document_title: Hemostasis

question_text: steps for stopping a break in the vascular system

text: Hemostasis

text: Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

text: The word hemostasis (/ˌhiːmoʊˈsteɪsɪs/,[1][2] sometimes /ˌhiːˈmɒstəsɪs/) uses the combining forms hemo- and -stasis, New Latin from Ancient Greek αἱμο- haimo- (akin to αἷμα haîma), "blood", and στάσις stásis, "stasis", yielding "motionlessness or stopping of blood".

text: Steps of mechanism[edit]

text: Hemostasis occurs when blood is present outside of the body or blood vessels. It is the instinctive response for the body to stop bleeding and loss of blood. During hemostasis three steps occur in a rapid sequence. Vascular spasm is the first response as the blood vessels constrict to allow less blood to be lost. In the second step, platelet plug formation, platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall. The third and last step is called coagulation or blood clotting. Coagulation reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a "molecular glue".[3] Platelets are a large factor in the hemostatic process. They allow for the creation of the "platelet plug" that forms almost directly after a blood vessel has been ruptured. Within seconds of a blood vessel's epithelial wall being disrupted platelets begin to adhere to the sub-endothelium surface. It takes approximately sixty seconds until the first fibrin strands begin to intersperse among the wound. After several minutes the platelet plug is completely formed by fibrin.[4] Hemostasis is maintained in the body via three mechanisms:

text:
Vascular spasm (Vasoconstriction) - Vasoconstriction is produced by vascular smooth muscle cells, and is the blood vessel's first response to injury. The smooth muscle cells are controlled by vascular endothelium, which releases intravascular signals to control the contracting properties. When a blood vessel is damaged, there is an immediate reflex, initiated by local sympathetic pain receptors, which helps promote vasoconstriction. The damaged vessels will constrict (vasoconstrict) which reduces the amount of blood flow through the area and limits the amount of blood loss. Collagen is exposed at the site of injury, the collagen promotes platelets to adhere to the injury site. Platelets release cytoplasmic granules which contain serotonin, ADP and thromboxane A2, all of which increase the effect of vasoconstriction. The spasm response becomes more effective as the amount of damage is increased. Vascular spasm is much more effective in smaller blood vessels.[5][6]
Platelet plug formation- Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form a platelet plug (primary hemostasis) and then degranulate. This process is regulated through thromboregulation. Plug formation is activated by a glycoprotein called Von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is found in plasma. Platelets play one of major roles in the hemostatic process. When platelets come across the injured endothelium cells, they change shape, release granules and ultimately become ‘sticky’. Platelets express certain receptors, some of which are used for the adhesion of platelets to collagen. When platelets are activated, they express glycoprotein receptors that interact with other platelets, producing aggregation and adhesion. Platelets release cytoplasmic granules such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), serotonin and thromboxane A2. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) attracts more platelets to the affected area, serotonin is a vasoconstrictor and thromboxane A2 assists in platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and degranulation. As more chemicals are released more platelets stick and release their chemicals; creating a platelet plug and continuing the process in a positive feedback loop. Platelets alone are responsible for stopping the bleeding of unnoticed wear and tear of our skin on a daily basis. This is referred to as primary hemostasis.[5][7]
Clot formation - Once the platelet plug has been formed by the platelets, the clotting factors (a dozen proteins that travel along the blood plasma in an inactive state) are activated in a sequence of events known as 'coagulation cascade' which leads to the formation of Fibrin from inactive fibrinogen plasma protein. Thus, a Fibrin mesh is produced all around the platelet plug to hold it in place; this step is called "Secondary Hemostasis". During this process some red and white blood cells are trapped in the mesh which causes the primary hemostasis plug to become harder: the resultant plug is called as 'thrombus' or 'Clot'. Therefore 'blood clot' contains secondary hemostasis plug with blood cells trapped in it. Though this is often a good step for wound healing, it has the ability to cause severe health problems if the thrombus becomes detached from the vessel wall and travels through the circulatory system; If it reaches the brain, heart or lungs it could lead to stroke, heart attack, or pulmonary embolism respectively. However, without this process the healing of a wound would not be possible.[3]

text: Types[edit]

text: Hemostasis can be achieved in various other ways if the body cannot do it naturally (or needs help) during surgery or medical treatment. When the body is under shock and stress, hemostasis is harder to achieve. Though natural hemostasis is most desired, having other means of achieving this is vital for survival in many emergency settings. Without the ability to stimulate hemostasis the risk of hemorrhaging is great. During surgical procedures the types of hemostasis listed below can be used to control bleeding while avoiding and reducing the risk of tissue destruction. Hemostasis can be achieved by chemical agent as well as mechanical or physical agents. Which hemostasis type used is determined based on the situation.[8]

text: Developmental Haemostasis refers to the differences in the haemostatic system between children and adults.

text: In emergency medicine[edit]

text: Debates by physicians and medical practitioners still continue to arise on the subject of hemostasis and how to handle situations with large injuries. If an individual acquires a large injury resulting in extreme blood loss, then a hemostatic agent alone would not be very effective. Medical professionals continue to debate on what the best ways are to assist a patient in a chronic state; however, it is universally accepted that hemostatic agents are the primary tool for smaller bleeding injuries.[8]

text: Some main types of hemostasis used in emergency medicine include:

text:
Chemical/topical- This is a topical agent often used in surgery settings to stop bleeding. Microfibrillar collagen is the most popular choice among surgeons because it attracts the patient's natural platelets and starts the blood clotting process when it comes in contact with the platelets. This topical agent requires the normal hemostatic pathway to be properly functional.[9]
Direct pressure or pressure dressing- This type of hemostasis approach is most commonly used in situations where proper medical attention is not available. Putting pressure and/or dressing to a bleeding wound slows the process of blood loss, allowing for more time to get to an emergency medical setting. Soldiers use this skill during combat when someone has been injured because this process allows for blood loss to be decreased, giving the system time to start coagulation.[10]
Sutures and ties- Sutures are often used to close an open wound, allowing for the injured area to stay free of pathogens and other unwanted debris to enter the site; however, it is also essential to the process of hemostasis. Sutures and ties allow for skin to be joined back together allowing for platelets to start the process of hemostasis at a quicker pace. Using sutures results in a quicker recovery period because the surface area of the wound has been decreased.[11]
Physical agents (gelatin sponge)- Gelatin sponges have been indicated as great hemostatic devices. Once applied to a bleeding area, a gelatin sponge quickly stops or reduces the amount of bleeding present. These physical agents are mostly used in surgical settings as well as after surgery treatments. These sponges absorb blood, allow for coagulation to occur faster, and give off chemical responses that decrease the time it takes for the hemostasis pathway to start.[12]

text: Disorders[edit]

text: The body's hemostasis system requires careful regulation in order to work properly. If the blood does not clot sufficiently, it may be due to bleeding disorders such as hemophilia or immune thrombocytopenia; this requires careful investigation. Over-active clotting can also cause problems; thrombosis, where blood clots form abnormally, can potentially cause embolisms, where blood clots break off and subsequently become lodged in a vein or artery.

text: Hemostasis disorders can develop for many different reasons. They may be congenital, due to a deficiency or defect in an individual's platelets or clotting factors. A number of disorders can be acquired as well, such as in HELLP syndrome, which is due to pregnancy, or Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which is due to E. coli toxins.

text: History of artificial hemostasis[edit]

text: The process of preventing blood loss from a vessel or organ of the body is referred to as hemostasis. The term comes from the Ancient Greek roots "heme" meaning blood, and "stasis" meaning halting; Put together means the "halting of the blood".[3] The origin of hemostasis dates back as far as ancient Greece; first referenced to being used in the Battle of Troy. It started with the realization that excessive bleeding inevitably equaled death. Vegetable and mineral styptics were used on large wounds by the Greeks and Romans until the takeover of Egypt around 332BC by Greece. At this time many more advances in the general medical field were developed based off the study of Egyptian mummification practice, which led to greater knowledge of the hemostatic process. It was during this time that many of the veins and arteries running throughout the human body were found and the directions in which they traveled. Doctors of this time realized if these were plugged, blood could not continue to flow out of the body. Nevertheless, it took until the invention of the printing press during the fifteenth century for medical notes and ideas to travel westward, allowing for the idea and practice of hemostasis to be expanded.[13]

text: Research[edit]

text: There is currently a great deal of research being conducted on hemostasis. The most current research is based on genetic factors of hemostasis and how it can be altered to reduce the cause of genetic disorders that alter the natural process hemostasis.[14]

text: Von Willebrand disease is associated with a defect in the ability of the body to create the platelet plug and the fibrin mesh that ultimately stops the bleeding. New research is concluding that the von Willebrand disease is much more common in adolescence. This disease negatively hinders the natural process of Hemostasis causing excessive bleeding to be a concern in patients with this disease. There are complex treatments that can be done including a combination of therapies, estrogen-progesterone preparations, desmopressin, and Von Willebrand factor concentrates. Current research is trying to find better ways to deal with this disease; however, much more research is needed in order to find out the effectiveness of the current treatments and if there are more operative ways to treat this disease.[15]


document_title: Chylomicron

question_text: where are large lipids packaged in chylomicrons for absorption

root

text: Chylomicron

text: Function[edit]

text: Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues. When a large portion of the triacylglycerol core have been hydrolyzed, chylomicron remnants are formed and are taken up by the liver, hereby transferring dietary fat also to the liver.

tag: p

text: Origin[edit]

text: Chylomicrons are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum in the absorptive cells (enterocytes) of the small intestine. The villi, lined with the microvilli of the brush border, provide a lot of surface area for absorption. Newly formed chylomicrons are secreted through the basolateral membrane into the lacteals, where they join lymph to become chyle. The lymphatic vessels carry the chyle to the venous return of the systemic circulation. From there the chylomicrons supply the tissue with fat absorbed from the diet.[2] Thus, unlike the saccharides and amino acids that digestion liberates from the carbohydrates and proteins of the diet (respectively), the lipids from the diet bypass the hepatic portal system, meaning the liver does not get "first crack" at them.

text: Stages[edit]

text: There are three stages in the chylomicron's "lifecycle":

text:
Nascent chylomicron
Mature chylomicron
Chylomicron remnant

tag: ul

text: Nascent chylomicrons[edit]

text: Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids and monoglycerides. These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they are re-esterified to form triacylglycerol. The triacylglycerol is then combined with phospholipids, cholesterol ester, and apolipoprotein B-48 to form a nascent chylomicron. These are then released by exocytosis from enterocytes into lacteals, lymphatic vessels originating in the villi of the small intestine, and are then secreted into the bloodstream at the thoracic duct's connection with the left subclavian vein.

