document_title: Jessie (Toy Story)

question_text: who did jessie belong to in toy story

question_tokens: who did jessie belong to in toy story

root

text: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text: Toy Story 2[edit]

text: When Jessie is introduced, she tackles Woody with excitement about finally meeting a Woody doll. She is happy that she and the other toys are finally going to come out of storage and go to the toy museum in Japan that they are destined for.

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text: It is Jessie who introduced Woody to the facts about the character on which he is based. She shows him a large array of merchandise based on "Woody's Roundup" and Stinky Pete explains how the show was canceled after the launch of Sputnik and the resulting interest in the Space Race and science fiction, diminishing the popularity of westerns.

text: When Woody indicates that he has no intention of going to Japan, she becomes bitter, and Woody comes to suspect her of attempting to sabotage his escape, including waking Al to prevent Woody from recovering his damaged arm. After Woody is fixed, he learns Jessie's tragic back story about her previous owner by way of her song, "When She Loved Me". Woody tells Jessie that, if only she knew his owner, Andy, she might understand why he wants to return to his home. He attempts to explain his bond with his owner to her, but she interrupts him, guessing that Woody's going to say that Andy's a "real special kid" and that Woody feels like he's alive when Andy's playing with him because, even though he's not moving, that's how Andy sees him. Woody, shocked by the accuracy of her statement, asks how she knows that about him. She says simply: "Emily was just the same. She was my whole world." As the song begins to play, the audience sees that Jessie once had an owner who loved her as much as Andy loves Woody. The flashback shows Emily, her horse-loving young owner, happily playing, laughing, and cuddling with Jessie. The two are clearly inseparable, with Emily even bringing her toy along with her on car rides. Emily's childhood bedroom is designed with a Wild West-equestrian theme of sorts, with figures of horses, toy guitars, cowhide and plaid patterns, and horseshoes decorating the room. Various Jessie memorabilia, like lunchboxes, alarm clocks, and picture frames, also are present in the room; Emily even dresses in plaid shirts, denim shorts, cowgirl boots, and a replica of Jessie's signature cowgirl hat. However, the audience sees that, as the girl grows older into her adolescence, she begins to forget more and more about her childhood interests and begins to explore things like make-up, nail polish, and vinyl records. Jessie, who once always had a spot on the center of Emily's bed, has now fallen through a crevice and lies underneath it, forgotten. While Emily once loved playing pretend with her toys, now — as the audience sees from Jessie's point of view beneath the bed — she prefers inviting her friends over, painting each other's nails, listening to music. Jessie lies on the ground, ignored and unhappy, until one day, Emily finds her under the bed for the first time in several years. She takes the toy along with her to share a day on a car trip, like they did when Emily was a child. Jessie finally feels loved and happy once more, as if things will go back to the way they were. The car comes to a stop, however, and their relaxing day together is put to an end when Emily places Jessie in a donations box on the side of the road, to be given away to charity. The shocked Jessie looks on as her owner drives away and leaves her, and the song draws to a close. Jessie then states, "You never forget kids like Emily or Andy, but they forget you." Woody, realizing he could easily suffer the same fate with Andy, then chooses to stay, which Jessie finds absolutely thrilling, especially when he begins to anticipate his journey to Japan in excitement.

text: Ultimately, it is Stinky Pete that is revealed as the attempted saboteur when Woody finally decides to take Jessie and Bullseye with him back to Andy's room. Because of Stinky Pete's sabotage, Al packs the roundup gang into the case and heads for the airport. There, Buzz Lightyear and the toys free Woody and gets rid of the vile Stinky Pete by stuffing him into a backpack belonging to a little girl who loves to decorate her toys. Despite this, Jessie still remains trapped as the case gets loaded into the luggage transporter, while Bullseye manages to escape in time. Buzz and Woody mount Bullseye and chase after the luggage transporter, which Woody climbs onto.

text: Woody follows the case into the plane's cargo hold and frees Jessie from inside. When Woody offers to take Jessie to Andy's home with him, she is rather uncertain at first, but eagerly accepts when she learns from Woody that Andy has a baby sister named Molly. However, the two toys become trapped in the cargo hold, but Woody locates another escape hatch. Using his pull-string, Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz just before the plane takes off. At the very end of the film, when Andy returns from camp after the toys return home, he is pleased to have the new toys added into his collection, calling Jessie "Bazooka Jane," and Buzz seems to have developed a romantic interest in her, nervously complimenting her hair.

text: Touched and amused by this comment, Jessie, in return, describes Buzz as "the sweetest space toy she has ever met." Then, Andy's dog, Buster, has to go outside...and Jessie finds the toy racetrack, and rides on top of a toy car, yodeling, to the door. Buzz is impressed by this to the point where his wings suddenly pop open. Shortly after, she and Buzz are seen together with Woody and Bo Peep as they watch Wheezy sing "You've Got a Friend in Me."

text: Toy Story 3[edit]

text: In Toy Story 3, after Andy seemingly throws them away, it is Jessie who convinces the other toys to be given to Sunnyside Daycare, refusing to relive the trauma she felt when she was given away by Emily. She fails to realize that Andy intended to put them in the attic and that his mother threw them out by accident, and stubbornly refuses to listen to Woody when he tries to clear up the misunderstanding, arguing that Andy has moved on and that they must do the same.

text: Jessie is thrilled to learn that the children at Sunnyside are replaced with new children when they grow older, meaning the toys can never be outgrown. She tries to persuade Woody to join the others in beginning their lives anew at the daycare, but Woody reluctantly calls her and the other toys selfish and leaves to return to Andy alone, leaving Jessie hurt and saddened. Shortly after, she and the other toys discover they have been placed in a room with very young children, who roughly yet innocently abuse them, as Jessie gets her hair painted green.

text: Afterward, Mrs. Potato Head sees Andy searching for his missing toys through her eye that was left in his room, allowing Jessie and the others to realize that they were wrong about Andy. They decide to return home, but are instead imprisoned in the daycare by Lotso, who had also reset Buzz into thinking he is a space ranger again and turned him against them. All the toys have left for company is Woody's hat, which was left behind during his escape. Fearing Lotso had killed Woody, Jessie is left in her cell feeling incredibly guilty.

text: Following another rough play date with the young children, Andy's toys are reunited with Woody, who had a change of heart and returned to rescue his friends. Jessie apologizes for not listening to Woody, who apologizes in return for leaving. The toys carry out their plan to break out of Sunnyside but matters are further complicated when they accidentally reset Buzz into a Spanish version of his deluded self. Jessie is initially uncomfortable with this change, but is quickly won over by his Spanish lover charms. It is also only through this that Buzz finally notices Jessie's deep romantic feelings for him.

text: When the toys get stuck in a garbage truck along with Lotso, Jessie is heroically rescued from being buried in trash by Buzz, who is then nearly crushed by a falling television set. Jessie despairs over Buzz's apparent death, but he soon emerges unscathed and with his normal personality restored by the hit. She passionately kisses him on the cheek over and over, happy to see that he is alive and to say thanks for saving her. The toys are then dumped in a landfill and are nearly killed by a trash incinerator because of Lotso's selfishness. However, the Squeeze Toy Aliens rescue them all using a crane. Once they are safe outside the incinerator, Jessie and Buzz's mutual looks indicate the clear understanding of their feelings for each other. While Lotso gets strapped to the grille of a garbage truck as punishment for his deeds, the toys return home to Andy and prepare to be stored in the attic; with Woody's intervention, though, they are instead given to Bonnie, a girl who took Woody to her home while he was away. Andy plays with his toys one last time, giving Jessie the closure to lovingly see her old owner off to college. Jessie quickly adapts to her new life as one of Bonnie's toys and, at one point, decides to take advantage of Buzz's Spanish side so they can dance together to "Hay Un Amigo En Mí" (a Spanish version of "You've Got a Friend in Me").

