document_title: List of Good Witch episodes

question_text: how many episodes are in season 1 of good witch

text: List of Good Witch episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired18February 28, 2015 (2015-02-28)April 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)Halloween/Something WickedOctober 24, 2015 (2015-10-24)210April 17, 2016 (2016-04-17)June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)Secrets of Grey HouseOctober 22, 2016 (2016-10-22)310April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)SpellboundOctober 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)410April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)July 1, 2018 (2018-07-01)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byLengthOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Starting Over...Again"Craig PryceStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham120 minutesFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28)10012.91[3]
After the death of her husband, Cassie Nightingale and her family find themselves caring for her ailing father-in-law. Moving in next door are the Radfords, Sam and Nick. Sam, the town's new doctor, has difficulty getting patients, as the town goes to Cassie's store for her more earthly herbal remedies.
22"Running Scared"Laurie LyndStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesMarch 7, 2015 (2015-03-07)10022.01[4]
Ashley, a troubled young woman, shows up at Grey House looking for a place to stay. Next door, after Nick's trouble at school, Sam attempts to discipline him without pushing him away. After being caught between them, Grace tries to avoid Nick, but soon finds herself a pawn in another one of his lies now involving her best friend Anthony. Using intuition and some of Cassie's advice, Grace plans to expose Nick's lie to Sam, who must finally improve his family's relationship. Meanwhile, Middleton prepares for the annual Heritage Festival, including a 10K race and grand ball, and bistro owner Stephanie hopes to spark a romantic connection and a date to the dance with Sam. Then, as a suspicious Brandon is eager to investigate Ashley's background, one of Cassie's coincidences draws Ashley and Derek together. A stranger then comes to Cassie claiming to know Ashley and reveals a long-kept secret. Cassie is caught in Ashley's lies and Middleton's new mystery.
33"Do The Right Thing"Laurie LyndStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesMarch 14, 2015 (2015-03-14)10031.99[5]
The Middleton police attempt to track down a missing Ashley, but it is Cassie who might know where to find her and how to change her direction. Meanwhile, the town is excited about the Heritage Ball at the Grey House, but a confrontation on the dance floor arises when Ryan's ex-fiancée shows up.
44"All In The Family"Craig PryceStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesMarch 21, 2015 (2015-03-21)10041.95[6]
Cassie's cousin Abigail arrives in Middleton. Sam hires her to be his receptionist, despite Stephanie wanting the job to get closer to him. Abigail also influences Grace's rebelliousness, often taking her side on several issues with Cassie, who states being the only one left to set limits for Grace. Anthony and Grace plan to team up on a history project, but she later disappears.
55"The Truth About Lies"Craig PryceStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesMarch 28, 2015 (2015-03-28)10052.16[7]
Grace returns home, accompanied by Nick, who escorted her, and lies about being at the library. Martha plans to re-develop Middleton, in order to improve her chances of running for governor. However, Ryan decides to take his business to Blairsville. Abigail offers to help Sam cook dinner for his date with Stephanie, but, when Abigail doesn't show, Cassie saves his dinner plans. Lori researches Abigail's past to learn she was being truthful about her life in New York City. Sam and Nick begin working on their damaged relationship.
66"The Storm"Don McBreartyStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesApril 4, 2015 (2015-04-04)10061.81[8]
When a blizzard threatens disaster in Middleton, Cassie must convince Sam to follow her intuition in order to help a young couple survive the storm. Brandon becomes involved in a crash and Abigail helps Stephanie after she takes a fall inside the Bistro. Grace, Anthony, & Nick get trapped inside the library.
77"Together We Stand..."Don McBreartyStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham60 minutesApril 11, 2015 (2015-04-11)10071.92[9]
The storm continues to threaten the lives of the people in Middleton. Cassie and Sam work together to save a young man's life. Anthony, Grace, & Nick continue to wait out the storm in the library. Derek later takes them home. Nick's mother, Linda, arrives at Grey House.
88"True Colors"Craig PryceStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham120 minutesApril 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)10082.25[10]
Cassie receives a letter that her shop could be shut down after a greedy developer bought her building; Ryan could be to blame. Next door, Sam confronts his ex-wife Linda (Gabrielle Miller) as she threatens to sue for custody of Nick. Struggling to do what's best for Nick, Sam looks for Cassie's guidance, leading them to find comfort in each other's company. Likewise, Nick talks to Grace about his parents' stalemate, and her own insight helps her to see what Nick might not be ready to admit. Then, Brandon's wife Tara (Ashley Leggat) returns to Middleton, and the two must decide how to move forward in their marriage. When Tara surprises him with an overseas opportunity, Brandon is torn between needing to be with his wife and honoring his late father's wishes to look after a distraught Cassie possibly losing the shop. However, Cassie conjures up a plan to bring the two back together, and when a guilty Ryan attempts to save the Bell, Book, & Candle, he finds that her charm has always been at work. As Cassie considers the future of their romance, she finds her feelings for Sam turning into more than friendship, just as Grace and Martha conspire to bring all of Middleton together in hopes of saving the Bell, Book, & Candle.

text: Special (2015)[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byLengthOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)9"Good Witch Halloween""Something Wicked"[11]Craig PryceSue Tenney & Amy Palmer Robertson120 minutesOctober 24, 2015 (2015-10-24)20002.68[12]
As Middleton prepares for its annual Halloween Fall Festival, Cassie's neighbor Sam volunteers to set up a hay maze for it, hoping to bond with his son Nick. While Cassie tries to bring them closer together, she struggles to get her own family – daughter Grace, step-children Brandon and Lori and cousin Abigail – together to transform the Grey House into the town's most popular haunted attraction, under the watchful eye of Mayor Martha. Abigail is too busy campaigning against Stephanie in a heated competition for festival queen. Grace is being bullied at school as rumors circulate that she is a witch, prompting her to beg Cassie to put an end to their annual tradition. As Cassie welcomes a secretive stranger, Joseph, to the Grey House, she soon finds her intuition is no match for whatever is causing trouble for her family. While Brandon and Lori investigate Joseph's past, Cassie discovers a deeper connection that could put the whole community in danger.