text: Nascent chylomicrons are composed primarily of triglycerides (85%) and contain some cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. The main apolipoprotein component is apolipoprotein B-48 (apo B-48).

text: Mature chylomicron[edit]

text: While circulating in blood, chylomicrons exchange components with high-density lipoproteins (HDL). The HDL donates apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) to the nascent chylomicron and, thus, converts it to a mature chylomicron (often referred to simply as "chylomicron"). APOC2 is the coenzyme for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity.

text: Chylomicron remnant[edit]

text: Once triglyceride stores are distributed, the chylomicron returns APOC2 to the HDL (but keeps APOE), and, thus, becomes a chylomicron remnant, now only 30–50 nm. APOB48 and APOE are important to identify the chylomicron remnant in the liver for endocytosis and breakdown.


document_title: Steve Fossett

question_text: when was the first around the world flight completed in a hot air balloon

question_tokens: when was the first around the world flight completed in a hot air balloon

text: Steve Fossett

text: Early years[edit]

text: Fossett was born in Jackson, Tennessee and grew up in Garden Grove, California, where he graduated from Garden Grove High School.[1]

text: Fossett's interest in adventure began early. As a Boy Scout, he grew up climbing the mountains of California, beginning with the San Jacinto Mountains.[4] "When I was 12 years old I climbed my first mountain, and I just kept going, taking on more diverse and grander projects."[5] Fossett said that he did not have a natural gift for athletics or team sports, so he focused on activities that required persistence and endurance.[6] His father, an Eagle Scout, encouraged Fossett to pursue these types of adventures and encouraged him to become involved with the Boy Scouts early.[4] He became an active member of Troop 170 in Orange, California. At age 13,[4] Fossett earned the Boy Scouts' highest rank of Eagle Scout.[7] He was a Vigil Honor member of the Order of the Arrow, the Boy Scouts' honor society, where he served as lodge chief.[7] He also worked as a Ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico during the summer of 1961.[8] Fossett said in 2006 that Scouting was the most important activity of his youth.[4]

text: In college at Stanford University, Fossett was already known as an adventurer; his Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity brothers convinced him to swim to Alcatraz and raise a banner that read "Beat Cal" on the wall of the prison, closed two years previously. He made the swim, but was thwarted by a security guard when he arrived.[6] While at Stanford, Fossett was a student body officer and served as the president of a few clubs.[4] In 1966, Fossett graduated from Stanford with a degree in economics.[9] Fossett spent the following summer in Europe climbing mountains and swimming the Dardanelles.[6]

text: Business career[edit]

text: In 1968, Fossett received an MBA from the Olin School of Business at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was later a longtime member of the Board of Trustees.[10] Fossett's first job out of business school was with IBM; he then served as a consultant for Deloitte and Touche, and later accepted a job with Marshall Field's. Fossett later said, "For the first five years of my business career, I was distracted by being in computer systems, and then I became interested in financial markets. That's where I thrived."[4]

text: Fossett then became a successful commodities salesman in Chicago, first for Merrill Lynch in 1973, where he proved a highly successful producer of commission revenue for himself and that firm. He began working in 1976 for Drexel Burnham, which assigned him one of its memberships on the Chicago Board of Trade and permitted him to market the services of the firm from a phone on the floor of that exchange. In 1980, Fossett began the process that eventually produced his enduring prosperity: renting exchange memberships to would-be floor traders, first on the Chicago Board Options Exchange.[6][11]

text: After fifteen years of working for other companies,[4] Fossett founded his own firms, Marathon Securities and Lakota Trading, from which he made millions renting exchange memberships.[1][9][12] He founded Lakota Trading for that purpose in 1980.[13] In the early 1980s,[4] he founded Marathon Securities and extended that successful formula to memberships on the New York stock exchanges. He earned millions renting floor trading privileges (exchange memberships) to hopeful new floor traders, who would also pay clearing fees to Fossett's clearing firms in proportion to the trading activity of those renting the memberships. In 1997, the trading volume of its rented memberships was larger than any other clearing firm on the Chicago exchange.[6] Lakota Trading replicated that same business plan on many exchanges in the United States and also in London.[4] Fossett would later use those revenues to finance his adventures.[1][9][12] Fossett said, "As a floor trader, I was very aggressive and worked hard. Those same traits help me in adventure sports."[6]

text: Fossett said he did not participate in any of the "interesting things" he had done in college during his time in exchange-related activities: "There was a period of time where I wasn't doing anything except working for a living. I became very frustrated with that and finally made up my mind to start getting back into things."[4] He began to take six weeks a year off to spend time on sports and moved to Beaver Creek, Colorado in 1990. Fossett later sold most of his business interests,[1][14] although he maintained an office in Chicago until 2006.[4]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In 1968 Fossett married Peggy Fossett (née Viehland), who was originally from Richmond Heights, Missouri.[10] They had no children.[13][15] The Fossetts had homes in Beaver Creek, Colorado and Chicago, and a vacation home in Carmel, California.[6][10][14]

text: Fossett became well known in the United Kingdom for his friendship with billionaire Richard Branson, whose Virgin Group sponsored some of Fossett's adventures.[1]

text: Records[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text: Steve Fossett was well known for his world records and adventures in balloons, sailboats, gliders, and powered aircraft. He was an aviator of exceptional breadth of experience. He wanted to become the first person to achieve a solo balloon flight around the world (finally succeeding on his sixth attempt, in 2002, becoming the first person to complete an uninterrupted and unrefueled solo circumnavigation of the world in any kind of aircraft). He set, with co-pilot Terry Delore, 10 of the 21 Glider Open records, including the first 2,000 km Out-and-Return, the first 1,500 km Triangle and the longest Straight Distance flights. His achievements as a jet pilot in a Cessna Citation X include records for U.S. Transcontinental, Australia Transcontinental, and Round-the-World westbound non-supersonic flights.[16] Prior to Fossett's aviation records, no pilot had held world records in more than one class of aircraft; Fossett held them in four classes.[4]

text: In 2005 Fossett made the first solo, nonstop unrefueled circumnavigation of the world in an airplane, in 67 hours in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, a single-engine jet aircraft.

text: In 2006, he again circumnavigated the globe nonstop and unrefueled in 76 hours, 45 minutes in the GlobalFlyer, setting the record for the longest flight by any aircraft in history with a distance of 25,766 statute miles (41,467 km).[1]

text: He set 91 aviation world records ratified by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, of which 36 stand,[17] plus 23 sailing world records ratified by the World Sailing Speed Record Council.

text: On August 29, 2006, he set the world altitude record for gliders over El Calafate, Argentina at 15,460 metres (50,720 ft).[18]

text: Balloon pilot[edit]

text: On February 21, 1995, Fossett landed in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada, after taking off from South Korea, becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon.[19]

text: In 2002, he became the first person to fly around the world alone, nonstop in any kind of aircraft. He launched the 10-story high balloon Spirit of Freedom from Northam, Western Australia on June 19, 2002 and returned to Australia on July 3, 2002, subsequently landing in Queensland. Duration and distance of this solo balloon flight was 13 days, 8 hours, 33 minutes (14 days 19 hours 50 minutes to landing), 20,626.48 statute miles (33,195.10 km).[19] The balloon dragged him along the ground for 20 minutes at the end of the flight. Only the capsule survived the landing; it was taken to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., where it was displayed.[20] The control center for the mission was in Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis.[21] Fossett's top speed during the flight was 186 miles per hour (299 km/h) over the Indian Ocean. The trip set a number of records for ballooning: Fastest (200 miles per hour (320 km/h), breaking his own previous record of 166 miles per hour (270 km/h)), Fastest Around the World (13.5 days), Longest Distance Flown Solo in a Balloon (20,482.26 miles (32,963.00 km)), and 24-Hour Balloon Distance (3,186.80 miles (5,128.66 km) on July 1).[22]

text: While Fossett had financed five previous tries himself, his successful record-setting flight was sponsored by Bud Light.[20] In the end, Fossett actually made money on all his balloon flights. He bought a contingency insurance policy for $500,000 that would pay him $3 million if he succeeded in the flight. Along with sponsorship, that payout meant that in the end Fossett did not have to spend any of his money other than for initial expenses.[4]

text: Sailor[edit]

text: Fossett was one of sailing's most prolific distance record holders. Speed sailing was his specialty and from 1993 to 2004 he dominated the record sheets, setting 23 official world records and nine distance race records. He is recognized by the World Sailing Speed Record Council as "the world's most accomplished speed sailor."[1]

text: On the maxi-catamaran Cheyenne (formerly named PlayStation), Fossett twice set the prestigious 24 Hour Record of Sailing. In October 2001, Fossett and his crew set a transatlantic record of 4 days 17 hours, shattering the previous record by 43 hours 35 minutes; an increase in average speed of nearly seven knots.

text: In early 2004, Fossett, as skipper, set the Around the world sailing record of 58 days, 9 hours in Cheyenne with a crew of 13. In 2007, Fossett held the world record for crossing the Pacific Ocean in his 125-foot (38 m) sailboat, the PlayStation, which he accomplished on his fourth try.[6][14]

text: Complete Summary of Sailing Records[23]

text: 13 Outright World Records:

text:
Round the World 58d 9h 32m 45s Feb-April 2004
TransAtlantic 4d 17h 28m 6s(25.78 kts) Oct 2001
Round Britain & Ireland 4d 16h 9m 36s Oct 2002
TransAt-Discovery Route 9d 13h 30m 18s Feb 2003
TransMed (Marseilles-Carthage) 18h 46m 48s May 2002
Fastnet Course 35h 17m 14s Mar 2002
Newport-Bermuda 1d 14h 35m 53s Jan 2000
Isle of Wight 2h 33m 55s Nov 2001
Round Ireland 44h 42m 20s Sep 1993
Hawaii-Japan 13d 20h 9m July-Aug 1995
Pacific Ocean East to West 16d 17h 21m Aug 1995
Miami-New York 2d 5h 54m 42s May 2001
Plymouth-LaRochelle 16h 41m 40s Apr 2002

text: 2 Singlehanded World Records:

text:
Pacific Ocean (Yokohama-SF)-World 20d 9h 52m Aug 1996
Newport-Bermuda-World 40h 51m 54s Jun 1999

text: 9 Race Records:

text:
Newport-Ensenada 6h 46m 40s (18.45 kts) Apr 1998
Chicago-Mackinac 18h 50m 32s Jul 1998
Swiftsure 14h 35m 29s May 1997
Long Beach-Cabo San Lucas 3d 2h 59m Nov 1995
Pineapple Cup (Ft Lauderdale-Montego Bay) 2d 20h 8m 5s Feb 1999
San Diego-Puerto Vallarta 62h 20m 11s Feb 1998
Round St. Martin (Heineken) 2h 4m 23s Mar 2003
Windjammers (SF-Santa Cruz) 4h 41m 2s Aug 1997

text: Singlehanded Race Record:

text: California-Hawaii(Singlehanded Transpac) - Race 7d 22h 38m July 1998

text: World Records set but later beaten:

text:
24 Hour Record 687.17 nm (28.63 kts) Oct 2001
24 Hour Record 580.23 nm (24.18 kts) Mar 1999
Pacific Ocean Record (Crewed) 16d 17h 21m 19s Aug 1995
Transpac 6d 16h 7m 16s July 1995
Round Britain & Ireland 5d 21h 5m 27s Oct 1994
Cowes-St. Malo 6h 21m 54s Dec 2001
Isle of Wight 3h 35m 38s Sep 1994

text: At the time of his death a submarine, DeepFlight Challenger, was under construction to enable Fossett to be the first solo submariner to reach the Challenger Deep.[24]

text: Airship pilot[edit]

text: Fossett set the Absolute World Speed Record for airships on October 27, 2004. The new record for fastest flight was accomplished with a Zeppelin NT, at a recorded average speed of 62.2 knots (115.2 km/h; 71.6 mph). The previous record was 50.1 knots (92.8 km/h; 57.7 mph) set in 2001 in a Virgin airship. In 2006, Fossett was one of only 17 pilots in the world licensed to fly the Zeppelin.[4]

text: Fixed-wing aircraft pilot[edit]

text: GlobalFlyer[edit]

text: Fossett made the first solo nonstop unrefueled fixed-wing aircraft flight around the world between February 28 and March 3, 2005. He took off from Salina, Kansas, where he was assisted by faculty members and students from Kansas State University, and flew eastbound with the prevailing winds, returning to Salina after 67 hours, 1 minute, 10 seconds, without refueling or making intermediate landings. His average speed of 342.2 mph (550.7 km/h) was also the absolute world record for "speed around the world, nonstop and non-refueled." His aircraft, the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, had a carbon fiber reinforced plastic airframe with a single Williams FJ44 turbofan engine. It was designed and built by Burt Rutan and his company, Scaled Composites, for long-distance solo flight. The fuel fraction, the weight of the fuel divided by the weight of the aircraft at take-off, was 83 percent.[25][26][27]

text: On February 11, 2006, Fossett set the absolute world record for "distance without landing" by flying from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, around the world eastbound, then upon returning to Florida continuing across the Atlantic a second time to land in Bournemouth, England. The official distance was 25,766 statute miles (41,467 km) and the duration was 76 hours 45 minutes.

text: The next month, Fossett made a third flight around the world in order to break the absolute record for "Distance over a closed circuit without landing" (with takeoff and landing at the same airport). He took off from Salina, Kansas on March 14, 2006 and returned on March 17, 2006 after flying 25,262 statute miles (40,655 km).

text: There are only seven absolute world records for fixed-wing aircraft recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale and Fossett broke three of them in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer.[28] All three records were previously held by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager from their flight in the Voyager in 1986. Fossett contributed the GlobalFlyer to the Smithsonian Institution's permanent collection.[29] It is on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center of the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum.[30] Fossett flew the plane to the Center and taxied the plane to the front door.[31]

text: Transcontinental aircraft records[edit]

text: Fossett set two U.S. transcontinental fixed-wing aircraft records in the same day. On February 5, 2003, Fossett and co-pilot Doug Travis flew his Cessna Citation X jet from San Diego, California to Charleston, South Carolina in 2 hours, 56 minutes, 20 seconds, at an average speed of 726.83 mph (1,169.72 km/h) to smash the transcontinental record for non-supersonic jets.

text: He returned to San Diego, then flew the same course as co-pilot for fellow adventurer Joe Ritchie in Ritchie's turboprop Piaggio Avanti. Their time was 3 hours, 51 minutes, 52 seconds, an average speed of 546.44 mph (879.41 km/h), which broke the previous turboprop transcontinental record held by Chuck Yeager and Renald Davenport.

text: Fossett also set the east-to-west transcontinental record for non-supersonic fixed-wing aircraft on September 17, 2000. He flew from Jacksonville, Florida to San Diego, California in 3 hours, 29 minutes, at an average speed of 591.96 mph (952.67 km/h).

text: First trans-Atlantic flight re-enactment[edit]

text: On July 2, 2005, Fossett and co-pilot Mark Rebholz recreated the first nonstop crossing of the Atlantic which was made by the British team of John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown in June 1919 in a Vickers Vimy biplane. Their flight from St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada to Clifden, County Galway, Ireland in the open cockpit Vickers Vimy replica took 18 hours 25 minutes with 13 hours flown in instrument flight conditions. Because there was no airport in Clifden, Fossett and Rebholz landed on the 8th fairway of the Connemara Golf Links.[4]

text: Glider records[edit]

text: The team of Steve Fossett and Terry Delore (NZ) set ten official world records in gliders while flying in three major locations: New Zealand, Argentina, and Nevada, United States. An asterisk (*) indicates records subsequently broken by other pilots.

text:
Distance (Free) World Record 2,192.9 km, December 4, 2004.[32]
Triangle Distance (Free) World Record* 1,509.7 km, December 13, 2003.[33]
Out and Return Distance (Free) World Record* 2,002.44 km, November 14, 2003.[34]
1,500 Kilometer Triangle World Record 119.11 km/h (74.01 mph), December 13, 2003.[35]
1,250 Kilometer Triangle U.S. National Record 143.48 km/h (89.15 mph). Exceeded world record by 0.01 km/h, July 30, 2003.[36]
750 Kilometer Triangle World Record* 171.29 km/h (106.43 mph), July 29, 2003.[37]
500 Kilometer Triangle World Record* 187.12 km/h (116.27 mph), November 15, 2003.[38]
1,000 km Out-and-Return World Record* 166.46 km/h (103.43 mph), December 12, 2002.[39]
1,500 km Out-and-Return World Record* 156.61 km/h (97.31 mph), November 14, 2003.[40]
Triangle Distance (Declared) World Record* 1,502.6 km, December 13, 2003.
Out-and-Return Distance (Declared) World Record* 1,804.7 km, November 14, 2003.

text: Fossett and co-pilot Einar Enevoldson flew a glider into the stratosphere on August 29, 2006. The flight set the Absolute Altitude Record for gliders at 15,460 metres (50,720 ft).[41] Since the glider cockpit was unpressurized, the pilots wore full pressure suits (similar to space suits) so that they would be able to fly to altitudes above 45,000 feet (14,000 m). Fossett and Enevoldson had made previous attempts in three countries over a period of five years before finally succeeding with this record flight. This endeavor is known as the Perlan Project.

text: Cross-country skiing[edit]

text: As a young adventurer, Fossett was one of the first participants in the Worldloppet, a series of cross country ski marathons around the world. While he had little experience as a skier, he was in the first group of 'citizen athletes' to participate in the series debut in 1979. And in 1980, he became the eighth skier to complete all 10 of the long distance races, earning a Worldloppet medallion. He has also set cross-country skiing records in Colorado, setting an Aspen to Vail record of 59 h, 53 min, 30 s in February 1998, and an Aspen to Eagle record of 12 hr, 29 min in February 2001.[4]

text: Mountain climbing[edit]

text: Fossett was a lifelong mountain climber and had climbed the highest peaks on six of the seven continents.[6][12] In the 1980s, he became friends with Patrick Morrow, who was attempting to climb the highest peaks on all seven continents for the "Seven Summits" world record, which Morrow achieved in 1985. Fossett accompanied Morrow for his last three peaks, including Vinson Massif in Antarctica, Carstensz Pyramid in Oceania, and Elbrus in Europe.[4] While Fossett went on to climb almost all of the Seven Summits peaks himself, he declined to climb Mount Everest in 1992 due to asthma.[4] He later returned to Antarctica to climb again.

text: Other accomplishments[edit]

text: Fossett competed in and completed premier endurance sports events, including the 1,165-mile (1,875 km) Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, in which he finished 47th on his second try in 1992 after training for five years. He became the 270th person to swim across the English Channel on his fourth try in September 1985 with a time of 22 hours, 15 minutes.[4][6][19] Although Fossett said he was not a good enough swimmer "to make the varsity swim team", he found that he could swim for long periods.[4] Fossett competed in the Ironman Triathlon in Hawaii[10] (finishing in 1996 in 15:53:10),[42] the Boston Marathon, and the Leadville Trail 100, a 100-mile (160 km) Colorado ultramarathon which involves running up elevations of more than 12,600 feet (3,800 m) in the Rocky Mountains.[6][9]

text: Fossett raced cars in the mid-1970s and later returned to the sport in the 1990s.[4] He competed in the 24 hours of Le Mans road race in 1993 and in 1996,[11][12] along with the Paris to Dakar Rally.[6]

text: Previous attempts at records[edit]

text: Fossett tried six times over seven years for the first solo balloon circumnavigation. His fifth attempt cost him $1.25 million of his own money; his sixth and successful attempt was commercially sponsored.[4] Two of the attempts were launched from Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri. Washington University in St. Louis served as control center for four of the six flights, including the record-breaking one.[10]

text: In 1998, one of the unsuccessful attempts at the ballooning record ended with a five-mile (8 km) plummet into the Coral Sea off the coast of Australia that nearly killed Fossett;[29] he waited 72 hours to be rescued, at a cost of $500,000.[10][43][44] The first attempt began in the Black Hills of South Dakota and ended outside Hampton, New Brunswick 1,800 miles (2,900 km) later. The second attempt, launched from Busch Stadium, cost $300,000 and lasted 9,600 miles (15,400 km) before being downed halfway in a tree in India; the trip set records at the time for duration and distance of flight (with Fossett doubling his own previous record) and was called Solo Spirit after Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis.[6][10] Fossett slept an average of two hours a night for the six-day journey, conducted in below-zero temperatures. After taking too much fuel to cross the Atlantic Ocean and circling Libya for 12 hours while officials decided whether or not to allow him into their airspace, Fossett did not have enough fuel to finish the flight. That year, Fossett flew farther for less money than better-financed expeditions (including one supported by Richard Branson) in part due to his ability to fly in an unpressurized capsule, a result of his heavy physical training at high altitudes.[6] The Solo Spirit capsule was put on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum across from the Apollo 11 command module.[6]

text: Scouting[edit]

text: Fossett grew up in Garden Grove, California and earned the Eagle Scout award in 1957. He credited his experience in Scouting as a foundation for much of his later success. "As a Scout, I learned how to set goals and achieve them," he once said. "Being a Scout also taught me leadership at a young age when there are few opportunities to be a leader. Scouting values have remained with me throughout my life, in my business career, and now as I take on new challenges."[8] In his later years, he was described as a "legend" by fellow Scouts.[45] As a national BSA volunteer, he served as Chairman of the Northern Tier High Adventure Committee, Chairman of the Venturing Committee, member of the Philmont Ranch Committee, and member of the National Advisory Council. He later became a member of the BSA National Executive Board, and in 2007, Fossett succeeded Secretary of Defense Robert Gates as president of the National Eagle Scout Association. Fossett previously had served on the World Scout Committee.[4]

text: Fossett was honored with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 1992. In 1999 he received the Silver Buffalo Award, BSA's highest recognition of service to youth.[7]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: In 2002, Fossett received aviation's highest award, the Gold Medal of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) and in July 2007, he was inducted into the Aviation Hall of Fame.[1] He was presented at the ceremony by Dick Rutan.

