document_title: Human digestive system

question_text: how does the oral cavity help the digestive system

question_tokens: how does the oral cavity help the digestive system

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text: Human digestive system

text: Components[edit]

text: There are several organs and other components involved in the digestion of food. The organs known as the accessory digestive glands are the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. Other components include the mouth, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and epiglottis.

tag: p

text: The largest structure of the digestive system is the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). This starts at the mouth and ends at the anus, covering a distance of about nine (9) metres.[2]

text: The largest part of the GI tract is the colon or large intestine. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste matter is stored prior to defecation.[1]

text: Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine.

text: A major digestive organ is the stomach. Within its mucosa are millions of embedded gastric glands. Their secretions are vital to the functioning of the organ.

text: There are many specialised cells of the GI tract. These include the various cells of the gastric glands, taste cells, pancreatic duct cells, enterocytes and microfold cells.

text: Some parts of the digestive system are also part of the excretory system, including the large intestine.[1]

text: Mouth[edit]

text: The mouth is the first part of the gastrointestinal tract and is equipped with several structures that begin the first processes of digestion.[3] These include salivary glands, teeth and the tongue. The mouth consists of two regions; the vestibule and the oral cavity proper. The vestibule is the area between the teeth, lips and cheeks,[4] and the rest is the oral cavity proper. Most of the oral cavity is lined with oral mucosa, a mucous membrane that produces a lubricating mucus, of which only a small amount is needed. Mucous membranes vary in structure in the different regions of the body but they all produce a lubricating mucus, which is either secreted by surface cells or more usually by underlying glands. The mucous membrane in the mouth continues as the thin mucosa which lines the bases of the teeth. The main component of mucus is a glycoprotein called mucin and the type secreted varies according to the region involved. Mucin is viscous, clear, and clinging. Underlying the mucous membrane in the mouth is a thin layer of smooth muscle tissue and the loose connection to the membrane gives it its great elasticity.[5] It covers the cheeks, inner surfaces of the lips, and floor of the mouth.[6]:1186

text: The roof of the mouth is termed the palate and it separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. The palate is hard at the front of the mouth since the overlying mucosa is covering a plate of bone; it is softer and more pliable at the back being made of muscle and connective tissue, and it can move to swallow food and liquids. The soft palate ends at the uvula.[7] The surface of the hard palate allows for the pressure needed in eating food, to leave the nasal passage clear.[8] The lips are the mouth's front boundary and the fauces (the passageway between the tonsils, also called the throat),[6]:686 mark its posterior boundary.

text: At either side of the soft palate are the palatoglossus muscles which also reach into regions of the tongue. These muscles raise the back of the tongue and also close both sides of the fauces to enable food to be swallowed.[6]:1208 Mucus helps in the mastication of food in its ability to soften and collect the food in the formation of the bolus.

text: Salivary glands[edit]

text: There are three pairs of main salivary glands and between 800 and 1,000 minor salivary glands, all of which mainly serve the digestive process, and also play an important role in the maintenance of dental health and general mouth lubrication, without which speech would be impossible.[9] The main glands are all exocrine glands, secreting via ducts. All of these glands terminate in the mouth. The largest of these are the parotid glands—their secretion is mainly serous. The next pair are underneath the jaw, the submandibular glands, these produce both serous fluid and mucus. The serous fluid is produced by serous glands in these salivary glands which also produce lingual lipase. They produce about 70% of the oral cavity saliva. The third pair are the sublingual glands located underneath the tongue and their secretion is mainly mucous with a small percentage of saliva.

text: Within the oral mucosa (a mucous membrane) lining the mouth and also on the tongue and palates and mouth floor, are the minor salivary glands; their secretions are mainly mucous and are innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve).[10] The glands also secrete amylase a first stage in the breakdown of food acting on the carbohydrate in the food to transform the starch content into maltose. There are other glands on the surface of the tongue that encircle taste buds on the back part of the tongue and these also produce lingual lipase. Lipase is a digestive enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids (fats). These glands are termed Von Ebner's glands which have also been shown to have another function in the secretion of histatins which offer an early defense (outside of the immune system) against microbes in food, when it makes contact with these glands on the tongue tissue.[9][11] Sensory information can stimulate the secretion of saliva providing the necessary fluid for the tongue to work with and also to ease swallowing of the food.

text: Saliva[edit]

text: Saliva moistens and softens food, and along with the chewing action of the teeth, transforms the food into a smooth bolus. The bolus is further helped by the lubrication provided by the saliva in its passage from the mouth into the esophagus. Also of importance is the presence in saliva of the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase. Amylase starts to work on the starch in carbohydrates, breaking it down into the simple sugars of maltose and dextrose that can be further broken down in the small intestine. Saliva in the mouth can account for 30% of this initial starch digestion. Lipase starts to work on breaking down fats. Lipase is further produced in the pancreas where it is released to continue this digestion of fats. The presence of salivary lipase is of prime importance in young babies whose pancreatic lipase has yet to be developed.[12]

text: As well as its role in supplying digestive enzymes, saliva has a cleansing action for the teeth and mouth.[13] It also has an immunological role in supplying antibodies to the system, such as immunoglobulin A.[14] This is seen to be key in preventing infections of the salivary glands, importantly that of parotitis.

text: Saliva also contains a glycoprotein called haptocorrin which is a binding protein to vitamin B12.[15] It binds with the vitamin in order to carry it safely through the acidic content of the stomach. When it reaches the duodenum, pancreatic enzymes break down the glycoprotein and free the vitamin which then binds with intrinsic factor.

text: Tongue[edit]

text: Food enters the mouth where the first stage in the digestive process takes place, with the action of the tongue and the secretion of saliva. The tongue is a fleshy and muscular sensory organ, and the very first sensory information is received via the taste buds in the papillae on its surface. If the taste is agreeable, the tongue will go into action, manipulating the food in the mouth which stimulates the secretion of saliva from the salivary glands. The liquid quality of the saliva will help in the softening of the food and its enzyme content will start to break down the food whilst it is still in the mouth. The first part of the food to be broken down is the starch of carbohydrates (by the enzyme amylase in the saliva).

text: The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a ligamentous band called the frenum[5] and this gives it great mobility for the manipulation of food (and speech); the range of manipulation is optimally controlled by the action of several muscles and limited in its external range by the stretch of the frenum. The tongue's two sets of muscles, are four intrinsic muscles that originate in the tongue and are involved with its shaping, and four extrinsic muscles originating in bone that are involved with its movement.

text: Taste[edit]

text: Taste is a form of chemoreception that takes place in the specialised taste receptors, contained in structures called taste buds in the mouth. Taste buds are mainly on the upper surface (dorsum) of the tongue. The function of taste perception is vital to help prevent harmful or rotten foods from being consumed. There are also taste buds on the epiglottis and upper part of the esophagus. The taste buds are innervated by a branch of the facial nerve the chorda tympani, and the glossopharyngeal nerve. Taste messages are sent via these cranial nerves to the brain. The brain can distinguish between the chemical qualities of the food. The five basic tastes are referred to as those of saltiness, sourness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. The detection of saltiness and sourness enables the control of salt and acid balance. The detection of bitterness warns of poisons—many of a plant's defences are of poisonous compounds that are bitter. Sweetness guides to those foods that will supply energy; the initial breakdown of the energy-giving carbohydrates by salivary amylase creates the taste of sweetness since simple sugars are the first result. The taste of umami is thought to signal protein-rich food. Sour tastes are acidic which is often found in bad food. The brain has to decide very quickly whether the food should be eaten or not. It was the findings in 1991, describing the first olfactory receptors that helped to prompt the research into taste. The olfactory receptors are located on cell surfaces in the nose which bind to chemicals enabling the detection of smells. It is assumed that signals from taste receptors work together with those from the nose, to form an idea of complex food flavours.[16]

text: Teeth[edit]

text: Teeth are complex structures made of materials specific to them. They are made of a bone-like material called dentin, which is covered by the hardest tissue in the body—enamel.[8] Teeth have different shapes to deal with different aspects of mastication employed in tearing and chewing pieces of food into smaller and smaller pieces. This results in a much larger surface area for the action of digestive enzymes. The teeth are named after their particular roles in the process of mastication—incisors are used for cutting or biting off pieces of food; canines, are used for tearing, premolars and molars are used for chewing and grinding. Mastication of the food with the help of saliva and mucus results in the formation of a soft bolus which can then be swallowed to make its way down the upper gastrointestinal tract to the stomach.[citation needed] The digestive enzymes in saliva also help in keeping the teeth clean by breaking down any lodged food particles.[citation needed] The dental formula for teeth in an adult human is 2123/2123 and in an infant it is 2102/2102. In this manner the types of teeth are arranged in buccal cavity[citation needed]

text: Epiglottis[edit]

text: The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage attached to the entrance of the larynx. It is covered with a mucous membrane and there are taste buds on its lingual surface which faces into the mouth.[17] Its laryngeal surface faces into the larynx. The epiglottis functions to guard the entrance of the glottis, the opening between the vocal folds. It is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx, but during swallowing, the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position, with its upper side functioning as part of the pharynx. In this manner it prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus, which is behind. During swallowing, the backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the glottis' opening to prevent any food that is being swallowed from entering the larynx which leads to the lungs; the larynx is also pulled upwards to assist this process. Stimulation of the larynx by ingested matter produces a strong cough reflex in order to protect the lungs.

