document_title: List of Leeds United F.C. managers

question_text: who is the current manager of leeds united

text: List of Leeds United F.C. managers

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
The statistics include all competitive league, cup & European first team fixtures.
Information correct as of 23 September 2017.

text:
= Caretaker manager
P = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; F = Goals for; A = Goals against

text:
Name
Nationality
From
To
P
W
D
L
F
A
Win %
Points per game[1]
Honours
Notes

Ray, DickDick Ray
 England
000000001919-10-17-000017 October 1919
000000001920-02-01-00001 February 1920
7001170000000000000♠17
7000400000000000000♠4
7000500000000000000♠5
7000800000000000000♠8
7001250000000000000♠25
7001310000000000000♠31
7001235200000000000♠23.52
6999830000000000000♠0.83

[2]

Fairclough, ArthurArthur Fairclough
 England
000000001920-02-01-00001 February 1920
000000001927-05-01-00001 May 1927
7002326000000000000♠326
7002118000000000000♠118
7001810000000000000♠81
7002127000000000000♠127
7002427000000000000♠427
7002425000000000000♠425
7001361900000000000♠36.19
6999970000000000000♠0.97
see below
[2]

Ray, DickDick Ray
 England
000000001927-07-01-00001 July 1927
000000001935-03-01-00001 March 1935
7002342000000000000♠342
7002143000000000000♠143
7001720000000000000♠72
7002127000000000000♠127
7002622000000000000♠622
7002552000000000000♠552
7001418100000000000♠41.81
7000105000000000000♠1.05
see below
[2]

Hampson, BillyBilly Hampson
 England
000000001935-07-01-00001 July 1935
000000001947-05-01-00001 May 1947
7002231000000000000♠231
7001740000000000000♠74
7001510000000000000♠51
7002106000000000000♠106
7002334000000000000♠334
7002418000000000000♠418
7001320300000000000♠32.03
6999860000000000000♠0.86

[2]

Edwards, WillisWillis Edwards
 England
000000001947-05-01-00001 May 1947
000000001948-04-30-000030 April 1948
7001470000000000000♠47
7001130000000000000♠13
7000800000000000000♠8
7001260000000000000♠26
7001600000000000000♠60
7001870000000000000♠87
7001276500000000000♠27.65
6999740000000000000♠0.74

[2]

Buckley, Major FrankMajor Frank Buckley
 England
000000001948-05-01-00001 May 1948
000000001953-04-30-000030 April 1953
7002224000000000000♠224
7001870000000000000♠87
7001630000000000000♠63
7001740000000000000♠74
7002324000000000000♠324
7002306000000000000♠306
7001388300000000000♠38.83
7000106000000000000♠1.06

[2]

Carter, RaichRaich Carter
 England
000000001953-05-01-00001 May 1953
000000001958-06-01-00001 June 1958
7002217000000000000♠217
7001900000000000000♠90
7001510000000000000♠51
7001760000000000000♠76
7002370000000000000♠370
7002336000000000000♠336
7001414700000000000♠41.47
7000109000000000000♠1.09
see below
[2]

Edwards, WillisWillis Edwards
 England
000000001958-06-01-00001 June 1958
000000001958-12-01-00001 December 1958
7001100000000000000♠10
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
7000400000000000000♠4
7001170000000000000♠17
7001160000000000000♠16
7001500000000000000♠50.00
6999890000000000000♠0.89

[2]

Lambton, BillBill Lambton
 England
000000001958-12-01-00001 December 1958
000000001959-04-30-000030 April 1959
7001300000000000000♠30
7001100000000000000♠10
7000700000000000000♠7
7001130000000000000♠13
7001400000000000000♠40
7001570000000000000♠57
7001333300000000000♠33.33
6999960000000000000♠0.96

[2]

Taylor, JackJack Taylor
 England
000000001959-05-01-00001 May 1959
000000001961-03-01-00001 March 1961
7001810000000000000♠81
7001270000000000000♠27
7001170000000000000♠17
7001370000000000000♠37
7002136000000000000♠136
7002169000000000000♠169
7001333300000000000♠33.33
6999890000000000000♠0.89

[2]

Revie, DonDon Revie
 England
000000001961-03-01-00001 March 1961
000000001974-07-04-00004 July 1974
7002740000000000000♠740
7002394000000000000♠394
7002197000000000000♠197
7002149000000000000♠149
7003126200000000000♠1,262
7002703000000000000♠703
7001532400000000000♠53.24
7000132000000000000♠1.32
see below
[2]

Clough, BrianBrian Clough
 England
000000001974-07-30-000030 July 1974
000000001974-09-12-000012 September 1974
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
7000300000000000000♠3
7000300000000000000♠3
7000600000000000000♠6
7001100000000000000♠10
7001142800000000000♠14.28
6999830000000000000♠0.83
see below
[2]

Armfield, JimmyJimmy Armfield
 England
000000001974-10-04-00004 October 1974
000000001978-07-03-00003 July 1978
7002193000000000000♠193
7001870000000000000♠87
7001470000000000000♠47
7001590000000000000♠59
7002277000000000000♠277
7002222000000000000♠222
7001450700000000000♠45.07
7000110000000000000♠1.10
see below
[2]

Stein, JockJock Stein
 Scotland
000000001978-08-21-000021 August 1978
000000001978-10-04-00004 October 1978
7001100000000000000♠10
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
7000300000000000000♠3
7001130000000000000♠13
7000800000000000000♠8
7001400000000000000♠40.00
7000100000000000000♠1.00

[2]

Adamson, JimmyJimmy Adamson
 England
000000001978-10-25-000025 October 1978
000000001980-10-01-00001 October 1980
7001980000000000000♠98
7001350000000000000♠35
7001290000000000000♠29
7001340000000000000♠34
7002138000000000000♠138
7002136000000000000♠136
7001357100000000000♠35.71
7000105000000000000♠1.05

[2]

Merrington, DavidDavid Merrington
 England
000000001980-10-01-00001 October 1980
000000001980-10-01-00001 October 1980
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0.00
5000000000000000000♠N/A

[2]

Clarke, AllanAllan Clarke
 England
000000001980-10-01-00001 October 1980
000000001982-06-30-000030 June 1982
7001840000000000000♠84
7001270000000000000♠27
7001220000000000000♠22
7001350000000000000♠35
7001770000000000000♠77
7002104000000000000♠104
7001321400000000000♠32.14
7000108000000000000♠1.08[3]

[2]

Gray, EddieEddie Gray
 Scotland
000000001982-07-04-00004 July 1982
000000001985-10-11-000011 October 1985
7002157000000000000♠157
7001570000000000000♠57
7001550000000000000♠55
7001450000000000000♠45
7002214000000000000♠214
7002193000000000000♠193
7001363009999900000♠36.30
7000147000000000000♠1.47

[2]

Gunby, PeterPeter Gunby
 England
000000001985-10-11-000011 October 1985
000000001985-10-11-000011 October 1985
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0.00
5000000000000000000♠N/A

[2]

Bremner, BillyBilly Bremner
 Scotland
000000001985-10-11-000011 October 1985
000000001988-09-28-000028 September 1988
7002143000000000000♠143
7001580000000000000♠58
7001310000000000000♠31
7001540000000000000♠54
7002192000000000000♠192
7002186000000000000♠186
7001404500000000000♠40.45
7000149000000000000♠1.49
see below
[2]

Hunter, NormanNorman Hunter
 England
000000001988-09-28-000028 September 1988
000000001988-10-10-000010 October 1988
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0.00
5000000000000000000♠0.00

[2]

Wilkinson, HowardHoward Wilkinson
 England
000000001988-10-10-000010 October 1988
000000001996-09-10-000010 September 1996
7002411000000000000♠411
7002178000000000000♠178
7002117000000000000♠117
7002116000000000000♠116
7002622000000000000♠622
7002488000000000000♠488
7001433000000000000♠43.30
7000161000000000000♠1.61
see below
[2]

Graham, GeorgeGeorge Graham
 Scotland
000000001996-09-10-000010 September 1996
000000001998-10-01-00001 October 1998
7001950000000000000♠95
7001370000000000000♠37
7001270000000000000♠27
7001310000000000000♠31
7002118000000000000♠118
7001990000000000000♠99
7001410509999900000♠41.05
7000140000000099999♠1.40

[2]