text: In 1997, Fossett was inducted into the Balloon and Airship Hall of Fame.[4] In February 2002, Fossett was named America's Rolex Yachtsman of the Year by the American Sailing Association at the New York Yacht Club.[14] He was the oldest recipient of the award in its 41-year history, and the only recipient to fly himself to the ceremony in his own plane.[14]

text: He received the Explorers Medal from the Explorers Club following his solo balloon circumnavigation. He was given the Diplôme de Montgolfier by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in 1996. He received the Harmon Trophy, given annually "to the world's outstanding aviator and aeronaut", in 1998 and 2002. He received the Grande Médaille of the Aéro-Club de France, and the British Royal Aero Club's Gold Medal in 2002. He received the Order of Magellan and the French Republic's Médaille de l'Aéronautique in 2003.[4]

text: The Scaled Composites White Knight Two VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett,[46] was named in Fossett's honor by his friend Richard Branson, in 2007.[47][48] Following his disappearance, Peggy Fossett and Dick Rutan accepted the Spread Wings Award in Steve Fossett's behalf at the 2007 Spreading Wings Gala, Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum, Denver, Colorado.[49]

text: Death[edit]

text: Disappearance and search[edit]

text: At 8:45 a.m. on the morning of Monday, September 3, 2007 (Labor Day), Fossett took off in a single-engine Super Decathlon light aircraft from the Flying-M Ranch private airstrip (38°36′13″N 119°00′11″W / 38.60361°N 119.00306°W / 38.60361; -119.00306 (Flying-M Ranch)), near Smith Valley, Nevada.

text: When he failed to return, searches were launched about six hours later. The aircraft had tail number N240R[50] registered to the "Flying M Hunting Club, Inc." There was no signal from the plane's emergency locator transmitter (ELT) designed to be automatically activated in the event of a crash, but it was of an older type notorious for failing to operate after a crash.[51][52]

text: It was first thought that Fossett may have also been wearing a Breitling Emergency watch with a manually operated ELT that had a range of up to 90 miles (140 km), but no signal was received from it. On September 13, Fossett's wife, Peggy, issued a statement clarifying that he owned such a watch but was not wearing it when he took off for the Labor Day flight.[53][54]

text: Fossett took off with enough fuel for four to five hours of flight, according to spokesperson Major Cynthia S. Ryan, Public Information Officer with the Civil Air Patrol (CAP).[55] Searchers with CAP were told that Fossett had gone out for a short flight over favorite territory, possibly including the areas of Lucky Boy Pass and Walker Lake. At one point it was suggested that he might have been out scouting for potential sites to conduct a planned land speed run.[55] A Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) spokesperson noted that Fossett apparently did not file a flight plan and was not required to do so.[56][57] On the second day, Civil Air Patrol aircraft searched but found no trace of wreckage after initiating a complex and expanding search of what would later evolve into a nearly 20,000 square miles (52,000 km2) area of some of the most rugged terrain in North America. The search presented a severe challenge from the standpoint of safely flying hundreds of hours in very difficult conditions. On the first day of CAP searching, operations were suspended by mid-day due to high winds, according to Ryan. By the fourth day, the CAP was using fourteen aircraft in the search effort, including one equipped with the ARCHER system that could automatically scan detailed imaging for a given signature of the missing aircraft.[58]

text: By September 10, search crews had found eight previously uncharted crash sites,[59][60] some of which were decades old,[61] but none related to Fossett's disappearance. The urgency of what was still regarded as a rescue mission meant that minimal immediate effort was made to identify the aircraft in the uncharted crash sites,[62] although some had speculated that one could have belonged to Charles Clifford Ogle, missing since 1964.[63] All told, about two dozen aircraft were involved in the massive search, operating from the primary search base at Minden, Nevada, with a secondary search base located at Bishop, California. CAP searchers came from Wings across the United States, including Nevada, Utah, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Texas.[64]

text: On September 7, Google Inc. helped the search for the aviator through its connections to contractors that provide satellite imagery for its Google Earth software. Richard Branson, a British billionaire and friend of Fossett, said he and others were coordinating efforts with Google to see if any of the high-resolution images might include Fossett's aircraft.

text: On September 8, the first of a series of new high-resolution imagery from DigitalGlobe was made available via the Amazon Mechanical Turk beta website so that users could flag potential areas of interest for searching, in what is known as crowdsourcing. By September 11, up to 50,000 people had joined the effort, scrutinizing more than 300,000 278-square-foot squares of the imagery. Peter Cohen of Amazon believed that by September 11, the entire search area had been covered at least once. Amazon's search effort was shut down the week of October 29, without any measurable success.[65][66] Major Cynthia Ryan later said it had been more of a hindrance than a help.[66] She said that persons purporting to have seen the aircraft on the Mechanical Turk or have special knowledge clogged her email during critical days of the search, and for even months afterward. Many of the ostensible sightings proved to be images of CAP aircraft flying search grids, or simply mistaken artifacts of old images. Psychics flooded the search base in Minden with predictions of where the aviator could be found. Ryan got the majority of these calls personally, often at her home, in the middle of the night. One man from Canada was particularly persistent with daily calls to Ryan, interfering with her press briefings. Ryan asked her Incident Commander to issue a cease and desist order, backed up by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) if necessary. Ryan noted that every message, letter, or phone call was taken seriously, which swamped the USAF specialists assigned the task of reviewing every one of them without regard to apparent plausibility. In retrospect, the crowdsource effort was "not ready for prime time", according to Ryan.

text: On September 12, survival experts speculated that Fossett was likely to be dead.[67][68]

text: On September 17, the Nevada Wing of the Civil Air Patrol said it was suspending all flights in connection with its search operations,[69] but National Guard search flights, private search flights and ground searches continued.[70]

text: The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) began a preliminary investigation into the likely crash of the plane that Fossett was flying.[71] The preliminary report originally stated that Fossett was "presumed fatally injured and the aircraft substantially damaged", but was subsequently revised to remove that assumption.[72] Fossett's friend and fellow explorer, Sir Richard Branson, made similar public statements.[73]

text: On September 19, 2007, authorities confirmed they would stop actively looking for Fossett in the Nevada Desert, but would keep air crews on standby to fly to possible crash sites. "Nobody is giving up on this man", said department spokesman. "The search is going to continue. It's just going to be scaled back", he said.[74] On September 30 it was announced that after further analysis of radar data from the day of his disappearance, ground teams and two aircraft had resumed the search.[75]

text: On October 2, 2007, the Civil Air Patrol announced it had called off its search operation[76] Ryan later noted that the search was the largest, most complex peacetime search for an individual in U.S. history.

text: On August 23, 2008, almost a year after Fossett went missing, twenty-eight friends and admirers conducted a foot search based on new clues gathered by the team. That search concluded on September 10.[77][78]

text: Search and rescue costs[edit]

text: On May 1, 2008, the Las Vegas Review-Journal attributed to Nevada State Governor Jim Gibbons' spokesman, Ben Kieckhefer,[79] the Governor's decision to direct the state to charge Steve Fossett's family for the $687,000 expense of the search for Fossett.[80] Kieckhefer later played that early report down, when he told the Tahoe Daily Tribune that Nevada did not intend to demand an involuntary payment from Fossett's widow, but that such a payment would be voluntary: "We are going to request that they help offset some of these expenses, considering the scope of the search, the overall cost as well as our ongoing budget difficulties."[81] Hotelier Barron Hilton, from whose ranch Fossett had departed on the day he went missing, had previously volunteered $200,000 to help pay for the search costs.[80][81]

text: In his later comments to the Tahoe Daily Tribune, Kieckhefer denied outright that a bill for the family was being prepared, and he said, "It will probably be in the form of a letter",[81] which Kieckhefer indicated would include a financial outline of the steps taken by the state, the associated costs, and a mention of the state's ongoing budget difficulties.[81]

text: Days prior to this announcement, state Emergency Management Director Frank Siracusa noted that "there is no precedent where government will go after people for costs just because they have money to pay for it. You get lost, and we look for you. It is a service your taxpayer dollars pay for",[80] although he conceded that legally any decision would rest with Gibbons. At an April 10, 2008 Legislature's Interim Finance Committee hearing, Siracusa indicated that he had hired an independent auditor to review costs incurred by the state in searching for Fossett, but added, "We are doing an audit but not because we are critical of anybody or suspect something was done wrong".[80][82] Chairman Morse Arberry queried Siracusa as to why, since they lacked funds, had the state not billed the Fossett family for its search costs, to which Siracusa did not directly respond.[80][82] In his later interview with the Las Vegas Review-Journal, he stated that his comments to the Committee may have given the false impression that he had hired an auditor for the purpose of later challenging the state's financial burden incurred on its behalf by the National Guard during the search operation.[80] Upon interview regarding reports that the state would seek payment, Arberry was recorded as stating that he was glad to hear steps were being taken to try to recoup some of the costs.[81]

text: The Nevada search cost $1.6 million, "the largest search and rescue effort ever conducted for a person within the U.S." Jim Gibbons asked Fossett's estate to shoulder $487,000, but it declined, saying Fossett's wife had already spent $1 million on private searching.[83]

text: Recovery of wreckage and remains[edit]

text: On September 29, 2008, a hiker found three crumpled identification cards in the Eastern Sierra Nevada in California about 65 miles (100 km) south (186 degrees) of Fossett's take-off site. The items were confirmed as belonging to Fossett and included an FAA-issued card, his Soaring Society of America membership card and $1,005 in cash.[84][85]