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)101"Second Time Around"Craig PryceSue TenneyApril 17, 2016 (2016-04-17)20012.19[13]
Cassie and Sam seem ready to move their relationship forward, but Sam's ex-wife, Linda (Gabrielle Miller), wishes to repair their fractured family for Nick's sake. Grace is nervous about her first driving test. She searches for the perfect teacher to help ace her test. Cassie hangs a help-wanted sign at Bell, Book & Candle. At the Bistro, Abigail approaches Stephanie with a business proposition, before scheming a startling betrayal. A seemingly happy couple arrives at Grey House to celebrate their upcoming nuptials, but Cassie sees beyond their façade, which leads to a confession. Elsewhere, Tara and Brandon have a difference of opinion on an important milestone, which could affect their future; and an intriguing visitor from Cassie's past arrives in Middleton.
112"Driven"Craig PryceSue TenneyApril 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)20021.96[14]
Cassie is surprised to learn her old college friend John (Dan Payne) has arrived in Middleton for a teaching job, but, as they reminisce, it seems John may have an ulterior motive behind his move to town. Meanwhile, Grace believes that Sam is the perfect person to help her master her driving skills before the road test. However, manipulative Linda is determined to keep Cassie and her family away, considering them as competition for Sam's attention. Cassie plans a fresh and honest start for her heartbroken Grey House guests, before helping her new shop assistant to follow her true passion. As Brandon and Tara come to an impasse after their pregnancy false alarm, Martha is forced to go silent to cure her laryngitis, which may be a gift unto itself. Abigail charms her way into a surprising solo business plan, as Stephanie is angry until she discovers the truth behind Abigail's betrayal. Lastly, just as Sam stands up to Linda to keep Cassie in his life, Cassie's rekindled friendship with John appears to head down a romantic path.
123"Out of the Past"Cal CoonsSue Tenney & Jed SeidelMay 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)20031.97[15]
Cassie is unnerved when John looks in her past, just as Ryan returns to Middleton with unfinished business. While Cassie attempts to keep both men from hindering her friendship with Sam, he still contends with Linda about what's best for Nick, who starts to see cracks in his parents' forced truce. Meanwhile, Grace postpones her driving test before her last road lesson, prompting Sam to question her motives. Abigail's new flower shop flourishes, despite her noticeable hands-off approach. When Abigail's overworked assistant becomes exasperated, Cassie senses her cousin is about to get her first real business lesson just as the town's number-one customer, Martha, is relying on her. At the bistro, Stephanie gets a surprise visit from her overbearing mother Betty (Sherry Miller), but decides to keep her new romance with Ben a secret, against Cassie's advice, which quickly unravels. At the same time, Martha is visited by her son, Michael. Cassie later meets with Ryan to put the past behind them, but suddenly finds herself questioning if she is ready for a new romance with anyone.
134"The Trouble With Love"Cal CoonsAmy Palmer Robertson & Jed SeidelMay 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)20041.92[16]
Cassie feels helpless when Grace admits to spending time with Sam because she's hurting from the loss of her father. Cassie turns to Sam for support, but John asks her to attend a university gala as his date. Meanwhile, Linda officially moves into Sam's house and quickly makes Nick miserable with her controlling ways. Abigail desperately searches for a new assistant at her shop to help finish Martha's large flower order. Abigail tries a shortcut to solve her problem but ultimately gets some help and hope from Cassie that gives her the push she needs to do things right. Cassie also gives Linda some intuition on Nick's true feelings, as Sam helps Grace heal her heart with an opportunity at his medical practice, showing he actually cares for Cassie and her family. While Linda makes a decision about her future in Middleton, Cassie learns the truth about John's long-distance girlfriend and the romantic dilemma deepens.
145"Surprise Me"Don McCutcheonAmy Palmer RobertsonMay 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)20052.01[17]
A new Grey House guest, Alexis (Meghan Heffern), checks in and quickly exhausts George and Cassie with her high-maintenance demands. While Cassie predicts there is more to the story behind Alexis's spoiled façade, Grace begins her medical internship at Sam's office. She enthusiastically takes on her new job responsibilities with ease, quickly making receptionist Eve (Kate Corbett) feel intimidated. At the same time, Sam asks Nick to find a new extracurricular activity at school, but, when Nick finally picks something he is passionate about, it isn't quite what Sam had in mind. At the bistro, Stephanie is still reeling from her breakup with Ben, who seems to be moving on. Cassie introduces her to a handsome attorney who seems almost too perfect – proving Cassie's plan isn't complete. Brandon looks for means to quell Tara's need to have a baby. After Cassie joins John to relive part of their past, Sam plans an unpredictable yet perfect first date, leaving Cassie surprised by her own increasingly complicated feelings.
156"Risk"Don McCutcheonSue Tenney & Jackson RockMay 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)20062.19[18]
Cassie goes on a horseback-riding date with Sam, but John's exciting news keeps her caught between the two men's affections. At Grey House, guest Alexis finally admits to Cassie about her financial falling out from her father but promises to settle her bill. Cassie knows Alexis will follow through, despite George and Abigail suggesting harsher punishment. Eve fears Grace will replace her as Sam's receptionist, but Grace puts a plan in motion to help restore Eve's confidence. Meanwhile, Sam worries Nick isn't ready to study abroad but an important job offer could make him reconsider. Stephanie receives an opportunity to move on from her heartbreak, only she realizes she deserves a second chance with Ben. As Cassie devises a plan to help Brandon and Tara agree on a change for their future, she gives Martha insight on helping her son. However, after Cassie agrees to assist John with a new project at his university, she realizes their connection could impede her growing feelings for Sam. She must decide if that is a risk worth taking.
167"What's Your Secret?"Laurie LyndAmy Palmer RobertsonMay 29, 2016 (2016-05-29)20072.05[19]
Cassie agrees to plan a surprise anniversary party for Martha and her husband Tom (Paul Miller), as long as the people of Middleton can keep a secret. Cassie enlists Stephanie to cater the event and Abigail begins arranging the flowers, as Martha is adamant to learn what everyone is plotting. Meanwhile, Sam declines the hospital's generous job offer, deciding time with Nick is more important. The hospital sends an attractive recruiter to persuade him, and Sam finds his decision more difficult. Cassie reassures him he is going in the right direction, as he considers buying a lakeside retreat to spend more time with his son and, possibly, Cassie as well. Grace feels friendless after she realizes Nick is serious about London and tries to make him stay. When a Grey House guest claims a ghost is haunting his room, Cassie knows a deeper problem lurks and promises he can trust her to solve it. Just as a big secret slips, John arrives to convince her to go on another wild adventure, and she discovers her life is still full of the unexpected.
178"Truth"Laurie LyndSue TenneyJune 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)20082.21[20]
Following an exhilarating date in the mountains with John, Cassie wonders if it is too late to chase old dreams. At the same time, she offers Sam advice to help him make two important decisions in his life. As he weighs his options, his expertise is needed with Grey House guest Dan (Riley Gilchrist), who claims to be seeing spirits, and the medical mystery could lead Sam to all the answers he is looking for. Meanwhile, Grace meets a new friend at school and devises a plan to help Nick reconsider his London trip. After Abigail creates a story to cover her accidental slip about Martha's surprise anniversary party, her little lie quickly becomes a rumor that puts Cassie's love life in question. As the party nears, Martha becomes increasingly suspicious. However, Cassie keeps the mayor distracted by helping her plan a surprise of her own for Tom. Cassie knowingly sends Stephanie on a path that helps her make a clear decision about the future of her catering business. Just as the anniversary party brings together all of Middleton for a grand celebration of love, Cassie receives an unexpected opportunity from John that could change her life. She must decide if what she really wants is right at home.
189"A Perfect Match, Part 1"Craig PryceAmy Palmer RobertsonJune 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)20092.12[21]
The people of Middleton are in final preparations for the annual Lights Festival, just as Cassie and Sam see sparks fly between them at his new lake house. However, John pressures her to join him on his adventure in the Maldives, and her future remains in question. Meanwhile, after Sam finally gives Nick permission to go to London, Grace senses her friend is having second thoughts about leaving his dad, but her plan to help him could backfire. At the bistro, Cassie helps Stephanie discover Ben's true feelings about commitment, while back at her shop, Cassie's instincts lead her to give a conflicted Tara a new beginning. Abigail volunteers to take over as the official festival planner, but doubts soon circulate about whether she is up to the job or up to something else. Also, just as Cassie and Sam decide to let their kids in on a secret, they find their big revelation may have already come to light.
1910"A Perfect Match, Part 2"Craig PryceStory by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Sue Tenney & Jackson RockJune 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)20102.30[22]
A dispute about London between Nick and Grace causes Cassie to slow things down with Sam. However, she does tell him that she is not going to join John in the Maldives. While weighing her future options, she explains to Grace about missing her father but loving someone new. Grace knows, after previously seeing Cassie and Sam kiss. Cassie also has Grace to deliver a letter to John at the festival. The letter is in Sanskrit, which Nick notices and talks with John about students helping him in the Maldives. Abigail's behavior was a ruse to force Martha into becoming more involved in the magical festival that brings the town together, except for Sam who has yet to arrive.

