document_title: America's Got Talent (season 7)

question_text: who won the 2012 america's got talent

question_tokens: who won the 2012 america 's got talent

text: America's Got Talent (season 7)

text: Preliminary auditions[edit]

text: Producers' auditions were held in New York, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Tampa Bay, Charlotte, Austin, St. Louis, and San Francisco.[4][5]

text: Live theater auditions took place in the following cities:[6]

text:
Audition city
Audition date
Venue
Air date

Los Angeles, California
February 16–17, 2012
Orpheum Theatre[7]
May 14, 2012

San Francisco, California
February 24–25, 2012
Bill Graham Civic Auditorium[8]
May 15, 2012

St. Louis, Missouri
March 8–10, 2012
Fox Theatre[9]
May 14, 2012 (part 1)
May 29, 2012 (part 2)

Austin, Texas
March 17–18, 2012
Long Center for the Performing Arts[10]
June 4, 2012 (part 1)
June 5, 2012 (part 2)

Tampa Bay
April 3–4, 2012
Mahaffey Theater[11]
May 28, 2012 (part 1)
June 12, 2012 (part 2)

New York
April 11–12, 2012
Hammerstein Ballroom[12]
May 21, 2012 (part 1)
May 22, 2012 (part 2)

text: A final audition episode featuring acts from several cities aired on Monday, June 18. Auditions were also conducted online via YouTube. Finalists from the online auditions were to compete in front of a live audience during the season's live shows.

text: Las Vegas Week[edit]

text: The second round of competition, held in Las Vegas, aired from June 25–27, 2012, in a three-night special. The round was held at The Venetian and The Palazzo resorts on the Las Vegas Strip. 112 acts passed through from the audition rounds to Las Vegas Week, and competed for 48 slots in the live shows. Similarly to previous years, the judges divided the acts into two groups: the "Judges' Favorites" and "Standby Acts". In addition, six acts were either immediately eliminated, or sent directly to the next round of competition. The judges also had the option of eliminating an act immediately if they felt their performance in Las Vegas was well below par.

text: Immediate decision[edit]

text: Before any rounds of competition began, the judges called six acts which were not listed as being "Judges' Favorites" or "Standby Acts". Three of these acts were immediately eliminated, and three acts were sent straight from Las Vegas Week to the live rounds without any further performance because of their superior auditions.

text:
[show]Results of Immediate decision

Advanced

Olate Dogs – Animal act
William Close – "Earth Harp" musician
David "The Bullet" Smith – Human cannonball/danger act

Eliminated

Bandbaz Brothers – Acrobats
Charlie C – Singer
Ivy Rose – All-girl vocal band

text: Group A: Judges' favorites[edit]

text: The judges' favorites were deemed more likely to succeed by the judges, performed on the first two days of competition, and were given the opportunity to take as many spots in the Top 48 as possible. Twenty-five of these acts advanced to the live shows.

text:
[show]Results of Judges' Favorites

Advanced

787 Crew – Dance crew
All Beef Patty – Drag queen singer
All That! – Cloggers
All Wheel Sports – Stunt BMX team
American BMX Stunt Team - BMX stunt team
Aurora Light Painters – Light painting group
Ben Blaque – Crossbow performer
Cristin Sandu – Balancing performer
Edon – Singer/pianist
Eric & Olivia – Duet
Eric Dittelman – Mind-reader
Horse – Novelty performer
Jacob Williams – Comedian
Jake Wesley Rogers – Singer/guitarist
Joe Castillo – Sand artist
Light Wire Theater – Glow-light dance group
Nikki Jensen – Singer/guitarist
Sebastien "El Charro de Oro" – Mariachi singer and dancer
Shanice & Maurice Hayes – Father-daughter singing duo
Spencer Horsman – Escape artist
Tim Hockenberry – Singer/pianist
Todd Oliver & Irving – Ventriloquist act
Tom Cotter – Comedian
Ulysses – Singer
The Untouchables – Dance troupe

Eliminated

Amazing Elizabeth – Aerialist
Andrew De Leon – Opera singer
Boss – Dance group
Brianna Price – Singer
Cecilia Detwiler – Singer
Daniel Park – Singer
Dave Burleigh – Impressionist
Frank Roche – Impressionist[note 1]
Funk Beyond Control – Dance group
Isaac Brown – Singer/dancer
Jason Cordero – Pianist
Jorge & Alexa Narvaez – Singing duo
Justin Riviera – Magician
Kellen Erskine – Comedian
Loyalty Dance Crew – Dance crew
Luiz Meneghin – Opera singer
Luna – Singer[note 2]
Mary Joyner – Singer
New Guard America – Drill team
Roxy Doll – Singer
Sammy Obeid – Comedian
Simply Sergio – Opera singer
Taylor Reed – Stage magician
Tim Poe – Singer/musician

Footnotes

Jump up ^ Roche completely changed his routine since the auditions from impressions to stand-up comedy, misinterpreting judge Howie Mandel's prior suggestions to him. After telling one awkward joke before letting his nerves get to him, and then repeating the same joke, the judges eliminated him immediately.
Jump up ^ The judges felt Luna's performance contained "no effort" and eliminated her immediately.

text: Group B: Standby Acts[edit]

text: The Standby Acts were deemed less likely to advance by the judges, and performed later for the remaining spots not already taken by the Judges' Favorites. Twenty of these acts advanced to the live shows.

text:
[show]Results of Standby Acts

Advanced

The All Ways – Rock band
Big Barry – Singer
Danielle Stallings – Singer
David Garibaldi and His CMYK's – Painting/dance group
The Distinguished Men of Brass – Marching band
Donovan and Rebecca – Acrobats
Elusive – Dancer
Hawley Magic – Magic act
Inspire the Fire – Singing/dancing group
Jarrett and Raja – Comedic illusionists
LCD - Lisa Clark Dancers – Dance troupe
Lindsey Norton – Dancer
Lil' Starr – Tap dancer
LionDanceMe – Lion dance team
Michael Nejad – Instrument builder/player
Rock Star Juggler Mike Price – Juggler
The Scott Brothers – Dancers
Turf – Dancer/contortionist
Unity in Motion – Dance troupe
WordSpit The ILLest – Band

Eliminated

Battle Born – Dance troupe
Benn Mendoza's Midnight Circus – Acrobatics/dance group
Burton Crane – Rapper
Cliff's Demo Team – Martial artists
The Cos Fam – Dance trio
Dillon Havins and Friends – Band
The Emily Anne Band – Band
Giani – Mind-reader
Granny G – Rapper
The HillBenders – Bluegrass band
John Pizzi – Ventriloquist
Kota Sports – Stunt BMX team
Lil' Babywockee – Dancer
Old Shoes, New Shoes – Tap Dance Duo
The Rhymatist – Rapper
Rob Hayes – Rapper
Serengeti Steve – Reptile handler
Stepz – Dancer
Summer Lacy – Aerialist
Svet – Rapper/hip-hop violinist
The Two Bits – Dancers
The Williams Bruthuz – Dance duo
Tevin McGuire – Singer

text: Unknown decision[edit]

text: Several acts were unable to compete in Las Vegas Week for personal reasons, or were not seen during the airing of the episodes. These acts were therefore automatically assumed as eliminated from the competition.