text: Pharynx[edit]

text: The pharynx is a part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system and also a part of the digestive system. It is the part of the throat immediately behind the nasal cavity at the back of the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx is made up of three parts. The lower two parts—the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx are involved in the digestive system. The laryngopharynx connects to the esophagus and it serves as a passageway for both air and food. Air enters the larynx anteriorly but anything swallowed has priority and the passage of air is temporarily blocked. The pharynx is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus nerve.[18] Muscles in the pharynx push the food into the esophagus. The pharynx joins the esophagus at the oesophageal inlet which is located behind the cricoid cartilage.

text: Esophagus[edit]

text: The esophagus or oesophagus, commonly known as the gullet, is an organ which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is continuous with the laryngeal part of the pharynx. It passes through the posterior mediastinum in the thorax and enters the stomach through a hole in the thoracic diaphragm—the esophageal hiatus, at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra (T10). Its length averages 25 cm, varying with height. It is divided into cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts. The pharynx joins the esophagus at the esophageal inlet which is behind the cricoid cartilage.

text: At rest the esophagus is closed at both ends, by the upper and lower esophageal sphincters. The opening of the upper sphincter is triggered by the swallowing reflex so that food is allowed through. The sphincter also serves to prevent back flow from the esophagus into the pharynx. The esophagus has a mucous membrane and the epithelium which has a protective function is continuously replaced due to the volume of food that passes inside the esophagus. During swallowing, food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus. The epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position so as to prevent food from going into the trachea, instead directing it to the esophagus.

text: Once in the esophagus, the bolus travels down to the stomach via rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles known as peristalsis. The lower esophageal sphincter is a muscular sphincter surrounding the lower part of the esophagus. The junction between the esophagus and the stomach (the gastroesophageal junction) is controlled by the lower esophageal sphincter, which remains constricted at all times other than during swallowing and vomiting to prevent the contents of the stomach from entering the esophagus. As the esophagus does not have the same protection from acid as the stomach, any failure of this sphincter can lead to heartburn. The esophagus has a mucous membrane of epithelium which has a protective function as well as providing a smooth surface for the passage of food. Due to the high volume of food that is passed over time, this membrane is continuously renewed.

text: Diaphragm[edit]

text: The diaphragm is an important part of the body's digestive system. The muscular diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity where most of the digestive organs are located. The suspensory muscle attaches the ascending duodenum to the diaphragm. This muscle is thought to be of help in the digestive system in that its attachment offers a wider angle to the duodenojejunal flexure for the easier passage of digesting material. The diaphragm also attaches to, and anchors the liver at its bare area. The esophagus enters the abdomen through a hole in the diaphragm at the level of T10.

text: Stomach[edit]

text: The stomach is a major organ of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive system. It is a consistently J-shaped organ joined to the esophagus at its upper end and to the duodenum at its lower end. Gastric acid (informally gastric juice), produced in the stomach plays a vital role in the digestive process, and mainly contains hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. A peptide hormone, gastrin, produced by G cells in the gastric glands, stimulates the production of gastric juice which activates the digestive enzymes. Pepsinogen is a precursor enzyme (zymogen) produced by the gastric chief cells, and gastric acid activates this to the enzyme pepsin which begins the digestion of proteins. As these two chemicals would damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by innumerable gastric glands in the stomach, to provide a slimy protective layer against the damaging effects of the chemicals on the inner layers of the stomach.

text: At the same time that protein is being digested, mechanical churning occurs through the action of peristalsis, waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. Gastric lipase secreted by the chief cells in the fundic glands in the gastric mucosa of the stomach, is an acidic lipase, in contrast with the alkaline pancreatic lipase. This breaks down fats to some degree though is not as efficient as the pancreatic lipase.

text: The pylorus, the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal, contains countless glands which secrete digestive enzymes including gastrin. After an hour or two, a thick semi-liquid called chyme is produced. When the pyloric sphincter, or valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes further with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and then passes through the small intestine, where digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine, where the environment is slightly acidic. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K produced by bacteria in the gut flora of the colon are also absorbed.

text: The parietal cells in the fundus of the stomach, produce a glycoprotein called intrinsic factor which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin), is carried to, and through the stomach, bound to a glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands - transcobalamin I also called haptocorrin, which protects the acid-sensitive vitamin from the acidic stomach contents. Once in the more neutral duodenum, pancreatic enzymes break down the protective glycoprotein. The freed vitamin B12 then binds to intrinsic factor which is then absorbed by the enterocytes in the ileum.

text: The stomach is a distensible organ and can normally expand to hold about one litre of food.[19] This expansion is enabled by a series of gastric folds in the inner walls of the stomach. The stomach of a newborn baby will only be able to expand to retain about 30 ml.

text: Spleen[edit]

text: The spleen breaks down both red and white blood cells that are spent. This is why it is sometimes known as the 'graveyard of red blood cells'. A product of this digestion is the pigment bilirubin, which is sent to the liver and secreted in the bile. Another product is iron, which is used in the formation of new blood cells in the bone marrow.[5] Medicine treats the spleen solely as belonging to the lymphatic system, though it is acknowledged that the full range of its important functions is not yet understood.[20]

text: Liver[edit]

text: The liver is the second largest organ (after the skin) and is an accessory digestive gland which plays a role in the body's metabolism. The liver has many functions some of which are important to digestion. The liver can detoxify various metabolites; synthesise proteins and produce biochemicals needed for digestion. It regulates the storage of glycogen which it can form from glucose (glycogenesis). The liver can also synthesise glucose from certain amino acids. Its digestive functions are largely involved with the breaking down of carbohydrates. It also maintains protein metabolism in its synthesis and degradation. In lipid metabolism it synthesises cholesterol. Fats are also produced in the process of lipogenesis. The liver synthesises the bulk of lipoproteins. The liver is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and below the diaphragm to which it is attached at one part, This is to the right of the stomach and it overlies the gall bladder. The liver produces bile, an important alkaline compound which aids digestion.

text: Bile[edit]

text: Bile produced by the liver is made up of water (97%), bile salts, mucus and pigments, 1% fats and inorganic salts.[21] Bilirubin is its major pigment. Bile acts partly as a surfactant which lowers the surface tension between either two liquids or a solid and a liquid and helps to emulsify the fats in the chyme. Food fat is dispersed by the action of bile into smaller units called micelles. The breaking down into micelles creates a much larger surface area for the pancreatic enzyme, lipase to work on. Lipase digests the triglycerides which are broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride. These are then absorbed by villi on the intestinal wall. If fats are not absorbed in this way in the small intestine problems can arise later in the large intestine which is not equipped to absorb fats. Bile also helps in the absorption of vitamin K from the diet. Bile is collected and delivered through the common hepatic duct. This duct joins with the cystic duct to connect in a common bile duct with the gallbladder. Bile is stored in the gallbladder for release when food is discharged into the duodenum and also after a few hours.[22]

text: Gallbladder[edit]

text: The gallbladder is a hollow part of the biliary tract that sits just beneath the liver, with the gallbladder body resting in a small depression.[23] It is a small organ where the bile produced by the liver is stored, before being released into the small intestine. Bile flows from the liver through the bile ducts and into the gall bladder for storage. The bile is released in response to cholecystokinin (CCK) a peptide hormone released from the duodenum. The production of CCK (by endocrine cells of the duodenum) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the duodenum.[24]

text: It is divided into three sections, a fundus, body and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tract via the cystic duct, which then joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. At this junction is a mucosal fold called Hartmann's pouch, where gallstones commonly get stuck. The muscular layer of the body is of smooth muscle tissue that helps the gallbladder contract, so that it can discharge its bile into the bile duct. The gallbladder needs to store bile in a natural, semi-liquid form at all times. Hydrogen ions secreted from the inner lining of the gallbladder keep the bile acidic enough to prevent hardening. To dilute the bile, water and electrolytes from the digestion system are added. Also, salts attach themselves to cholesterol molecules in the bile to keep them from crystallising. If there is too much cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, or if the gallbladder doesn't empty properly the systems can fail. This is how gallstones form when a small piece of calcium gets coated with either cholesterol or bilirubin and the bile crystallises and forms a gallstone. The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store and release bile, or gall. Bile is released into the small intestine in order to help in the digestion of fats by breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. After the fat is absorbed, the bile is also absorbed and transported back to the liver for reuse.

text: Pancreas[edit]

text: The pancreas is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive gland in the digestive system. It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.[25] The endocrine part secretes insulin when the blood sugar becomes high; insulin moves glucose from the blood into the muscles and other tissues for use as energy. The endocrine part releases glucagon when the blood sugar is low; glucagon allows stored sugar to be broken down into glucose by the liver in order to re-balance the sugar levels. The pancreas produces and releases important digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice that it delivers to the duodenum. The pancreas lies below and at the back of the stomach. It connects to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct which it joins near to the bile duct's connection where both the bile and pancreatic juice can act on the chyme that is released from the stomach into the duodenum. Aqueous pancreatic secretions from pancreatic duct cells contain bicarbonate ions which are alkaline and help with the bile to neutralise the acidic chyme that is churned out by the stomach.

text: The pancreas is also the main source of enzymes for the digestion of fats and proteins. Some of these are released in response to the production of CKK in the duodenum. (The enzymes that digest polysaccharides, by contrast, are primarily produced by the walls of the intestines.) The cells are filled with secretory granules containing the precursor digestive enzymes. The major proteases, the pancreatic enzymes which work on proteins, are trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Elastase is also produced. Smaller amounts of lipase and amylase are secreted. The pancreas also secretes phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase, and cholesterol esterase. The precursor zymogens, are inactive variants of the enzymes; which avoids the onset of pancreatitis caused by autodegradation. Once released in the intestine, the enzyme enteropeptidase present in the intestinal mucosa activates trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin; further cleavage results in chymotripsin.