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2013)

tag: table

text: In Toy Story of Terror, Jessie is forced to confront her nyctophobia and claustrophobia in this half-hour story which features the rest of Bonnie's toys looking for a disappeared Mr. Potato Head. True to classic tropes in thriller and horror narratives, each member of the search party vanishes one at time as they are hunted by an unseen stalker, with Jessie as the sole surviving "final girl".

text: She returns in Toy Story That Time Forgot

text: Attractions[edit]

text: In Toy Story Midway Mania, Jessie and her friends are featured in the interactive dark ride at Disney California Adventure and Disney's Hollywood Studios. Woody and Jessie are featured in Big Thunder Ranch's outdoor stage and dining area, and Woody's Roundup Village's meet and greet area. They can also be found in the Splash Mountain courtyard in Frontierland at the Magic Kingdom. Woody and Jessie are featured in the North America Room of It's a Small World.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Jessie is featured as a playable character in Disney Infinity and Disney Infinity 3.0, voiced by Kat Cressida.

text: Personality[edit]

text: Jessie is depicted as being hyper, hearty, energetic, and outgoing, and noticeably more free-spirited and loose than the orderly and calm Woody. She is also slightly tomboyish. In the television series 'Woody's Roundup' , Jessie is portrayed as being equally bubbly, rambunctious, and adventurous, aided by woodland creatures represented by obvious string puppets. She's also a talented yodeler.

text: Despite Jessie's extreme cheerfulness and sunny personality, she is scarred by a bleak and slightly depressing and melancholy background, when she was outgrown and abandoned by her owner Emily when Emily grew into her adolescence. She spent years afterward as a collector's item owned by Al packaged in a dark cardboard box along with Stinky Pete and Bullseye, and was permanently scarred with claustrophobia and nyctophobia as a result, thrusting herself into horrible panic attacks when in confined spaces or faced with the threat of being stored away again. For years, she also was marked with a strong sense of feeling unloved, which she masked with her extreme playfulness, which was pacified after having been adopted by Andy: however, she still appears to be haunted by her lonely past at certain times, such as in the third film of the franchise when Andy was preparing for college; in this film, she says "I should have seen this coming! It's Emily all over again!".

text: She has green eyes, red yarn hair pulled into a braid, fair plastic skin, rosy cheeks, pink lips, auburn eyebrows and a small nose. She also has a yellow ribbon tied to the bottom of her braided hair, a white long-sleeved western-style shirt that includes a bright yellow bodice and cuffs complete with swirling red designs, blue jeans, a pair of white chaps with cow spots all over, brown plastic boots, matching plastic belt with gold plastic buckle, crimson plastic cowgirl hat, and a pull string on her back with a white loop attached to it.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Woody and Jessie share a sibling-like relationship. Since meeting each other in Al's penthouse, the two share a close bond. The two are shown to have pretty heated arguments from time to time, mostly where Andy is concerned, as Woody is fiercely loyal, while Jessie is more reluctant to trust due to her past; nevertheless, they deeply care for each other.

text: Both Bullseye and Jessie bonded in Woody's Roundup. Since then the two have been inseparable. The two are almost never seen without the other being close behind.

text: Her relationship with Buzz was only hinted at the end of Toy Story 2 when Buzz became instantly infatuated with her looks and her adventurous personality. In Toy Story 3, their relationship hadn't evolved much since Toy Story 2, but it's shown that Jessie is fond of Buzz, and he is protective of her. After their "Operation: Playtime" plan failed, Buzz gives an exceptionally sad look to Jessie as she climbs out of the box, and he also gives her sympathetic looks when she has panic attacks and when they argue about going to Sunnyside. Before getting taken to Sunnyside, Buzz is shown being a little more concerned over Jessie when she goes into a panic attack and says "We're being abandoned!". Even later, in the demo mode which he is put in by Lotso and his henchmen, he remains attracted to Jessie, calling her a "temptress" with "bewitching good looks." Then again, after being reset into Spanish Mode, Buzz is still shown to be attracted to her, and openly expresses this, calling her (in Spanish) "my desert flower", dancing around her and asking her to join him in his adventures exploring the galaxy, shielding her from Mr. Potato Head when he saw him as a threat, getting jealous when she hugged Woody, showing an obvious desire to impress her, and saving her from not only being pinned under the trash, but from being crushed by a falling TV set. Jessie first shows signs of strong feelings for Buzz during this rescue and when he is first thought to have perished after the TV set falls on him, she is clearly in despair. She even kisses him on the cheek when Buzz wakes up. But it is actually during the incinerator scene when they truly realize their feelings for each other, Buzz and Jessie being the first to hold hands, and after the group is rescued, only Buzz and Jessie continue to be holding hands after the claw delivers them all to safety. At the end of Toy Story 3, the two have finally sealed their relationship, with Jessie taking the initiative for the two to dance an exciting paso doble which ends the movie.

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: Disney heavily promoted Jessie following the release of Toy Story 2, as she gave them a character that they could market to girls, something the original film did not really provide. Among the items released were:

text:
Several 10" and 12" fashion-style dolls
Several plush and rag doll-type dolls
Action figures in the Toy Story 2 and Toy Story and Beyond lines.
Wallets, purses and other accessories for girls
Nightlights and other bedroom accessories
Costumes and dress-up sets
High-end sculptures and collectibles

tag: ul


document_title: History of the electric vehicle

question_text: when was the first mass produced electric car

text: History of the electric vehicle

text: Early history[edit]

text: Electric model cars[edit]

text: The invention of the first model electric vehicle is attributed to various people.[2] In 1828, Ányos Jedlik, a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor, created a small model car powered by his new motor. In 1834, Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport built a similar contraption which operated on a short, circular, electrified track.[3] In 1834, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small-scale electrical car, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.[4]

text: Electric locomotives[edit]

text: The first known electric car was built in 1837 by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen. It was powered by galvanic cells (batteries). Davidson later built a larger locomotive named Galvani, exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two direct-drive reluctance motors, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple commutators. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour for a distance of one and a half miles. It was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their security of employment.[5][6][7][8]

text: Between 1832 and 1839, British inventor Robert Anderson also invented a crude electrical carriage.[9] A patent for the use of rails as conductors of electric current was granted in England in 1840, and similar patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in the United States in 1847.[10]

text: First practical electric cars[edit]

text: Rechargeable batteries that provided a viable means for storing electricity on board a vehicle did not come into being until 1859, with the invention of the lead–acid battery by French physicist Gaston Planté.[11][12] Camille Alphonse Faure, another French scientist, significantly improved the design of the battery in 1881; his improvements greatly increased the capacity of such batteries and led directly to their manufacture on an industrial scale.[13]

text: An early electric-powered two-wheel cycle was put on display at the 1867 World Exposition in Paris by the Austrian inventor Franz Kravogl, but it was regarded as a curiosity and could not drive reliably in the street.[14] Another cycle, this time with three wheels, was tested along a Paris street in April 1881 by French inventor Gustave Trouvé [15]

text: English inventor Thomas Parker, who was responsible for innovations such as electrifying the London Underground, overhead tramways in Liverpool and Birmingham, and the smokeless fuel coalite, built the first production electric car in London in 1884, using his own specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries.[16] Parker's long-held interest in the construction of more fuel-efficient vehicles led him to experiment with electric vehicles. He also may have been concerned about the malign effects smoke and pollution were having in London.[17]

text: Production of the car was in the hands of the Elwell-Parker Company, established in 1882 for the construction and sale of electric trams. The company merged with other rivals in 1888 to form the Electric Construction Corporation; this company had a virtual monopoly on the British electric car market in the 1890s. The company manufactured the first electric 'dog cart' in 1896.[18]

text: France and the United Kingdom were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles.[9] The first electric car in Germany was built by the engineer Andreas Flocken in 1888.[19]

text: Electric trains were also used to transport coal out of mines, as their motors did not use up precious oxygen. Before the pre-eminence of internal combustion engines, electric automobiles also held many speed and distance records.[20] Among the most notable of these records was the breaking of the 100 km/h (62 mph) speed barrier, by Camille Jenatzy on 29 April 1899 in his 'rocket-shaped' vehicle Jamais Contente, which reached a top speed of 105.88 km/h (65.79 mph). Also notable was Ferdinand Porsche's design and construction of an all-wheel drive electric car, powered by a motor in each hub, which also set several records in the hands of its owner E.W. Hart.