text: On October 1, late in the day, air search teams spotted wreckage on the ground at coordinates 37°40′2.8″N 119°08′0″W / 37.667444°N 119.13333°W / 37.667444; -119.13333 (Steve Fossett Aircraft Crash Site) at an elevation of 10,100 feet (3,100 m) and about 750 yards (690 m) from where the personal items had been found. Later that evening the teams confirmed identification of the tail number of Fossett's plane. The crash site is on a slope beneath the southwest side of a ridge line (600 feet (180 m) lower than the top of the ridge) in the Ansel Adams Wilderness in Madera County, California. Other named places near the crash site include Minaret Mine (2,000 feet (600 m) west), Emily Lake (0.7 miles (1.1 km) northeast), Minaret Lake (1.8 miles (2.9 km) west-southwest), the Minaret peaks (3 miles (5 km) west), Devils Postpile National Monument (4.5 miles (7.2 km) southeast), and the town of Mammoth Lakes (the nearest populated place, 9 miles (14 km) east-southeast). The site is 10 miles (16 km) east of Yosemite National Park.[86][87]

text: Over the next two days, ground searchers found four bone fragments that were about 2 by 1.5 inches (5 by 4 cm) in size. However, DNA tests subsequently showed that these fragments were not human.[86][88][89]

text: On October 29, search teams recovered two large human bones that they suspected might belong to Fossett. These bones were found 0.5 miles (0.80 km) east of the crash site.[90][91] Tennis shoes with animal bite marks on them were also recovered. On November 3, California police coroners said that DNA profiling of the two bones by a California Department of Justice forensics laboratory confirmed a match to Fossett's DNA. Madera County Sheriff John Anderson said Fossett would have died on impact in such a crash, and that it was not unusual for animals to drag remains away.[90]

text: NTSB report and findings[edit]

text: On March 5, 2009, the NTSB issued its report and findings.[92][93] It states that the plane crashed at an elevation of about 10,000 feet (3,000 m), 300 feet (90 m) below the crest of the ridge. The elevation of peaks in the area exceeded 13,000 feet (4,000 m). However, the density altitude in the area at the time and place of the crash was estimated to be 12,700 feet (3,900 m). The aircraft, a tandem two-seater, was nearly 30 years old and Fossett had flown approximately 40 hours in this type. The plane's operating manual says that at an altitude of 13,000 feet (4,000 m) the rate of climb would be 300 feet per minute (about 1.5 m/s). The NTSB report says that "a meteorologist from Salinas provided a numerical simulation of the conditions in the accident area using the WRF-ARW (Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting) numerical model. At 0930 [the approximate time of the crash] the model displayed downdrafts in that area of approximately 300 feet per minute." There was no evidence of equipment failure. The report stated that a postmortem examination of the skeletal fragments had been performed under the auspices of the Madera County Sheriff's Department. The cause of death was determined to be multiple traumatic injuries. The ELT was destroyed by the crash.

text: On July 9, 2009, the NTSB declared the probable cause of the crash as "the pilot's inadvertent encounter with downdrafts that exceeded the climb capability of the airplane. Contributing to the accident were the downdrafts, high density altitude, and mountainous terrain."[94][95]


document_title: List of tallest buildings in the Philippines

question_text: what is the tallest building in the philippines

text: Tallest completed buildings[edit]

text: This list ranks the highest completed skyscrapers and buildings in the Philippines. Buildings and skyscrapers included here stand at least 150 metres (492 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. This has been shortened because there is a very high number of highrise buildings between 100 metres (328 ft) and 150 metres (492 ft) within the country. (See also the more updated List of tallest buildings in Metro Manila.)

text: Was the tallest building in the Philippines upon completion

text: Not in Metro Manila (two entries)

text:
Rank
Building
Region
Height
Floors
Year (est.)
Image
Notes

1
Federal Land Tower
Bonifacio Global City
7002318000000000000♠318 m
(1,043 ft)
66
2017

The Philippines first supertall skyscraper.

2

3
Trump Tower Manila
Makati City
(Poblacion)

280 m
(919 ft)

57
2017

First residential building in Southeast Asia licensed
under the brand of Trump.

4
PBCom Tower
Makati CBD
259 m
(850 ft

52
2000

5=
The Gramercy Residences
Makati City
(Poblacion)

7002250000000000000♠250 m
(820 ft)[1]
73
2012

3rd Tallest residential building in the Philippines.

5=
Discovery Primea
Makati CBD
250 m
(820 ft)

67
2015

5=
Shangri‑La at the Fort, Manila
Bonifacio Global
City

250 m
(820 ft)

60
2014

8
The Knightsbridge Residences
Poblacion, Makati
7002220000000000000♠220 m
(720 ft)
64
2013

9
GT International Tower
Makati CBD
7002217000000000000♠217 m
(712 ft)
47
2001

10
BSA Twin Towers
Ortigas Center
7002215000000000000♠215 m
(705 ft)
55
2000

11
The St. Francis Shangri‑La Place
Ortigas Center
7002213000000000000♠213 m
(699 ft)
60
2009

12=
One Rockwell West Tower
Rockwell Center
7002210000000000000♠210 m
(690 ft)
55
2010

12=
Petron Megaplaza
Makati City
7002210000000000000♠210 m
(690 ft)
45
1998

The tallest building in the Philippines from 1998—2000

14
UnionBank Plaza
Ortigas Center
7002206000000000000♠206 m
(676 ft)
49
2004

15
Greenbelt San Lorenzo Tower
Makati CBD
7002205000000000000♠205 m
(673 ft)
57
2009

16
1322 Golden Empire Tower
Malate
7002203000000000000♠203 m
(666 ft)
57
2002

Tallest building in the City of Manila

17
One Corporate Centre
Ortigas Center
7002202000000000000♠202 m
(663 ft)
45
2009

18=
Philamlife Tower
Makati City
7002200000000000000♠200 m
(660 ft)
48
2000

18=
Summit One Tower
Mandaluyong City
7002200000000000000♠200 m
(660 ft)
49
1998

20
One Central Makati
Makati CBD
7002195000000000000♠195 m
(640 ft)
50
2013

21
Milano Residences
Makati City
(Poblacion)

7002196000000000000♠196 m
(643 ft)
53
2016

22
8 Forbestown Road
Bonifacio Global City
7002194000000000000♠194 m
(636 ft)
53
2013

One of the tallest buildings in
Bonifacio Global City.

23
Anchor Skysuites
Binondo
7002193000000000000♠193 m
(633 ft)
56
2013

Tallest building in Binondo and all of Chinatown all over the world[2]

24
RCBC Plaza Yuchengco Tower
Makati CBD
7002192000000000000♠192 m
(630 ft)
46
2001

25
The Infinity Fort Bonifacio
Bonifacio Global City
7002190000000000000♠190 m
(620 ft)
53
2011

26
Tower 6789
Makati CBD
7002185000000000000♠185 m
(607 ft)
34
2013

27
One San Miguel Avenue
Ortigas Center
7002183000000000000♠183 m
(600 ft)
54
2001

28=
LKG Tower
Makati CBD
7002180000000000000♠180 m
(590 ft)
38
2000

28=
The Shang Grand Tower
Makati CBD
7002180000000000000♠180 m
(590 ft)
46
2006

30=
Pacific Plaza Towers
Bonifacio Global City
7002179000000000000♠179 m
(587 ft)
52
2001

30=
Atlanta Centre
San Juan City
7002179000000000000♠179 m
(587 ft)
37
1998

32=
Birch Tower
Malate
7002178000000000000♠178 m
(584 ft)[3]
52
2012

32=
Horizons 101 Tower 1
Cebu City
7002178000000000000♠178 m
(584 ft)
55
2016

34=
Aspire Tower
Libis
7002175000000000000♠175 m
(574 ft)
48
2012

34=
Robinsons Equitable Tower
Ortigas Center
7002175000000000000♠175 m
(574 ft)
45
1997

Tallest building in the Philippines from 1997—1998

36=
One Roxas Triangle
Makati CBD
7002174000000000000♠174 m
(571 ft)
40
2000

36=
Robinsons Summit Center
Makati CBD
7002174000000000000♠174 m
(571 ft)
38
2001

36=
Paragon Plaza
Mandaluyong City
7002174000000000000♠174 m
(571 ft)
43
1998

39=
Enterprise Center Tower One
Makati CBD
7002172000000000000♠172 m
(564 ft)
45
1999

39=
The Residences at Greenbelt‑Laguna Tower
Makati CBD
7002171000000000000♠171 m
(561 ft)
48
2008

39=
The Residences at Greenbelt‑Manila Tower
Makati CBD
7002171000000000000♠171 m
(561 ft)
48
2010

42=
RCBC Plaza Tower 2
Makati CBD
7002170000000000000♠170 m
(560 ft)
41
2001

42=
The BeauFort
Bonifacio Global City
7002170000000000000♠170 m
(560 ft)
43
2013

44
Pearl of the Orient Tower
Malate
7002168000000000000♠168 m
(551 ft)
42
2004

45
Discovery Suites
Ortigas Center
7002167000000000000♠167 m
(548 ft)
40
1999

Tallest hotel building in the Philippines

46
GA Twin Towers
Mandaluyong City
7002165000000000000♠165 m
(541 ft)
40
2005

47=
Crown Regency Hotel and Towers
Cebu City
7002165000000000000♠165 m
(541 ft)
45
2005

47=
One Rockwell East Tower
Rockwell Center
7002165000000000000♠165 m
(541 ft)
45
2011

49
Rufino Pacific Tower
Makati CBD
7002161000000000000♠161 m
(528 ft)
41
1994

Tallest building in the Philippines from 1994—1997

50=
Ayala Tower One
Makati CBD
7002160000000000000♠160 m
(520 ft)
35
1996

First building in the Philippines to be known as a "skyscraper"