text: Lower gastrointestinal tract[edit]

text: The lower gastrointestinal tract (GI), includes the small intestine and all of the large intestine.[26] The intestine is also called the bowel or the gut. The lower GI starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and finishes at the anus. The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The cecum marks the division between the small and large intestine. The large intestine includes the rectum and anal canal.[1]

text: Small intestine[edit]

text: Food starts to arrive in the small intestine one hour after it is eaten, and after two hours the stomach has emptied. Until this time the food is termed a bolus. It then becomes the partially digested semi-liquid termed chyme.

text: In the small intestine, the pH becomes crucial; it needs to be finely balanced in order to activate digestive enzymes. The chyme is very acidic, with a low pH, having been released from the stomach and needs to be made much more alkaline. This is achieved in the duodenum by the addition of bile from the gall bladder combined with the bicarbonate secretions from the pancreatic duct and also from secretions of bicarbonate-rich mucus from duodenal glands known as Brunner's glands. The chyme arrives in the intestines having been released from the stomach through the opening of the pyloric sphincter. The resulting alkaline fluid mix neutralises the gastric acid which would damage the lining of the intestine. The mucus component lubricates the walls of the intestine.

text: When the digested food particles are reduced enough in size and composition, they can be absorbed by the intestinal wall and carried to the bloodstream. The first receptacle for this chyme is the duodenal bulb. From here it passes into the first of the three sections of the small intestine, the duodenum. (The next section is the jejunum and the third is the ileum). The duodenum is the first and shortest section of the small intestine. It is a hollow, jointed C-shaped tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It starts at the duodenal bulb and ends at the suspensory muscle of duodenum. The attachment of the suspensory muscle to the diaphragm is thought to help the passage of food by making a wider angle at its attachment.

text: Most food digestion takes place in the small intestine. Segmentation contractions act to mix and move the chyme more slowly in the small intestine allowing more time for absorption (and these continue in the large intestine). In the duodenum, pancreatic lipase is secreted together with a co-enzyme, colipase to further digest the fat content of the chyme. From this breakdown, smaller particles of emulsified fats called chylomicrons are produced. There are also digestive cells called enterocytes lining the intestines (the majority being in the small intestine). They are unusual cells in that they have villi on their surface which in turn have innumerable microvilli on their surface. All these villi make for a greater surface area, not only for the absorption of chyme but also for its further digestion by large numbers of digestive enzymes present on the microvilli.

text: The chylomicrons are small enough to pass through the enterocyte villi and into their lymph capillaries called lacteals. A milky fluid called chyle, consisting mainly of the emulsified fats of the chylomicrons, results from the absorbed mix with the lymph in the lacteals.[clarification needed] Chyle is then transported through the lymphatic system to the rest of the body.

text: The suspensory muscle marks the end of the duodenum and the division between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower GI tract. The digestive tract continues as the jejunum which continues as the ileum. The jejunum, the midsection of the small intestine contains circular folds, flaps of doubled mucosal membrane which partially encircle and sometimes completely encircle the lumen of the intestine. These folds together with villi serve to increase the surface area of the jejunum enabling an increased absorption of digested sugars, amino acids and fatty acids into the bloodstream. The circular folds also slow the passage of food giving more time for nutrients to be absorbed.

text: The last part of the small intestine is the ileum. This also contains villi and vitamin B12; bile acids and any residue nutrients are absorbed here. When the chyme is exhausted of its nutrients the remaining waste material changes into the semi-solids called feces, which pass to the large intestine, where bacteria in the gut flora further break down residual proteins and starches.[27]

text: Cecum[edit]

text: The cecum is a pouch marking the division between the small intestine and the large intestine.[28] The cecum receives chyme from the last part of the small intestine, the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. At this junction there is a sphincter or valve, the ileocecal valve which slows the passage of chyme from the ileum, allowing further digestion. It is also the site of the appendix attachment.

text: Large intestine[edit]

text: In the large intestine,[1] the passage of the digesting food in the colon is a lot slower, taking from 12 to 50 hours until it is removed by defecation. The colon mainly serves as a site for the fermentation of digestible matter by the gut flora. The time taken varies considerably between individuals. The remaining semi-solid waste is termed feces and is removed by the coordinated contractions of the intestinal walls, termed peristalsis, which propels the excreta forward to reach the rectum and exit via defecation from the anus. The wall has an outer layer of longitudinal muscles, the taeniae coli, and an inner layer of circular muscles. The circular muscle keeps the material moving forward and also prevents any back flow of waste. Also of help in the action of peristalsis is the basal electrical rhythm that determines the frequency of contractions.[29] The taeniae coli can be seen and are responsible for the bulges (haustra) present in the colon. Most parts of the GI tract are covered with serous membranes and have a mesentery. Other more muscular parts are lined with adventitia.

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The digestive system is supplied by the celiac artery. The celiac artery is the first major branch from the abdominal aorta, and is the only major artery that nourishes the digestive organs.

text: There are three main divisions – the left gastric artery, the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery.

text: The celiac artery supplies the liver, stomach, spleen and the upper 1/3 of the duodenum (to the sphincter of Oddi) and the pancreas with oxygenated blood. Most of the blood is returned to the liver via the portal venous system for further processing and detoxification before returning to the systemic circulation via the hepatic veins.

text: The next branch from the abdominal aorta is the superior mesenteric artery, which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the midgut, which includes the distal 2/3 of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon.

text: The final branch which is important for the digestive system is the inferior mesenteric artery, which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the hindgut, which includes the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and the anus above the pectinate line.

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: The enteric nervous system consists of some one hundred million neurons[31] that are embedded in the peritoneum, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the esophagus to the anus.[32] These neurons are collected into two plexuses - the myenteric (or Auerbach's) plexus that lies between the longitudinal and the smooth muscle layers, and the submucosal (or Meissner's) plexus that lies between the circular smooth muscle layer and the mucosa.[33][34][35]

text: Parasympathetic innervation to the ascending colon is supplied by the vagus nerve. Sympathetic innervation is supplied by the splanchnic nerves that join the celiac ganglia. Most of the digestive tract is innervated by the two large celiac ganglia, with the upper part of each ganglion joined by the greater splanchnic nerve and the lower parts joined by the lesser splanchnic nerve. It is from these ganglia that many of the gastric plexuses arise.

text: Development[edit]

text: Early in embryonic development, the embryo has three germ layers and abuts a yolk sac. During the second week of development, the embryo grows and begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines.[36]

text: During the fourth week of development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the duodenum. By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side, the hepatic diverticulum, which will go on to become the biliary tree. Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the cystic diverticulum, that will eventually develop into the gallbladder.[36]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Each part of the digestive system is subject to a wide range of disorders many of which can be congenital. Mouth diseases can also be caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and as a side effect of some medications. Mouth diseases include tongue diseases and salivary gland diseases. A common gum disease in the mouth is gingivitis which is caused by bacteria in plaque. The most common viral infection of the mouth is gingivostomatitis caused by herpes simplex. A common fungal infection is candidiasis commonly known as thrush which affects the mucous membranes of the mouth.

text: There are a number of esophageal diseases such as the development of Schatzki rings that can restrict the passageway, causing difficulties in swallowing. They can also completely block the esophagus.[37]

text: Stomach diseases are often chronic conditions and include gastroparesis, gastritis, and peptic ulcers.

text: A number of problems including malnutrition and anemia can arise from malabsorption, the abnormal absorption of nutrients in the GI tract. Malabsorption can have many causes ranging from infection, to enzyme deficiencies such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. It can also arise as a result of other gastrointestinal diseases such as coeliac disease. Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine. This can cause vitamin deficiencies due to the improper absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The small intestine can also be obstructed by a volvulus, a loop of intestine that becomes twisted enclosing its attached mesentery. This can cause mesenteric ischemia if severe enough.

text: A common disorder of the bowel is diverticulitis. Diverticula are small pouches that can form inside the bowel wall, which can become inflamed to give diverticulitis. This disease can have complications if an inflamed diverticulum bursts and infection sets in. Any infection can spread further to the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) and cause potentially fatal peritonitis.[38]

text: Crohn's disease is a common chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which can affect any part of the GI tract,[39] but it mostly starts in the terminal ileum.

text: Ulcerative colitis an ulcerative form of colitis, is the other major inflammatory bowel disease which is restricted to the colon and rectum. Both of these IBDs can give an increased risk of the development of colorectal cancer. Ulcerative coliltis is the most common of the IBDs[40]

text: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common of the functional gastrointestinal disorders. These are idiopathic disorders that the Rome process has helped to define.[41]

text: Giardiasis is a disease of the small intestine caused by a protist parasite Giardia lamblia. This does not spread but remains confined to the lumen of the small intestine.[42] It can often be asymptomatic, but as often can be indicated by a variety of symptoms. Giardiasis is the most common pathogenic parasitic infection in humans.[43]

text: There are diagnostic tools mostly involving the ingestion of barium sulphate to investigate disorders of the GI tract.[44] These are known as upper gastrointestinal series that enable imaging of the pharynx, larynx, oesophagous, stomach and small intestine and lower gastrointestinal series for imaging of the colon.

text: In pregnancy[edit]

text: Gestation can predispose for certain digestive disorders. Gestational diabetes can develop in the mother as a result of pregnancy and while this often presents with few symptoms it can lead to pre-eclampsia.


