document_title: List of best-selling girl groups

question_text: who is the best selling female group of all time

question_tokens: who is the best selling female group of all time

root

text: List of best-selling girl groups

text: Best-selling girl groups worldwide[edit]

text: Some of this section's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Groups with claimed total record sales of more than 20 million.

tag: p

text:
Artist
Nationality
Number of members
Period active
Genre
Studio albums
Claimed sales

Spice Girls
United Kingdom
5 → 4 → 5
1994–2000, 2007–2008 (8 years)
Pop
3
85 million[1]

The Andrews Sisters
United States
3
1925–1952, 1954–1967 (38 years)

Traditional pop
swing music

12
75 million[2]

TLC
United States
3 → 2
1991–present (27 years)

R&B
hip-hop

5
65 million[3]

Destiny's Child
United States
4 → 3
1997–2006 (9 years)
R&B
4
60 million[4]

Pussycat Dolls
United States
6 → 5
2003–2010 (7 years)

Pop
R&B

2
54 million[5]

AKB48
Japan
Rotational
2005–present (13 years)
J-pop
8
51.3 million[6]

Bananarama
United Kingdom
3 → 2 → 3
1979–present (39 years)
Pop
10
40 million[7]

The Pointer Sisters
United States
2 → 3 → 4 → 3 → 4
1969–present (49 years)

R&B
soul
pop

16
40 million[8]

The Supremes
United States
3
1959–1977 (18 years)
Pop
29
20 million[9][A]

Speed
Japan
4
1996–2000, 2008–2012 (10 years)
J-pop
5
20 million[11]

text: Notes:

text: Jump up ^ Accurate total sales of the Supremes records are unknown – estimates range from 20 million records up to 100 million records.[10]

tag: ol

text: Best-selling girl group singles[edit]

text: Worldwide[edit]

text: It is extremely difficult to obtain worldwide sales figures for singles due to the lack of verifiable sales reporting in many countries. The best-selling single of all time by a female group is thought to be the 1996 hit "Wannabe" by British group Spice Girls, with estimated sales of 8 million copies worldwide.[12]

text: Other best-selling singles worldwide by girl groups include "The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)" by Las Ketchup (7 million[13]), and "Don't Cha" by the Pussycat Dolls (6 million).[14]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Singles certified platinum or more by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Only includes certifications since 1989, when ARIA took over compiling the Australian charts. From November 2014 onwards paid-for audio streams were included in the Australian singles chart and counted towards sales and certifications.

text: Certifications based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification

2012
"I Love It"[15]
Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX
5× Platinum

2002
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"[16]
Las Ketchup
3× Platinum

2012
"Wings"[15]
Little Mix

1996
"Wannabe"[17]
Spice Girls
2× Platinum

1997
"Never Ever"[18]
All Saints

2000
"Say My Name"[19]
Destiny's Child

"Poison"[19]
Bardot

"Independent Women"[20]
Destiny's Child

2001
"Whole Again"[20]
Atomic Kitten

2005
"Don't Cha"[21]
The Pussycat Dolls

2013
"Change Your Life"[15]
Little Mix

text: Certifications based on sales + on-demand digital streaming

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification

2016
"Work from Home"[22]
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
6× Platinum

2014
"Ugly Heart"[23]
G.R.L.
4× Platinum

2014
"You Ruin Me"[23]
The Veronicas
3× Platinum

2017
"Shout Out to My Ex"[22]
Little Mix

2015
"Worth It"[24]
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink
2× Platinum

"Black Magic"[24]
Little Mix

2016
"Secret Love Song"[24]
Little Mix featuring Jason Derulo

"Hair"[25]
Little Mix featuring Sean Paul

2017
"Touch"[22]
Little Mix

2014
"If You Love Someone"[26]
The Veronicas
Platinum

2016
"In My Blood"[24]
The Veronicas

text: France[edit]

text: The biggest-selling single in France by a girl group is believed to be "The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)" by Spanish girl group Las Ketchup, with estimated sales of 1,750,000.[27]

text: Singles certified diamond (750,000 sales) based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group

1996
"Wannabe"[28]
Spice Girls

2001
"Toutes les femmes de ta vie"[29]
L5

2002
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"[30]
Las Ketchup

text: Singles certified gold (250,000 sales) based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group

1996
"Say You'll Be There"[28]
Spice Girls

"2 Become 1"[28]

1997
"I Wanna Be the Only One"[31]
Eternal featuring BeBe Winans

"Who Do You Think You Are"[28]
Spice Girls

"Spice Up Your Life"[28]

"Too Much"[28]

1998
"Stop"[28]

"Viva Forever"[28]

1999
"No Scrubs"[32]
TLC

2000
"Pure Shores"[33]
All Saints

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification[34]
Sales + streaming
(Based on certifications)

2016
"Work from Home"
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
Diamond
250,000

text: Germany[edit]

text: Certifications based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification[35]
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

2002
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"
Las Ketchup
2× Platinum
1,000,000

2001
"Whole Again"
Atomic Kitten
Platinum
500,000

"Daylight in Your Eyes"
No Angels

2006
"Shame"
Monrose
3× Gold
450,000

1996
"Waterfalls"
TLC
Gold
250,000

"Wannabe"
Spice Girls

1997
"Who Do You Think You Are"/"Mama"
Spice Girls

1998
"Viva Forever"

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification[35]
Sales + streaming
(Based on certifications)

2016
"Work from Home"
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
Platinum
400,000

text:
Note: Certification levels in Germany have changed several times over the years – the certification level for a gold single was 250,000 until the end of 2002, 150,000 between 2003 and mid-2014, and 200,000 from mid-2014 onwards. These different levels are reflected in the table above.
From January 2014 onwards, paid-for audio streams were included in the German singles chart and counted towards sales and certifications.[36]

tag: ul

text: Japan[edit]

text: The ten biggest-selling girl group singles in Japan based on total sales (May 2018):

text:
Released
Single
Group
Detailed Sales
Total Sales

Physical
Downloads
Ringtones

2010
"Heavy Rotation"
AKB48
880,761[37]
1,500,000[38]
750,000[39]
3,130,761

2011
"Flying Get"
AKB48
1,625,849[40]
1,000,000[41]
500,000[42]
3,125,849

2011
"Everyday, Katyusha"
AKB48
1,608,299[43]
1,000,000[41]
500,000[44]
3,108,299

2017
"Negaigoto no Mochigusare"
AKB48
2,649,234[45]
-
-
2,649,234

2013
"Koi Suru Fortune Cookie"
AKB48
1,533,955[46]
1,000,000[47]
-
2,533,955

2016
"Tsubasa wa Iranai"
AKB48
2,499,785[48]
-
-
2,499,785

2012
"Manatsu no Sounds Good"
AKB48
1,822,220[49]
500,000[50]
-
2,322,220

2013
"Sayonara Crawl"
AKB48
1,955,800[51]
100,000[41]
-
2,055,800

2010
"Beginner"
AKB48
1,039,352[52]
1,000,000[41]
-
2,039,352

2011
"Kaze wa Fuiteiru"
AKB48
1,457,113[53]
500,000[41]
-
1,957,113

text: From January 2014, RIAJ changed calculation method for Detailed Sales and the Gold Record.[54]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Singles certified platinum or more by Recorded Music NZ. Since November 2014 certifications for singles have included streaming, and therefore cannot be compared to certifications from before this date.

text: Certifications based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification

2001
"Whole Again"[55]
Atomic Kitten
2× Platinum

2002
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"[56]
Las Ketchup

1995
"Waterfalls"[57]
TLC
Platinum

1996
"Wannabe"[58]
Spice Girls

"Say You'll Be There"[59]

1997
"I Wanna Be the Only One"[60]
Eternal featuring BeBe Winans

"Spice Up Your Life"[61]
Spice Girls

1998
"Viva Forever"[62]

"Rollercoaster"[63]
B*witched

"Goodbye"[63]
Spice Girls

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification

2016
"Work from Home"[64]
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
2× Platinum

2016
"Secret Love Song"[65]
Little Mix featuring Jason Derulo
Platinum

text: South Korea[edit]

text: The ten biggest-selling girl group singles in South Korea based on total sales:

text:
Released
Single
Group
Sales

2011
"Roly-Poly"
T-ara
4,826,000+[66]

2009
"I Don't Care"
2NE1
4,500,000[67]

2011
"Be My Baby"
Wonder Girls
4,168,000+[68]

2011
"So Cool"
SISTAR
4,007,555+[69]

2009
"Because of You"
After School
4,000,000+ [70]

2011
"Don't Say Goodbye"
Davichi
3,928,000[71]

2012
"Lovey-Dovey"
T-ara
3,759,000[72]

2011
"Cry Cry"
T-ara
3,756,000[73]

2011
"I Am the Best"
2NE1
3,700,000[74][75]

2011
"The Boys"
Girls' Generation
3,623,000[76]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: There were few certifications awarded in Sweden before 1996, so singles before this date are not represented in this list. There have been three different certification levels since 1996: from 1996 to June 2003 the gold/platinum levels for singles were 15,000/30,000, from July 2003 to September 2010 the levels were 10,000/20,000, and from October 2010 onwards, when streaming was included in the certification levels, the levels have been 20,000/40,000. The tables below reflect these changes in certification levels.

text: Certifications based on sales only

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification[77]
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

2002
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"[78]
Las Ketchup
4× Platinum
120,000

1998
"Spice Up Your Life"[79]
Spice Girls
Platinum
30,000

1999
"Unpretty"[80]
TLC

2001
"Need to Know (Eenie Meenie Miny Moe)"[81]
Excellence

2002
"All the Things She Said"[82]
t.A.T.u.

"Never Let It Go"[82]
Afro-dite

2005
"Push the Button"[83]
Sugababes
20,000

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification[77]
Sales + streaming
(Based on certifications)

2016
"Work from Home"
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
4× Platinum
160,000

2015
'Emergency"
Icona Pop
2× Platinum
80,000

2012
"I Love It"
Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX
Platinum
40,000

2014
"Sledgehammer"
Fifth Harmony

2015
"Worth It"
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink

text: Switzerland[edit]

text:
Released
Single
Group
Sales

2002
"All The Things She Said"
t.A.T.u [84]
40,000

1996
"Wannabe"
Spice Girls [85]
25,000

1998
"Viva Forever"
Spice Girls [85]
25,000

2001
"Never Ever"
All Saints [86]
25,000

2001
"Whole Again"
Atomic Kitten [87]
20,000

2004
"Lose My Breath"
Destiny's Child [88]
20,000

2005
"Don't Cha"
Pussycat Dolls [89]
20,000

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Since July 2014, certifications have included paid-for audio streams so they cannot be compared to sales-only certifications before this date. The ten biggest-selling girl group singles in the United Kingdom:

text: Physical and digital sales only (before July 2014)

text:
Released
Single
Group
Sales

1996
"Wannabe"
Spice Girls
1,385,211[90]

1997
"Never Ever"
All Saints
1,363,504[90]

1996
"2 Become 1"
Spice Girls
1,140,000[91]

2001
"Whole Again"
Atomic Kitten
1,021,465[90]

1996
"Say You'll Be There"
Spice Girls
961,000[92]

1998
"C'est la Vie"
B*Witched
925,000[93]

1998
"Goodbye"
Spice Girls
896,000[94]

1997
"Spice Up Your Life"
887,000[95]

2000
"Pure Shores"
All Saints
815,000[96]

1997
"Mama"/"Who Do You Think You Are"
Spice Girls
732,000[97]

text: Physical and digital sales + on-demand digital streaming (after July 2014)

text:
Released
Single
Group
Units

2016
"Work from Home"
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
1,209,902[90]

2016
"Shout Out to My Ex"
Little Mix
1,200,000[98]

2015
"Black Magic"
1,200,000 [99]

2012
"Wings"
600,000[100]

2016
"Secret Love Song"
Little Mix featuring Jason Derulo

"Hair"
Little Mix featuring Sean Paul

"Touch"
Little Mix

2017
"No More Sad Songs"
Little Mix featuring Machine Gun Kelly

"Power"
Little Mix featuring Stormzy

"Reggaetón Lento (Remix)"
Little Mix with CNCO

text: United States[edit]

text: Sales figures of records in the US were not tracked accurately until May 1991, when Nielsen SoundScan started recording sales of singles and albums electronically at point of sale, rather than relying on figures provided to them by record store staff.[101] As a result there are no reliable sales figures available before this date, and therefore it is not possible to rank the best-selling singles by girl groups in the US in sales order.

text: Since 2013 certifications have included legal on-demand digital streams – separate figures for the pure sales component of singles released after 2013 are not available so they cannot be compared to sales-only certifications before this date.