text: The first electric car in the United States was developed in 1890-91 by William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa; the vehicle was a six-passenger wagon capable of reaching a speed of 14 miles per hour (23 km/h). It was not until 1895 that consumers began to devote attention to electric vehicles, after A.L. Ryker introduced the first electric tricycles to the U.S.[21], by which point Europeans had been making use of electric tricycles, bicycles, and cars for almost 15 years.

text: Golden age[edit]

text: Interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Electric battery-powered taxis became available at the end of the 19th century. In London, Walter C. Bersey designed a fleet of such cabs and introduced them to the streets of London in 1897. They were soon nicknamed "Hummingbirds" due to the idiosyncratic humming noise they made.[22] In the same year in New York City, the Samuel's Electric Carriage and Wagon Company began running 12 electric hansom cabs.[23] The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the Electric Vehicle Company.[24]

text: Due to technological limitations and the lack of transistor-based electric technology, the top speed of these early electric vehicles was limited to about 32 km/h (20 mph).[citation needed] Despite this slow speed, electric vehicles had a number of advantages over their early-1900s competitors. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline cars. They also did not require gear changes. (While steam-powered cars also had no gear shifting, they suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings.) The cars were also preferred because they did not require a manual effort to start, as did gasoline cars which featured a hand crank to start the engine.

text: Electric cars found popularity among well-heeled customers who used them as city cars, where their limited range proved to be even less of a disadvantage. Electric cars were often marketed as suitable vehicles for women drivers due to their ease of operation; in fact, early electric cars were stigmatized by the perception that they were "women's cars", leading some companies to affix radiators to the front to disguise the car's propulsion system.

text: Acceptance of electric cars was initially hampered by a lack of power infrastructure, but by 1912, many homes were wired for electricity, enabling a surge in the popularity of the cars. In the United States by the turn of the century, 40 percent of automobiles were powered by steam, 38 percent by electricity, and 22 percent by gasoline. A total of 33,842 electric cars were registered in the United States, and America became the country where electric cars had gained the most acceptance.[25] Most early electric vehicles were massive, ornate carriages designed for the upper-class customers that made them popular. They featured luxurious interiors and were replete with expensive materials. Sales of electric cars peaked in the early 1910s.

text: In order to overcome the limited operating range of electric vehicles, and the lack of recharging infrastructure, an exchangeable battery service was first proposed as early as 1896.[26] The concept was first put into practice by Hartford Electric Light Company through the GeVeCo battery service and initially available for electric trucks. The vehicle owner purchased the vehicle from General Vehicle Company (GVC, a subsidiary of the General Electric Company) without a battery and the electricity was purchased from Hartford Electric through an exchangeable battery. The owner paid a variable per-mile charge and a monthly service fee to cover maintenance and storage of the truck. Both vehicles and batteries were modified to facilitate a fast battery exchange. The service was provided between 1910 and 1924 and during that period covered more than 6 million miles. Beginning in 1917 a similar successful service was operated in Chicago for owners of Milburn Wagon Company cars who also could buy the vehicle without the batteries.[26]

text: Decline[edit]

text: After enjoying success at the beginning of the 20th century, the electric car began to lose its position in the automobile market. A number of developments contributed to this situation. By the 1920s an improved road infrastructure required vehicles with a greater range than that offered by electric cars. Worldwide discoveries of large petroleum reserves led to the wide availability of affordable gasoline, making gas-powered cars cheaper to operate over long distances. Electric cars were limited to urban use by their slow speed (no more than 24–32 km/h or 15–20 mph.[25]) and low range (30–40 miles or 50–65 km[25]), and gasoline cars were now able to travel farther and faster than equivalent electrics.

text: Gasoline cars became even easier to operate thanks to the invention of the electric starter by Charles Kettering in 1912,[27] which eliminated the need of a hand crank for starting a gasoline engine, and the noise emitted by ICE cars became more bearable thanks to the use of the muffler, which Hiram Percy Maxim had invented in 1897. Finally, the initiation of mass production of gas-powered vehicles by Henry Ford brought their price down.[28] By contrast, the price of similar electric vehicles continued to rise; by 1912, an electric car sold for almost double the price of a gasoline car.[9]

text: Most electric car makers stopped production at some point in the 1910s. Electric vehicles became popular for certain applications where their limited range did not pose major problems. Forklift trucks were electrically powered when they were introduced by Yale in 1923.[29] In Europe, especially the United Kingdom, milk floats were powered by electricity, and for most of the 20th century the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[30] Electric golf carts were produced by Lektro as early as 1954.[31] By the 1920s, the early heyday of electric cars had passed, and a decade later, the electric automobile industry had effectively disappeared. Michael Brian examines the social and technological reasons for the failure of electric cars in his book Taking Charge: The Electric Automobile in America.[32]

text: Years passed without a major revival in the use of electric cars. Fuel-starved European countries fighting in World War II experimented with electric cars such as the British milk floats and the French Breguet Aviation car, but overall, while ICE development progressed at a brisk pace, electric vehicle technology stagnated. In the late 1950s, Henney Coachworks and the National Union Electric Company, makers of Exide batteries, formed a joint venture to produce a new electric car, the Henney Kilowatt, based on the French Renault Dauphine. The car was produced in 36-volt and 72-volt configurations; the 72-volt models had a top speed approaching 96 km/h (60 mph) and could travel for nearly an hour on a single charge. Despite the Kilowatt's improved performance with respect to previous electric cars, consumers found it[citation needed] too expensive compared to equivalent gasoline cars of the time, and production ended in 1961.

text: 1960s: Revival of interest[edit]

text: In 1959, American Motors Corporation (AMC) and Sonotone Corporation announced a joint research effort to consider producing an electric car powered by a "self-charging" battery.[33] AMC had a reputation for innovation in economical cars while Sonotone had technology for making sintered plate nickel-cadmium batteries that could be recharged rapidly and weighed less than traditional lead-acid versions.[34] That same year, Nu-Way Industries showed an experimental electric car with a one-piece plastic body that was to begin production in early 1960.[33]

text: In the mid 1960s a few battery-electric concept cars appeared, such as the Scottish Aviation Scamp (1965),[35] and an electric version of General Motors gasoline car, the Electrovair (1966).[36] None of them entered production. The 1966 Enfield 8000 did make it into small-scale production, 112 were eventually produced.[37]In 1967, AMC partnered with Gulton Industries to develop a new battery based on lithium and a speed controller designed by Victor Wouk.[38] A nickel-cadmium battery supplied power to an all-electric 1969 Rambler American station wagon.[38] Other "plug-in" experimental AMC vehicles developed with Gulton included the Amitron (1967) and the similar Electron (1977).

text: On 31 July 1971, an electric car received the unique distinction of becoming the first manned vehicle to drive on the Moon; that car was the Lunar rover, which was first deployed during the Apollo 15 mission. The "moon buggy" was developed by Boeing and GM subsidiary Delco Electronics (co-founded by Kettering)[27] featured a DC drive motor in each wheel, and a pair of 36-volt silver-zinc potassium hydroxide non-rechargeable batteries.

text: After years outside the limelight, the energy crises of the 1970s and 1980s brought about renewed interest in the perceived independence electric cars had from the fluctuations of the hydrocarbon energy market. General Motors created a concept car of another of their gasoline cars, the Electrovette (1976). At the 1990 Los Angeles Auto Show, General Motors President Roger Smith unveiled the GM Impact electric concept car, along with the announcement that GM would build electric cars for sale to the public.