text:
[show]Acts eliminated at unknown stage

Alesya Gulevich – Hula hoop artist
Cut Throat Freak Show & Eric Odditorium – Sideshow act
Clark Academy of Irish Dance – Irish dance crew
Elements Dance Cru – Dance crew
The Flyte Cru – Acrobatic basketball dunkers
Ganbaatar Contortion Sisters – Contortionist act
Max the Acrobat – Aerial performer
Micah Gregorio – Singer
New York Irish Dance Company – Irish dance crew
Sharon Daniels and Randy Hanson – Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne impersonators
Street Beatz – Drummers
Stick and Move Dance Crew – Dance crew
Unnamed Dance Crew - Dance Crew
Unnamed Gymnastics Family - Gymnastics Group
Sebastian Janoski - Musician/Singer

text: Quarterfinals[edit]

text: The Quarterfinals began on Monday, July 2, 2012. This round includes the Top 48 acts which passed through Las Vegas Week, the acts that passed through the YouTube audition rounds, and a Wild Card show featuring previously eliminated quarterfinalists brought back by the judges.

text:
Key
 Buzzed
 Judges' choice

  Advanced to the semifinals

  Finished in fourth or fifth place; won the judges' choice and advanced to the semifinals

  Finished in fourth or fifth place; lost the judges' choice

text: Top 48, week 1 (July 2–3)[edit]

text: Guests: Cirque du Soleil: Zarkana, will.i.am

text:
Act
Order
Performance description[13][14]
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Mandel
Osbourne
Stern

Distinguished Men of Brass
1
Marching band performed Crazy in Love by Beyoncé & Jay-Z

Eliminated

Edon
2
Singer; sang "Titanium" by David Guetta featuring Sia.

Judges' Choice

Jarrett and Raja
3
Comedic magicians performed an illusion to "Singin' in the Rain" where seemingly empty towels came to life

Howie's Wildcard

Lil' Starr
4
Tap dancer danced to "Party Rock Anthem" and "Sorry for Party Rocking", both by LMFAO

Eliminated

Todd Oliver
5
Ventriloquist/dog act performed a comedic routine discussing the relationship between the two dogs, Irving and Lucy

Howard's Wildcard

American BMX Stunt Team
6
BMX stunt team performed stunts with ramps and a bridge to the song "Bodyrock" by Moby

Eliminated

Nikki Jensen
7
Singer/guitarist sang "The Scientist" by Coldplay

Eliminated

The Scott Brothers
8
Cartoon popper dancers performed a routine where both brothers mimicked each other's movements, ending the performance by moving around their hats as if the hats were floating

Advanced

Michael Nejad
9
Musician/instrument builder performed "Moves like Jagger" by Maroon 5 and Christina Aguilera with homemade instruments such as a shovel, baseball bat and a vacuum cleaner

Eliminated

787 Crew
10
Dance crew performed a routine to Skrillex's remix of "Cinema" by Benny Benassi

Eliminated

Shanice and Maurice Hayes
11
Father-daughter singing duo sang "There You'll Be" by Faith Hill

Advanced

David Garibaldi and His CMYK's
12
Performance painters painted a portrait of Mick Jagger to the song "Paint It, Black" by The Rolling Stones

Advanced

text: Top 48, week 2 (July 10–11)[edit]

text: Guests: Gavin DeGraw, TRACES

text:
Act[15]
Order
Performance description[16][17]
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Mandel
Osbourne
Stern

LionDanceMe
1
Lion dance act performed a lion dance on raised poles to "Levels" by Avicii

Eliminated

Turf
2
Contortionist/dancer danced to "Imma Be" by The Black Eyed Peas

Advanced

The All Ways
3
Rock band performed "Telephone" by Lady Gaga and Beyoncé

Eliminated

Hawley Magic
4
Magic act performed an illusion where an assistant was balanced in the air on a sword

Eliminated

Lisa Clark Dancers
5
Dance troupe performed a combination of contemporary, jazz, and tap dance

Eliminated

Aurora Light Painters
6
Light painters painted a scene where a frightened girl discovers monsters under a bed to "Strangers in the Night" by Frank Sinatra

Eliminated

Danielle Stallings
7
Singer sang "It Will Rain" by Bruno Mars

Lost Judges' Choice

Donovan & Rebecca
8
Acrobats performed aerial silks to "Chasing Cars" by Snow Patrol

Judges' Choice

Big Barry
9
Singer performed "Feeling Good" written by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse while surrounded by models
[note 1]

Eliminated

Tom Cotter
10
Comedian performed a stand-up routine making fun of common clichés and phrases

Advanced

Ben Blaque
11
Crossbow performer performed a routine where he first shot arrows at his assistant while she held a rose in her mouth, then shot arrows at four balloons surrounding his assistant

Howard's Wildcard

Tim Hockenberry
12
Singer performed a piano arrangement of "Part of Me" by Katy Perry

Advanced

text: Top 48, week 3 (July 17–18)[edit]

text: Guests: Ashleigh and Pudsey, Havana Brown

text:
Act[18]
Order
Performance description[19]
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Mandel
Osbourne
Stern

The Untouchables
1
Latin dance troupe danced to a remix of "Magalenha" by Sérgio Mendes

Advanced

Rock Star Juggler Mike Price
2
Juggler juggled knives and fire torches on a unicycle to "Won't Get Fooled Again", then juggled four fire torches but dropped one; later poured gasoline over an assistant and juggled glow-light juggling clubs, which were on fire

Eliminated

Inspire the Fire
3
Show choir danced and sang to "Firework" by Katy Perry

Eliminated

Cristin Sandu
4
Balanced himself using cylinders with a ring of fire surrounding him to "Lights", however, the performance was cut short when the cylinders fell off of the platform only a couple of seconds after he got on them

Howie's Wildcard

Elusive
5
B-boy dancer; danced to "Super Bad" by James Brown.

Eliminated

Jake Wesley Rogers
6
Singer/pianist performed "Toxic" by Britney Spears

Sharon's Wildcard

All Wheel Sports
7
BMX variety act rode bicycles and skateboards, and did gymnastic routines to "Titanium" by David Guetta and Sia

Judges' Choice

WordSpit and The ILLest!
8
Rock/rap/R&B band performed an original song called "Lights, Cameras Flashin'"

Lost Judges' Choice

Jacob Williams
9
Stand-up comedian performed a routine that played off his awkwardness while growing up

Advanced

All Beef Patty
10
Singing drag queen performed "Let's Hear It for the Boy" by Deniece Williams with a group of male dancers

Eliminated

Spencer Horsman
11
Escape artist performed a 45-second escape-illusion where he freed himself from a steel straitjacket while trapped in a security bag raised above a bed of spikes with a curtain covering him

Howard's Wildcard

Lightwire Theater
12
Glowlight dance group performed a storyline featuring several dancing birds to "UK Current Funky House" by Justin Brett

Advanced

text: Top 48, week 4 (July 24–25)[edit]

text: Guests: Cher Lloyd, cast of the Tony Award-winning musical Once

text:
Act[20]
Order
Performance description
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Mandel
Osbourne
Stern

David "The Bullet" Smith[note 2]
1
Human cannonball act shot himself out of a cannon from 40 yards through a field goal to "Let Me Entertain You" by Robbie Williams

Eliminated

All That!
2
Cloggers; danced to "Black Betty" by Ram Jam.

