document_title: List of Full House episodes

question_text: how many seasons of full house is there

question_tokens: how many seasons of full house is there

text: List of Full House episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[1]

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating

1
22
September 22, 1987 (1987-09-22)
May 6, 1988 (1988-05-06)
N/A
N/A

2
22
October 14, 1988 (1988-10-14)
May 5, 1989 (1989-05-05)
N/A
N/A

3
24
September 22, 1989 (1989-09-22)
May 4, 1990 (1990-05-04)
22
15.3

4
26
September 21, 1990 (1990-09-21)
May 3, 1991 (1991-05-03)
14
15.9

5
26
September 17, 1991 (1991-09-17)
May 12, 1992 (1992-05-12)
7
17.0

6
24
September 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)
May 18, 1993 (1993-05-18)
10
15.8

7
24
September 14, 1993 (1993-09-14)
May 17, 1994 (1994-05-17)
16
14.2

8
24
September 27, 1994 (1994-09-27)
May 23, 1995 (1995-05-23)
25
12.4

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (1987–88)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Director
Writer(s)
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Our Very First Show"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
September 22, 1987 (1987-09-22)
21.7[2]

2
2
"Our Very First Night"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
September 25, 1987 (1987-09-25)
9.3[2]

3
3
"The First Day of School"
Richard Correll
Lenny Ripps
October 2, 1987 (1987-10-02)
9.5[3]

4
4
"The Return of Grandma"
Joel Zwick
Russell Marcus
October 9, 1987 (1987-10-09)
11.4[4]

5
5
"Sea Cruise"
Tom Trbovich
Story by: Lenny Ripps
Teleplay by: Russell Marcus & Jeff Franklin
October 16, 1987 (1987-10-16)
10.0[5]

6
6
"Daddy's Home"
Howard Storm
Joan Brooker & Nancy Eddo
October 30, 1987 (1987-10-30)
10.6[6]

7
7
"Knock Yourself Out"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
November 6, 1987 (1987-11-06)
10.9[7]

8
8
"Jesse's Girl"
Jeff Franklin & Don Van Atta
Jeff Franklin
November 13, 1987 (1987-11-13)
10.1[8]

9
9
"The Miracle of Thanksgiving"
Peter Baldwin
Jeff Franklin & Russell Marcus
November 20, 1987 (1987-11-20)
10.3[9]

10
10
"Joey's Place"
Don Barnhart
Story by: Russell Marcus
Teleplay by: Jeff Franklin & Lenny Ripps
December 4, 1987 (1987-12-04)
9.8[10]

11
11
"The Big Three-O"
Howard Storm
Gene Braunstein & Bob Perlow
December 11, 1987 (1987-12-11)
9.5[11]

12
12
"Our Very First Promo"
Richard Correll
Story by: Russell Marcus & Ron Morgrove
Teleplay by: Lenny Ripps & Arthur Silver
December 18, 1987 (1987-12-18)
9.8[12]

13
13
"Sisterly Love"
Lee Shallat
Lenny Ripps
January 8, 1988 (1988-01-08)
12.7[13]

14
14
"Half a Love Story"
Howard Storm
Jeff Franklin & Russell Marcus
January 15, 1988 (1988-01-15)
13.0[14]

15
15
"A Pox in Our House"
Joel Zwick
Lenny Ripps
January 29, 1988 (1988-01-29)
10.9[15]

16
16
"But Seriously, Folks"
Joel Zwick
Russell Marcus
February 5, 1988 (1988-02-05)
12.5[16]

17
17
"Danny's Very First Date"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
February 12, 1988 (1988-02-12)
11.7[17]

18
18
"Just One of the Guys"
Lee Shallat
Lenny Ripps
March 4, 1988 (1988-03-04)
14.2[18]

19
19
"The Seven-Month Itch" (Part 1)
Lee Shallat
Jeff Franklin
March 11, 1988 (1988-03-11)
12.4[19]

20
20
"The Seven-Month Itch" (Part 2)
Russ Petranto
Story by: Rob Edwards & Russell Marcus
Teleplay by: Kim Weiskopf & Lenny Ripps
March 18, 1988 (1988-03-18)
12.0[20]

21
21
"Mad Money"
Jeff Franklin
Rob Edwards
April 29, 1988 (1988-04-29)
11.7[21]

22
22
"D.J. Tanner's Day Off"
Joel Zwick
Kim Weiskopf & Michael S. Baser
May 6, 1988 (1988-05-06)
10.3[22]

text: Season 2 (1988–89)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Director
Writer(s)
Original air date

23
1
"Cutting It Close"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
October 14, 1988 (1988-10-14)

24
2
"Tanner vs. Gibbler"
John Bowab
Lenny Ripps
October 21, 1988 (1988-10-21)

25
3
"It's Not My Job"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
October 28, 1988 (1988-10-28)

26
4
"D.J.'s Very First Horse"
Lee Shalatt
Bob Fraser & Rob Dames
November 4, 1988 (1988-11-04)

27
5
"Jingle Hell"
Peter Baldwin
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
November 11, 1988 (1988-11-11)

28
6
"Beach Boy Bingo"
Steve Zuckerman
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
November 18, 1988 (1988-11-18)

29
7
"Joey Gets Tough"
Jeff Franklin
Lenny Ripps
November 25, 1988 (1988-11-25)

30
8
"Triple Date"
Peter Baldwin
Jeff Franklin
December 9, 1988 (1988-12-09)

31
9
"Our Very First Christmas Show"
John Bowab
Kim Weiskopf
December 16, 1988 (1988-12-16)

32
10
"Middle Age Crazy"
Peter Baldwin
Lawrence E. Hartstein & Richard H. Rossner
January 6, 1989 (1989-01-06)

33
11
"A Little Romance"
John Bowab
Bob Fraser & Rob Dames
January 13, 1989 (1989-01-13)

34
12
"Fogged In"
Joel Zwick
Kim Weiskopf
January 20, 1989 (1989-01-20)

35
13
"Working Mothers"
Peter Baldwin
Jeff Franklin
February 3, 1989 (1989-02-03)

36
14
"Little Shop of Sweaters"
Peter Baldwin
Lenny Ripps
February 10, 1989 (1989-02-10)

37
15
"Pal Joey"
John Bowab
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
February 17, 1989 (1989-02-17)

38
16
"Baby Love"
Peter Baldwin
Jeff Franklin
February 24, 1989 (1989-02-24)

39
17
"El Problema Grande de D.J."
Bill Foster
Bob Fraser & Rob Dames
March 10, 1989 (1989-03-10)

40
18
"Goodbye Mr. Bear"
Jack Shea
Kim Weiskopf and Jeff Franklin
March 24, 1989 (1989-03-24)

41
19
"Blast from the Past"
Tom Rickard
Lenny Ripps
April 7, 1989 (1989-04-07)

42
20
"I'm There for You, Babe"
Jack Shea
Kim Weiskopf
April 14, 1989 (1989-04-14)

43
21
"Luck Be a Lady" (Part 1)
Bill Foster
Story by: Bob Fraser & Rob Dames
Teleplay by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
April 28, 1989 (1989-04-28)

44
22
"Luck Be a Lady" (Part 2)
Bill Foster
Story by: Bob Fraser & Rob Dames
Teleplay by: Lawrence E. Hartstein & Richard H. Rossner
May 5, 1989 (1989-05-05)

text: Season 3 (1989–90)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)[note 1]

45
1
"Tanner's Island"
Bill Foster
Jeff Franklin
September 22, 1989 (1989-09-22)
15.1[23]

46
2
"Back to School Blues"
Bill Foster
Jeff Franklin
September 29, 1989 (1989-09-29)
15.0[24]

47
3
"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do (in 22 Minutes)"
Bill Foster
Jeff Franklin
October 6, 1989 (1989-10-06)
15.4[25]

48
4
"Nerd for a Day"
Bill Foster
Lenny Ripps
October 13, 1989 (1989-10-13)
14.8[26]

49
5
"Granny Tanny"
Bill Foster
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
October 20, 1989 (1989-10-20)
16.0[27]

50
6
"Star Search"
Bill Foster
Kim Weiskopf
November 3, 1989 (1989-11-03)
15.7[28]

51
7
"And They Call It Puppy Love"
Bill Foster
Rob Dames
November 10, 1989 (1989-11-10)
14.8[29]

52
8
"Divorce Court"
Jeff Franklin
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
November 17, 1989 (1989-11-17)
15.0[30]

53
9
"Dr. Dare Rides Again"
Bill Foster
Rob Dames
November 24, 1989 (1989-11-24)
13.5[31]

54
10
"The Greatest Birthday on Earth"
Bill Foster
Jeff Franklin
December 1, 1989 (1989-12-01)
16.0[32]

55
11
"Aftershocks"
Bill Foster
Jeff Franklin and Lenny Ripps
December 8, 1989 (1989-12-08)
16.1[33]

56
12
"Joey & Stacey and...Oh, Yeah, Jesse"
Bill Foster
Doug McIntyre
December 15, 1989 (1989-12-15)
13.4[34]

57
13
"No More Mr. Dumb Guy"
Bill Foster
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
January 5, 1990 (1990-01-05)
16.4[35]