text: In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency", began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles.[39][40] In response, automakers developed electric models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger EV pickup truck, GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup, Honda EV Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV. The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market, while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB's mandate.[40] GM's program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EV1s, but were instead asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, despite leasee interest in continuing to own the cars.[40] Chrysler, Toyota, and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court, leading to the eventual neutering of CARB's ZEV Mandate.[citation needed]

text: After public protests by EV drivers' groups upset by the repossession of their cars, Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4-EVs for sale to the general public during six months, up until 22 November 2002. Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by their manufacturers.[40] Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4-EV in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage. GM famously de-activated the few EV1s that were donated to engineering schools and museums.[citation needed]

text: Throughout the 1990s, interest in fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among consumers in the United States, who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. Domestic U.S. automakers chose to focus their product lines around the truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan.

text: Most electric vehicles on the world roads are low-speed, low-range neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs). Pike Research estimated there were almost 479,000 NEVs on the world roads in 2011.[41] As of July 2006[update], there were between 60,000 and 76,000 low-speed battery-powered vehicles in use in the United States, up from about 56,000 in 2004.[42] North America's top selling NEV is the Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) vehicles, with more than 50,000 units sold worldwide by mid 2014.[43] The world's two largest NEV markets in 2011 were the United States, with 14,737 units sold, and France, with 2,231 units.[44] Other micro electric cars sold in Europe was the Kewet, since 1991, and replaced by the Buddy, launched in 2008.[45] Also the Th!nk City was launched in 2008 but production was halted due to financial difficulties.[46] Production restarted in Finland in December 2009.[47] The Th!nk was sold in several European countries and the U.S.[48][49] In June 2011 Think Global filed for bankruptcy and production was halted.[50] Worldwide sales reached 1,045 units by March 2011.[51] A total of 200,000 low-speed small electric cars were sold in China in 2013, most of which are powered by lead-acid batteries. These electric vehicles are not considered by the government as new energy vehicles due to safety and environmental concerns, and consequently, do not enjoy the same benefits as highway legal plug-in electric cars.[52]

text: 2000s: Modern highway-capable electric cars[edit]

text: California electric car maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster, which was first delivered to customers in 2008.[53] The Roadster was the first highway legal serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells, and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 200 miles (320 km) per charge.[54] Since 2008, Tesla sold approximately 2,450 Roadsters in over 30 countries through December 2012.[55] Tesla sold the Roadster until early 2012, when its supply of Lotus Elise gliders ran out, as its contract with Lotus Cars for 2,500 gliders expired at the end of 2011.[56][57] Tesla stopped taking orders for the Roadster in the U.S. market in August 2011,[58][59] and the 2012 Tesla Roadster was sold in limited numbers only in Europe, Asia and Australia.[60][61] The next Tesla vehicle, the Model S, was released in the U.S. on 22 June 2012[62] and the first delivery of a Model S to a retail customer in Europe took place on 7 August 2013.[63] Deliveries in China began on 22 April 2014.[64] The next model was the Tesla Model X. In November 2014 Tesla delayed one more time the start of deliveries to retail customers, and announced the company expects Model X deliveries to begin in the third quarter of 2015.[65]

text: The Mitsubishi i-MiEV was launched in Japan for fleet customers in July 2009, and for individual customers in April 2010,[66][67][68] followed by sales to the public in Hong Kong in May 2010, and Australia in July 2010 via leasing.[69][70] The i-MiEV was launched in Europe in December 2010, including a rebadged version sold in Europe as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero.[71][72] The market launch in the Americas began in Costa Rica in February 2011, followed by Chile in May 2011.[73][74] Fleet and retail customer deliveries in the U.S. and Canada began in December 2011.[75][76][77] Accounting for all vehicles of the iMiEV brand, Mitsubishi reports around 27,200 units sold or exported since 2009 through December 2012, including the minicab MiEVs sold in Japan, and the units rebadged and sold as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero in the European market.[78]

text: Senior leaders at several large automakers, including Nissan and General Motors, have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst which demonstrated that there is pent-up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, GM vice-chairman Bob Lutz was quoted as saying, "All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with us – and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, 'How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can't?' That was the crowbar that helped break up the log jam."[79]

text: 2010s to present[edit]

text: The Nissan Leaf, introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010, became the first modern all-electric, zero tailpipe emission five door family hatchback to be produced for the mass market from a major manufacturer.[80][81] As of January 2013[update], the Leaf is also available in Australia, Canada and 17 European countries.[82]

text: The Better Place network was the first modern commercial deployment of the battery swapping model. The Renault Fluence Z.E. was the first mass production electric car enable with switchable battery technology and sold for the Better Place network in Israel and Denmark.[83] Better Place launched its first battery-swapping station in Israel, in Kiryat Ekron, near Rehovot in March 2011. The battery exchange process took five minutes.[84] As of December 2012[update], there were 17 battery switch stations fully operational in Denmark enabling customers to drive anywhere across the country in an electric car.[85] By late 2012 the company began to suffer financial difficulties, and decided to put on hold the roll out in Australia and reduce its non-core activities in North America, as the company decided to concentrate its resources on its two existing markets.[86][87][88] On 26 May 2013, Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel.[89] The company's financial difficulties were caused by the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, about US$850 million in private capital, and a market penetration significantly lower than originally predicted by Shai Agassi. Less than 1,000 Fluence Z.E. cars were deployed in Israel and around 400 units in Denmark.[90][91]

text: The Smart electric drive, Wheego Whip LiFe, Mia electric, Volvo C30 Electric, and the Ford Focus Electric were launched for retail customers during 2011. The BYD e6, released initially for fleet customers in 2010, began reatail sales in Shenzhen, China in October 2011.[92] The Bolloré Bluecar was released in December 2011 and deployed for use in the Autolib' carsharing service in Paris.[93] Leasing to individual and corporate customers began in October 2012 and is limited to the Île-de-France area.[94] In February 2011, the Mitsubishi i MiEV became the first electric car to sell more than of more than 10,000 units, including the models badged in Europe as Citroën C-Zero and Peugeot. The record was officially registered by Guinness World Records. Several months later, the Nissan Leaf overtook the i MiEV as the best selling all-electric car ever,[95] and by February 2013 global sales of the Leaf reached the 50,000 unit mark.[82]

text: Models released to the market in 2012 and 2013 include the BMW ActiveE, Coda, Renault Fluence Z.E., Tesla Model S, Honda Fit EV, Toyota RAV4 EV, Renault Zoe, Roewe E50, Mahindra e2o, Chevrolet Spark EV, Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive, Fiat 500e, Volkswagen e-Up!, BMW i3, and Kandi EV. Toyota released the Scion iQ EV in the U.S. (Toyota eQ in Japan) in 2013. The car production is limited to 100 units. The first 30 units were delivered to the University of California, Irvine in March 2013 for use in its Zero Emission Vehicle-Network Enabled Transport (ZEV-NET) carsharing fleet. Toyota announced that 90 out of the 100 vehicles produced globally will be placed in carsharing demonstration projects in the United States and the rest in Japan.[96]

text: The Coda sedan went out of production in 2013, after selling only about 100 units in California. Its manufacturer, Coda Automotive, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on 1 May 2013. The company stated that it expects to emerge from the bankruptcy process to focus on energy storage solutions as it has decided to abandon car manufacturing.[97]

text: The Tesla Model S ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in North America during the first quarter of 2013 with 4,900 cars sold, ahead of the Chevrolet Volt (4,421) and the Nissan Leaf (3,695).[98] European retail deliveries of the Tesla Model S began in Oslo in August 2013,[99] and during its first full month in the market, the Model S ranked as the top selling car in Norway with 616 units delivered, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the new cars sold in the country in September 2013, becoming the first electric car to top the new car sales ranking in any country, and contributing to a record all-electric car market share of 8.6% of new car sales during that month.[100][101] In October 2013, an electric car was the best selling car in the country for a second month in a row. This time was the Nissan Leaf with 716 units sold, representing a 5.6% of new car sales that month.[102][103]