Sharon's Wildcard

Ulysses
3
Singer performed American Bandstand's "Bandstand Boogie" with a group of dancers

Eliminated

Joe Castillo
4
Sand artist drew animals from around the world in sand

Advanced

Sebastien "El Charro de Oro"
5
Singer and mariachi band sang "Bésame Mucho" by Consuelo Velázquez

Howie's Wildcard

Eric Dittelman
6
Mind reader in a spoof of Deal or No Deal where he had Mandel pick one of 16 cases, with Mandel choosing case 11, he then had the other judges remove 2 rows of cases, and let Mandel trade his case for case four; the remaining cases were then revealed, and Dittelman correctly predicted that Mandel had chosen case 4

Judges' Choice

William Close
7
"Earth harpist" and instrument builder performed "Love, Reign o'er Me" by The Who with a collective ensemble that included a singer and spinning drums

Advanced

Unity in Motion
8
Dance group danced to "Lux Aeterna" composed by Clint Mansell and by Kronos Quartet

Eliminated

Eric & Olivia
9
Guitarist and singer duo performed a remix of "Dynamite" by Taio Cruz

Eliminated

Lindsey Norton
10
Dancer performed a Cirque du Soleil-themed dance routine to "First Incantation" from Cirque's Zed

Sharon's Wildcard

Horse
11
Groin attack act performed to a superhero theme where he tried to stop several bank robbers, finishing with Horse defeating the "robbers" by hitting them in their groins

Howard's Wildcard

Olate Dogs
12
Dog trick act performed a Broadway theme with the song "Played-A-Live", which included various dogs doing backflips, going down slides, spinning, and jumping over obstacles

Advanced

text:
Jump up ^ Osbourne pressed Mandel's buzzer during his comments about Big Barry.
Jump up ^ David "The Bullet" Smith performed outside due to safety concerns. The judges did not have buzzers in the outdoor studio, instead having red "X" signs, but the judges did not use them.

tag: ol

text: YouTube Snapple Special (August 14–15)[edit]

text: Guests: Gabby Douglas, Karmin, The Crazy Nastyass Honey Badger

text: The YouTube Snapple Special aired on August 14, following a 3-week hiatus for the 2012 Summer Olympics. It allowed viewers the chance to vote for their favorite potential acts on the show's YouTube channel that they wished to see compete in the live shows. Twenty acts competed for twelve spots, with eleven contestants selected by the judges, and one other contestant (Drew Erwin) selected by the viewers.[21]

text:
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Mandel
Osbourne
Stern

Clint Carvalho and His Extreme Parrots
1
Parrot stunt act performed an act in which he directed a bird named Kitten from the top of a tower to inside the theater

Judges' Choice

Reverse Order
2
Rock band performed "I Kissed a Girl" by Katy Perry

Eliminated

Rudy Coby
3
Magician/illusionist performed a trick in which a puppet came to life and "beheaded" Rudy, however the puppet took off its costume and was revealed to be Rudy. Performed to "Puppet Boy" by Devo.

Eliminated

7 in Unison
4
Dance troupe danced to "Fever" by Peggy Lee

Eliminated

Drew Erwin
5
Singer/musician performed "Torn" by Natalie Imbruglia

Lost Judges' Choice

Melinda Hill
6
Stand-up comedian performed routine about her friends, her mom and current events in her life

Eliminated

Eric Buss
7
Entertainer/novelty act performed an act which involved snake nut cans synchronized to The Blue Danube

Eliminated

Romeo Dance Cheetah
8
Air guitarist performed to "I Believe in a Thing Called Love" by The Darkness

Eliminated

The Magic of Puck
9
Comedic magic act performed a dancing handkerchief illusion to "Shake Senora" by Pitbull, T-Pain, and Sean Paul

Advanced

Bria Kelly
10
Singer performed "Gunpowder & Lead" by Miranda Lambert

Advanced

Cast in Bronze[note 1]
11
Carillon musician performed "Carol of the Bells" by Mykola Leontovych

Eliminated

Academy of Villains
12
Dance troupe danced to "Bohemian Rhapsody", mainly using arm motions to give visualizations of faces singing, and then "Whuteva" by Remy Ma in a hip-hop dance style

Advanced

text: Jump up ^ Cast In Bronze performed outside due to the crew being unable to carry his instrument inside. The judges did not have buzzers in the outdoor studio, instead having red "X" signs, which all three judges used. Despite receiving three X's, Cast In Bronze was allowed to finish performing.

text: Wild Card Show (August 21–22)[edit]

text: Guests: Owl City & Carly Rae Jepsen, cast of Bring It On

text: For the wild card show, the judges each selected four eliminated acts and brought them back for a second chance to perform. Four of these acts advanced to semifinals. Osbourne announced after the show on July 25 that she would be bringing back All That! as one of her wild cards. The other eleven selections were announced on August 15, during the YouTube Snapple round.

text: This was the season's first live show without any buzzes, and none of the other live shows after this round had any act buzzed.

text:
Act
Brought back by
Order
Performance description
Result

Spencer Horsman
Stern
1
Escape illusionist undid eight padlocks in order to get himself out of a glass cage that was slowly filled with wet cement
Eliminated

All That!
Osbourne
2
Cloggers performed to "Thunder" by Nuttin' but Stringz that incorporated a virtual version of themselves on a screen behind them
Judges' Choice (2-1, Howie dissented)

Jarrett & Raja
Mandel
3
Comedic illusionists performed an illusion in which Jarrett raises a box with Raja playing a piano in it into the air, where it explodes, Raja then reappears in the audience, still playing piano
Eliminated

Jake Wesley Rogers
Osbourne
4
Singer/pianist performed "The Edge of Glory" by Lady Gaga
Eliminated

Cristin Sandu
Mandel
5
Balancing act reattempted his previous performance where he balanced on a stack of cylinders around a ring of fire; was able to stay on his tower for a longer period of time and the fire that was supposed to go off went off, however, the cylinders once again slipped off of the platform during an attempted 360° rotation, causing him to fall onto the stage
Eliminated

Todd Oliver
Stern
6
Ventriloquist/dog act performed a routine where his dog Irving runs for president
Advanced

Bandbaz Brothers
Osbourne
7
Acrobatics connected a balancing apparatus held in each other's mouths in mid-air so the younger Bandbaz could balance upside down while held up by the older Bandbaz
Eliminated

Sebastien "El Charro de Oro"
Mandel
8
Singer and mariachi band performed a mariachi version of "Theme from New York, New York" by Frank Sinatra
Advanced

Horse
Stern
9
Groin attack taker performed in his underwear, using riskier set-ups while his cohorts got in on the act of hurting themselves
Eliminated

Lindsey Norton
Osbourne
10
Dancer performed to a fast-paced, fire-inspired theme
Lost Judges' Choice

Andrew De Leon
Mandel
11
Gothic opera singer sang "Regresa a mí" by Il Divo (Spanish version of "Un-Break My Heart" originally by Toni Braxton)
Advanced

Ben Blaque
Stern
12
Crossbow performer shot a picture of an apple from a distance which went up in flame, revealing a card that said "Wildcard", in reference to the round, then did a blindfolded, chain reaction crossbow version of the William Tell trick of shooting an apple over his own head
Eliminated

text: Semifinals[edit]

text: The semifinals began on August 28. 24 acts who advanced from the quarterfinals will be split into two groups, and perform in two consecutive weeks. Three acts advance each week to the finals.

text:
Key

  Advanced to the finals.

  Finished in third or fourth place; won the judges' choice and advanced to the finals.