text: Certifications based on sales only

text: RIAA sales certifications began in the US in 1958 – there are very few records with certifications before this date. Until 1988 a million-seller received a gold certification (and a two million-seller received a platinum certification). From 1989 onwards the levels were revised so that a million-seller received a platinum certification instead, with multi-platinum awards for multiple million sales.[102][103] However, these pre- and post-1989 certification levels are not currently reflected in the RIAA database.

text: The following singles have been certified by RIAA as selling one million copies or more in the US.

text:
Released
Single
Group
Sales (where known)

1961
"Please Mr. Postman"[104]
The Marvelettes

1964
"Dancing in the Street"[105][106]
Martha and the Vandellas

"Baby Love"[107][108]
The Supremes

1965
"Stop! In the Name of Love"[107][108]

"Don't Mess with Bill"[104]
The Marvelettes

1969
"Someday We'll Be Together"[108][109]
Diana Ross and the Supremes

1974
"When Will I See You Again"[110][111]
The Three Degrees
2,000,000[112]

1975
"Lady Marmalade"[113][114]
Labelle

"Fly, Robin, Fly"[115][116]
Silver Convention

1976
"Get Up and Boogie"[115][116]

1977
"Best of My Love"[117][118]
The Emotions
1,800,000[119]

"Angel in Your Arms"[120]
Hot

1979
"You Gonna Make Me Love Somebody Else"[121]
The Jones Girls

"We Are Family"[122][123]
Sister Sledge

"Fire"[124][125]
The Pointer Sisters

1980
"Sukiyaki"[126]
A Taste of Honey

"He's So Shy"[124]
The Pointer Sisters

1981
"Slow Hand"[124][125]

1982
"We Got the Beat"[127]
The Go-Go's

1986
"Walk Like an Egyptian"[128][129]
The Bangles

1987
"Push It"[130][131]
Salt-n-Pepa

1989
"Expression"[130][131]

1990
"Hold On"[118][132]
En Vogue

1992
"Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg"[133][134]
TLC

"Baby-Baby-Baby"[133][134]

1993
"Weak"[135][136]
SWV

"Just Kickin' It"[137][138]
Xscape

"Whatta Man"[130][131]
Salt-n-Pepa with En Vogue

1994
"Stroke You Up"[139][140]
Changing Faces

1995
"Creep"[133][134]
TLC
1,400,000[141][142]

"Waterfalls"[133][134]
1,200,000[142]

1996
"Wannabe"[143][144]
Spice Girls
2,910,000[145]

1997
"Don't Let Go (Love)"[118][132]
En Vogue
1,300,000[146][147]

"G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T."[139][148]
Changing Faces
1,200,000[147]

1998
"No, No, No"[149][150]
Destiny's Child
1,300,000[151]

"Lately"[152][153]
Divine
1,100,000[151]

2004
"Soldier"[149]
Destiny's Child

2005
"Don't Cha"[154]
The Pussycat Dolls featuring Busta Rhymes

"Stickwitu"[154]
The Pussycat Dolls

2006
"Buttons"[154]
The Pussycat Dolls featuring Snoop Dogg

"Cater 2 U"[149]
Destiny's Child

2008
"Damaged"[155]
Danity Kane

"I Hate This Part"[154]
The Pussycat Dolls

text: In addition, the following singles have been stated as selling one million copies or more in the US – however, they have not been certified by the RIAA.

text:
Released
Single
Group

1954
"Mr. Sandman"[156]
The Chordettes

1958
"Lollipop"[156]

1961
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow"[157]
The Shirelles

1962
"Soldier Boy"[157]

"He's a Rebel"[158]
The Crystals

1963
"He's So Fine"[159]
The Chiffons

"Da Doo Ron Ron"[158]
The Crystals

"My Boyfriend's Back"[160]
The Angels

"Be My Baby"[161]
The Ronettes

1964
"Chapel of Love"[153]
The Dixie Cups

"Where Did Our Love Go"[107]
The Supremes

"Come See About Me"[107]

"Leader of the Pack"[162]
The Shangri-Las

1965
"Back in My Arms Again"[107]
The Supremes

"I Hear a Symphony"[107]

"A Lover's Concerto"[163]
The Toys

1966
"You Can't Hurry Love"[107]
The Supremes

"You Keep Me Hangin' On"[107]

1967
"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone"[107]

"The Happening"[107]

"Reflections"[109]
Diana Ross and the Supremes

1968
"Love Child"[109]

1971
"Stoned Love"[109]
The Supremes

text:
Released
Single
Group
Certification

2012
"I Love It"
Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX
4× Platinum[164]

2014
"Boss"
Fifth Harmony
Platinum[165]

"Sledgehammer"

2015
"Worth It"
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink
3× Platinum[165]

2016
"Work from Home"
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla Sign
5× Platinum[165]

"All in My Head (Flex)"
Fifth Harmony featuring Fetty Wap
Platinum[165]

text: Best-selling girl group albums[edit]

text: Worldwide[edit]

text: The ten biggest-selling girl group albums worldwide:

text:
Released
Album
Artist
Sales

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
31 million[166][167]

1994
CrazySexyCool
TLC
23 million[168]

1997
Spiceworld
Spice Girls
20 million[169]

1999
The Writing's on the Wall
Destiny's Child
15 million[170]

1999
FanMail
TLC
14 million[168]

2001
Survivor
Destiny's Child
12 million[170]

1990
Wilson Phillips
Wilson Phillips
11 million[171]

2005
PCD
Pussycat Dolls
9 million[172]

1993
Very Necessary
Salt-n-Pepa
7 million [173]

2004
Destiny Fulfilled
Destiny's Child
7 million[citation needed]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Albums certified platinum or more by ARIA.[174] Only includes certifications since 1997.

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
6× Platinum

1997
Spiceworld

2005
The Secret Life of...
The Veronicas
4× Platinum

1999
The Writing's on the Wall
Destiny's Child
3× Platinum

2005
PCD
The Pussycat Dolls

1998
B*Witched
B*Witched
2× Platinum

All Saints
All Saints

2000
Bardot
Bardot

2006
Young Divas
Young Divas

2007
Hook Me Up
The Veronicas

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Certifications according to ABPD.[175] Some of the certification thresholds have changed depending on the amount of sales sold. Check the ABPD for more certifications.

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

2002
Rouge
Rouge
2× Platinum
2,000,000

2003
C'est La Vie
Platinum
900,000

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
2× Platinum
500,000

1997
Spiceworld
Platinum
250,000

2004
Blá Blá Blá
Rouge
Gold
135,000

2015
Reflection
Fifth Harmony
3× Platinum
120,000

2016
7/27[176]

2000
Forever
Spice Girls
Gold
100,000

2001
Survivor
Destiny's Child
50,000

2006
Live from London
The Pussycat Dolls
25,000

text: Canada[edit]

text: Certifications according to Music Canada.

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification

1996
Spice[177]
Spice Girls
Diamond

1997
Spiceworld[177]

1994
CrazySexyCool[178]
TLC
8× Platinum

1990
Wilson Phillips[179]
Wilson Phillips
7× Platinum

1999
The Writing's on the Wall[180]
Destiny's Child
5× Platinum

1983
Break Out[181]
Pointer Sisters
4× Platinum

1993
Very Necessary[182]
Salt-n-Pepa

1999
FanMail[178]
TLC

2001
Survivor[180]
Destiny's Child

1997
All Saints[183]
All Saints
3× Platinum

text: Europe[edit]

text: Albums certified platinum or more for more than one million sales in Europe, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.

text: Note: the IFPI Europe Platinum Award was only created in 1996, therefore there are few albums on this list from before that date. No awards are publicly available after 2014.

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

1996
Spice[184]
Spice Girls
8× Platinum
8,000,000

1997
Spiceworld[185]
5× Platinum
5,000,000

All Saints[185]
All Saints
2× Platinum
2,000,000

1999
The Writing's on the Wall[186]
Destiny's Child

2001
Survivor[186]

2005
PCD[187]
The Pussycat Dolls

1994
CrazySexyCool[188]
TLC
Platinum
1,000,000

1996
Tic Tac Toe[184]
Tic Tac Toe

1997
Klappe die 2te[184]

Greatest Hits[185]
Eternal

2001
200 Po Vstrechnoy[189]
t.A.T.u.

2002
200 km/h in the Wrong Lane[190]

text: Germany[edit]

text: Certifications according to the IFPI.[191]

text:
Released
Album
Artist
Certification
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

2001
Elle'ments
No Angels
7× Gold
1,050,000

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
3× Gold
750,000

2002
Now ... Us!
No Angels
2× Platinum
600,000

1997
Spiceworld
Spice Girls
Platinum
500,000

2006
Temptation
Monrose
2× Platinum
400,000

2004
Destiny Fulfilled
Destiny's Child
Platinum
200,000

2001
Survivor
Platinum
300,000

1999
The Writing's on the Wall
Gold
250,000

2005
PCD
Pussycat Dolls
Platinum
200,000

2001
Right Now
Atomic Kitten
Gold
150,000

text: Japan[edit]

text: Sales according to Oricon and Platinum certifications according to the RIAJ. The ten biggest-selling girl group albums in Japan:

text:
Released
Album
Group
Sales
Certification

1998
Moment
Speed
2,319,000[192]
Million[193]

2001
Best! Morning Musume 1
Morning Musume
2,260,000[192]
Million[194]

1998
Rise
Speed
2,048,000[192]
Million[193]

2002
200 km/h in the Wrong Lane
t.A.T.u.
2,000,000[195]
Million[193]

1997
Starting Over
Speed
1,926,000[192]
Million[196]

2012
1830m
AKB48
1,051,000[197]
Million[198]

2014
Tsugi no Ashiato
1,001,000[199]
Million[200]

2011
Girls' Generation
Girls' Generation
901,097[201]
Million[198]

2000
3rd: Love Paradise
Morning Musume
863,300[202]
Million[203]

2011
Koko ni Ita Koto
AKB48
829,645[204]
Million[205]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Certifications according to the NVPI.[206]

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification
Sales
(Based on
certifications)

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
3× Platinum
300,000

1999
The Writing's on the Wall
Destiny's Child
2× Platinum
200,000

2009
MaMaSé!
K3
4× Platinum
200,000

2001
Survivor
Destiny's Child
2× Platinum
160,000

1978
With Luv'
Luv'
Platinum
100,000

1979
Lots Of Luv'

1978
Energy
Pointer Sisters

1997
Spiceworld
Spice Girls

1999
FanMail
TLC

1979
True Luv'
Luv'
Gold
50,000

text: South Korea[edit]

text: Sales according to Gaon Chart and the Recording Industry Association of Korea. The ten biggest-selling girl group albums in South Korea:

text:
Released
Album
Group
Sales

1968
My Dear
The Pearl Sisters
1,000,000+[207]

1999
Love
S.E.S.
760,475[208]

2016
Twicecoaster: Lane 1
TWICE
710,504[209][210]

1998
Sea & Eugene & Shoo
S.E.S.
651,330[211]

1997
I'm Your Girl
S.E.S.
650,000[212]

2000
A Letter from Greenland
S.E.S.
626,565+[213]

1999
White
Fin.K.L
593,816[214]

2017
TWICEtagram
TWICE
525,405[215][216]

2011
The Boys
Girls' Generation
464,736[217]

2002
Special Album
Baby V.O.X.
440,000[citation needed]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: Certifications according to the IFPI.[218]

text:
Album
Group
Sales
(Based on
certifications)
Certification
Year

Spice
Spice Girls
100,000
2× Platinum
1996

Spiceworld
1997

Forever
50,000
Platinum
2000

All Saints
All Saints
1997

Elle'ments
No Angels
40,000
2001

Survivor
Destiny's Child

Temptation
Monrose
30,000
2006

The Writing's on the Wall
Destiny's Child
25,000
Gold
1999

FanMail
TLC

Now ... Us!
No Angels
20,000
2002

text: Taiwan[edit]

text:
Released
Album
Group
Sales

2003
Super Star
S.H.E
300,000+[219]

2002
Genesis
S.H.E
300,000+[219]

2003
Together
S.H.E.
280,000[220]

2002
Youth Society
S.H.E.
280,000+[221]

2004
Magical Journey
S.H.E.
280,000[222]

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
225,000+[223]

2004
Encore
S.H.E
180,000[224]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Albums certified triple platinum or more by the BPI.[100]

text:
Released
Album
Artist
Certification

1996
Spice
Spice Girls
10× Platinum

1997
Spiceworld
5× Platinum

All Saints
All Saints

1993
Always & Forever
Eternal
4× Platinum

2005
PCD
Pussycat Dolls

2006
The Sound of Girls Aloud: The Greatest Hits
Girls Aloud

1997
Greatest Hits
Eternal
3× Platinum

1988
Greatest Hits Collection
Bananarama

1999
The Writing's on the Wall
Destiny's Child

2001
Survivor

2001
Angels With Dirty Faces
Sugababes

2016
Glory Days
Little Mix

text: United States[edit]

text: Albums certified platinum or more by the RIAA. The sales figures shown for the quadruple and triple platinum albums are sales recorded by Nielsen SoundScan plus known sales from BMG's Music Club.[225] These do not represent the total sales of the album in the US as they exclude unknown sales figures from Columbia House and other music clubs.