text: Special (2016)[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byLengthOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)20"Good Witch Secrets of Grey House"Craig PryceDean Batali120 minutesOctober 22, 2016 (2016-10-22)30002.24[23]
Sam fails to keep his date with Cassie at the Lights Festival, but his absence was due to a patient dying on the operating table. The experience weighs heavily on him, and Cassie offers support while giving him needed space. Meanwhile, she welcomes popular fantasy author Jessica Carrington and her editor Sean (Jeff Roop) to Grey House. Before long, Cassie inspires her to hold the launch party for her latest book in Middleton, which shares mysterious and surprising similarities with her stories. Middleton begins to transform into the book's Halloween-themed setting of Tarynsville, with the effort led by Mayor Tinsdale to ensure the town impresses. When the event is threatened, Cassie must devise a plan to save the day; and intriguing information about Grey House and Middleton's past arises. Also, Cassie helps Jessica and Sean discover their long-simmering love for each other. Trying to keep his mind off his patient's death, Sam immerses himself in work at the hospital. When Grace arrives at the emergency room after a rock-climbing accident – a sudden adventure inspired by her new friend Courtney, the crisis brings Sam and Cassie closer together and helps her realize her feelings for him.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)211"A Budding Romance"Michael KennedyDean BataliApril 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)30012.14[24]
Cassie and the residents of Middleton anticipate the blossoming of the rare Middleton Merriwick plant for the first time in decades. Martha plans to publicize that the town houses the rarity, by escorting a curious botanist from the university to the botanical gardens to study its wonder. George accidentally reveals Sam and Cassie's pseudo-secret that they are officially together, causing Grace to feel hurt as she wasn't told first. A cryptic text from Nick leads Grace to think he plans to ask her out, but she worries that this could complicate their friendship. Later in the botanical gardens, it is discovered someone cut a stalk off the Merriwick and it seems its decline affects the ladies in town.
222"Without Magic for a Spell"Michael KennedyDawn DeKeyserMay 7, 2017 (2017-05-07)30022.11[25]
Not feeling like herself, Cassie closes her store for a few days. Martha begins investigating the Merriwick culprit and worries it won't bloom in time to feature the plant and Middleton in the state tourism book. Meanwhile, a former colleague of Abigail's makes a surprise visit, and she starts to question his intentions when it becomes evident he has ulterior motives. Ben discusses with Stephanie a unique investment opportunity he is considering, but, after realizing it is beyond his financial means, she helps him consider an alternative solution. Inside the botanical gardens, Sam realizes Cassie and the Merriwick are connected and shares with Martha that he believes in Cassie. Following a strange turn of events, Derek uncovers the culprit, while the town eagerly waits to see what the mystical Merriwick will do next.
233"Day After Day"Craig PryceSkander HalimMay 14, 2017 (2017-05-14)30031.88[26]
Cassie welcomes Grey House guests Jim (Morgan Kelly) and Annabel (Tara Yelland), who are in town for the same job interview and immediately clash. Despite their constant bickering, Cassie senses they could be right for each other and turns their one-night stay into several. Suddenly, every day in Middleton is just like the one that came before and everyone is feeling the impact. Sam tries to plan the perfect date for Cassie but various roadblocks repeatedly thwart his attempts and their romantic evening never fully happens. When Grace finally takes a test that keeps getting delayed, she learns a valuable lesson when she receives her grade. Meanwhile, Abigail is swamped with daily deliveries of flowers that she never ordered for her shop and cannot seem to stop them from coming. These repetitious days ultimately bring about some important revelations that allow time to finally resume.
244"How to Say, "I Love You!""Craig PryceBill FullerMay 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)30041.78[27]
Cassie and Sam reminisce about the day they met, and he shares how happy he is with her. He later finds constant reminders about saying "I love you" to that special someone, which is something he can't bring himself to do. Meanwhile, Ben renovates the iconic and historic Middleton Theatre for its grand re-opening, and Stephanie offers to make the concessions but gets a little carried away. Martha must approve multiple city projects, only to learn that the account is empty. Grace makes a surprising discovery that allows Martha to keep her promises. As Cassie and Grace clean out the attic in Grey House, they uncover a long-forgotten box filled with old film canisters, including a 1930s-era romantic comedy, titled How to Say, "I Love You!", that becomes the feature film for the theatre's grand re-opening. The movie clearly affects Sam, as he glances at Cassie throughout and holds her hand tightly. Afterwards, he admits to her that he enjoyed it more than he thought, shares a loving kiss with her, and, finally, tells he that he loves her.
255"A Birthday Wish"Phillip EarnshawSheryl A. AndersonMay 28, 2017 (2017-05-28)30051.98[28]
Cassie wants to make Grace's upcoming milestone birthday the best of all and presents her with the Merriwick Wish Book, passed down for hundreds of years to every Merriwick girl when she turns a certain age, to write down her deepest wish for it to come true. Abigail shares with Grace her own birthday wish, along with the disappointment that came with wishing for something trivial, and reveals the heart-breaking reason why Cassie's page in the book is blank. Grace's friends, Nick and Courtney, whisk her away for a day of celebration, but she longs to spend time with Cassie. At the end of the fun-filled day, mother and daughter finally enjoy cake and ice cream. Grace gives Cassie an unexpected and touching gift. Cassie then takes a faded envelope out of an old jewelry box and reads her wish that she had made on her special birthday: "a life filled with love". Grace pastes Cassie's wish on the blank page, and then, after pasting her own, shares with her mom her special birthday wish, and the only thing she truly wanted: "the perfect moment" with just the two of them.
266"Say it with Candy"Phillip EarnshawDawn DeKeyserJune 4, 2017 (2017-06-04)30062.20[29]
Cassie's ability for helping people find exactly what they need charms her customers. Abigail notices this and, with slight jealousy, feels overlooked and invisible. Taking some of Cassie's advice, she devises a plan to sell chocolates with her own flair and offer Cassie-like words of comfort and advice with each box, hoping to replicate the same success. Abigail's frazzled customers begin to see surprising results with their problems, and sales rapidly increase. However, the demand for her chocolates exhausts her. Grace shows her that listening, offering advice, and caring for each customer, as Cassie does, is what helps them find exactly what they need. Meanwhile, Sam's New York friend, Liam, settles in Middleton with his teenage son Noah. Sam is excited for Nick to have an old friend around but is puzzled by his son's lack of enthusiasm for Noah's return. At a welcome dinner planned by Cassie and Grace, Nick reveals that his disdain for Noah stems from an incident in their past.
277"In Sickness and in Health"Laurie LyndDean BataliJune 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)30072.38[30]
Grey House guest and artist Harrison Boyd (Michael Therriault) doesn't say much but lets his work do the talking. After Cassie offers for him to choose a unique paintbrush from her shop, the scenes he paints depict events with people close to her that haven't yet happened. As he begins a new painting, he is not sure what it will become nor do the faces take shape until the very end. Meanwhile, Grace is upset when a classmate is appointed the academic decathlon team captain since she was expecting to land the position herself. When the captain has a series of mishaps and unexplained memory lapses, Grace worries that she is somehow responsible. Martha asks Cassie to once again oversee Middleton's annual Healthfest. Cassie convinces Sam to help and, despite their different approaches, plans fall into place. In the process, they discover some of her customers and his patients suffer from the same illness, so the couple works together discover the commonality and find a solution. Later, as Harrison readies to depart Grey House, he leaves behind one painting as a gift, surprising everyone as those depicted are hardly doing anything at all. When Cassie takes a closer look, she notices several significant details that cause concern about what it might mean for each person's future.
288"Somewhat Surprising"Laurie LyndDean BataliJune 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)30082.09[31]
On the one-year anniversary of the Radfords' move to Middleton, Cassie wants to honor the occasion. Martha excitedly insists on a surprise party for Sam, and, when those plans quickly escalate into an extravagance Sam wouldn't want, Cassie designs the perfect way to celebrate. Intuitively believing people want to remember things from their past, she learns Sam cherished a 1967 Chevrolet Camaro during medical school and asks Officer Sanders (Noah Cappe) to help remind Sam of his treasured car. At Grey House, an old coat belonging to Abigail's father is discovered, prompting her to reminisce about the last time she saw him as a young girl and how he brought her gifts from his overseas travels to let her know he was thinking of her. A man claiming to be from the U.S. Postal Service delivers her a package sent from out of the country that was lost for 20 years. Grace's interest in Noah grows but she is frustrated by Nick's constant interruptions. She decides to help the two reconcile, hoping it will clear the way for her to spend more time with Noah. Later, Cassie invites Sam over, and he expects to walk into a party; however, she is alone and gives him a special gift to remind him of the Camaro he loved. He admits he wouldn't have minded a party, and she leads him to one while reminding him of how many people in his life love him. He realizes he got exactly what he wanted.
299"Not Getting Married Today, Part 1"Craig PryceSean Alexander & Sarah LarsenJune 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)30092.39[32]
Martha's son is now engaged, so a Middleton wedding is in the works. The mother of the bride, Elizabeth (Allison Hossack), arrives in town, decides Martha's plans aren't elegant enough, and takes over, leaving Martha feeling left out and dejected. Meanwhile, Sam's globetrotting sister Joanne visits. After seeing how loving he is toward Cassie, she is surprised to learn he hasn't changed his mind about not remarrying. At Grey House, Cassie welcomes new adoptive parents and daughter Pavla as guests. After Abigail watches the young girl struggle to accept them, she shares with Pavla her own difficulty dealing with the sudden absence of her father. After confessing to Cassie she feels like she doesn't make a difference to anyone, Abigail helps bring Pavla closer to her new parents and discovers how valued she is to others. Later, during the final walkthrough at the wedding venue, Elizabeth decides none of what has been planned is good enough and calls in her vendors from the city instead of using Middleton's own. In the wake of this abrupt about-face, Cassie and Joanne reflect on how stressful wedding planning can be. Joanne mentions Sam's feelings towards marriage, quickly realizing this is news to Cassie. She tries to reassure Cassie that Sam does love her and leaves Cassie alone in her thoughts to take in this unexpected revelation.
3010"Not Getting Married Today, Part 2"Craig PryceDean BataliJuly 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)30102.34[33]
Unfocused and distracted with Joanne's info about Sam, Cassie goes to Chicago to visit her old friend and mentor, Olympia (Wendy Crewson). Meanwhile, in an effort to keep Sam from letting Cassie slip away, Joanne encourages her brother to focus on the good things in life instead of worrying about the bad things that could happen. After realizing his true feelings, he surprises Cassie in Chicago. As the two of them talk things through, she assures him that she is willing to live in each moment and see what comes. Back in Middleton, Vanessa and Michael's wedding plans have spiraled so far out of  Elizabeth's control that the couple abruptly cancels the entire affair. After taking some time to reconsider, they decide to move ahead with something simple: a ceremony at City Hall the next day. Martha officiates and reads a touching passage that clearly affects the attendees, including Sam. Following the reception, he proposes to Cassie, and she accepts.