  Finished in third or fourth place; lost the judges' choice.

text: Round 1 (August 28–29)[edit]

text: Guests: Neon Trees, Steve Harvey

text:
Act
Order
Performance description
Result

Andrew De Leon
1
Gothic opera singer performed part of Schubert's aria "Ave Maria"
Eliminated

Todd Oliver
2
Ventriloquist/dog act performed a routine that emulated late night talk shows, with his dog Irving as his "guest"
Lost Judges' Choice

Donovan & Rebecca
3
Acrobatic performers performed feats of strength and aerial acrobatics to a remixed version of "Big Jet Plane" by Angus & Julia Stone
Eliminated

Edon
4
Singer/pianist performed "What Makes You Beautiful" by One Direction
Eliminated

The Scott Brothers
5
Cartoon popping dancers performed a dance routine that involved mannequins breaking free from a display window
Eliminated

Eric Dittelman
6
Mentalist performed a routine that involved Stern and his self-portrait sketch from Dittelman's audition; had Stern color in different parts of a replica of his sketch using highlighters. Before revealing his prediction of how Stern would color the sketch, he had the audience think of a shape other than a square, then revealed that he predicted that they would choose a triangle within a circle. Dittelman then revealed his prediction for the sketch would match what Stern had drawn.
Eliminated

Turf
7
Dancer/contortionist performed a routine to "Yeah 3x" by Chris Brown
Eliminated

Bria Kelly
8
Country singer performed a country version of "Perfect" by P!nk
Eliminated

Joe Castillo
9
Sand artist to the music of "Get Together" by The Youngbloods, sculpted images of a bird, two inter-clasped hands, and Jesus embracing a child
Judges' Choice (2-1, Howard dissented)

William Close
10
"Earth harpist" and instrument builder in addition to his earth harp, used new instruments including a three-necked guitar, two spherical drum sets and a body suit embossed with strings worn by his wife that he played with two bows, to perform "Starlight" by Muse
Advanced

Tom Cotter
11
Comedian presented the judges with a list of subjects, from which Mandel picked "College". He then gave a short set on the subject
Advanced

Academy of Villains
12
Dance troupe performed a hip-hop routine to Skrillex's remix of "Cinema" by Benny Benassi and "Secrets" by OneRepublic
Eliminated

text: Round 2 (September 4, 6)[edit]

text: Guests: Train, Nathan Burton, Haunted by Heroes with Dee Snider

text: The results show for the second round of the semifinals was postponed until Thursday, September 6 due to the Dallas Cowboys-New York Giants football game broadcasting live on Wednesday.

text: The following acts performed on September 4, 2012.

text:
Act
Order
Performance description
Result

All That!
1
Cloggers performed a dance which had involved solos, dancing with their shoes on fire, and dancing on trays of water to "Good Feeling" by Flo Rida
Eliminated

Sebastien "El Charro de Oro"
2
Mariachi singer and band performed "Granada" written by Agustín Lara with a backing orchestra and flamenco dancers
Eliminated

The Magic of Puck
3
Illusion in which he had Stern autograph his handkerchief from his previous performance and had the handkerchief fly back to his hand, then tied the handkerchief on the wrist of his assistant and did another illusion in which after covering her up with a curtain, seemed to levitate her into the air, make her "disappear", and then made her "reappear" from a box
Eliminated

Clint Carvalho and His Extreme Parrots
4
Parrot stunt act performed a routine in which he had his parrot Kitten dance, deliver mail to a mailbox, fly through hoops, and retrieve a can of 7 Up from Osbourne, all to "Let's Get It Started" by The Black Eyed Peas
Eliminated

Jacob Williams
5
Comedian as with his previous performances, performed a comedic routine that played off his awkwardness
Eliminated

Shanice and Maurice Hayes
6
Father/daughter singing duo sang "Anytime You Need a Friend" by Mariah Carey
Eliminated

All Wheel Sports
7
Performed a variety of tricks involving walking and falling off vertical walls while harnessed, BMX bikes, scooters, and trampolines, some of which had flashing multicolored glowlights to "Give Me Everything"
Eliminated

Tim Hockenberry
8
Singer/pianist performed "Imagine" by John Lennon with a keyboard and an accompanying cellist
Eliminated

The Untouchables
9
Dance troupe performed a tango to "Tango Apache" by In-Grid with a quick-change illusion
Advanced

Olate Dogs
10
Dog trick act performed a series of tricks that included jumping over flags, walking on their hind legs, riding a scooter, forming a small Congo line, and doing back flips
Advanced

Lightwire Theater
11
Glowlight dance group performed an act in which an anthropomorphic saber-toothed cat fights two dinosaurs with light-saber-like weapons and Matrix-style effects
Lost Judges' Choice

David Garibaldi and His CMYK's
12
Performance painters painted a portrait of the Statue of Liberty with Lenny Kravitz's face on multiple panes to "Joker & the Thief" by Wolfmother
Judges' Choice (2-1, Sharon dissented)

text: Finale[edit]

text:
Key

  Winner

  Runner-up

  3rd place

  4th place

  5th place

  6th place

text: The two-night finals aired on September 12 & 13, 2012, with six acts competing for the $1 million grand prize.

text: The following acts performed on Wednesday, September 12.

text: Guests: Justin Bieber, Big Sean, Green Day, Joan Rivers, OneRepublic, Ne-Yo, Flo Rida, Frankie J, Blue Man Group, Burton Crane

text:
Act
Order
Performance description
Result

David Garibaldi and His CMYK's
1
The performance painters painted a portrait of Albert Einstein on a rotating canvas to "Won't Get Fooled Again"; additionally, the CMYK's painted the first letters of the colors they represent (cyan, magenta, yellow, and key black) on their own separate respective colored canvases
4th place

Tom Cotter
2
The comedian had host Nick Cannon roll a large plush die with various subjects on each side; landing on "Poor Examples", he then performed a rapid-fire comedic routine about poor examples for children in classic children's literature
Runner-up

The Untouchables
3
The dance troupe performed a Jive routine to "Proud Mary" by Tina Turner
6th place

Joe Castillo
4
The sand artist drew host Cannon and judges Mandel, Osbourne, and Stern in the sand as a tribute to the show, with a live band performing the music
5th place

William Close
5
The "Earth harpist" and instrument builder performed two re-orchestrated versions of "Pachelbel's Canon" and "America the Beautiful" with his Earth Harp Collective
3rd place

Olate Dogs
6
The dog trick act performed to "Hey Pachuco" by Royal Crown Revue, with a series of tricks including riding in a toy SUV, walking and jumping over hurdles on their hind legs, tumbling, walking on a wheel that was being pushed by another dog, backflips, and finally, two dogs walking wheelbarrow-style over the judges' table
Winner

text: Top 48 acts[edit]

text: The following is the list of the 48 quarter-finalists who passed through Las Vegas Week, plus the 12 contestants that were picked from the separate YouTube auditions, and two Wild Card Acts that were eliminated in Las Vegas but invited to the quarterfinals in week six by the judges. There were 24 semifinalists.

text: Italics indicate that the act was selected in week five from the YouTube auditions and did not compete in the preliminary auditions or Las Vegas Week; therefore, the quarter-finals were their debut on the show.

text:
Key
     Winner
     Runner-up
     Finalist
     Semi-finalist
     Wild Card[22]

text:
Name of act
Age(s)
Genre
Act
Hometown[23]
Qtr. final (week)
Semifinal (week)

Olate Dogs
19, 55
Animal
Dog trick act
New York, New York
4
2

Tom Cotter
48
Comedy
Stand-up comedian
Stony Point, New York
2
1

William Close
42
Music
Earth harpist
Los Angeles, California
4
1

David Garibaldi and His CMYK's
26–30
Performance
Art performers
Sacramento, California
1
2

Joe Castillo
64
Performance
Sand artist
Lexington, Kentucky
4
1

The Untouchables[note 1]
8–13
Dance
Dance troupe
Miami, Florida
3
2

Academy of Villains

Dance
Hip-hop dance troupe
San Francisco, California
5
1

All That![note 2]
23–36
Dance
Clogging dance troupe
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
4, 6
2

All Wheel Sports
18–35
Extreme
BMX action team
Los Angeles, California
3
2

Andrew De Leon[note 3]
19
Music
Opera singer
Kyle, Texas
6
1

Bria Kelly
16
Music
Singer
Virginia Beach, Virginia
5
1

Clint Carvalho and His Extreme Parrots
52
Animal
Parrot trainer
Las Vegas, Nevada
5
2