50=
Orient Square
Ortigas Center
7002160000000000000♠160 m
(520 ft)
38
1999

52
Lancaster Suites One
Mandaluyong City
7002158000000000000♠158 m
(518 ft)
42
2007

53
Bellagio Golfview Three
Bonifacio Global City
7002156000000000000♠156 m
(512 ft)
40
2010

54=
Exportbank Plaza
Makati CBD
7002155000000000000♠155 m
(509 ft)
36
1998

54=
Rizal Tower
Rockwell center
7002155000000000000♠155 m
(509 ft)
47
2000

Tallest observation tower in the Philippines

54=
Zuellig Building
Makati CBD
7002155000000000000♠155 m
(509 ft)
42
2012

57
Wharton Parksuites
Binondo
7002154600000000000♠154.6 m
(507 ft)[4]
39
2012

58
BSA Grand Tower
Makati CBD
7002154000000000000♠154 m
(505 ft)
37
1998

59
The World Centre
Makati CBD
7002152000000000000♠152 m
(499 ft)
30
1995

60
Salcedo Park Twin Towers
Makati CBD
7002151000000000000♠151 m
(495 ft)
45
1996

61=
One Legazpi Park
Makati CBD
7002150000000000000♠150 m
(490 ft)
45
2006

61=
Joy‑Nostalg Center
Ortigas Center
7002150000000000000♠150 m
(490 ft)
40
2009

61=
West Forbes Tower
Makati CBD
7002150000000000000♠150 m
(490 ft)
42

61=
The Columns at Legazpi Village
Makati CBD
7002150000000000000♠150 m
(490 ft)
41
2009

61=
Bellagio Golfview Two
Bonifacio Global City
7002150000000000000♠150 m
(490 ft)
38
2009

61=
Pacific Plaza Condominium
Bonifacio Global City
7002150000000000000♠150 m
(490 ft)
44
1992

Tallest building in the Philippines from 1992—1994

tag: table

text: Buildings which almost qualify are One McKinley Place (149 m)[5] in Bonifacio Global City, Mandarin Square (149 m)[5] in Binondo, and the three towers of Light Residences (147 m)[6] in Mandaluyong.

text: List by geographical division[edit]

text: The following table shows the tallest buildings of the three geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.

text:
Region
Building
Image
Height
Floors
Year (est.)
Location

Luzon
Federal Land Tower

7002318000000000000♠318 m
(1,043 ft)
66
2017
Metro Manila

Visayas
Horizons 101

7002185000000000000♠185 m
(607 ft)
55
2016
Cebu City

Mindanao
Vivaldi Residences Davao

7002150000000000000♠150 m
(490 ft)
37
2018
Davao City

text: Cities with the most high-rise buildings[edit]

text: Philippine cities with the most number of buildings of at least 115 feet (35 m) or 12 stories tall (as of July 2015).

text:
City/Metro area
Number of High-rises
Population

Metro Manila[i]
800
11,855,975[7]

Metro Cebu[ii]
161
2,849,213

Davao City
44 [8]
1,632,991

Cagayan de Oro
18 [9]
602,088

Iloilo City
14 [10]
424,619

Cainta
9 [11]
311,845

Bacolod
6 [12]
511,820

Tagaytay
3
71,180

Zamboanga City
1 [13]
807,129

Table notes

^ Combined total of all 17 Metro Manila local government units[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
^ Combined total of Cebu City, Mandaue and Lapu-Lapu[31][32][33]

text: Timeline of tallest buildings[edit]

text: This lists buildings that once held the title of tallest building in the Philippines. Other buildings such as churches with tall spires may be taller but are not listed because there are no data available for these buildings.

text:
Name
Location
Years as tallest
Height
Floors
Image
Notes

Manila Hotel
Metro Manila
1912—1967

18

Ramon Magsaysay Center
Metro Manila
1967—1968
7001700000000000000♠70 m
(230 ft)
18

Manila Pavilion Hotel
Metro Manila
1968—1989
7001900000000000000♠90 m
(300 ft)
22

Pacific Star Building
Metro Manila
1989—1991
7002112500000000000♠112.5 m
(369 ft)
29

The Peak Tower
Metro Manila
1991—1992
7002138000000000000♠138 m
(453 ft)
38

Pacific Plaza Condominium
Metro Manila
1992—1994
7002150000000000000♠150 m
(490 ft)
44

Rufino Pacific Tower
Metro Manila
1994—1997
7002162000000000000♠162 m
(531 ft)
41

Robinsons Equitable Tower
Metro Manila
1997—1998
7002175000000000000♠175 m
(574 ft)
45

Petron Megaplaza
Metro Manila
1998—2000
7002210000000000000♠210 m
(690 ft)
45

PBCom Tower
Metro Manila
2000—2017
7002259000000000000♠259 m
(850 ft)
52

Federal Land Tower
Metro Manila
2017—present
7002318000000000000♠318 m
(1,043 ft)
66

text: Tallest twin buildings[edit]

text: The list is a complete inaugurated and topped-out buildings over 100 meters including identical and non-identical heights.

text:
Rank
Name
Location
Height (max)
Floors (t1/t2)
Notes

1
One Shangri-La Place Twin Towers
Metro Manila
227 m (745 ft)
64/64
Tallest twin towers in the Philippines

2
BSA Twin Towers
Metro Manila
216 m (709 ft)
55/55
2nd Tallest twin towers in the Philippines (2000-2009)

3
The St. Francis Shangri-La Place
Metro Manila
213 m (699 ft)
60/60
3rd Tallest twin towers in the Philippines. Tallest buildings in Ortigas Center

4
Pacific Plaza Towers
Metro Manila
179 m (587 ft)
49/49
One of the tallest buildings in Bonifacio Global City.

5
GA Twin Towers
Metro Manila
165 m (541 ft)
30/30

6
Salcedo Park Twin Towers
Metro Manila
151 m (495 ft)
45/45

7
Wack Wack Twin Towers
Metro Manila
148 m (486 ft)
25/25

8
Insular Life Towers
Metro Manila
140 m (459 ft)
34/34

9
Robinsons Place Towers
Metro Manila
137 m (449 ft)
38/38

text: Skylines[edit]


document_title: Ascaris lumbricoides

question_text: what type of host relationship is produced by ascaris

text: Ascaris lumbricoides

text: Lifecycle[edit]

text: Ascaris lumbricoides, a roundworm, infects humans when an ingested fertilised egg becomes a larval worm (called rhabditiform larva) that penetrates the wall of the duodenum and enters the blood stream. From there, it is carried to the liver and heart, and enters pulmonary circulation to break free in the alveoli, where it grows and molts. In three weeks, the larva passes from the respiratory system to be coughed up, swallowed, and thus returned to the small intestine, where it matures to an adult male or female worm. Fertilization can now occur and the female produces as many as 200,000 eggs per day for a year. These fertilized eggs become infectious after two weeks in soil; they can persist in soil for 10 years or more.[4]

text: The eggs have a lipid layer which makes them resistant to the effects of acids and alkalis, as well as other chemicals. This resilience helps to explain why this nematode is such a ubiquitous parasite.[5]

text: Morphology[edit]

text: Ascaris lumbricoides is characterized by its great size. Males are 2–4 mm (0.08–0.2 in) in diameter and 15–31 cm (5.9–12 in) long. The male's posterior end is curved ventrally and has a bluntly pointed tail. Females are 3–6 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide and 20–49 cm (7.9–19 in) long. The vulva is located in the anterior end and accounts for about one-third of its body length. Uteri may contain up to 27 million eggs at a time, with 200,000 being laid per day. Fertilized eggs are oval to round in shape and are 45–75 µm (0.0018–0.0030 in) long and 35–50 µm (0.0014–0.0020 in) wide with a thick outer shell. Unfertilized eggs measure 88–94 µm (0.0035–0.0037 in) long and 44 µm (0.0017 in) wide.[6]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: An estimated 1 billion people are infected with A. lumbricoides worldwide.[7] While infection occurs throughout most of the world, A. lumbricoides infection is most common in sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, China, and east Asia.[8]

text: Ascaris lumbricoides eggs are extremely resistant to strong chemicals, desiccation, and low temperatures. The eggs can remain viable in the soil for several months or even years.[6] Eggs of A. lumbricoides have been identified in archeological coprolites in the Americas, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and New Zealand, the oldest ones being more than 24,000 years old.[9]

text: Infections[edit]

text: Infections with these parasites are more common where sanitation is poor,[10] and raw human feces are used as fertilizer.

text: Symptoms[edit]

text: Often, no symptoms are seen with an A. lumbricoides infection. However, in the case of a particularly bad infection, symptoms may include bloody sputum, cough, fever, abdominal discomfort, intestinal ulcer, and passing worms.[11][12] Ascariasis is also the most common cause of Löffler's syndrome worldwide. Accompanying symptoms include pulmonary infiltration, eosinophilia, and radiographic opacities.[13] Significant increases in fertility are observed in infected women.[14]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Preventing any fecal-borne disease requires educated hygienic habits/culture and effective fecal treatment systems. This is particularly important with A. lumbricoides because its eggs are one of the most difficult pathogens to kill (second only to prions), and the eggs commonly survive 1–3 years. A. lumbricoides lives in the intestine where it lays eggs. Infection occurs when the eggs, too small to be seen by the unaided eye, are eaten. The eggs may get onto vegetables when improperly processed human feces of infected people are used as fertilizer for food crops. Infection may occur when food is handled without removing or killing the eggs on the hands, clothes, hair, raw vegetables/fruit, or cooked food that is (re)infected by handlers, containers, etc. Bleach does not readily kill A. lumbricoides eggs, but it will remove their sticky film, to allow the eggs to be rinsed away. A. lumbricoides eggs can be reduced by hot composting methods, but to completely kill them may require rubbing alcohol, iodine, specialized chemicals, cooking heat, or "unusually" hot composting (for example, over 50 °C (122 °F) for 24 hours[15]).

text: Details of infection[edit]

text: Infections happen when a human swallows water or food contaminated with unhatched eggs, which hatch into juveniles in the duodenum. They then penetrate the mucosa and submucosa and enter venules or lymphatics. Next, they pass through the right heart and into pulmonary circulation. They then break out of the capillaries and enter the air spaces. Acute tissue reaction occurs when several worms get lost during this migration and accumulate in other organs of the body. The juveniles migrate from the lung up the respiratory tract to the pharynx where they are swallowed. They begin producing eggs within 60–65 days of being swallowed. These are produced within the small intestine, where the juveniles mature. It might seem odd that the worms end up in the same place where they began. One hypothesis to account for this behavior is that the migration mimics an intermediate host, which would be required for juveniles of an ancestral form to develop to the third stage. Another possibility is that tissue migration enables faster growth and larger size, which increases reproductive capacity.[16]


document_title: Black Hawk Down (film)

question_text: who did josh hartnett play in black hawk down

text: Black Hawk Down (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1993, following the ousting of the central government and start of a civil war, a major United Nations military operation in Somalia is authorized with a peacekeeping mandate. After the bulk of the peacekeepers are withdrawn, the Mogadishu-based militia loyal to Mohamed Farrah Aidid declares war on the remaining UN personnel. In response, the U.S. Army deploys three of its special operations forces – 75th Rangers, Delta Force counter-terrorist operators, and 160th SOAR - Night Stalkers aviators – to Mogadishu to capture Aidid, who has proclaimed himself president of the country.