text: Special (2017)[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byLengthOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)31"Good Witch Spellbound"Craig PryceDean Batali and Ron Osborn & Jeff Reno120 minutesOctober 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)40002.70[34]
Cassie discovers an old photograph of former Middleton resident Cotton Perriwood, along with muslin sheets bearing the cryptic Perriwood prophecy. A mysterious stranger (Noam Jenkins) arrives just as bizarre events begin to occur in town as foretold in the prophecy. The fear that the curse Perriwood vowed as revenge for being driven out of town and kept from his true love is coming to life. At Cassie's party at Grey House on Halloween night, the last of the bizarre events occurs as predicted. Grace searches for the missing final page of the Perriwood prophecy, and Cassie must interpret the clues to figure out how to stop the curse and, along the way, discovers the future isn't always written exactly as it seems.

text: Season 4 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)321"With This Ring"Andy MikitaDean BataliApril 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)40012.30[35]
Sam, now engaged to Cassie, visits the local jewelry store with Abigail to find the perfect engagement ring. He finds a most unique vintage ring, which unbeknownst to him is a Merriwick family heirloom. However, the ring is missing a piece, and the owner says the partial ring is not for sale. Abigail devises a plan to reconnect the past with the present with a truly selfless act, surprising herself and Sam. Meanwhile, Martha's attempt to boost tourism puts her on a quest to find the most romantic spot in Middleton; an old wedding album at Bell Book & Candle acts as an ancient map of sorts. With Abigail's help, the journey around town leads her to not only discover that romance is everywhere you look, but also to the exact place where more Merriwick women got engaged, which is not at all what she expected to find.
332"In 4/4, With Emotion"Andy MikitaSkander HalimMay 6, 2018 (2018-05-06)40021.93[36]
Handwritten sheet music of an old, original song is discovered hidden inside a piano bench at Grey House, and its tune seemingly follows Cassie and Sam  around town. At the bistro, news of their engagement begins to spread. After seeing Cassie's beautiful ring, Stephanie reflects on her own recent breakup, prompting Abigail to scheme to get Stephanie noticed, which quickly unravels. Meanwhile, Cassie sees Nick and Grace's feigned truce start to crumble and arranges to have them work together. He has an opportunity to right a wrong, which helps put the past behind them. Sam offers Cassie several ideas for their upcoming wedding, but she is uneasy about voicing her opinion. After a reminder that a good marriage takes great communication, they agree to make plans together. Back at Grey House, Abigail answers a late-night knock on the door to find an unexpected and startling visitor on the other side.
343"Daddy's Home"Fred GerberAnthony Epling & Amy Van CurenMay 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)40031.83[37]
Cassie welcomes a young, expecting couple to Grey House and helps them accept how their lives will change once their baby arrives. Abigail's father Arthur (Art Hindle), who walked out of her life 22 years ago, returns. When Cassie suggests compassion, Abigail is clearly struggling. She reluctantly agrees to meet Arthur for dinner, where he explains his long absence and wants to make amends. When Grace is unenthusiastic about winning another math competition, Sam challenges her to find her true passion. Meanwhile, Martha seeks to blend the past with the present to encourage women to be future small-business owners. Later, Abigail is notified from her bank's fraud department and is more convinced her father has ulterior motives. She confronts him and listens to what he has to say, realizing that life is about second chances and that she can have a future she never imagined.
354"Family Time"Fred GerberDean BataliMay 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)40041.77[38]
Cassie and Sam hope that bringing Grace and Nick for an overnight stay at the lake house will help the soon-to-be family to bond. Upon arrival, Cassie realizes that, despite her efforts, there are many distractions at the lake house. Nick finds himself in trouble, and Grace must decide if she wants to rescue him or snitch. While Cassie is away, Abigail is in charge of Grey House, and, after meddling in the love lives of guests, soon sees that Cassie's knack of making it a magical place is much harder than it seems. Meanwhile, Martha, Tara, and Brandon ponder the purpose of a mysterious box at Bell, Book & Candle, before a visitor reveals its surprising meaning, and it causes life-changing discoveries.
365"Written Like a Merriwick"T. W. PeacockeDonna ThorlandMay 27, 2018 (2018-05-27)40052.02[39]
Cassie and Sam try to determine what is causing a mysterious medical issue suffered by one of her customers, combining Cassie's natural remedies and with Sam's scientific studies. Grace has writer's block on a school assignment, but an old trunk that arrives at Grey House with belongings from her ancestor, Elizabeth Merriwick, provides inspiration. Meanwhile, Stephanie seeks out a customer who left her bistro a bad review, which leads to a surprising culprit.
376"Match Game"T. W. PeacockeRon Osborn & Jeff RenoJune 3, 2018 (2018-06-03)40062.10[40]
Grey House guest Phil Sturgis (Sebastian Pigott) creates a high-tech dating app, and Cassie discovers that his research identified two Middleton residents as perfect matches. She tries to bring the anonymous two together, getting help from Sam, who is concerned that one's questionnaire indicates a medical condition. Meanwhile, Abigail feels a connection with the app creator, but she is thwarted when he accuses her of stealing his idea. When she receives a clue from Martha, Abigail must find the real culprit, clear her name, and maybe even reignite their spark.
387"Til Death Do Us Part"Martin WoodDean BataliJune 10, 2018 (2018-06-10)40072.02[41]
Cassie gives Sam a good luck charm for his trip to South America during a treacherous storm, but she still worries about losing him as she lost her late husband. Sam does face danger while providing medical help, but believes Cassie is watching over him. While working on Middleton's website, Grace discovers a discrepancy in Martha's esteemed family history and investigates to learn the surprising truth. Abigail shows Phil around town, and, as their romance blooms, he considers moving there. While waiting for Sam's return, Cassie helps Nick focus on his future and encourages him to fill out his college applications.
398"All Dressed Up"Martin WoodNicole DemerseJune 17, 2018 (2018-06-17)40081.97[42]
Cassie tries to track down a long-lost wedding dress that once belonged to Elizabeth Merriwick; the special gown has been passed down from bride to bride.  Grace plans to make a long-distance relationship work after Noah is accepted to college in New York, but, when she starts sacrificing major events in her life, she realizes their relationship may change after graduation. Meanwhile, Abigail speeds along a building permit process with Martha, hoping Phil will move his business to Middleton.
409"How to Make a Middleton Quilt"Rich NeweyZoila Amelia Galeano & Bill FullerJune 24, 2018 (2018-06-24)40092.12[43]
The women in town make Cassie and Sam a wish quilt for their wedding, which, according to Middleton legend, grants wishes for anyone contributing a square. When wishes start coming true, Sam suspects Cassie might be behind it. Grace hosts a bachelorette party for Cassie, and Martha promises to find Cassie's wedding day "somethings." Proving wishes do come true, Cassie gets a surprise at her party. Meanwhile, Abigail looks for a house that she can officially call a home and tries to meet more people who share her love of Middleton.
4110"Tossing the Bouquet"Rich NeweyDean BataliJuly 1, 2018 (2018-07-01)40102.20[44]
Cassie and Sam's wedding is just days away. He begins moving into Grey House and adjusting to the difference between his quiet home and the bustling bed-and-breakfast. Grace and Nick prepare their wedding toasts, which unleashes some sibling rivalry. Meanwhile, Abigail joins the city council to solve a landscaping issue at her shop but gets more than she bargained for when Martha is unexpectedly removed from office. On their wedding day, Cassie convinces Sam to postpone their nuptials to allow a military wedding to occur.


document_title: Demographics of Nigeria

question_text: population of male and female in lagos state

root

text: Demographics of Nigeria

text: Population[edit]

text:
Historical population

Year
Pop.
±% p.a.

1952
30,403,305
—

1963
54,959,426
+5.53%

1991
88,992,220
+1.74%

2006
140,431,790
+3.09%

2011
162,471,000
+2.96%

2013
174,507,539
+3.64%

2015
182,202,000
+2.18%

2017
191,836,000
+2.61%

tag: table

text: Nigeria's population has been increasing rapidly for at least the last 5 decades due to very high birth rates, quadrupling its population during this time. That type of growth rate is known as exponential. It is not growing at a linear rate.[2] Growth was fastest in the 1980s, after child mortality had dropped rapidly, and has slowed slightly since then as the birth rate has declined slightly. According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects[3] the total population was 185,989,640 in 2016, compared to only 37,860,000 in 1950. The proportion of children under the age of 15 in 2010 was 44.0%, 53.2% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.7% was 65 years or older.[4]

tag: p

text:
Total population (x 1000)
Population aged 0–14 (%)
Population aged 15–64 (%)
Population aged 65+ (%)

1950
37 860
41.7
55.3
3.0

1955
41 122
41.6
55.6
2.8

1960
45 212
41.6
55.6
2.8

1965
50 239
41.9
55.2
2.9

1970
56 132
42.6
54.6
2.8

1975
63 566
43.4
53.8
2.8

1980
73 698
44.0
53.2
2.8

1985
83 902
45.0
52.2
2.8

1990
95 617
44.9
52.3
2.9

1995
108 425
44.1
53.0
2.9

2000
122 877
43.5
53.7
2.8

2005
139 586
43.6
53.7
2.7

2010
159 708
44.0
53.2
2.7

text: Total and percent distribution of population by single year of age (Census 2006)[edit]

text:
Age
Population
Percent

Total
140.431.790
100

0-4
22.594.967
16,09

0
3.004.421

1
4.766.927

2
4.874.939

3
4.823.910

4
5.124.770

5-9
20.005.380
14,25

5
4.578.252

6
4.239.954

7
3.641.713

8
4.274.377

9
3.271.084

10-14
16.135.950
11,49

10
4.782.673

11
2.103.323

12
3.690.772

13
2.731.481

14
2.827.701

15-19
14.899.419
10,61

15
4.000.138

16
2.646.846

17
2.387.754

18
3.777.608

19
2.087.073

20-24
13.435.079
9,57

20
5.825.512

21
1.692.905

22
2.372.385

23
1.878.601

24
1.665.676

25-29
12.211.426
8,70

25
4.950.958

26
1.685.645

27
1.891.707

28
2.348.975

29
1.334.141

30-34
9.467.538
6,74

30
5.538.220

31
807.082

32
1.561.540

33
817.720

34
742.976

35-39
7.331.755
5,22

35
3.538.869

36
894.320

37
878.533

38
1.255.414

39
764.619

40-44
6.456.470
4,60

40
4.156.871

41
486.496

42
918.443

43
536.525

44
358.135

45-49
4.591.293
3,27

45
2.359.627

46
517.645

47
503.723

48
746.592

49
463.706

50-54
4.249.219
3,03

50
2.862.363

51
290.004

52
534.394

53
281.811

54
280.647

55-59
2.066.247
1,47

55
967.161

56
320.949

57
251.622

58
324.990

59
201.525

60-64
2.450.286
1,74

60
1.791.258

61
150.477

62
245.662

63
140.134

64
122.755

65-69
1.151.048
0,82

65
645.459

66
102.029

67
138.709

68
171.016

69
93.835

70-74
1.264.937
0,95

70
1.002.176

71
76.808

72
130.975

73
65.660

74
54.978

75-79
579.838
0,41

75
336.831

76
62.741

77
53.839

78
84.521

79
41.906

80-84
760.053
0,54

80
586.064

81
43.174

82
65.942

83
31.895

84
32.978

85+
715.225
0,51

text:
Age group
Population
Male
Female
Percent

0-14
58.736.297
30.462.148
28.274.149
41,83

15-64
77.158.732
38.348.799
38.809.933
54,94

65+
4.536.761
2.534.541
2.002.220
3,23

text:
Number of children 0-14
Number of women 15-49
Proportion

58.736.297
34.961.107
1,68

text: Structure of the population (DHS 2013) (males 87 034, females 89 529 = 176 574):

text:
Age Group
Male (%)
Female (%)
Total (%)

