document_title: Symbol (chemistry)

question_text: what chemical element is denoted by the symbol si

root

text: Symbol (chemistry)

text: Symbols for chemical elements[edit]

text:
[hide]List of chemical elements

Z[I]
Symbol
Element
Origin of name[1][2]
Group
Period
Atomic weight[3][4] (u (±))
Density (g/cm3)
Melt (K) [5]
Boil (K)
C[I] (J/g · K)
χ[I]
Abundance in Earth's crust[II] (mg/kg)

1
H
Hydrogen
composed of the Greek elements hydro- and -gen meaning 'water-forming'
1
1
001 !1.008[III][IV][V][VI]
0.00008988
0014 !14.01
20.28
14.304
2.20
1400

2
He
Helium
the Greek helios, 'sun'
18
1
004 !4.002602(2)[III][V]
0.0001785
0.1 !—[VII]
4.22
5.193
–
0.008

3
Li
Lithium
the Greek lithos, 'stone'
1
2
007 !6.94[III][IV][V][VIII][VI]
0.534
0454 !453.69
1560
3.582
0.98
20

4
Be
Beryllium
beryl, a mineral
2
2
009 !9.0121831(5)
1.85
1560 !1560
2742
1.825
1.57
2.8

5
B
Boron
borax, a mineral
13
2
011 !10.81[III][IV][V][VI]
2.34
2349 !2349
4200
1.026
2.04
10

6
C
Carbon
the Latin carbo, 'coal'
14
2
012 !12.011[III][V][VI]
2.267
3800 !3800
4300
0.709
2.55
200

7
N
Nitrogen
the Greek nitron and '-gen' meaning 'niter-forming'
15
2
014 !14.007[III][V][VI]
0.0012506
0063 !63.15
77.36
1.04
3.04
19

8
O
Oxygen
from the Greek oxy-, both 'sharp' and 'acid', and -gen, meaning 'acid-forming'
16
2
016 !15.999[III][V][VI]
0.001429
0054 !54.36
90.20
0.918
3.44
461000

9
F
Fluorine
the Latin fluere, 'to flow'
17
2
019 !18.998403163(6)
0.001696
0053.5 !53.53
85.03
0.824
3.98
585

10
Ne
Neon
the Greek neos, meaning 'new'
18
2
020 !20.1797(6)[III][IV]
0.0008999
0024.56 !24.56
27.07
1.03
–
0.005

11
Na
Sodium
the English word soda (natrium in Latin)
1
3
023 !22.98976928(2)
0.971
0371 !370.87
1156
1.228
0.93
23600

12
Mg
Magnesium
Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece
2
3
024 !24.305[VI]
1.738
0923 !923
1363
1.023
1.31
23300

13
Al
Aluminium
from alumina, a compound (originally alumium)
13
3
027 !26.9815385(7)
2.698
0933.5 !933.47
2792
0.897
1.61
82300

14
Si
Silicon
from the Latin silex, 'flint' (originally silicium)
14
3
028 !28.085[V][VI]
2.3296
1687 !1687
3538
0.705
1.9
282000

15
P
Phosphorus
the Greek phoosphoros, 'carrying light'
15
3
031 !30.973761998(5)
1.82
0317.3 !317.30
550
0.769
2.19
1050

16
S
Sulfur
the Latin sulphur, 'fire and brimstone'
16
3
032 !32.06[III][V][VI]
2.067
0388.4 !388.36
717.87
0.71
2.58
350

17
Cl
Chlorine
the Greek chloros, 'greenish yellow'
17
3
035 !35.45[III][IV][V][VI]
0.003214
0171.6 !171.6
239.11
0.479
3.16
145

18
Ar
Argon
the Greek argos, 'idle'
18
3
040 !39.948(1)[III][V]
0.0017837
0083.8 !83.80
87.30
0.52
–
3.5

19
K
Potassium
New Latin potassa, 'potash' (kalium in Latin)
1
4
039 !39.0983(1)
0.862
0336.5 !336.53
1032
0.757
0.82
20900

20
Ca
Calcium
the Latin calx, 'lime'
2
4
041 !40.078(4)[III]
1.54
1115 !1115
1757
0.647
1
41500

21
Sc
Scandium
Scandia, the Latin name for Scandinavia
3
4
045 !44.955908(5)
2.989
1814 !1814
3109
0.568
1.36
22

22
Ti
Titanium
Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology
4
4
048 !47.867(1)
4.54
1941 !1941
3560
0.523
1.54
5650

23
V
Vanadium
Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja
5
4
051 !50.9415(1)
6.11
2183 !2183
3680
0.489
1.63
120

24
Cr
Chromium
the Greek chroma, 'color'
6
4
052 !51.9961(6)
7.15
2180 !2180
2944
0.449
1.66
102

25
Mn
Manganese
corrupted from magnesia negra, see Magnesium
7
4
055 !54.938044(3)
7.44
1519 !1519
2334
0.479
1.55
950

26
Fe
Iron
English word (ferrum in Latin)
8
4
056 !55.845(2)
7.874
1811 !1811
3134
0.449
1.83
56300

27
Co
Cobalt
the German word Kobold, 'goblin'
9
4
059 !58.933194(4)
8.86
1768 !1768
3200
0.421
1.88
25

28
Ni
Nickel
from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel
10
4
058 !58.6934(4)
8.912
1728 !1728
3186
0.444
1.91
84

29
Cu
Copper
English word (Latin cuprum)
11
4
064 !63.546(3)[V]
8.96
1357.77
2835
0.385
1.9
60

30
Zn
Zinc
German word Zinke (prong, tooth)
12
4
065 !65.38(2)
7.134
0693 !692.88
1180
0.388
1.65
70

31
Ga
Gallium
Gallia, the Latin name for France
13
4
070 !69.723(1)
5.907
0302.9 !302.9146
2673
0.371
1.81
19

32
Ge
Germanium
Germania, the Latin name for Germany
14
4
073 !72.630(8)
5.323
1211.40
3106
0.32
2.01
1.5

33
As
Arsenic
English word (Latin arsenicum)
15
4
075 !74.921595(6)
5.776
1090 !1090 [IX]
887
0.329
2.18
1.8

34
Se
Selenium
the Greek selene, 'moon'
16
4
079 !78.971(8)[V]
4.809
0453 !453
958
0.321
2.55
0.05

35
Br
Bromine
the Greek bromos, 'stench'
17
4
080 !79.904[VI]
3.122
0265.8 !265.8
332.0
0.474
2.96
2.4

36
Kr
Krypton
the Greek kryptos, 'hidden'
18
4
084 !83.798(2)[III][IV]
0.003733
0115.8 !115.79
119.93
0.248
3
.0001 !1×10−4

37
Rb
Rubidium
the Latin rubidus, 'deep red'
1
5
085 !85.4678(3)[III]
1.532
0312.5 !312.46
961
0.363
0.82
90

38
Sr
Strontium
Strontian, a small town in Scotland
2
5
087 !87.62(1)[III][V]
2.64
1050
1655
0.301
0.95
370

39
Y
Yttrium
Ytterby, Sweden
3
5
089 !88.90584(2)
4.469
1799
3609
0.298
1.22
33

40
Zr
Zirconium
Persian Zargun, 'gold-colored'; German Zirkoon, 'jargoon'
4
5
091 !91.224(2)[III]
6.506
2128
4682
0.278
1.33
165

41
Nb
Niobium
Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology
5
5
093 !92.90637(2)
8.57
2750
5017
0.265
1.6
20

42
Mo
Molybdenum
the Greek molybdos meaning 'lead'
6
5
096 !95.95(1)[III]
10.22
2896
4912
0.251
2.16
1.2

43
Tc
Technetium
the Greek tekhnètos meaning 'artificial'
7
5
098 ![98][X]
11.5
2430
4538
–
1.9
.000000003 !~ 3×10−9[XI]

44
Ru
Ruthenium
Ruthenia, the New Latin name for Russia
8
5
101.07(2)[III]
12.37
2607
4423
0.238
2.2
0.001

45
Rh
Rhodium
the Greek rhodos, meaning 'rose coloured'
9
5
102.90550(2)
12.41
2237
3968
0.243
2.28
0.001

46
Pd
Palladium
the then recently discovered asteroid Pallas, considered a planet at the time
10
5
106.42(1)[III]
12.02
1828.05
3236
0.244
2.2
0.015

47
Ag
Silver
English word (argentum in Latin)
11
5
107.8682(2)[III]
10.501
1234.93
2435
0.235
1.93
0.075

48
Cd
Cadmium
the New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos
12
5
112.414(4)[III]
8.69
0594.22 !594.22
1040
0.232
1.69
0.159

49
In
Indium
indigo
13
5
114.818(1)
7.31
0429.75 !429.75
2345
0.233
1.78
0.25

50
Sn
Tin
English word (stannum in Latin)
14
5
118.710(7)[III]
7.287
0505.08 !505.08
2875
0.228
1.96
2.3

51
Sb
Antimony
uncertain: perhaps from the Greek anti, 'against', and monos, 'alone', or the Old French antimoine, 'Monk's bane' (stibium in Latin)
15
5
121.760(1)[III]
6.685
0903.78 !903.78
1860
0.207
2.05
0.2

52
Te
Tellurium
Latin tellus, 'earth'
16
5
127.60(3)[III]
6.232
0722.66 !722.66
1261
0.202
2.1
0.001

53
I
Iodine
French iode (after the Greek ioeides, 'violet')
17
5
126.90447(3)
4.93
0386.85 !386.85
457.4
0.214
2.66
0.45

54
Xe
Xenon
the Greek xenos, 'strange'
18
5
131.293(6)[III][IV]
0.005887
0161.4 !161.4
165.03
0.158
2.6
.00003 !3×10−5

55
Cs
Caesium
the Latin caesius, 'sky blue'
1
6
132.90545196(6)
1.873
0301.59 !301.59
944
0.242
0.79
3

56
Ba
Barium
the Greek barys, 'heavy'
2
6
137.327(7)
3.594
1000
2170
0.204
0.89
425

57
La
Lanthanum
the Greek lanthanein, 'to lie hidden'
3
6
138.90547(7)[III]
6.145
1193
3737
0.195
1.1
39

58
Ce
Cerium
the then recently discovered asteroid Ceres, considered a planet at the time

6
140.116(1)[III]
6.77
1068
3716
0.192
1.12
66.5

59
Pr
Praseodymium
the Greek praseios didymos meaning 'green twin'

6
140.90766(2)
6.773
1208
3793
0.193
1.13
9.2

60
Nd
Neodymium
the Greek neos didymos meaning 'new twin'

6
144.242(3)[III]
7.007
1297
3347
0.19
1.14
41.5

61
Pm
Promethium
Prometheus of Greek mythology who stole fire from the Gods and gave it to humans

6
145 ![145][X]
7.26
1315
3273
–
1.13
.0000000000000000002 !2×10−19[XI]

62
Sm
Samarium
Samarskite, the name of the mineral from which it was first isolated

6
150.36(2)[III]
7.52
1345
2067
0.197
1.17
7.05

63
Eu
Europium
Europe

6
151.964(1)[III]
5.243
1099
1802
0.182
1.2
2

64
Gd
Gadolinium
Johan Gadolin, chemist, physicist and mineralogist

6
157.25(3)[III]
7.895
1585
3546
0.236
1.2
6.2

65
Tb
Terbium
Ytterby, Sweden

6
158.92535(2)
8.229
1629
3503
0.182
1.2
1.2

66
Dy
Dysprosium
the Greek dysprositos, 'hard to get'

6
162.500(1)[III]
8.55
1680
2840
0.17
1.22
5.2

67
Ho
Holmium
Holmia, the New Latin name for Stockholm

6
164.93033(2)
8.795
1734
2993
0.165
1.23
1.3

68
Er
Erbium
Ytterby, Sweden

6
167.259(3)[III]
9.066
1802
3141
0.168
1.24
3.5

69
Tm
Thulium
Thule, the ancient name for Scandinavia

6
168.93422(2)
9.321
1818
2223
0.16
1.25
0.52

70
Yb
Ytterbium
Ytterby, Sweden

6
173.045(10)[III]
6.965
1097
1469
0.155
1.1
3.2

71
Lu
Lutetium
Lutetia, the Latin name for Paris

6
174.9668(1)[III]
9.84
1925
3675
0.154
1.27
0.8

72
Hf
Hafnium
Hafnia, the New Latin name for Copenhagen
4
6
178.49(2)
13.31
2506
4876
0.144
1.3
3

73
Ta
Tantalum
King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology
5
6
180.94788(2)
16.654
3290
5731
0.14
1.5
2

74
W
Tungsten
the Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone' (W is wolfram, the old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite)
6
6
183.84(1)
19.25
3695
5828
0.132
2.36
1.3

75
Re
Rhenium
Rhenus, the Latin name for the river Rhine
7
6
186.207(1)
21.02
3459
5869
0.137
1.9
.0007 !7×10−4

76
Os
Osmium
the Greek osmè, meaning 'smell'
8
6
190.23(3)[III]
22.61
3306
5285
0.13
2.2
0.002

77
Ir
Iridium
Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow
9
6
192.217(3)
22.56
2719
4701
0.131
2.2
0.001

78
Pt
Platinum
the Spanish platina, meaning 'little silver'
10
6
195.084(9)
21.46
2041.4
4098
0.133
2.28
0.005

79
Au
Gold
English word (aurum in Latin)
11
6
196.966569(5)
19.282
1337.33
3129
0.129
2.54
0.004

80
Hg
Mercury
the New Latin name mercurius, named after the Roman god (Hg from former name hydrargyrum, from Greek hydr-, 'water', and argyros, 'silver')
12
6
200.592(3)
13.5336
0234.43 !234.43
629.88
0.14
2
0.085

81
Tl
Thallium
the Greek thallos, 'green twig'
13
6
204.38[VI]
11.85
0577 !577
1746
0.129
1.62
0.85

82
Pb
Lead
English word (plumbum in Latin)
14
6
207.2(1)[III][V]
11.342
0600.61 !600.61
2022
0.129
1.87
14

83
Bi
Bismuth
Uncertain, possibly Arabic or German
15
6
208.98040(1)[X]
9.807
0544.7 !544.7
1837
0.122
2.02
0.009

84
Po
Polonium
Named after the home country of Marie Curie (Polonia, Latin for Poland), who is also the discoverer of Radium
16
6
209 ![209][X]
9.32
0527 !527
1235
–
2.0
.0000000002 !2×10−10[XI]

85
At
Astatine
the Greek astatos, 'unstable'
17
6
210 ![210][X]
7
0575 !575
610
–
2.2
0.000000000000000000003 !3×10−20[XI]

86
Rn
Radon
From radium, as it was first detected as an emission from radium during radioactive decay
18
6
222 ![222][X]
0.00973
0202 !202
211.3
0.094
2.2
.0000000000004 !4×10−13[XI]

87
Fr
Francium
Francia, the New Latin name for France
1
7
223 ![223][X]
1.87
0300 !300
950
–
0.7
0.000000000000000001 !~ 1×10−18[XI]

88
Ra
Radium
the Latin radius, 'ray'
2
7
223 ![226][X]
5.5
0973 !973
2010
0.094
0.9
.0000009 !9×10−7[XI]

89
Ac
Actinium
the Greek aktis, 'ray'
3
7
227 ![227][X]
10.07
1323
3471
0.12
1.1
.00000000055 !5.5×10−10[XI]

90
Th
Thorium
Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder

7
232.0377(4)[X][III]
11.72
2115
5061
0.113
1.3
9.6

91
Pa
Protactinium
the Greek protos, 'first', and actinium, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium

7
231.03588(2)[X]
15.37
1841
4300
–
1.5
.0000014 !1.4×10−6[XI]

92
U
Uranium
Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System

7
238.02891(3)[X]
18.95
1405.3
4404
0.116
1.38
2.7

93
Np
Neptunium
Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System

7
237 ![237][X]
20.45
0917 !917
4273
–
1.36
0.000000000003 !≤ 3×10−12[XI]

94
Pu
Plutonium
Pluto, a dwarf planet in the Solar System (then considered the ninth planet)

7
244 ![244][X]
19.84
0912.5 !912.5
3501
–
1.28
0.00000000003 !≤ 3×10−11[XI]

95
Am
Americium
The Americas, as the element was first synthesized on the continent, by analogy with europium

7
243 ![243][X]
13.69
1449
2880
–
1.13
0 !0[XII]

96
Cm
Curium
Pierre Curie, a physicist, and Marie Curie, a physicist and chemist, named after great scientists by analogy with gadolinium

7
247 ![247][X]
13.51
1613
3383
–
1.28
0 !0[XII]

97
Bk
Berkelium
Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with terbium

7
247 ![247][X]
14.79
1259
2900
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

98
Cf
Californium
California, where the element was first synthesized

7
251 ![251][X]
15.1
1173
1743 !(1743)[XIII]
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

99
Es
Einsteinium
Albert Einstein, physicist

7
252 ![252][X]
8.84
1133
1269 !(1269)[XIII]
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

100
Fm
Fermium
Enrico Fermi, physicist

7
257 ![257][X]
9.7 !(9.7)[XIII]
1125 !(1125)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

101
Md
Mendelevium
Dmitri Mendeleev, chemist and inventor

7
258 ![258][X]
10.3 !(10.3)[XIII]
1100 !(1100)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

102
No
Nobelium
Alfred Nobel, chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer

7
259 ![259][X]
9.9 !(9.9)[XIII]
1100 !(1100)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

103
Lr
Lawrencium
Ernest O. Lawrence, physicist

7
266 ![266][X]
15.6 !(15.6)[XIII]
1900 !(1900)[XIII]
–
–
1.3
0 !0[XII]

104
Rf
Rutherfordium
Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist
4
7
267 ![267][X]
23.2 !(23.2)[XIII]
2400 !(2400)[XIII]
5800 !(5800)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

105
Db
Dubnium
Dubna, Russia
5
7
268 ![268][X]
29.3 !(29.3)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

106
Sg
Seaborgium
Glenn T. Seaborg, scientist
6
7
269 ![269][X]
35.0 !(35.0)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

107
Bh
Bohrium
Niels Bohr, physicist
7
7
270 ![270][X]
37.1 !(37.1)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

108
Hs
Hassium
Hesse, Germany, where the element was first synthesized
8
7
277 ![277][X]
40.7 !(40.7)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

109
Mt
Meitnerium
Lise Meitner, physicist
9
7
278 ![278][X]
37.4 !(37.4)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

110
Ds
Darmstadtium
Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesized
10
7
281 ![281][X]
34.8 !(34.8)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

111
Rg
Roentgenium
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, physicist
11
7
282 ![282][X]
28.7 !(28.7)[XIII]
–
–
–
–
0 !0[XII]

112
Cn
Copernicium
Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer
12
7
285 ![285][X]
23.7 !(23.7)[XIII]
–
357 !~357[XIV]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

113
Nh
Nihonium
the Japanese name for Japan, Nihon, where the element was first synthesized
13
7
286 ![286][X]
16 !(16)[XIII]
0700 !(700)[XIII]
1400 !(1400)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

114
Fl
Flerovium
Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR where the element was synthesized; itself named for Georgy Flyorov, physicist
14
7
289 ![289][X]
14 !(14)[XIII]
–
210 !~210
–
–
0 !0[XII]

115
Mc
Moscovium
Moscow Oblast, Russia, where the element was first synthesized
15
7
290 ![290][X]
13.5 !(13.5)[XIII]
0700 !(700)[XIII]
1400 !(1400)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

116
Lv
Livermorium
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (in Livermore, California) which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis
16
7
293 ![293][X]
12.9 !(12.9)[XIII]
0709 !(709)[XIII]
1085 !(1085)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

117
Ts
Tennessine
Tennessee, United States
17
7
294 ![294][X]
7.2 !(7.2)[XIII]
0723 !(723)[XIII]
0883 !(883)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

118
Og
Oganesson
Yuri Oganessian, physicist
18
7
294 ![294][X]
5.0 !(5.0)[XIII][XV]
–
350 !(350)[XIII]
–
–
0 !0[XII]

show
Notes

^ Jump up to: a b c Z is the standard symbol for atomic number; C is the standard symbol for heat capacity; and χ is the standard symbol for electronegativity on the Pauling scale.
Jump up ^ Unless otherwise indicated, elements are primordial – they occur naturally, and not through decay.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l The value listed is the conventional atomic-weight value suitable for trade and commerce. The actual value may differ depending on the isotopic composition of the sample. Since 2009, IUPAC provides the standard atomic-weight values for these elements using the interval notation. The corresponding standard atomic weights are:

Hydrogen: [1.00784, 1.00811]
Lithium: [6.938, 6.997]
Boron: [10.806, 10.821]
Carbon: [12.0096, 12.0116]
Nitrogen: [14.00643, 14.00728]
Oxygen: [15.99903, 15.99977]
Magnesium: [24.304, 24.307]
Silicon: [28.084, 28.086]
Sulfur: [32.059, 32.076]
Chlorine: [35.446, 35.457]
Bromine: [79.901, 79.907]
Thallium: [204.382, 204.385]

Jump up ^ Helium does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmospheres, which corresponds to a melting point of absolute zero.
Jump up ^ The atomic weight of commercial lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996—analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.
Jump up ^ This element sublimes at one atmosphere of pressure.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al The element does not have any stable nuclides, and a value in brackets, e.g. [209], indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. However, four such elements, bismuth, thorium, protactinium, and uranium, have characteristic terrestrial isotopic compositions, and thus their standard atomic weights are given.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k This element is transient – it occurs only through decay.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x This element is synthetic – the transuranic elements 95 and above do not occur naturally, but they can all be produced artificially.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj The value has not been precisely measured, usually because of the element's short half-life; the value given in parentheses is a prediction.
Jump up ^ With error bars: 357+112
−108 K.
Jump up ^ This predicted value is for liquid oganesson, not gaseous oganesson.

tag: table

text: Background color shows subcategory in the metal–metalloid–nonmetal trend:

tag: p

text:
Metal
Metalloid
Nonmetal
Unknown
chemical
properties

Alkali metal
Alkaline earth metal
Lanthanide
Actinide
Transition metal
Post-transition metal
Reactive nonmetal
Noble gas

text: Antimatter atoms are denoted by a bar above the symbol for their matter counterpart, so e.g. H is the symbol for antihydrogen.

text: Symbols and names not currently used[edit]

text: The following is a list of symbols and names formerly used or suggested for elements, including symbols for placeholder names and names given by discredited claimants for discovery.

text:
Chemical symbol
Name
Atomic number
Origin of symbol
Why not used
Refs

A
Argon
18
A used for Argon until 1957. Current symbol is Ar.
[nb 2]
[6]

Ab
Alabamine
85
Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
[nb 3]
[7]

Ad
Aldebaranium
70
Former name for ytterbium.
[nb 3]

Am
Alabamium
85
Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. The symbol is now used for americium.
[nb 3]
[7]

An
Athenium
99
Proposed name for einsteinium.
[nb 4]

Ao
Ausonium
93
Discredited claim to discovery of neptunium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Az
Azote
7
Former name for nitrogen.
[nb 2]

Bo
Boron
5
Current symbol is B.
[nb 2]

Bv
Brevium
91
Former name for protactinium.
[nb 2]

Bz
Berzelium

Baskerville wrongly believed berzelium to be a new element. Was actually thorium.
[nb 4]
[8]

Cb
Columbium
41
Former name for niobium.
[nb 2]
[7][8]

Ch
Chromium
24
Current symbol is Cr.
[nb 2]

Cl
Columbium
41
Former name for niobium. The symbol is now used for chlorine.
[nb 2]

Cn
Carolinium

Baskerville wrongly believed carolinium to be a new element. Was actually thorium. The symbol is now used for copernicium.

[8]

Cp
Cassiopeium
71
Former name for lutetium.
[nb 2]

Cp
Copernicium
112
Current symbol is Cn.
[nb 2]

Ct
Celtium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
[nb 3]

Ct
Centurium
100
Proposed name for fermium.
[nb 4]

D
Didymium

Mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium. Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element.

[9]

Da
Davyum
43
Discredited claim to discovery of technetium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Db
Dubnium
104
Proposed name for rutherfordium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 105.
[nb 2][nb 4]
[7]

Di
Didymium

Mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium. Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element.

[9]

Ds
Dysprosium
66
Current symbol is Dy. The symbol is now used for darmstadtium.
[nb 2]

E
Einsteinium
99
Current symbol is Es.
[nb 2]

E
Erbium
68
Current symbol is Er.
[nb 2]

Ea
Ekaaluminium
31
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]

Eb
Ekaboron
21
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, scandium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

El
Ekaaluminium
31
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

Em
Ekamanganese
43
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, technetium closely matched the prediction.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

Em
Emanation
86
Also called "radium emanation", the name was originally given by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in 1900. In 1923, this element officially became radon (the name given at one time to 222Rn, an isotope identified in the decay chain of radium).
[nb 2]
[7]

Em
Emanium
89
Alternate name formerly proposed for actinium.
[nb 4]

Es
Ekasilicon
32
Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, germanium closely matched the prediction. The symbol is now used for einsteinium.
[nb 4][nb 5]
[7]

Es
Esperium
94
Discredited claim to discovery of plutonium. The symbol is now used for einsteinium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Fa
Francium
87
Current symbol is Fr.
[nb 2]

Fl
Florentium
61
Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. The symbol is now used for flerovium.
[nb 3]

Fl
Fluorine
9
Current symbol is F. The symbol is now used for flerovium.
[nb 2]

Fr
Florentium
61
Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. The symbol is now used for francium.
[nb 3]
[7]

G
Glucinium
4
Former name for beryllium.
[nb 2]

Gl
Glucinium
4
Former name for beryllium.
[nb 2]
[7]

Ha
Hahnium
105
Proposed name for dubnium.
[nb 4]

Hn
Hahnium
108
Proposed name for hassium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Hv
Helvetium
85
Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
[nb 3]
[8]

Hy
Mercury
80
Hy from the Greek hydrargyrum for "liquid silver". Current symbol is Hg.
[nb 2]
[6]

I
Iridium
77
Current symbol is Ir. The symbol is now used for iodine.
[nb 2]

Il
Illinium
61
Discredited claim to discovery of promethium.
[nb 3]
[7]

J
Jodium
53
Former name for iodine.
[nb 2]

Jg
Jargonium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Jl
Joliotium
105
Proposed name for dubnium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Ka
Potassium
19
Current symbol is K.
[nb 2]

Ku
Kurchatovium
104
Proposed name for rutherfordium.
[nb 4]
[7]

L
Lithium
3
Current symbol is Li.
[nb 2]

Lw
Lawrencium
103
Current symbol is Lr.
[nb 2]

M
Muriaticum
17
Former name for chlorine.
[nb 2]

Ma
Manganese
25
Current symbol is Mn.
[nb 2]

Ma
Masurium
43
Disputed claim to discovery of technetium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Md
Mendelevium
97
Proposed name for berkelium. The symbol and name were later used for element 101.
[nb 2][nb 4]

Ml
Moldavium
87
Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
[nb 3]
[8]

Ms
Magnesium
12
Current symbol is Mg.
[nb 2]

Ms
Masurium
43
Disputed claim to discovery of technetium.
[nb 3]

Mv
Mendelevium
101
Current symbol is Md.
[nb 2]

Ng
Norwegium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
[nb 3]

No
Norium
72
Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. The symbol is now used for nobelium.
[nb 3]

Np
Nipponium
43
Discredited claim to discovery of technetium. The symbol is now used for neptunium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Ns
Nielsbohrium
105
Proposed name for dubnium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Ns
Nielsbohrium
107
Proposed name for bohrium.
[nb 4]
[7]

Nt
Niton
86
Former name for radon.
[nb 2]
[7]

Ny
Neoytterbium
70
Former name for ytterbium.
[nb 2]

P
Lead
82
Current symbol is Pb. The symbol is now used for phosphorus.
[nb 2]

Pa
Palladium
46
Current symbol is Pd. The symbol is now used for protactinium.
[nb 2]

Pe
Pelopium
41
Former name for niobium.
[nb 2]

Pl
Palladium
46
Current symbol is Pd.
[nb 2]

Po
Potassium
19
Current symbol is K. The symbol is now used for polonium.
[nb 2]

R
Rhodium
45
Current symbol is Rh.
[nb 2]

Rd
Radium
88
Current symbol is Ra.
[nb 2]

Rf
Rutherfordium
106
Proposed name for seaborgium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 104.
[nb 2][nb 4]
[7]

Ro
Rhodium
45
Current symbol is Rh.
[nb 2]

Sa
Samarium
62
Current symbol is Sm.
[nb 2]
[7]

So
Sodium
11
Current symbol is Na.
[nb 2]

St
Antimony
51
Current symbol is Sb.
[nb 2]

St
Tin
50
Current symbol is Sn.
[nb 2]

Tn
Tungsten
74
Current symbol is W.
[nb 2]

Tr
Terbium
65
Current symbol is Tb.
[nb 2]

Tu
Thulium
69
Current symbol is Tm.
[nb 2]

Tu
Tungsten
74
Current symbol is W.
[nb 2]

Unb
Unnilbium
102
Temporary name given to nobelium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Une
Unnilennium
109
Temporary name given to meitnerium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unh
Unnilhexium
106
Temporary name given to seaborgium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uno
Unniloctium
108
Temporary name given to hassium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unp
Unnilpentium
105
Temporary name given to dubnium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unq
Unnilquadium
104
Temporary name given to rutherfordium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uns
Unnilseptium
107
Temporary name given to bohrium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unt
Unniltrium
103
Temporary name given to lawrencium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Unu
Unnilunium
101
Temporary name given to mendelevium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uub
Ununbium
112
Temporary name given to copernicium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuh
Ununhexium
116
Temporary name given to livermorium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uun
Ununnilium
110
Temporary name given to darmstadtium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuo
Ununoctium
118
Temporary name given to oganesson until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uup
Ununpentium
115
Temporary name given to moscovium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuq
Ununquadium
114
Temporary name given to flerovium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uus
Ununseptium
117
Temporary name given to tennessine until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uut
Ununtrium
113
Temporary name given to nihonium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Uuu
Unununium
111
Temporary name given to roentgenium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
[nb 5]

Ur
Uranium
92
Current symbol is U.
[nb 2]

Vi
Virginium
87
Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Vm
Virginium
87
Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
[nb 3]
[7]

Va
Vanadium
23
Current symbol is V.
[nb 2]

Wo
Tungsten
74
Current symbol is W.
[nb 2]

X
Xenon
54
Current symbol is Xe.
[nb 2]

Yt
Yttrium
39
Current symbol is Y.
[nb 2]
[7]

text: Pictographic symbols[edit]

text: The following is a list of pictographic symbols employed to symbolize elements known since ancient times (for example to the alchemists). Not included in this list are symbolic representations of substances previously called elements (such as certain rare earth mineral blends and the classical elements fire and water of ancient philosophy) which are known today to be multi-atomic. Also not included are symbolic representations currently used for elements in other languages such as the Chinese characters for elements. Modern alphabetic notation was introduced in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.

text:
Chemical symbol
Original name
Modern name
Atomic number
Origin of symbol

☉
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
1
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⬤
Carbon
Carbon
6
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⦶
Azote
Nitrogen
7
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

◯
Oxygen
Oxygen
8
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⦷
Soda
Sodium
11
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

⊛
Magnesium
Magnesium
12
Alchemical symbol.

Sulfur
Sulfur
16
Alchemical symbol.

Pallas
Sulfur
16
Alchemical symbol.

🜍
Sulfur
Sulfur
16
Alchemical symbol.

ⴲ
Sulfur
Sulfur
16
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

♂
Mars
Iron
26
Alchemical symbol.

Ⓘ
Iron
Iron
26
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

Stellae Fixae
Copper
29
Pre–16th-century alchemical symbol.

♀
Venus
Copper
29
Alchemical symbol.

Copper
Copper
29
Alchemical symbol.

Ⓒ
Copper
Copper
29
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

Ⓩ
Zinc
Zinc
30
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

Arsenic
Arsenic
33
Alchemical symbol.

🜺
Arsenic
Arsenic
33
Alchemical symbol.

☽
Luna
Silver
47
Alchemical symbol.

🜛
Silver
Silver
47
Alchemical symbol.

Ⓢ
Silver
Silver
47
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

♃
Iupiter
Tin
50
Alchemical symbol.

♁
Antimony
Antimony
51
Alchemical symbol.

☉☾
Platinum
Platinum
78
Alchemical symbol.

⛢
Uranus
Platinum
78
Alchemical symbol.

☼
Sol
Gold
79
Alchemical symbol from the 16th century.

☉
Sol
Gold
79
Alchemical symbol from 1700 through 1783.

🜚
Gold
Gold
79
Alchemical symbol.

♓
Pisces
Mercury
80
Pre–16th-century alchemical symbol.

♆
Neptunus
Mercury
80
Alchemical symbol from the 17th century.

☿
Mercurius
Mercury
80
Alchemical symbol from 1700 through 1783.

♄
Saturnus
Lead
82
Alchemical symbol circa 1783.

Ⓛ
Lead
Lead
82
Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

♉
Taurus
Bismuth
83
Alchemical symbol.

text: Symbols for named isotopes[edit]

text: The following is a list of isotopes of elements given in the previous tables which have been designated unique symbols. By this it is meant that a comprehensive list of current systematic symbols (in the uAtom form) are not included in the list and can instead be found in the Isotope index chart. The symbols for the named isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (D) and tritium (T) are still in use today, as is thoron (Tn) for radon-220 (though not actinon; An is usually used instead for a generic actinide). Heavy water and other deuterated solvents are commonly used in chemistry, and it is convenient to use a single character rather than a symbol with a subscript in these cases. The practice also continues with tritium compounds. When the name of the solvent is given, a lowercase d is sometimes used. For example, d6-benzene and C6D6 can be used instead of [2H6]C6H6.[10]

text: The symbols for isotopes of elements other than hydrogen and radon are no longer in use within the scientific community. Many of these symbols were designated during the early years of radiochemistry, and several isotopes (namely those in the actinium decay family, the radium decay family, and the thorium decay family) bear placeholder names using the early naming system devised by Ernest Rutherford.[11]

text:
Chemical symbol
Name
Atomic number
Origin of symbol

Ac
Actinium
89
From the Greek aktinos. Name restricted at one time to 227Ac, an isotope of actinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 89.

AcA
Actinium A
84
From actinium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 215Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcB
Actinium B
82
From actinium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcC
Actinium C
83
From actinium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcC'
Actinium C'
84
From actinium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcC"
Actinium C"
81
From actinium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 207Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcK
Actinium K
87
Name given at one time to 223Fr, an isotope of francium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

AcU
Actino-uranium
92
Name given at one time to 235U, an isotope of uranium.

AcX
Actinium X
88
Name given at one time to 223Ra, an isotope of radium identified in the decay chain of actinium.

An
Actinon
86
From actinium and emanation. Name given at one time to 219Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of actinium.

D
Deuterium
1
From the Greek deuteros. Name given to 2H.

Io
Ionium
90
Name given to 230Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

MsTh1
Mesothorium 1
88
Name given at one time to 228Ra, an isotope of radium.

MsTh2
Mesothorium 2
89
Name given at one time to 228Ac, an isotope of actinium.

Pa
Protactinium
91
From the Greek protos and actinium. Name restricted at one time to 231Pa, an isotope of protactinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 91.

Ra
Radium
88
From the Latin radius. Name restricted at one time to 226Ra, an isotope of radium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 88.

RaA
Radium A
84
From radium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 218Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaB
Radium B
82
From radium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaC
Radium C
83
From radium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaC'
Radium C'
84
From radium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaC"
Radium C"
81
From radium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 210Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaD
Radium D
82
From radium and D. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaE
Radium E
83
From radium and E. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaE"
Radium E"
81
From radium and E". Placeholder name given at one time to 206Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RaF
Radium F
84
From radium and F. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.

RdAc
Radioactinium
90
Name given at one time to 227Th, an isotope of thorium.

RdTh
Radiothorium
90
Name given at one time to 228Th, an isotope of thorium.

Rn
Radon
86
From radium and emanation. Name restricted at one time to 222Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of radium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 86 in 1923.

T
Tritium
1
From the Greek tritos. Name given to 3H.

Th
Thorium
90
After Thor. Name restricted at one time to 232Th, an isotope of thorium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 90.

ThA
Thorium A
84
From thorium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 216Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThB
Thorium B
82
From thorium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThC
Thorium C
83
From thorium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThC'
Thorium C'
84
From thorium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThC"
Thorium C"
81
From thorium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 208Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

ThX
Thorium X
88
Name given at one time to 224Ra, an isotope of radium identified in the decay chain of thorium.

Tn
Thoron
86
From thorium and emanation. Name given at one time to 220Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of thorium.

UI
Uranium I
92
Name given at one time to 238U, an isotope of uranium.

UII
Uranium II
92
Name given at one time to 234U, an isotope of uranium.

UX1
Uranium X1
90
Name given at one time to 234Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

UX2
Uranium X2
91
Name given at one time to 234mPa, an isotope of protactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

UY
Uranium Y
90
Name given at one time to 231Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

UZ
Uranium Z
91
Name given at one time to 234Pa, an isotope of protactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

text: Other symbols[edit]

text: General:

text:
A: A deprotonated acid or an anion
An: any actinide
B: A base, often in the context of Lewis acid–base theory or Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
E: any element or electrophile
L: any ligand
Ln: any lanthanide
M: any metal
Mm: mischmetall (occasionally used)[12]
Ng: any noble gas (Rg is sometimes used, but that is also used for the element roentgenium: see above)
Nu: any nucleophile
R: any unspecified radical (moiety) not important to the discussion
St: steel (occasionally used)
X: any halogen

tag: ul

text: From organic chemistry:

text:
Ac: acetyl – (also used for the element actinium: see above)
Ad: adamantyl
Ar: aryl – (also used for the element argon: see above)
Bn: benzyl
Bu: butyl
Bz: benzoyl
Cp: cyclopentadienyl
Cy: cyclohexyl
Et: ethyl
i-Pr, iPr, Pri: isopropyl
Me: methyl
Mes: mesityl (2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)
Ms: mesyl (methylsulfonyl)
Np: neopentyl – (also used for the element neptunium: see above)
Ph: phenyl
Pr: propyl – (also used for the element praseodymium: see above)
s-Bu: sec-butyl
R: In organic chemistry contexts, an unspecified "R" is often understood to be an alkyl group
t-Bu: tert-butyl
Tf: triflyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)
Tr: trityl (triphenylmethyl)
Ts (occasionally Tos): tosyl (para toluenesulfonyl) – (also used for the element tennessine: see above)

text: Exotic atoms:

text:
Mu: muonium
Pn: protonium
Ps: positronium


document_title: List of average human height worldwide

question_text: what is the average height of a woman in france

text: List of average human height worldwide

text: Below are average adult human heights by country or geographical region. The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered.

text: As with any statistical data, the accuracy of such data may be questionable for various reasons:

text:
Some studies may allow subjects to self-report values. Generally speaking, self-reported height tends to be taller than its measured height, although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject's height, age, gender and region.[1][2][3][4]
Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random, resulting in sampling bias.
Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions. For instance, one survey shows there is 10.8 cm (4 1⁄2 in) gap between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany.[5] Under such circumstances, the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups.
Different social groups can show different mean height. According to a study in France, executives and professionals are 2.6 cm (1 in) taller, and university students are 2.55 cm (1 in) taller[6] than the national average.[7] As this case shows, data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries.
A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured, which makes it uncertain whether this sample accurately represents the entire population.
The height of persons can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as a height decrease from exercise done directly before measurement (i.e. inversely correlated), or a height increase since lying down for a significant period of time (i.e. positively correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres (0.61 in) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day.[8] Such factors may not have been controlled in some of the studies.

text: Note: Letters in grey indicate non-measured height.

text:
Country/Region
Average male height
Average female height
Stature ratio
(male to female)
Sample population /
age range
Share of
pop. over 18
covered[9][10][11]
Methodology
Year
Source

Albania
174.0 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.08
20–29 (N= m:649 f:1,806)
23.5%
Measured
2008–2009
[12][13]

Argentina
N/A
159.6 cm (5 ft 3 in)
N/A
19–49
60.4%
Measured
2004–2005
[14]

Argentina
174.46 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
161.01 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.08
Healthy, 18 (N= m:90 f:97, SD= m:7.43 cm (3 in) f:6.99 cm (3 in))
2.9%
Measured
1998–2001
[15]

Armenia
N/A
158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:4,218, SD= f:5.7 cm (2 in))
48.6%
Self-reported
2005
[16]

Australia
175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in)
161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.09
18+
100.0%
Measured
2011–2012
[17]

Australia
177.8 cm (5 ft 10 in)
163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.09
18–24
12.4%
Measured
2011–2012
[17]

Austria
179 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.08
20–49
54.3%
Measured
2006
[18]

Austria
180 cm (5 ft 11 in)
167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.08
20–24
7.7%
Measured
2006
[18]

Austria
178.80 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
N/A
1.07
30–34
7.8%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Austria
179.2 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
167.6 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.07
21 (N= m:53 f:69, SD= m:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.6 cm (2 in))
1.5%
Self-reported
2001
[20]

Azerbaijan
171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
165.4 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.04
16+
106.5%
Measured
2005
[21]

Bahrain
165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in)
154.2 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in)
1.07
19+ (N= m:1,120 f:1,181, SD= m:9.0 cm (3 1⁄2 in) f:7.8 cm (3 in))
97.7%
Measured
2002
[22]

Bahrain
171.0 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
156.6 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
1.09
18
1.9%
Measured
2009
[23][24]

Bangladesh
N/A
150.6 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:7,368, SD= f:5.5 cm (2 in))
56.2%
Self-reported
2007
[16]

Belgium
178.70 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
30–34
8.1%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Belgium
178.6 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
168.1 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.06
21 (N= m:20–49 f:20–49, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in))
1.7%
Self-reported
2001
[20]

Benin
N/A
159.3 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:11,015, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
53.5%
Self-reported
2006
[16]

Bolivia
N/A
151.8 cm (5 ft 0 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:10,302, SD= f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
52.6%
Self-reported
2003
[16]

Bolivia
160.0 cm (5 ft 3 in)
142.2 cm (4 ft 8 in)
1.13
Aymara, 20–29
N/A
Measured
1970
[25]

Bosnia and Herzegovina
183.9 cm (6 ft 1⁄2 in)
171.1 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
1.07
Students at UBL,19–32 (N= m:178 f:34, SD= m:7.11 cm (3 in) f:6.56 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
0.4%[26]
Measured
2014
[27]

Brazil
170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in)
158.8 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.07
18+ (N= m:62,037 f:65,696)
100.0%
Measured
2009
[28][29]

Brazil
173.0 cm (5 ft 8 in)
161.1 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.07
20–24 (N= m:8,299 f:7,938)
13.0%
Measured
2009
[28]

Brazil – Urban
173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
161.6 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.07
20–24 (N= m:6,360 f:6,305)
10.9%
Measured
2009
[28]

Brazil – Rural
170.9 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.07
20–24 (N= m:1,939 f:1,633)
2.1%
Measured
2009
[28]

Bulgaria
175.2 cm (5 ft 9 in)
163.2 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.07
N/A
N/A
N/A
2010
[30]

Bulgaria – Sofia
178.1 cm (5 ft 10 in)
164.8 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.08
N/A
N/A
N/A
2010
[30]

Burkina Faso
N/A
161.6 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:7,337, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
55.5%
Self-reported
2003
[16]

Cambodia
N/A
152.4 cm (5 ft 0 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:5,081, SD= f:5.4 cm (2 in))
52.2%
Self-reported
2005
[16]

Cameroon – Urban
170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in)
161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.06
15+ (N= m:3,746 f:5,078)
53.6%
Measured
2003
[31]

Cameroon – Urban
172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in)
162.0 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.06
35-44 (N= m:558 f:1,156)
8.7%
Measured
2003
[31]

Canada
175.1 cm (5 ft 9 in)
162.3 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.08
18–79
94.7%
Measured
2007–2009
[32]

Canada
176.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
163.3 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.08
25–44
36.5%
Measured
2005
[3]

Central African Republic
N/A
158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:1,408, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
50.0%
Self-reported
1994
[16]

Chad
N/A
162.6 cm (5 ft 4 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,393, SD= f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
51.9%
Self-reported
2004
[16]

Chile
169.6 cm (5 ft 7 in)
156.1 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
1.09
15+
107.2%
Measured
2009–2010
[33]

Chile
171.2 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
157.2 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.09
25–44
41.2%
Measured
2009–2010
[33]

Chile
171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.07
15–24
23.7%
Measured
2009–2010
[33]

China, People's Republic of
167.1 cm (5 ft 6 in)
155.8 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
1.07
18+
100.0%
Measured
2012
[34]

China, Mainland
172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in)
160.1 cm (5 ft 3 in)
1.07
19
2.1%
Measured
2010
[35]

China, People's Republic of – Dalian, Liaoning
177.4 cm (5 ft 10 in)
164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.08
18 (Urban students)
0.5%
Measured
2012
[36]

China, People's Republic of – Rural
166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
157.0 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.06
17
1.6%
Measured
2002
[36]

China, People's Republic of – Beijing
174.7 cm (5 ft 9 in)
161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.08
21
0.2%[37]
Measured
2010
[38]

China, People's Republic of – Sichuan
169.2 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)
158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.07
20–24
0.7%[39]
Measured
2010
[40]

Colombia
170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in)
158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.07
18–22 (N= m:1,528,875 f:1,468,110)
14.1%
Measured
2002
[41]

Colombia
N/A
155.0 cm (5 ft 1 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:22,947, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
55.8%
Self-reported
2004
[16]

Comoros
N/A
154.8 cm (5 ft 1 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:644, SD= f:5.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
49.8%
Self-reported
1996
[16]

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
N/A
157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,727, SD= f:8.0 cm (3 in))
52.7%
Self-reported
2005
[16]

Congo, Republic of the
N/A
159.0 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:3,922, SD= f:8.1 cm (3 in))
55.7%
Self-reported
2007
[16]

Croatia
180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in)
166.49 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.09
18 (N= m:358 f:360, SD= m:6.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
1.6%
Measured
2006–2008
[42]

Cuba – Urban
168 cm (5 ft 6 in)
156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
1.08
15+
79.2%
Measured
1999
[43]

Czech Republic
180.31 cm (5 ft 11 in)
167.22 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.08
17
1.6%
Measured
2001
[44]

Denmark
180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 18–20 (N= m:38,025)
5.3%
Measured
2012
[45]

Denmark
181.4 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
30
1.5%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Denmark
182.6 cm (6 ft 0 in)
168.7 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)
1.08
23 (N= m:–20 f:20–49, SD= m:NA f:7.4 cm (3 in))
1.6%
Self-reported
2001
[20]

Dinaric Alps
185.6 cm (6 ft 1 in)
171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
1.08
17
N/A
Measured
2005
[46]

Dominican Republic
172.7 cm (5 ft 8 in)
159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:4,763, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
54.8%
Self-reported
2014
[47]

El Salvador
N/A
160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in)
N/A
25–49
50.9%
Self-reported
2007
[16]

Egypt
170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in)
158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.07
20–24 (N= m:845 f:1,059)
16.6%
Measured
2008
[48]

Egypt
N/A
159.5 cm (5 ft 3 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:13,813, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
53.2%
Self-reported
2008
[16]

Estonia
179.1 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
17
2.3%
Measured
2003
[49]

Ethiopia
N/A
157.6 cm (5 ft 2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:3,868, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
53.8%
Self-reported
1997
[16]

Europe
177.6 cm (5 ft 10 in)[50]
N/A
N/A
17–29[51]
N/A
Measured and Self-reported
2001–2012
[12]

Finland
178.9 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.08
25–34 (N= m/f:2,305)
19.0%
Measured
1994
[52]

Finland
180.7 cm (5 ft 11 in)
167.2 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.08
−25 (N= m/f:26,636)
9.2%
Measured
2010–2011
[52][53]

Finland
177.9 cm (5 ft 10 in)
N/A
N/A
30–34
8.4%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

France
175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in)
162.5 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.08
18–70 (N= m/f:11,562)
85.9%
Measured
2003–2004
[54][55]

France
174.1 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.08
20+
96.6%
Measured
2001
[7]

France
177.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.08
20–29
17.5%
Measured
2001
[7]

France
176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
30–34
8.3%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Gabon
N/A
158.4 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:1,576, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
52.1%
Self-reported
2000
[16]

Gambia – Rural
168.0 cm (5 ft 6 in)
157.8 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.06
21–49 (N= m:9,559 f:13,160, SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.6 cm (2 in))
N/A
Measured
1950–1974
[56]

Germany
175.4 cm (5 ft 9 in)
162.8 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.08
18–79 (N= m/f:19,768)
94.3%
Measured
2007
[5]

Germany
178.9 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
166.1 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.08
18–37
29.2%
Measured
2007
[5]

Germany – Urban[57]
180.6 cm (5 ft 11 in)
168.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)
1.08
18–37
7.1%[58]
Measured
2007
[5]

Germany
180.17 cm (5 ft 11 in)
N/A
N/A
30–34
7.2%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Germany
178 cm (5 ft 10 in)
165 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.08
18+ (N= m:25,112 f:25,560)
100.0%
Self-reported
2009
[59]

Germany
181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
168 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.08
18–25 (N= m:2,501 f:2,227)
11.3%
Self-reported
2009
[59]

Ghana
N/A
159.3 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,958, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
54.4%
Self-reported
2008
[16]

Ghana
169.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)
158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.07
25–29
14.7%
Measured
1987–1989
[60]

Greece
177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
165 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.07
18–49
56.3%
Measured
2003
[18]

Greece
177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.07
20–24
8.5%
Measured
2003
[18]

Greece
178.06 cm (5 ft 10 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 18–26 (N= m:3,982, SD= m:7.05 cm (3 in))
13.7%
Measured
2006–2007
[61]

Greece
177.29 cm (5 ft 10 in)
N/A
N/A
30–34
9.5%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Greece
178.3 cm (5 ft 10 in)
166.6 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.07
21 (N= m:20–49 f:20–49, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in))
1.8%
Self-reported
2001
[20]

Guatemala
N/A
147.3 cm (4 ft 10 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:1,773, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
52.3%
Self-reported
1998
[16]

Guinea
N/A
158.8 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,563, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
52.9%
Self-reported
2005
[16]

Haiti
N/A
158.6 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,932, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
52.8%
Self-reported
2005
[16]

Honduras
N/A
152.0 cm (5 ft 0 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:11,219, SD= f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
53.3%
Self-reported
2005
[16]

Hong Kong
171.7 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.08
18 (N= m:468 f:453, SD= m:5.5 cm (2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in))
1.4%
Measured
2006
[62]

Hong Kong
173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
160.1 cm (5 ft 3 in)
1.08
University students, 19–20 (N= m:291 f:200, SD= m:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.2 cm (2 in))
0.6%[63]
Measured
2005
[64]

Hungary
176 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.07
Adults
N/A
Measured
2000s
[65]

Hungary
177.3 cm (5 ft 10 in)
N/A
N/A
18 (N= m:1,080, SD= m:5.99 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
1.7%
Measured
2005
[66]

India
164.7 cm (5 ft 5 in)
151.9 cm (5 ft 0 in)
1.08
20–49 (N= m:69,245 f:118,796)
69.8%
Measured
2005–2006
[67]

Iceland
181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
168 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.08
20–49
43.6%
Self-reported
2007
[18]

India – Rural
161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
152.1 cm (5 ft 0 in)
1.06
17+ (SD= m:7.0 cm (3 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
72.1%
Measured
2007
[68]

India
166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
152.6 cm (5 ft 0 in)
1.09
20
3.0%
Predicted
2005–2006
[68]

Indonesia
158 cm (5 ft 2 in)
147 cm (4 ft 10 in)
1.07
50+ (N= m:2,041 f:2,396, Median= m:158 cm (5 ft 2 in) f:147 cm (4 ft 10 in))
22.5%
Self-reported
1997
[69]

Iran
170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in)
157.2 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.08
21+ (N= m/f:89,532, SD= m:8.05 cm (3 in) f:7.22 cm (3 in))
88.1%
Measured
2005
[70]

Iran
173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in)
1.09
21–25
17.9%
Measured
2005
[70]

Iraq – Baghdad
165.4 cm (5 ft 5 in)
155.8 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
1.06
18–44 (N= m:700 f:800, SD= m:5.6 cm (2 in) f:16.0 cm (6 1⁄2 in))
76.3%
Measured
1999–2000
[71]

Ireland
177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
163 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.09
20–49
61.8%
Measured
2007
[18]

Ireland
179 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
163 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.10
20–24
10.4%
Measured
2007
[18]

Ireland
176.60 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
30
1.7%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Ireland
177.5 cm (5 ft 10 in)
163.5 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.09
21 (N= m:54 f:20–49, SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:7.6 cm (3 in))
2.4%
Self-reported
2001
[20]

Israel
177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.07
18–21
9.7%
Measured
2010
[72]

Italy
176.5 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
162.5 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.09
18
1.4%
Measured
1999–2004
[12][24][73]

Italy
174.48 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
30
1.6%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Italy
177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in)
167.8 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.06
21 (N= m:106 f:92, SD= m:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
1.4%
Self-reported
2001
[20]

Ivory Coast
170.1 cm (5 ft 7 in)
159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.07
25–29 (SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.67 cm (2 in))
14.6%
Measured
1985–1987
[60]

Ivory Coast
N/A
159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
53.4%
Self-reported
1998
[16]

Jamaica
171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
160.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.07
25–74
71.4%
Measured
1994–1996
[74]

Japan
172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
158 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.08
20–49
47.2%
Measured
2005
[18]

Japan
172.0 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
158.70 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.08
20–24 (N= m:1,708 f:1,559, SD= m:5.42 cm (2 in) f:5.30 cm (2 in))
7.2%
Measured
2004
[75]

Japan
170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in)
158.0 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.08
17
1.2%
Measured
2013
[76]

Jordan
N/A
158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:4,484, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
55.6%
Self-reported
2007
[16]

Kazakhstan
N/A
159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
53.7%
Self-reported
1999
[16]

Kenya
169.6 cm (5 ft 7 in)
N/A
N/A
25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
53.7%
Summary
2016
[77]

Kenya
N/A
158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:4,856, SD= f:7.3 cm (3 in))
52.5%
Survey
2016
[16][77]

Korea, NorthNorth Korea
165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)
154.9 cm (5 ft 1 in)
1.07
Defectors, 20–39 (N= m/f:1,075)
46.4%
Measured
2005
[78]

Korea, SouthSouth Korea
170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in)
157.4 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.08
20+ (N= m:2,750 f:2,445, Median= m:170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) f:157.4 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.40 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.99 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
96.5%
Measured
2010
[79]

Korea, SouthSouth Korea
173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
160.4 cm (5 ft 3 in)
1.08
20–24 (N= m:378 f:298, Median= m:174.0 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) f:160.5 cm (5 ft 3 in), SD= m:5.16 cm (2 in) f:5.26 cm (2 in))
8.0%
Measured
2010
[79]

Korea, SouthSouth Korea
173.0 cm (5 ft 8 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 18–19 (N= m:339,716)
3.8%
Measured
2016
[80]

Korea, SouthSouth Korea – Seoul
173.3 cm (5 ft 8 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 18–19 (N= m:60,039)
0.8%
Measured
2016
[80]

Kosovo - Prishtina
179.52 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
165.72 cm (5 ft 5 in)
N/A
Conscripts, 18-20 (N= m:830 f:793, SD= m:7.02 cm, f:4.93 cm )
63.0%
Measured
2017
[81]

Kyrgyzstan
N/A
158.0 cm (5 ft 2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,424, SD= f:5.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
55.4%
Self-reported
1997
[16]

Lesotho
N/A
157.6 cm (5 ft 2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:1,879, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
49.8%
Self-reported
2004
[16]

Liberia
N/A
157.3 cm (5 ft 2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:4,281, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
52.8%
Self-reported
2006
[16]

Lithuania
177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:197 SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
14.7%
Measured
2005[82]
[83]

Lithuania – Urban
178.4 cm (5 ft 10 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:91 SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
9.9%
Measured
2005[82]
[83]

Lithuania – Rural
176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:106 SD= m:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
4.9%
Measured
2005[82]
[83]

Lithuania
181.3 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.08
18
2.1%
Measured
2001
[84]

Madagascar
N/A
154.3 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:5,024, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
53.6%
Self-reported
2003
[16]

Malawi – Urban
166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
155 cm (5 ft 1 in)
1.07
16–60 (N= m:583 f:315, SD= m:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:9.4 cm (3 1⁄2 in))
101.1%
Measured
2000
[85]

Malaysia
166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
154.7 cm (5 ft 1 in)
1.07
Malay, 20–24 (N= m:749 f:893, Median= m:166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) f:155 cm (5 ft 1 in), SD= m:6.46 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.04 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
9.7%[86]
Measured
1996
[87]

Malaysia
168.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)
158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.07
Chinese, 20–24 (N= m:407 f:453, Median= m:169 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) f:158 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.98 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.72 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
4.1%[86]
Measured
1996
[87]

Malaysia
169.1 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)
155.4 cm (5 ft 1 in)
1.09
Indian, 20–24 (N= m:113 f:140, Median= m:168 cm (5 ft 6 in) f:156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in), SD= m:5.84 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.18 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
1.2%[86]
Measured
1996
[87]

Malaysia
163.3 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
151.9 cm (5 ft 0 in)
1.08
Other indigenous, 20–24 (N= m:257 f:380, Median= m:163 cm (5 ft 4 in) f:152 cm (5 ft 0 in), SD= m:6.26 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.95 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
0.4%[86]
Measured
1996
[87]

Mali – Southern Mali
171.3 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
160.4 cm (5 ft 3 in)
1.07
Rural adults (N= m:121 f:320, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in))
N/A
Measured
1992
[88]

Malta
169.9 cm (5 ft 7 in)
159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in)
1.06
18+
100.0%
Self-reported
2003
[89]

Malta
175.2 cm (5 ft 9 in)
163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.07
25–34
17.5%
Self-reported
2003
[89]

Mexico
172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.08
20–65
62.0%
Measured
2014
[90]

Mexico – Bajío
172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
Adults
N/A
Measured
N/A
[91]

Mexico – Central
N/A
162 cm (5 ft 4 in)
N/A
26–39
N/A
Measured
N/A
[91]

Moldova
N/A
161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:4,757, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
45.9%
Self-reported
2005
[16]

Mongolia
168.4 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)
157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.07
25–34 (N= m:158 f:181)
27.6%
Measured
2006
[92]

Montenegro
183.2 cm (6 ft 0 in)
168.4 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)
1.09
Students at UCG,18–37 (N= m:178 f:107, SD= m:7.06 cm (3 in) f:5.27 cm (2 in))
3.2%[93]
Measured
2011
[24]

Morocco
N/A
158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:10,334, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
54.7%
Self-reported
2003
[16]

Mozambique
N/A
156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:6,912, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
55.0%
Self-reported
2003
[16]

Namibia
N/A
160.7 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:5,575, SD= f:7.1 cm (3 in))
50.4%
Self-reported
2006
[16]

Nepal
163.0 cm (5 ft 4 in)
150.8 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:6,280, SD= f:5.5 cm (2 in))
52.9%
Self-reported
2006
[16]

Netherlands
181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
169 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)
1.07
Caucasians,16–18[94] (N= m:37 f:52, SD= m:6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5 cm (2 in))
3.7%[95]
Measured
2003
[96]

Netherlands
182.70 cm (6 ft 0 in)
N/A
N/A
30–34
7.8%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Netherlands
180.8 cm (5 ft 11 in)
167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.08
20+
96.8%
Self-reported
2010
[9][29][97]

Netherlands
183.2 cm (6 ft 0 in)
169.9 cm (5 ft 7 in)
1.08
20–30
16.9%
Self-reported
2010
[97]

Netherlands
183.8 cm (6 ft 1⁄2 in)
170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in)
1.08
21 (N= m:74 f:50, SD= m:7.1 cm (3 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
1.5%
Self-reported
2009
[98]

New Zealand
177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.08
20–49
56.9%
Measured
2007
[18]

New Zealand
178 cm (5 ft 10 in)
164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.09
20–24
9.1%
Measured
2007
[18]

Nicaragua
N/A
153.7 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49
54.1%
Self-reported
2001
[16]

Nigeria
163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
157.8 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.04
18–74
98.6%
Measured
1994–1996
[74]

Nigeria
167.2 cm (5 ft 6 in)
160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in)
1.04
20–29 (N= m:139 f:76, SD= m:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in))
33.2%
Measured
2011
[99]

Norway
180.0 cm (5 ft 11 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:18,297)
36.0%
Measured
2011
[100]

Norway – Vest-Agder
181.7 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:770)
1.33%
Measured
2011
[100]

Norway – Oslo
179.8 cm (5 ft 11 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:1,297)
4.78%
Measured
2011
[100]

Norway – Finnmark
177.5 cm (5 ft 10 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:218)
0.54%
Measured
2011
[100]

Norway
179.63 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
30–34
8.5%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Norway
180.3 cm (5 ft 11 in)
167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.08
20–85 (N= m:1534 f:1743)
93.6%
Self-reported
2008–2009
[9][29][101]

Norway
182.4 cm (6 ft 0 in)
168 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.09
20–25 (SD= m:5.3 cm (2 in) f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
9.5%
Self-reported
2008–2009
[101]

Norway
181.6 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
168.2 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.08
26–35 (SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
17.0%
Self-reported
2008–2009
[101]

Peru
164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
151 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
1.09
20+
93.8%
Measured
2005
[102]

Philippines
165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)
N/A
N/A
18+
-
Measured
1980
[103]

Poland
178.7 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.08
18 (N= m:846 f:1,126)
1.6%
Measured
2010
[104]

Portugal
173.9 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
N/A
N/A
18 (N= m:696)
1.5%
Measured
2008
[12][105]

Portugal
172.30 cm (5 ft 8 in)
N/A
N/A
30–34
9.7%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Portugal
171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
161 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.06
20–50
56.7%
Self-reported
2001
[18]

Portugal
173.7 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
163.7 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.06
21 (N= m:87 f:106, SD= m:8.2 cm (3 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in))
1.9%
Self-reported
2001
[20]

Qatar
170.8 cm (5 ft 7 in)
161.1 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.06
18
1.9%
Measured
2005
[24][106]

Rwanda
N/A
157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:3,202, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
54.2%
Self-reported
2005
[16]

Romania
172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
157 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.10
N/A
N/A
Measured
2007
[107]

Russia
177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in)
164.1 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.08
24
1.9%
Measured
2004
[24][108]

Samoa
N/A
166.6 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
N/A
18–28 (N= f:55 SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
32.6%
Measured
2004
[109]

Saudi Arabia
168.9 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)
156.3 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
1.08
18
3.0%
Measured
2010
[24][110]

Senegal
N/A
163 cm (5 ft 4 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,533, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
54.4%
Self-reported
2005
[16]

Serbia
182.0 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
166.8 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.09
Students at UNS,18–30 (N= m:318 f:76, SD= m:6.74 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.88 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
0.7%[111]
Measured
2012
[112]

Singapore
171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
160 cm (5 ft 3 in)
1.07
Chinese students at TP,16–18[113] (N= m:52 f:49, SD= m:6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5 cm (2 in))
0.3%[114][115]
Measured
2003
[96]

Slovakia
179.4 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.08
18
2.0%
Measured
2004
[116]

Slovenia – Ljubljana
180.3 cm (5 ft 11 in)
167.4 cm (5 ft 6 in)
1.08
19
0.2%[117]
Measured
2011
[118]

South Africa
168 cm (5 ft 6 in)
159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.06
19 (N= m:121 f:118)
3.6%
Measured
2003
[119]

Sri Lanka
163.6 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
151.4 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
1.08
18+ (N= m:1,768 f:2,709, SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
100.0%
Measured
2005–2006
[120]

Sri Lanka
165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)
154.0 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in)
1.08
18–29 (N= m:312 f:427, SD= m:7.1 cm (3 in) f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
30.7%
Measured
2005–2006
[120]

Spain
173.1 cm (5 ft 8 in)
N/A
N/A
18–70 (N= m:1,298 [121][122] )
88.2%
Measured
2013–2014
[123][124]

Spain
N/A
159.6 cm (5 ft 3 in)
N/A
18–70 (N= f:8,217 [125][126] )
83.5%
Measured
2007–2008
[29][122][123][126]

Spain
175.3 cm (5 ft 9 in)
N/A
N/A
18–34 (N= m:554-1,061 [122][127] )
26.8%
Measured
2013–2014
[123][124][128][129]

Spain
N/A
162.6 cm (5 ft 4 in)
N/A
18–19 (N= f:656 [126][130] )
2.4%
Measured
2007–2008
[122][123][126]

Spain
175.5 cm (5 ft 9 in)
N/A
N/A
30–34
11.1%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Spain
174 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
163 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.07
20–49
57.0%
Self-reported
2007
[18]

Spain
176 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.06
20–24
7.5%
Self-reported
2007
[18]

Spain
178 cm (5 ft 10 in)
166.2 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.07
21 (N= m:111 f:94, SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
1.8%
Self-reported
2001
[20]

Swaziland
N/A
159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,612, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
51.0%
Self-reported
2006
[16]

Sweden
181.5 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
166.8 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
1.09
20–29
15.6%
Measured
2008
[131]

Sweden
180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in)
N/A
N/A
30
8.0%
Estimates
1976–1980
[19]

Sweden
177.9 cm (5 ft 10 in)
164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.08
20–74
86.3%
Self-reported
1987–1994
[132]

Switzerland
178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in)
N/A
N/A
Conscripts, 19 (N= m:12,447, Median= m:178.0 cm (5 ft 10 in), SD= m:6.52 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
1.5%
Measured
2009
[133]

Switzerland
175.4 cm (5 ft 9 in)
164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.07
20–74
88.8%
Self-reported
1987–1994
[132]

Taiwan
171.4 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in)
1.07
17 (N= m:200 f:200)
1.7%
Measured
2011
[134][135][136]

Tanzania
N/A
156.6 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:6,033, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
52.8%
Self-reported
2004
[16]

Thailand
170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in)
159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.07
STOU students, 15–19 (N= m:839 f:1,636, SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
0.2%[137]
Self-reported
2005
[138]

Togo
N/A
159.0 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,728, SD= f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
53.4%
Self-reported
1998
[16]

Tonga
176.1 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.07
40 (N= m:241 f:299)
1.5%
Measured
2001
[139]

Turkey
173.6 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.07
20-22 (N= m:322 f:247)
8.3%
Measured
2007
[12][24][140]

Turkey – Ankara
174.1 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.10
18–59 (N= m:703 f:512, Median= m:169.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) f:157.5 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
5.1%[141]
Measured
2004–2006
[142]

Turkey – Ankara
176.1 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
162 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.09
18–29 (N= m:390 f:163, Median= m:173.9 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) f:164.5 cm (5 ft 5 in), SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:7.0 cm (3 in))
2.0%[141]
Measured
2004–2006
[142]

Turkey
N/A
156.4 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,393, SD= f:5.6 cm (2 in))
54.5%
Self-reported
2003
[16]

Uganda
N/A
159.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:1,666, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
53.4%
Self-reported
2006
[16]

United Arab Emirates
173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
156.4 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
1.11
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
[143]

United Kingdom – England
175.3 cm (5 ft 9 in)
161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.08
16+ (N= m:3,154 f:3,956)
103.2%[144]
Measured
2012
[4]

United Kingdom – England
177.8 cm (5 ft 10 in)
164.5 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.08
25–34 (N= m:415 f:611)
17.2%[144]
Measured
2012
[4]

United Kingdom – Scotland
175.0 cm (5 ft 9 in)
161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.08
16+ (N= m:2,512 f:3,180, Median= m:174.8 cm (5 ft 9 in) f:161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in))
103.0%[144]
Measured
2008
[145]

United Kingdom – Scotland
178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in)
163.5 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.09
25–34 (N= m:286 f:413, Median= m:178.0 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:163.9 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in))
15.7%[144]
Measured
2008
[145]

United Kingdom – Wales
177.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
162.0 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.09
16+
103.2%[144]
Self-reported
2009
[146]

United States
175.7 cm (5 ft 9 in)
161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)
1.09
All Americans, 20+ (N= m:5,232 f:5,547, Median= m:175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in) f:161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in))
69%
Measured
2011–2014
[147]

United States
176.4 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)
162.9 cm (5 ft 4 in)
1.08
All Americans, 20–29 (N= m:937 f:928, Median= m:176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) f:162.9 cm (5 ft 4 in))
13.9%
Measured
2011–2014
[147]

United States – African Americans
177.4 cm (5 ft 10 in)
163.6 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)
1.08
African Americans, 20–39 (N= m:405 f:418, Median= m:177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:163.7 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in))
3.4%[148]
Measured
2011–2014
[147]

United States – Hispanic and Latino Americans
172.4 cm (5 ft 8 in)
158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.08
Hispanic/Latino Americans, 20–39 (N= m:385 f:428, Median= m:172.3 cm (5 ft 8 in) f:159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in))
4.4%[148]
Measured
2011–2014
[147]

United States – Mexican Americans
172.2 cm (5 ft 8 in)
158.4 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.09
Mexican Americans, 20–39 (N= m:233 f:247, Median= m:172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) f:158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in))
2.8%[148]
Measured
2011–2014
[147]

United States – Asian Americans
172.3 cm (5 ft 8 in)
158.4 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
1.09
Non-Hispanic Asians, 20–39 (N= m:260 f:272, Median= m:172.2 cm (5 ft 8 in) f:158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in))
1.3%[148]
Measured
2011–2014
[147]

United States – Non-Hispanic whites
178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in)
165.0 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1.08
Non-Hispanic White Americans, 20–39 (N= m:715 f:689, Median= m:178.3 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:164.8 cm (5 ft 5 in))
17.1%[148]
Measured
2011–2014
[147]

Uruguay
170 cm (5 ft 7 in)
158 cm (5 ft 2 in)
1.08
Adults (N= m:2,249 f:2,114)
N/A
Measured
1990
[149]

Uzbekistan
N/A
159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:2,635, SD= f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
54.6%
Self-reported
1996
[16]

Vietnam
162.1 cm (5 ft 4 in)
152.2 cm (5 ft 0 in)
1.07
25–29 (SD= m:5.39 cm (2 in) f:5.39 cm (2 in))
15.9%
Measured
1992–1993
[60]

Vietnam
165.7 cm (5 ft 5 in)
155.2 cm (5 ft 1 in)
1.07
Students, 20–25 (N= m:1,000 f:1,000, SD= m:6.55 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.32 cm (2 in))
2.0%[150]
Measured
2006–2007
[151]

Zambia
N/A
158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:4,091, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
54.2%
Self-reported
2007
[16]

Zimbabwe
N/A
160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in)
N/A
25–49 (N= f:4,746, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in))
47.3%
Self-reported
2005
[16]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ In this case, data that are representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population are those that factor in over 50% of the country or region's population aged 18 or over.

tag: ol


document_title: (Something Inside) So Strong

question_text: who wrote the song something inside so strong

text: (Something Inside) So Strong

text:
"(Something Inside) So Strong"

Single by Labi Siffre

from the album So Strong

B-side
"I'm Alright"

Released
February 1987

Format
7" vinyl, 12" vinyl

Genre
R&B, gospel

Length
4:48

Label
China

Songwriter(s)
2B RECORDS

Producer(s)
Glyn Johns

Labi Siffre singles chronology

"Nightmare"
(1982)
"(Something Inside) So Strong"
(1987)
"Nothin's Gonna Change"
(1987)

"Nightmare"
(1982)
"(Something Inside) So Strong"
(1987)
"Nothin's Gonna Change"
(1987)

text: "(Something Inside) So Strong" is a 1987 single written and recorded by British singer-songwriter Labi Siffre. The song was one of the biggest successes of his career, and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart.[1]

text: The song was written in 1984, inspired by a television documentary on Apartheid South Africa seen by Siffre in which white soldiers were filmed shooting at black civilians in the street.[2] He told the BBC's Soul Music programme in 2014 that the song was also influenced by his experience as a homosexual child, adolescent, and adult and his inner Chi.[3] Siffre originally intended to give the song to another artist to sing, but could find no one suitable and was convinced to release it himself.[2]

text: The song has remained enduringly popular and is an example of the political and sociological thread running through much of Siffre’s lyrics and poetry. It won the Ivor Novello Award for "Best Song Musically and Lyrically", and has been used in Amnesty International campaigns, a television advertisement and Alice Walker's film against female genital mutilation: Warrior Marks.

text: Notably, it has been adopted by Irish Republicans to commemorate the resistance of the ten men who died on hunger strike in Long Kesh Prison near Lisburn in 1981. The song has been covered by many artists, including country singer Kenny Rogers who featured it on his 1989 best selling album of the same name, and also by Pop Idol contestant Rik Waller who reached #25 in the UK Single Charts with it in 2002.

text: The song was featured in an advertisement for the Peugeot 307 in 2001.


document_title: List of largest lakes of the United States by area

question_text: what's the largest manmade lake in the us

question_tokens: what 's the largest manmade lake in the us

text: The following is a list of lakes of the United States by normal surface area. The top twenty lakes in size are as listed by the National Atlas of the United States, a publication of the United States Department of the Interior. The area given is the normal or average area of the lake. The area of some lakes fluctuates substantially. For those lakes partially in Canada or Mexico the area given for the lake is the total area, not just the part of the lake in the United States.

text:
Rank
Name
U.S. states/Canadian provinces/Mexican states
Area
Notes

1
Lake Superior
Michigan-Minnesota-Wisconsin-Ontario
31,700 sq mi
82,103 km2
[1]

2
Lake Huron
Michigan-Ontario
23,000 sq mi
59,570 km2
[2]

3
Lake Michigan
Illinois-Indiana-Michigan-Wisconsin
22,300 sq mi
57,757 km2
[3]

4
Lake Erie
Michigan-New York-Ohio-Ontario-Pennsylvania
9,910 sq mi
25,667 km2
[4]

5
Lake Ontario
New York-Ontario
7,340 sq mi
19,011 km2
[5]

6
Great Salt Lake (salt)
Utah
2,117 sq mi
5,483 km2
[6]

7
Lake of the Woods
Manitoba-Minnesota-Ontario
1,679 sq mi
4,349 km2

8
Iliamna Lake
Alaska
1,014 sq mi
2,626 km2

9
Lake Oahe (man-made)
North Dakota-South Dakota
685 sq mi
1,774 km2
[7]

10
Lake Okeechobee
Florida
662 sq mi
1,715 km2
[8]

11
Lake Pontchartrain (salt)
Louisiana
631 sq mi
1,634 km2
[9]

12
Lake Sakakawea (man-made)
North Dakota
520 sq mi
1,347 km2

13
Lake Champlain
New York-Vermont-Quebec
490 sq mi
1,269 km2

14
Becharof Lake
Alaska
453 sq mi
1,173 km2

15
Lake St. Clair
Michigan - Ontario
440 sq mi
1,140 km2

16
Red Lake
Minnesota
427 sq mi
1,106 km2
[10]

17
Selawik Lake
Alaska
404 sq mi
1,046 km2

18
Fort Peck Lake (man-made)
Montana
393 sq mi
1,018 km2

19
Salton Sea (salt, man-made)
California
347 sq mi
899 km2
[11]

20
Rainy Lake
Minnesota-Ontario
345 sq mi
894 km2

21
Devils Lake
North Dakota
300.0 sq mi
777 km2
[12][13][14][15]

22
Toledo Bend Reservoir (man-made)
Louisiana-Texas
284 sq mi
736 km2

23
Lake Powell (man-made)
Arizona-Utah
251 sq mi
650 km2

24
Kentucky Lake (man-made)
Kentucky-Tennessee
250 sq mi
647 km2

25
Lake Mead (man-made)
Arizona-Nevada
247 sq mi
640 km2

26
Naknek Lake
Alaska
242 sq mi
627 km2

27
Lake Winnebago
Wisconsin
215 sq mi
557 km2

28
Mille Lacs Lake
Minnesota
207 sq mi
536 km2

29
Flathead Lake
Montana
192 sq mi
497 km2

30
Lake Tahoe
California-Nevada
191 sq mi
495 km2

31
Pyramid Lake
Nevada
183 sq mi
474 km2

32
Sam Rayburn Reservoir (man-made)
Texas
179 sq mi
464 km2

33
Eufaula Lake (man-made)
Oklahoma
169 sq mi
438 km2

34
Lake Marion (man-made)
South Carolina
165 sq mi
427 km2

35
Leech Lake
Minnesota
161 sq mi
417 km2

36
Utah Lake
Utah
151 sq mi
391 km2

37
Lake Francis Case (man-made)
South Dakota
149 sq mi
386 km2

38
Lake Pend Oreille
Idaho
148 sq mi
383 km2

39
Lake Texoma (man-made)
Oklahoma-Texas
139 sq mi
360 km2

40
Yellowstone Lake
Wyoming
136 sq mi
352 km2

41
Falcon Lake (man-made)
Tamaulipas-Texas
131 sq mi
339 km2

42
Lake Livingston (man-made)
Texas
130 sq mi
337 km2

43
Lake Roosevelt (man-made)
Washington
128 sq mi
332 km2

44
Lake Clark
Alaska
120 sq mi
311 km2

45
Moosehead Lake
Maine
117 sq mi
303 km2

46
Lake Strom Thurmond (man-made)
Georgia-South Carolina
111 sq mi
287 km2

47
Bear Lake
Idaho-Utah
109 sq mi
282 km2

48
Lake Guntersville (man-made)
Alabama
108 sq mi
280 km2

49
Lake St. Francis (man-made)
New York-Ontario-Quebec
105 sq mi
272 km2
[16]

50
Wheeler Lake (man-made)
Alabama
105 sq mi
272 km2

51
Amistad Lake(man-made)
Coahuila-Texas
102 sq mi
264 km2

52
Klamath Lake
Oregon
96 sq mi
249 km2

53
Lake Moultrie (man-made)
South Carolina
94 sq mi
243 km2

54
Lake Winnibigoshish
Minnesota
91 sq mi
236 km2

55
Lake Barkley (man-made)
Kentucky-Tennessee
91 sq mi
236 km2

56
Lake Sharpe (man-made)
South Dakota
89 sq mi
231 km2

57
American Falls Reservoir (man-made)
Idaho
88 sq mi
228 km2

58
Lake Hartwell (man-made)
Georgia-South Carolina
87 sq mi
225 km2

59
Truman Reservoir (man-made)
Missouri
87 sq mi
225 km2

60
Lake of the Ozarks (man-made)
Missouri
86 sq mi
223 km2

61
Oneida Lake
New York
80 sq mi
207 km2

62
Lake Cumberland (man-made)
Kentucky
79 sq mi
205 km2

63
Kerr Lake (man-made)
North Carolina-Virginia
78 sq mi
202 km2

64
Calcasieu Lake
Louisiana
77 sq mi
199 km2

65
Lake Murray (man-made)
South Carolina
75 sq mi
194 km2

66
Grand Lake o' the Cherokees (man-made)
Oklahoma
73 sq mi
189 km2

67
Lake Winnipesaukee
New Hampshire
71 sq mi
184 km2

68
Bull Shoals Lake (man-made)
Arkansas-Missouri
71 sq mi
184 km2

69
Walter F. George Lake (man-made)
Alabama-Georgia
71 sq mi
184 km2

70
Lake Martin (man-made)
Alabama
69 sq mi
179 km2

71
Clear Lake
California
68 sq mi
176 km2

72
Robert S. Kerr Lake (man-made)
Oklahoma
68 sq mi
176 km2

73
Seneca Lake
New York
68 sq mi
176 km2

74
Pickwick Lake (man-made)
Alabama-Mississippi
67 sq mi
174 km2

75
Table Rock Lake (man-made)
Arkansas-Missouri
67 sq mi
174 km2

76
Cayuga Lake
New York
67 sq mi
174 km2

77
Flaming Gorge Reservoir (man-made)
Utah-Wyoming
66 sq mi
171 km2

78
Lake Vermilion
Minnesota
63 sq mi
163 km2

79
Lake Ouachita (man-made)
Arkansas
63 sq mi
163 km2

80
Lake Mattamuskeet
North Carolina
63 sq mi
163 km2

81
Watts Bar Lake (man-made)
Tennessee
61 sq mi
158 km2

82
Lake Wallula (man-made)
Oregon-Washington
61 sq mi
158 km2

83
Lake Lanier (man-made)
Georgia
59 sq mi
153 km2

84
Lake Seminole (man-made)
Florida-Georgia
58 sq mi
150 km2

85
Lake Tawakoni (man-made)
Texas
57 sq mi
148 km2

86
Elephant Butte Lake (man-made)
New Mexico
57 sq mi
148 km2

87
Chickamauga Lake (man-made)
Tennessee
57 sq mi
148 km2

88
Grenada Lake (man-made)
Mississippi
55 sq mi
142 km2

89
Lake Kissimmee
Florida
55 sq mi
142 km2

90
Lake Dardanelle (man-made)
Arkansas
54 sq mi
140 km2

91
Norris Lake (man-made)
Tennessee
53 sq mi
137 km2

92
Canyon Ferry Lake (man-made)
Montana
53 sq mi
137 km2

93
Lake Chelan
Washington
52 sq mi
135 km2

94
Cedar Creek Lake (man-made)
Texas
51 sq mi
132 km2

95
Lake Norman (man-made)
North Carolina
51 sq mi
132 km2

96
Sardis Lake (man-made)
Mississippi
51 sq mi
132 km2

97
Walker Lake (Nevada)
Nevada
50 sq mi
129 km2

98
Lake McConaughy (man-made)
Nebraska
56 sq mi
145 km2

99
Lake George
New York
56 sq mi
145 km2

100
Beaver Lake (man-made)
Arkansas
44.06 sq mi
114 km2

101
Great Sacandaga Lake
New York
42 sq mi
109 km2

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes; considered the largest lake in the United States by the National Atlas of the United States.
Jump up ^ Although it forms one a single hydrological unit with Lake Huron (their surfaces are at the same elevation and the water flows in either direction in the channel separating them), they are generally considered distinct lakes, and Lake Michigan is generally considered the largest lake entirely within the United States, as Lake Huron and Lake Superior are binational (shared with Canada).
Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes.
Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes.
Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes.
Jump up ^ If Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are considered the same lake, the largest lake entirely within the United States. Also the largest salt lake in the United States.
Jump up ^ Largest man-made lake (reservoir) by surface area in the United States.
Jump up ^ Largest lake in the South
Jump up ^ Often considered an estuary rather than a lake
Jump up ^ includes both Upper and Lower Red Lake
Jump up ^ highly variable in area
Jump up ^ The area of Devils Lake was taken from the summer 2011 record peak of 1,454.4 ft (443.3 m) MSL. Devils Lake has experienced severe flooding and has risen more than 31 feet (9.4 m) since 1993. Area has increased by 4 times.
Jump up ^ Devils Lake Elevation-Volume Table
Jump up ^ USGS Devils Lake Flood History
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (NWS AHPS) for Devils Lake at Creel Bay
Jump up ^ Part of St. Lawrence Seaway


document_title: 1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game

question_text: who won the game between notre dame and miami

text: 1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game

text:
Catholics vs. Convicts

Non-conference game

Miami Hurricanes
Notre Dame Fighting Irish

(4–0)
(5–0)

30
31

Head coach:
Jimmy Johnson
Head coach:
Lou Holtz

AP
Coaches

1
1

AP
Coaches

4
5

1
2
3
4
Total

Miami
0
21
0
9
30

Notre Dame
7
14
10
0
31

Date
October 15, 1988

Season
1988

Stadium
Notre Dame Stadium

Location
South Bend, Indiana, U.S.

National anthem
Band of the Fighting Irish

Halftime show
Band of the Fighting Irish

Attendance
59,075[1]

United States TV coverage

Network
CBS

Announcers
Brent Musburger and Pat Haden

text: The 1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, colloquially known as Catholics vs. Convicts,[2] was played on October 15, 1988 at Notre Dame Stadium. Both the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Miami Hurricanes came into the game undefeated. Notre Dame won the closely contested game 31–30.

text: The name "Catholics vs. Convicts," a T-shirt slogan created prior to the matchup by two Notre Dame students and friends, Joe Frederick and Michael Caponigro, was noticed by the press and reported.[3] The slogan was a play on Notre Dame's Catholic image and Miami's roster of flamboyant football players. Leading up to the 1988 season, several players from the Miami team were arrested and their scholarships taken away. These arrests were highly publicized and added to the development of the moniker.[4][5]

text: The game[edit]

text: The two teams met on October 15, 1988, in South Bend, Indiana, with both teams being undefeated. Miami, the defending national champions, came in ranked No. 1 holding a 36-game regular season winning streak while the Irish were ranked No. 4. The game, which was preceded by a pregame fight between the two teams in the entrance tunnel, was named by USA Today as one of the greatest college football games of the period 1982–2002.[6]

text: After a closely contested game, Miami scored a touchdown with 45 seconds remaining to pull within one point of the Fighting Irish, 31–30. Rather than kick the extra point and likely end the game in a tie, Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson decided to go for two, later reasoning that "We always play to win."[citation needed] However, Hurricanes quarterback Steve Walsh's pass was batted down by Fighting Irish defender Pat Terrell, and Notre Dame won 31–30, resulting in Miami's first regular season loss since Florida on September 7, 1985.

text: Notre Dame finished the season 12–0, beating No. 2 USC 27–10 on November 26 in the last game of the season and No. 3 West Virginia in the 1989 Fiesta Bowl 34–21 on January 2, 1989, to win the national title. Miami won the rest of its games and finished No. 2 behind Notre Dame in the polls.

text: With Miami trailing 31–24 and facing a critical fourth-and-7 from deep in Irish territory midway through the fourth quarter, Walsh connected with Miami running back Cleveland Gary streaking across the middle of the field inside the Irish 5-yard line for the first down. He caught the football, turned, was tackled and fumbled the football before he hit the ground. Notre Dame inside linebacker Michael Stonebreaker recovered the football. The referees ruled the play as a fumble, as Notre Dame took possession at the 2-yard line where the ball was recovered. After the game, Johnson was adamant that Gary was down before the ball came loose and Miami should have retained possession. In the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary Catholics vs. Convicts, Safety George Streeter claimed he hit the ball loose from Gary's hand prior to him being down or across the goal line. In the same documentary, Gary disagrees with Streeter's account of events, claiming he was palming the ball with his right hand and the ball was across the goal line prior to his knee hitting the ground or the ball coming loose.

text: There was later controversy on Miami's final touchdown. On a desperation pass into the corner of the endzone to Miami receiver Andre Brown, the ball was trapped and then dropped by Brown. Although ruled a touchdown on the field, replay shows that the ball hit the ground in front of the receiver and was dislodged from Andre Brown's grasp even after trapping it. The two questionable calls continue to be argued by fans on both sides.

text: In a 2005 poll conducted by the University of Notre Dame, the 31–30 win over Miami was voted the Greatest Victory in Notre Dame Stadium history.[7]

text: This game was featured in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary titled Catholics vs. Convicts, directed by documentary filmmaker Patrick Creadon. [8] The film premiered on December 10, 2016 to over 2 million viewers.[9]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Notre Dame would go on to win their remaining five (5) games of the season, including defeating then #2 ranked USC in Los Angeles 27-10.[10] The Irish went on to beat the West Virginia Mountaineers 34-21 in the 1989 Fiesta Bowl and win their eleventh (11th) claimed National Championship.

text: Miami would win their remaining six (6) games of the season. They would be selected to play in the Orange Bowl against #6 Nebraska, which was played in their home stadium at the time, the Orange Bowl. Miami easily won the contest 23-3.[11][12] Miami would finish ranked #2 in both the AP[13] and Coaches polls behind Notre Dame.

text: The following season, #1 Notre Dame went into Miami with a 23-game winning streak. The seventh (7th) ranked Miami team ended the streak by beating the Irish 27-10.[14] Despite losing earlier in the season to Florida State, Miami would go on to win the 1989 National Championship.


document_title: Phenomenon (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings crazy love in the movie phenomenon

text: Phenomenon (soundtrack)

text:
Phenomenon

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
June 1996 (1996-06)

Genre
Pop

Length
44:50

Label
Reprise

Producer
Robbie Robertson

text: The Phenomenon soundtrack is a compilation album by various artists released for Reprise Records, who contributed to the music score of the 1996 American romantic fantasy drama film Phenomenon, starring John Travolta.[1] The soundtrack features performances by international music stars including Eric Clapton, Bryan Ferry and Peter Gabriel, and went on to be a high-selling soundtrack release. The single "Change the World", performed by Eric Clapton, which was released off the album became a global hit and helped to promote the soundtrack's sales figures.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The soundtrack album topped the Billboard 200 album chart and sold more than 1,5 million copies while on chart, gaining a Platinum disc from the Recording Industry Association of America.[3] Critics from the MovieTunes website called the release "more than simply an aural souvenir of a magical movie experience. It is the cutting edge of a collaborative art-form whose time has come".[4] In his review for the music website AllMusic, journalist and critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine notes:

text: Designed for adult contemporary listeners, the soundtrack to the John Travolta movie Phenomenon has a cross-section of singer/songwriters, mellow blues, and synthesized soul-inflected pop. Out of all the contributors – which include such heavy hitters as Peter Gabriel, Bryan Ferry, John Hiatt, J.J. Cale, Taj Mahal, and a duet between Aaron Neville and Robbie Robertson – the standout track is "Change the World", a song Babyface wrote and produced for Eric Clapton. The two musicians work surprisingly well together, creating a laid-back, soulful number that is quietly seductive. Nothing on the album works quite as well, but it is a pleasant listen, if not a particularly memorable one.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Phenomenon track listing[5]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Change the World"
Gordon Kennedy · Wayne Kirkpatrick · Tommy Sims
Eric Clapton
3:56

2.
"Dance With Life (The Brilliant Light)"
Bernie Taupin · Martin Page
Bryan Ferry
6:14

3.
"Crazy Love"
Van Morrison
Aaron Neville · Robbie Robertson
4:30

4.
"Corrina"
Jesse Ed Davis · Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal
3:00

5.
"Have a Little Faith in Me"
John Hiatt
Jewel
4:24

6.
"I Have the Touch"
Peter Gabriel
Peter Gabriel
5:27

7.
"Piece of Clay"
Gloria Jones · Pam Sawyer
Marvin Gaye
5:11

8.
"Para Donde Vas"
Joe Cabral · Rod Hodges
The Iguanas
3:18

9.
"Misty Blue"
Bobby Montgomery
Dorothy Moore
3:39

10.
"A Thing Goes On"
J. J. Cale
J. J. Cale
2:38

11.
"The Orchard"
Thomas Newman
Thomas Newman
2:33

Total length:
44:50