text: The Renault–Nissan Alliance reached global sales of 100,000 all-electric vehicles in July 2013.[106] The 100,000th customer was a U.S. student who bought a Nissan Leaf.[107] In mid January 2014, global sales of the Nissan Leaf reached the 100,000 unit milestone, representing a 45% market share of worldwide pure electric vehicles sold since 2010. The 100,000th car was delivered to a British customer.[108]

text: As of June 2014[update], there were over 500,000 plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans in the world, with the U.S. leading plug-in electric car sales with a 45% share of global sales.[109][110] In September 2014, sales of plug-in electric cars in the United States reached the 250,000 unit milestone.[111] Global cumulative sales of the Tesla Model S passed the 50,000 unit milestone in October 2014.[112] In November 2014 the Renault–Nissan Alliance reached 200,000 all-electric vehicles delivered globally, representing a 58% share of the global light-duty all-electric market segment.[113]

text: The world's top selling all-electric cars in 2014 were the Nissan Leaf (61,507), Tesla Model S (31,655), BMW i3 (16,052), and the Renault Zoe (11,323). Accounting for plug-in hybrids, the Leaf and the Model S also ranked first and second correspondinly among the world's top 10 selling plug-in electric cars.[105] All-electric models released to the retail customers in 2014 include the BMW Brilliance Zinoro 1E, Chery eQ, Geely-Kandi Panda EV, Zotye Zhidou E20, Kia Soul EV, Volkswagen e-Golf, Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive, and Venucia e30.

text: General Motors unveiled the Chevrolet Bolt EV concept car at the 2015 North American International Auto Show.[115] The Bolt is scheduled for availability in late 2016 as a model year 2017.[116] GM anticipates the Bolt will deliver an all-electric range more than 200 mi (320 km), with pricing starting at US$37,500 before any applicable government incentives.[117] The European version, marketed as the Opel Ampera-e, will go into production in 2017.[118]

text: In May 2015, global sales of highway legal all-electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles passed the 500,000 unit milestone, accounting for sales since 2008. Out these, Nissan accounts for about 35%, Tesla Motors about 15%, and Mitsubishi about 10%.[119] Also in May 2015, the Renault Zoe and the BMW i3 passed the 25,000 unit global sales milestone.[120] In June 2015, worldwide sales of the Model S passed the 75,000 unit milestone in June 2015.[112]

text: By early June 2015, the Renault–Nissan Alliance continued as the leading all-electric vehicle manufacturer with global sales of over 250,000 pure electric vehicles representing about half of the global light-duty all-electric market segment. Nissan sales totaled 185,000 units, which includes the Nissan Leaf and the e-NV200 van. Renault has sold 65,000 electric vehicles, and its line-up includes the ZOE passenger car, the Kangoo Z.E. van, the SM3 Z.E. (previously Fluence Z.E.) sedan and the Twizy heavy quadricycle.[121]

text: By mid-September 2015, the global stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the one million sales milestone, with the pure electrics capturing about 62% of global sales.[123] The United States is the plug-in segment market leader with a stock of over 363,000 plug-in electric cars delivered since 2008 through August 2015, representing 36.3% of global sales.[123] The tate of California is the largest plug-in car regional market, with more than 158,000 units sold between December 2010 and June 2015, representing 46.5% of all plug-in cars sold in the U.S.[124][125][126][126][127] Until December 2014, California not only had more plug-in electric vehicles than any other state in the nation, but also more than any other country.[128][129]

text: As of August 2015[update], China ranked as the world's second top selling country plug-in market, with over 157,000 units sold since 2011 (15.7%), followed by Japan with more than 120,000 plug-in units sold since 2009 (12.1%).[123] As of June 2015[update], over 310,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in the European market since 2010.[130][131] European sales are led by Norway, followed by the Netherlands, and France.[123] In the heavy-duty segment, China is the world's leader, with over 65,000 buses and other commercial vehicles sold through August 2015.[123]

text: As of December 2015[update], global sales of electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf with over 200,000 units sold making the Leaf the world's top selling highway-capable electric car in history. The Tesla Model S, with global deliveries of more than 100,000 units, is the world's second best selling all-electric car of all-time.[132] The Model S ranked as the world's best selling plug-in electric vehicle in 2015, up from second best in 2014.[133][134] The Model S was also the top selling plug-in car in the U.S. in 2015.[135] Most models released in the world's markets to retail customers during 2015 were plug-in hybrids. The only new series production all-electric cars launched up to October 2015 were the BYD e5 and the Tesla Model X, together with several variants of the Tesla Model S line-up.[136]

text: The Tesla Model 3 was unveiled on 31 March 2016. With pricing starting at US$35,000 and an all-electric range of 215 mi (346 km), the Model 3 is Tesla Motors first vehicle aimed for the mass market. Before the unveiling event, over 115,000 people had reserved the Model 3.[137] As of 7 April 2016[update], one week after the event, Tesla Motors reported over 325,000 reservations, more than triple the 107,000 Model S cars Tesla had sold by the end of 2015. These reservations represent potential sales of over US$14 billion.[138][139] As of 31 March 2016[update], Tesla Motors has sold almost 125,000 electric cars worldwide since delivery of its first Tesla Roadster in 2008.[140] Tesla reported the number of net reservations totaled about 373,000 as of 15 May 2016[update], after about 8,000 customer cancellations and about 4,200 reservations canceled by the automaker because these appeared to be duplicates from speculators.[141][142]

text: The Hyundai Ioniq Electric was released in South Korea in July 2016, and sold over 1,000 units during its first two months in the market.[144] The Renault-Nissan Alliance achieved the milestone of 350,000 electric vehicles sold globally in August 2016, and also set an industry record of 100,000 electric vehicle sold in a single year.[145] Nissan global electric vehicle sales passed the 250,000 unit milestone also in August 2016.[145] Renault global electric vehicle sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in early September 2016.[146] Global sales of the Tesla Model X passed the 10,000 unit mark in August 2016, with most cars delivered in the United States.[147]

text: Cumulative global sales of pure electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the 1 million unit milestone in September 2016.[1] Global sales of the Tesla Model S achieved the 150,000 unit milestone in November 2016, four years and five months after its introduction, and just five more months than it took the Nissan Leaf to achieve the same milestone.[148] Norway achieved the milestone of 100,000 all-electric vehicles registered in December 2016.[149] Retail deliveries of the 238 mi (383 km) Chevrolet Bolt EV began in the San Francisco Bay Area on 13 December 2016.[143] In December 2016, Nissan reported that Leaf owners worldwide achieved the milestone of 3 billion km (1.9 billion miles) driven collectively through November 2016, saving the equivalent of nearly 500 million kg (1,100 million lb) of CO2 emissions.[150] Global Nissan Leaf sales passed 250,000 units delivered in December 2016.[151][152] The Tesla Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2016 for the second year running, with 50,931 units delivered globally.[122][153]

text: In December 2016, Norway became the first country where 5% of all registered passenger cars was a plug-in electric.[154] When new car sales in Norway are breakdown by powertrain or fuel, nine of the top ten best-selling models in 2016 were electric-drive models. The Norwegian electric-drive segment achieved a combined market share of 40.2% of new passenger car sales in 2016, consisting of 15.7% for all-electric cars, 13.4% for plug-in hybrids, and 11.2% for conventional hybris.[155] The highest-ever monthly market share for the plug-in electric passenger segment in any country was achieved in Norway in January 2017 with 37.5% of new car sales; the plug-in hybrid segment reached a 20.0% market share of new passenger cars, and the all-electric car segment had a 17.5% market share.[156] Also in January 2017, the electrified passenger car segment, consisting of plug-in hybrids, all-electric cars and conventional hybrids, for the first time ever surpassed combined sales of cars with a conventional diesel or gasoline engine, with a market share of 51.4% of new car sales that month.[156][157] For many years Norwegian electric vehicles have been subsidised by approximately 50%, and have several other benefits, such as use of bus lanes and free parking.[158] Many of these perks have been extended to 2020.[159]

text: In February 2017 Consumer Reports named Tesla as the top car brand in the United States and ranked it 8th among global carmakers.[160] Global sales of the Nissan Leaf achieved the 300,000 unit milestone in January 2018.[161]

text: Electric bicycle[edit]

text: The principal manufacturer of e-bikes globally is China, with 2009 seeing the manufacturer of 22.2 million units. In the world Geoby is the leading manufacturers of E-bikes. Pedego is the best selling in the U.S. China accounts for nearly 92% of the market worldwide. In China the number of electric bicycles on the road was 120 million in 2010. Jiangsu Yadea, an electric bicycle producer of renown in China, leads the ranking of China National Light Industry Council (CNLIC) electric bicycle industry for three years. It retains capacity of nearly 6 million electric bicycles a year.