O'Leary, DavidDavid O'Leary
 Ireland
000000001998-10-01-00001 October 1998
000000002002-06-27-000027 June 2002
7002203000000000000♠203
7002101000000000000♠101
7001470000000000000♠47
7001550000000000000♠55
7002320000000000000♠320
7002217000000000000♠217
7001497500000000000♠49.75
7000179000000000000♠1.79

[2]

Venables, TerryTerry Venables
 England
000000002002-07-08-00008 July 2002
000000002003-03-21-000021 March 2003
7001420000000000000♠42
7001160000000000000♠16
7000700000000000000♠7
7001190000000000000♠19
7001530000000000000♠53
7001520000000000000♠52
7001380900000000000♠38.09
7000112990000099999♠1.13

[2]

Reid, PeterPeter Reid
 England
000000002003-03-21-000021 March 2003
000000002003-11-10-000010 November 2003
7001220000000000000♠22
7000600000000000000♠6
7000400000000000000♠4
7001120000000000000♠12
7001360000000000000♠36
7001510000000000000♠51
7001272700000000000♠27.27
7000105000000000000♠1.05

[2]

Gray, EddieEddie Gray
 Scotland
000000002003-11-10-000010 November 2003
000000002004-05-31-000031 May 2004
7001260000000000000♠26
7000600000000000000♠6
7000700000000000000♠7
7001130000000000000♠13
7001300000000000000♠30
7001510000000000000♠51
7001230700000000000♠23.07
6999960000000000000♠0.96

[2]

Blackwell, KevinKevin Blackwell
 England
000000002004-06-01-00001 June 2004
000000002006-09-20-000020 September 2006
7002115000000000000♠115
7001440000000000000♠44
7001370000000000000♠37
7001340000000000000♠34
7002128000000000000♠128
7002117000000000000♠117
7001382600000000000♠38.26
7000146000000000000♠1.46
see below
[2]

Carver, JohnJohn Carver
 England
000000002006-09-21-000021 September 2006
000000002006-10-23-000023 October 2006
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
7000700000000000000♠7
7001170000000000000♠17
7001200000000000000♠20.00
6999600000000000000♠0.60

[2]

Geddis, DavidDavid Geddis
 England
000000002006-10-24-000024 October 2006
000000002006-10-24-000024 October 2006
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0.00
5000000000000000000♠N/A

[2]

Wise, DennisDennis Wise
 England
000000002006-10-24-000024 October 2006
000000002008-01-28-000028 January 2008
7001680000000000000♠68
7001300000000000000♠30
7001120000000000000♠12
7001260000000000000♠26
7001880000000000000♠88
7001780000000000000♠78
7001441100000000000♠44.11
7000160000000000000♠1.60

[2]

Williams, GwynGwyn Williams
 Wales
000000002008-01-29-000029 January 2008
000000002008-01-29-000029 January 2008
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0.00
5000000000000000000♠0.00

McAllister, GaryGary McAllister
 Scotland
000000002008-01-30-000030 January 2008
000000002008-12-21-000021 December 2008
7001500000000000000♠50
7001250000000000000♠25
7000800000000000000♠8
7001170000000000000♠17
7001840000000000000♠84
7001610000000000000♠61
7001500000000000000♠50.00
7000164000000000000♠1.64
see below
[4]

Grayson, SimonSimon Grayson
 England
000000002008-12-23-000023 December 2008
000000002012-02-01-00001 February 2012
7002169000000000000♠169
7001840000000000000♠84
7001400000000000000♠40
7001450000000000000♠45
7002259000000000000♠259
7002186000000000000♠186
7001497000000000000♠49.70
7000174000000000000♠1.74
see below
[5]

Redfearn, NeilNeil Redfearn
 England
000000002012-02-01-00001 February 2012
000000002012-02-18-000018 February 2012
7000400000000000000♠4
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
7000800000000000000♠8
7000600000000000000♠6
7001500000000000000♠50.00
7000150000000000000♠1.50

[2]

Warnock, NeilNeil Warnock
 England
000000002012-02-18-000018 February 2012
1 April 2013
7001630000000000000♠63
7001230000000000000♠23
7001150000000000000♠15
7001250000000000000♠25
7001810000000000000♠81
7001920000000000000♠92
7001365000000000000♠36.50
7000120000000000000♠1.20

Redfearn, NeilNeil Redfearn
 England
000000002013-04-01-00001 April 2013
12 April 2013
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0.00
5000000000000000000♠0.00

McDermott, BrianBrian McDermott
 England
000000002013-04-12-000012 April 2013
000000002014-06-30-000030 June 2014
7001540000000000000♠54
7001200000000000000♠20
7000900000000000000♠9
7001250000000000000♠25
7001680000000000000♠68
7001770000000000000♠77
7001370100000000000♠37.01
7000129000000000000♠1.29

Hockaday, DaveDave Hockaday
 England
000000002014-07-01-00001 July 2014
000000002014-08-28-000028 August 2014
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
7000500000000000000♠5
7001110000000000000♠11
7001333300000000000♠33.33
6999750000000000000♠0.75

Redfearn, NeilNeil Redfearn
 England
000000002014-08-28-000028 August 2014
23 September 2014
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000800000000000000♠8
7000200000000000000♠2
7001750000000000000♠75.00
7000250000000000000♠2.50

Milanič, DarkoDarko Milanič
 Slovenia
000000002014-09-23-000023 September 2014
000000002014-10-25-000025 October 2014
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000300000000000000♠3
7000400000000000000♠4
7000800000000000000♠8
5000000000000000000♠0.00
6999500000000000000♠0.50

Redfearn, NeilNeil Redfearn
 England
000000002014-11-01-00001 November 2014
000000002015-06-30-000030 June 2015
7001330000000000000♠33
7001110000000000000♠11
7000700000000000000♠7
7001150000000000000♠15
7001360000000000000♠36
7001440000000000000♠44
7001333400000000000♠33.34
7000125000000000000♠1.25

Rösler, UweUwe Rösler
 Germany
000000002015-07-01-00001 July 2015
000000002015-10-18-000018 October 2015
7001120000000000000♠12
7000200000000000000♠2
7000600000000000000♠6
7000400000000000000♠4
7001110000000000000♠11
7001160000000000000♠16
7001166700000000000♠16.67
7000100000000000000♠1.00

Evans, SteveSteve Evans
 Scotland
000000002015-10-19-000019 October 2015
31 May 2016
7001380000000000000♠38
7001140000000000000♠14
7001120000000000000♠12
7001120000000000000♠12
7001440000000000000♠44
7001450000000000000♠45
7001368400000000000♠36.84
7000137000000000000♠1.37

Monk, GarryGarry Monk
 England
000000002016-06-02-00002 June 2016
25 May 2017
7001530000000000000♠53
7001250000000000000♠25
7001110000000000000♠11
7001170000000000000♠17
7001690000000000000♠69
7001550000000000000♠55
7001471700000000000♠47.17
7000162990000000000♠1.63

Christiansen, ThomasThomas Christiansen
 Spain
000000002017-06-15-000015 June 2017
Present
7001120000000000000♠12
7000800000000000000♠8
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7001280000000000000♠28
7000900000000000000♠9
7001666700000000000♠66.67
7000222000000000000♠2.22

text: Managers with honours[edit]

text:
Name
Nat
Tenure
Honours

Arthur Fairclough
 England
1920–1927
1924 Second Division

Dick Ray
 England
1927–1935
1928 Second Division runners-up
1932 Second Division runners-up

Raich Carter
 England
1953–1958
1956 Second Division runners-up

Don Revie
 England
1961–1974
1964 Second Division
1965 First Division runners-up
1965 FA Cup Final
1966 First Division runners-up
1967 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final
1968 Football League Cup
1968 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
1969 First Division
1969 FA Charity Shield
1970 First Division runners-up
1970 FA Cup Final
1971 First Division runners-up
1971 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Trophy play-off runners-up
1972 First Division runners-up
1972 FA Cup
1973 FA Cup Final
1973 European Cup Winners' Cup Final
1974 First Division

Brian Clough
 England
1974
1974 FA Charity Shield runners-up

Jimmy Armfield
 England
1974–1978
1975 European Cup Final

Billy Bremner
 Scotland
1985–1988
1987 Football League Second Division play-off Final

Howard Wilkinson
 England
1988–1996
1990 Second Division
1992 First Division
1992 FA Charity Shield
1996 Football League Cup Final

Kevin Blackwell
 England
2004–2006
2006 Football League Championship play-off Final

Gary McAllister
 Scotland
2008
2008 Football League One play-off Final

Simon Grayson
 England
2008-2012
2010 League One runners-up


document_title: List of most-followed Instagram accounts

question_text: which singer has the most followers on instagram

root

text: Top accounts

text: All-time

text: The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Instagram, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user and country of origin.

tag: p

text:
Rank
Chg
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
(As of October 3, 2017[update])
Profession
Country

1.