text:
Released
Album
Group
Certification
Known sales

1994
CrazySexyCool[133]
TLC
11× Platinum
11,200,000[226]

1999
The Writing's on the Wall[149]
Destiny's Child
8× Platinum
8,400,000[226]

1996
Spice[143]
Spice Girls
7× Platinum
7,500,000[227]

1999
FanMail[133]
TLC
6× Platinum
4,700,000[226]

1990
Wilson Phillips[228]
Wilson Phillips
5× Platinum

1993
Very Necessary[229]
Salt-n-Pepa
4,400,000[226]

2001
Survivor[149]
Destiny's Child
4× Platinum
4,739,000[225][230]

2001
Spiceworld[143]
Spice Girls
4,100,000[231]

1992
Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip[133]
TLC
2,500,000[232]

1983
Break Out[233]
The Pointer Sisters
3× Platinum

1992
It's About Time[135]
SWV


document_title: 2018 Super Rugby season

question_text: where will the super rugby final be played

text: 2018 Super Rugby season

text: Competition format[edit]

text: The 15 participating teams are divided into three geographical conferences: the Australian Conference (consisting of four Australian teams and the Japanese Sunwolves), the New Zealand Conference (consisting of five New Zealand teams), and the South African Conference (consisting of four South African teams and the  Jaguares from Argentina).[3]

text: In the group stages, there are 18 rounds of matches, with each team playing 16 matches and having two rounds of byes, resulting in a total of 120 matches. Teams play eight inter-conference matches and eight cross-conference matches; they play all the other teams in their conference twice - once at home and once away - and play once against four of the teams in the other two conferences.

text: The top team in each of the three conferences qualify for the quarterfinals, as do the next five teams with the best records across the three conferences, known as wildcards. The conference winners and best wildcard team hosted the quarterfinals. The quarterfinal winners progressed to the semifinal, and the winners of the semifinals advanced to the final.[3]

text: Standings[edit]

text: The final standings for the 2018 Super Rugby season were:

text:
2018 Super Rugby standings

watch · edit ·  discuss

text:
Overall standings

Pos

Team

P

W

D

L

PF

PA

PD

TF

TA

TB

LB

Pts

1
  Crusaders
16
14
0
2
542
295
+247
77
39
7
0
63

2
  Lions
16
9
0
7
519
435
+84
77
55
6
4
46

3
  Waratahs
16
9
1
6
557
445
+112
74
59
4
2
44

4
  Hurricanes
16
11
0
5
474
343
+131
66
43
5
2
51

5
  Chiefs
16
11
0
5
463
368
+95
60
48
3
2
49

6
  Highlanders
16
10
0
6
437
445
−8
59
57
3
1
44

7
  Jaguares
16
9
0
7
409
418
−9
51
55
2
0
38

8
  Sharks
16
7
1
8
437
442
−5
49
57
2
4
36

9
  Rebels
16
7
0
9
440
461
−21
57
60
5
3
36

10
  Brumbies
16
7
0
9
393
422
−29
56
52
2
4
34

11
  Stormers
16
6
0
10
390
423
−33
46
56
0
5
29

12
  Bulls
16
6
0
10
441
502
−61
59
66
2
3
29

13
  Reds
16
6
0
10
389
501
−112
49
66
1
3
28

14
  Blues
16
4
0
12
378
509
−131
50
66
2
4
22

15
  Sunwolves
16
3
0
13
404
664
−260
48
99
0
2
14

text:
Australian Conference

Pos

Team

P

W

D

L

PF

PA

PD

TF

TA

TB

LB

Pts

1
  Waratahs
16
9
1
6
557
445
+112
74
59
4
2
44

2
  Rebels
16
7
0
9
440
461
−21
57
60
5
3
36

3
  Brumbies
16
7
0
9
393
422
−29
56
52
2
4
34

4
  Reds
16
6
0
10
389
501
−112
49
66
1
3
28

5
  Sunwolves
16
3
0
13
404
664
−260
48
99
0
2
14

text:
New Zealand Conference

Pos

Team

P

W

D

L

PF

PA

PD

TF

TA

TB

LB

Pts

1
  Crusaders
16
14
0
2
542
295
+247
77
39
7
0
63

2
  Hurricanes
16
11
0
5
474
343
+131
66
43
5
2
51

3
  Chiefs
16
11
0
5
463
368
+95
60
48
3
2
49

4
  Highlanders
16
10
0
6
437
445
−8
59
57
3
1
44

5
  Blues
16
4
0
12
378
509
−131
50
66
2
4
22

text:
South African Conference

Pos

Team

P

W

D

L

PF

PA

PD

TF

TA

TB

LB

Pts

1
  Lions
16
9
0
7
519
435
+84
77
55
6
4
46

2
  Jaguares
16
9
0
7
409
418
−9
51
55
2
0
38

3
  Sharks
16
7
1
8
437
442
−5
49
57
2
4
36

4
  Stormers
16
6
0
10
390
423
−33
46
56
0
5
29

5
  Bulls
16
6
0
10
441
502
−61
59
66
2
3
29

text:
showLegend and Competition rules

Legend:

Conference leaders, qualified to the finals.

P = Games Played, W = Games Won, D = Games Drawn, L = Games Lost, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, PD = Points Difference, TF = Tries For, TA = Tries Against, TB = Try Bonus Points, LB = Losing Bonus Points, Pts = Tournament Points

Wildcard teams, qualified to finals.

Competition rules:[4]

Qualification:  Eight teams will qualify to the finals, with their final positions in the overall log determining their seedings in the Quarter Finals. The conference winners will be seeded #1 to #3 for the Quarter Finals, in order of log points gained during the group stages, while the wildcards will be seeded as #4 to #8 in order of log points gained during the group stages.  In the Quarter Finals, the three conference winners and the highest-ranked wildcard team will host the first round of the finals, with the highest-seeded conference winner (Team #1) hosting the fifth-seeded wildcard entry (Team #8) in Quarter Final 1, the second-seeded conference winner (Team #2) hosting the fourth-seeded wildcard entry (Team #7) in Quarter Final 3, the third-seeded conference winner (Team #3) hosting the third-seeded wildcard entry (Team #6) in Quarter Final 4 and the top-seeded wildcard entry (Team #4) hosting the second-seed wildcard entry (Team #5) in Quarter Final 2.  The Quarter Final winners will progress to the Semi-Finals, where the winners of Quarter Finals 1 and 2 will play each other, as well as the winners of Quarter Finals 3 and 4, each tie hosted by the higher-seeded team.  The winner of the Semi-Finals will progress to the Final, again to be held at the venue of the highest-seeded team.   Tournament Points breakdown: * 4 tournament points for a win * 2 tournament points for a draw * 1 tournament bonus point for a loss by seven points or less * 1 tournament bonus point for scoring at least three tries more than the opponent in a match   Classification:  Teams standings are calculated as follows: * Conference Leaders * Tournament points * Number of games won * Overall points difference * Number of tries scored * Overall try difference * Coin toss

text: Round-by-round[edit]

text: The table below shows each team's progression throughout the season. For each round, their cumulative points total is shown with the overall log position in brackets:

text:
hideTeam Progression – Australian Conference

Team

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

R7

R8

R9

R10

R11

R12

R13

R14

R15

R16

R17

R18

R19

QF

SF

Final

Waratahs

N/A

4  (7th)

6  (5th)

6  (8th)

10  (7th)

10  (9th)

14  (6th)

19  (6th)

24  (3rd)

24  (3rd)

24  (3rd)

25  (3rd)

26  (3rd)

31  (3rd)

31  (3rd)

35  (3rd)

39  (3rd)

44  (2nd)

44  (3rd)

Won

Lost

N/A

Rebels

N/A

5  (2nd)

10  (2nd)

15  (1st)

15  (2nd)

20  (1st)

20  (1st)

20  (3rd)

21  (6th)

21  (7th)

21  (7th)

21  (10th)

25  (7th)

25  (9th)

30  (8th)

34  (8th)

35  (8th)

35  (8th)

36  (9th)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Brumbies

N/A

4  (5th)

4  (8th)

4  (13th)

8  (11th)

8  (11th)

9  (11th)

14  (8th)

14  (9th)

15  (11th)

15  (13th)

15  (14th)

16  (14th)

16  (14th)

20  (12th)

25  (11th)

29  (10th)

30  (10th)

34  (10th)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Reds

N/A

0  (14th)

4  (11th)

8  (6th)

12  (4th)

13  (7th)

13  (8th)

13  (10th)

13  (12th)

13  (13th)

17  (12th)

17  (12th)

17  (12th)

18  (12th)

19  (13th)

19  (13th)

19  (14th)

23  (13th)

28  (13th)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Sunwolves

N/A

1  (12th)

1  (14th)

1  (15th)

2  (15th)

2  (15th)

2  (15th)

2  (15th)

2  (15th)

2  (15th)

2  (15th)

2  (15th)

6  (15th)

10  (15th)

10  (15th)

10  (15th)

14  (15th)

14  (15th)

14  (15th)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Team Progression – New Zealand Conference

Team

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

R7

R8

R9

R10

R11

R12

R13

R14

R15

R16

R17

R18

R19

QF

SF

Final

Crusaders

N/A

5  (3rd)

10  (3rd)

10  (4th)

10  (6th)

15  (3rd)

19  (4th)

24  (2nd)

24  (4th)

29  (2nd)

33  (1st)

38  (1st)

42  (1st)

46  (1st)

50  (1st)

54  (1st)

54  (1st)

58  (1st)

63  (1st)

Won

Won

Won

Hurricanes

N/A

1  (9th)

6  (4th)

10  (3rd)

10  (5th)

14  (4th)

19  (3rd)

23  (4th)

27  (1st)

27  (4th)

32  (4th)

36  (4th)

41  (4th)

45  (4th)

45  (4th)

45  (4th)

45  (4th)

50  (4th)

51  (4th)

Won

Lost

N/A

Chiefs

N/A

0  (13th)

4  (10th)

4  (12th)

8  (10th)

13  (5th)

17  (5th)

21  (5th)

21  (5th)

26  (5th)

26  (6th)

27  (6th)

31  (6th)

32  (5th)

37  (5th)

37  (6th)

41  (5th)

45  (5th)

49  (5th)

Lost

N/A

N/A

Highlanders

N/A

4  (6th)

4  (7th)

9  (5th)

13  (3rd)

13  (6th)

14  (7th)

14  (7th)

19  (7th)

24  (6th)

28  (5th)

28  (5th)

32  (5th)

32  (6th)

36  (6th)

40  (5th)

40  (6th)

40  (6th)

44  (6th)

Lost

N/A

N/A

Blues

N/A

1  (10th)

2  (13th)

6  (9th)

6  (12th)

6  (13th)

6  (14th)

7  (14th)

12  (14th)

12  (14th)

13  (14th)

17  (13th)

17  (13th)

17  (13th)

17  (14th)

17  (14th)

22  (13th)

22  (14th)

22  (14th)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Team Progression – South African Conference

Team

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

R7

R8

R9

R10

R11

R12

R13

R14

R15

R16

R17

R18

R19

QF

SF

Final

Lions

4  (4th)

9  (1st)

14  (1st)

15  (2nd)

19  (1st)

19  (2nd)

20  (2nd)

25  (1st)

25  (2nd)

30  (1st)

31  (2nd)

31  (2nd)

31  (2nd)

36  (2nd)

40  (2nd)

40  (2nd)

41  (2nd)

41  (3rd)

46  (2nd)

Won

Won

Lost

Jaguares

0  (15th)

0  (15th)

0  (15th)

4  (14th)

4  (14th)

8  (12th)

8  (13th)

8  (13th)

12  (13th)

16  (10th)

20  (8th)

24  (7th)

24  (8th)

29  (7th)

34  (7th)

34  (7th)

38  (7th)

38  (7th)

38  (7th)

Lost

N/A

N/A

Sharks

1  (5th)

1  (11th)

3  (12th)

8  (7th)

9  (9th)

9  (10th)

13  (10th)

14  (9th)

14  (10th)

18  (9th)

18  (11th)

23  (8th)

24  (10th)

28  (8th)

28  (9th)

28  (9th)

32  (9th)

32  (9th)

36  (8th)

Lost

N/A

N/A

Stormers

4  (1st)