text: In 1997, Charger Electric Bicycle was the first U.S. company to come out with a pedelec.

text: Select historical production vehicles[edit]

text: Selected list of battery electric vehicles include (in chronological order):[162][163]

text:
Name
Production years
Number produced
Top Speed
Cost
Range
mpg US
L/100 km
(City)
mpg US
L/100 km
(Hwy)

Baker Electric[164]
1899–1915
?
14 mph
23 km/h
US$2300 or €1,700
50 mi
80 km

Studebaker Electric[165]
1902–1912
?
?
?
?

Detroit Electric[166]
1907–1939
13,000[167]
20 mph
32 km/h
>US$3,000 or €2,250 depending on options
80 mi (130 km)

Henney Kilowatt[168]
1958–1960
<100
60 mph
97 km/h
?
?

Enfield 8000[37]
1966–1976
112
40 mph (64 km/h)
GB£2,000
25–56 mi (40–90 km)

Sebring-Vanguard Citicar
1974–1982
4,444
including variants[169]
38 mph
61 km/h
?
Approximately
40 mi (64 km)

Sinclair C5
1985
14,000
15 mph
24 km/h
£399
20 mi (32 km)

Škoda Favorit ELTRA 151L & 151 Pick-Up[170]
1992–1994
<1,100, perhaps 20 surviving
50 mph
80 km/h (limiter)
< US $20,000, without subsidy
50 mi
80 km

General Motors EV1[171]
1996–2003
1,117
80 mph
129 km/h
~ US$40,000 or €30,000, without subsidies
160 mi
257 km

Chevrolet S10 EV[172]
1997–1998
492
73 mph
118 km/h
~ US$40,000 or €30,000, without subsidies
90 mi
144 km

Honda EV Plus[173]
1997–1999
~300
80+ mph
130+ km/h
US$455 or €340/month for 36-month lease; or $53,000 or €40,000 without subsidies
80–110 mi
130–180 km

Toyota RAV4 EV[174]
1997–2002
1,249
78 mph
125 km/h
US$40,000 or €30,000 without subsidies
87 mi
140 km
125
1.88
100
2.35

Ford Ranger EV[175]
1998–2002
1,500, perhaps 200 surviving

~ US$50,000 or €37,600; subsidized down to $20,000 or €15,000
74 mi
119 km

TH!NK City
1999–2002
1,000+
56 mph
90 km/h

53 mi
85 km
106
1.59
83
2.83

REVAi[176]
2001–2012
4,000+[177]
45 mph
72 km/h £8,000[178], US$15,000 or €11,900
50 mi
80 km

ZAP Xebra[179]
2006–2009
700+
40 mph
65 km/h, $100[180]
$10,000 or €7,500
25 mi
40 km

Tesla Roadster[181][182][183]
2008–2012
2,500
130 mph
210 km/h [184]
US$109,000 or €99,000 base price [185]
220 mi
350 km
less than 2 cents/mile off peak recharge

Modern series production electric cars

Mitsubishi i MiEV
(Peugeot iOn/Citroën C-Zero)
2009–
~37,600
as of June 2016[update][186]
80 mph
130 km/h
US$29,125 base price[187]
160 km (99 mi) (Japanese cycle)
100 km (62 mi) (EPA cycle)

Nissan Leaf
2010–
300,000
as of January 2018[update][161]

109 mi
175 km (New European Driving Cycle)

BYD e6
2010–
34,862
in China
as of December 2016[update][188][189]

Renault Kangoo Z.E.
2011–
25,205
as of December 2016[update][190]

Bolloré Bluecar
2011–
5,524
as of July 2016[update]
(in France)[191]

Ford Focus EV
2012-
6764 as of Nov 2016[192]

US$39,995 base price (2012)
US$29,120 base price (2017) [193]

100 mi[194]
118 MPGe / 1.99 l/100 km[194]
96 MPGe / 2.45 l/100 km[194]

Smart ED
(2nd and 3rd gen)
2012–
~9,000
as of June 2014[update][195][196][197]

Tesla Model S[198]
2012–
158,159
as of December 2016[update][122]
155 mph (250 km/h) for 90+kWh version [199]
US$69,900 base price with
60 kW·h battery pack [200]
300 mi
480 km
89 Combined
2.64 Combined

Renault Zoe
2013–
61,205
as of December 2016[update][122]

Volkswagen e-Up!
2013–
9,157
as of October 2015[update][201][202][203]

BMW i3
2013–
~ 65,500
as of December 2016[update][122]

130 to 160 km (80 to 100 mi)[204]

Kia Soul EV
2014–

93 mi (150 km)[205]

Volkswagen e-Golf
2014–
12,653 in Europe
as of October 2015[update][206][207] and 3,980 in the U.S.
as of November 2015[update].[208][209]

130 to 190 km (81 to 118 mi)[210]

Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive
2014–

87 mi (140 km)[211]

Tesla Model X
2015–
25,524
as of December 2016[update][122]

237 to 289

BYD e5
2015–
17,065
in China
as of December 2016[update][189][212]

BYD Qin EV300
2016–
10,656
in China
as of December 2016[update][189]

Tesla Model 3[213]
2017–
1,550
in USA
as of December 2017[update][214]
145 mph for LR version[215]
US$35,000 base price with
Standard battery pack[216]
220 mi with Standard version, 310 mi with Long Range version
126 MPGe Combined


document_title: Great North Road (Great Britain)

question_text: how long did it take to travel from london to edinburgh by horse

text: Great North Road (Great Britain)

text: Route[edit]

text: The traditional starting point of the Great North Road was Smithfield Market in Clerkenwell, London. Hicks Hall, the first purpose-built sessions-house for the Middlesex justices of the peace, was built in 1611 immediately north of the market, on an island site in the middle of St John Street (where St John's Lane branches to the west); and this building was used as the initial datum point for mileages on the Great North Road. Its site continued to be used for this purpose even after the building was demolished soon after 1778.[2] The route followed St John Street to the junction of City Road and Pentonville Road (near Upper Street) in the north, at the Angel Inn. The Red Bull Theatre was on the street between 1604 and 1666, when it was destroyed in the Great Fire of London.[3] James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (1714–1799) lived at 13 St John Street. He held "learned suppers" at his house, with guests including James Boswell, Robert Burns and Samuel Johnson.

text: When the General Post Office at St Martin's-le-Grand was built in 1829, coaches started using an alternative route, now the modern A1 road, beginning at the Post Office and following Aldersgate Street and Goswell Road before joining the old route close to the Angel. The Angel Inn itself was an important staging post.[4] The next important stages were at Highgate, Barnet, Hatfield, Baldock, Biggleswade and Alconbury, all replete with traditional coaching inns.