document_title: Sweet Home Alabama (film)

question_text: who does reese witherspoon end up with in sweet home alabama

text: Sweet Home Alabama (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens on a stormy Alabama beach with two children, Melanie Smooter and Jake Perry. Jake has brought Melanie out to show her the glass sculptures that result when sand is struck by lightning. They discuss their future together, with Jake asserting they will be married one day.

text: In the present day, Melanie has changed her last name to Carmichael, a rich local family, to hide her poor Southern roots. She is a successful up-and-coming fashion designer in New York City. After becoming engaged to Andrew, Melanie goes home alone to Alabama to tell her parents. In reality she is going to procure a divorce from her estranged husband Jake. Andrew's mother, the Mayor of New York, expresses doubt that Melanie is good enough for her son, whom she is grooming to eventually run for President of the United States.

text: In Alabama, Melanie asks Jake why he has returned the divorce papers unsigned for the last seven years, but he orders her out of his house, eventually calling the sheriff (another childhood friend) to intervene. When Melanie's father brings her home from the station she announces her engagement.

text: Hoping to spur Jake to sign the papers, Melanie empties out his checking account, after learning that her name is still on it. Jake says he will sign the papers in the morning, lamenting "nobody finds their soulmate when they're ten years old". Following Jake to a local bar, Melanie gets drunk and embarrasses herself in front of her childhood friends, expressing disgust at their lifestyle, confessing that Jake got her pregnant, hence why she married him, and outing a mutual friend, Bobby Ray Bailey. When Melanie wakes up the next morning, the divorce papers are lying on her bed, finally signed by Jake.

text: Melanie visits the Carmichael plantation to apologize to Bobby Ray, where she is cornered by a private detective sent to dig up dirt for the mayor. Realizing her predicament, Bobby Ray pretends to be her cousin, backing up her pretense that this is her childhood home. Melanie soon reconciles with her other friends, and learns that Jake followed her to New York City to win her back—intimidated by the size of Manhattan, he returned home determined to make something of himself first. Jake finds Melanie in a graveyard upset over their old dog, and they have a heart to heart about their wedding, the loss of their baby due to miscarriage, and Melanie leaving for a new life. Melanie now realizes why Jake never signed the divorce papers.

text: Andrew arrives at the Carmichael Plantation to surprise Melanie. Jake takes him to a Civil War reenactment, where Melanie is with her father. On the way, knowing who Andrew is, Jake regales him with the story of "Felony" Melanie Smooter, a young girl who once tied dynamite to a cat's tail and then was arrested after it ran into the bank. When Andrew sees Melanie at the battlefield, she tells him Jake is her former husband. When her father introduces himself as Earl Smooter, Andrew realizes that Melanie has lied to him about who she really is and leaves. Andrew soon appears at Melanie's parents' house, having gotten over the shock and admitting he still wants to marry her, here in Alabama.

text: Once Melanie's friends from New York arrive, they browse at a glazier whose wares they all have admired in New York, only to realize it is Jake.

text: Melanie's lawyer interrupts the wedding ceremony, bringing the divorce papers that Melanie herself has missed signing. Melanie hesitates, realizing her love for Jake. She wishes Andrew luck in finding a good woman. Andrew, distressed but showing no ill-feelings, wishes her well in return. His mother explodes, berating Andrew for risking his promising political career and verbally attacking Melanie. She then insults the town and Melanie's mother, for which Melanie punches her in the jaw, to the cheers of the crowd.

text: Melanie, in her wedding gown in the rain, finds Jake planting metal rods in the beach to draw lighting to create more sand sculptures. She tells him they are still married, and asks why he didn't tell her he came to New York. They repeat the conversation from when they were children about why they want to be married. As Jake and Melanie kiss, sheriff Wade "arrests" them and takes them to the bar owned by Jake's mother, where their friends and family are waiting. The pair finally get their long-awaited first dance as husband and wife, to the tune of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama." A mid-credits sequence shows that they have a daughter. Melanie continues to thrive as a designer and Jake opens a "Deep South Glass" franchise in New York. A newspaper clipping announces the wedding of Andrew and a girl name Erin Vanderbilt.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Reese Witherspoon as Melanie Smooter / Melanie Carmichael. She grew up in Pigeon Creek, Alabama and moved to New York City to follow her dreams. Now a noted fashion designer, she was engaged to the wealthy Andrew Hennings.

Dakota Fanning as Young Melanie

Josh Lucas as Jake Perry. Perry is married to Melanie who has been his best friend since childhood. He lives in Pigeon Creek, Alabama.

Thomas Curtis as Young Jake

Patrick Dempsey as Andrew Hennings. The son of New York City Mayor Kate Hennings, he is engaged to Melanie.
Ethan Embry as Bobby Ray Bailey, one of Melanie's childhood friends. He is outed by Melanie and is a good friend to Jake.
Mary Kay Place as Pearl Smooter, mother of Melanie. She is happily married to Earl Smooter.
Fred Ward as Earl Smooter, Melanie's father. He enjoys participating in re-enactments of the Civil War.
Candice Bergen as Mayor Kate Hennings. The mother of Andrew, she is wary of his relationship with Melanie.
Jean Smart as Stella Kay Perry, the mother of Jake, Melanie's husband. She owns "Stella's", a local tavern.
Melanie Lynskey as Lurlynn, who lives in Pigeon Creek and is a childhood acquaintance of Melanie.
Courtney Gains as Sheriff Wade, a childhood friend of Melanie.
Mary Lynn Rajskub as Dorothea, Wade's wife.
Rhona Mitra as Tabatha Wadmore-Smith, one of Melanie's best friends from New York.
Susannah Halling as the official leader of the Redneck Dancing Association.
Nathan Lee Graham as Frederick Montana, Melanie’s friend and mentor from New York. He is a fashion designer and friendly competitor.
Kevin Sussman as Barry Lowenstein, assistant to Mayor Kate Hennings.
Sean Bridgers as Eldon

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Although centered in a fictional version of the town of Pigeon Creek, near a fictional version of Greenville, Alabama, the film was mostly shot in Georgia. The Carmichael Plantation, which Melanie tells the reporter is her childhood home, is the Oak Hill Berry Museum, a historic landmark in Georgia which is on the campus of Berry College in Rome, Georgia.

text: The streets and storefronts of Crawfordville, Georgia were used as the backdrop for the Catfish Festival and other downtown scenes. The coonhound cemetery was on Moore Street in Crawfordville, and the bar was located at Heavy's Barbecue near the town. Glass that forms when lightning hits sand, as in the film, is called fulgurite.

text: Jake's glassblowing shop was filmed at an old mill, named Starr's Mill, in Fayette County, Georgia. Wynn's Pond in Sharpsburg, Georgia is the location where Jake lands his plane. The historic homes shown at Melanie's return to Pigeon Creek were shot in Eufaula, Alabama.

text: The movie title and theme song lyrics are from the "Sweet Home Alabama" song by Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, that first appeared in 1974 on their second album, Second Helping.[2]

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This film received mostly mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, 38% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 157 reviews.[3]

text: Roger Ebert, critic for the Chicago Sun Times, awarded it three-out-of-four stars, commenting, "It is a fantasy, a sweet, light-hearted fairy tale with Reese Witherspoon at its center. She is as lovable as Doris Day would have been in this role... So I enjoyed Witherspoon and the local color, but I am so very tired of the underlying premise."[4]

text: Andrew Sarris, critic for the New York Observer, said that the movie "Would be an unendurable viewing experience for this ultra-provincial New Yorker if 26-year-old Reese Witherspoon were not on hand to inject her pure fantasy character, Melanie Carmichael, with a massive infusion of old-fashioned Hollywood magic."[5]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: The film grossed over US$35 million in its first weekend. By the end of its run in the United States, Sweet Home Alabama grossed over US$130 million, and another US$53,399,006 internationally. With a reported budget of US$30 million, it was a box office hit, despite the mixed reviews.[1]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film won the following awards:

text:
2003 BMI Film Music Award — George Fenton
2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Movie
2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liplock — Reese Witherspoon; Josh Lucas
2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Movie Actress — Reese Witherspoon (Nominated)
2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain — Candice Bergen (Nominated)
2003 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release (Nominated)
2003 Golden Trailer Award for Best Romance (Nominated)
2003 Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Award for Best Contemporary Hair Styling – Feature — Anne Morgan (Nominated)
2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance — Reese Witherspoon (Nominated)

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Sweet Home Alabama (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), the film soundtrack, includes thirteen songs by different artists.