5  (4th)

5  (6th)

5  (11th)

9  (8th)

13  (8th)

13  (9th)

13  (11th)

13  (11th)

14  (12th)

18  (10th)

22  (9th)

23  (11th)

24  (11th)

25  (10th)

25  (10th)

25  (12th)

29  (11th)

29  (11th)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Bulls

0  (6th)

4  (8th)

4  (9th)

5  (10th)

5  (13th)

5  (14th)

9  (12th)

9  (12th)

14  (8th)

19  (8th)

20  (9th)

20  (11th)

24  (9th)

24  (10th)

24  (11th)

24  (12th)

25  (11th)

29  (12th)

29  (12th)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Key:

win

draw

loss

bye

text: Matches[edit]

text: The fixtures for the 2018 Super Rugby competition were released on 21 September 2017.[5] The following matches were played during the regular season:

text:
Home \ Away

BLU

BRU

BUL

CHI

CRU

HIG

HUR

JAG

LIO

REB

RED

SHA

STO

SUN

WAR

Blues

—

—

—

21–27

24–32

16–34

15–36

13–20

—

10–20

39–16

40–63

—

—

—

Brumbies

—

—

—

—

8–21

—

24–12

20–25

—

24–27

45–21

24–17

—

41–31

17–24

Bulls

—

28–38

—

—

—

28–29

21–19

43–34

35–49

28–10

—

39–33

33–23

—

—

Chiefs

21–19

24–19

41–28

—

20–34

27–22

28–24

19–23

—

—

—

—

—

—

39–27

Crusaders

54–17

—

33–14

45–23

—

45–22

24–13

—

—

—

—

—

45–28

33–11

31–29

Highlanders

41–34

43–17

—

22–45

25–17

—

30–14

—

39–27

43–37

—

—

33–15

—

—

Hurricanes

42–24

—

—

25–13

29–19

29–12

—

—

28–19

—

38–34

38–37

—

43–15

—

Jaguares

—

—

54–24

—

14–40

—

9–34

—

49–35

—

7–18

29–13

25–14

—

38–28

Lions

35–38

42–24

38–12

—

8–14

—

—

47–27

—

—

—

26–19

52–31

40–38

—

Rebels

—

33–10

—

—

10–55

—

19–50

22–25

—

—

45–19

46–14

—

40–13

26–31

Reds

—

18–10

20–14

12–36

—

15–18

—

—

27–22

37–23

—

—

—

48–27

41–52

Sharks

—

—

10–40

28–24

—

38–12

—

20–10

31–24

—

—

—

24–17

50–22

24–24

Stormers

37–20

—

29–17

9–15

—

—

—

28–20

23–26

34–18

25–19

27–16

—

—

—

Sunwolves

10–24

25–32

42–37

10–61

—

—

—

—

—

17–37

63–28

—

26–23

—

29–50

Waratahs

21–24

31–40

—

—

—

41–12

—

—

0–29

51–27

37–16

—

34–27

77–25

—

text: Finals[edit]

text: The finals fixtures were as follows:

text:
QualifiersSemifinalsFinal             21 July  – Christchurch    Crusaders  40   28 July  – Christchurch   Sharks       10
  Crusaders  30   20 July  – Wellington   Hurricanes   12
  Hurricanes  32   4 August – Christchurch   Chiefs       31
  Crusaders  37   21 July  – Johannesburg   Lions        18
  Lions  40   28 July  – Johannesburg   Jaguares     23
  Lions  44   21 July  – Sydney   Waratahs     26
  Waratahs  30    Highlanders  23

text: Qualifiers[edit]

text:
20 July 2018

Hurricanes

32–31

Chiefs

Westpac Stadium, Wellington

show

19:35

Try: Julian Savea  1'  TJ Perenara  33', 62'  Ben Lam  69'Con: Beauden Barrett  2', 33'  Jordie Barrett  70'Pen: Beauden Barrett  11', 55'Cards: Vaea Fifita  80'

Report[6]  Scoreboard[7]

Try: Brad Weber  7'  Anton Lienert-Brown  51'  Damian McKenzie  79'  Lachlan Boshier  80'Con: Damian McKenzie  8', 52', 79'  Charlie Ngatai  80'Pen: Damian McKenzie  22'

Referee: Glen Jackson

text:
21 July 2018

Crusaders

40–10

Sharks

AMI Stadium, Christchurch

show

19:35

Try: Bryn Hall  9'  David Havili  12'  Matt Todd  42'  Braydon Ennor  67'  Peter Samu  72'Con: Richie Mo'unga  43', 68', 73'Pen: Richie Mo'unga  7', 40', 57'

Report[8]  Scoreboard[9]

Try: Kobus van Wyk  26'Con: Robert du Preez  27'Pen: Robert du Preez  48'

Referee: Mike Fraser

text:
21 July 2018

Waratahs

30–23

Highlanders

Allianz Stadium, Sydney

show

20:05

Try: Bernard Foley  54', 61'  Israel Folau  56'Con: Bernard Foley  54', 57', 62'Pen: Bernard Foley  4', 9', 71'Cards: Paddy Ryan  74'

Report[10]  Scoreboard[11]

Try: Waisake Naholo  11'  Rob Thompson  25'Con: Lima Sopoaga  12', 26'Pen: Lima Sopoaga  7', 19', 34'Cards: Waisake Naholo  52' to 62'

Referee: Angus Gardner

text:
21 July 2018

Lions

40–23

Jaguares

Emirates Airline Park, Johannesburg

show

15:05

Try: Ruan Combrinck  8'  Harold Vorster  15'  Malcolm Marx  27'  Andries Coetzee  57'Con: Elton Jantjies  9', 16', 28', 58'Pen: Elton Jantjies  26', 44', 76'Drop: Elton Jantjies  64'

Report[12]  Scoreboard[13]

Try: Bautista Delguy  42'  Pablo Matera  48'Con: Nicolás Sánchez  43', 49'Pen: Nicolás Sánchez  4', 6', 37'

Referee: Jaco Peyper

text: Semifinals[edit]

text:
28 July 2018

Crusaders

30–12

Hurricanes

AMI Stadium, Christchurch

show

19:35

Try: Richie Mo'unga  15'  George Bridge  28'  David Havili  44'  Braydon Ennor  69'Con: Richie Mo'unga  16', 45'Pen: Richie Mo'unga  36', 39'

Report[14]  Scoreboard[15]

Try: Julian Savea  19'  Ben Lam  80'Con: Beauden Barrett  19'

Referee: Jaco Peyper

text:
28 July 2018

Lions

44–26

Waratahs

Emirates Airline Park, Johannesburg

show

15:05

Try: Kwagga Smith  21', 63'  Aphiwe Dyantyi  26'  Malcolm Marx  35', 58'  Courtnall Skosan  79'Con: Elton Jantjies  28', 37', 64', 80'Pen: Elton Jantjies  55', 74'

Report[16]  Scoreboard[17]

Try: Ned Hanigan  4'  Israel Folau  8'  Tom Robertson  39'  Jake Gordon  76'Con: Bernard Foley  6', 10', 76'Cards: Damien Fitzpatrick  57' to 67'

Referee: Glen Jackson

text: Final[edit]

text:
4 August 2018

Crusaders

37–18

Lions

AMI Stadium, Christchurch

show

19:35

Try: Seta Tamanivalu  19'  David Havili  34'  Mitchell Drummond  62'  Scott Barrett  70'Con: Richie Mo'unga  20', 36', 63', 71'Pen: Richie Mo'unga  16', 33', 43'Cards: Ryan Crotty  67' to 77'

Report[18]  Scoreboard[19]

Try: Cyle Brink  53'  Malcolm Marx  68'Con: Elton Jantjies  54'Pen: Elton Jantjies  13', 39'

Referee: Angus Gardner

text: Players[edit]

text: Squads[edit]

text: The following 2018 Super Rugby squads have been named:

text:
Forwards

Leni Apisai • Gerard Cowley-Tuioti • Lyndon Dunshea • Blake Gibson • Josh Goodhue • Sione Havili • Alex Hodgman • Akira Ioane • Jerome Kaino • Antonio Kiri Kiri • Sione Mafileo • Pauliasi Manu • Matiaha Martin • Matt Moulds • Ben Nee-Nee • Dalton Papali'i • James Parsons • Jacob Pierce • Glenn Preston • Kara Pryor • Scott Scrafton • Mike Tamoaieta • Murphy Taramai • Patrick Tuipulotu • Jimmy Tupou • Ofa Tu'ungafasi • Ross Wright • Did not play: • Isaac Salmon

Backs

Caleb Clarke • Michael Collins • Matt Duffie • TJ Faiane • Bryn Gatland • Terrence Hepetema • Jordan Hyland • Rieko Ioane • Daniel Kirkpatrick • Orbyn Leger • Tumua Manu • George Moala • Melani Nanai • Sam Nock • Stephen Perofeta • Augustine Pulu • Jonathan Ruru • Jordan Trainor • Tamati Tua • Sonny Bill Williams • Did not play: • Otere Black • Matthew Johnson

Coach

Tana Umaga

text:
Forwards

Robbie Abel • Allan Alaalatoa • Ben Alexander • Richie Arnold • Rory Arnold • Sam Carter • Tom Cusack • Blake Enever • Mees Erasmus • Folau Fainga'a • Lolo Fakaosilea • Leslie Leulua’iali’i-Makin • Joshua Mann-Rea • Nic Mayhew • Lachlan McCaffrey • Connal McInerney • Isi Naisarani • Michael Oakman-Hunt • David Pocock • Scott Sio • Faalelei Sione • Darcy Swain • Rob Valetini • Did not play: • Ben Hyne

Backs

Tom Banks • James Dargaville • Kyle Godwin • Wharenui Hawera • Jordan Jackson-Hope • Tevita Kuridrani • Christian Lealiifano • Matt Lucas • Andy Muirhead • Chance Peni • Joe Powell • Andrew Smith • Henry Speight • Lausii Taliauli • James Verity-Amm • Did not play: • Mack Hansen • Ryan Lonergan

Coach

Dan McKellar

text:
Forwards

Shaun Adendorff • Tim Agaba • Matthys Basson • Thembelani Bholi • Lood de Jager • Nick de Jager • Johan Grobbelaar • Lizo Gqoboka • Jason Jenkins • Jannes Kirsten • Hanro Liebenberg • Edgar Marutlulle • Nqoba Mxoli • Ruan Nortjé • Trevor Nyakane • Pierre Schoeman • Roelof Smit • Mornay Smith • RG Snyman • Hendré Stassen • Adriaan Strauss • Ruben van Heerden • Conraad van Vuuren • Marco van Staden • Frans van Wyk • Jaco Visagie • Did not play: • Aston Fortuin • Simphiwe Matanzima • Ruan Steenkamp

Backs

Marnitz Boshoff • Francois Brummer • Warrick Gelant • Boeta Hamman • Travis Ismaiel • JT Jackson • Johnny Kôtze • Jesse Kriel • Manie Libbok • Duncan Matthews • Burger Odendaal • Embrose Papier • Handré Pollard • Divan Rossouw • Dries Swanepoel • Jamba Ulengo • Ivan van Zyl • André Warner • Did not play: • Jade Stighling

Coach

John Mitchell

text:
Forwards

Michael Allardice • Tyler Ardron • Dominic Bird • Lachlan Boshier • Mitchell Brown • Sam Cane • Nathan Harris • Luke Jacobson • Mitchell Karpik • Sefo Kautai • Nepo Laulala • Matt Matich • Liam Messam • Atunaisa Moli • Jesse Parete • Liam Polwart • Sam Prattley • Brodie Retallick • Aidan Ross • Taleni Seu • Pita Gus Sowakula • Angus Ta'avao • Samisoni Taukei'aho • Jeff Thwaites • Karl Tu’inukuafe • Did not play: • Mitchell Graham • Kane Hames • Fin Hoeata

Backs

Solomon Alaimalo • Johnny Fa'auli • Tiaan Falcon • Luteru Laulala • Anton Lienert-Brown • Damian McKenzie • Marty McKenzie • Alex Nankivell • Charlie Ngatai • Declan O'Donnell • Toni Pulu • Shaun Stevenson • Baylin Sullivan • Te Toiroa Tahuriorangi • Jonathan Taumateine • Sean Wainui • Brad Weber • Did not play: • Levi Aumua • Sam McNicol • Tim Nanai-Williams • Regan Verney

Coach

Colin Cooper

text:
Forwards

Michael Alaalatoa • Harry Allan • Sam Anderson-Heather • Scott Barrett • Heiden Bedwell-Curtis • Ethan Blackadder • Donald Brighouse • Wyatt Crockett • Mitchell Dunshea • Owen Franks • Ben Funnell • Billy Harmon • Oliver Jager • Chris King • Andrew Makalio • Joe Moody • Tim Perry • Kieran Read • Luke Romano • Peter Samu • Tom Sanders • Sebastian Siataga • Quinten Strange • Jordan Taufua • Codie Taylor • Matt Todd • Sam Whitelock

Backs

Tim Bateman • George Bridge • Brett Cameron • Ryan Crotty • Israel Dagg • Mike Delany • Mitchell Drummond • Braydon Ennor • Tima Fainga'anuku • Jack Goodhue • Bryn Hall • David Havili • Mitchell Hunt • Jone Macilai-Tori • Manasa Mataele • Richie Mo'unga • Jack Stratton • Seta Tamanivalu • Did not play: • Will Jordan

Coach

Scott Robertson

text:
Forwards

Alex Ainley • Liam Coltman • Josh Dickson • Ash Dixon • Elliot Dixon • Tom Franklin • Shannon Frizell • Jackson Hemopo • Dillon Hunt • James Lentjes • Daniel Lienert-Brown • Tyrel Lomax • Marino Mikaele-Tu’u • Guy Millar • Pari Pari Parkinson • Greg Pleasants-Tate • Dan Pryor • Aki Seiuli • Liam Squire • Siate Tokolahi • Kalolo Tuiloma • Luke Whitelock

Backs

Richard Buckman • Matt Faddes • Kayne Hammington • Josh Ioane • Tevita Li • Josh McKay • Tevita Nabura • Waisake Naholo • Josh Renton • Aaron Smith • Ben Smith • Fletcher Smith • Lima Sopoaga • Rob Thompson • Sio Tomkinson • Thomas Umaga-Jensen • Teihorangi Walden

Coach

Aaron Mauger

text:
Forwards

Fraser Armstrong • Asafo Aumua • Murray Douglas • Gareth Evans • Chris Eves • Michael Fatialofa • Alex Fidow • Vaea Fifita • Sam Henwood • Sam Lousi • Ben May • James O'Reilly • Reed Prinsep • Marcel Renata • Ricky Riccitelli • Ardie Savea • Brad Shields • Toby Smith • Blade Thomson • Jeffery Toomaga-Allen • Nathan Vella • Isaia Walker-Leawere • Did not play: • James Blackwell • Dane Coles

Backs

Vince Aso • Beauden Barrett • Jordie Barrett • Jamie Booth • Finlay Christie • Jackson Garden-Bachop • Wes Goosen • Richard Judd • Ben Lam • Ngani Laumape • Jonah Lowe • Nehe Milner-Skudder • TJ Perenara • Matt Proctor • Julian Savea • Peter Umaga-Jensen • Ihaia West • Did not play: • TJ Va'a

Coach

Chris Boyd

text:
Forwards

Matías Alemanno • Felipe Arregui • Agustín Creevy • Javier Díaz • Diego Fortuny • Santiago García Botta • Marcos Kremer • Tomás Lavanini • Juan Manuel Leguizamón • Tomás Lezana • Pablo Matera • Santiago Medrano • Julián Montoya • Javier Ortega Desio • Guido Petti Pagadizábal • Leonardo Senatore • Nahuel Tetaz Chaparro • Juan Pablo Zeiss • Did not play: • Franco Brarda • Rodrigo Bruni • Nicolás Leiva • Benjamín Macome • Santiago Montagner • Enrique Pieretto

Backs

Gonzalo Bertranou • Emiliano Boffelli • Sebastián Cancelliere • Jerónimo de la Fuente • Bautista Delguy • Joaquín Díaz Bonilla • Bautista Ezcurra • Felipe Ezcurra • Santiago González Iglesias • Juan Martín Hernández • Martín Landajo • Juan Cruz Mallia • Matías Moroni • Ramiro Moyano • Matías Orlando • Nicolás Sánchez • Joaquín Tuculet • Did not play: • Santiago Álvarez • Tomás Cubelli

Coach

Mario Ledesma

text:
Forwards

Jacobie Adriaanse • Cyle Brink • Robbie Coetzee • Hacjivah Dayimani • Ruan Dreyer • Lourens Erasmus • Andries Ferreira • Corné Fourie • Johannes Jonker • Robert Kruger • Malcolm Marx • Len Massyn • Franco Mostert • Marvin Orie • Marnus Schoeman • Sti Sithole • Dylan Smith • Kwagga Smith • Jacques van Rooyen • Warren Whiteley • Did not play: • Willie Engelbrecht • Rhyno Herbst • Jaco Kriel

Backs

Andries Coetzee • Ruan Combrinck • Ross Cronjé • Ashlon Davids • Aphiwe Dyantyi • Nic Groom • Rohan Janse van Rensburg • Marco Jansen van Vuren • Elton Jantjies • Sylvian Mahuza • Lionel Mapoe • Howard Mnisi • Shaun Reynolds • Courtnall Skosan • Dillon Smit • Madosh Tambwe • Harold Vorster • Did not play: • Christiaan Meyer

Coach

Swys de Bruin

text:
Forwards

Jermaine Ainsley • Nathan Charles • Adam Coleman • Angus Cottrell • Ben Daley • Pone Fa’amausili • Colby Fainga'a • Tetera Faulkner • Richard Hardwick • Ross Haylett-Petty • Sam Jeffries • Amanaki Mafi • Sama Malolo • Geoff Parling • Matt Philip • Anaru Rangi • Fereti Sa'aga • Sam Talakai • Lopeti Timani • Jordan Uelese • Mahe Vailanu • Did not play: • Rob Leota • Tom Moloney • Laurie Weeks

Backs

Tayler Adams • Jack Debreczeni • Tom English • Will Genia • Harrison Goddard • Dane Haylett-Petty • Reece Hodge • Marika Koroibete • Jack Maddocks • Bill Meakes • Sefa Naivalu • Michael Ruru • Semisi Tupou • Did not play: • David Horwitz • Henry Hutchison • Jack McGregor • Sione Tuipulotu

Coach

David Wessels

text:
Forwards

Angus Blyth • Kane Douglas • Sef Fa'agase • Scott Higginbotham • Harry Hockings • Harry Hoopert • Adam Korczyk • Alex Mafi • Brandon Paenga-Amosa • Andrew Ready • Izack Rodda • Angus Scott-Young • James Slipper • George Smith • JP Smith • Ruan Smith • Caleb Timu • Lukhan Tui • Taniela Tupou • Liam Wright • Did not play: • Michael Gunn • Reece Hewat • Markus Vanzati

Backs

Filipo Daugunu • Chris Feauai-Sautia • Samu Kerevi • Jono Lance • Ben Lucas • Tate McDermott • Eto Nabuli • Jayden Ngamanu • Duncan Paia'aua • Izaia Perese • Jordan Petaia • Moses Sorovi • Hamish Stewart • Teti Tela • Aidan Toua • James Tuttle • Did not play: • Quade Cooper • Karmichael Hunt • Lachlan Maranta

Coach

Brad Thorn

text:
Forwards

Hyron Andrews • Ruan Botha • Keegan Daniel • Dan du Preez • Jean-Luc du Preez • Thomas du Toit • Ross Geldenhuys • Gideon Koegelenberg • Stephan Lewies • Mzamo Majola • Franco Marais • John-Hubert Meyer • Tendai Mtawarira • Tera Mtembu • Tyler Paul • Chiliboy Ralepelle • Juan Schoeman • Akker van der Merwe • Philip van der Walt • Jacques Vermeulen • Wian Vosloo • Did not play: • Jean Droste • Khutha Mchunu • Coenie Oosthuizen • Kerron van Vuuren

Backs

Lukhanyo Am • Garth April • Curwin Bosch • Robert du Preez • André Esterhuizen • Marius Louw • Makazole Mapimpi • Lwazi Mvovo • S'busiso Nkosi • Louis Schreuder • Kobus van Wyk • Grant Williams • Cameron Wright • Did not play: • Tristan Blewett • Michael Claassens • Johan Deysel • Rhyno Smith • Jeremy Ward • Courtney Winnaar • Leolin Zas

Coach

Robert du Preez

text:
Forwards

Juarno Augustus • Nizaam Carr • Jaco Coetzee • Jan de Klerk • Johan du Toit • Pieter-Steph du Toit • Neethling Fouché • JC Janse van Rensburg • Steven Kitshoff • Siya Kolisi • Wilco Louw • Frans Malherbe • Bongi Mbonambi • Salmaan Moerat • Dean Muir • Sikhumbuzo Notshe • Scarra Ntubeni • Carlü Sadie • Ramone Samuels • JD Schickerling • Kobus van Dyk • Chris van Zyl • Cobus Wiese • Did not play: • Stephan de Wit • Eben Etzebeth • Caylib Oosthuizen • Alistair Vermaak • Eduard Zandberg

Backs

Craig Barry • Damian de Allende • Paul de Wet • Jean-Luc du Plessis • Dewaldt Duvenage • JJ Engelbrecht • Herschel Jantjies • Dillyn Leyds • SP Marais • Justin Phillips • Raymond Rhule • Seabelo Senatla • Joshua Stander • Jano Vermaak • EW Viljoen • George Whitehead • Damian Willemse • Did not play: • Daniël du Plessis • Dan Kriel • Sergeal Petersen

Coach

Robbie Fleck

text:
Forwards

Asaeli Ai Valu • Takuma Asahara • Jaba Bregvadze • Willie Britz • Grant Hattingh • Uwe Helu • Kazuki Himeno • Shota Horie • Keita Inagaki • Shintaro Ishihara • Nika Khatiashvili • Koo Ji-won • Lappies Labuschagné • Fetuani Lautaimi • Michael Leitch • Shinya Makabe • Craig Millar • James Moore • Yusuke Niwai • Shunsuke Nunomaki • Ed Quirk • Atsushi Sakate • Yoshitaka Tokunaga • Wimpie van der Walt • Hencus van Wyk • Rahboni Warren-Vosayaco • Alex Woonton • Sam Wykes • Did not play: • Takeshi Hino • Masakatsu Nishikawa

Backs

Jason Emery • Yoshikazu Fujita • Kenki Fukuoka • Kai Ishii • Timothy Lafaele • Lomano Lemeki • Michael Little • Semisi Masirewa • Rikiya Matsuda • Kotaro Matsushima • Yutaka Nagare • Ryoto Nakamura • Ryuji Noguchi • Hayden Parker • Robbie Robinson • Hosea Saumaki • Kaito Shigeno • Yu Tamura • Fumiaki Tanaka • Harumichi Tatekawa • Sione Teaupa • Will Tupou • Keisuke Uchida • Gerhard van den Heever • Akihito Yamada • Did not play: • Daishi Murata

Coach

Tony Brown • Jamie Joseph

text:
Forwards

Damien Fitzpatrick • Ned Hanigan • Jed Holloway • Michael Hooper • Harry Johnson-Holmes • Sekope Kepu • Tolu Latu • Ryan McCauley • Will Miller • Nick Palmer • Hugh Roach • Tom Robertson • Paddy Ryan • Rob Simmons • Tom Staniforth • Kalivati Tawake • Shambeckler Vui • Michael Wells • Brad Wilkin • Did not play: • Jack Dempsey • Maclean Jones • Kelly Meafua • Matt Sandell • JP Sauni • Lachlan Swinton • Cody Walker

Backs

Kurtley Beale • Cameron Clark • Lalakai Foketi • Israel Folau • Bernard Foley • Jake Gordon • Bryce Hegarty • Andrew Kellaway • Taqele Naiyaravoro • Alex Newsome • Nick Phipps • Curtis Rona • Mitch Short • Michael Snowden • Did not play: • Nick Duffy • Mack Mason • Irae Simone

Coach

Daryl Gibson

text: Top scorers[edit]

text: The top ten try and point scorers during the 2018 Super Rugby season are:[20]

text:
hideTop ten try scorers

No

Player

Team

Tries

1
Ben Lam
Hurricanes
16

2
George Bridge
Crusaders
15

Taqele Naiyaravoro
Waratahs
15

4
Malcolm Marx
Lions
12

5
Israel Folau
Waratahs
11

6
Emiliano Boffelli
Jaguares
10

Bautista Delguy
Jaguares
10

Rieko Ioane
Blues
10

Waisake Naholo
Highlanders
10

10
Tom Banks
Brumbies
9

Ngani Laumape
Hurricanes
9

Jack Maddocks
Rebels
9

hideTop ten points scorers

No

Player

Team

Points

1
Bernard Foley
Waratahs
223

2
Robert du Preez
Sharks
215

3
Damian McKenzie
Chiefs
177

4
Elton Jantjies
Lions
173

5
Nicolás Sánchez
Jaguares
161

6
Lima Sopoaga
Highlanders
158

7
Richie Mo'unga
Crusaders
150

8
Handré Pollard
Bulls
144

9
Hayden Parker
Sunwolves
136

10
Beauden Barrett
Hurricanes
122

text: Referees[edit]

text: The following refereeing panel was appointed by SANZAAR for the 2018 Super Rugby season:[21]

text:
Argentina

Federico Anselmi

Australia

Nic Berry • Angus Gardner • Will Houston

Japan

Shuhei Kubo

New Zealand

Nick Briant • Mike Fraser • Glen Jackson • Jamie Nutbrown • Ben O'Keeffe • Brendon Pickerill • Paul Williams