Donovan & Rebecca[note 4]
44, 36
Acrobatics
Acrobats/aerialists
Stony Brook, New York
2
1

Edon
14
Music
Singer
Chicago, Illinois
1
1

Eric Dittelman[note 5]
26
Magic
Mind reader
Boston, Massachusetts
4
1

Jacob Williams
23
Comedy
Stand-up comedian
Chicago, Illinois
3
2

Lightwire Theater
25–43
Technology/dance
Glow-light dance group
New Orleans, Louisiana
3
2

The Magic of Puck
46
Magic
Magician
Roosevelt, New York
5
2

The Scott Brothers[note 6]
47, 48
Dance
Cartoon-pop dance duo
Las Vegas, Nevada
1
1

Sebastien "El Charro de Oro"
10–30
Music
Mariachi singer and band
San Antonio, Texas
4, 6
2

Shanice & Maurice Hayes
18, 62
Music
Singing duo
Kansas City, Missouri
1
2

Tim Hockenberry
50
Music
Singer/pianist
San Francisco, California
2
2

Todd Oliver
53
Comedy
Ventriloquist
Branson, Missouri
1, 6
1

Turf
21
Dance
Contortionist/dancer
San Francisco, California
2
1

Bandbaz Brothers[note 3]
34, 59
Acrobatics
Balancing duo
Las Vegas, Nevada
6
N/A

Ben Blaque
33
Extreme
Crossbow performer
Branson, Missouri
2, 6
N/A

Cristin Sandu
18
Extreme
Balancing performer
Las Vegas, Nevada
3, 6
N/A

Horse
25
Novelty
Groin attack taker
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
4, 6
N/A

Jake Wesley Rogers
15
Music
Singer
Ozark, Missouri
3, 6
N/A

Jarrett & Raja
39, 32
Magic/music
Comedic illusionists
Las Vegas, Nevada
1, 6
N/A

Lindsey Norton
17
Dance
Dancer
Tampa, Florida
4, 6
N/A

Spencer Horsman
26
Magic
Escape artist
Baltimore, Maryland
3, 6
N/A

7 in Unison
14–15
Dance
Dance troupe
Yorba Linda, California
5
N/A

787 Crew
19–31
Dance
Dance crew
San Juan, Puerto Rico
1
N/A

All Beef Patty
38
Music
Drag queen
Brooklyn, New York
3
N/A

All Ways, The
19–22
Music
Rock band
New York, New York
2
N/A

American BMX Stunt Team
20–44
Extreme
BMX stunt riders
Durham, North Carolina
1
N/A

Aurora Light Painters
38–46
Performance
Light-painting troupe
San Francisco, California
2
N/A

Big Barry
70
Music
Singer
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
2
N/A

Cast in Bronze
61
Music
Carillon performer
St. Peters, Pennsylvania
5
N/A

Danielle Stallings
14
Music
Singer
Richmond, Virginia
2
N/A

David "The Bullet" Smith
34
Extreme
Human cannonball performer
Englewood, Florida
4
N/A

Distinguished Men of Brass
24–60
Music
Marching band
Tampa, Florida
1
N/A

Drew Erwin
16
Music
Singer
Arlington, Tennessee
5
N/A

Elusive
21
Dance
B-boy dancer
Austin, Texas
3
N/A

Eric and Olivia
20
Music
Singing/music duo
Austin, Texas
4
N/A

Eric Buss
37
Performance
Novelty act
Tucson, Arizona
5
N/A

Hawley Magic
30
Magic
Magicians/illusionists
Shelby, North Carolina
2
N/A

Inspire the Fire
13–29
Music/Dance
Singing/dance troupe
Charlotte, North Carolina
3
N/A

Lil' Starr
6
Dance
Tap dancer
Chino, California
1
N/A

LionDanceMe
14–35
Performance
Lion dance danger act
San Francisco, California
2
N/A

Lisa Clark Dancers
14–18
Dance
Dance troupe
Suisun City, California
2
N/A

Melinda Hill
39
Comedy
Stand-up comedian
Los Angeles, California
5
N/A

Michael Nejad
55
Music
Household music performer
San Jose, California
1
N/A

Nikki Jensen
25
Music
Singer
Sydney, Australia
1
N/A

Reverse Order

Music
Rock band
Hackettstown, New Jersey
5
N/A

Rock Star Juggler Mike Price
33
Performance
Juggler
Las Vegas, Nevada
3
N/A

Romeo Dance Cheetah
30
Performance
Air guitarist
Chicago, Illinois
5
N/A

Rudy Coby
48
Magic
Illusionist
Los Angeles, California
5
N/A

Ulysses
49
Music
Singer
Statesville, North Carolina
4
N/A

Unity in Motion
11–16
Dance
Dancers/contortionists
Cape May, New Jersey
4
N/A

Wordspit and the Illest!
20–27
Music
Hip-hop/rock band
New York, New York
3
N/A

text:
Jump up ^ The Untouchables include the children of two members from the Miami All Stars, a Top Ten finalist in season six.
Jump up ^ All That! also competed in season one, where they placed runner-up along with The Millers.
^ Jump up to: a b The contestants were selected for the Wild Card episode, but were originally eliminated in Las Vegas Week.
Jump up ^ Donovan and Rebecca also competed in Britain's Got Talent with the name Crazeehorse, finishing in the semifinals. They also appeared on France's Incroyable Talent.[24]
Jump up ^ In his accompanying montage for his Semifinal performance, Dittelman mentioned that people have been constantly calling him by just his last name, so he was going with it. As a visual gag, an AGT X was placed over his first name within said montage.
Jump up ^ The Scott Brothers also competed in season 4, finishing in Vegas Week.

text: Production[edit]

text: Simon Cowell, the show's executive producer, also announced in The New York Post in December 2011 that the show will be receiving a "top-to-bottom makeover", confirming that there will be new graphics, lighting, theme music, show intro and a larger live audience. Sharon Osbourne and Howie Mandel returned as judges, in addition to Nick Cannon who was back as host. Promotional videos began airing during the Super Bowl, promoting Howard Stern as a new judge.

text: On December 19, 2011, Cowell revealed plans to add a fourth, younger, female judge to the panel. He stated in an interview that he thought that four-person panels "leave less room for error". However, on January 9, 2012, Stern announced on his radio show that there would not be an additional judge, and no fourth judge was added.

text: NBC released several promotional videos on April 13, 2012, with shots of the current season, displaying changes in the show's set.

text: Additional changes in the live show set were unveiled in the live show on July 2, 2012. The new set for the live show shares similarities with Britain's Got Talent, in addition to a brand new judges' table with a revised design of the "X".

text: Snapple was the official beverage sponsor. Its product was on the judges' table throughout the season.[25]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The season premiere averaged 10.48 million viewers, with a 3.7 rating in the key 18-49 demographic. Although the AGT premiere achieved lower ratings than the previous season's opener,[26] it faced regular season competition from popular CBS comedies How I Met Your Mother (3.7 rating), and Two and a Half Men (3.9 rating) as well as ABC's Dancing with the Stars (2.6 rating). This contrasts with the previous season, where Talent premiered with no competition from regular season shows. Critics disputed how Howard Stern's presence on the show affected ratings.[26]

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Show
Episode
First air date
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Timeslot
rank
Nightly
rank
Weekly
rank