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length

1.
"Sweet Home Alabama"
Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, Edward King
3:43

2.
"Mine All Mine"
Kristyn Osborn, Hollie Poole
3:55

3.
"Falling Down"
Avril Lavigne, David Alspach, Lauren Christy, Graham Edwards
3:54

4.
"Gonna Make You Love Me"
Ryan Adams
2:36

5.
"To Think I Used to Love You (DJ Homicide Remix)"
Uncle Kracker
3:26

6.
"Keep Your Hands to Yourself"
Daniel J. Baird
3:06

7.
"Bring On the Day"
Amy Powers, Jeffrey C.J. Vanston
4:33

8.
"Long Gone Lonesome Blues"
Hank Williams
2:55

9.
"You Got Me"
Jason Chain
3:44

10.
"Now That I Know"
Eric Bazilian, Shannon McNally
4:44

11.
"Marry Me"
Dolly Parton
3:15

12.
"Weekend Song"
Matt Cantor, Pete Chill, Aston Harvey, Tenor Fly
3:58

13.
"Felony Melanie - Sweet Home Alabama Suite (Score)"

5:02


document_title: MLB: The Show

question_text: when did mlb the show 17 go on sale

question_tokens: when did mlb the show 17 go on sale

text: MLB: The Show

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Gameplay simulates a typical game of baseball, with the player controlling an entire team or a select player. The player may take control of one of 30 Major League Baseball teams in any game mode (excluding Road to the Show) and use that team in gameplay. The Series has variable game modes in which a player takes control of a team for a single game, one season, or a franchise (multiple seasons).[1]

text: Games[edit]

text:
Game
Release date
Cover athlete (team)
Platforms

MLB 06: The Show
February 28, 2006
David Ortiz (Boston Red Sox)
Chan-ho Park (San Diego Padres) (Korea release)
PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable

MLB 07: The Show
February 26, 2007 (PS2/PSP)
May 15, 2007 (PS3)
David Wright (New York Mets)
PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable

MLB 08: The Show
March 4, 2008
Ryan Howard (Philadelphia Phillies)

MLB 09: The Show
March 3, 2009
Dustin Pedroia (Boston Red Sox)

MLB 10: The Show
March 2, 2010
Joe Mauer (Minnesota Twins)

MLB 11: The Show
March 8, 2011

MLB 12: The Show
March 6, 2012
Adrian Gonzalez (Boston Red Sox) (United States release)
José Bautista (Toronto Blue Jays) (Canadian release)
PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita

MLB 13: The Show
March 5, 2013
Andrew McCutchen (Pittsburgh Pirates) (United States release)
José Bautista (Toronto Blue Jays) (Canadian release)
Wei-Yin Chen (Baltimore Orioles) (Taiwan release)

MLB 14: The Show
April 1, 2014 (PS3/Vita)
May 6, 2014 (PS4)[2][3]
Miguel Cabrera (Detroit Tigers) (United States release)
Brett Lawrie (Toronto Blue Jays) (Canadian release)
Shin-soo Choo (Texas Rangers) (Korea release)
Wei-Yin Chen (Baltimore Orioles) (Taiwan release)
PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita

MLB 15: The Show
March 31, 2015
Yasiel Puig (Los Angeles Dodgers) (United States release)
Russell Martin (Toronto Blue Jays) (Canadian release)
Shin-soo Choo (Texas Rangers) (Korea release)
Wei-Yin Chen (Baltimore Orioles) (Taiwan release)

MLB The Show 16
March 29, 2016
Josh Donaldson (Toronto Blue Jays) (United States and Canada release)
Jung-ho Kang (Pittsburgh Pirates) (Korea release)
Wei-Yin Chen (Miami Marlins) (Taiwan release)
PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4

MLB The Show 17
March 28, 2017
Ken Griffey Jr. (Seattle Mariners) (United States release)
Aaron Sanchez (Toronto Blue Jays) (Canadian release)
Hyun-soo Kim (Baltimore Orioles) (Korea release)
Wei-Yin Chen (Miami Marlins) (Taiwan release)
PlayStation 4

MLB The Show 18
March 27, 2018
Aaron Judge (New York Yankees) (United States release)
Marcus Stroman (Toronto Blue Jays) (Canadian release)

text: Commentators[edit]

text:
Commentator
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Total appearances

Matt Vasgersian
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
13

Dave Campbell
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
7

Rex Hudler
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
6

Eric Karros
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
6

Steve Lyons
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
4

Harold Reynolds
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
1

Dan Plesac
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
2

Mark DeRosa
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
1

Total
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3


document_title: Oceanic climate

question_text: for a continental area to experience a cfb climate it must be located

text: Oceanic climate

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: Precipitation in an oceanic climate must have at least 40 millimeters per month. All months must have adequate rain and cloudy conditions are common in oceanic climates. London is an example of an oceanic climate. It experiences reliable and constant precipitation throughout the entire year. In most areas with an oceanic climate, precipitation comes in the form of rain for the majority of the year. However, some areas with this climate see some snowfall annually during winter. Most oceanic climate zones, or at least a part of them, experience at least one snowfall per year. In the poleward locations of the oceanic climate zone ("subpolar oceanic climates," described in greater detail below), snowfall is more frequent and commonplace.

text: Temperature[edit]

text: Overall temperature characteristics of the oceanic climates feature cool temperatures and infrequent extremes of temperature. In the Köppen climate classification, Oceanic climates have a mean temperature of 0 °C (32 °F) or higher in the coldest month, compared to continental climates where the coldest month has a mean temperature of below 0 °C (32 °F). Summers are cool, with the warmest month having a mean temperature below 22 °C (72 °F). Poleward of the latter is a zone of the aforementioned subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc),[3] with long but relatively mild (for their latitude) winters and cool and short summers (average temperatures of at least 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months). Examples of this climate include parts of coastal Iceland in the Northern Hemisphere and extreme southern Chile and Argentina in the Southern Hemisphere (examples include Ushuaia and Punta Arenas).

text: Causation[edit]

text: Oceanic climates are not necessarily always found in coastal locations on the aforementioned parallels; however, in most cases oceanic climates parallel higher middle latitude oceans. The polar jet stream, which moves in a west to east direction across the middle latitudes, advancing low pressure systems, storms, and fronts. In coastal areas of the higher middle latitudes (45–60° latitude), the prevailing onshore flow creates the basic structure of most oceanic climates. Oceanic climates are a product and reflection of the ocean adjacent to them. In the fall, winter, and early spring, when the polar jet stream is most active, the frequent passing of marine weather systems creates the frequent fog, cloudy skies, and light drizzle often associated with oceanic climates. In summer, high pressure often pushes the prevailing westerlies north of many oceanic climates, often creating a drier summer climate (for example in the Northwest coast of America, bathed by the Pacific Ocean).

text: The North Atlantic Gulf Stream, a tropical oceanic current that passes north of the Caribbean and up the East Coast of the United States to North Carolina, then heads east-northeast to the Azores, is thought to greatly modify the climate of Northwest Europe.[4] As a result of the Gulf Stream, west-coast areas located in high latitudes like Ireland, the UK, and Norway have much milder winters (for their latitude) than would otherwise be the case. The lowland attributes of western Europe also help drive marine air masses into continental areas, enabling cities such as Dresden, Prague, and Vienna to have maritime climates in spite of being located well inland from the ocean.

text: Locations[edit]

text:
London, England, UK

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

55

8
2

41

8
2

42

11
4

44

14
6

49

18
9

45

21
12

45

24
14

50

23
14

49

20
11

69

16
8

59

10
5

55

8
3

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: Met Office[5]

[show]Imperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

2.2

47
36

1.6

47
36

1.6

52
39

1.7

58
42

1.9

64
48

1.8

70
53

1.8

74
57

1.9

74
57

1.9

68
53

2.7

60
47

2.3

50
41

2.2

47
37

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

text: Europe[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Oceanic climates in Europe occur mostly in Northwest Europe, from Ireland and Great Britain eastward to central Europe. Most of France (away from the Mediterranean), Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, the north coast of Spain (Basque Country, north of Navarre[6], Galicia, Asturias and Cantabria), the western Azores off the coast of Portugal, the south of Kosovo and southern portions of Sweden, also have oceanic climates. Examples of oceanic climates are found in Glasgow, London, Bergen, Dublin, Berlin, Bilbao, Donostia-San Sebastian, Biarritz, Bayonne, Zürich, Copenhagen, Skagen and Paris. With decreasing distance to the Mediterranean Sea, the oceanic climate of Northwest Europe gradually changes to the subtropical dry-summer or Mediterranean climate of southern Europe. The line between Oceanic and Continental climate in Europe runs in a generally north to south direction. For example, western Germany is more impacted by milder Atlantic air masses than is eastern Germany. Thus, winters across Europe become colder to the east, and (in some locations) summers become hotter. The line between oceanic Europe and Mediterranean Europe normally runs west to east and is related to changes in precipitation patterns and differences to seasonal temperatures.

text: The Americas[edit]

text:
Tofino, British Columbia, Canada

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

487

8
2

336

9
2

330

10
3

270

12
4

153

15
7

130

17
9

71

19
11

88

19
11

133

18
9

342

14
6

492

10
4

440

8
2

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: Environment Canada[7]

[show]Imperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

19

47
36

13

48
35

13

50
37

11

53
39

6

58
44

5.1

62
48

2.8

66
51

3.5

66
51

5.2

64
48

13

56
43

19

50
38

17

47
35

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

text: The oceanic climate exists in an arc spreading across the north-western coast of North America from the Alaskan panhandle to northern California, in general the coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest. It includes the western parts of Washington and Oregon, the Alaskan panhandle, western portions of British Columbia, and north-western California. In addition, some east coast areas such as some higher elevations along the southern Appalachian Mountains as well as Block Island, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket have a similar climate.[8] The oceanic climate is found in isolated pockets in eastern Mexico. An extensive area of oceanic climates distinguishes the coastal regions of southern Chile and extends into bordering Argentina.

text: All mid-latitude oceanic climates are classified as humid. However, some rainshadow climates feature thermal régimes similar to those of oceanic climates but with steppe-like (BSk) or even desert-like (BWk) scarcity of precipitation. Despite the oceanic-like thermal regimes, these areas are generally classified as steppe or desert climates. These arid versions of oceanic climates are found in eastern Washington and Oregon to the east of the Cascade Range in the United States, in the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia in Canada, Patagonia in southern Argentina, and the Atacama Desert in northern Chile.