South Africa

AJ Jacobs • Jaco Peyper • Rasta Rasivhenge • Egon Seconds • Marius van der Westhuizen


document_title: Bone Tomahawk

question_text: who gets cut in half in bone tomahawk

question_tokens: who gets cut in half in bone tomahawk

text: Bone Tomahawk

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the 1890s, two drifters, Buddy (David Arquette) and Purvis (Sid Haig), are making a living robbing and killing travelers. Spooked by the sound of approaching horses, they hide in the hills and encounter a Native American burial site. Buddy is killed by an arrow, and Purvis escapes.

text: Eleven days later, Purvis arrives in the small town of Bright Hope and buries his stolen belongings. Chicory (Richard Jenkins), the town's backup deputy, spots him and reports to Sheriff Franklin Hunt (Kurt Russell). At the town's saloon, Hunt confronts Purvis. When asked his name, Purvis hesitates before giving the name "Buddy" in an attempt to hide his identity. Sheriff Hunt shoots Purvis in the leg when he tries to escape. Hunt sends John Brooder (Matthew Fox), a local educated man and known womanizer who witnesses the shooting, to fetch the town's doctor. Meanwhile, foreman Arthur O'Dwyer (Patrick Wilson) rests at home with a broken leg. His wife Samantha (Lili Simmons), the doctor's assistant, tends to his wound. As the doctor is drunk, Brooder calls Samantha and escorts her to the jail to treat Purvis's wound. Leaving Samantha with Purvis and his deputy Nick, Hunt and the others return home. That night, at a stable house, a stable boy is murdered by unseen attackers.

text: The murder is reported to Hunt, who investigates the scene and finds the horses missing. The jail is empty and only an arrow is left behind. Hunt sends for a local Native American man, whom he calls "the professor", to examine the arrow, and informs Arthur of the news. At the saloon, the "professor" links the arrow to a troglodyte clan. He tells Hunt of the clan's dwelling place, "Valley of the Starving Men", and warns him that they are a group of cannibalistic savages. Certain that Samantha, Nick and Purvis had been captured by them, Hunt prepares to go after them with Arthur. Chicory and Brooder volunteer to accompany them.

text: Days into their ride, two strangers stumble across their camp. Fearing they are scouts for a raid, Brooder kills them and they set up a cold camp elsewhere to avoid being attacked. During the night, a group of raiders ambush them, injure Brooder's horse and steal the rest. Brooder, wounded by an attacker, regretfully puts down his horse. After a day of walking, a fight breaks out between Brooder and Arthur, exacerbating Arthur's broken leg. Chicory sets his leg and leaves him behind to recover, while he, Hunt, and Brooder move on.

text: At the valley, the three men are injured by a volley of arrows. After killing two attackers, Hunt and Chicory retreat, leaving Brooder, who is seriously injured and demands to be left behind. Brooder kills one attacker before being killed himself. The attackers capture Hunt and Chicory, and imprison them in their cave. The men find Samantha, and an injured Nick, imprisoned in a nearby cage. They inform Hunt that the tribesmen have already killed and eaten Purvis. They witness Nick removed from his cell, stripped, brutally scalped, and bisected alive, then consumed. Samantha estimates the number of hostile cannibals to be around twelve (reduced to nine earlier by Hunt's posse).

text: Hunt realizes he has some opium tincture he confiscated from Arthur earlier to prevent him from overusing it. They lure several tribesmen to drink it, however only one drinks a fatal dose, and only one becomes unconscious. Meanwhile, Arthur wakes up, follows the men's trail and discovers the valley. He kills two tribesmen and notices an object embedded in their windpipes. After cutting one out, he realizes it is like a whistle. He blows on it, luring another tribesman close, then kills him.

text: In the cave, realizing two of their men were poisoned, the leader grows angry. He and another tribesman pull Hunt from his cell, cut open his abdomen and shove the hot opium flask into the wound. The leader then takes Hunt's rifle and shoots him in the arm and abdomen. Arthur arrives and kills one of the tribesmen, while Hunt kills the leader with one of the tribe's bone tomahawks. Arthur frees Samantha and Chicory, while a mortally wounded Hunt stays behind with his rifle. He prepares to kill the surviving cannibals when they return, to prevent them from terrorizing Bright Hope. As the three leave the cave, they see two pregnant females, who are blinded and have all their limbs amputated.

text: On their journey out, Arthur blows the tribesman's whistle, and with no response they continue to exit. At a distance from the cave, they hear three gunshots, implying that Sheriff Hunt had killed the remaining males of the tribe. Chicory acknowledges the gunshots with a half-hearted smile. Tired, hurt, and with few supplies, the three begin the journey towards home.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kurt Russell as Sheriff Franklin Hunt
Patrick Wilson as Arthur O'Dwyer
Matthew Fox as John Brooder
Richard Jenkins as Deputy "Chicory" Kory
Lili Simmons as Samantha O'Dwyer
Evan Jonigkeit as Deputy Nick
David Arquette as Purvis
Sid Haig as Buddy
Geno Segers as Boar Tusks
Fred Melamed as Clarence
Kathryn Morris as Lorna Hunt
Sean Young as Mrs. Porter
Eddie Spears as Serrated Tomahawk
James Tolkan as The Pianist
Raw Leiba as Wolf Skull
Michael Paré as Mr. Wallington
Jamison Newlander as The Mayor
Zahn McClarnon as The Professor
Jay Tavare as Sharp Teeth
Brandon Molale as Noseless Troglodyte

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2018)

text: Development[edit]

text: On October 30, 2012, S. Craig Zahler was set to make his directorial debut with a horror western film from his own script, with the film starring Kurt Russell and Jennifer Carpenter.[5]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On September 24, 2014, Patrick Wilson and Matthew Fox joined the cast of the film to star along with Russell and Jenkins; Wilson would play Arthur O'Dwyer, a cowboy, while Fox would play the role of John Brooder.[6] On September 29, Lili Simmons, David Arquette, Sid Haig, Kathryn Morris and Evan Jonigkeit joined the film; Simmons replaced Carpenter to play female lead Samantha O'Dwyer, the de facto doctor and wife of Arthur O'Dwyer, Arquette and Haig would play brigands, Morris would play the wife of Sheriff Hunt, while Jonigkeit was set to play a young deputy sheriff.[7] The other ensemble cast added by the director includes Sean Young, Geno Segers, Fred Melamed, James Tolkan, Raw Leiba, Jamie Hector, Jamison Newlander, Michael Paré, Zahn McClarnon, David Midthunder, Jay Tavare, Gray Wolf Herrera, Robert Allen Mukes, and Brandon Molale.[8] On October 2, Dave Halls was set as the first assistant director for the film.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on October 6, 2014, in Malibu, California, where it was filmed for 21 days at the Paramount Ranch.[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: In August 2015, RLJ Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film.[11] The film had its world premiere at the Fantastic Fest on September 25, 2015.[4] On October 3, 2015, it screened at the Charlotte Film Festival.[12] It was then screened at the London Film Festival on October 10, 2015,[13] before it was released in a limited release on October 23, 2015.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Bone Tomahawk received acclaim from critics and at festivals for its acting (particularly for Kurt Russell, Richard Jenkins and Matthew Fox), realism, Zahler's direction, and the dialogue of his screenplay. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 90% of critics gave the film a "Certified Fresh" rating, based on 83 reviews with an average score of 7.2/10, with the site's consensus stating, "Bone Tomahawk's peculiar genre blend won't be for everyone, but its gripping performances and a slow-burning story should satisfy those in search of something different."[15] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 72 (out of 100) based on 17 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable".[16]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards and nominations

Association
Date of ceremony
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
March 13, 2016
Best Actor
Kurt Russell
Won
[17][18]

Best Supporting Actor
Richard Jenkins
Nominated

Best Makeup/Creature FX
Hugo Villasenor
Nominated

Independent Spirit Awards
February 27, 2016
Best Screenplay
S. Craig Zahler
Nominated
[19]

Best Supporting Actor
Richard Jenkins
Nominated

Indiana Film Journalists Association Awards
December 14, 2015
Best Supporting Actor
Richard Jenkins
Nominated
[20]

Original Vision Award

Nominated

Phoenix Critics Circle
December 16, 2015
Best Horror Film

Nominated
[21]

Best Supporting Actor
Richard Jenkins
Nominated

Saturn Awards
June 22, 2016
Best Independent Film

Nominated
[22]

Sitges Film Festival
October 17, 2015
Best Direction Award
S. Craig Zahler
Won
[23][24]

José Luis Guarner Prize

Won


document_title: Voting age

question_text: when was the legal voting age changed to 18

question_tokens: when was the legal voting age changed to 18

text: Voting age

text: History[edit]

text: Before the Second World War, the voting age in almost all countries was 21 years or higher. Czechoslovakia was the first to reduce the voting age to 20 years in 1946, and by 1968 a total of 17 countries had lowered their voting age.[1] Many countries, particularly in Western Europe, reduced their voting ages to 18 years during the 1970s, starting with the United Kingdom (1969),[2] with the United States (26th Amendment) (1971), Canada, West Germany (1972), Australia (1974), France (1974), and others following soon afterwards. By the end of the 20th century, 18 had become by far the most common voting age. However, a few countries maintain a voting age of 20 years or higher. It was argued that young men could be drafted to go to war at 18, and many people felt they should be able to vote at the age of 18.[3]

text: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries voting ages were lowered to 18 in India, Switzerland, Austria, and Morocco. Japan was due to make the change to 18 in 2016.[4] A dispute is continuing in the Maldives.[5][6]

text: Debate on lowering voting age to 16[edit]

text: Around the year 2000 a number of countries began to consider whether the voting age ought to be reduced further, with arguments most often being made in favour of a reduction to 16. The earliest moves came during the 1990s, when the voting age for municipal elections in some States of Germany was lowered to 16. Lower Saxony was the first state to make such a reduction, in 1995, and four other states did likewise.[7]

text: Arguments against lowering the voting age to sixteen include lack of political maturity. On the other hand one of the major arguments for lowering the voting age to 16 is that at this age in most countries a person has reached the legal working age for most jobs and is liable to pay taxes and therefore should not have to pay taxes without the right to political representation.[8]

text: During the 2000s several proposals for a reduced voting age were put forward in U.S. states, including California, Florida and Alaska,[9] but none was successful. A national reduction was proposed in 2005 in Canada[10] and in the Australian state of New South Wales,[11] but these proposals were not adopted. In May 2009, Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age in Europe to 16.[12]

text: Australia[edit]

text: A report suggesting that consideration be given to reducing the voting age to 16 in the Australian Capital Territory in Canberra, Australia was tabled in the territorial legislature on 26 September 2007 and defeated.[13]

text: In 2015, federal Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said that the voting age should be lowered to 16.[14]

text: Austria[edit]

text: In 2007, Austria became the first member of the European Union to adopt a voting age of 16 for most purposes.[15] The voting age had been reduced in Austria from 19 to 18 at all levels in 1992. At that time a voting age of 16 was proposed by the Green Party, but was not adopted.[16]

text: The voting age for municipal elections in some states was lowered to 16 shortly after 2000.[7] Three states had made the reduction by 2003 (Burgenland, Carinthia and Styria),[7] and in May 2003 Vienna became the fourth.[17] Salzburg followed suit,[18][19] and so by the start of 2005 the total had reached at least five states out of nine.[20] As a consequence of state law, reduction of the municipal voting age in the states of Burgenland, Salzburg and Vienna resulted in the reduction of the regional voting age in those states as well.[19]

text: After the 2006 election, the winning SPÖ-ÖVP coalition announced on 12 January 2007 that one of its policies would be the reduction of the voting age to 16 for elections in all states and at all levels in Austria.[21] The policy was set in motion by a Government announcement on 14 March,[22] and a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution was presented to the legislature on 2 May.[23][24] On 5 June the National Council approved the proposal following a recommendation from its Constitution Committee.[15][16][25] During the passage of the bill through the chamber relatively little opposition was raised to the reduction, with four out of five parties explicitly supporting it; indeed, there was some dispute over which party had been the first to suggest the idea. Greater controversy surrounded the other provisions of the bill concerning the Briefwahl, or postal vote, and the extension of the legislative period for the National Council from four to five years.[16] A further uncontroversial inclusion was a reduction in the candidacy age from 19 to 18. The Federal Council approved the Bill on 21 June, with no party voting against it.[26] The voting age was reduced when the Bill's provisions came into force on 1 July 2007.[27] Austria thus became the first member of the European Union, and the first of the developed world democracies, to adopt a voting age of 16 for all purposes.[15] Lowering the voting age encouraged political interest in young people in Austria.  More sixteen and seventeen year olds voted than eighteen to twenty-one year olds in Austria.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution. The presidential election of 1989 was the first with the lower voting age. People between the ages 18 and 70 are required to vote.