1
Los Angeles and St. Louis Auditions
May 14, 2012
3.7
10
10.48[27]
1
2
16

2
San Francisco Auditions
May 15, 2012
3.4
10
10.58[28]
2
2
15

3
New York Auditions (Part 1)
May 21, 2012
3.2
9
9.66[29]
1
1
6

4
New York Auditions (Part 2)
May 22, 2012
3.3
9
9.44[30]
1
2
7

5
Tampa Bay Auditions (Part 1)
May 28, 2012
2.8
8
9.96[31]
1
1
3

6
St. Louis Auditions (Part 2)
May 29, 2012
3.7
10
11.51[32]
1
1
1

7
Austin Auditions (Part 1)
June 4, 2012
3.3
10
12.22[33]
1
1
2

8
Austin Auditions (Part 2)
June 5, 2012
3.5
11
12.55[34]
1
1
1

9
Tampa Bay Auditions (Part 2)
June 12, 2012
3.0
8
11.18[35]
2
2
4

10
Final Auditions
June 18, 2012
2.9
9
11.43[36]
1
1
3

11
Las Vegas Week (Part 1)
June 25, 2012
3.0
8
10.45[37]
1
1
3

12
Las Vegas Week (Part 2)
June 26, 2012
3.2
9
11.67[38]
1
1
1

13
Las Vegas Week (Part 3)
June 27, 2012
2.8
9
10.66[39]
1
1
2

14
Top 48, Week 1 (performances)
July 2, 2012
2.9
8
10.19[40]
1
1
1

15
Top 48, Week 1 (results)
July 3, 2012
2.3
8
9.32[41]
1
1
2

16
Top 48, Week 2 (performances)
July 10, 2012
2.8
9
10.69[42]
2
2
2

17
Top 48, Week 2 (results)
July 11, 2012
2.0
6
8.08[43]
1
1
6

18
Top 48, Week 3 (performances)
July 17, 2012
2.6
8
10.17[44]
1
1
1

19
Top 48, Week 3 (results)
July 18, 2012
2.0
6
7.61[45]
1
1
5

20
Top 48, Week 4 (performances)
July 24, 2012
2.7
8
10.43[46]
1
1
4

21
Top 48, Week 4 (results)
July 25, 2012
2.2
6
8.76[47]
1
1
5

22
YouTube Snapple Special
August 14, 2012
2.8
8
9.97[48]
1
1
2

23
YouTube Snapple Special (results)
August 15, 2012
2.3
6
8.48[49]
1
1
5

24
Wild Card
August 21, 2012
2.5
8
9.90[50]
1
1
1

25
Wild Card (results)
August 22, 2012
2.3
7
8.60[51]
1
1
2

26
Semifinals, Round 1 (performances)
August 28, 2012
2.5
7
9.89[52]
1
1
1

27
Semifinals, Round 1 (results)
August 29, 2012
2.2
6
8.34[53]
1
1
3

28
Semifinals, Round 2 (performances)
September 4, 2012
2.4
7
8.93[54]
1
1
8

29
Semifinals, Round 2 (results)
September 6, 2012
1.9
6
7.87[55]
1
1
10

30
Finals (performances)
September 12, 2012
2.9
8
11.05[56]
1
1
12

31
Finale
September 13, 2012
2.4
7
10.59[57]
1
1
19

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Tim Poe[edit]

text: There was a controversy surrounding Sgt. Tim Poe's audition on an episode of Talent that aired on June 4, in which Poe had an audible stutter, and claimed that he had gotten the vocal impediment from an injury sustained after being hit by a grenade while serving as part of the Minnesota National Guard's forces in the War in Afghanistan. Investigations by the Associated Press found the claim to be false, and the Minnesota National Guard confirmed that Poe had never been injured in Afghanistan. Poe did produce military documentation stating that "injury and disease occurred as a result of a hand grenade exploding to the right side of his head," but both the US Army and Minnesota National Guard were unable to verify these claims.[58]

text: Poe sang the song "If Tomorrow Never Comes" by Garth Brooks, and won praise from all three judges. There were questions as to whether Poe would have to be disqualified from advancing to further rounds, but it was revealed during Las Vegas Week that Poe had not been advanced to the live shows.[59] Howard Stern has called the lie "wrong on so many levels".[60] On November 15, 2012, he responded to these accusations on an episode of Dr. Phil.

text: Sharon Osbourne's departure[edit]

text: On July 24, 2012, Sharon Osbourne announced via Twitter that she would not be returning to the show for another season.[61] The next day, however, Osbourne announced that she was unsure of whether she would return.[62][63][64] On August 6, it was confirmed that Osbourne was leaving the show at the end of season seven because of a feud with NBC.[65]

text: Contestants who appeared on other shows[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Horse competed on season four of American Ninja Warrior.

text: Unity in Motion competed in season four under the name Pixie Mystére. They lost the judges vote, finishing in the quarterfinals.


document_title: Comet tail

question_text: where does the tail of a comet always point

root

text: Comet tail

text: Tail formation[edit]

text: In the outer Solar System, comets remain frozen and are extremely difficult or impossible to detect from Earth due to their small size. Statistical detections of inactive comet nuclei in the Kuiper belt have been reported from the Hubble Space Telescope observations,[1][2] but these detections have been questioned,[3][4] and have not yet been independently confirmed. As a comet approaches the inner Solar System, solar radiation causes the volatile materials within the comet to vaporize and stream out of the nucleus, carrying dust away with them. The streams of dust and gas thus released form a huge, extremely tenuous atmosphere around the comet called the coma, and the force exerted on the coma by the Sun's radiation pressure and solar wind cause an enormous tail to form, which points away from the Sun.

tag: p

text: The streams of dust and gas each form their own distinct tail, pointing in slightly different directions. The tail of dust is left behind in the comet's orbit in such a manner that it often forms a curved tail called the antitail, only when it seems that it is directed towards the Sun. At the same time, the ion tail, made of gases, always points along the streamlines of the solar wind as it is strongly affected by the magnetic field of the plasma of the solar wind. The ion tail follows the magnetic field lines rather than an orbital trajectory. Parallax viewing from the Earth may sometimes mean the tails appear to point in opposite directions.[5]

text: Size[edit]

text: While the solid nucleus of comets is generally less than 50 km across, the coma may be larger than the Sun, and ion tails have been observed to extend 3.8 astronomical units (570 Gm; 350×10^6 mi).[6]

text: The Ulysses spacecraft made an unexpected pass through the tail of the comet C/2006 P1 (Comet McNaught), on February 3, 2007.[7] Evidence of the encounter was published in the October 1, 2007 issue of the Astrophysical Journal.[8]

text: Magnetosphere[edit]

text: The observation of antitails contributed significantly to the discovery of solar wind.[9] The ion tail is the result of ultraviolet radiation ejecting electrons off particles in the coma. Once the particles have been ionised, they form a plasma which in turn induces a magnetosphere around the comet. The comet and its induced magnetic field form an obstacle to outward flowing solar wind particles. The comet is supersonic relative to the solar wind, so a bow shock is formed upstream of the comet (i.e. facing the Sun), in the flow direction of the solar wind. In this bow shock, large concentrations of cometary ions (called "pick-up ions") congregate and act to "load" the solar magnetic field with plasma. The field lines "drape" around the comet forming the ion tail.[10] (This is similar to the formation of planetary magnetospheres.)