0-4
17,4
16,7
17,1

5-9
16,8
15,9
16,3

10-14
12,7
11,9
12,3

15-19
8,6
9,0
8,8

20-24
6,7
7,8
7,2

25-29
6,6
8,3
7,4

30-34
5,9
6,2
6,1

35-39
5,2
5,4
5,3

40-44
4,3
4,0
4,2

45-49
3,9
3,7
3,8

50-54
2,6
3,3
2,9

55-59
2,5
2,3
2,4

60-64
2,3
2,0
2,1

65-69
1,5
1,2
1,3

70-74
1,3
1,0
1,2

75-79
0,7
0,5
0,6

80+
1,0
0,8
0,9

text:
Age group
Male (%)
Female (%)
Total (%)

0-14
46,9
44,5
45,7

15-64
48,6
52,0
50,3

65+
4,5
3,5
4,0

text: Fertility and births[edit]

text: Total Fertility Rate (TFR)(Wanted TFR) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[6][7] [8]

text:
Year
CBR (Total)
TFR (Total)
CBR (Urban)
TFR (Urban)
CBR (Rural)
TFR (Rural)

1990
39
6,011 (5,8)
34
5,033 (4,8)
40
6,326 (6,1)

1999
37,7
5,15
35,6
4,50
38,5
5,44

2003
41,7
5,7 (5,3)
36,3
4,9 (4,6)
44,5
6,1 (5,7)

2008
40,6
5,7 (5,3)
36,8
4,7 (4,4)
42,5
6,3 (5,8)

2013
39
5,5 (4,8)
35
4,7 (4,1)
42
6,2 (5,3)

text:
Year
TFR

1981-1982
6.3

1990
6.0

2003
5.7

2008
5.7

2013
5.5

text:
Variable
TFR (2003)
TFR (2008)
TFR (2013)

Nigeria
5.7
5.7
5.5

Urban
4.9
4.7
4.7

Rural
6.1
6.3
6.2

Region - North Central
5.7
5.4
5.3

Region - North East
7.0
7.2
6.3

Region - North West
6.7
7.3
6.7

Region - South East
4.1
4.8
4.7

Region - South South
4.6
4.7
4.3

Region - South West
4.1
4.5
4.6

text: Fertility data as of 2013 (DHS Program):[9]

text:
State
Total fertility rate
Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant
Mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49

Abuja
4.5
8.3
4.7

Benue
5.2
13.0
6.8

Kogi
4.2
9.4
5.7

Kwara
5.1
7.2
5.2

Nasarawa
5.4
10.8
5.8

Niger
6.1
14.8
5.8

Plateau
5.4
11.2
5.6

Adamawa
5.8
15.6
6.7

Bauchi
8.1
16.9
8.4

Borno
4.7
12.7
5.2

Gombe
7.0
14.3
7.9

Taraba
6.0
10.6
7.1

Yobe
6.6
13.4
7.4

Jigawa
7.6
15.1
7.6

Kaduna
4.1
21.0
5.7

Kano
6.8
12.6
7.7

Katsina
7.4
17.3
8.4

Kebbi
6.7
16.9
8.2

Sokoto
7.0
14.1
7.3

Zamfara
8.4
17.0
8.7

Abia
4.2
7.3
5.0

Anambra
4.2
6.0
4.7

Ebonyi
5.3
9.1
7.1

Enugu
4.8
8.4
5.9

Imo
4.8
8.3
5.0

Akwa Ibom
3.9
5.3
5.4

Bayelsa
4.5
11.3
6.1

Cross River
5.4
9.1
5.5

Delta
4.1
10.6
5.6

Edo
4.4
6.3
5.7

Rivers
3.8
9.5
4.9

Ekiti
4.3
7.0
5.2

Lagos
4.1
7.2
4.3

Ogun
5.4
10.6
4.9

Ondo
5.2
9.1
5.2

Osun
4.1
6.8
4.3

Oyo
4.5
11.9
5.1

text: Source: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)[10]

text: Population projections[edit]

text: According to the United Nations, the population of Nigeria will reach 391 million by 2050. Nigeria might then be the 4th most populous country in the world. In 2100, the population of Nigeria may reach 545 million.[11]

text: Vital statistics[edit]

text: Registration of vital events is in Nigeria not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. [4]

text:
Period
Live births per year
Deaths per year
Natural change per year
CBR*
CDR*
NC*
TFR*
IMR*

1950-1955
1 821 000
1 169 000
652 000
46.1
29.6
16.5
6.35
200.7

1955-1960
1 998 000
1 181 000
817 000
46.3
27.3
19.0
6.35
186.6

1960-1965
2 202 000
1 197 000
1 005 000
46.1
25.1
21.0
6.35
172.9

1965-1970
2 431 000
1 244 000
1 187 000
45.7
23.4
22.3
6.35
159.6

1970-1975
2 801 000
1 306 000
1 495 000
46.8
21.8
25.0
6.61
147.3

1975-1980
3 232 000
1 377 000
1 855 000
47.1
20.1
27.0
6.76
134.2

1980-1985
3 642 000
1 467 000
2 175 000
46.2
18.6
27.6
6.76
125.3

1985-1990
4 018 000
1 657 000
2 361 000
44.8
18.5
26.3
6.60
126.0

1990-1995
4 446 000
1 866 000
2 580 000
43.6
18.3
25.3
6.37
126.0

1995-2000
4 984 000
2 075 000
2 909 000
43.1
17.9
25.2
6.17
118.6

2000-2005
5 606 000
2 230 000
3 376 000
42.7
17.0
25.7
6.05
104.0

2005-2010
6 309 000
2 224 000
4 085 000
42.2
14.9
27.3
6.01
89.9

2010-2015

5.74

* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

text: CIA World Factbook population statistics[edit]

text: The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[12]

text:
Ethnic groups of Nigeria [13]

Ethnic groups

percent

Hausa and Fulani

29%

Yoruba

21%

Igbo

18%

Ijaw

10%

Kanuri

4%

Ibibio

3.5%

Tiv

2.5%

text: Population: 174,507,539 (July 2013 est.) 178.5 million (2014 est.) [14]

text:
Age structure:
0-14 years: 43.8% (male 39,127,615/female 37,334,281)
15-24 years: 19.3% (male 17,201,067/female 16,451,357)
25-54 years: 30.1% (male 25,842,967/female 26,699,432)
55-64 years: 3.8% (male 3,016,896/female 3,603,048)
65 years and over: 3% (male 2,390,154/female 2,840,722) (2013 est.)