text: To consolidate his power and subdue the population in the south, Aidid and his militia seize Red Cross food shipments, while the UN forces are powerless to intervene directly. Outside Mogadishu, Rangers and Delta Force capture Osman Ali Atto, a faction leader selling arms to Aidid's militia. A mission is planned to capture Omar Salad Elmi and Abdi Hassan Awale Qeybdiid, two of Aidid's top advisers.

text: The U.S. forces include experienced men as well as new recruits, including PFC Todd Blackburn and a desk clerk, SPC Grimes, going on his first mission. When his Lieutenant is removed from duty after having an epileptic seizure, Staff Sergeant Matthew Eversmann is placed in command of Ranger Chalk Four, his first command.

text: The operation begins and Delta Force operators capture Aidid's advisers inside the target building. The Rangers and helicopters escorting the ground-extraction convoy take heavy fire, while Eversmann's Chalk Four is dropped a block away by mistake. Blackburn is severely injured when he falls from one of the Black Hawk helicopters, so three Humvees led by SSG Jeff Struecker are detached from the convoy to return Blackburn to the UN-held Mogadishu Airport.

text: SGT Dominick Pilla is shot and killed just as Struecker's column departs, and shortly thereafter Black Hawk Super Six-One, piloted by CWO Clifton "Elvis" Wolcott crashes when shot down by a rocket-propelled grenade. Both Wolcott and his co-pilot are killed, the two crew chiefs are wounded, and one Delta Force sniper on board escapes in an MH-6 Little Bird helicopter.

text: The ground forces are rerouted to converge on the crash site. The Somali militia erects roadblocks, and LTC Danny McKnight's Humvee column is unable to reach the crash area while sustaining heavy casualties. Meanwhile, two Ranger Chalks, including Eversmann's unit, reach Super-Six One's crash site and set up a defensive perimeter to await evacuation with the two wounded men and the fallen pilots. In the interim, Super Six-Four, piloted by CWO Michael Durant, is also shot down by an RPG and crashes several blocks away.

text: With CPT Mike Steele's Rangers pinned down and sustaining heavy casualties, no ground forces can reach Super Six-Four's crash site nor reinforce the Rangers defending Super Six-One. Two Delta Force snipers, SFC Randy Shughart and MSG Gary Gordon are inserted by helicopter to Super Six-Four's crash site, where they find Durant still alive. The site is eventually overrun, Gordon and Shughart are killed, and Durant is captured by Aidid's militia before the angry mob of Somali civilians can kill him as well.

text: McKnight's column relinquish their attempt to reach Six-One's crash site and return to base with their prisoners and the casualties. The men prepare to go back to extract the Rangers and the fallen pilots, and MG Garrison sends LTC Joe Cribbs to ask for reinforcements from the 10th Mountain Division, including Malaysian and Pakistani armored units from the UN coalition.

text: As night falls, Aidid's militia launch a sustained assault on the trapped Americans at Super Six-One's crash site. The militants are held off throughout the night by strafing runs and rocket attacks from AH-6J Little Bird helicopter gunships, until the 10th Mountain Division's relief column is able to reach and save the American soldiers. The wounded and casualties are evacuated in the vehicles, but a few of Rangers and Delta Force soldiers are forced to run on foot from the crash site; after fighting through militia forces, they eventually reach the Pakistani Compound UN Safe Zone.

text: Cast[edit]

text: 75th Rangers[edit]

text:
Josh Hartnett as SSG Matt Eversmann
Ewan McGregor as SPC John "Grimesey" Grimes
Tom Sizemore as LTC Danny McKnight
Ewen Bremner as SPC Shawn Nelson
Gabriel Casseus as SPC Mike Kurth
Hugh Dancy as SFC Kurt "Doc" Schmid
Ioan Gruffudd as LT John Beales
Tom Guiry as SSG Ed Yurek
Charlie Hofheimer as CPL Jamie Smith
Danny Hoch as SGT Dominick Pilla
Jason Isaacs as CPT Mike Steele
Brendan Sexton III as PVT Richard "Alphabet" Kowalewski
Brian Van Holt as SSG Jeff Struecker
Ian Virgo as PVT John Waddell
Tom Hardy as SPC Lance Twombly
Gregory Sporleder as SGT Scott Galentine
Carmine Giovinazzo as SGT Mike Goodale
Chris Beetem as SGT Casey Joyce
Matthew Marsden as SPC Dale Sizemore
Orlando Bloom as PFC Todd Blackburn
Enrique Murciano as SGT Lorenzo Ruiz
Michael Roof as PVT John Maddox

text: Delta Force[edit]

text:
Sam Shepard as MG William F. Garrison
Eric Bana as SFC Norm "Hoot" Gibson
William Fichtner as SFC Jeff Sanderson
Kim Coates as MSG Chris Wex
Steven Ford as LTC Joe Cribbs
Željko Ivanek as LTC Gary Harrell
Johnny Strong as SFC Randy Shughart
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as MSG Gary Gordon
Richard Tyson as SSG Daniel Busch

text: 160th SOAR (Night Stalkers)[edit]

text:
Ron Eldard as CW4 Michael Durant
Glenn Morshower as LTC Tom Matthews
Jeremy Piven as CWO Clifton Wolcott
Boyd Kestner as CW3 Mike Goffena

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text:
George Harris as Osman Atto
Razaaq Adoti as Yousuf Dahir Mo'alim
Treva Etienne as Firimbi
Ty Burrell as United States Air Force Pararescue Timothy A Wilkinson

text: Background and production[edit]

text: Adapting Black Hawk Down: a Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden was the idea of director Simon West, who suggested to Jerry Bruckheimer that he should buy the film rights and let West direct. West moved on to direct Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) instead.[6]

text: Ken Nolan was credited as screenwriter, and others contributed uncredited: Mark Bowden wrote an adaptation of his own book, Stephen Gaghan was hired to do a rewrite, Steven Zaillian and Ezna Sands rewrote the majority of Gaghan and Nolan's work, actor Sam Shepard (MGen. Garrison) rewrote some of his own dialogue, and Eric Roth wrote Josh Hartnett and Eric Bana's concluding speeches. Ken Nolan was on set for four months rewriting his script and the previous work by Gaghan, Zaillian, and Bowden. He was given sole screenwriting credit by a WGA committee.

text: Filming began in March 2001 in Salé, Morocco, and concluded in late June.[7]

text: The book relied on a dramatization of participant accounts, which were the basis of the movie. SPC John Stebbins was renamed as fictional "John Grimes." Stebbins had been convicted by court martial in 1999 for sexually assaulting his daughter.[8] Mark Bowden said the Pentagon, ever sensitive about public image decided to alter factual history by requesting the change.[9] Bowden wrote early screenplay drafts, before Bruckheimer gave it to screenwriter Nolan. The POW-captor conversation, between pilot Mike Durant and militiaman Firimbi, is from a Bowden script draft.

text: For military verisimilitude, the Ranger actors took a one-week Ranger familiarization course at Fort Benning, the Delta Force actors took a two-week commando course from the 1st Special Warfare Training Group at Fort Bragg, and Ron Eldard and the actors playing 160th SOAR helicopter pilots were lectured by captured aviator Michael Durant at Fort Campbell.

text: The U.S. Army supplied the materiel and the helicopters from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Most pilots (e.g., Keith Jones, who speaks some dialogue) had participated in the historic battle on October 3–4, 1993.[10]

text: On the last day of their week-long Army Ranger orientation at Fort Benning, the actors who portrayed the Rangers received letters slipped under their doors. It thanked them for their hard work, and asked them to "tell our story true", signed with the names of the men who died in the Mogadishu firefight.[10] A platoon of Rangers from B-3/75 did the fast-roping scenes and appeared as extras; John Collette, a Ranger Specialist during the battle, served as a stunt performer.[11]

text: Many of the actors bonded with the soldiers who trained them for their roles. Actor Tom Sizemore said, "What really got me at training camp was the Ranger Creed. I don't think most of us can understand that kind of mutual devotion. It's like having 200 best friends and every single one of them would die for you".[10]

text: Although the filmmakers considered filming in Jordan, they found the city of Amman too built up and landlocked. Scott and production designer Arthur Max subsequently turned to Morocco, where they had previously worked on Gladiator. Scott preferred that urban setting for authenticity.[10] Most of the film was photographed in the cities of Rabat and Salé; the Task Force Ranger base sequences were filmed at Kénitra.[12]

text: To keep the film at a manageable length, 100 key figures in the book were condensed to 39. The movie also does not feature any Somali actors.[13] Additionally, no Somali consultants were hired for accuracy, according to writer Bowden.[14]

text: The film features soldiers wearing helmets with their last names on them. Although this was not accurate, director Ridley Scott used this device to help the audience distinguish among the characters because "they all look the same once the uniforms are on".[15][self-published source]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: Black Hawk Down had a limited release in four theaters on December 28, 2001, in order to be eligible for the 2001 Oscars. It earned $179,823 in its first weekend, averaging $44,956 per theater. On January 11, 2002, the release expanded to 16 theaters and continued to do well with a weekly gross of $1,118,003 and an average daily per theater gross of $9,982. On January 18, 2002, the film had its wide release, opening at 3,101 theaters and earning $28,611,736 in its first wide-release weekend to finish first at the box office for the weekend. Opening on the Martin Luther King holiday, the film grossed $5,014,475 on the holiday of Monday, January 21, 2002, for a 4-day weekend total of $33,628,211. Only Titanic had previously grossed more money over the Martin Luther King holiday weekend. Black Hawk Down finished first at the box office during its first three weeks of wide release. When the film was pulled from theatres on April 14, 2002, after its 15th week, it had grossed $108,638,746 domestically and $64,350,906 overseas for a worldwide total of $172,989,651.[3]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received many positive reviews from mainstream critics. Empire magazine gave it a verdict of "ambitious, sumptuously framed, and frenetic, Black Hawk Down is nonetheless a rare find of a war movie which dares to turn genre convention on its head".[16]

text: Film critic Mike Clark of USA Today wrote that the film "extols the sheer professionalism of America's elite Delta Force—even in the unforeseen disaster that was 1993's Battle of Mogadishu," and praised Scott's direction: "in relating the conflict, in which 18 Americans died and 70-plus were injured, the standard getting-to-know-you war-film characterizations are downplayed. While some may regard this as a shortcoming, it is, in fact, a virtue".[17]

text: It has a 76% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 171 reviews with an average rating of 6.9 out of 10, with its critics consensus being: "Though it's light on character development and cultural empathy, Black Hawk Down is a visceral, pulse-pounding portrait of war, elevated by Ridley Scott's superb technical skill."[18] It has a rating of 74 on Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19]

text: The film has had a small cultural legacy, which has been studied academically by media analysts dissecting how media reflects American perceptions of war. Newsweek writer Evan Thomas considered the movie one of the most culturally significant films of the George W. Bush presidency. He suggested that although the film was presented as being anti-war, it was at its core pro-war. He further wrote that "though it depicted a shameful defeat, the soldiers were heroes willing to die for their brothers in arms[…] The movie showed brutal scenes of killing, but also courage, stoicism and honor[…] The overall effect was stirring, if slightly pornographic, and it seemed to enhance the desire of Americans for a thumping war to avenge 9/11."[20]

text: Stephen A. Klien, writing in Critical Studies in Media Communication, argued that the film's sensational rendering of war had the effect of encouraging audiences to empathize with the film's pro-soldier leitmotif and "conflate personal support of American soldiers with support of American military policy" and discourage "critical public discourse concerning justification for and execution of military interventionist policy."[21]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Black Hawk Down received four Academy Award nominations, including Best Director (lost to A Beautiful Mind) and Best Cinematography (lost to The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring), and won two Oscars: Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing. It also received three BAFTA Award nominations: Best Cinematography, Best Sound and Best Editing.