text: Tail loss[edit]

text: If the ion tail loading is sufficient, then the magnetic field lines are squeezed together to the point where, at some distance along the ion tail, magnetic reconnection occurs. This leads to a "tail disconnection event".[10] This has been observed on a number of occasions, notable among which was on the 20th. April 2007 when the ion tail of comet Encke was completely severed as the comet passed through a coronal mass ejection.[11] This event was observed by the STEREO spacecraft.[12] A disconnection event was also seen with C/2009 R1 (McNaught) on May 26, 2010.[13]

text: Analogues[edit]

text: On January 29, 2013, ESA scientists reported that the ionosphere of the planet Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to "the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions."[14][15]


document_title: Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown

question_text: where does never back down 2 take place

question_tokens: where does never back down 2 take place

text: Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown

text: Plot[edit]

text: After losing a fight, boxer Zack Gomes is informed by a doctor that he has sustained a partially detached retina, and he may risk permanent blindness should he receive another hit to the head. On his way out of the hospital, he overhears the receptionist talking about MMA while viewing the website for an upcoming underground event known as "The Beatdown". Talented MMA fighter Tim Newhouse struggles to help his family when they are in debt following the death of his father. Former high school wrestler Mike Stokes is the new kid in college and deals with issues involving his father leaving his mother for a man. Comic book store clerk Justin Epstein is walking home when he is run down and stabbed by bullies. However, he is saved by Tim and his martial arts master Case Walker, who are training in a vacant lot.

text: Mike gets kicked off the college wrestling team for starting a brawl and knocking out a teammate who made degrading comments about his father. Afterwards, he goes to see Max Cooperman, who had previously contacted him about entering the Beatdown. Outside Max's dorm room, Mike meets Zack with both taking an instant disliking to each other. As part of their tryout, they brawl for a bit and Max tells them that while they are good, they need to get better. Max proceeds to refer them to Case, who is described to have a lifelong history of martial arts that consists of being a Kyokushin and Shotokan karate black-belt, a former collegiate wrestler, a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu expert and Self defense instructor. He was set to become a phenomenon in the MMA world years ago.

text: They find Case at his home in an old junkyard with a makeshift gym where Tim and Justin are already training. Case is at first reluctant to train either of them, but he states that he will teach each of them differently and they must follow his orders without question. A few weeks into training, they each get into an argument over their reasons for training and deserving to be there more, the worst of it being Justin and Zack hurting each other physically, leaving them to settle it themselves. Max goes into Case's trailer and offers him the chance to make some money and at the same time, help him promote the Beatdown. Later on, Case is harassed by police officers, who threaten him for violating his probation. Because of this, the team builds a new gym where they can train and hold the Beatdown tournament. Danger strikes when Justin snaps from constant bullying, goes rogue and decides to not only attack his personal enemies but also the group itself by framing their mentor and setting him up to go to jail. The rest of the group find out what has happened to Case and decide to band together and take on Justin at the Beatdown to avenge their mentor. With each facing their own trials to reach the final match, it comes down to only one of them versus their own. Mike defeats Zack, while Justin injures Tim in the restroom - thus eliminating him from the tournament. In the tournament finals, Mike engages Justin in a grueling fight until he wins by breaking Justin's right shoulder via an Omoplata submission hold. Justin attempts to retaliate by jumping Mike from behind, but Mike counters with a superman punch to the face.

text: As Mike and his girlfriend Eve celebrate his win, he finally calls his father and ask him to go out to dinner because they have a lot to talk about. Case gets a call from "Big" John McCarthy and confirms his return to MMA.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Evan Peters as Max Cooperman
Dean Geyer as Mike Stokes
Alex Meraz as Zack Gomes
Todd Duffee as Tim Newhouse
Scott Epstein as Justin Epstein
Jillian Murray as Eve
Michael Jai White as Case Walker
Laura Cayouette as Vale
Lyoto Machida as Himself
"Big" John McCarthy as Himself
Eddie Bravo as D.J. Bravo

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming started in September 2010 and finished in November 2010 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. On a budget of $3 million, the film was shot in four weeks, and the rehearsals took two weeks.[3] The fights were choreographed by Larnell Stovall.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Rular Rah – "It's Supposed To Happen"
Rular Rah – "The Freshest"
Joe Jackson feat. Skratch Music – "Super Star"
Stephen R. Phillips & Tim P. – "Lick My Plate"
Tucker Jameson & The Hot Mugs – "Train Tracks"
Rick Balentine – "1st Attack of the Marms"
Willknots – "Perfect Day"
Startisan – "Just"
For The Taking – "Time is Running Out"
Justyna Kelley – "Fall Into You"
Stereo Black – "Inside"
Metaphor the Great & Jonathan Jackson – "Doo Doo Butt"
Kritical – "Are You Ready For This"
Pre-Fight Hype – "It's Goin Down"
Robert Fortune – "Cadillac"
The Resistors – "UTA"
For The Taking – "Takedown"
Rular Rah – "Only If You Knew"
Compella and The Twister – "Are You Ready"
Cody B. Ware – "#33 Forever"[A]
Tucker Jameson & The Hot Mugs – "Last Train Home"
Compella and The Twister – "Dropped"

text: A ^"#33 Forever" by Cody B. Ware is mistitled as "Are You Ready" in the DVD credits.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD on September 13, 2011 from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Never Back Down: No Surrender, was released on June 7, 2016 and began filming in Thailand in June 2015 again under the direction of White, who also reprises his role as Case Walker. The film also stars Esai Morales, MMA fighter Josh Barnett, Tony Jaa, former professional wrestler Nathan Jones and Gillian Waters.[4]


document_title: Pituitary gland

question_text: where are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland made

text: Pituitary gland

text: Structure[edit]

text: The pituitary gland, in humans, is a pea-sized gland that sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica. It is composed of three lobes: anterior, intermediate, and posterior. In many animals, these three lobes are distinct.The intermediate is avascular and almost absent in human beings. The intermediate lobe is present in many lower animal species, in particular in rodents, mice and rats, that have been used extensively to study pituitary development and function.[3] In all animals, the fleshy, glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the neural composition of the posterior pituitary, which is an extension of the hypothalamus.[3]

text: Anterior[edit]

text: The anterior pituitary arises from an invagination of the oral ectoderm and forms Rathke's pouch. This contrasts with the posterior pituitary, which originates from neuroectoderm.

text: Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by parvocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamic capillaries leading to infundibular blood vessels, which in turn lead to a second capillary bed in the anterior pituitary. This vascular relationship constitutes the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. Diffusing out of the second capillary bed, the hypothalamic releasing hormones then bind to anterior pituitary endocrine cells, upregulating or downregulating their release of hormones.[4]

text: The anterior lobe of the pituitary can be divided into the pars tuberalis (pars glandularis) and pars distalis (pars glandularis) that constitutes ~80% of the gland. The pars intermedia (the intermediate lobe) lies between the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis, and is rudimentary in the human, although in other species it is more developed.[3] It develops from a depression in the dorsal wall of the pharynx (stomal part) known as Rathke's pouch.

text: The anterior pituitary contains several different types of cells[5] that synthesize and secrete hormones. Usually there is one type of cell for each major hormone formed in anterior pituitary. With special stains attached to high-affinity antibodies that bind with distinctive hormone, at least 5 types of cells can be differentiated.

text:
S.No.
Type of cell
Hormone secreted
Percentage of type of cell

1.
Somatotropes
human growth hormone (hGH)
30-40%

2.
Corticotropes
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
20%

3.
Thyrotropes
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
3-5%

4.
Gonadotropes
gonadotropic hormone i.e., both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
3-5%

5.
Lactotropes
prolactin (PRL)
3-5%

tag: table

text: Posterior[edit]

text: The posterior lobe develops as an extension of the hypothalamus.The Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by cell bodies in the hypothalamus. The magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei located in the hypothalamus that project axons down the infundibulum to terminals in the posterior pituitary. This simple arrangement differs sharply from that of the adjacent anterior pituitary, which does not develop from the hypothalamus.