text:
Median age:
total: 17.9 years
male: 17.4 years
female: 18.4 years (2013 est.)

text: Population growth rate: 2.54% (2013 est.)

text: Birth rate: 38.78 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

text: Death rate: 13.2 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

text: Net migration rate: -0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

text:
Urbanization: urban population: 50% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 3.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

text:
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 51.56 years
male: 51.58 years
female: 51.55 years (2000 est.)

text:
total population: 46.94 years
male: 46.16 years
female: 47.76 years (2009 est.)

text:
total population: 52.05 years
male: 48.95 years
female: 55.33 years (2012 est.)

text:
male: 52 years
female: 53 years (2014 est.) [14]

text:
HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
3.1% (2007 est.)
3.6% (2009 est.)

text:
people living with HIV/AIDS
2.6 million (2007 est.)
3.3 million (2009 est.)

text: Education and literacy[edit]

text:
Definition: Entire population of Nigeria of all ages, even at birth, who can read and write in any language.
Total population: 78.6%
Male: 84.35%
Female: 72.65% (all: National Bureau of Statistics, 2010 National Literacy Survey)[15]

tag: ul

text: Emigration[edit]

text: Today millions of ethnic Nigerians live abroad, the largest communities can be found in the United Kingdom (500,000-3,000,000)[16] and the United States (600,000-1,000,000 Nigerians), other countries that followed closely are South Africa, Gambia, and Canada respectively. There are also large groups in Ireland , Portugal and many other countries.[17] .Inspiration for emigration is based heavily on socio-economical issues such as warfare, insecurity, economical instability and civil unrest. Between 1400-1900, of 1.4 million of 2 million emigrants were slaves sent to the Americas. This is due to the fact that the land now known as Nigeria was a central point for 4 slave trades during the 19th century. Though bondage represented a great deal, an estimated 30,000 Nigerian inhabitants would relocate to Kano City and Gambia to take advantage of financial opportunities afforded by fertile land and available natural resources. What's more, the presence of gold mines and rail lines along the cold coast of what is now Ghana, attracted an estimated 6,500 Nigerian citizens to attain financial gain and opportunity. The population of Nigerians in Ghana rose to roughly 149,000 before the 1969 alien expulsion order would displace nearly the entire population to surrounding countries.[18]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Nigeria is nearly equally divided between Christianity and Islam. The majority of Nigerian Muslims are Sunni and are concentrated in the northern, central and south-western zones of the country, while Christians dominate in some central states( especially Plateau and Benue states), and the south-east and south-south regions. Other religions practiced in Nigeria include African Traditional Religion, Hinduism, Bahai, Judaism, The Grail Message, and the Reformed Ogboni Fraternity[19]

text: According to a 2009 Pew survey, 45% of Nigeria's population were Muslims.[20] A later Pew study in 2011 calculated that Christians now formed 56.8% of the population in Nigeria, while Muslims comprised 41.1%.[21][22] Adherents of other religions make up 1.4% of the population.[23]

text: The shift of population balance between Muslims and Christians is a result of northern and southern Nigeria being in different stages of demographic transition. The Muslim-dominated north is in an earlier stage of the demographic transition with much higher fertility rates than the south, whose split Christian/Muslim population is further along in the transition, and whose fertility rates are declining. Decreasing fertility can be linked to more access to education, use of contraceptives, and differing beliefs regarding family planning.[24]

text: The 1999 introduction of Sharia Law in 12 northern Nigerian states led to massive violence and unrest and caused an ethnic and religious rift between Sharia and Non-Sharia states, a divide that has deepened with time.[24]

text: Crime[edit]

text: Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organized crime, active especially in drug trafficking. Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa. .[25] The various Nigerian Confraternities or "campus cults" are active in both organized crime and in political violence as well as providing a network of corruption within Nigeria. As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members.[26] On lower levels of society, there are the "area boys", these are organized gangs mostly active in Lagos who specialize in mugging and small-scale drug dealing. According to official statistics, gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001.[27]

text: "the result of factors such as endemic local corruption, which facilitates illicit trafficking; the Biafra civil war, which contributed to a proliferation of firearms; the oil boom of the 1970s, which led to the embezzlement of public funds; and the economic crisis of the 1980s, which was accompanied by a rise in robberies. The expansion of the Nigerian diaspora and organized crime went hand in hand. Global migration boosted prostitution, drug trafficking and fraud, the three main activities of Nigerian syndicates. The smuggling of Nigerian sex workers became a whole industry that now extends from Switzerland to France and Italy (where black prostitutes are called “fireflies”), and has even reached the prudish kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from which 1,000 women are said to be deported every month by the authorities."[28]

text: The high crime rate among Nigerian migrants also leads to stereotyping Nigerians as criminals; thus, in Cameroon, Nigerian migrants are perceived collectively by the inhabitants of Cameroon as likely to be oil smugglers or dealers in stolen cars. In the Netherlands, the debate on Nigerian crime reached an intensity described as a "moral panic" by one scholar.[29][30] In Switzerland, the crime rate of Nigerian young males was reported as 620% that of Swiss males in same age group (2009 data), the second highest crime rate of any nationality, just below that of Angolan nationals (at 630%).[31]

text: Nigeria is also pervaded by political corruption. It is ranked 136 out of 168 countries in Transparency International's 2015 Corruption Perceptions Index.[32]


document_title: SOLID

question_text: who named the first five principles of object-oriented design referred to as solid

text: SOLID

text:
SOLID

Principles

Single Responsibility
Open/closed
Liskov substitution
Interface segregation
Dependency inversion

v
t
e

text: In object-oriented computer programming, the term SOLID is a mnemonic acronym for five design principles intended to make software designs more understandable, flexible and maintainable. The principles are a subset of many principles promoted by Robert C. Martin.[1][2][3] Though they apply to any object-oriented design, the SOLID principles can also form a core philosophy for methodologies such as agile development or adaptive software development.[3] The theory of SOLID principles was introduced by Martin in his 2000 paper Design Principles and Design Patterns,[2][4] although the SOLID acronym itself was introduced later by Michael Feathers.[5]

text: Concepts[edit]


document_title: Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system

question_text: what comes after purple belt in jiu jitsu

text: Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system

text: History[edit]

text: In 1907, Kanō Jigorō, the founder of judo, introduced the use of belts (obi) and gi (judogi) in the martial arts, replacing the practice of training in formal kimonos.[3] In 1914, Kanō's pupil Mitsuyo Maeda arrived in Brazil, a journey which led to the development of Brazilian jiu-jitsu. At the time Kanō used only white and black belts, with white representing the beginner, as a color of purity and simplicity, and black being the opposite, representing one who is filled with knowledge.[3]

text: Some believe that Mikonosuke Kawaishi was the first to introduce additional colors in 1935 when he began teaching Judo in Paris, ten years after Carlos Gracie opened his academy in Brazil. Kawaishi thought that a more structured system of colored belts would provide the student with visible rewards to show progress, increasing motivation and retention.[3] Since then, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, and many other martial arts have adopted the use of colored belts to denote students' progression in the arts.[4]

text: The first official belt ranking system was created in 1967 by the Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Guanabara.[citation needed] Much of the current criteria and modern belt ranks were implemented by the Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation (SJJIF) and International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation.