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

NBR Award
Top Ten Films

Won

AFI Award
Cinematographer of the Year
Slawomir Idziak
Nominated

Director of the Year
Ridley Scott
Nominated

Editor of the Year
Pietro Scalia
Nominated

Movie of the Year
Jerry Bruckheimer
Ridley Scott
Nominated

Production Designer of the Year
Arthur Max
Nominated

Academy Award
Best Film Editing
Pietro Scalia
Won

Best Sound Mixing
Michael Minkler
Myron Nettinga
Chris Munro
Won

Best Cinematography
Slawomir Idziak
Nominated

Best Director
Ridley Scott
Nominated

Saturn Award
Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film

Nominated

Eddie Award
Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic
Pietro Scalia
Won

ADG Excellence in Production Design Award
Contemporary Film
Keith Pain
Marco Trentini
Gianni Giovagnoni
Cliff Robinson
Pier Luigi Basile
Ivo Husnjak
Arthur Max
Nominated

Harry Award

Won

BAFTA Award
Best Cinematography
Slawomir Idziak
Nominated

Best Editing
Pietro Scalia
Nominated

Best Sound
Chris Munro
Per Hallberg
Michael Minkler
Myron Nettinga
Karen Baker Landers
Nominated

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing – Dialogue and ADR in a Feature Film
Per Hallberg
Karen Baker Landers
Chris Jargo
Mark L. Mangino
Chris Hogan
Won

Best Sound Editing – Effects & Foley, Domestic Feature Film
Per Hallberg
Karen Baker Landers
Craig S. Jaeger
Jon Title
Christopher Assells
Dino Dimuro
Dan Hegeman
Michael A. Reagan
Gregory Hainer
Perry Robertson
Peter Staubli
Bruce Tanis
Michael Hertlein
Solange S. Schwalbe
Won

Plus Camerimage
Golden Frog
Slawomir Idziak
Nominated

Cinema Audio Society Award
Outstanding Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures
Michael Minkler
Myron Nettinga
Chris Munro
Nominated

Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures
Ridley Scott
Nominated

Golden Trailer Award
Best Drama
Trailer Park, Inc.
Nominated

MTV Movie Award
Best Movie

Nominated

Best Action Sequence
First helicopter crash
Nominated

PFCS Award
Best Acting Ensemble
Eric Bana
Ewen Bremner
William Fichtner
Josh Hartnett
Jason Isaacs
Ewan McGregor
Sam Shepard
Tom Sizemore
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Slawomir Idziak
Nominated

Best Film Editing
Pietro Scalia
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
Choice Movie Actor: Action/Drama
Josh Hartnett
Nominated

Choice Movie: Action/Drama

Nominated

World Soundtrack Award
Best Original Soundtrack of the Year
Hans Zimmer
Nominated

Soundtrack Composer of the Year
Nominated

Writers Guild of America Award
Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published
Ken Nolan
Nominated

ASCAP Award
Top Box Office Films
Hans Zimmer (also for The Ring)
Won

DVD Exclusive Award
Best Overall DVD, New Movie (Including All Extra Features)
Charles de Lauzirika (Deluxe Edition)
Nominated

Saturn Award
Best DVD Special Edition Release

Nominated

text: Controversies and inaccuracies[edit]

text: Soon after Black Hawk Down's release, the Somali Justice Advocacy Center in California denounced what they felt was its brutal and dehumanizing depiction of Somalis and called for its boycott.[5]

text: In a radio interview, Brendan Sexton, an actor who briefly appeared in the movie, said the version of the film which made it onto theater screens significantly differed from the one recounted in the original script. According to him, many scenes asking hard questions of the US regarding the violent realities of war and the true purpose of their mission in Somalia were cut.[22]

text: In a review featured in The New York Times, film critic Elvis Mitchell expressed dissatisfaction with the film's "lack of characterization", and opined that the film "reeks of glumly staged racism".[23] Owen Gleiberman and Sean Burns, the film critics for the mainstream magazine Entertainment Weekly and the alternative newspaper Philadelphia Weekly, respectively, echoed the sentiment that the depiction was racist.[24]

text: American film critic Wheeler Winston Dixon also found the film's "absence of motivation and characterization" disturbing, and wrote that while American audiences might find the film to be a "paean to patriotism", other audiences might find it to be a "deliberately hostile enterprise"; nevertheless, Dixon lauded the film's "spectacular display of pyrotechnics coupled with equally adroit editing."[25]

text: Jerry Bruckheimer, the film's producer, rejected such claims on The O'Reilly Factor, putting them down to political correctness in part due to Hollywood's liberal leanings.[1][26]

text: Somali nationals charge that the African actors chosen to play the Somalis in the film do not resemble the culturally unique features of the Horn of Africa nor does the language they communicate in sound like the Afro-Asiatic tongue spoken by the Somali people, and claim the abrasive way lines are delivered and lack of authenticy regarding Somali culture fails to capture the tone, mannerisms and spirit of actual life in Somalia. No Somali actors were used in the movie.[13]

text: In an interview with the BBC, the faction leader Osman Ali Atto said that many aspects of the film are factually incorrect. Taking exception with the ostentatious character chosen to portray him Ali Atto claimed he neither looks like the actor who portrayed him, smoke cigars, or wear earrings,[27] all later confirmed by SEAL Team Six sniper Howard E. Wasdin in his 2012 memoirs. Wasdin also indicated that while the character in the movie ridiculed his captors, in reality, Atto seemed concerned that Wasdin and his men had been sent to kill rather than apprehend him.[28] Atto additionally stated that he had not been consulted about the project or approached for permission, and that the film sequence re-enacting his arrest contained several inaccuracies:[27]

text: First of all when I was caught on 21 September, I was only travelling with one Fiat 124, not three vehicles as it shows in the film[…] And when the helicopter attacked, people were hurt, people were killed[...] The car we were travelling in, (and) I have got proof, it was hit at least 50 times. And my colleague Ahmed Ali was injured on both legs[…] I think it was not right, the way they portrayed both the individual and the action. It was not right.[27]

text: Navy SEAL Wasdin similarly remarked that while olive green military rigger's tape was used to mark the roof of the car in question in the movie, his team in actuality managed to track down Atto's whereabouts using a much more sophisticated technique involving the implantation of a homing device (This was hidden in a cane presented to Atto as a gift from a contact who routinely met with him, which eventually led the team directly to the faction leader.[28]).

text: Malaysian military officials whose own troops were involved in the fighting have likewise raised complaints regarding the film's accuracy. Retired Brigadier-General Abdul Latif Ahmad, who at the time commanded Malaysian forces in Mogadishu, told the AFP news agency that Malaysian moviegoers would be under the wrong impression that the real battle was fought by the Americans alone with Malaysian troops relegated to "mere bus drivers to ferry them out". The film does portray Malaysians contributing to the battle from their vehicles.[29]

text: General Pervez Musharraf, who later became President of Pakistan after a coup, similarly accused the filmmakers of not crediting the work done by the Pakistani soldiers. In his autobiography In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, Musharraf wrote:

text: The outstanding performance of the Pakistani troops under adverse conditions is very well known at the UN. Regrettably, the film Black Hawk Down ignores the role of Malaysia and Pakistan in Somalia. When U.S. troops were trapped in the thickly populated Madina Bazaar area of Mogadishu, it was the Seventh Frontier Force Regiment of the Pakistan Army that reached out and extricated them. The bravery of the U.S. troops notwithstanding, we deserved equal, if not more, credit; but the filmmakers depicted the incident as involving only Americans.[30]

text: Mogadishu Mile[edit]

text: It is often believed that the soldiers involved in the Mogadishu Mile had to run all the way to the Mogadiscio Stadium, as it was shown in the film. However, in that scene the filmmakers took artistic license and dramatized the event, departing from the book. In the film, the Mogadishu Mile ends with about a dozen soldiers entering the Mogadiscio Stadium having run all the way through the city. In the book, it ends with soldiers reaching a rendezvous point on National Street (in opposite direction to the stadium):

text: "As he approached the intersection of Hawlwadig Road and National Street, about five blocks south of the Olympic Hotel, he saw a tank and the line of APCs and Humvees and a mass of men in desert battle dress. He ran until he collapsed, with joy"[31]

text: Not only the Rangers and Delta Force soldiers made the Mogadishu Mile, but also soldiers from U.S. 10th Mountain Division alongside them:

text: "We didn't ride off the crash site. We didn't run out. We walked expediently in a tactical formation for about a mile to get to an awaiting convoy."[32]

text: On the whole, the film version where the convoy leaves the soldiers running through the city alone does not correspond to the real event:

text: "No one ran out of the city. The Mog mile was to a rally point where the Pakistani tanks and the vehicles from 10th Mountain were, waiting to take the men of TFR out to the Pakistani stadium."[33]

text: "These APCs were headed back about 800 meters to a strongpoint where reserve element has stayed behind with the tanks, and the plan was to move the wounded via the vehicles and the healthy by foot back to the strongpoint. That's exactly what happened. That, in all it's non-dramatic form, is the so-called "Mogadishu mile"..."[34]