@instagram[2]
Instagram
229
Social media platform
 USA

2.

@selenagomez[3]
Selena Gomez
131
Musician and actress

3.

@cristiano[4]
Cristiano Ronaldo
117
Footballer
 POR

4.

@arianagrande[5]
Ariana Grande
116
Musician and actress
 USA

5.

@beyonce[6]
Beyoncé
109
Musician

6.

@kimkardashian[7]
Kim Kardashian
105
Reality TV personality

7.

@taylorswift[8]
Taylor Swift
105
Musician and actress

8.

@kyliejenner[9]
Kylie Jenner
100
Reality TV personality

9.

@therock[10]
Dwayne Johnson
97
Actor and professional wrestler

10.

@justinbieber[11]
Justin Bieber
95
Musician
 CAN

11.

@kendalljenner[12]
Kendall Jenner
85
Model
 USA

12.

@neymarjr[13]
Neymar
85
Footballer
 BRA

13.

@nickiminaj[14]
Nicki Minaj
85
Musician
 TRI

14.

@leomessi[15]
Lionel Messi
85
Footballer
 ARG

15.

@natgeo[16]
National Geographic
84
Magazine
 USA

16.

@nike[17]
Nike
75
Sportswear multinational corporation

17.

@mileycyrus[18]
Miley Cyrus
73
Musician and actress

18.

@jlo[19]
Jennifer Lopez
71
Musician and actress

19.

@khloekardashian[20]
Khloé Kardashian
70
Reality TV personality

20.

@katyperry[21]
Katy Perry
68
Musician

21.

@ddlovato[22]
Demi Lovato
64
Musician and actress

22.

@kourtneykardash[23]
Kourtney Kardashian
60
Reality TV personality

23.

@badgalriri[24]
Rihanna
59
Musician
 BAR

24.

@victoriassecret[25]
Victoria's Secret
58
Lingerie retailer
 USA

25.

@kevinhart4real[26]
Kevin Hart
56
Comedian

26.

@realmadrid[27]
Real Madrid C.F.
54
Football club
 ESP

27.

@fcbarcelona[28]
FC Barcelona
53

28.

@theellenshow[29]
The Ellen Show
50
Comedian
 USA

29.

@justintimberlake[30]
Justin Timberlake
47
Musician and actor

30.

@zendaya[31]
Zendaya
46
Actress

31.

@vindiesel[32]
Vin Diesel
46
Actor

32.

@shakira[33]
Shakira
45
Musician
 COL

33.

@9gag[34]
9GAG
43
Social media platform
 HKG

34.

@davidbeckham[35]
David Beckham
41
Footballer
 GBR

35.

@chrisbrownofficial[36]
Chris Brown
41
Musician
 USA

36.

@caradelevingne[37]
Cara Delevingne
41
Model and actress
 GBR

37.

@emmawatson[38]
Emma Watson
41
Actress

38.

@champagnepapi[39]
Drake
39
Musician
 CAN

39.

@gigihadid[40]
Gigi Hadid
37
Model
 USA

40.

@kingjames[41]
LeBron James
34
Basketball player
 USA

41.

@jamesrodriguez10[42]
James Rodríguez
34
Footballer
 COL

42.

@garethbale11[43]
Gareth Bale
32
Footballer
 GBR

43.

@zacefron[44]
Zac Efron
32
Actor
 USA

44.

@adele[45]
Adele
31
Musician
 GBR

45.

@nikefootball[46]
Nike
31
Sportswear multinational corporation
 USA

46.

@maluma[47]
Maluma
30
Musician
 COL

47.

@nasa[48]
NASA
29
Government space agency
 USA

48.

@iamzlatanibrahimovic[49]
Zlatan Ibrahimović
29
Footballer
 SWE

49.

@ronaldinho[50]
Ronaldinho
28
Footballer
 BRA

50.

@vanessahudgens[51]
Vanessa Hudgens
28
Actress and musician
 USA

As of December 13, 2017

tag: table

text: By country

text:
Rank
Chg
Country
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession

1.

 United States
@instagram[2]
Instagram
229
Social media platform

2.

 Portugal
@cristiano[4]
Cristiano Ronaldo
117
Footballer

3.

 Canada
@justinbieber[11]
Justin Bieber
95
Musician

4.

 Brazil
@neymarjr[13]
Neymar
85
Footballer

5.

 Trinidad and Tobago
@nickiminaj[14]
Nicki Minaj
85
Musician

6.

 Argentina
@leomessi[15]
Lionel Messi
85
Footballer

7.

 Barbados
@badgalriri[24]
Rihanna
59
Musician

8.

 Spain
@realmadrid[27]
Real Madrid C.F.
54
Football club

9.

 Colombia
@shakira[33]
Shakira
45
Musician

10.

 Hong Kong
@9gag[34]
9GAG
43
Social media platform

11.

 United Kingdom
@davidbeckham[35]
David Beckham
41
Footballer

12.

 Sweden
@iamzlatanibrahimovic[49]
Zlatan Ibrahimović
29

13.

 Uruguay
@luissuarez9[52]
Luis Suárez
25

14.

 France
@chanelofficial[53]
Chanel
25
Clothing retailer

15.

 Germany
@adidasfootball[54]
Adidas
23
Sportswear multinational corporation

16.

 Indonesia
@ayutingting92[55]
Ayu Ting Ting
23
Musician

17.

 Ireland
@thenotoriousmma[56]
Conor McGregor
22
Mixed martial artist

18.

 India
@deepikapadukone[57]
Deepika Padukone
21
Actress

19.

 Italy
@gucci[58]
Gucci
20
Fashion line

As of December 13, 2017


document_title: Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell

question_text: where is tremors a cold day in hell filmed

text: Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Canada's Nunavut Territory, a team of young researchers collecting ice core samples of glaciers is attacked by a Graboid. After brushing off a tax agent, Burt Gummer (Michael Gross) and his son Travis Welker (Jamie Kennedy) are asked by Dr. Rita Sims and a young Graboid hunter Valerie McKee to investigate. Their plane is attacked by an Ass Blaster, but Burt and Travis make it to the facility. They learn that Arctic heat conditions have made the area prime for Graboids. Burt suspects their research neighbors at DARPA are developing bio-weapons out of the Graboids. When an Ass Blaster attacks the facility, Burt rescues a researcher but experiences an episode and collapses. He learns that he has been infected by a parasite based on Graboid venom, and that they need to extract the antibodies from a live Graboid.

text: As Graboids continue to kill off researchers and staff, several members of the group try to make their way from the lab to the generator area where the pilot Mac is repairing the plane, and the facilities manager Swackhamer has created a makeshift underground electric fence. Others head for the communications tower and to turn off a drill that has automatically activated. With his own research team attacked, Agent Cutts of DARPA joins Burt's group, revealing that his team was more interested in extracting the melted water and not fashioning bio-weapons. He agrees to Burt and Travis's conditions that the government remove the tax liens from their place in Perfection and exempt them from paying property taxes hereforth. The group eventually use a storage container to trap one of the Graboids, spearing it from the side to hold it into place, and cutting off its front tentacles. Travis reaches in the graboid's mouth and draws venom using a syringe on its internal gland sac, which is then used to save Burt. Cutts gives the Gummers the paperwork freeing them from taxes, but they blow up the last Graboid before Cutts gets any ideas of really using it as a bio-weapon.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michael Gross as Burt Gummer, the only resident left in the apparently abandoned and demolished Perfection, Nevada. Burt resides in and runs Chang's Market which appears to be all that's left of the town.
Jamie Kennedy as Travis B. Welker, Burt's son who works as a filmmaker.
Tanya van Graan as Dr. Rita Sims, the lead researcher at Boite Canyon Arctic Research Facility
Jamie-Lee Money as Valerie McKee, a Graboid expert and a student intern at the facility. She is the daughter of Valentine McKee (Kevin Bacon) from the first Tremors film.[4]
Kiroshan Naidoo as Hart Hansen, a researcher in geomorphology
Keeno Lee Hector as Aklark, Valerie and Rita's assistant, a local to the area
Rob van Vuuren as Swackhamer, facility manager
Adrienne Pearce as Mac, the pilot who flew Burt and Travis in
Francesco Nassimbeni as Dr. Charles Ferezze, a cowardly researcher who wants to get out of the area by any means possible
Paul du Toit as Mr. Cutts, a DARPA agent in charge of the neighboring facility
Christie Peruso as Geo-Tech Vargas, a researcher
Jay Anstey as Dr. D, a researcher

tag: ul

text: Filming[edit]

text: The crew had originally intended to shoot in the mountains of Bulgaria, but after the country had endured one of its largest blizzards, they opted to return to South Africa.[5] Filming took place in the Cape Town area which is where Tremors 5 was filmed. The opening scene was filmed in the desert made to look like snow with filters and video processing techniques.[4][6] The nice weather was explained by climate change causing unusual warmth in the area.[5] Having worked on the previous film series, the crew used CGI for many of the Graboid scenes.[5]


document_title: Galadriel

question_text: who played galadriel in lord of the rings

text: Galadriel

text: Literature[edit]

text: Internal biography[edit]

text: Stories of Galadriel's life prior to The Lord of the Rings appear in both The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales. Galadriel was the only daughter and youngest child of Finarfin, prince of the Noldor, and of Eärwen, who was cousin to Lúthien. Her elder brothers were Finrod Felagund, Angrod, and Aegnor. She was born in Valinor during the Years of the Trees.

text: Galadriel is described as having been "blessed with the ability to peer into the minds of others and she judged them so fairly. But in Fëanor, she only sees darkness".[3] As one of the members of the royal house of Finwë and having the blood of the Vanyar from her paternal grandmother, Indis, she was often called the fairest of all Elves, either in Aman or Middle-earth.

text: According to the older account of her story, sketched by Tolkien in The Road Goes Ever On and used in The Silmarillion, Galadriel was an eager participant and leader in the rebellion of the Noldor and their flight from Valinor; in fact, she was the "only female to stand tall in those days". She had, however, long since parted ways with Fëanor and his sons, and did not participate in the Kinslaying at Alqualondë. In Beleriand she lived with her brother Finrod Felagund at Nargothrond and at the court of Thingol and Melian in Doriath.  In this account she met Celeborn, a kinsman of Thingol, in Doriath.

text: After the War of Wrath, the Valar prohibited the leaders of the Exiles from returning to the Undying Lands, so as one of those leaders Galadriel remained an Exile in Middle-earth. At the end of the Third Age, when she refused the One Ring, she was finally allowed to return to Valinor.

text: Unfinished Tales gathers many other accounts of Galadriel and Celeborn. One of these highlights a second version of how Galadriel came to Middle-earth.  She lived with her mother's kindred in the Telerin port of Alqualondë and there met Celeborn, who would become her husband and co-ruler. Celeborn, by this account, was Olwë's grandson. Galadriel and Celeborn sailed from the West and came to Beleriand separately from the two main hosts of the Noldor (one that Fëanor led in the ships of the Teleri, the other led by Fingolfin and Finrod that crossed the Helcaraxë). Galadriel was thus not directly involved in the revolt of the Noldorin princes in this version, and indeed fought against them at Alqualondë during the kinslaying; but she fell under the Ban of the Valar because she left the Undying Lands without permission. In Beleriand she and Celeborn were welcomed by Thingol and lived in Doriath. When the Noldor arrived in Beleriand, Galadriel re-established contact with her brothers. In this version of the story, she is offered a pardon by the Valar, but refused it out of pride and therefore remained under the Ban. In even later accounts from Unfinished Tales, written not long before Tolkien died, Galadriel was not even subject to the Ban, and remained in Middle-earth of her own volition.

text: In both versions Celeborn and Galadriel play no important role in the Battles of Beleriand, as they judge the War of the Jewels to be hopeless against Morgoth's strength. Little is told of their subsequent activities in the First Age, and they leave Beleriand before the War of Wrath.

text: Second Age[edit]

text: They travelled first to Lindon, where they ruled over a group of Elves, probably as a fiefdom under Gil-galad who was the last High King of the Noldor. According to Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn, they then removed to the shores of Lake Nenuial (Evendim), and were accounted the Lord and Lady of all the Elves of Eriador.

text: Later, around SA 700, they moved eastward and established (or were welcomed into) the realm of Eregion or Hollin. At this time they made contact with a Nandorin settlement in the valley of the Anduin, which later became Lothlórien. At some point Celeborn and Galadriel left Eregion (where Celebrimbor either had been or now became the ruler) and settled in Lothlórien. According to some accounts, they became rulers of Lothlórien for a time during the Second Age; but in all accounts they would return to Lórien to take up its rule after Amroth was lost in the middle of the Third Age.

text: Early in the Second Age, the Númenórean King Tar-Aldarion presented some Mallorn seeds to Gil-galad, High-King of the Noldor in Middle-earth, ruler of the Kingdom of Lindon, the westernmost realm in Middle-earth; but these did not take root in his kingdom, so Gil-galad gave them instead to Galadriel. "Under her power" the mellyrn had sprouted in the land of Lothlórien, but "they did not reach the height or girth of the groves of Númenor."[4]

text: Celeborn and Galadriel had a daughter, Celebrían, who later married Elrond Half-elven of Rivendell, thus making Galadriel and her husband Celeborn the grandparents of the twins Elladan and Elrohir and their younger sister Arwen Undómiel, future Queen of the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor.

text: During the Second Age, when the Rings of Power were forged, Galadriel distrusted Annatar, the loremaster who taught the craft of the Rings to Celebrimbor and the other Noldor of Eregion. According to some accounts, Celebrimbor rebelled against her view and seized power in Eregion, so Galadriel departed to Lórien via the gates of Moria, though Celeborn stayed behind as he refused to enter the dwarves' stronghold. Her distrust was justified, for Annatar was revealed as Sauron pretending to be an emissary from the Vala Aulë. When Sauron attacked Eregion, Celebrimbor entrusted Galadriel with one of the Three Rings of the Elves, Nenya, the Ring of Water or the Ring of Adamant. Celeborn joined up with Elrond, whose force was unable to relieve Eregion but managed to escape back to Imladris. Celeborn was reunited with Galadriel after the war ended; according to one text, after some years in Imladris (during which Elrond first saw and fell in love with Celebrían) Galadriel's sea-longing became so strong that the couple removed to Belfalas and lived at the place later called Dol Amroth.[5]

text: With the fall of Gil-galad in the War of the Last Alliance, Galadriel, Elrond, and Círdan became the most prominent of the rulers among the elves in Middle-earth, and Galadriel the foremost of the remaining Exiles.

text: Third Age[edit]

text: Conscious of Sauron's power and wishing to thwart it, she did not use her Ring so long as the One Ring was in Sauron's hands. However, during the Third Age, when the One Ring was lost, she put hers to use in making Lothlórien a fair refuge for the Nandor. In the years after the departure and loss of Amroth and Nimrodel, Galadriel maintained constant vigilance against Sauron and often strove with him in thought. Sauron was said to have great desire to see into her mind, but could not so long as he did not have the One Ring. During the latter part of the Third Age, when Lothlórien was closed to outsiders, the Lord and Lady of the Galadhrim maintained communication with Imladris, but less so with the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood. She was the original convenor of the White Council.

text:
“And now at last it comes. You will give me the Ring freely! In place of the Dark Lord you will set up a Queen. And I shall not be dark, but beautiful and terrible as the Morning and the Night! Fair as the Sea and the Sun and the Snow upon the Mountain! Dreadful as the Storm and the Lightning! Stronger than the foundations of the earth. All shall love me and despair!” [Galadriel] lifted up her hand and from the ring that she wore there issued a great light that illuminated her alone and left all else dark... Then she let her hand fall, and the light faded, and suddenly she laughed again, and lo! she was shrunken: a slender elf-woman, clad in simple white, whose gentle voice was soft and sad. “I pass the test,” she said. “I will diminish, and go into the West and remain Galadriel.”
J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring

tag: div

text: In The Fellowship of the Ring, Galadriel welcomed the Fellowship to Lothlórien after their escape from Moria. When she met the Fellowship in her tree-dwelling in Caras Galadhon, she gave each member a searching look, testing their resolve—though Boromir interpreted this test as a temptation. She was in turn tested when Frodo Baggins offered to place the Ring in her keeping. Knowing that its corrupting influence would make her "great and terrible", and recalling the ambitions that had once brought her to Middle-earth, she refused the Ring.  She accepted that her own ring's power would fail and that her people would diminish and fade with the One Ring's destruction, and that her only escape from the fading of the Elves and the dominion of Men was to return at last to Valinor. There is the suggestion in the novel, backed up by other writings,[6] that in acknowledgement of this renunciation of power her personal ban from Valinor was lifted and she was finally given leave to return over the sea.

text: When the Fellowship left Lothlórien, she gave each member a gift and an Elven cloak, and outfitted the party with boats and supplies, both as practical support and as a symbol of faith, hope and goodwill.

text: On the day that the Fellowship left Lórien, Gandalf arrived, carried by the eagle Gwaihir. Galadriel healed his wounds and reclothed him in white, signaling his new status as head of the Istari. During the last battles of the War of the Ring, Lórien was reportedly besieged three times by the armies of Dol Guldur. It was stated that Lórien resisted the attacks due to the bravery of its inhabitants; but also that "the power that dwelt there was too great for any to overcome, unless Sauron had come there himself."[7]

text: After Sauron perished, Celeborn led the host of Lórien across the Anduin and captured Dol Guldur. Galadriel came forth and "threw down its walls and laid bare its pits", recalling the deeds of Lúthien Tinúviel, who did the same at Tol Sirion in the First Age.

text: Galadriel passed over the Great Sea with Elrond, Gandalf, and the Ring-bearers Bilbo and Frodo Baggins, marking the end of the Third Age. Celeborn remained behind, and Tolkien writes that "there is no record of the day when at last he sought the Grey Havens".[8]  She is the only one of the leaders of the Noldorin exiles to return. She was well over 7,000 years old at that time.

text: Names and titles[edit]

text: Galadriel was originally named Artanis (Q. 'ar'=noble, 'nis'=woman, a name common to royal women of the Elves, most prominently as in the form Arwen, Galadriel's granddaughter), and Nerwen (Q. 'ner'=man, 'wen'=maiden, hence manly maiden), referring to her height and strength; Galadriel is the Sindarinized version of Telerin Quenya Alatáriel (Q. 'alatá'=radiance, 'riel'=maiden crowned with a garland), a name given her by Celeborn, referring to her silver-golden hair.[citation needed]

text: The name Galadhriel (S. 'galadh'=tree, 'riel'=crowned maiden) was used outside Lórien by the people who did not know the ancient days and Galadriel's history, confusing galad with the Sindarin word galadh and the name of the Galadhrim, the people of Lórien.[9]

text: As the ruler of Lothlórien, she was referred to by a variety of titles, including "Lady of Lórien", "Lady of the Wood", and (by Gimli)[10] "Queen Galadriel"[11]—although, according to Tolkien's account in Unfinished Tales, neither she nor Celeborn took royal titles themselves, as they considered they were but guardians of Lórien.[12]  She was also referred to as "Lady of Light" (the translation of Galadriel) or as the "White Lady", as her fair skin and white cloaks made her seem to shine.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: It was said (by the Dúnedain) that her height was two rangar (Quenya: 'strides'), or "man-high" – about 6 ft. 4 in., or 193 cm.[13] However, Galadriel's most striking feature is her beautiful long silver-golden hair. The Elves of Tirion said it captured the radiance of the Two Trees Laurelin and Telperion themselves.

text: Even among the Eldar she was accounted beautiful, and her hair is held a marvel unmatched. It is golden like the hair of her father and of her foremother Indis, but richer and more radiant, for its gold is touched by some memory of the starlike silver of her mother; and the Eldar say that the light of the Two Trees, Laurelin and Telperion, has been snared in her tresses.[14]

text: It was greatly admired by Fëanor and may have inspired him to create the Silmarilli.

text: Many thought that this saying first gave to Fëanor the thought of imprisoning and blending the light of the Trees that later took shape in his hands as the Silmarils. For Fëanor beheld the hair of Galadriel with wonder and delight.[14]

text: Nevertheless, she never repaid Fëanor's admiration with the generosity she showed to Gimli the Dwarf in The Fellowship of the Ring. Fëanor "had begged her thrice for a tress and thrice she refused to give him even one hair. It is said that these two kinsfolk, being considered the greatest of the Eldar of Valinor, remain unfriends forever."[14]:p. 230

text: Her character was similarly a blend of characteristics of the kindreds of the Eldar from whom she was descended. She had the pride and ambition of the Noldor, but in her they were tempered by the gentleness and insight of the Vanyar.  She shared the latter virtues of character with her father Finarfin and her brother Finrod.

text: She was proud, strong, and self-willed, as were all the descendants of Finwë save Finarfin; and like her brother Finrod, of all her kin the nearest to her heart, she had dreams of far lands and dominions that might be her own to order as she would without tutelage. Yet deeper still there dwelt in her the noble and generous spirit of the Vanyar, and a reverence for the Valar that she could not forget. From her earliest years she had a marvellous gift of insight into the minds of others, but judged them with mercy and understanding, and she withheld her goodwill from none save only Fëanor. In him she perceived a darkness that she hated and feared, though she did not perceive that the shadow of the same evil had fallen upon the minds of all the Noldor, and upon her own.[14]

text: Her sympathy for Gimli the Dwarf in Lothlórien, when she rebuked her husband Celeborn for being tempted to regret his decision to admit the Dwarf to that land, won Gimli's heart forever.[15]

text: She was said to be a match for both the loremasters and athletes of the Eldar. She was the mightiest of the women of the Eldar.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Galadriel was voiced by Annette Crosbie in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film of The Lord of the Rings, and by Marian Diamond in BBC Radio's 1981 serialisation. While she did not appear in the 1980 animated The Return of the King, she was mentioned by name when Frodo refers to Galadriel's phial.

text: In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit prequel trilogy, Galadriel is played by Cate Blanchett.[16]  In the movies, other than possessing the Ring Nenya, Galadriel displays an ability to communicate with others telepathically and to assume a radiant and terrifying appearance.

text: In The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, as she was present at time, Galadriel narrates the events of prologue that explains the creation of the Rings of Power and the War of the Last Alliance. When the Fellowship enters the woods of Lórien, contacting Frodo via telepathy, Galadriel welcomes them to Lothlórien while using her power to tell Boromir that there is still hope despite Gondor's danger. When offered the Ring by Frodo after revealing it would eventually destroy his friends should he remain with them, Galadriel briefly assumed her horrific form before turning down the offer. Galadriel later gives Eärendil's Light to Frodo for his use. The gifts she gives to the rest of the Fellowship differ from the book's account, as is her absence from the coronation of King Elessar at the end of Return of the King.[clarification needed] At the end of The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Galadriel departs with Celeborn accompanying her, Elrond, Gandalf, Frodo, and Bilbo.

text: In The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, taking place sixty years before the events of the Lord of the Rings trilogy, Galadriel attends the White Council meeting at Rivendell with Elrond, Gandalf, and Saruman, to discuss the rising threat of the Necromancer of Dol Guldur. While Galadriel identifies the Morgul-blade that Radagast retrieved from Dol Guldur to belong to the Witch-King of Angmar, she also communicates telepathically with Gandalf during the meeting. After the meeting ends, Galadriel agrees with Gandalf's opinion that Smaug and the Necromancer must be dealt with, sympathetic to the wizard's reason for the presence of Bilbo Baggins. She offers her assistance, promising that if he should ever need her help, she will come. In the second film, The Desolation of Smaug, Galadriel telepathically convinces Gandalf leave the Company to investigate the tomb of the Nazgûl. Gandalf later sends Radagast to Lothlórien to report their findings of Sauron being the Necromancer before he enters Dol Guldur on his own. In the final film, The Battle of the Five Armies, Galadriel rescues Gandalf from captivity in Dol Guldur as he is about to be executed. She is weakened by the sudden appearance of the Nazgûl, but her hidden companions, Elrond and Saruman, engage them in combat. She seemingly uses the last of her strength to secure Gandalf's escape with Radagast. After the Nazgûl are defeated, Sauron himself appears, reviving his servants. Galadriel assumes a terrifying image (similar to her changed appearance when offered the One Ring by Frodo Baggins in Lothlórien) to confront him. Using Eärendil's Light, she banishes Sauron and the Nazgûl to Mordor, though at a great expenditure of power. Afterward, she is taken back to Lothlórien by Elrond to recover.

text: On stage, Galadriel was portrayed by Rebecca Jackson Mendoza in the three-hour-long Toronto stage musical production of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006 and ran several months. The musical was revised and moved to London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, opening on 21 June 2007. Matthew Warchus directed Laura Michelle Kelly in the role. Abbie Osmon took over from Kelly on 4 February 2008, and played the role through the show's closing on 19 July 2008.

text: Galadriel appears in the video game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II and others.

text: Legacy in music[edit]

text: Tolkien wrote a poem "Namárië" that Galadriel sings in farewell to the departing Fellowship, and to Frodo in particular.  The song is in Quenya, and "spoke of things little-known in Middle-earth," but Frodo is said to have remembered the words and translated them long afterward.  It is a lament in which Galadriel describes her separation from the Blessed Realm and the Valar, her longing to return there, and at the end a wish or hope that even though she herself is forbidden (by the Ban) to return, that Frodo might somehow come in the end to Valinor (the song specifically refers to Valimar, the city of the Valar in Valinor).

text: The poem was set to music by Donald Swann with the help of Tolkien. The sheet music and an audio recording are part of the book The Road Goes Ever On. In a recording Tolkien sings it in a Gregorian manner.[17]

text: On their album Once Again, the band Barclay James Harvest featured a song called "Galadriel". It gained notability because guitarist John Lees played John Lennon's Epiphone Casino guitar on this track,[18] an event later recounted in a song on the band's 1990 album Welcome To The Show titled "John Lennon's Guitar".

text: Songwriter Terry Britten also wrote a song "Galadriel" which was recorded by Cliff Richard.

text: Sally Oldfield's suite "Songs of the Quendi" on her album Water Bearer (1978) describes the return of Galadriel to the Blessed Realm after seven millennia of exile.

text: Sydney-based progressive rock band Galadriel achieved minor success in the early 1970s, and continue to have a cult following around the world due to a revived interest in 1960s and 1970s Australian rock. Rare copies of their first album are much sought-after, particularly in Germany where they were signed to the local Polydor label in 1971. Singer John 'Spider' Sholten later joined the touring company of singer-songwriter Ross Ryan as stage manager and general comic relief for Ross during his performances.

text: In 2003, Fran Walsh, Howard Shore, and Annie Lennox co-wrote the Oscar-winning song "Into the West" for the closing credits of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. Originally sung by Annie Lennox, the song was conceived as Galadriel's bittersweet lament for those who have sailed across the Sundering Seas. The lyrics include phrases from the final chapter of the original novel. The song has since been covered by Yulia Townsend and Will Martin.


document_title: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

question_text: the 22 amendment was passed as a reaction to what event

text: Text[edit]

text: Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

text: Section 2. This Article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress.[2]

text: Background[edit]

text: Notwithstanding that the Twenty-second Amendment was clearly a reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt's election to an unprecedented four terms as president, the notion of presidential term limits has deep roots in American politics. Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 considered the issue (alongside broader questions, such as who would elect the president, and the President's role) extensively. Many—including Alexander Hamilton and James Madison—supported a lifetime appointment for presidents, while others favored fixed terms appointments. Virginia's George Mason denounced the life-tenure proposal as tantamount to establishment of an elective monarchy.[3] Ultimately, the Framers approved four-year terms with no restriction on the amount of time a person could serve as president.

text: Though dismissed by the Constitutional Convention, the concept of term limits for U.S. presidents took hold during the presidencies of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. As his second term entered its final year in 1796, George Washington was exhausted from years of public service, and his health had begun to decline. He was also bothered by the unrelenting attacks from his political opponents, which had escalated after the signing of the Jay Treaty, and believed that he had accomplished his major goals as president. For these reasons, he decided not to stand for reelection to a third term, a decision he announced to the nation through a Farewell Address in September 1796.[4] Eleven years later, as Thomas Jefferson neared the half-way point of his second term, he wrote,

text: If some termination to the services of the chief magistrate be not fixed by the Constitution, or supplied by practice, his office, nominally for years, will in fact, become for life; and history shows how easily that degenerates into an inheritance.[5]

text: Since Washington made his historic announcement, numerous academics and public figures have looked at his decision to retire after two terms, and have, according political scientist Bruce Peabody, "argued he had established a two-term tradition that served as a vital check against any one person, or the presidency as a whole, accumulating too much power".[6] Numerous amendments aimed toward changing informal precedent into constitutional law were proposed in Congress during the early to mid-19th century, but none passed.[3][7] Three of the next four presidents after Jefferson—James Madison, James Monroe, and Andrew Jackson—served two terms, and each one adhered to the two-term principle;[1] Martin Van Buren was the only president between Jackson and Abraham Lincoln to be nominated for a second term, although he lost the 1840 election, and so only served one term.[7]

text: In spite of the strong two-term tradition, a few presidents prior to Franklin Roosevelt did attempt to secure a third term. Following Ulysses S. Grant's reelection victory in 1872, there were serious discussions within Republican political circles about the possibility of his running again in 1876. Interest in a third term for Grant evaporated however, in the light of negative public opinion and opposition from members of Congress, and Grant left the presidency in 1877, after two terms. Even so, as the 1880 election approached, he sought nomination for a (non-consecutive) third term at the 1880 Republican National Convention, but narrowly lost to James Garfield, who would go on to win the 1880 election.[7]

text: Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency on September 14, 1901, following William McKinley's assassination (194 days into his second term), and was subsequently elected to a full term in 1904. While he declined to seek a third (second full) term in 1908, Roosevelt did seek one four years later, in the election of 1912, where he lost to Woodrow Wilson. Wilson himself, despite his ill health following a serious stroke, aspired to a third term. Many of Wilson's advisers tried to convince him that his health precluded another campaign, but Wilson nonetheless asked that his name be placed in nomination for the presidency at the 1920 Democratic National Convention.[8] Democratic Party leaders were unwilling to support Wilson, however, and the nomination eventually went to James M. Cox. Wilson again contemplated running for a (nonconsecutive) third term in 1924, devising a strategy for his comeback, but again lacked any support; he died in February of that year.[9]

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the months leading up to the 1940 Democratic National Convention refusing to state whether he would seek a third term. His Vice President, John Nance Garner, along with Postmaster General James Farley, announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. When the convention came, Roosevelt sent a message to the convention, saying he would run only if drafted, saying delegates were free to vote for whomever they pleased. This message was interpreted to mean he was willing to be drafted, and he subsequently was renominated on the convention's first ballot.[7][10] Later, during the 1940 general election, Roosevelt won a decisive victory over Republican Wendell Willkie, becoming the first, and to date only, person to exceed eight years in office. Roosevelt's decision to seek a third term dominated the election campaign.[11] Willkie ran against the open-ended presidential tenure, while Democrats cited the war in Europe as a reason for breaking with precedent.[7]

text: Four years later, Roosevelt faced Republican Thomas E. Dewey in the 1944 election. Near the end of the campaign, Thomas Dewey announced his support of a constitutional amendment that would limit future presidents to two terms. According to Dewey, "four terms, or sixteen years (a direct reference to the president's tenure in office four years hence), is the most dangerous threat to our freedom ever proposed."[12] He also discreetly raised the issue of the president's age. Roosevelt, however, was able to exude enough energy and charisma to retain the confidence of the American public, who reelected him to a fourth term.[13]

text: While he effectively quelled rumors of his poor health during the campaign, Roosevelt's health was in reality deteriorating. On April 12, 1945, only 82 days after his fourth inauguration, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died. He was succeeded by Vice President Harry Truman.[14] In the 1946 midterm elections 18 months later, Republicans took control of both the House and the Senate. As many of them had campaigned on the issue of presidential tenure, declaring their support for a constitutional amendment that would limit how long a person could serve as president, the issue was given top priority in the 80th Congress when it convened in January 1947.[6]

text: Proposal and ratification[edit]

text: Proposal in Congress[edit]

text: The House of Representatives took quick action, approving a proposed constitutional amendment (House Joint Resolution 27) setting a limit of two four-year terms for future presidents. Introduced by Earl C. Michener, the measure passed 285–121, with support from 47 Democrats, on February 6, 1947. Meanwhile, the Senate developed its own proposed amendment, which initially differed from the House proposal by requiring that the amendment be submitted to state ratifying conventions for ratification, rather than to the state legislatures, and by prohibiting any person who had served more than 365 days in each of two terms from further presidential service. Both these provisions were removed when the full Senate took up the bill, but a new provision was, however, added. Put forward by Robert A. Taft, it clarified procedures governing the number of times a vice president who succeeded to the presidency might be elected to the office. The amended proposal was passed 59–23, with 16 Democrats in favor, on March 12.[1][15]

text: Several days later, the House agreed to the Senate's revisions, and on March 24, 1947, the constitutional amendment imposing term limitations on future Presidents was submitted to the states for ratification.[2] The ratification process for the 22nd Amendment was completed on February 27, 1951, 3 years, 343 days after it was sent to the states.[11][16]

text: Ratification by the states[edit]

text: Once submitted to the states, the 22nd Amendment was ratified by:[2]

text:
Maine (March 31, 1947)
Michigan (March 31, 1947)
Iowa (April 1, 1947)
Kansas (April 1, 1947)
New Hampshire (April 1, 1947)
Delaware (April 2, 1947)
Illinois (April 3, 1947)
Oregon (April 3, 1947)
Colorado (April 12, 1947)
California (April 15, 1947)
New Jersey (April 15, 1947)
Vermont (April 15, 1947)
Ohio (April 16, 1947)
Wisconsin (April 16, 1947)
Pennsylvania (April 29, 1947)
Connecticut (May 21, 1947)
Missouri (May 22, 1947)
Nebraska (May 23, 1947)
Virginia (January 28, 1948)
Mississippi (February 12, 1948)
New York (March 9, 1948)
South Dakota (January 21, 1949)
North Dakota (February 25, 1949)
Louisiana (May 17, 1950)
Montana (January 25, 1951)
Indiana (January 29, 1951)
Idaho (January 30, 1951)
New Mexico (February 12, 1951)
Wyoming (February 12, 1951)
Arkansas (February 15, 1951)
Georgia (February 17, 1951)
Tennessee (February 20, 1951)
Texas (February 22, 1951)
Utah (February 26, 1951)
Nevada (February 26, 1951)
Minnesota (February 27, 1951)
Ratification was completed when the Minnesota Legislature ratified the amendment. On March 1, 1951, the Administrator of General Services, Jess Larson, issued a certificate proclaiming the 22nd Amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution. The amendment was subsequently ratified by:[2]
North Carolina (February 28, 1951)
South Carolina (March 13, 1951)
Maryland (March 14, 1951)
Florida (April 16, 1951)
Alabama (May 4, 1951)

tag: ol

text: Conversely, two states—Oklahoma and Massachusetts—rejected the amendment, while five (Arizona, Kentucky, Rhode Island, Washington, and West Virginia) took no action.[15]

text: Affected individuals[edit]

text: The 22nd Amendment's two-term limit did not apply (due to the grandfather clause in Section 1) to Harry S. Truman, because he was the incumbent president at the time it was proposed by Congress. Truman, who had served nearly all of Franklin D. Roosevelt's unexpired fourth term and who was elected to a full term in 1948, was thus eligible to seek re-election in 1952.[11] However, with his job approval rating floundering at around 27%,[17][18] and after a poor performance in the 1952 New Hampshire primary, Truman chose not to seek his party's nomination. He theoretically also would have been eligible in later elections.

text: Since coming into force in 1951, the amendment has applied to six presidents who have been elected twice: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard M. Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. It has also applied to two who entered office intra-term due to their predecessor's death or resignation: Lyndon B. Johnson and Gerald Ford.[1] Johnson became president in November 1963, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, served out the final 1 year, 59 days of Kennedy's term, and was elected to a full four-year term in 1964. Four years later, he briefly ran for a second full term, but withdrew from the race during the party primaries.[19][20] Had he not done so, and, had he won and then served a full term (through January 20, 1973), the total length of his presidency would have been 9 years, 59 days. Gerald Ford, who became president in August 1974 following the resignation of Richard Nixon, served the final 2 years, 164 days of Nixon's term, and attempted to win a full four-year term in 1976, but was defeated by Jimmy Carter. Johnson was eligible to be elected to two full terms in his own right, as he had served less than two years of Kennedy's unexpired term, whereas Ford was eligible to be elected to only one full term, as he had served more than two years of Nixon's unexpired term.[1]

text: Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment[edit]

text: As worded, the primary focus of the 22nd Amendment is on limiting individuals twice elected to the presidency from being elected again. Due to this, several issues could be raised regarding the amendment's meaning and application, especially in relation to the 12th Amendment, ratified in 1804, which states, "But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States".[21] While it is clear that under the 12th Amendment the original constitutional qualifications of age, citizenship, and residency apply to both the president and vice president, it is unclear whether someone who is ineligible to be elected president could be elected vice president. Because of this apparent ambiguity, there may be a loophole in the 22nd Amendment whereby a two-term former-president could be elected vice president and then succeed to the presidency as a result of the incumbent's death, resignation, or removal from office (or even succeed to the presidency from some other stated office in the presidential line of succession).[7][22]

text: Some argue that the 22nd Amendment and 12th Amendment bar any two-term president from later serving as vice president as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the presidential line of succession.[23] Others contend that the original intent of the 12th Amendment concerns qualification for service (age, residence, and citizenship), while the 22nd Amendment, concerns qualifications for election, and thus (strictly applying the text) a former two-term president is still eligible to serve as vice president (neither amendment restricts the number of times an individual can be elected to the vice presidency), and then succeed to the presidency to serve out the balance of the term (though prohibited from running for election to an additional term).[24][25]

text: The practical applicability of this distinction has not been tested, as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency, although in 1980, former president Gerald Ford was mentioned as a possible running mate for Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan, and there were some negotiations between the two camps. Nothing ever became of the idea;[26] During Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign, she jokingly said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her vice president, but had been advised it would be unconstitutional.[27] Most likely, the constitutional question raised will remain unanswered until the as-yet hypothetical situation actually occurs.[1]

text: Attempts at repeal[edit]

text: Over the years, several presidents have voiced their antipathy toward the amendment. After leaving office, Harry Truman variously described it as: "bad", "stupid", and "one of the worst that has been put into the Constitution, except for the Prohibition Amendment".[28] In January 1989, during an interview with Tom Brokaw a few days prior to leaving office, Ronald Reagan stated his intention to push for a repeal of the 22nd Amendment, calling it "an infringement on the democratic rights of the people."[29] In a November 2000 interview with Rolling Stone, out-going president Bill Clinton suggested that, given longer life expectancy, perhaps the 22nd Amendment should be altered so as to limit presidents to two "consecutive" terms.[30]

text: The first efforts in Congress to repeal the 22nd Amendment were undertaken in 1956, only five years after the amendment's ratification. According to the Congressional Research Service, over the ensuing half-century (through 2008) 54 joint resolutions seeking to repeal the two-term presidential election limit were introduced (primarily in the House); none were given serious consideration.[1] Between 1997 and 2013, José E. Serrano introduced nine resolutions (one per Congress, all unsuccessful) to repeal the amendment.[31]


document_title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul

question_text: diary of a wimpy kid the long haul antagonist

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul

text: Plot[edit]

text: After summer vacation starts, Greg's mother Susan announces that the family is going on a road trip. At a cheap motel that night, Greg and Rodrick decide to go to the pool, but find that there is no water in it. There is a hot tub nearby, but it is occupied by a family and they can't convince the family to let them use it. They return to their room to find that the rest of the family has fallen asleep, taking up the bed. Rodrick proceeds to make a bed for himself out of sofa cushions leaving Greg to sleep in the closet. He falls asleep for a few minutes before being woken up by kids who were playing with a cleaning cart. Greg yells at them for causing a commotion, making the smallest child cry and call for his father, who nearly catches Greg. Greg nicknames the family the "Beardos".

text: The next day, the Heffleys go to a country fair, where Greg finds that the Beardos are there as well. Rodrick wins a "foulest shoe competition", but doesn't get his shoe back. Manny wins a competition for guessing a hog's weight, but the prize is a piglet, which the Heffleys are forced to take with them. The family plans to spend the night at a hotel suite, but it has a strict no pet policy, so Susan smuggles the baby pig in a cooler until the Heffleys reach their room. The pig ends up raiding the minibar, forcing the family to pay not only for the food and drinks consumed by the pig, but also an extra $50 for violating the hotel's no animal policy.

text: On their third day, Greg's dad Frank gets an emergency call from work. In the meantime, the family go to various places. While driving, Dad gets a call from one of his international clients, asking the family to stay quiet. But chaos ensues, Greg is bitten by the pig, and it attempts to escape, consequently ruining Frank's call. Infuriated, Frank ends up taking the pig to a petting zoo, which makes Manny very upset. He tries to run away twice and is forced to be on a leash. It rains, and Susan rethinks their road trip plans over. She convinces the rest of the family to use a method of deciding which way to go for picking things, similar to how Choose Your Own Adventure works. The method works, but the car ends up in the middle of a funeral procession; Frank tries to make a few quick turns but it turns out the part of the procession behind him is following the car; believing the Heffleys' car to be part of it. Susan convinces Frank to take them to the nearest cemetery instead; Frank enters "cemetery" into the satellite navigation and finds one a block away; but upon arriving there they find out that they are in a pet cemetery. The procession are enraged by the Heffleys' and the family quickly escape.

text: On the fourth day, the Heffleys choose to go to the beach. On the way there Greg sees a seagull sitting on the bridge fencing and throws it a cheese curl. It lands on the open sunroof wanting more and when Greg throws it another cheese curl, it bounces off the seagull's beak and the seagull swoops in and goes for the bag and Rodrick, who is driving at that time, panics and steps on the gas pedal, rear-ends the car in front of them and breaks their car's radiator. The Heffley's car is towed to a mechanic's shop for repairs. Greg is surprised to see that a water park that he was thinking about going to is very close to them, but many misfortunes happen, and the family believes that their valuables were stolen by the Beardos Greg encountered at the hotel. The Heffley's call the police, but to no avail. Fortunately, their car keys were at the mechanic's and they go to the mechanic's to retrieve their car, but with their money presumed stolen, they cannot pay for the repairs. As a result, the mechanic uses sealant to temporarily fix the radiator. The drawback is that the car's heater has to run at full blast to prevent engine overheating. While on the highway, a tarp covering Frank's boat loosens and the Heffleys' items begin falling out. They spend two hours trying to retrieve the contents, but many items are still missing. The family finds some cash and tries to find a place to sleep. Greg's father drives the car into the wilderness mistakenly believing that there was going to be a camping site in that area.

text: The next morning, the whole family accidentally lock themselves out of the car. They send Manny in from the open sunroof, but then they remember that Manny had been trying to run away to find the piglet. After his attempt to drive the car fails, he lets them in. After a while, they find the motel where they spent their first night. They find the Beardos there again, and see them leave their room with their door unlocked. The family then enter the Beardos' room and rummage through their stuff, trying to find their own belongings, but find nothing belonging to them. Greg's dad decides to use the bathroom, while the family goes back to the car. Dad soon comes running out of the room and into their car with the Beardos' father hot on his heels. In the Heffleys' getaway, they forget to turn on the heater in their car, causing it to break down two miles down the road.

text: A car with two people pulls over and offers to help them. Greg's parents try to communicate with them, but discover that they can only speak Spanish. Luckily, to everyone's surprise, Manny speaks perfect Spanish to them and explains all the trouble on the trip, including the loss of his piglet. The two men give the Heffleys a ride back home, with a stop at the petting zoo to get Manny's piglet back.

text: After they arrive home, Greg's parents cancel their credit cards and purchase new phones. The boat is given to the brothers for their help much to Frank's dismay. While digging through his short pants pockets, Greg finds the key to their locker in the water park and is caught in a dilemma. He thinks that he is reading a page of the Choose Your Own Adventure books and can either tell his parents the truth, sabotage his brother Rodrick by putting the key in his pants, or lastly, flush it down the toilet and forget about everything that happened.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was announced in late March 2015, with the title, color, and cover of the book revealed on April 27, 2015. The sequel is called Old School, and was released on November 3, 2015.[2]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: A film adaptation of the book, starring Jason Drucker as Greg Heffley, was released on May 19, 2017.


document_title: 2008 Namdaemun fire

question_text: where had the man set a fire in 2006 for which he was also arrested and charged

text: 2008 Namdaemun fire

text: Fire[edit]

text: The fire reportedly broke out at approximately 8:50 p.m. on Sunday, February 10, 2008. Firefighters soon arrived on the scene and started dousing the blaze with water in an attempt to extinguish the fire. Initially, the effort seemed successful: by late Sunday night, firefighters said they believed that they had contained the fire, with only minimal damage done to the wooden structure topping the otherwise stone structure. According to reports, they had been instructed by authorities not to be aggressive in fighting the fire out of fear that the structure would be damaged by the high-pressure water.[1]

text: After midnight, however, the dying fire suddenly reignited, quickly getting out of control. Despite the efforts of the more than 360 firefighters who were at the scene, the fire soon ended up destroying the entire wooden structure and causing substantial damage to the stone walls.[2][3] The fire did not result in any injuries.[4]

text: Arsonist[edit]

text: Originally, the fire had been suspected to be accidental. However, many witnesses reported seeing someone enter the gate shortly before the fire, and two disposable lighters were found where the fire was believed to have started.[2]

text: Later investigations revealed that the fire was indeed an act of arson. A 69-year-old man, identified as Chae Jong-gi (Hangul: 채종기; Hanja: 蔡宗基), was taken into police custody on February 12, on the suspicion that it was he who started the fire. Chae confessed to the crime 30 minutes after his arrest.[5][6][7] According to police reports, Chae arrived at Namdaemun around 8:35 p.m. carrying an aluminum ladder, three 1.5-liter bottles of paint thinner, and two cigarette lighters. With the ladder, he climbed the western wall of the gate, entered the gate, and walked up to the second floor. There, he started the fire by sprinkling the floor with paint thinner and lighting it.[8] Chae stated that he had started the fire because he was upset about not having been paid in full for land he had sold to developers.[6] Chae had also been charged with setting fire to the Changgyeong Palace complex in Seoul in 2006.[9][10]

text: The reason he targeted Namdaemun was because it was easily accessible and was only secured by motion sensors.[11] He also considered attacking trains or buses, but decided against it due to the high number of casualties this would cause.[12]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: South Korean newspapers blamed the government for failing to provide more security.[13]

text: The Cultural Heritage Administration of South Korea stated that it would take three years and $21 million to rebuild and restore the historic gate.[14] In 2006, 182 pages of blueprints of the gate had been made as a contingency measure against possible damages, making reconstruction possible.[15]

text: President Lee Myung-bak proposed starting a private donation campaign to finance the restoration of the gate.[16] Many people felt that the government should pay for the restoration because it had failed to adequately protect the structure.[17] Lee's transitional committee clarified the president-elect's comments by stating that the government would pay for the majority of the restoration.[17]

text: The restored gate reopened to the public on May 5, 2013, using traditional tools and techniques. The project cost 25 billion won to complete and includes new fire suppression systems and closed-circuit television cameras.[18][19]


document_title: Mr. Noodle

question_text: who is the actor that plays mr noodle

question_tokens: who is the actor that plays mr noodle

text: Mr. Noodle

text:
Mr. Noodle
Sesame Street character
Mr. Noodle in Elmo's WorldPortrayed by
Bill IrwinInformationGender
Male

text: Mr. Noodle and his siblings—Mr. Noodle's brother Mister Noodle, Ms Noodle, and Miss Noodle—are characters who appear in the "Elmo's World" segments during the educational children's television program Sesame Street. Mr. Noodle was played by Broadway actor Bill Irwin, who had previously worked with Arlene Sherman, executive producer of Sesame Street and co-creator of "Elmo's World", in short films for the program.[1]

text: When Irwin became unavailable, Sherman asked Michael Jeter, who was her friend, to replace Irwin as Mr. Noodle's brother Mister Noodle, which he accepted enthusiastically,[2] calling it his favorite role in twenty years.[3] Jeter was in the role beginning in 2000, until his death in 2003.[4] Kristin Chenoweth played Mr. Noodle's sister Ms. Noodle,[4] and Sarah Jones played Mr. Noodle's other sister Miss Noodle. As of January 2017, Daveed Diggs and comedian Daniel Koren, have played two more of Mr. Noodle's brothers.[5] Five actors playing members of the Noodle family have won Tonys.

text: Writer Louise A. Gikow calls the Noodles "a dynasty of mimes,...in the tradition of great silent film comedians like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and Harold Lloyd".[4] They made mistakes, but solved them with the help of "enthusiastic kid voice overs",[4] which empowered children and helped them feel smarter than the adults.

text: They were silent in order to allow Elmo to do all the talking, and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen. They would physically and humorously act out their replies to Elmo's questions.[4][6]

text: According to writer and "Elmo's World" co creator Judy Freudberg, "Mr. Noodle, who never speaks, is all about trial and error. When you throw him a hat, he acts like he's never seen one before. Kids feel empowered watching him because they can do what he can't".[7]  According to Sesame Street researcher Lewis Bernstein, the characters, whom he called "bungling", gave young viewers "the opportunity to figure it out" before the adults did.[4]