text: Iran[edit]

text: Iran had been unique in awarding suffrage at 15, but raised the age to 18 in January 2007 despite the opposition of the Government.[28] In May 2007 the Iranian Cabinet proposed a bill to reverse the increase.[29][30]

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: Luxembourg has compulsory voting from the age of 18. A proposal by the government to introduce optional voting for those aged 16 and 17 was rejected by 81% of voters in a June 2015 referendum.

text: Malta[edit]

text: On 20 November 2013, Malta lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 for local elections starting from 2015. The proposal had wide support from both the government and opposition, social scientists and youth organizations.

text: On Monday 29 January 2018, the Maltese Parliament will be debated to lower the voting age to 16 for General Elections, European Parliament Elections and referenda.

text: On Monday, 5 March 2018, the Maltese Parliament unanimously voted in favour of amending the constitution, lowering the official voting age from 18 to 16, making Malta the second state in the EU to lower its voting age to 16.[31]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The New Zealand Green Party MP Sue Bradford announced on 21 June 2007 that she intended to introduce her Civics Education and Voting Age Bill on the next occasion upon which a place became available for the consideration of Members' Bills.[32] When this happened on 25 July Bradford abandoned the idea, citing an adverse public reaction.[33] The Bill would have sought to reduce the voting age to 16 in New Zealand and make civics education part of the compulsory curriculum in schools.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, with effect from 1970 and remained in force until the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 which allowed 16 year olds to vote for the first time, but only in Scotland and only in that particular referendum. The Scottish Parliament reduced the voting age to 16 for its own and Scottish local elections in 2015.[34]

text: Men in military service who turned 19 during the first world war were entitled to vote in 1918 irrespective of their age as part of the Representation of the People Act 1918 which also allowed some women over the age of 30 to vote.  The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928[35] brought the voting age for women down to 21.

text: The reduction of the voting age to 16 in the United Kingdom was first given serious consideration on 15 December 1999, when the House of Commons considered in Committee an amendment proposed by Simon Hughes to the Representation of the People Bill.[36] This was the first time the reduction of a voting age below 18 had ever been put to a vote in the Commons.[37] The Government opposed the amendment, and it was defeated by 434 votes to 36.[37]

text: The Votes at 16 coalition, a group of political and charitable organisations supporting a reduction of the voting age to 16, was launched on 29 January 2003.[38] At that time a Private Member's Bill was also proposed in the House of Lords by Lord Lucas, and received a Second Reading on 9 January.[39]

text: In 2004, the UK Electoral Commission conducted a major consultation on the subject of the voting and candidacy ages, and received a significant response. In its conclusions it recommended that the voting age remain at 18.[40] On 29 November 2005 the House of Commons voted 136-128 (on a free vote) against a Private Member's Bill for a reduction in the voting age to 16 proposed by Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. Parliament chose not to include a provision reducing the voting age in the Electoral Administration Act during its passage in 2006.

text: On 27 February 2006, the report of the Power Inquiry called for a reduction of the voting age, and of the candidacy age for the House of Commons, to 16.[41] On the same day the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, indicated in an article in The Guardian that he favoured a reduction provided it was made concurrently with effective citizenship education.[42]

text: The UK Ministry of Justice published on 3 July 2007 a Green Paper entitled The Governance of Britain, in which it proposed the establishment of a "Youth Citizenship Commission".[43] The Commission would examine the case for lowering the voting age. On launching the Paper in the House of Commons, PM Gordon Brown said: "Although the voting age has been 18 since 1969, it is right, as part of that debate, to examine, and hear from young people themselves, whether lowering that age would increase participation."[44]

text: During the Youth Parliament debates of 30 October 2009 in the House of Commons, Votes at 16 was debated and young people of that age group voted for it overwhelmingly as a campaign priority. Since that debate the issue has been raised in Prime Minister's Questions and has also gained the widespread support of the major political parties.[citation needed]

text: In April 2015, Labour announced that it would support the policy if it won an overall majority in the 2015 general election,[45] which it failed to do.

text: There was some criticism about not reducing the voting age to 16 years for the referendum on the membership in the European Union in 2016.[46][47]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: The Scottish National Party conference voted unanimously on 27 October 2007 for a policy of reducing the voting age to 16, as well as in favour of a campaign for the necessary power to be devolved to the Scottish Parliament.[48]

text: In September 2011, it was announced that the voting age was likely to be reduced from 18 to 16 for the Scottish independence referendum.[49] This was approved by the Scottish Parliament in June 2013.[50]

text: In June 2015, the Scottish Parliament voted unanimously to reduce the voting age to 16 for elections for the Scottish Parliament and for Scottish local government elections.[34]

text: Crown dependencies[edit]

text: Moves to lower the voting age to 16 were successful in each of the three British Crown dependencies from 2006 to 2008. The Isle of Man was the first to amend its law, when in July 2006 it reduced the voting age to 16 for its general elections, with the House of Keys approving the move by 19 votes to 4.[51]

text: Jersey followed suit on 4 July 2007, when it approved in principle a reduction of the voting age to 16. The States of Jersey voted narrowly in favour, by 25 votes to 21,[52] and the legislative amendments were adopted on 26 September.[53] The law was sanctioned by Order in Council on 12 December,[54][55] and was brought into force on 1 April, in time for the general elections in late 2008.[56][57]

text: On 31 October 2007, a proposal[58][59] for a reduction made by the House Committee of the States of Guernsey, and approved by the States' Policy Committee, was adopted by the assembly by 30 votes to 15.[59][60] An Order in Council sanctioning the law was made on 12 December,[54] and it was registered at the Court of Guernsey on 19 December. It came into force immediately, and the voting age was accordingly reduced in time for the Guernsey general election, 2008.[61]

text: Alderney and Sark, each part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, have autonomy in deciding the question. Both have yet to favour a reduction to 16.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the debate about lowering voting age from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the Vietnam War, when most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote, and the image of young men being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of voting successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and in many states. By 1968, several states had lowered the voting age below 21 years: Alaska and Hawaii's minimum age was 20, Kentucky's was 19, and Georgia's was 18.[62] In 1970, the Supreme Court in Oregon v. Mitchell ruled that Congress had the right to regulate the minimum voting age in federal elections; however, not at local and state level.

text: The 26th Amendment (passed and ratified in 1971)[63] set the voting age for federal and state elections at 18 years, but does not prevent states from establishing a lower voting age.[64] Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV, XV, XIX and XXVI, voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I, Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution, which respectively state that "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature." and "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures."[65]

text: 21 states permit 17-year-olds to vote in primary elections and caucuses if they will be 18 by election day: Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico,[66] North Dakota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Vermont, and Washington. Alaska, Kansas, North Dakota and Washington allow 17-year-olds to participate in Democrat caucuses, but not in the Republican caucus. Minnesota allows 17-year-olds to participate in presidential caucuses, but may not vote in primary elections for other offices.[67] New Hampshire allows anyone who will be 18 years old by the time of next election to register, meaning some 17-year-olds can register to vote in this state.[68]

text: Currently, the Maine Green Independent Party, the state branch of the Green Party of the United States, calls for the lowering of the voting age to 17.[69] Youth suffrage appears to be gaining ground in Massachusetts; three of the four Democratic United States Senate candidates in 2010 supported lowering the voting age.[70]

text: In 2013, the City of Takoma Park, Maryland became the first place in the United States to lower its voting age to 16, for local (but not general) elections and referendums.[71][72] As of 2018, three additional cities have lowered the voting age to 16: Hyattsville and Greenbelt in Maryland, and Berkeley in California (for school board elections only).[73] In 2018, a bill in the Council of the District of Columbia was proposed to lower the voting age to 16, which would make the federal district the first jurisdiction to lower the voting age for federal level elections.[74]

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: A request to lower the voting age to 16 was made during consideration of revisions to the Constitution of Venezuela in 2007. Cilia Flores, president of the National Assembly, announced that the Mixed Committee for Constitutional Reform had found the idea acceptable.[75] Following approval in the legislature[76] the amendment formed part of the package of constitutional proposals, and was defeated in the 2007 referendum.

text: Voting ages around the world[edit]

text: Eighteen is the most common voting age, with a small minority of countries differing from this rule. Those with a national minimum age of 17 include East Timor, Greece, Indonesia, North Korea, South Sudan and Sudan. The minimum age is 16 in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Nicaragua and the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey (three self-governing British Crown Dependencies). People aged 16–18 can vote in Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro if employed. The highest minimum voting age is 21 in several nations. Some countries have variable provision for the minimum voting age, whereby a lower age is set for eligibility to vote in state, regional or municipal elections.

text: The only known maximum voting age is in the Holy See, where the franchise for electing a new Pope is restricted to Cardinals under the age of 80.

text: Alphabetical list of countries[edit]

text: The following is an alphabetical list of voting ages in the various countries of the world.[77]

text: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

text: A[edit]

text:
Afghanistan: 18
Albania: 18
Algeria: 18
American Samoa: 18
Andorra: 18
Angola: 18
Anguilla: 18
Antigua and Barbuda: 18
Argentina: 16, 16 to 18 and 70+ optional.
Armenia: 18
Aruba:18
Australia: 18 (compulsory)
Austria: 16[27]
Azerbaijan: 18

text: B[edit]

text:
Bahamas: 18
Bahrain: 20[78]
Bangladesh: 18
Barbados: 18
Belarus: 18
Belgium: 18 (compulsory)
Belize: 18
Benin: 18
Bermuda: 18
Bhutan: 18
Bolivia: 18, universal and compulsory
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 18, 16 if employed
Botswana: 18
Brazil: 16, compulsory for 18 to 70; optional for illiterate citizens.
British Virgin Islands: 18
Brunei: 18 (village elections only)
Bulgaria: 18
Burkina Faso: 18
Burundi: 18

text: C[edit]

text:
Cambodia: 18
Cameroon: 21
Canada: 18
Cape Verde: 18
Cayman Islands: 18
Central African Republic: 18
Chad: 18
Chile: 18
China: 18
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 18
Colombia: 18
Comoros: 18
Democratic Republic of the Congo: 18
Republic of the Congo: 18
Cook Islands: 18
Costa Rica: 18
Côte d'Ivoire: 18
Croatia: 18
Cuba: 16
Curaçao: 18
Cyprus: 18
Czech Republic: 18

text: D[edit]

text:
Denmark: 18
Djibouti: 18
Dominica: 18
Dominican Republic: 18, compulsory; married persons regardless of age (members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote)

text: E[edit]

text:
East Timor: 17
Ecuador: 16; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18–65, optional for other eligible voters
Egypt: 18
El Salvador: 18
England: 18
Equatorial Guinea: 18
Eritrea: 18
Estonia: 18; 16 for local elections
Ethiopia: 17
European Union: 18

text: F[edit]

text:
Falkland Islands: 18
Faroe Islands: 18
Fiji: 18, as of 2013 Constitution
Finland: 18
France: 18
French Polynesia: 18

text: G[edit]

text:
Gabon: 18
Gambia: 18
Georgia: 18
Germany: 18
Voting age 16 for state elections:  Brandenburg,  Bremen,  Hamburg and  Schleswig-Holstein.
Voting age 16 for municipal elections:  Baden-Württemberg,  Berlin,  Brandenburg,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,  Lower Saxony,  North Rhine-Westphalia,  Saxony-Anhalt and  Schleswig-Holstein.[79]
Ghana: 18
Gibraltar: 18; universal, plus other British citizens who have been residents six months or more
Greece: 17 from 3 August 2016 onwards,[80] was 18 before 3 August 2016
Greenland: 18
Grenada: 18
Guadeloupe: 18
Guam: 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
Guatemala: 18; active-duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day.
Guernsey: 16[81]
Guinea: 18
Guinea-Bissau: 18
Guyana: 18

text: H[edit]

text:
Haiti: 18
Honduras: 18
Hong Kong: direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies and a 1,200-member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Hungary: 18

text: I[edit]