text: The release of pituitary hormones by both the anterior and posterior lobes is under the control of the hypothalamus, albeit in different ways.[4]

text: Function[edit]

text: Anterior[edit]

text: The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes hormones. All releasing hormones (-RH) referred to, can also be referred to as releasing factors (-RF).

text: Somatotropes:

text: Human growth hormone (HGH), also referred to as 'growth hormone' (GH), and also as somatotropin, is released under the influence of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and is inhibited by hypothalamic somatostatin.

text: Corticotropes:

text: Cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin protein, and include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and beta-endorphin, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone are released under the influence of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).[6][7]:1210

text: Thyrotropes:

text: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is released under the influence of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and is inhibited by somatostatin.

text: Gonadotropes:

text:
Luteinizing hormone (LH).
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), both released under influence of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

text: Lactotropes:

text: Prolactin (PRL), whose release is inconsistently stimulated by hypothalamic TRH, oxytocin, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, angiotensin II, neuropeptide Y, galanin, substance P, bombesin-like peptides (gastrin-releasing peptide, neuromedin B and C), and neurotensin, and inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine.[8]

text: These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic hormones are secreted to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system, called the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system.

text: There is also a non-endocrine cell population called folliculostellate cells.

text: Intermediate[edit]

text: The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes the following important endocrine hormone:

text: Melanocyte–stimulating hormone (MSH). This is also produced in the anterior lobe.[9] When produced in the intermediate lobe, MSHs are sometimes called "intermedins".

text: Posterior[edit]

text: The posterior pituitary stores and secretes (but does not synthesize) the following important endocrine hormones:

text: Magnocellular neurons:

text:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin and arginine vasopressin AVP), the majority of which is released from the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus.
Oxytocin, most of which is released from the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop. For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which, in turn, increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues throughout labour.

text: Hormones[edit]

text: Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control the following body processes:

text:
Growth (GH)
Blood pressure
Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth (Parturition)
Breast milk production
Sex organ functions in both males and females
Thyroid gland function
The conversion of food into energy (metabolism)
Water and osmolarity regulation in the body
Water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by the kidneys
Temperature regulation
Pain relief

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Some of the diseases involving the pituitary gland are:

text:
Central diabetes insipidus caused by a deficiency of vasopressin.
Gigantism and acromegaly caused by an excess of growth hormone in childhood and adult respectively.
Hypothyroidism caused by a deficiency of thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Hyperpituitarism, the increased (hyper) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland.
Hypopituitarism, the decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland.
Panhypopituitarism a decreased secretion of most of the pituitary hormones.
Pituitary tumours.
Pituitary adenomas, noncancerous tumors that occur in the pituitary gland.

text: All of the functions of the pituitary gland can be adversely affected by an over- or under-production of associated hormones.

text: The pituitary gland is important for mediating the stress response, via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis) Critically, pituitary gland growth during adolescence can be altered by early life stress such as childhood maltreatment or maternal dysphoric behavior.[10]

text: It has been demonstrated that, after controlling for age, sex, and BMI, larger quantities of DHEA and DHEA-S tended to be linked to larger pituitary volume.[11] Additionally, a correlation between pituitary gland volume and Social Anxiety subscale scores was identified which provided a basis for exploring mediation. Again controlling for age, sex, and BMI, DHEA and DHEA-S have been found to be predictive of larger pituitary gland volume, which was also associated with increased ratings of social anxiety.[11] This research provides evidence that pituitary gland volume mediates the link between higher DHEA(S) levels (associated with relatively early adrenarche) and traits associated with social anxiety.[11] Children who experience early adrenarcheal development tend to have larger pituitary gland volume compared to children with later adrenarcheal development.[11]

text: History[edit]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Pituitary gland[edit]

text: The Greek physician Galen referred to the pituitary gland by only using the (Ancient Greek) name ἀδήν,[12] gland.[13] He described the pituitary gland as part of a series of secretory organs for the excretion of nasal mucus.[12] Anatomist Andreas Vesalius translated ἀδήν with glans, in quam pituita destillat, "gland in which slime (pituita[14]) drips".[12][15] Besides this 'descriptive' name, Vesalius used glandula pituitaria, from which the English name pituitary gland[16] is ultimately derived.

text: The expression glandula pituitaria is still used as official synonym beside hypophysis in the official Latin nomenclature Terminologia Anatomica.[17] In the seventeenth century the supposed function of the pituitary gland to produce nasal mucus was debunked.[12] The expression glandula pituitaria and its English equivalent pituitary gland can only be justified from a historical point of view.[18] The inclusion of this synonym is merely justified by noting that the main term hypophysis is a much less popular term.[19]

text: Hypophysis[edit]

text: The anatomist Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring coined the name hypophysis.[12] This name consists[12][18] of ὑπό ('under')[13] and φύειν ('to grow').[13] In later Greek ὑπόφυσις is used differently by Greek physicians as outgrowth.[12] Sömmering also used the equivalent expression appendix cerebri,[12][15] with appendix as appendage.[14] In various languages, Hirnanhang[15] in German and hersenaanhangsel[20] in Dutch, the terms are derived from appendix cerebri.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: The pituitary gland is found in all vertebrates, but its structure varies among different groups.

text: The division of the pituitary described above is typical of mammals, and is also true, to varying degrees, of all tetrapods. However, only in mammals does the posterior pituitary have a compact shape. In lungfish, it is a relatively flat sheet of tissue lying above the anterior pituitary, but in amphibians, reptiles, and birds, it becomes increasingly well developed. The intermediate lobe is, in general, not well developed in any species and is entirely absent in birds.[21]

text: The structure of the pituitary in fish, apart from the lungfish, is generally different from that in other animals. In general, the intermediate lobe tends to be well developed, and may equal the remainder of the anterior pituitary in size. The posterior lobe typically forms a sheet of tissue at the base of the pituitary stalk, and in most cases sends irregular finger-like projection into the tissue of the anterior pituitary, which lies directly beneath it. The anterior pituitary is typically divided into two regions, a more anterior rostral portion and a posterior proximal portion, but the boundary between the two is often not clearly marked. In elasmobranchs there is an additional, ventral lobe beneath the anterior pituitary proper.[21]

text: The arrangement in lampreys, which are among the most primitive of all fish, may indicate how the pituitary originally evolved in ancestral vertebrates. Here, the posterior pituitary is a simple flat sheet of tissue at the base of the brain, and there is no pituitary stalk. Rathke's pouch remains open to the outside, close to the nasal openings. Closely associated with the pouch are three distinct clusters of glandular tissue, corresponding to the intermediate lobe, and the rostral and proximal portions of the anterior pituitary. These various parts are separated by meningial membranes, suggesting that the pituitary of other vertebrates may have formed from the fusion of a pair of separate, but associated, glands.[21]

text: Most armadillos also possess a neural secretory gland very similar in form to the posterior pituitary, but located in the tail and associated with the spinal cord. This may have a function in osmoregulation.[21]

text: There is a structure analogous to the pituitary in the octopus brain.[22]

text: Intermediate lobe[edit]

text: Although rudimentary in humans (and often considered part of the anterior pituitary), the intermediate lobe located between the anterior and posterior pituitary is important to many animals. For instance, in fish, it is believed to control physiological color change. In adult humans, it is just a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary. The intermediate lobe produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), although this function is often (imprecisely) attributed to the anterior pituitary.

text: The intermediate lobe is, in general, not well developed in tetrapods, and is entirely absent in birds.[21]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Location of the pituitary gland in the human brain

Pituitary and pineal glands

The arteries of the base of the brain.

Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane.

Pituitary

Pituitary gland

Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection.