2017, while releasing on DVD and Blu-Ray on September 26, 2017.[103][104]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Transformers: The Last Knight grossed $130.2 million in the United States and Canada and $473.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $604 million, against a production budget of $217 million.[9]

text: In North America, The Last Knight was originally projected to gross $70–75 million from 4,069 theaters over its first five days, which would have been the lowest debut of the franchise.[105] However, after the film grossed a franchise-low $15.7 million on its first day (including $5.5 million from Tuesday night previews), opening estimates were lowered to $60–65 million. On Thursday, it grossed $8.1 million, potentially dropping the five-day debut to under $60 million.[106] It ended up having an opening weekend of $45.3 million, the lowest debut of the franchise by $25 million (and lowest since the first film's $70.5 million). The film's five-day gross of $68.4 million was also lower than every three-day opening of the previous four films.[107] The film grossed $16.9 million in its second weekend, dropping 62.2% and finishing third at the box office,[108] and $6.4 million in its third, dropping an identical 62.2% and finishing 5th.[109]

text: Internationally, The Last Knight opened in its first 42 foreign territories alongside its United States debut, including major markets China, the UK, Russia, Australia, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Hong Kong, and was projected to have an opening of $167–200 million.[5][6] Due to its predecessor's success in China, expectations were high for the film in the country. Box office observers and trackers believed the film would open to $80–100 million,[6] and end its run there with anywhere between $290[110] to $400 million.[111] The film ended up having a global debut of $265.3 million ($196.2 million from overseas), including $123.4 million from China, representing 63% of the film's foreign opening. In the film's second week in China, it fell 76% and had a running cume of $147.6 million.[112] As of August 6, 2017[update], the film's largest markets outside North America are: China ($228.84 million), South Korea ($19.24 million), Russia ($15.89 million), Germany ($15.40 million), Mexico ($15.30 million), U.K. ($12.19 million), Brazil ($13.65 million), Indonesia ($11.71 million), Japan ($14.84 million) and France ($10.98 million). In India, the film was given an adult certificate and hence, it was not successful at the Indian box office as compared to Age of Extinction and other Transformers movies. [113]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 15% based on 189 reviews, with an average rating of 3.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Cacophonous, thinly plotted, and boasting state-of-the-art special effects, The Last Knight is pretty much what you'd expect from the fifth installment of the Transformers franchise."[114] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 28 out of 100 based on 46 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[115] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[116]

text: Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a negative review, criticizing its running time and incoherent plot, writing: "I have no proof Transformers: The Last Knight will kill your brain cells, but I wouldn’t be surprised to learn that it does and I’d proceed with caution just in case. But I can say with absolute certainty that after watching, your head will hurt."[117] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film's sloppiness, saying, "...fear not, fans of the franchise: if you’re here for the director’s trademark chaos editing (where fights go from points A to D to Q), toxic masculinity (and female objectification), comedy scenes rendered tragic (and vice versa), and general full-volume confusion, you’ll get all those things in abundance."[118]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave a rare zero-star review to the film, saying "Every time Michael Bay directs another Transformers abomination (this is the fifth), the movies die a little. This one makes the summer's other blockbuster misfires look like masterpieces."[119]

text: Variety gave the film a lukewarm review stating, "The fifth time may not quite be the charm, but the latest entry in Michael Bay's crunched-metal robot-war mega-series is badder, and therefore better."[120]

text: The New Yorker acknowledged the film's flaws but noted there was almost something impressive about them, saying: "The absolute tastelessness of Bay’s images, their stultifying service to platitudes and to merchandise, doesn’t at all diminish their wildly imaginative power."[121]Times Of India gave the movie 2.5 stars out of 5 stars.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: On September 21, 2016, shooting for a particular scene took place in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire in England, the home of Sir Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister during World War II. The mansion was dressed as a Nazi swastika-draped headquarters for Adolf Hitler for filming. This evoked both anger and criticism for being "symbolically disrespectful to Churchill", according to Colonel Richard Kemp, who said Churchill "will be turning in his grave",[122] while Tony Hayes of the UK Veterans Association stated that surviving World War II ex-servicemen and women would be "appalled".[123] Churchill's grandson and British Parliament member Sir Nicholas Soames dismissed the controversy entirely, stating "They’ve no idea what my grandfather would have thought!"[124] Churchill was buried less than a mile away, at St Martin's Church, Bladon.[125]

text: Sequel and spin-off[edit]

text: A spin-off/prequel, entitled Bumblebee which stars Hailee Steinfeld and John Cena is set for release on December 21, 2018. The movie's working title is 'Brighton Falls' and will wrap up shooting in November 2017, while a direct sequel to The Last Knight, the yet-to-be-titled Transformers 6, which may feature Unicron, is set to be released on June 28, 2019.[95][126][11]


document_title: List of oldest banks in continuous operation

question_text: oldest financial institution in the united states of america

text: Banks established before 1600[edit]

text:
Year
Company
Country (modern)
Notes

1472
Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
 Italy
The result of several mergers, the oldest of which tracing its history to a mount of piety founded in 1472

1590
Berenberg Bank
 Germany
The oldest bank operating continuously with the same legal identity; the oldest merchant bank

text: Banks established in the 17th century[edit]

text:
Year
Company
Country (modern)

1668
Sveriges Riksbank
 Sweden

1672
C. Hoare & Co
 England

1674
Metzler Bank
 Germany

1690
Barclays
 England

1692
Coutts
 England

1694
Bank of England
 England

1695
Bank of Scotland
 Scotland

text: Banks established in the 18th century[edit]

text:
Year
Company
Country (modern)

1702
Caja Madrid
 Spain

1717
Drummonds Bank
 United Kingdom

1727
Royal Bank of Scotland
 United Kingdom

1737
Van Lanschot
 Netherlands

1747
Banque Nagelmackers
 Belgium

1760
Banque Courtois
 France

1765
Lloyds Bank
 United Kingdom

1774
Fürstlich Castell'sche Bank
 Germany

1780
Landolt & Cie
 Switzerland

1782
Bank of Spain
 Spain

1783
Bank of Ireland
 Ireland

1784
BNY Mellon
 United States

1785
Trinkaus & Burkhardt
 Germany

1786
Hottinger & Cie
 France

1787
La Roche & Co.
 Switzerland

1787
Raphaels Bank
 United Kingdom

1789
Sal. Oppenheim
 Germany

1792
State Street Corporation
 United States

1796
Hauck & Aufhäuser
 Germany

1796
Lombard Odier & Cie
 Switzerland

1798
Donner & Reuschel
 Germany

1798
M. M. Warburg & Co.
 Germany

text: Banks established in the 19th century[edit]

text:
Year
Company
Country (modern)

1800
Banque de France
 France

1804
Schroders
 United Kingdom

1805
Pictet & Cie
 Switzerland

1806
State Bank of India
 India

1808
Banco do Brasil
 Brazil

1810
Brown, Shipley & Co.
 United Kingdom

1810
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
 United States

1811
N M Rothschild & Sons
 United Kingdom

1811
Bank of Finland
 Finland

1812
Citibank
 United States

1812
Sparkasse Schwyz
 Switzerland

1814
De Nederlandsche Bank
 Netherlands

1815
Banque Bonhôte
 Switzerland

1817
SNS Bank
 Netherlands

1817
Bank of Montreal
 Canada

1817
Bank of New South Wales
 Australia

1818
Groupe Caisse d'Épargne
 France

1818
Berliner Sparkasse
 Germany

1818
Danmarks Nationalbank
 Denmark

1819
Mirabaud & Cie
 Switzerland

1819
Erste Bank
 Austria

1820
Nordea
 Sweden,  Finland

1820
Swedbank
 Sweden

1820
Institution for Savings
 United States

1822
Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires
 Argentina

1822
DNB (as Christiania Sparebank)
 Norway

1824
Stadtsparkasse München
 Germany

1825
Česká spořitelna
 Czech Republic

1826
AEK Bank 1826
 Switzerland

1827
Hamburger Sparkasse
 Germany

1828
Bankhaus Spängler
 Austria

1828
De Curaçaosche Bank
 Curaçao

1828
Citizens Financial Group
 United States

1828
Centreville Bank
 United States

1828
Javasche Bank
 Indonesia

1829
Clientis Caisse d’Epargne CEC
 Switzerland

1831
Dedham Institution for Savings
 United States

1831
National Grand Bank
 United States

1832
Wilmington Savings Fund Society
 United States

1832
Scotiabank
 Canada

1834
Bank BSU
 Switzerland

1834
Old National Bank
 United States

1835
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
 Australia

1836
The Honesdale National Bank
 United States

1838
Ballston Spa National Bank
 United States

1838
Clydesdale Bank
 United Kingdom

1838
First National Bank
 South Africa

1838
Mauritius Commercial Bank
 Mauritius

1839
Provident Bank of New Jersey
 United States

1840
Montepio
 Portugal

1841
National Bank of Greece
 Greece

1841
Sberbank
 Russia

1844
Bordier & Cie
 Switzerland

1844
Caixa de Barcelona (now CaixaBank)
 Spain

1852
PNC Bank
 United States

1847
Auckland Savings Bank
 New Zealand

1846
Banco de Portugal
 Portugal

1848
Lazard
 United States

1849
Oddo et Cie
 France

1849
Hoerner Bank
 Germany

1849
Australian Mutual Provident Society
 Australia

1850
Spar- und Leihkasse Bucheggberg
 Switzerland

1850
Bank Sparhafen Zürich
 Switzerland

1850
Volksbank
 Austria

1851
Essex Savings Bank
 United States

1851
Bank of the Philippine Islands
 Philippines

1852
Crédit Foncier de France
 France States

1852
Wells Fargo
 United States

1853
Beneficial Bank
 United States

1854
Newburyport Five Cents Savings Bank
 United States

1854
UBS
 Switzerland

1855
Salem Five Cents Bank
 United States

1856
Credit Suisse
 Switzerland

1856
Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État
 Luxembourg

1856
Ottoman Bank
 Turkey

1856
M&T Bank
 United States

1856
Regions Financial Corporation – 1st National Bank of Huntsville, 1856, Union Planters, 1869
 United States

1857
Santander
 Spain

1857
Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria
 Spain

1858
Fifth Third Bank
 United States

1858
Bendigo Bank
 Australia

1858
Standard Chartered
 British India

1859
National Bank of Canada
 Canada

1860
State Bank of the Russian Empire
 Russia

1861
Caixa Econômica Federal
 Brazil

1861
Bank of New Zealand
 New Zealand

1861
Associated Bank
 United States

1862
Bank Spółdzielczy w Brodnicy
 Poland

1862
Standard Bank
 South Africa

1863
Crédit Lyonnais
 France

1863
Ziraat Bankası
 Turkey

1864
First Horizon National Corporation – First National Bank, 1864
 United States

1864
Royal Bank of Canada
 Canada

1864
Société Générale
 France

1864
CEC Bank
 Romania

1865
HSBC (The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited)
 Hong Kong

1865
Allahabad Bank
 India

1867
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
 Canada

1868
Busey Bank
 United States

1868
Vojvođanska banka
 Serbia

1868
Sandy Spring Bank
 United States

1868
Oldenburgische Landesbank
 Germany

1868
The Bank of Edwardsville
 United States

1868
Živnostenská banka
 Czech Republic

1869
Goldman Sachs
 United States

1869
Mellon Bank (as T. Mellon & Sons' Bank)
 United States

1870
Banco de Bogotá
 Colombia

1870
Bank Handlowy
 Poland

1870
Commerzbank
 Germany

1870
Deutsche Bank
 Germany

1870
Dominick & Dominick
 United States

1871
Banco Nacional de Bolivia
 Bolivia

1871
Danske Bank
 Denmark

1871
Handelsbanken
 Sweden

1871
Wayne Bank
 United States

1872
BB&T
 United States

1873
The Daishi Bank (ja)
 Japan

1873
Zions Bank
 United States

1874
Bank of Queensland
 Australia

1875
Toowoomba Permanent Building Society
 Australia

1875
Standard Chartered Bank
 Malaysia

1876
Pharaon & Chiha Bank
 Lebanon

1876
Caixa Geral de Depósitos
 Portugal

1877
POSB Bank
 Singapore

1877
Banco de Costa Rica
 Costa Rica

1877
QNB Bank
 United States

1877
The Juroku Bank (ja)
 Japan

1877
The Eighteenth Bank (ja)
 Japan

1878
Close Brothers Group
 United Kingdom

1878
Bank of the City of Buenos Aires
 Argentina

1878
The Hyakujushi Bank (ja)
 Japan

1878
The 77 Bank
 Japan

1878
The Hyakugo Bank (ja)
 Japan

1879
Bulgarian National Bank
 Bulgaria

1879
Kakegawa Shinkin Bank (ja)
 Japan

1880
National Bank of Romania
 Romania

1881
Oppenheimer
 United States

1881
Banc Sabadell
 Spain

1881
Bank of Clarke County
 United States

1882
Crédit Mutuel
 France

1882
Bank of Japan
 Japan

1883
Bank Mendes Gans
 Netherlands

1883
Whitney National Bank
 United States

1884
National Bank of Serbia
 Serbia

1884
Banque de Tunisie
 Tunisia

1884
Banco Nacional de Mexico
 Mexico

1885
Sage Bank
 United States

1886
Gaudenzio Sella & C., (the current Banca Sella Group)
 Italy

1886
E. Gutzwiller & Cie. Banquiers
 Switzerland

1886
Banco Francés del Río de la Plata
 Argentina

1889
Bryn Mawr Trust
 United States

1889
Northern Trust
 United States

1889
First National Bank of Berryville
 United States

1890
Banco de Venezuela
 Venezuela

1891
Banco de la Nación Argentina
 Argentina

1893
Banca d'Italia
 Italy

1893
Banco de Chile
 Chile

1893
Blue Ridge Bank
 United States

1893
National Australia Bank
 Australia

1894
First Bank of Nigeria
 Nigeria

1895
Punjab National Bank
 India

1895
Agricultural Bank of Western Australia
 Australia

1895
Bank Rakyat Indonesia
 Indonesia

1896
The Awa Bank (ja)
 Japan

1896
Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay
 Uruguay

1896
Kenya Commercial Bank Group
 Kenya

1898
National Bank of Egypt (as Ottoman Empire Bank)
 Egypt

1899
Bank of Cyprus
 Cyprus

1899
Fukui Bank (ja)
 Japan