text:
Iceland: 18
India: 18
Indonesia: 17; no threshold for married persons, except for the military and police
Iran: 18 (changed from 15 to 18 in 2007, returned to 15 in 2009 and returned to 18 in 2011)[28][82][83][84]
Iraq: 18
Ireland: 18
Isle of Man: 16
Israel: 18 (17 for municipal elections)
Italy: 18 (25 for Senate elections)

text: J[edit]

text:
Jamaica: 18
Japan: 18 (changed from 20 in 2016)[4]
Jersey: 16
Jordan: 18

text: K[edit]

text:
Kazakhstan: 18
Kenya: 18
Kiribati: 18
North Korea: 17; members of the military have the right to vote, regardless of age[85]
South Korea: 19
Kosovo (disputed): 18
Kuwait: 21 for those not in the military or police forces; all voters must have been citizens for 20 years; current proposal for reduction to 18[86]
Kyrgyzstan: 18

text: L[edit]

text:
Laos: 18
Latvia: 18
Lebanon: 21. Attempt to amend to 18 on 22 February 2010 failed to pass.[87]
Lesotho: 18
Liberia: 18
Libya: 18
Liechtenstein: 18
Lithuania: 18
Luxembourg: 18, compulsory until the age of 75. A proposal to lower the voting age to 16 was rejected in 2015 in a nationwide referendum (81% "no"-votes)

text: M[edit]

text:
Macau: direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (973 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Republic of Macedonia: 18
Madagascar: 18
Malawi: 18
Malaysia: 21
Maldives: 18
Mali: 18
Malta: 16
Marshall Islands: 18
Martinique: 18
Mauritania: 18
Mauritius: 18
Mayotte: 18
Mexico: 18
Federated States of Micronesia: 18
Moldova: 18
Monaco: 18
Mongolia: 18
Montenegro: 18
Montserrat: 18
Morocco: 18
Mozambique: 18
Myanmar (Burma): 18

text: N[edit]

text:
Namibia: 18
Nauru: 20
Nepal: 18
Netherlands: 18
New Caledonia: 18
New Zealand: 18
Nicaragua: 16
Niger: 18
Nigeria: 18
Niue: 18
Norfolk Island: 18
Northern Mariana Islands: 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Norway: 18; however, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in parliamentary elections if they will be 18 years of age in the year the election is held.

text: O[edit]

text: Oman: 21, except for members of the military and police.

text: P[edit]

text:
Pakistan: 18; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
Palau: 18
Panama: 18
Papua New Guinea: 18
Paraguay: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 75
Peru: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; (members of the military and national police could not vote until a Constitutional Reform in 2005[88])
Philippines: 18
For youth councils: 18 to 30; previously from 15 to 18. Incumbents are allowed to keep their positions if they surpass the legal age.
Pitcairn Islands: 18; universal with three years' residency
Poland: 18
Portugal: 18
Puerto Rico: 18; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections.

text: Q[edit]

text: Qatar: 18

text: R[edit]

text:
Réunion: 18
Romania: 18
Russia: 18
Rwanda: 18

text: S[edit]

text:
Saint Helena: 18
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 18
Saint Lucia: 18
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 18
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 18
Samoa: 21
San Marino: 18
São Tomé and Príncipe: 18
Saudi Arabia: 18
Scotland: 16
Senegal: 18
Serbia: 18[89]
Seychelles: 18[90]
Sierra Leone: 18
Singapore: 21
Sint Maarten: 18
Slovakia: 18
Slovenia: 18
Solomon Islands: 21
Somalia: 18
South Africa: 18
South Sudan: 17
Spain: 18 (16 only for Catalonia's 9N Referendum)
Sri Lanka: 18
Sudan: 17
Suriname: 18
Swaziland: 18
Sweden: 18
Switzerland: 18 (16 for cantonal and municipal elections in the canton of Glarus[91][92] [1/26])
Syria: 18

text: T[edit]

text:
Taiwan: 20 (18 for referendums)
Tajikistan: 18
Tanzania: 18
Thailand: 18 (being a Thai citizen since birth, or at least 5 years)
Togo: 18
Tokelau: 21
Tonga: 21
Trinidad and Tobago: 18
Tunisia: 18 (with some exceptions)[93]
Turkey: 18
Turkmenistan: 18
Turks and Caicos Islands: 18
Tuvalu: 18

text: U[edit]

text:
Uganda: 18
Ukraine: 18[94]
United Arab Emirates: none[95] but at least 25 (the minimum age is decided by the ruler of each Emirate and may vary from one Emirate to another)[96]
United Kingdom: 18 (16 for the Scottish independence referendum, Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections.[34])
United States: 18; however, in many states, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in primary elections if they will be 18 years of age on or before the day of the general election.
Uruguay: 18
Uzbekistan: 18[97]

text: V[edit]

text:
Vanuatu: 18
Venezuela: 18
Vietnam: 18
Virgin Islands of the United States: 18; island residents are U.S. citizens but do not vote in U.S. presidential elections.

text: W[edit]

text:
Wallis and Futuna: 18
Western Sahara: none (18 for residents of Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara in Moroccan elections) [95]

text: Y[edit]

text: Yemen: 18

text: Z[edit]

text:
Zambia: 18
Zimbabwe: 18

text: Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18[edit]

text: The following is a chronological list of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 18; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 21. In some cases the age was lowered decrementally, and so the "staging points" are also given. Some information is also included on the relevant legal instruments involved.

text:
Turkey: 20 April 1924 (Previously 25 per the 1876 constitution, reduced to 18 with the 1924 constitution. It was again raised to 22 on 5 December 1934 while granting full women's suffrage, and gradually lowered to 21 in 1961, 20 in 1987 and 18 in 1995)[98][99]
Czechoslovakia: 1946
Poland: 1952[citation needed]
South Africa: 1958 (white voters only; Electoral Law Amendment Act, 1958)[100]
United Kingdom: 1 January 1970 (Representation of the People Act 1969)
Canada: 26 June 1970[101][102] (federal elections, amendment to Canada Elections Act)

text:
Germany: 1970 [107]
Netherlands: 1971 (previous reduction from 23 to 21 in 1965)
United States: 1 July 1971, per the Twenty-sixth Amendment. Previously reduced on 1 January 1971 by the Voting Rights Act Amendments 1970, ss. 302, 305[108] (Prior reductions: Georgia in August 1943,[109] Kentucky in 1955,[110] Guam in 1954[111] and American Samoa in 1965.[111])
Finland: 1972 (from 20; previous reductions were 24 to 21 in 1944 and 21 to 20 in 1968/1969)[112][113]
Sweden: 1972 (from 20) [114]
Ireland: 5 January 1973 (4th Amendment of the Constitution). Women under 30 gained the vote in local elections in 1935[115] and in Dáil elections and referendums in 1922 (Constitution of the Irish Free State[116]). The only popular election (in 1925) to the Free State Seanad had a voting age of 30.[117] (See also History of the franchise in Ireland.)
Philippines: 17 January 1973, after the 1973 constitution was announced to have been approved in a plebiscite. Among other things, the new constitution lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
Australia: 1973 (New South Wales was the first state to do so, in 1970)
France: 5 July 1974 (Act No. 74-631)[118]
New Zealand: November 1974 (from 20; previous reduction from 21 to 20 in 1969)[119][120]
Dominica: 1974[121]
Italy: 1975 (voting age to elect the Senate remained at 25)
Trinidad and Tobago: 1976
Denmark: 19 September 1978 (from 20; 53.8% in referendum; previous reductions were 25 to 23 in 1953, 23 to 21 in 1961 and 21 to 20 in 1971)[122]
Spain: 29 December 1978 (1978 Constitution)[123]
Peru: 1979 Constitution
Belgium: 1981[124]
India: 28 March 1989 (61st Constitution Amendment Act, 1988 read with Act 21 of 1989)[125]
Switzerland: 1991 (from 20; referendum held on 3 March)[126]
Austria: 1992 (from 19; previous reductions were 21 to 20 in 1949 and 20 to 19 in 1970)[127]
Estonia: 29 July 1992 (from 22, according to the 1938 Constitution; was 18 during the Soviet Occupation since 1940 and 16 for the Congress of Estonia in 1990)[128][129]
Hong Kong: 1995 (from 21)[130]
Liechtenstein: 2000 (from 20; LGBl. 2000 No. 55)[131]
Jordan: July 2001 (from 19; Provisional Election Law No. 34/2001)[132]
Pakistan: 21 August 2002 (Legal Framework Order, 2002),[133][134] was 18 under 1973 Constitution, then increased to 21, then lowered back to 18.[135]
Morocco: 11 December 2002 (from 20)[136]
Uzbekistan: July 2012 (from 25)
Saudi Arabia: April 2015 (from 21)[137]
Japan: June 2016 (from 20)[138]

text: Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16[edit]

text: This is a further list, similar to the above but of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 16; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 18.

text:
Nicaragua: November 1984 (from 21)[139][140]
Brazil: 5 October 1988 (Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988)[141]
Estonia: 24 February 1990 (from 22 according to the 1938 Constitution, from 18 during the Soviet occupation); only for the Congress of Estonia, was raised to 18 according to the 1992 Constitution
Isle of Man: 11 July 2006; legislation brought into force in time for general election held on 23 November 2006[142]
Austria: 1 July 2007 (BGBl. No. 1/1930, as amended)[27]
Guernsey: 19 December 2007 (Reform (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2007)[61][81]
Jersey: 1 April 2008 (Public Elections (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2008)[55]
Ecuador: 28 September 2008 (New constitution accepted by referendum) for general election on 26 March 2009.
Argentina: 1 November 2012. Voting for teenagers between 16 and 18 years of age became optional.[143]
Malta: 20 November 2013. Motion passed in parliament to lower the voting age to 16 at local council elections starting from 2015.[144]
Scotland: 18 September 2014. 16 & 17 years old were given the vote for the Independence Referendum. This was subsequently extended permanently as of the 2016 parliament election.[145]
Estonia: 6 May 2015 in local elections only; 5 March 2018 for all elections.

text: Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following are political parties and other campaigning organisations that have either endorsed a lower voting age or who favour its removal.

text: Alphabetical list of countries[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text:
Australian Democrats
Australian Greens
Australian Labor Party[14]

text: Austria[edit]

text:
The Greens – The Green Alternative
Liberal Forum[146]
Social Democratic Party of Austria[147]
vote4future.at Austrian National Youth Council[148]

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
Ecolo[149]
Groen[149]
Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten[149]

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Communist Party of Canada
Green Party of Canada[150]
New Democratic Party
Parti Québécois[151]
voteto16.ca[152]

text: Denmark[edit]

text:
Social Democrats
Socialist People's Party
Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd[153]

text: Estonia[edit]

text:
Estonian National Youth Council
Young Social Democrats

text: France[edit]

text: La France Insoumise[154]

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations[155]
K.R.Ä.T.Z.Ä. (demanding abolition of any age-based voting restrictions)[156]

text: Greece[edit]

text: Ecologist Greens[157]

text: Ireland[edit]

text:
Green Party[158]
Labour Party[159]
Sinn Féin[160]
Socialist Party[161]

text: In 2013, the Constitutional Convention was asked to consider reducing the voting age to 17 and recommended lowering it to 16.[162] The then government agreed to hold a referendum,[163] but in 2015 postponed it indefinitely to give priority to other referendums.[164]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Five Star Movement[165]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: No political party had decreed that its members should all follow the party line about lowering voting age policy, resulting in public differences of view. Most parties had splits in their members and supporters, taking different sides.[166]

text:
Malaysian civil societies' demands (to 18)[167]
Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (BERSIH) (to 18)[168]
Democratic Action Party (to 18)[169]
National Trust Party (to 18)[170]
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (to 18)
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (to 18)[171]
Parti Sosialis Malaysia (to 18)[172]
People's Justice Party (to 18)

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: GroenLinks

text: New Zealand[edit]

text:
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
New Zealand Labour Party

text: Norway[edit]

text:
Liberal Party[173]
Socialist Left Party[174]

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Left Bloc
LIVRE/Tempo de Avançar
Socialist Party

text: Romania[edit]

text:
National Liberal Party[175]
National Union for the Progress of Romania[176]

text: Spain[edit]

text: Izquierda Unida

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Green Party[177]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Green Party of England and Wales[178]
Green Party in Northern Ireland[179]
Liberal Democrats[180]
Liberal Party[181]
National Health Action Party[182]
Plaid Cymru[183]
Scottish Conservative Party
Scottish Green Party
Scottish National Party
Scottish Socialist Party[184]
Social Democratic Labour Party
Ulster Unionist Party
Votes at 16

text: United States[edit]

text:
Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions (supports full elimination of voting age)
Future Voters of America[185]
Green Party of Texas[186]
National Youth Rights Association
Rock the Vote
Socialist Party USA (to 15)
FairVote
Vermont Libertarian Party