58
14
"Misadventures in Babysitting"
Bill Foster
Shari Scharfer & Julie Strassman
January 12, 1990 (1990-01-12)
16.9[36]

59
15
"Lust in the Dust"
Tom Rickard
Bobby Fine & Gigi Vorgan
January 26, 1990 (1990-01-26)
16.1[37]

60
16
"Bye, Bye Birdie"
Jeff Franklin
Lenny Ripps
February 2, 1990 (1990-02-02)
16.7[38]

61
17
"13 Candles"
Bill Foster
Kim Weiskopf
February 9, 1990 (1990-02-09)
15.7[39]

62
18
"Mr. Egghead"
Bill Foster
Rob Dames
February 16, 1990 (1990-02-16)
15.8[40]

63
19
"Those Better Not Be the Days"
Bill Foster
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
February 23, 1990 (1990-02-23)
15.4[41]

64
20
"Honey, I Broke the House"
Bill Foster
Kim Weiskopf
March 9, 1990 (1990-03-09)
15.9[42]

65
21
"Just Say No Way"
Jeff Franklin
Jeff Franklin
March 30, 1990 (1990-03-30)
16.3[43]

66
22
"Three Men and Another Baby"
Bill Foster
Lenny Ripps
April 13, 1990 (1990-04-13)
14.4[44]

67
23
"Fraternity Reunion"
Bill Foster
David Ketchum & Tony DiMarco
April 27, 1990 (1990-04-27)
13.8[45]

68
24
"Our Very First Telethon"
Bill Foster
Lenny Ripps and Shari Scharfer & Julie Strassman
May 4, 1990 (1990-05-04)
13.9[46]

text: Season 4 (1990–91)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Director
Writer(s)
Original air date

69
1
"Greek Week"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
September 21, 1990 (1990-09-21)

70
2
"Crimes and Michelle's Demeanor"
Joel Zwick
Scott Spencer Gordon
September 28, 1990 (1990-09-28)

71
3
"The I.Q. Man"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
October 5, 1990 (1990-10-05)

72
4
"Slumber Party"
Joel Zwick
Martie Cook
October 12, 1990 (1990-10-12)

73
5
"Good News, Bad News"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
October 19, 1990 (1990-10-19)

74
6
"A Pinch for a Pinch"
Joel Zwick
Charles A. Pratt, Jr.
October 26, 1990 (1990-10-26)

75
7
"Viva Las Joey"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
November 2, 1990 (1990-11-02)

76
8
"Shape Up"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
November 9, 1990 (1990-11-09)

77
9
"One Last Kiss"
Joel Zwick
Leslie Ray & David Steven Simon
November 16, 1990 (1990-11-16)

78
10
"Terror in Tanner Town"
Joel Zwick
Boyd Hale
November 23, 1990 (1990-11-23)

79
11
"Secret Admirer"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
December 7, 1990 (1990-12-07)

80
12
"Danny in Charge"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Stacey Hur
Teleplay by: Boyd Hale & Scott Spencer Gordon
December 14, 1990 (1990-12-14)

81
13
"Happy New Year"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
December 28, 1990 (1990-12-28)

82
14
"Working Girl"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
January 4, 1991 (1991-01-04)

83
15
"Ol' Brown Eyes"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas & Boyd Hale
January 11, 1991 (1991-01-11)

84
16
"Stephanie Gets Framed"
Joel Zwick
Doug McIntyre
January 25, 1991 (1991-01-25)

85
17
"A Fish Called Martin"
Joel Zwick
Leslie Ray & David Steven Simon
February 1, 1991 (1991-02-01)

86
18
"The Wedding" (Part 1)
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
February 8, 1991 (1991-02-08)

87
19
"The Wedding" (Part 2)
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
February 15, 1991 (1991-02-15)

88
20
"Fuller House"
Joel Zwick
Leslie Ray & David Steven Simon
February 22, 1991 (1991-02-22)

89
21
"The Hole-in-the-Wall Gang"
Joel Zwick
Craig Heller & Guy Schulman
March 1, 1991 (1991-03-01)

90
22
"Stephanie Plays the Field"
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink
March 8, 1991 (1991-03-08)

91
23
"Joey Goes Hollywood"
Joel Zwick
Leslie Ray & David Steven Simon
March 29, 1991 (1991-03-29)

92
24
"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
April 1, 1991 (1991-04-01)

93
25
"The Graduates"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
April 26, 1991 (1991-04-26)

94
26
"Rock the Cradle"
Joel Zwick
Boyd Hale
May 3, 1991 (1991-05-03)

text: Season 5 (1991–92)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Director
Writer(s)
Original air date

95
1
"Double Trouble"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
September 17, 1991 (1991-09-17)

96
2
"Matchmaker Michelle"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
September 24, 1991 (1991-09-24)

97
3
"Take My Sister, Please"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
October 1, 1991 (1991-10-01)

98
4
"Oh Where, Oh Where Has My Little Girl Gone?"
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink
October 8, 1991 (1991-10-08)

99
5
"The King and I"
Joel Zwick
David Pollock & Elias Davis
October 15, 1991 (1991-10-15)

100
6
"The Legend of Ranger Joe"
Joel Zwick
Boyd Hale
October 22, 1991 (1991-10-22)

101
7
"The Volunteer"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
October 29, 1991 (1991-10-29)

102
8
"Gotta Dance"
Joel Zwick
Stacey Hur
November 5, 1991 (1991-11-05)

103

104
9

10
"Happy Birthday, Babies"
Jeff Franklin

Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
November 12, 1991 (1991-11-12)

105
11
"Nicky and/or Alexander"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
November 19, 1991 (1991-11-19)

106
12
"Bachelor of the Month"
Joel Zwick
Tom Burkhard
November 26, 1991 (1991-11-26)

107
13
"Easy Rider"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Martie Cook
Teleplay by: Jeff Schimmel
December 3, 1991 (1991-12-03)

108
14
"Sisters in Crime"
Joel Zwick
Boyd Hale
December 17, 1991 (1991-12-17)

109
15
"Play It Again, Jesse"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
January 7, 1992 (1992-01-07)

110
16
"Crushed"
Joel Zwick
Diana "Jennie" Ayers & Susan Sebastian
January 14, 1992 (1992-01-14)

111
17
"Spellbound"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
January 28, 1992 (1992-01-28)

112
18
"Too Much Monkey Business"
Joel Zwick
David Pollock
February 11, 1992 (1992-02-11)

113
19
"The Devil Made Me Do It"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Nicolas Wall & Jane Paris
Teleplay by: Elias Davis
February 18, 1992 (1992-02-18)

114
20
"Driving Miss D.J."
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink
February 25, 1992 (1992-02-25)

115
21
"Yours, Mine, and Ours"
Bill Petty
Stacey Hur
March 3, 1992 (1992-03-03)

116
22
"The Trouble with Danny"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas & David Pollock
March 17, 1992 (1992-03-17)

117
23
"Five's a Crowd"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
March 31, 1992 (1992-03-31)

118
24
"Girls Will Be Boys"
Joel Zwick
Tom Burkhard & Stacey Hur
April 28, 1992 (1992-04-28)

119
25
"Captain Video" (Part 1)
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink & Boyd Hale
May 5, 1992 (1992-05-05)

120
26
"Captain Video" (Part 2)
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
May 12, 1992 (1992-05-12)

text: Season 6 (1992–93)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

121
1
"Come Fly with Me"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
September 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)

122
2
"The Long Goodbye"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
September 29, 1992 (1992-09-29)

123
3
"Road to Tokyo"
Joel Zwick
Ken Hecht
October 6, 1992 (1992-10-06)

124
4
"Radio Days"
Richard Correll
Tom Burkhard
October 13, 1992 (1992-10-13)

125
5
"Lovers and Other Tanners"
Joel Zwick
Jay Abramowitz
October 20, 1992 (1992-10-20)

126
6
"Educating Jesse"
Joel Zwick
Tom Burkhard
October 27, 1992 (1992-10-27)

127
7
"Trouble in Twin Town"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
November 10, 1992 (1992-11-10)

128
8
"The Play's the Thing"
Joel Zwick
Tom Amundsen
November 17, 1992 (1992-11-17)

129
9
"Nice Guys Finish First"
Joel Zwick
Jamie Tatham & Chuck Tatham
November 24, 1992 (1992-11-24)

130
10
"I'm Not D.J."
Richard Correll
Sarit Katz & Gloria Ketterer
December 1, 1992 (1992-12-01)

131
11
"Designing Mothers"
Joel Zwick
Sarit Katz & Gloria Ketterer
December 8, 1992 (1992-12-08)

132
12
"A Very Tanner Christmas"
Joel Zwick
Jay Abramowitz
December 15, 1992 (1992-12-15)

133
13
"The Dating Game"
Joel Zwick
Jerry Winnick
January 5, 1993 (1993-01-05)

134
14
"Birthday Blues"
John Tracy
Mark Fink
January 19, 1993 (1993-01-19)

135
15
"Be True to Your Preschool"
Joel Zwick
Tom Amundsen
January 26, 1993 (1993-01-26)

136
16
"The Heartbreak Kid"
Joel Zwick
Cathy Jung
February 9, 1993 (1993-02-09)

137
17
"Silence Is Not Golden"
Joel Zwick
Ken Hecht
February 16, 1993 (1993-02-16)

138
18
"Please Don't Touch the Dinosaur"
John Tracy
Jamie Tatham & Chuck Tatham
February 23, 1993 (1993-02-23)

139
19
"Subterranean Graduation Blues"
John Tracy
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Tom Burkhard
March 2, 1993 (1993-03-02)

140
20
"Grand Gift Auto"
John Tracy
Ellen Guylas
March 16, 1993 (1993-03-16)

141
21
"Room for One More?"
Tom Rickard
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Stacey Hur
April 6, 1993 (1993-04-06)

142
22
"Prom Night"
Joel Zwick
Adrienne Armstrong & Martie Cook
May 4, 1993 (1993-05-04)

143
23
"The House Meets the Mouse" (Part 1)
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
May 11, 1993 (1993-05-11)

144
24
"The House Meets the Mouse" (Part 2)
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
May 18, 1993 (1993-05-18)

text: Season 7 (1993–94)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Director
Writer(s)
Original air date

145
1
"It Was a Dark and Stormy Night"
John Tracy
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
September 14, 1993 (1993-09-14)

146
2
"The Apartment"
John Tracy
Tom Burkhard
September 21, 1993 (1993-09-21)

147
3
"Wrong-Way Tanner"
John Tracy
Jamie Tatham & Chuck Tatham
September 28, 1993 (1993-09-28)

148
4
"Tough Love"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
October 5, 1993 (1993-10-05)

149
5
"Fast Friends"
John Tracy
Bob Sand
October 12, 1993 (1993-10-12)

150
6
"Smash Club: The Next Generation"
John Tracy
Carolyn Omine
October 19, 1993 (1993-10-19)

151
7
"High Anxiety"
John Tracy
Tom Amundsen
October 26, 1993 (1993-10-26)

152
8
"Another Opening, Another No Show"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Elias Davis
Teleplay by: Tom Burkhard
November 2, 1993 (1993-11-02)

153
9
"The Day of the Rhino"
James O'Keefe
Adam I. Lapidus
November 9, 1993 (1993-11-09)

154
10
"The Prying Game"
John Tracy
Ellen Guylas
November 16, 1993 (1993-11-16)

155
11
"The Bicycle Thief"
John Tracy
Chuck Tatham & Jamie Tatham
November 23, 1993 (1993-11-23)

156
12
"Support Your Local Parents"
James O'Keefe
Bob Sand
November 30, 1993 (1993-11-30)

157
13
"The Perfect Couple"
John Tracy
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
December 14, 1993 (1993-12-14)

158
14
"Is It True About Stephanie?"
Joel Zwick
Carolyn Omine
January 4, 1994 (1994-01-04)

159
15
"The Test"
John Tracy
Dan Chasin & Linda Lane
January 11, 1994 (1994-01-11)

160
16
"Joey's Funny Valentine"
John Tracy
Adam I. Lapidus
January 25, 1994 (1994-01-25)

161
17
"The Last Dance"
John Tracy
Tom Amundsen
February 8, 1994 (1994-02-08)

162
18
"Kissing Cousins"
John Tracy
Tom Burkhard
February 15, 1994 (1994-02-15)

163
19
"Love on the Rocks"
Tom Rickard
Ellen Guylas
March 1, 1994 (1994-03-01)

164
20
"Michelle a la Carte"
John Tracy
Cathy Jung
March 15, 1994 (1994-03-15)

165
21
"Be Your Own Best Friend"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Tom Amundsen & Ellen Guylas
April 5, 1994 (1994-04-05)

166
22
"A Date with Fate"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Bob Sand & Chuck Tatham & Jamie Tatham
May 3, 1994 (1994-05-03)

167
23
"Too Little Richard Too Late"
John Tracy
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Elias Davis
May 10, 1994 (1994-05-10)

168
24
"A House Divided"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Tom Burkhard & Adam I. Lapidus & Carolyn Omine
May 17, 1994 (1994-05-17)

text: Season 8 (1994–95)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Director
Writer(s)
Original air date

169
1
"Comet's Excellent Adventure"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
September 27, 1994 (1994-09-27)

170
2
"Breaking Away"
Joel Zwick
Tom Amundsen
October 4, 1994 (1994-10-04)

171
3
"Making Out Is Hard to Do"
Joel Zwick
Carolyn Omine
October 11, 1994 (1994-10-11)

172
4
"I've Got a Secret"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
October 18, 1994 (1994-10-18)

173
5
"To Joey, With Love"
Joel Zwick
Jamie Tatham & Chuck Tatham
October 25, 1994 (1994-10-25)

174
6
"You Pet It, You Bought It"
Joel Zwick
Greg Fields
November 1, 1994 (1994-11-01)

175
7
"On the Road Again"
Tom Rickard
Ellen Guylas
November 8, 1994 (1994-11-08)

176
8
"Claire and Present Danger"
Joel Zwick
Tom Amundsen
November 22, 1994 (1994-11-22)

177
9
"Stephanie's Wild Ride"
John Tracy
Adam I. Lapidus
November 29, 1994 (1994-11-29)

178
10
"Under the Influence"
John Tracy
Adam I. Lapidus
December 6, 1994 (1994-12-06)

179
11
"Arrest Ye Merry Gentlemen"
John Tracy
Carolyn Omine
December 13, 1994 (1994-12-13)

180
12
"D.J.'s Choice"
John Tracy
Mark Fink
January 3, 1995 (1995-01-03)

181
13
"The Producer"
James O'Keefe
Diana Darby
January 10, 1995 (1995-01-10)

182
14
"Super Bowl Fun Day"
Joel Zwick
Jamie Tatham & Chuck Tatham
January 25, 1995 (1995-01-25)

183
15
"My Left and Right Foot"
Tom Rickard
Ellen Guylas
January 31, 1995 (1995-01-31)

184
16
"Air Jesse"
Joel Zwick
Laurie Parres
February 7, 1995 (1995-02-07)

185
17
"Dateless in San Francisco"
Joel Zwick
Greg Fields
February 14, 1995 (1995-02-14)

186
18
"We Got the Beat"
John Tracy
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
February 21, 1995 (1995-02-21)

187
19
"Taking the Plunge"
John Tracy
Tom Amundsen
February 28, 1995 (1995-02-28)

188
20
"Up on the Roof"
John Tracy
Story by: David Valliere
Teleplay by: Matt Miller & Barrie Nedler
March 14, 1995 (1995-03-14)

189
21
"Leap of Faith"
Joel Zwick
Chuck Tatham & Jamie Tatham
March 21, 1995 (1995-03-21)

190
22
"All Stood Up"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Carolyn Omine & Adam I. Lapidus
April 4, 1995 (1995-04-04)

191

192
23

24
"Michelle Rides Again"
Joel Zwick
Story by : Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by : Adam I. Lapidus

Story by : Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by : Carolyn Omine
May 23, 1995 (1995-05-23)


document_title: Sternocleidomastoid muscle

question_text: what structure is located in the upper third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

root

text: Sternocleidomastoid muscle

text: Structure[edit]

text: The sternocleidomastoid originates from two locations: the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle. It travels obliquely across the side of the neck and inserts at the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull. The sternocleidomastoid is thick and narrow at its centre, and broader and thinner at either end.

tag: p

text: The sternal head is a round fasciculus, tendinous in front, fleshy behind, arising from the upper part of the front of the manubrium sterni. It travels superiorly, laterally, and posteriorly.

text: The clavicular head is composed of fleshy and aponeurotic fibers, arises from the upper, frontal surface of the medial third of the clavicle; it is directed almost vertically upward.

text: The two heads are separated from one another at their origins by a triangular interval (supraclavicular fossa)  but gradually blend, below the middle of the neck, into a thick, rounded muscle which is inserted, by a strong tendon, into the lateral surface of the mastoid process, from its apex to its superior border, and by a thin aponeurosis into the lateral half of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: The sternocleidomastoid is innervated by the accessory nerve of the same side. It supplies only motor fibres. The cervical plexus supplies sensation, including proprioception, via the ventral primary rami of C2 and C3.

text: Variation[edit]

text: The clavicular origin of the sternocleidomastoid varies greatly: in some cases the clavicular head may be as narrow as the sternal; in others it may be as much as 7.5 millimetres (0.30 in) in breadth.

text: When the clavicular origin is broad, it is occasionally subdivided into several slips, separated by narrow intervals. More rarely, the adjoining margins of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius are in contact. This would leave no posterior triangle.

text: The supraclavicularis muscle arises from the manubrium behind the sternocleidomastoid and passes behind the sternocleidomastoid to the upper surface of the clavicle.

text: Function[edit]

text: The function of this muscle is to rotate the head to the opposite side or obliquely rotate the head.  It also flexes the neck. When both sides of the muscle act together, it flexes the neck and extends the head. When one side acts alone, it causes the head to rotate to the opposite side and flexes laterally to the same side (ipsilaterally).

text: It also acts as an accessory muscle of respiration, along with the scalene muscles of the neck.

text: Contraction[edit]

text: The signaling process to contract or relax the sternocleidomastoid begins in Cranial Nerve XI, the accessory nerve. The accessory nerve nucleus is in the anterior horn of the spinal cord around C1-C3, where lower motor neuron fibers mark its origin. The fibers from the accessory nerve nucleus travel upward to enter the cranium via the foramen magnum. The internal carotid artery to reach both the sternocleidomastoid muscles and the trapezius. After a signal reaches the accessory nerve nucleus in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, the signal is conveyed to motor endplates on the muscle fibers located at the clavicle. Acetylcholine (ACH) is released from vesicles and is sent over the synaptic cleft to receptors on the postsynaptic bulb. The ACH causes the resting potential to increase above -55mV, thus initiating an action potential which travels along the muscle fiber. Along the muscle fibers are t-tubule openings which facilitate the spread of the action potential into the muscle fibers. The t-tubule meets with the sarcoplasmic reticulum at locations throughout the muscle fiber, at these locations the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions that results in the movement of troponin and tropomyosin on thin filaments. The movement of troponin and tropomyosin is key in facilitating the myosin head to move along the thin filament, resulting in a contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.[3]

text: Anatomical landmark[edit]

text: The sternocleidomastoid is within the investing fascia of the neck, along with the trapezius muscle, with which it shares its nerve supply (the accessory nerve). It is thick and thus serves as a primary landmark of the neck, as it divides the neck into anterior and posterior cervical triangles (in front and behind the muscle, respectively) which helps define the location of structures, such as the lymph nodes for the head and neck.[4]

text: Many important structures relate to the sternocleidomastoid, including the common carotid artery, accessory nerve, and brachial plexus.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Examination of the sternocleidomastoid muscle forms part of the examination of the cranial nerves. It can be felt on each side of the neck when a person moves their head to the opposite side.[4]

text: The triangle formed by the clavicle and the sternal and clavicular heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is used as a landmark in identifiyng the correct location for central venous catheterization.

text: History[edit]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: It is given the name sternocleidomastoid because it originates at the manubrium of the sternum (sterno-) and the clavicle (cleido-), and has an insertion at the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull.


document_title: NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by school

question_text: who has been in the most final fours

question_tokens: who has been in the most final fours

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: This is a list of NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Final Four appearances by school. Several teams have vacated Final Four appearances and are marked with an * with explanations listed below. The listed Final Four totals for those teams do not include the vacated appearances. Schools in italics no longer compete in NCAA Division I.

text: Total Final Four appearances[edit]

text:
App.
School

20
North Carolina

17
Kentucky, UCLA*

16
Duke

15
Kansas

10
Ohio State*

9
Michigan State

8
Indiana, Louisville**

6
Arkansas, Cincinnati, Michigan**, Oklahoma State, Syracuse

5
Connecticut, Florida, Georgetown, Houston, Illinois, Oklahoma, Villanova*

4
Arizona, Kansas State, LSU, UNLV, Utah, Wisconsin

3
California, Iowa, Marquette, N.C. State, San Francisco, Texas

2
Baylor, Bradley, Butler, CCNY, Colorado, Dartmouth, DePaul, Georgia Tech, Holy Cross, La Salle, Loyola (IL), Maryland, NYU, Oregon, Oregon State, Providence, Purdue, St. John's, Stanford, Temple, USC, Virginia, West Virginia, Wichita State

1
Charlotte, Dayton, Drake, Duquesne, Florida State, George Mason, Georgia, Gonzaga, Indiana State, Iowa State, Jacksonville, Memphis**, Mississippi State, New Mexico State, Notre Dame, Penn, Penn State, Pittsburgh, Princeton, Rutgers, Santa Clara, Seattle, Seton Hall, SMU, South Carolina, St. Bonaventure, UTEP, Virginia Commonwealth, Wake Forest, Washington, Washington State, Western Kentucky, Wyoming

text: Minnesota, Saint Joseph's, Massachusetts and Western Kentucky had their only appearances in the Final Four vacated.[1]

text:
* - Indicates one vacated appearance not included in total.
** - Indicates two vacated appearances not included in total.

text: Most NCAA Tournament appearances without reaching a Final Four[edit]

text:
App.
School

29
BYU

28
Xavier

26
Missouri

22
Western Kentucky*

21
Creighton, Tennessee

20
Alabama, Saint Joseph's*, Utah State

18
Boston College

17
Miami (OH)

16
Murray State, Tulsa, Weber State

15
New Mexico, Texas Tech, UAB, Vanderbilt

14
Arizona State, Davidson, Texas A&M

13
Ohio, Pepperdine

12
Iona, San Diego State

11
Chattanooga, Clemson, George Washington, Idaho State, Montana, Navy, Old Dominion, Oklahoma City

10
Colorado State, East Tennessee State, Miami (FL), North Carolina A&T, Rhode Island, Southern Illinois, Virginia Tech, Winthrop

text: * - Indicates one vacated Final Four appearance.


document_title: Alex Browning

question_text: what happened to alex browning in final destination

text: Alex Browning

text: Character arc[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Alex Browning was born on September 25, 1982 in the fictional town of Mt. Abraham, New York to Ken and Barbara Browning.[4] He has been friends with siblings Tod and George Waggner since childhood and had been his classmates through high school since then.[4] He is studying at Mt. Abraham High and is the rival of Carter Horton. He frequently fights with Carter whenever they're together and often can't control his actions. He is one of the students qualified to travel to Paris, France for the school's annual field trip.[2]

text: Final Destination[edit]

text: In the first film of the series, Alex and the senior class of Mt. Abraham High School board Volée Airlines Flight 180, which is bound for departure from JFK International for Paris, France. While on board, Alex has an ominous vision of the plane exploding in mid-air. After warning everyone about it, he and some of his schoolmates are removed from the plane. While waiting at the airport, Alex witnesses the plane explode as he predicted. FBI Agent Schreck and Agent Weine interview the survivors afterwards and believe that Alex was responsible for blowing up Flight 180. While attending the memorial for the victims, Alex notices both agents carefully observing him and develops a relationship with Clear Rivers. Tod and Terry Chaney die afterwards and the Waggner household's anger towards Alex grows further. With the help of Clear, Alex encounters William Bludworth, a mortician who knows more about Death than anyone else. Later that night, Alex realizes that Death is claiming back their lives which should have been lost on the plane, and is attacking them according to the order of their deaths on the plane. Alex and Clear attempt to save the remaining survivors, but fail in their attempts, with the exception of Carter. Knowing he is next to die, Alex suddenly realizes that he had exchanged seats in his original premonition, thus Clear will die before him. Finding Clear at her car trapped by live wires, Alex sacrifices himself by touching the wires to let her escape. It is revealed later on that Alex survived the electrocution. Now in Paris, the films ends with Carter saving Alex from a falling neon sign, but the sign swings back and kills Carter instead.[5]

text: However, in Final Destination 2, Clear exposes to Kimberly Corman that Alex died by being bludgeoned on the head by a dislodged brick from a nearby building.[3] This was, however, not the original idea for this death; another version of the script had Alex, still killed off-screen, be killed by a ceiling fan.[6] This death, however, was not his original planned death either for a third version of the script (the very original script) had Alex be killed by a flesh eating virus.[7] He was briefly mentioned in Final Destination 3 and appeared in Final Destination 5.

text: Alternate ending[edit]

text: In the alternate ending of the film, Alex and Clear had made love on the beach before meeting Carter and Billy Hitchcock at their school, resulting in Clear's pregnancy. Later on, Alex dies of the electrocution while attempting to save Clear from the car and livewires. Nine months later, Clear gives birth to Alexander "Alex" Chance Browning and reunites with Carter, safe in the knowledge that they have finally defeated Death.[8][9]

text: Casting[edit]

text:
"There's not a lot of good stuff, you know, for my age. You get a lot of scripts and all but their teen ensembles and they're just "crap". And then I got Flight 180..... I mean, it's just awesome."

— Devon Sawa on how he was amazed by the script of Final Destination.[10][11]

tag: div

text: The role of Alex Browning was the challenging part for the writers, since they wanted Alex to show a variety of differing emotions throughout the film. The role of Alex, the last one cast, went to Canadian actor Devon Sawa, who previously starred in the 1999 film Idle Hands. Sawa commented that when "[he] read the script on a plane, it just freaked him out" and "[he] went down and met Glen and Jim and [he] thought they were amazing and already had some great ideas".[11][12] However, writers Glen Morgan and James Wong were still not sure about casting him, so asked him to perform again and reviewed his previous work. Morgan was amazed by his performance in Idle Hands and Sawa was hired. Sawa described his role as "in the beginning, [Alex] was kinda loopy and cotter, and you know, probably not the most popular guy in school. I think he might have been a dork, you know, doing their stuff and they had their own thing going and they're after the two beautiful girls in school, but there's no chance of that happening. I guess after the plane goes down, his world completely changes."[10][11] Perry was amazed by Sawa's vulnerability in acting, describing him as "a very distinctive actor". "He's very loose and he's kind of a cut-up when he's not on camera; but the moment the camera's on, I'd never seen anybody to completely slide right through the moment." Perry added.[10] The character's surname was based by writer Jeffrey Reddick to American director Tod Browning, who directed both horror classics Dracula and Freaks. Besides Alex, Wong also chose the name of Alex's best friend, Tod Waggner, as a reference to the director's first name.[13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: His performance earned Sawa a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor,[14] and a nomination from Blockbuster Entertainment Awards for Favorite Actor in Horror (Internet Only).[15] Moreover, Sawa's performance of Alex received generally positive reviews among critics. Stephen Holden of The New York Times commented that "The disaster and Alex's premonitions set up a heavy-handed fable about death and teenage illusions of invulnerability.",[16] while Jami Bernard of the New York Daily News noted that "Sawa is solid as an Everyteen saddled with a rare and unwelcome gift".[17] David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews remarked "Sawa's personable turn as the hero is matched by a uniformly effective supporting cast rife with familiar faces (i.e. Seann William Scott, Brendan Fehr, Tony Todd, etc)...";[18] while Joe Leydon of Variety pointed out that "Sawa is credible as the second-sighted Alex --- unlike many other actors cast a teen protagonists, he actually looks like he might still be attending high school --- but the supporting players are an uneven bunch."[13] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle praised Sawa and Ali Larter's pairing, observing that "Larter and Sawa, who becomes more scruffy and wild-eyed as the film progresses, make an appealing pair."[19] Dustin Putman of TheMovieBoy.com praised Sawa's performance, saying:

text: Devon Sawa, a rising star who put his physical comedy skills to good use in 1999's underseen slasher-comedy, "Idle Hands," is even more of a charismatic presence here. The conflicting emotions he feels for his survival, which he comes to believe he wasn't meant to do, as well as the loss of the other passengers, is superbly and subtly acted on his part. One scene, in which he is watching a news report on the crash and slowly begins to break down is especially realistic and powerful.[20]


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka

question_text: who is the first chief minister of unified karnataka

text: List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka

text:
Chief Minister of Karnataka
(Karnataka Mukhya Mantri)

Emblem of Govt. of Karnataka

Incumbent
Siddaramaiah
since 13 May 2013

Residence
"Anugraha", Kumarakrupa Road, Bangalore

Appointer
Governor of Karnataka

Inaugural holder
K. Chengalaraya Reddy

Formation
25 October 1947

text: The Chief Minister of Karnataka is the chief executive of the south Indian state of Karnataka. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]

text: Since 1947, twenty-two people have been Chief Minister of Mysore (as the state was known before 1 November 1973) and Karnataka. A majority of them belonged to the Indian National Congress party, including inaugural office-holder K. Chengalaraya Reddy. The longest-serving chief minister, D. Devaraj Urs, held the office for over seven years in the 1970s. As a Janata Party member, Ramakrishna Hegde served the most number of discontinuous terms (three), while the Congress's Veerendra Patil had the largest gap between two terms (over eighteen years). One chief minister, H. D. Deve Gowda, went on to become the eleventh Prime Minister of India, while another, B. D. Jatti, served as the country's fifth Vice President. There have been six instances of President's rule in Karnataka, most recently in 2007–08.

text: The incumbent chief minister is the Congress party's Siddaramaiah, who was sworn in on 13 May 2013.

text: Chief Ministers of Mysore and Karnataka[edit]

text:
Colour key for parties

  Bharatiya Janata Party
  Indian National Congress
  Janata Dal
  Janata Dal (Secular)
  Janata Party
  N/A (President's rule)

text:
No[a]
Name
Term[2]
(tenure length)
Assembly[3]
(election)
Party[b]

Chief Minister of Mysore[c]

1
K. Chengalaraya Reddy
25 October 1947 – 30 March 1952
(7003161800000000000♠4 years, 157 days)
Not established yet
Indian National Congress

2
K. Hanumanthaiah
30 March 1952 – 19 August 1956
(7003160300000000000♠4 years, 142 days)
First Assembly (1952–57)
(1951/52 election)
continued...

3
Kadidal Manjappa
19 August 1956 – 31 October 1956
(7001730000000000000♠73 days)

Chief Minister of Mysore (following the state's reorganisation)[d]

4
S. Nijalingappa
MLA for Molakalmuru
1 November 1956 – 16 May 1958
(7002562000000000000♠1 year, 197 days)
...continued
First Assembly (1952–57)
(1951/52 election)
Indian National Congress

Second Assembly (1957–62)
(1957 election)

5
B. D. Jatti
MLA for Jamkhandi
16 May 1958 – 9 March 1962
(7003139300000000000♠3 years, 297 days)

6
S. R. Kanthi
MLA for Hungund
14 March 1962 – 20 June 1962
(7001980000000000000♠98 days)
Third Assembly (1962–67)
(1962 election)

(4)
S. Nijalingappa
MLA for Shiggaon
21 June 1962 – 28 May 1968
(7003216800000000000♠5 years, 342 days)

Fourth Assembly (1967–71)
(1967 election)

7
Veerendra Patil
29 May 1968 – 18 March 1971
(7003102300000000000♠2 years, 293 days)

–
Vacant[e]
(President's rule)
19 March 1971 – 20 March 1972
(7002367000000000000♠1 year, 1 day)
Dissolved
N/A

Chief Minister of Karnataka[f]

8
D. Devaraj Urs
MLA for Hunsur
20 March 1972 – 31 December 1977
(7003211200000000000♠5 years, 286 days)
Fifth Assembly (1972–77)
(1972 election)
Indian National Congress

–
Vacant[e]
(President's rule)
31 December 1977 – 28 February 1978
(7001590000000000000♠59 days)
Dissolved
N/A

(8)
D. Devaraj Urs
MLA for Hunsur
28 February 1978 – 7 January 1980
(7002678000000000000♠1 year, 313 days)
Sixth Assembly (1978–83)
(1978 election)
Indian National Congress

9
R. Gundu Rao
MLA for Somwarpet
12 January 1980 – 6 January 1983
(7003109000000000000♠2 years, 359 days)

10
Ramakrishna Hegde
MLA for Basavanagudi
10 January 1983 – 29 December 1984[g]
(7002719000000000000♠1 year, 354 days)
Seventh Assembly (1983–85)
(1983 election)
Janata Party

8 March 1985 – 13 February 1986[h]
(7002342000000000000♠342 days)
Eighth Assembly (1985–89)
(1985 election)

16 February 1986 – 10 August 1988
(7002906000000000000♠2 years, 176 days)

11
S. R. Bommai
MLA for Hubli Rural
13 August 1988 – 21 April 1989
(7002281000000000000♠281 days)

–
Vacant[e]
(President's rule)
21 April 1989 – 30 November 1989
(7002193000000000000♠193 days)
Dissolved
N/A

(7)
Veerendra Patil
MLA for Chincholi
30 November 1989 – 10 October 1990
(7002314000000000000♠314 days)
Ninth Assembly (1989–94)
(1989 election)
Indian National Congress

–
Vacant[e]
(President's rule)
10 October 1990 – 17 October 1990
(7000700000000000000♠7 days)
N/A

12
S. Bangarappa
MLA for Sorab
17 October 1990 – 19 November 1992
(7002764000000000000♠2 years, 33 days)
Indian National Congress

13
M. Veerappa Moily
MLA for Karkal
19 November 1992 – 11 December 1994
(7002752000000000000♠2 years, 22 days)

14
H. D. Deve Gowda
MLA for Ramanagaram
11 December 1994 – 31 May 1996
(7002537000000000000♠1 year, 172 days)
Tenth Assembly (1994–99)
(1994 election)
Janata Dal

15
J. H. Patel
MLA for Channagiri
31 May 1996 – 7 October 1999
(7003122400000000000♠3 years, 129 days)

16
S. M. Krishna
MLA for Maddur
11 October 1999 – 28 May 2004
(7003169100000000000♠4 years, 230 days)
Eleventh Assembly (1999–2004)
(1999 election)
Indian National Congress

17
Dharam Singh
MLA for Jewargi
28 May 2004 – 28 January 2006
(7002610000000000000♠1 year, 245 days)
Twelfth Assembly (2004–07)
(2004 election)

18
H. D. Kumaraswamy
MLA for Ramanagaram
3 February 2006 – 8 October 2007
(7002618000000000000♠1 year, 253 days)
Janata Dal (Secular)

–
Vacant[e]
(President's rule)
9 October 2007 – 11 November 2007
(7001330000000000000♠33 days)
N/A

19
B. S. Yeddyurappa
MLA for Shikaripura
12 November 2007 – 19 November 2007
(7000700000000000000♠7 days)
Bharatiya Janata Party

–
Vacant[e]
(President's rule)
20 November 2007 – 27 May 2008
(7002189000000000000♠189 days)
Dissolved
N/A

(19)
B. S. Yeddyurappa
MLA for Shikaripura
30 May 2008 – 31 July 2011
(7003115700000000000♠3 years, 62 days)
Thirteenth Assembly (2008–13)
(2008 election)
Bharatiya Janata Party

20
D. V. Sadananda Gowda
4 August 2011 – 12 July 2012
(7002343000000000000♠343 days)

21
Jagadish Shettar
MLA for Hubli-Dharwad-Central
12 July 2012 – 12 May 2013
(7002304000000000000♠304 days)

22
Siddaramaiah
MLA for Varuna
13 May 2013 – present
(7003161300000000000♠4 years, 152 days)
Fourteenth Assembly (2013–18)
(2013 election)
Indian National Congress


document_title: The Butler

question_text: who plays ronald reagan in lee daniels the butler

text: The Butler

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 2009, an elderly Cecil Gaines recounts his life story while waiting at the White House to meet the newly inaugurated president.

text: In 1926, at the age of seven, Gaines is raised on a cotton plantation in Macon, Georgia. When the farm's owner rapes Cecil's mother, Cecil's father confronts him and is killed. Cecil is taken in by the estate's caretaker, who trains Cecil as a house servant.

text: In 1937, at age eighteen, Cecil leaves the plantation. Desperately hungry, he breaks into a hotel pastry shop. The elderly master servant, Maynard, takes pity on Cecil and gives him a job. Cecil learns advanced serving and interpersonal skills from Maynard, who later recommends Cecil for a position in a Washington, D.C. hotel. While working there, Cecil meets and marries Gloria, and the couple has two sons: Louis and Charlie. In 1957, Cecil is hired by the White House during Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration. White House maître d'hôtel Freddie Fallows introduces Cecil to head butler Carter Wilson and co-worker James Holloway. Cecil witnesses Eisenhower's reluctance to use troops to enforce school desegregation, then his resolve to uphold the law by racially integrating Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas.

text: Louis, the elder son, becomes a university student at Fisk University in Tennessee, although Cecil feels that the South is too volatile. Louis joins a student program led by Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) activist James Lawson, which leads to a nonviolent sit-in at a segregated diner, where he is arrested. Gloria, who feels that Cecil puts his job ahead of her, descends into alcoholism.

text: In 1961, after John F. Kennedy's inauguration, Louis and others are attacked by members of the Ku Klux Klan while on a freedom ride to Birmingham, Alabama. Louis participates in the 1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade, where dogs and water cannons are used to stop the marchers, one of the movement's actions which inspires Kennedy to deliver a national address proposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Kennedy is later assassinated. His successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, enacts the legislation. As a goodwill gesture, Jackie Kennedy gives Cecil one of the former president's neckties.

text: Louis participates in the 1965 Selma Voting Rights Movement, which inspires Johnson to demand that Congress enact the landmark Voting Rights Act of 1965. Johnson also gives Cecil a tie bar.

text: In the late 1960s, after civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Louis tells his family that he has joined the Black Panthers. Cecil orders Louis and his girlfriend to leave his house. Louis is arrested again. Cecil becomes aware of President Richard Nixon's plans to suppress the Black Panthers.

text: Charlie confides to Louis that he plans to join the war in Vietnam. After enlisting, Charlie is killed and buried at Arlington National Cemetery. When the Black Panthers resort to violence, Louis leaves the organization and returns to college, earning his master's degree in political science and eventually running for a seat in Congress, although Cecil continues to hold resentment against him.

text: Cecil repeatedly confronts his supervisor at the White House over the unequal pay and career advancement provided to the black White House staff. With President Ronald Reagan's support, Cecil prevails, his reputation growing to the point that he and his wife are invited by the Reagans to be guests at a state dinner. Cecil becomes uncomfortable with the class divisions in the White House. After witnessing Reagan's refusal to support economic sanctions against Apartheid South Africa, Cecil resigns.

text: Gloria agitates for Cecil to mend his relationship with Louis. Realizing his son's actions are heroic, Cecil joins Louis at a protest against South African apartheid; they are arrested and jailed together.

text: In 2008, Gloria dies shortly before Barack Obama is elected as the nation's first African-American president. Two months, two weeks and one day later, Cecil prepares to meet the newly inaugurated President, wearing the articles he received from Kennedy and Johnson. Stephen W. Rochon approaches Cecil and tells him the president is ready, preparing to show him the way to the Oval Office. Cecil tells him that he knows the way.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Forest Whitaker as Cecil Gaines,[6] the film's main character, who dedicates his life to becoming a professional domestic worker. Michael Rainey, Jr. and Aml Ameen portray Cecil at ages 8 and 15, respectively.

tag: ul

text:
Oprah Winfrey as Gloria Gaines,[6] Cecil's wife.
David Oyelowo as Louis Gaines,[6] the Gaines' elder son.
Elijah Kelley as Charlie Gaines,[14] the Gaines' younger son. Isaac White portrays him at age 10.
Alex Pettyfer as Thomas Westfall,[6] the brutal plantation owner who kills Earl after raping Cecil's mother.
David Banner as Earl Gaines,[14] Cecil's father.
Mariah Carey as Hattie Pearl,[15] Cecil's mother.
Terrence Howard as Howard,[6] the Gaines' neighbor who romantically pursues Gloria.
Adriane Lenox as Gina.[14][16] Howard's wife.
Yaya DaCosta as Carol Hammie, Louis' girlfriend.[17]
Vanessa Redgrave as Annabeth Westfall,[6] matron of the plantation.
Clarence Williams III as Maynard,[14][16] an elderly man who mentors a young Cecil and introduces him to his profession.

text:
Cuba Gooding Jr. as Carter Wilson,[6][14] the fast-talking head butler at the White House.
Lenny Kravitz as James Holloway,[6][14] a co-worker butler of Cecil's at the White House.
Colman Domingo as Freddie Fallows,[14][17] the White House maitre d' who hires Cecil.

text:
Robin Williams as Dwight D. Eisenhower,[6][18] the 34th President of the United States.
James DuMont as Sherman Adams, Eisenhower's White House Chief of Staff.[16][19]
Robert Aberdeen as Herbert Brownell Jr., Eisenhower's Attorney General.[16]
James Marsden as John F. Kennedy,[6][18] the 35th President of the United States.
Minka Kelly as First Lady Jackie Kennedy[18]
Liev Schreiber as Lyndon B. Johnson,[6][18] the 36th President of the United States.
John Cusack as Richard Nixon,[6][18] the 37th President of the United States.
Alex Manette as H. R. Haldeman,[6] Nixon's White House Chief of Staff.
Colin Walker as John Ehrlichman, Nixon's White House Counsel.[16][20]
Alan Rickman as Ronald Reagan,[6][18] the 40th President of the United States.
Jane Fonda as First Lady Nancy Reagan[16]
Stephen Rider as Stephen W. Rochon, Barack Obama's White House Chief Usher.[16]

text:
Nelsan Ellis as Martin Luther King, Jr..[6][18]
Jesse Williams as civil rights activist James Lawson[17]
Danny Strong, the film's screenwriter, appears as a Freedom Bus journalist.

text: Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Barack Obama and civil rights leader Jesse Jackson are depicted in archival footage.[21][22]

text: Melissa Leo and Orlando Eric Street were cast as First Lady Mamie Eisenhower and Barack Obama, respectively, but did not appear in the finished film.[6][23][24][25]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Danny Strong's screenplay is inspired by Wil Haygood's Washington Post article "A Butler Well Served by This Election".[26][27] The project received initial backing in early 2011, when producers Laura Ziskin and Pam Williams approached Sheila Johnson for help in financing the film. After reading Danny Strong's screenplay, Johnson pitched in her own $2.7 million before getting in several African-American investors. However, Ziskin died from cancer in June 2011. This left director Daniels and producing partner Hilary Shor to look for further producers on their own. They started with Cassian Elwes, with whom they were working on The Paperboy. Elwes joined the list of producers, and started raising funding for the film. In spring 2012, Icon U.K., a British financing and production company, added a $6 million guarantee against foreign pre-sales. Finally the film raised its needed $30 million budget through 41 producers and executive producers, including Earl W. Stafford, Harry I. Martin Jr., Brett Johnson, Michael Finley, and Buddy Patrick. Thereafter, as film production started Weinstein Co. picked up U.S. distribution rights for the film. David Glasser, Weinstein Co. COO, called fund raising as an independent film, "a story that's a movie within itself."[3][28]

text: The Weinstein Company acquired the distribution rights for the film after Columbia Pictures put the film in turnaround.[29][30]

text: The film's title was up for a possible rename due to a Motion Picture Association of America claim from Warner Bros., which had inherited from the defunct Lubin Company a now-lost 1916 silent short film with the same name.[9][31] The case was subsequently resolved with the MPAA granting The Weinstein Company permission to add Daniels' name in front of the title, under the condition that his name was "75% the size of The Butler".[32] On July 23, 2013, the distributor unveiled a revised poster, displaying the title as Lee Daniels' The Butler.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography started in June 2012 in New Orleans. Production was originally scheduled to wrap in early August 2012 but was delayed by the impact of Hurricane Isaac.[34]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: In its opening weekend, the film debuted in first place with $24.6 million.[35][36] The film topped the North American box office in its first three consecutive weeks.[37][38] The film has grossed $116.6 million in Canada and the United States, it earned $51.1 million elsewhere, for a total of $167.7 million.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Butler received mostly positive reviews from critics, with a 71% rating on the film critic aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 175 reviews. The site's consensus says, "Gut-wrenching and emotionally affecting, Lee Daniels' The Butler overcomes an uneven narrative thanks to strong performances from an all-star cast."[39] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 66 based on 47 reviews, indicating "generally positive reviews".[40]

text: Todd McCarthy praised the film saying, "Even with all contrivances and obvious point-making and familiar historical signposting, Daniels' The Butler is always engaging, often entertaining and certainly never dull."[41] Richard Roeper lauded the film's casting in particular, remarking that "Forest Whitaker gives the performance of his career".[42] Rolling Stone also spoke highly of Whitaker writing that his "reflective, powerfully understated performance...fills this flawed film with potency and purpose."[21] Variety wrote that "Daniels develops a strong sense of the inner complexities and contradictions of the civil-rights landscape."[43] USA Today gave the film three out of four stars and noted that "It's inspiring and filled with fine performances, but the insistently swelling musical score and melodramatic moments seem calculated and undercut a powerful story."[44] Miles Davis of the New York Tribune gave the film a negative review, claiming the film to be "Oscar bait", a cliche film designed to attract Oscar nominations.[45]

text: Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times was more negative; "An ambitious and overdue attempt to create a Hollywood-style epic around the experience of black Americans in general and the civil rights movement in particular, it undercuts itself by hitting its points squarely on the nose with a 9-pound hammer."[46] Several critics compared the film's historical anecdotes and sentimentality to Forrest Gump.[47][48][49][50]

text: President Barack Obama said, "I teared up thinking about not just the butlers who worked here in the White House, but an entire generation of people who were talented and skilled. But because of Jim Crow and because of discrimination, there was only so far they could go."[51]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards[52]
Best Supporting Actress
Oprah Winfrey
Won

BAFTA Awards
Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Oprah Winfrey
Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair
Debra Denson, Beverly Jo Pryor, Candace Neal
Nominated

Hollywood Film Awards
Best Director
Lee Daniels
Won

Spotlight
David Oyelowo
Won

Critics Choice Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Oprah Winfrey
Nominated

Best Cast
Mariah Carey, John Cusack, Jane Fonda, Cuba Gooding Jr., Terrence Howard, Lenny Kravitz, James Marsden, David Oyelowo, Alex Pettyfer, Vanessa Redgrave, Alan Rickman, Liev Schreiber, Forest Whitaker, Robin Williams, and Oprah Winfrey
Nominated

Best Makeup

Nominated

NAACP Image Award[53]
Outstanding Motion Picture

Nominated

Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Forest Whitaker
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
David Oyelowo
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Cuba Gooding Jr.
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Terrence Howard
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Oprah Winfrey
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture
Danny Strong
Nominated

Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture
Lee Daniels
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Dramatic Movie

Nominated

Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress
Oprah Winfrey
Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society
Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Oprah Winfrey
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Mariah Carey, John Cusack, Jane Fonda, Cuba Gooding Jr., Terrence Howard, Lenny Kravitz, James Marsden, David Oyelowo, Alex Pettyfer, Vanessa Redgrave, Alan Rickman, Liev Schreiber, Forest Whitaker, Robin Williams, and Oprah Winfrey
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
Forest Whitaker
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
Oprah Winfrey
Nominated

Satellite Awards
Best Actor in a Motion Picture
Forest Whitaker
Nominated

Best Actress in Supporting Role
Oprah Winfrey
Nominated

Best Art Direction & Production Design
Diane Lederman, Tim Galvin
Nominated

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Regarding historical accuracy, Eliana Dockterman wrote in Time: "Allen was born on a Virginia plantation in 1919, not in Georgia.... In the movie, Cecil Gaines grows up on a cotton field in Macon, where his family comes into conflict with the white farmers for whom they work. What befalls his parents on the cotton field was added for dramatic effect.... Though tension between father and son over civil rights issues fuels most of the drama in the film, [Eugene Allen's son] Charles Allen was not the radical political activist that Gaines's son is in the movie."[54]

text: Particular criticism has been directed at the film's accuracy in portraying President Ronald Reagan. While Alan Rickman's performance generated positive reviews, the director and screenwriters of the film have been criticized for depicting Reagan as indifferent to civil rights and his reluctance to associate with the White House's black employees during his presidency. According to Michael Reagan, the former president's son, "The real story of the White House butler doesn't imply racism at all. It's simply Hollywood liberals wanting to believe something about my father that was never there."[55][56][57] Paul Kengor, one of President Reagan's biographers, also attacked the film, saying, "I've talked to many White House staff, cooks, housekeepers, doctors, and Secret Service over the years. They are universal in their love of Ronald Reagan." In regard to the president's initial opposition to sanctions against apartheid in South Africa, Kengor said, “Ronald Reagan was appalled by apartheid, but also wanted to ensure that if the apartheid regime collapsed in South Africa that it wasn't replaced by a Marxist-totalitarian regime allied with Moscow and Cuba that would take the South African people down the same road as Ethiopia, Mozambique, and, yes, Cuba. In the immediate years before Reagan became president, 11 countries from the Third World, from Asia to Africa to Latin America, went Communist. It was devastating. If the film refuses to deal with this issue with the necessary balance, it shouldn't deal with it at all."[58]

text: Political commentator Ben Shapiro wrote: "There is no question that the film itself is full of historical inaccuracies. The Butler has virtually nothing in common with its source material, the life of White House butler Gene Allen, except for the fact that the main character of the film and Allen were both black butlers in the White House. The film's title character, Cecil Gaines, sees his father murdered and his mother raped by a white landowner; that never happened to Allen. The movie's title character has two children, one who goes to the Vietnam War, the other who becomes a Civil Rights pioneer; Allen actually had only one son."[59]


document_title: The Bahamas

question_text: what is the primary language in the bahamas

question_tokens: what is the primary language in the bahamas

text: The Bahamas

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The name Bahamas is mostly likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma ("big upper middle land"), which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans,[13] or possibly from the Spanish baja mar ("shallow water or sea" or "low tide") reflecting the shallow waters of the area. Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning.[14]

text: A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is, therefore, capitalised. So in contrast to "the Congo" and "the United Kingdom", it is proper to write "The Bahamas".

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century, having migrated there from South America. They came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus' arrival in 1492.

text: Columbus's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayan as Guanahani). Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas. An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbus's log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them.

text: The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour. The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone.[16] The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished.[17]

text: In 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom. They later settled New Providence, naming it Sayle's Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks.

text: In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors, and administering the country.[18] In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital, Charles Town (later renamed Nassau). In 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession.

text: 18th–19th centuries[edit]

text: During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates, including the infamous Blackbeard (circa 1680–1718). To put an end to the 'Pirates' republic' and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers. After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy.[19] In 1720, Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack.

text: During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for American naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins. US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight.

text: In 1782, following the British defeat at Yorktown, a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau. The city surrendered without a fight. Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Britain the following year, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Before the news was received, however, the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux.

text: After American independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas, and granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital. European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory.

text: In 1807, the British abolished the slave trade, followed by the United States the next year. During the following decades, the Royal Navy intercepted the trade; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships.

text: In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island, where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops, with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park.[20][21] Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking.[22]

text: The United States' National Park Service, which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center (ABAC) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to American slaves' search for freedom. The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles' escape from southern Florida. It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas.[23]

text: In 1818,[24] the Home Office in London had ruled that "any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted." This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835.[25] The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade, were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium. Britain finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two nations.[26][27]

text: Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. After that British colonial officials freed 78 American slaves from the Enterprise, which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa, which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840.[28] The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the American brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans. The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the "most successful slave revolt in U.S. history".[29]

text: These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and Great Britain. They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. But, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that Britain should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor was appointed Governor of the Bahamas. He arrived in the colony with his wife, the Duchess. Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they "tried to make the best of a bad situation".[30] He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[31]

text: He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the "Out Islands" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren's yacht, which caused controversy;[32] the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised (mistakenly) by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany.[32][33]

text: The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a "full-scale riot".[34] Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[35]

text: The Duke resigned the post on 16 March 1945.[36][37]

text: Post-Second World War[edit]

text: Modern political development began after the Second World War. The first political parties were formed in the 1950s. The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self-governing in 1964, with Sir Roland Symonette, of the United Bahamian Party, as the first Premier.

text: A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964.[38] In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party, became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister. In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence.[39] A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968.[40]

text: The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973.[41] Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling, officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973.[42] It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day.[43] Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor-General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II) shortly after independence. The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973,[44] and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973.[45]

text: Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance, the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s. Significant challenges in areas such as education, health care, housing, international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues.

text: The University of The Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas. The University of the Bahamas was chartered on November 10, 2016.

text: Geography[edit]

text: The country lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N, and longitudes 72° and 80°W.

text: In 1864, the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks in the colony.[46]

text: The closest island to the United States is Bimini, which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas. The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama. The southeasternmost island is Inagua. The largest island is Andros Island. Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Long Island, San Salvador Island, Ragged Island, Acklins, Crooked Island, Exuma, Berry Islands and Mayaguana. Nassau, capital city of the Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence.

text: All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island. It has an elevation of 63 metres (207 ft).

text: To the southeast, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank, Silver Bank and Navidad Bank, are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas.

text: Castaway Cay[edit]

text: Disney has its own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay. It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay. In 1997, The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99-year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government, set to expire in 2096.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification. The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream, and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate. As such, there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas, although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland. There is only an 8 °C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days[47] of sunlight annually.

text: Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Nassau

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Average high °C (°F)
25.4
(77.7)
25.5
(77.9)
26.6
(79.9)
27.9
(82.2)
29.7
(85.5)
31.0
(87.8)
32.0
(89.6)
32.1
(89.8)
31.6
(88.9)
29.9
(85.8)
27.8
(82)
26.2
(79.2)
28.8
(83.9)

Daily mean °C (°F)
21.4
(70.5)
21.4
(70.5)
22.3
(72.1)
23.8
(74.8)
25.6
(78.1)
27.2
(81)
28.0
(82.4)
28.1
(82.6)
27.7
(81.9)
26.2
(79.2)
24.2
(75.6)
22.3
(72.1)
24.85
(76.73)

Average low °C (°F)
17.3
(63.1)
17.3
(63.1)
17.9
(64.2)
19.6
(67.3)
21.4
(70.5)
23.3
(73.9)
24.0
(75.2)
24.0
(75.2)
23.7
(74.7)
22.5
(72.5)
20.6
(69.1)
18.3
(64.9)
20.8
(69.5)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
39.4
(1.551)
49.5
(1.949)
54.4
(2.142)
69.3
(2.728)
105.9
(4.169)
218.2
(8.591)
160.8
(6.331)
235.7
(9.28)
164.1
(6.461)
161.8
(6.37)
80.5
(3.169)
49.8
(1.961)
1,389.4
(54.701)

Average precipitation days
8
6
7
8
10
15
17
19
17
15
10
8
140

Mean monthly sunshine hours
220.1
220.4
257.3
276.0
269.7
231.0
272.8
266.6
213.0
223.2
222.0
213.9
2,886

Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[48] Hong Kong Observatory (sun only)[49]

text:
Average Sea Temperature

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
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text: Geology[edit]

text: The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago, which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank, the Silver Bank, and the Navidad Bank.[50]

text: The Bahamas Platform, which includes the Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau, formed about 150 Ma, not long after the formation of the North Atlantic. The 6.4 km thick limestones, which predominately make up The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous. These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust. Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream. This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank, plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks. Sedimentation from the "carbonate factory" of each bank, or atoll, continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr. Coral reefs form the "retaining walls" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form.[51]

text: Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary, until the start of the Ice Ages, and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m. In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one, 30 m below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays.[51]:22,29–30

text: Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding. Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite. Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m, though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps.[51]:41–59,61–64

text: Solution weathering of the limestone results in a "Bahamian Karst" topography. This includes potholes, Blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole, sinkholes, beachrock such as the Bimini Road ("pavements of Atlantis"), limestone crust, caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves. Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition.[51]:33–40,65,72–84,86

text: The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation, overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil, as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded. The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread.[50]

text: Government and politics[edit]

text: The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system. The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm, retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General).

text: Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament, which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house), with members elected from single-member districts, and a 16-member Senate, with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term.[52]

text: The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling, and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis M.P..

text: Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement and association. The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law.

text: Political culture[edit]

text: The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement. A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament. These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement, the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance.

text: Foreign relations[edit]

text: The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom, represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London. The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).

text: Armed forces[edit]

text: Its military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (the RBDF), the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the Queen, to defend the Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council. The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)'s Regional Security Task Force.

text: The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Their duties include defending the Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling, illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women.

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text: The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70% of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the "Local Government Act" to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators, Local Government Districts, Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts.[53]

text: Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency.

text: The Bahamas uses drive-on-the-Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth.

text: The districts other than New Providence are:

text:
Acklins
Berry Islands
Bimini
Black Point, Exuma
Cat Island
Central Abaco
Central Andros
Central Eleuthera
City of Freeport, Grand Bahama
Crooked Island
East Grand Bahama
Exuma
Grand Cay, Abaco
Harbour Island, Eleuthera
Hope Town, Abaco
Inagua

Long Island
Mangrove Cay, Andros
Mayaguana
Moore's Island, Abaco
North Abaco
North Andros
North Eleuthera
Ragged Island
Rum Cay
San Salvador
South Abaco
South Andros
South Eleuthera
Spanish Wells, Eleuthera
West Grand Bahama

text: National flag[edit]

text: The colors embodied in the design of the Bahamian flag symbolism the strength of the Bahamian people; the design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and the economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of two colors on three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine.

text: Coat of arms[edit]

text: The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo, which are the national animals of the Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands.

text: On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the varied marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto:[54]

text: "Forward, Upward, Onward Together."

text: National flower[edit]

text: The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands, and it blooms throughout the year.

text: Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the Y.W.C.A. Garden Club.

text: They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea, hibiscus and poinciana—had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands.[55]

text: Economy[edit]

text: By the terms of GDP per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas.[56] It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies.[57]

text: Tourism[edit]

text: The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60% of the Bahamian GDP, but provides jobs for more than half the country's workforce.[58] The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors.

text: Financial services[edit]

text: After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP.

text: The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business, and further banking and finance reforms are in progress. The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions, including the Central Bank of the Bahamas (CBB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission.[citation needed] The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments. The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies. Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system (mostly populated by Canadian banks), the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited.[citation needed]

text: The economy has a very competitive tax regime. The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT, licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer.[59] In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%.[1]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP. An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions, okra, tomatoes, oranges, grapefruit, cucumbers, sugar cane, lemons, limes, and sweet potatoes.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population.[60] The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010).[1]

text: The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located;[61] and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport.[62]

text: Racial and ethnic groups[edit]

text: According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a mixed race (Black and White).[63] Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was White and 26% Black.[63]

text: Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa. The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives.

text: The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014.[64]

text: The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively.[65] Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands, half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985.[66] The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as "light-skinned" Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent.[67]

text: A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. They make up less than 1% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture.[citation needed]

text: Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white.[67]

text: Languages[edit]

text: The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as "dialect") or "Bahamianese." [68] Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage.[69][70] Both are used as autoglossonyms.[71] Haitian Creole, a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole[1] to differentiate languages.[72] Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still "British-based".

text: Religion[edit]

text: Religion in the Bahamas (2010)[73]

text: According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, the islands' population is predominantly Christian. Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%.[74] There are also smaller communities of Jews, Muslims, Baha'is, Hindus, Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah.

text: Culture[edit]

text: In the less developed outer islands (or Family Islands), handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called "straw", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items. Another use is for so-called "Voodoo dolls", even though such dolls are the result of the American imagination and not based on historic fact.[75]

text: A form of folk magic (obeah) is practiced by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of the Bahamas.[76] The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law.[77]

text: Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day. Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day.

text: Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats, as well as an onshore festival.

text: Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine, which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the "Pineapple Fest" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the "Crab Fest" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling.

text: Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders.[78][79]

text: Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs, traditions, folklore and legend. The most well-known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas, the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas, and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas.

text: Sport[edit]

text: Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is cricket. Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846.[80] It is the oldest sport being played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936 as an organised body. From the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board, so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team. The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian Physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track & field, basketball, baseball, softball,[81] volleyball[82] and football[83] where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica, Guyana, Haiti and Barbados. Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval.

text: The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing, which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States, such as basketball,[84] American football[85] and baseball[86] rather than Great Britain due to the country's close proximity to the United States. Unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, cricket, rugby, and netball have proven to be more popular.

text: Dexter Cambridge, Rick Fox, Ian Lockhart and Buddy Hield are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks,[87][88] Over the years American football has become much more popular than association football, though not implemented in the high school system yet. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation.[89] However association football, commonly known as 'soccer' in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association. Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market. In 2013 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas to face the Jamaica national football team. Joe Lewis, the owner of the Tottenham Hotspur club, is based in the Bahamas.[90]

text: Other popular sports are swimming,[91] tennis[92] and boxing[93] where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf,[94] rugby league,[95] rugby union[96] beach soccer[97] and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics commonly known as track and field in the country is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands.

text: Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games, IAAF World Championships in Athletics, Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games. Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medalist for the country. He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics.[98] Pauline Davis-Thompson, Debbie Ferguson, Chandra Sturrup, Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke-Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics. They are affectionately known as the "Golden Girls".[99] Tonique Williams-Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medalist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics.[100] In 2007, with the disqualification of Marion Jones, Pauline Davis-Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics, predating William-Darling.

text: The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup.[101]

text: Education[edit]

text: According to 1995 estimates 98.2% of the adult population is literate.[citation needed]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Scenes from the final Jaws movie (Jaws: The Revenge) were filmed on a New Providence Island beach now known as "Jaws Beach".
The fourth official James Bond film, Thunderball (1965), was partly filmed in Nassau, where much of the story is set. Eon Productions were to return for filming underwater sequences in the famously clear waters, even when a Bond film's story was set elsewhere; for example, for The Spy Who Loved Me (1977).
The unofficial remake of Thunderball, Never Say Never Again (1983), was similarly partly filmed in the islands, though this version of the story was not as extensively set there.
The twenty-first official James Bond film, Casino Royale (2006), was in part set and filmed in the islands.
The Beatles' film Help! was filmed in part on New Providence Island and Paradise Island also in 1965.
Nassau is featured in the 2013 video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag as a pirate haven, housing the main protagonists. Historical pirates are encountered there such as Benjamin Hornigold, Edward Teach/Blackbeard, Charles Vane, "Calico" Jack Rackham, Anne Bonney and Mary Read.