text: At Alconbury, the Great North Road joined the Old North Road, an older route which followed the Roman Ermine Street. Here a milestone records mileages to London via both routes: 65 by the Old North Road and 68 by the Great North Road.[5] From Alconbury the Great North Road follows the line of Ermine Street north, through Stilton. Ermine Street crossed the River Welland about a mile to the west of what is now the town of Stamford. The Great North Road passed through the centre of Stamford, with two very sharp bends, re-joined the alignment of Ermine Street just before Great Casterton and continued as far as Colsterworth (at the A151 junction). Inns on this section included the George at Stamford and the Bell Inn at Stilton, the original sellers of Stilton cheese.

text: At Colsterworth the Great North Road diverges west of the Roman road and continues through Grantham, Newark, Retford and Bawtry to Doncaster. North of Doncaster the Great North Road again follows a short section of Ermine Street, the Roman Rigg or Roman Ridge. Further north the Great North Road crossed the Roman Dere Street near Boroughbridge from where it continued via Dishforth and Topcliffe to Northallerton and then through Darlington, Durham and Newcastle, on to Edinburgh. A road forked to the left at the bridge in Boroughbridge to follow Dere Street, and Scotch Corner to Penrith and on to Glasgow. Part of this route was the original A1, with a local road from Scotch Corner via Barton to Darlington making the link back to the old Great North Road.

text: In the first era of stage coaches York was the terminus of the Great North Road. Along the route Doncaster–Selby–York was superseded by the route Doncaster–Ferrybridge–Wetherby–Boroughbridge–Northallerton–Darlington, the more direct way to Edinburgh, the final destination. The first recorded stage coach operating from London to York was in 1658 taking four days. Faster mail coaches began using the route in 1786, stimulating a quicker service from the other passenger coaches. In the "Golden Age of Coaching", between 1815 and 1835, coaches could travel from London to York in 20 hours, and from London to Edinburgh in 45 1⁄2 hours. In the mid-nineteenth century coach services could not compete with the new railways. The last coach from London to Newcastle left in 1842 and the last from Newcastle to Edinburgh in July 1847.[6]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The highwayman Dick Turpin's flight from London to York in less than 15 hours on his mare Black Bess is the most famous legend of the Great North Road. Various inns along the route claim Turpin ate a meal or stopped for respite for his horse. Harrison Ainsworth, in his 1834 romance Rookwood, immortalised the ride. Historians argue that Turpin never made the journey, claiming that the ride was by John Nevison, "Swift Nick", a highwayman in the time of Charles II, 50 years before Turpin who was born and raised at Wortley near Sheffield. It is claimed that Nevison, in order to establish an alibi, rode from Gad's Hill, near Rochester, Kent, to York (some 190 miles (310 km)) in 15 hours.

text: The Winchelsea Arms, an inn on a long straight section of the Great North Road near Stretton, Rutland, was reputed to be another haunt of Dick Turpin. It is now called the Ram Jam Inn after a story from the coaching days. A coach passenger undertook to show the landlady the secret of drawing both mild and bitter beer from the same barrel. Two holes were made and she was left with one thumb rammed against one and the other jammed into the other; the trickster then made off.[7]

text: In literature Jeanie Deans of Sir Walter Scott's novel The Heart of Midlothian travels through several communities on the Great North Road on her way to London. The road features in The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. Part of the J. B. Priestley novel The Good Companions mentions the road which represented to northerner Jess Oakroyd, as the gateway to such exotic destinations as Nottingham. The Lord Peter Wimsey short story "The Fantastic Horror of the Cat in the Bag" by Dorothy L. Sayers features a motorcycle chase along it. Similarly, Ruined City by Nevil Shute features an all night drive from Henry Warren's house in Grosvenor Square, Mayfair, along the road as far as Rowley and then to Greenhead near Hadrian's Wall, where Warren is dropped off to go walking. His chauffeur, keen to get home for a date with the maid, is killed near Retford. In Cassandra Clare's Clockwork Princess, the third volume of The Infernal Devices trilogy, Will Herondale takes the road after leaving London on his way to Wales to find Tessa Gray.

text: Dick Whittington and His Cat, characters in an English story adapted for the stage in 1605, that, since the 19th century has become a pantomime, is loosely based on the historical Richard Whittington, a medieval Lord Mayor of London. The road is mentioned in Mark Knopfler's song, "5:15 AM", from the album Shangri La. The High Road mentioned in Loch Lomond is also a reference to it.[8] The song "Heading South on the Great North Road" on Sting's 2016 album 57th & 9th pays tribute to artists from the North East who found success in London by referencing to the Great North Road.[9]


document_title: All I Do Is Win

question_text: who sings the chorus in all i do is win

question_tokens: who sings the chorus in all i do is win

text: All I Do Is Win

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video debuted on BET's 106 and Park on March 3, 2010, along with the video for "Put Your Hands Up". It pictures DJ Khaled with his BET Awards and is filmed mostly against a green screen, also featuring a scene of his appearance at the 2008 BET Hip-Hop Awards show accepting an award for his song "I'm So Hood (Remix)".

text: A video for the official remix was shot in Florida. The video was directed by Dayo & Gil Green. Photos of the shoot were also leaked online.[4] The video features cameos from Nicki Minaj, Fabolous, Fat Joe, Jadakiss, Puff Daddy, Ace Hood, Cam'Ron and Busta Rhymes.[5] A behind-the-scenes video was released on June 2, 2010.[6] The remix's music video was released on June 29, 2010.

text: Remix[edit]

text:
"All I Do Is Win (Remix)"

Promotional single by DJ Khaled featuring T-Pain, Diddy, Nicki Minaj, Rick Ross, Busta Rhymes, Fabolous, Jadakiss, Fat Joe and Swizz Beatz

from the album Victory (Target Bonus Track)

Released
June 8, 2010[7]

Format
Digital download

Recorded
2009–2010

Genre
Hip hop

Length
5:20[7]

Label

We the Best
Terror Squad
E1

Songwriter(s)

Faheem Najm
William Roberts
Sean Combs
J. Jackson
Onika Maraj
Trevor Smith
Jason Phillips
Joseph Cartagena
Kasseem Dean
Khaled Khaled

Producer(s)

DJ Nasty & LVM
Birdman

text: On April 28, 2010, the official remix was released. It features Rick Ross, Busta Rhymes, Diddy, Nicki Minaj, Fabolous, Jadakiss, Fat Joe, Swizz Beatz on background vocals, and T-Pain. Jadakiss's verse is a sample from "Allergic to Losing", a song from his 2010 mixtape The Champ Is Here 3. The remix was released as a digital single on iTunes on June 8, 2010. A music video has been shot and was released on June 29, 2010. Flo Rida, Red Cafe, The Game, Ace Hood, Drake, Lil Wayne, Gunplay of Triple C's, Brisco & DJ Nasty & LVM made cameos on the video. Swizz Beatz was not included in the video. DJ Khaled also raps a verse on the remix.

text: There is another remix titled "Hood Remix" or "G-Mix" which is by Nappy Boy artist Young Cash. The remix features a new rap line up, Yo Gotti, Gudda Gudda, Bun B, Ice Berg, 2 Chainz, T-Pain, & Field Mob. On this version, instead of T-Pain on the chorus, Young Cash is, while T-Pain delivers a verse of his own.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The song has become an anthem for numerous sports teams, most notably the Auburn Tigers football team during their 2010 national championship season. It was played during the team's pregame entrance video as well as following each home victory in Jordan–Hare Stadium. The Milwaukee Brewers and the Baltimore Orioles also play this song after every home game victory as does the Texas Longhorns football band and the Michigan State Spartans after a men's basketball win. Boxer Devon Alexander uses the song as his entrance music, the Arizona State Sun Devils, Purdue All American Marching Band, the USC Trojans Marching Band Spirit of Troy, and the Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band use it during their athletic programs as well as the East Carolina Pirates and LSU Tigers football teams, the Alabama Crimson Tide and Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball teams, Vampire Weekend on their 2010 tour, and it was also used as the celebratory music by the 2010 Stanley Cup champions The Chicago Blackhawks. The New York Knicks professional basketball team also use an instrumental version of the song for their player intros during the 2010–11 NBA season.[8] The Denver Nuggets,[9] Memphis Grizzlies, Indiana Pacers, Portland Trail Blazers, Cleveland Cavaliers, Carolina Panthers, and Nashville Predators play this song after every home game victory. The song has gained popularity among Miami Hurricanes football fans as Snoop Dogg's line "We like the U in the 80s" refers to the University of Miami football team that dominated college football in the 80s and early 90s. It was subsequently arranged for the Band of the Hour, Miami's marching band. Internet mashup artist DJ Earworm has included the song in a mash-up designed for the 2012 Summer Olympics.[10][11] A remix version was made in December 2011 for Tim Tebow of the Denver Broncos, called "All He Does Is Win" – the video went viral on YouTube.[12] The New Orleans Saints play the chorus of "All I Do Is Win" during home games. This is also one of themes for the Canadian roller derby team, E-Ville Roller Derby.

text: The song was used as background music for one of the commercials advertising the Jamaican teen magazine television programme Teen Seen, which aired on major television network CVM Television on Saturdays at 6pm (previously at 4:30pm) and was created by the National Family Planning Board (which produced the programme with Phase 3 Productions).

text: At the 2013 White House Correspondents' Dinner, President Barack Obama was introduced to "Hail to the Chief," which quickly cut to a snippet of "All I Do is Win."[13][14]

text: On April 28, 2014, actress Emma Stone lip synched the song in a "Lip Sync Battle" against late-night talk show host Jimmy Fallon.[15]

text: The song was featured in the 2015 musical comedy film Pitch Perfect 2, the 2015 film Magic Mike XXL, and the 2016 R-Rated comedy "The Boss".

text: The song was also used in the trailer for the 2015 film The Peanuts Movie.

text: This song is also featured on the soundtrack for NBA 2K16.

text: The YouTube channel Barack's Dubs created and uploaded a mashup video of U.S. President Donald Trump singing the song.[16]

text: This song is referenced on one of the "Coke and a Song" bottles and cans available as of Summer 2016.[17]

text: The song is featured in a Classico Pasta Sauce commercial that debuted in mid-late 2016,[18]

text: The song is featured in a Walmart commercial in 2017.

text: On Facebook, one game in Slotomania, called Shaq 9 (a golf game), featuring Saquille O'Neal, Shaq yells 'All I do is win, win, win, no matter what!'

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 63 chart date of March 6, 2010, and peaked at this chart at No. 24 for the chart dated July 24, 2010. It also peaked at No. 8 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs in 2010.[19] The song was certified double Platinum by RIAA on July 6, 2011, and 3× Platinum on 19 June 2015.[3] The song re-entered the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in May 2014 at No. 23.[19] As of May 2014, the song has sold over 3 million copies in the US.[20]

text: The song debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 chart at No. 69 for the chart date of March 6, 2010.

text: Charts and certifications[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2010-2014)
Peak
position

Canadian Hot 100
69

German Black Chart[21]
12

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[22]
98

UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[23]
20

US Billboard Hot 100[24]
24

US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
8

US Billboard Rap Songs
6

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2010)
Position

US Billboard Hot 100[25]
79

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Canada (Music Canada)[26]
Platinum
80,000^

United States (RIAA)[3]
3× Platinum
3,000,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone


document_title: Wall Street Journal prime rate

question_text: when did wall street journal prime rate change

text: Wall Street Journal prime rate

text: Historical data for the WSJ prime rate[edit]

text:
1990-1999

Date of Change
Prime Rate

1991

2-Jan-91
9.50%

1-Feb-91
9.00-9.50

5-Feb-91
9.00

21-Feb-91
8.75-9.00 (BofA)

24-Apr-91
9.00

1-May-91
8.50

13-Sep-91
8.00

6-Nov-91
7.50

23-Dec-91
6.50

1992

02-Jul-92
6.00%

1994

24-Mar-94
6.25%

19-Apr-94
6.75

18-May-94
7.25

16-Aug-94
7.75

15-Nov-94
8.50

1995

1-Feb-95
9.00%

7-Jul-95
8.75%

20-Dec-95
8.50%

1996

31-Jan-96
8.25%

1997

27-Mar-97
8.50%

1998

30-Sep-98
8.25%

16-Oct-98
8.00%

18-Nov-98
7.75%

1999

01-Jul-99
8.00%

25-Aug-99
8.25%

17-Nov-99
8.50%

2000-pres

Date of Change
Prime Rate

2000

03-Feb-00
8.75%

22-Mar-00
9.00%

17-May-00
9.50%

2001

04-Jan-01
9.00%

01-Feb-01
8.50%

21-Mar-01
8.00%

19-Apr-01
7.50%

16-May-01
7.00%

28-Jun-01
6.75%

22-Aug-01
6.50%

18-Sep-01
6.00%

03-Oct-01
5.50%

07-Nov-01
5.00%

12-Dec-01
4.75%

2002

07-Nov-02
4.25%

2003

27-Jun-03
4.00%

2004

01-Jul-04
4.25%

11-Aug-04
4.50%

22-Sep-04
4.75%

10-Nov-04
5.00%

14-Dec-04
5.25%

2005

02-Feb-05
5.50%

22-Mar-05
5.75%

03-May-05
6.00%

30-Jun-05
6.25%

09-Aug-05
6.50%

20-Sep-05
6.75%

01-Nov-05
7.00%

13-Dec-05
7.25%

2006

31-Jan-06
7.50%

28-Mar-06
7.75%

10-May-06
8.00%

29-Jun-06
8.25%

2007

18-Sept-07
7.75%

31-Oct-07
7.50%

11-Dec-07
7.25%

2008

22-Jan-08
6.50%

30-Jan-08
6.00%

18-Mar-08
5.25%

30-Apr-08
5.00%

08-Oct-08
4.50%

30-Oct-08
4.00%

16-Dec-08
3.25%

2015

17-Dec-15
3.50%

2016

15-Dec-16
3.75%[1]

2017

16-Mar-17
4.00%

15-Jun-17
4.25%


document_title: Only the Strong Survive (song)

question_text: who sang the song only the strong survive

text: Only the Strong Survive (song)

text:
"Only the Strong Survive"

Single by Jerry Butler

from the album The Ice Man Cometh

Released
1969

Genre
Soul, Proto-disco

Songwriter(s)
Jerry Butler, Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

Jerry Butler singles chronology

"Are You Happy"
(1968)
"Only the Strong Survive"
(1969)
"Moody Woman"
(1969)

"Are You Happy"
(1968)
"Only the Strong Survive"
(1969)
"Moody Woman"
(1969)

text: "Only the Strong Survive" is a song written by Jerry Butler, Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff and originally sung in 1968 by Jerry Butler, released on his album The Ice Man Cometh. It was the most successful single of his career, reaching #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was #1 for two weeks on the Billboard Black Singles Chart, in March and April 1969, respectively.[1]

text: "Only the Strong Survive" was the first of two singles which were platinum certified by the RIAA, selling over a million copies (the second was "Ain’t Understanding Mellow" in 1972).

text: Elvis Presley (1969) and Billy Paul (1977) also recorded versions of this song. In the UK, Billy Paul's version was released on the Philadelphia International label (PIR 5699). It entered the singles charts on November 17, 1977, had a chart life of seven weeks & a peak position of No.33. Another version of this song was recorded by The Trammps in the Netherlands in 2003. It sounds very similar to Billy Paul's version. The song appears on the compilation album Only The Strong Survive (Sony), which oddly enough shows the remaining four group members on the cover. There's also an extended clubmix of this song on this CD. The clubmix was produced by Maas and Van der Weyde.