text: Africa[edit]

text: The only noteworthy area of Maritime Climate at or near sea-level within Africa is in South Africa from Mossel Bay on the Western Cape coast to Plettenberg Bay, with additional pockets of this climate inland of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal coast. It is usually warm most of the year with no pronounced rainy season, but slightly more rain in autumn and spring. The Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the South Atlantic also has an oceanic climate.

text: Asia and Oceania[edit]

text:
Auckland, New Zealand

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

73

23
15

66

24
16

87

22
14

99

20
12

113

18
10

126

16
8

145

15
7

118

15
8

105

17
9

100

18
10

86

20
12

93

22
14

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: NIWA Climate Data[9]

[show]Imperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

2.9

74
59

2.6

75
60

3.4

72
58

3.9

68
54

4.4

64
51

5

60
47

5.7

58
45

4.7

59
46

4.1

62
48

3.9

64
51

3.4

67
54

3.7

71
57

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

text: The oceanic climate is prevalent in the more southerly parts of Oceania. A mild maritime climate is in existence in New Zealand. It occurs in a few areas of Australia, namely in the southeast, although average high temperatures during summers there tend to be higher and the summers drier than is typical of subtropical highland climates, with summer maxima sometimes exceeding 40 °C (104 °F),[10] Tasmania, Victoria and southeastern New South Wales. It can also be found along the western areas of the south coast of Western Australia,[citation needed] parts with steppe-like (BSk) or even desert-like (BWk) scarcity of precipitation.

text: This climate is found on the Asian mainland in mountainous areas of the tropics, such as the foothills of the Himalayas and south-west China.

text: Indian Ocean[edit]

text: Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul, both part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, are located in the subtropics and have an oceanic climate (akin to Tristan da Cunha; see above).

text: Varieties[edit]

text: Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)[edit]

text: This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Mexico City

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

11

21
6

4.3

23
7

10

26
9

26

27
11

56

27
12

135

25
12

175

23
12

169

23
12

145

22
12

67

22
10

12

22
8

6

21
7

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: WMO

[show]Imperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

0.4

70
42

0.2

73
45

0.4

78
49

1

80
51

2.2

80
53

5.3

76
54

6.9

73
53

6.7

74
53

5.7

72
53

2.6

72
50

0.5

71
46

0.2

69
44

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Addis Ababa

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

17

23
9

36

24
9

68

25
11

89

25
12

76

25
13

124

23
12

259

21
12

278

20
12

174

22
12

41

23
10

8.3

23
8

10

22
8

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: NMAE

[show]Imperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

0.7

74
48

1.4

76
49

2.7

76
51

3.5

77
54

3

77
55

4.9

74
54

10

69
54

11

68
53

6.9

71
53

1.6

73
50

0.3

73
47

0.4

72
46

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

text: The subtropical highland variety of the oceanic climate exists in elevated portions of the world that are within either the tropics or subtropics, though it is typically found in mountainous locations in some tropical countries. Despite the latitude, the higher altitudes of these regions mean that the climate tends to share characteristics with oceanic climates, though it also tends to experience noticeably drier weather during the lower-sun "winter" season. In locations outside the tropics, other than the drying trend in the winter, subtropical highland climates tend to be essentially identical to an oceanic climate, with mild summers and noticeably cooler winters, plus, in some instances, some snowfall. In the tropics, a subtropical highland climate tends to feature spring-like weather year-round. Temperatures there remain relatively constant throughout the year and snowfall is seldom seen.

text: Areas with this climate feature monthly averages below 22 °C (72 °F) but above −3 °C (27 °F) (or 0 °C (32 °F) using American standards). At least one month's average temperature is below 18 °C (64 °F). Without their elevation, many of these regions would likely feature either tropical or humid subtropical climates. These regions are usually designated Cwb (or even Cfb "temperate highland").

text: This type of climate exists in parts of east, south and southeastern Africa, interior southern Africa and elevated portions of eastern Africa as far north as Mozambique and of western Africa up to the southwestern Angola highlands also share this climate type. The exposed areas of High Atlas, some mountainous areas across southern Europe, mountainous sections of North, Central and South America and in the highest parts of the states of Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná and São Paulo, in Brazil, some mountainous areas across Southeast Asia, parts of the Himalayas and parts of Sri Lanka.

text: Temperate (Cfb)[edit]

text: Temperate oceanic climates, also known as "marine mild winter" climates[11] or simply oceanic climates, are found either at middle latitudes or in equatorial areas at higher altitudes. They are often found on or near the west coast of continents; hence another name for Cfb, i.e. "marine west coast" climates.

text: Cfb climates are predominant in central parts of Western Europe, including Belgium, Britain, France, Ireland and the Netherlands. They are the main climate type in New Zealand and the Australian states of Tasmania, Victoria and southeastern New South Wales (starting from the Illawarra region). In North America, they are found mainly in Washington State, Oregon, Vancouver Island and neighbouring parts of British Columbia, as well as many coastal areas of southwest Alaska. There are pockets of Cfb in most South American countries, including many parts of Southern Chile, parts of the provinces of Chubut, Santa Cruz and Buenos Aires in Argentina. In Western Asia small pockets are found close to sea level on the Black Sea coast of northern Turkey and Georgia. While Cfb zones are rare in Africa, one dominates the coastline of the Eastern Cape in South Africa.

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)

text: Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)[edit]

text: Areas with subpolar oceanic climates feature an oceanic climate but are usually located closer to polar regions. As a result of their location, these regions tend to be on the cool end of oceanic climates. Snowfall tends to be more common here than in other oceanic climates. Subpolar oceanic climates are less prone to temperature extremes than subarctic climates or continental climates, featuring milder winters than these climates. Subpolar oceanic climates feature only one to three months of average monthly temperatures that are at least 10 °C (50 °F). As with oceanic climates, none of its average monthly temperatures fall below -3.0 °C (26.6 °F) or 0 °C depending on the isotherm used. Typically, these areas in the warmest month experience daytime maximum temperatures below 17 °C (63 °F), while the coldest month features highs near or slightly above freezing and lows just below freezing. It typically carries a Cfc designation, though very small areas in Yunnan, Sichuan and parts of Argentina and Bolivia have summers sufficiently short to be Cwc with fewer than four months over 10 °C (50 °F).[12] Copacabana, Bolivia, is one the few confirmed towns that features this rare variation of the subpolar oceanic climate.

text: This variant of an oceanic climate is found in parts of coastal Iceland, the Faroe Islands, small sections of the Scottish Highlands, northwestern coastal areas of Norway such as Lofoten and reaching to 70°N on some islands,[13] uplands near the coast of southwestern Norway, the Aleutian Islands of Alaska and northern parts of the Alaskan Panhandle, the far south of Chile and Argentina, and a few highland areas of Tasmania, and the Australian and Southern Alps.[14] This type of climate is even found in the very remote parts of the Papuan Highlands in Indonesia. The classification used for this regime is Cfc.[3] In the most marine of those areas affected by this regime, temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) are extreme weather events, even in the midst of summer. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) have been recorded on rare occasions in some areas of this climate, and in winter temperatures down to −20 °C (−4 °F) have seldom been recorded in some areas.

text:
Punta Arenas, Chile

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

42

14
7

31

14
7

38

12
5

40

10
3

41

7
1

27

4
−1

29

4
−1

30

5
0

27

8
1

27

10
3

30

12
5

33

14
6

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile[15]

[show]Imperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

1.6

58
44

1.2

57
44

1.5

54
41

1.6

49
38

1.6

44
34

1.1

39
30

1.1

39
30

1.2

41
32

1

46
34

1.1

50
37

1.2

54
40

1.3

56
43

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Tórshavn, Faroe Islands

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

158

6
2

115

6
1

132

6
2

90

7
3

63

9
5

58

11
7

74

13
9

96

13
9

120

12
8

147

9
5

139

7
3

135

6
2

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: Danish Meteorological Institute[16]

[show]Imperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

6.2

42
35

4.5

42
34

5.2

43
35

3.5

45
37

2.5

49
41

2.3

52
45

2.9

55
48

3.8

56
49

4.7

53
46

5.8

49
42

5.5

45
38

5.3

43
36

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches


document_title: Ready Player One (film)

question_text: who did the cgi for ready player one

question_tokens: who did the cgi for ready player one

text: Ready Player One (film)

text: Plot

text: In 2045, due to various geopolitical events, many of Earth's cities have become slums; its inhabitants regularly escape into the virtual reality world of the OASIS. Its co-founder, the late James "Anorak" Halliday, announces a contest in which players must find an Easter egg inside a gate that requires three keys hidden in the worlds; the winner to receive full ownership and control of the OASIS. This attracts a number of Gunters ("egg hunters") as well as the video game conglomerate Innovative Online Industries (IOI), headed by their new CEO Nolan Sorrento, who employs researchers of Halliday, as well as top gamers and indentured servants called "Sixers".[a]

text: In Columbus, Ohio, Wade Watts, an orphaned 17-year-old Gunter, lives with his aunt Alice in the "stacks", makeshift towers of trailer homes, and logs onto the OASIS from a nearby cargo van. His avatar Parzival, and his online friend Aech, a male first-person shooter expert and virtual mechanic, participate in the first quest: a vehicle race across ever-shifting roadways in Manhattan. Parzival befriends a well-known Gunter named Art3mis by saving her from being "zeroed out" by King Kong, which would have wiped her character progression. At Anorak's virtual archives containing video clips reconstructing Halliday's life, Parzival gets an insight from a comment that Halliday made to his former business partner, Ogden Morrow, and on the next race, uncovers an underground shortcut to the finish line to acquire the first key. Aech and Art3mis, as well as players Daito and Sho, soon follow; appearing atop the global scoreboard as the "High Five".

text: At an OASIS dance club, i-R0k, a mercenary helping Sorrento, overhears Parzival tell Art3mis his real name. Sorrento requests Wade to join IOI, but when he refuses out of distrust, Sorrento and his aide F'Nale Zandor bomb Wade's stack, killing Alice and Wade's neighbors. Wade is taken to a Gunter hideout where he meets Art3mis in reality: Samantha Cook. They discover that Halliday regretted a movie date with a woman named Kira, who later married Morrow. After Parzival wins a coin on a small bet with the archive's curator, the High Five enter a re-creation of The Shining where they traverse a series of frightening events to eventually reach Kira to acquire the second key.

text: Zandor tracks Wade to the Gunter hideout, but finds only Samantha, who is arrested and made into a Sixer for defaulting on her family's debt. Wade is extracted by the other High Five players—Aech / Helen Harris, Daito / Toshiro, and Sho / Zhou—who have been secretly running their avatars from Helen's postal truck. i-R0k activates a force field around the location of the third key inside a fortress on Planet Doom. After tricking Sorrento into revealing Samantha's location, Wade helps her escape. She hacks Sorrento's station, allowing Wade to recruit OASIS players to join an all-out assault against Sorrento and the Sixers at the fortress. Hiding among the active Sixers, Samantha shuts down the force field. During the battle, the rebels defeat Sorrento's Mechagodzilla and i-R0k, but Parzival zeroes out Samantha's avatar to let her escape IOI in reality.

text: Parzival and Sho find Sixers lining up to play on an Atari 2600 console, but failing on each game after time expires, even when one of them beats Adventure. Sorrento activates the Cataclyst, which zeroes out everyone on Planet Doom (including himself). However, the curator's coin spares Parzival as an extra life. Parzival deduces that the goal is not to win Adventure but to simply find its own Easter egg, which Parzival completes to reveal the third key. Inside the gate, Anorak presents Parzival a contract; however, Wade declines as it is similar to the one Morrow had signed that dissolved his partnership with Halliday. Anorak transforms into Halliday and affirms Wade's decision to be correct. After showing Parzival a Big Red Button that would shut down the OASIS permanently, Halliday officially awards him the Golden Egg as the winner of the contest.

text: Sorrento and Zandor are arrested after Aech had sent the police a recording of Sorrento's conversation with Wade that resulted in the bombing. IOI's indentured players are freed from their debts, heavily restructuring the company. The High Five share control of the OASIS, with Wade hiring Morrow, who is revealed to be the archive curator, as a consultant. The OASIS resumes operations, but is shut down on Tuesdays and Thursdays to force people to spend more time in the real world, including Wade and Samantha who have formed a relationship and bought an apartment together.

text: Cast

text:
Tye Sheridan as Parzival / Wade Watts, a Gunter and one of the "High Five", who wishes to win the Quest so he can leave the stacks.
Olivia Cooke as Art3mis / Samantha Cook, a famous Gunter and one of the "High Five", who works with various allies to ensure the OASIS is kept free and out of the hands of IOI.
Ben Mendelsohn as Nolan Sorrento, the recently appointed CEO of Innovative Online Industries, who seeks full control over the OASIS. He leads the Sixers, an army of indentured servants in the OASIS.
Lena Waithe as Aech / Helen Harris, a Gunter and one of the "High Five", who is male in the OASIS and longtime friend of Wade's. Aech runs a virtual garage in her free time to create and fix various vehicles and items.
T.J. Miller as i-R0k, a freelance weapons and magic item dealer and bounty hunter, who is often employed by IOI.
Simon Pegg as Curator / Ogden Morrow, a co-creator of the OASIS, who eventually left the company due to personal reasons. He harbors a concern about how many people have developed an unhealthy dependency on the game.
Mark Rylance as Anorak / James Halliday, the deceased co-creator of the OASIS, who includes an Easter Egg hidden in the OASIS after his passing that grants control over the OASIS to its winner.
Philip Zhao as Sho / Zhou, a Gunter and one of the "High Five", an 11-year-old in reality.[9]
Win Morisaki as Daito / Toshiro, a Gunter and one of the "High Five".
Hannah John-Kamen as F'Nale Zandor, the head of IOI's operations in the physical world, as well as their indentured servitude programs.[9]

text: Additionally, Susan Lynch portrays Alice, Wade's aunt; Ralph Ineson portrays Rick, Alice's abusive boyfriend; Perdita Weeks portrays Karen "Kira" Underwood, Morrow's wife; Clare Higgins portrays Mrs. Gilmore, Wade's neighbor; and Letitia Wright portrays a rebel who can briefly be seen at the safe house. McKenna Grace and Lulu Wilson appear as elementary school children who use the OASIS.

text: Production

text: Development

text: Warner Bros. and De Line Pictures won an auction for the rights to Ernest Cline's novel Ready Player One in 2010, before it had been published.[10] Cline was set to write the script for the film, which Donald De Line and Dan Farah would produce.[10] Eric Eason rewrote Cline's script,[11] and Zak Penn was hired to rewrite the previous drafts by Cline and Eason. Village Roadshow Pictures came aboard to co-finance and co-produce the film with Warner Bros.[12] Steven Spielberg signed on to direct and produce the film, which Kristie Macosko Krieger also produced, along with De Line and Farah.[13] Ready Player One is Spielberg's first action-fantasy film since The Adventures of Tintin in late 2011.[14] Cline and Penn made several revisions while adapting the novel to film. Most of these changes were to eliminate scenes that would be uninteresting in a visual format, such as when Wade beats a high score in Pac-Man, or recites all the lines from the film WarGames.[15]

text: Casting

text: Three actresses were top-runners for the role of Art3mis: Elle Fanning, Olivia Cooke, and Lola Kirke;[16] In September 2015, Cooke was announced as having been cast in the coveted female lead role.[17] In January 2016, Ben Mendelsohn joined the cast.[18] In February 2016, Tye Sheridan was confirmed as playing the lead role of Wade, after a lengthy nationwide casting call failed to produce an unknown for the part.[19] In March 2016, Simon Pegg joined the cast.[20] In April 2016, Mark Rylance joined the cast,[21] and in June 2016, T.J. Miller, Hannah John-Kamen and Win Morisaki also joined.[22][23][24][25] In July 2016, Philip Zhao joined the cast,[26] and Lena Waithe, Ralph Ineson, McKenna Grace, and Letitia Wright were later also announced to have been cast.[27][28][29][30]

text: Filming

text: Production was set to begin in July 2016.[23] Screenwriter Zak Penn tweeted on July 1, 2016 that the first week of filming had been completed.[31] In August and September 2016, filming took place in Birmingham, England; this included Livery Street in the Jewellery Quarter area of the city, which was extensively used, including the van chase that takes place towards the film's end. The chase was edited to make the street appear longer than it actually is. The backpackers' hostel Hatters, also on Livery Street, was used for internal filming for a basement scene. Also utilized was the Ludgate Hill Car Park lot on Lionel Street, in which caravan homes were partially built; a planned explosion caused some local business and homes to call emergency services, as no prior notification were given by the production. Other locations in the city included the former industrial area of Digbeth, with a rooftop scene that overlooks the Birmingham City Centre skyline, with some of the city's landmark buildings being erased and replaced with CGI buildings in order to create a dystopian Ohio in the year 2045.[32][33] Principal photography ended on September 27, 2016.[34][35]

text: Visual effects and post-production

text: Spielberg worked with Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) to oversee the film's visual effects, meeting with ILM for 3 hours three times a week.[35] He has stated that "[t]his is the most difficult movie I've done since Saving Private Ryan."[35]

text: A significant part of the film takes place in a virtual space based on the Overlook Hotel in the film The Shining. This was mostly a digital recreation of the film using high-quality telecine of the original film, giving them some freedom of new camera angles and shots that could be generated from this recreation. The final film includes a combination of the original footage from The Shining and ILM's additional work. Only a few scenes in this sequence which involved real actors, such as the appearance of the Grady twins, required them to construct a faithful reproduction of The Shining's set for the actors to interact with. Finally, the sequence was post-processed to introduce film grain and other aging effects to make the new footage indistinguishable from the original film.[36]

text: Cultural references

text: Ready Player One pays homage to the popular culture of the 1970s and 1980s as in the book, but also extends to the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s; several reviewers have identified well over one hundred references to films, television shows, music, toys, video games, anime and comics of these eras.[37][38][39] Cline did not have any issues with these copyrighted elements when he published the book, but was aware that securing all necessary rights would be a major obstacle for a film adaptation, a task made easier by Spielberg's reputation.[15] Spielberg and producer Kristie Macosko Krieger spent several years securing the rights for the copyrighted elements used in the film, starting before filming began, since some scenes would not be possible without certain copyrighted elements.[40][41] Spielberg estimated that they had gotten about 80% of the copyrighted elements they wanted.[15] Spielberg noted that in some cases, the filmmakers were able to secure rights for some but not all the characters they wanted; in negotiating with Warner Bros., they could not secure Close Encounters of the Third Kind from Columbia Pictures, despite the latter being one of Spielberg's first films as director.[42]

text: Blade Runner, which was integral to the plot of the book, was off limits to the film adaptation because Blade Runner 2049 was in production at the same time as Ready Player One. As a replacement, they conceived of players having to play out the events of The Shining, which Spielberg was able to secure the rights to as an homage to his friend Stanley Kubrick.[15] While Cline's original work heavily used the character of Ultraman, the rights over the character were still under legal dispute, requiring them to replace Ultraman with the titular robot from The Iron Giant.[43] Spielberg recognized that his past films were a significant part of the 1980s popular culture cited in the book, and to avoid being accused of "vanity", he opted to remove many of the references to his own work.[44] Cline stated that he believed Spielberg wanted to avoid self-references to films he directed, due to the criticism he received for his film 1941, which lampooned his own previous works Jaws and Duel. Cline said he had to convince Spielberg to include some iconic elements, such as the Back to the Future DeLorean time machine, which Spielberg conceded as the film was one he produced rather than directed.[45] Cline also asked ILM to include a reference to Last Action Hero, one of Penn's first screenplays, without Penn's knowledge.[46]

text: Music

text: On June 9, 2016, Variety stated that Spielberg's regular collaborator John Williams was planning to compose the film's score.[47] However, in July 2017, it was reported that Williams had left the project to work on Spielberg's The Post instead, with Alan Silvestri hired to take over scoring duties for Ready Player One.[48] The official score was released by WaterTower Music as a two-CD set on March 30, 2018,[49] with vinyl and cassette releases projected for the summer.[50] At Spielberg's request, Silvestri references his own music from Back to the Future within the film's score, as well as quoting the music from The Shining for the film's sequence at the Overlook Hotel.[51]

text: The film also includes licensed music from the 1970s and 1980s, which appears on the digital-only album Ready Player One: Songs From The Motion Picture.

text:
[show]Original Soundtrack

No.
Title
Musician
Length

1.
"I Wanna Be Your Lover"
Prince
5:48

2.
"Everybody Wants to Rule the World"
Tears for Fears
4:12

3.
"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)"
The Temptations
3:49

4.
"Stand on It"
Bruce Springsteen
3:06

5.
"One Way or Another"
Blondie
3:27

6.
"Can't Hide Love"
Earth, Wind & Fire
4:09

7.
"Blue Monday"
New Order
7:24

8.
"Stayin' Alive"
Bee Gees
4:45

9.
"We're Not Gonna Take It"
Twisted Sister
3:38

10.
"You Make My Dreams"
Hall & Oates
3:12

11.
"Pure Imagination (feat. Merethe Soltvedt)"
Bryan Nguyen
2:33

text:
[show]Ready Player One (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length

1.
"The Oasis"
Alan Silvestri
1:49

2.
"Hello, I'm James Halliday"
Alan Silvestri
2:01

3.
"Why Can't We Go Backwards?"
Alan Silvestri
4:18

4.
"An Orb Meeting"
Alan Silvestri
4:11

5.
"Real World Consequences"
Alan Silvestri
3:30

6.
"Sorrento Makes an Offer"
Alan Silvestri
3:34

7.
"Welcome to the Rebellion"
Alan Silvestri
3:14

8.
"High 5 Assembles"
Alan Silvestri
4:24

9.
"Orb of Osuvox"
Alan Silvestri
3:45

10.
"Sorrento Punked"
Alan Silvestri
3:57

11.
"Wade's Broadcast"
Alan Silvestri
5:51

12.
"Arty on the Inside"
Alan Silvestri
2:33

13.
"Looking for a Truck"
Alan Silvestri
5:36

14.
"She Never Left"
Alan Silvestri
2:41

15.
"Last Chance"
Alan Silvestri
3:21

16.
"Get Me Out of This"
Alan Silvestri
1:35

17.
"Hold on to Something"
Alan Silvestri
5:14

18.
"This Is Wrong"
Alan Silvestri
3:49

19.
"What Are You?"
Alan Silvestri
3:29

20.
"There's Something I Need to Do"
Alan Silvestri
5:01

21.
"Main Title"
Alan Silvestri
2:27

22.
"End Credits"
Alan Silvestri
8:04

text: Release

text: Ready Player One was initially scheduled to be released on December 15, 2017,[52] but was pushed back to March 30, 2018, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[53] In January 2018, it was announced the film's release date had been moved up one day to March 29, 2018.[54] The film had its world premiere at the Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas on March 11, 2018 (as part of the South by Southwest Film Festival).[4]

text: Warner Bros. distributes the film worldwide, with Village Roadshow Pictures distributing in several overseas territories.[55]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: As of May 28, 2018[update], Ready Player One has grossed $135.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $443.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $579 million.[6] Made on a production budget of $175 million, with about $150 million more spent on global marketing costs, the film needed to gross at least $440 million in order to break-even.[56]

text: In the United States and Canada, Ready Player One was released alongside God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness and Acrimony, and was projected to gross $40–50 million from 4,100 theaters over its first four days.[57] It made $12.1 million on its first day, including $3.75 million from Wednesday night previews. It ended up grossing $41.8 million in its opening weekend (for a four-day total of $53.7 million), marking Spielberg's biggest debut since 2008's Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[58] In its second weekend it grossed $25.1 million (a drop of 40%), finishing second behind newcomer A Quiet Place ($50 million).[59] In its third weekend the film made $11.2 million, coming in fourth behind Rampage, A Quiet Place and Truth or Dare.[60] In its fourth weekend the film made $7.4 million, finishing sixth at the box office [61] In its fifth weekend it grossed $2.4 million, a drop of 67% from previous weekend and finishing ninth.[62]

text: Outside North America

text: Worldwide, the film was released day-in-date in 62 countries, including China, where it was expected to make $100–120 million in its opening weekend.[57] It grossed $2.9 million on its first day from 11 countries, including $980,000 from Korea.[63] In China the film made $14.75 million on its first day and earned a score of 9.2 from audiences on Douban (compared to the average 6–7 earned by Hollywood films).[56] It grossed $61.7 million in China in its opening weekend which is the highest opening ever for Warner Bros in said territory. The film's other major opening weekend territories were South Korea ($8.1 million), United Kingdom ($7.3 million), Russia ($6.1 million) and France ($6 million).[64] In its second weekend in China it grossed $42 million, and in third weekend grossed $13.9 million.[65][66] The film grossed $81.7 million in its second weekend overseas, dropping only 35% and is ahead of other newcomers A Quiet Place and Blockers.[65] In its third weekend it grossed $33.8 million overseas dropping 58.6%.[66] On April 21, 2018, the film topped $200 million in China, becoming the tenth-biggest U.S. release ever in the country.[67] In its fourth weekend in China, it grossed $8.24 million finishing third at the box office and has a total gross of $207 million.[68] It grossed $23 million overseas from 67 territories in its fourth weekend.[69] It opened in Japan, its final major market and grossed $4.4 million.[69] In its fifth weekend overseas, it grossed $8.6 million from 63 territories.[70] In China, the weekend was $2.4M to push it past Avatar as the no. 9 Hollywood title ever in the market with $213.8M (RMB 1.34B).[70] Japan's third frame held well during Golden Week with just a 6% drop from the last session. The total there is currently at $17.5M.[71] In its sixth weekend in China, it bumped up 10% from last session to lift the local cume to $220.2M.[71] As of April 29, the film's largest markets after China are United Kingdom ($22.6 million), France ($20.3 million), Korea ($18.6 million), Japan ($17.5 million), and Russia-CIS ($12.7 million).[71]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 73% based on 330 reviews, and an average rating of 6.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ready Player One is a sweetly nostalgic thrill ride that neatly encapsulates Spielberg's strengths while adding another solidly engrossing adventure to his filmography."[72] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 54 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[73] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82% overall positive score and a 65% "definite recommend".[56]

text: In a review for RogerEbert.com, Brian Tallerico wrote that the film's "overwhelming" nature and non-stop action will likely thrill fans of pop culture; while he observed narrative weaknesses, such as a lack of depth among the supporting characters, he felt that they ultimately do not hinder the film from working "on the level of technical, blockbuster mastery that Spielberg helped define."[74] Writing for Variety, Owen Gleiberman called the film a "coruscating explosion of pop-culture eye candy," and found The Shining sequence to be "irresistible". However, he also criticized Spielberg's dichotomization of fantasy and reality, as well as the film having "more activity than it does layers."[75] IndieWire's Eric Kohn characterized the film as "an astonishing sci-fi spectacle and a relentless nostalgia trip at once" and praised both The Shining sequence as well as Penn's screenplay, particularly with respect to Mendelsohn's character. Nevertheless, he remarked that the film "drags a bunch in its final third".[76]

text: Alissa Wilkinson, writing for Vox, praised both the quality and quantity of the world building. She also commented on just how dystopian the future portrayed is, where the main characters fight to save the OASIS and the escape from reality it represents, with arguably less concern for the problems of the real world.[77]

text: Monica Castillo was more critical of the film in her review for The Guardian and drew attention to the absence of character arcs, the lack of resolution for plot holes in the novel, and the bloating of scenes in the film by trivia.[78] Matt Bobkin scored the film a 6 out of 10 for Exclaim! saying the film "is not so much a groundbreaking recontextualizing, more doe-eyed affection with no critical commentary."[79]

text: Possible sequel

text: Cline is working on a sequel to the novel.[80] For a sequel to the film, he stated, "[...] I think there's a good chance that, if this one does well, Warner Bros. will want to make a sequel. I don't know if Steven [Spielberg] would want to dive back in, because he would know what he is getting into. He's said that it's the third-hardest film he's made, out of dozens and dozens of movies."[81][82]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ IOI employees are called Sixers because their employee IDs are six digits long and begin with the number 6

tag: ol