text: Adult belt ranks[edit]

text: White belt[edit]

text: White belt is the first belt within Brazilian jiu-jitsu. The rank is held by any practitioner new to the art and has no prerequisite.[1] Some instructors and other high-level practitioners think that a white belt's training should emphasize escapes and defensive positioning since a white belt will often fight from inferior positions, especially when training with more experienced practitioners.[5]

text: Most academies will additionally require that a white belt level practitioner works to obtain a well-rounded skills set, with a knowledge of basic offensive moves, such as common submissions and guard passes.[6][7]

text: Blue belt[edit]

text: Blue belt is most often the second adult rank in the Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[1] At the blue belt level, students gain a wide breadth of technical knowledge and undertake hundreds of hours of mat time to learn how to implement these moves efficiently.[6] Blue belt is often the rank at which the student learns a large number of techniques.[9]

text: Not all Brazilian jiu-jitsu schools or regulatory bodies award the blue belt as the second adult belt.[10] Although many Brazilian jiu-jitsu organizations adhere to the IBJJF standard of awarding the yellow, orange, and green belt exclusively as part of a youth belt system (under 16 years of age), some supplement the time between white belt and blue belt with one or more belts of these colors.[11][12]

text: The IBJJF requires that a practitioner be at least 16 years old to receive a blue belt, thereby officially entering into the adult belt system.

text: Purple belt[edit]

text: Purple belt is the intermediate adult ranking in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[1] The purple belt level practitioner has gained a large amount of knowledge, and purple belts are generally considered qualified to help instruct lower-ranked students.

text: The IBJJF requires students to be at least 16 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of two years ranked as a blue belt to be eligible for a purple belt, with slightly different requirements for those graduating directly from the youth belts.[1]

text: Brown belt[edit]

text: Aside from the exceptional belts awarded at the highest levels, brown belt is the highest ranking color belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[1] Brown belt typically requires at least five years of dedicated training to achieve.[2] It is often thought of as a time for refining techniques.[13]

text: The IBJJF requires that students be at least 18 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of 18 months as a purple belt to be eligible for a brown belt.[1]

text: Black belt[edit]

text: As with many other martial arts, the black belt is the highest common belt within Brazilian jiu-jitsu, denoting an expert level of technical and practical skills.[1] Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belts are often addressed within the art as professor, although some schools and organizations reserve this honorific for more senior black belts holders.[15][16][17]

text: The IBJJF requires that a student be at least 19 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of 1 year ranked as a brown belt to be eligible for a black belt. The black belt itself has six different degrees of expertise.[1]

text: Red / Black belt (Coral belt)[edit]

text: When a Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt reaches the seventh degree, he or she is awarded an alternating red-and-black belt similar to the one earned at the sixth degree in Judo.[1][3] This belt is commonly known as a coral belt.[18][19] Coral belts are very experienced practitioners, most of whom have made a large impact on Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and are often addressed within the art by the title master.[15][16][17]

text: Red / White belt (Coral belt)[edit]

text: The International Brazilian jiu-jitsu Federation in 2013, amended the graduation guidelines with respect to the transition between seventh degree and eighth degree black belt. In short, a practitioner who has achieved the rank of 8th degree black belt will wear a red and white belt,[20] which is also commonly called a coral belt.[21]

text: Red belt[edit]

text: According to Renzo and Royler Gracie, in Brazilian jiu-jitsu the red belt is reserved "for those whose influence and fame takes them to the pinnacle of the art".[2] It is awarded in lieu of a ninth and tenth degree black belt. If a practitioner receives his or her black belt at 19 years old, the earliest they could expect to receive a ninth degree red belt would be at the age of 67.[1] Brazilian jiu-jitsu red belt holders are often addressed within the art by the title grandmaster. The 10th degree was given only to the pioneers of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, the Gracie brothers: Carlos, Oswaldo, George, Gaston and Helio.[15][16][17][22]

text: Promotion criteria[edit]

text: Few published guidelines or standards determine when a practitioner is ready for promotion; the criterion is generally determined by individual instructors and/or academies.[23][24] The IBJJF maintains an extensive graduation system that takes into account time-in-grade and membership standing, but makes no mention of specific performance or skill requirements.[1] When instructors or academies comment on the criteria for promotion, the most widely accepted measures are the amount of technical and conceptual knowledge a practitioner can demonstrate, and;[25] performance in grappling (randori) within the academy and/or competition.[26]

text: Technical and conceptual knowledge are judged by the number of techniques a student can perform, and the level of skill with which they are performed in live grappling, allowing smaller and older practitioners to be recognized for their knowledge, although they may not be the strongest fighters in the school. Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a distinctly individual sport, and practitioners are encouraged to adapt the techniques to their body type, strategic preferences, and level of athleticism. The ultimate criterion for promotion is the ability to execute the techniques successfully, rather than strict stylistic compliance.[2]

text: Formal testing[edit]

text: Brazilian jiu-jitsu has had an informal approach to belt promotions, in which one or more instructors subjectively agree that a given student is ready for the next rank.[2][24] In recent years[when?] some academies have moved toward a more systematic, formal testing approach, especially true for lower ranked students, where the decision to promote is arguably the least contentious.[27] One of the first instructors to publicly publish formal testing criteria was Roy Harris, who has formalized his promotion tests from white belt to black belt.[28] Formal testing is now becoming commonplace in many Gracie Academies and organizations such as Alliance.[7]

text: Some Gracie systems have introduced formal online testing where the student can upload his or her qualification videos to qualify for promotion.[29] Formal tests are generally based around the same elements as a normal promotion, such as the student's technical and conceptual knowledge and the ability to apply those techniques against a resisting opponent. Some tests take other aspects, such as a student's personal character or a basic knowledge of the history of the art, into account.[23] Formal testing may require the payment of testing fees and a require a minimum of pre-testing private lessons with the instructor.[6]

text: Competitions[edit]

text: Students are generally encouraged to compete, as this can help them gain experience. Competition allows instructors to gauge students' abilities while grappling with a fully resisting opponent, and it is common for a promotion to follow a good competition performance. In most academies, competing is not essential for promotion, but in a minority of schools, competing is not only endorsed but is required.[25]

text: Stripes / degrees[edit]

text: In addition to the belt system, many academies award stripes as a form of intra-belt recognition of progress and skill.[30] The cumulative number of stripes earned serves as an indication of the student's skill level relative to others within the same belt rank.[31] Stripes may consist of small pieces of cloth sewn onto the sleeve of the belt, or simple pieces of tape applied to it. Although the exact application, such as the number of stripes allowed for each belt, varies between institutions, the IBJJF sets out a general system under which four stripes can be added before the student may be considered for promotion to the next bjj belt.[1] Stripes are only used for ranks prior to black belt. After black belt is achieved, the markings are known as degrees and are awarded formally. Time-in-grade and skill level are both important factors. Stripes are not used in every academy and, where they are used, they may not be applied consistently.[1]

text: Extra-promotional[edit]

text: A tradition practiced in some Brazilian jiu-jitsu schools immediately after a promotion, is known as "running the gauntlet" ("passar no corredor" in Portuguese).[32] This generally follows one of two basic patterns. The newly promoted student is hit on their back with belts—once by each of their fellow practitioners—as he or she walks or runs past ("faixada" in Portuguese), or he or she may be thrown by each instructor and sometimes also by each student in the academy of equal or higher grade.[33] Advocates for the custom argue that "running the gauntlet" serves as a method of team building and reinforces camaraderie between classmates.[32]

text: Other initiation customs may involve being hip-tossed by the instructor in a controlled manner.[citation needed]