document_title: Monte Albán

question_text: what do the dazante figures from monte alban depict

root

text: Monte Albán

text: Research history[edit]

text: Being visible from anywhere in the central part of the Valley of Oaxaca, the impressive ruins of Monte Albán attracted visitors and explorers throughout the colonial and modern eras. Among others, Guillermo Dupaix investigated the site in the early 19th century CE, J. M. García published a description of the site in 1859, and A. F. Bandelier visited and published further descriptions in the 1890s. A first intensive archaeological exploration of the site was conducted in 1902 by Leopoldo Batres, then General Inspector of Monuments for the Mexican government under Porfirio Diaz.[2] It was however only in 1931 that large-scale scientific excavations were undertaken under the direction of Mexican archaeologist Alfonso Caso. In 1933, Eulalia Guzmán assisted with the excavation of Tomb 7.[3] Over the following eighteen years Caso and his colleagues Ignacio Bernal and Jorge Acosta excavated large sections within the monumental core of the site, and much of what is visible today in areas open to the public was reconstructed at that time. Besides resulting in the excavation of a large number of residential and civic-ceremonial structures and hundreds of tombs and burials, one lasting achievement of the project by Caso and his colleagues was the establishment of a ceramic chronology (phases Monte Albán I through V) for the period between the site's founding in ca. 500 BCE to end of the Postclassic period in CE 1521.

tag: p

text: The investigation of the periods preceding Monte Albán's founding was a major focus of the Prehistory and Human Ecology Project started by Kent Flannery of the University of Michigan in the late 1960s. Over the following two decades this project documented the development of socio-political complexity in the valley from the earliest Archaic period (ca. 8000-2000 BCE) to the Rosario phase (700-500 BCE) immediately preceding Monte Albán, thus setting the stage for an understanding of the latter's founding and developmental trajectory. In this context, among the major accomplishments of Flannery's work in Oaxaca are his extensive excavations at the important formative center of San José Mogote in the Etla branch of the valley, a project co-directed with Joyce Marcus of the University of Michigan.[4][5]

text: A further important step in the understanding of the history of occupation of the Monte Albán site was reached with the Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Valley of Oaxaca Project begun by Richard Blanton and several colleagues in the early 1970s. It is only with their intensive survey and mapping of the entire site that the real extension and size of Monte Albán beyond the limited area explored by Caso became known.[1] Subsequent seasons of the same project under the direction of Blanton, Gary Feinman, Steve Kowalewski, Linda Nicholas, and others extended the survey coverage to practically the entire valley, producing an invaluable amount of data on the region's changing settlement patterns from the earliest times to the arrival of the Spanish in CE 1521.[6][7]

text: Site history[edit]

text: As indicated by Blanton's survey of the site, the Monte Albán hills appear to have been uninhabited prior to 500 BCE (the end of the Rosario ceramic phase). At that time, San José Mogote was the major population center in the valley and head of a chiefdom that likely controlled much of the northern Etla branch.[5] Perhaps as many as three or four other smaller chiefly centers controlled other sub-regions of the valley, including Tilcajete in the southern Valle Grande branch and Yegüih in the Tlacolula arm to the east. Competition and warfare seem to have characterized the Rosario phase, and the regional survey data suggests the existence of an unoccupied buffer zone between the San José Mogote chiefdom and those to the south and east.[5] It is within this no-man's land that at the end of the Rosario period Monte Albán was founded, quickly reaching a population estimate of around 5,200 by the end of the following Monte Albán Ia phase (ca.300 BCE). This remarkable population increase was accompanied by an equally rapid decline at San José Mogote and neighbouring satellite sites, making it likely that its chiefly elites were directly involved in the founding of the future Zapotec capital. This rapid shift in population and settlement, from dispersed localized settlements to a central urban site in a previously unsettled area, has been referred to as the “Monte Alban Synoikism” by Marcus and Flannery[5]:140-146 in reference to similar recorded instances in the Mediterranean area in antiquity. Although it was previously thought[1] that a similar process of large-scale abandonment, and thus participation in the founding of Monte Albán, occurred at other major chiefly centers such as Yegüih and Tilcajete, at least in the latter's case this now appears to be unlikely. A recent project directed by Charles Spencer and Elsa Redmond of the American Museum of Natural History in New York has shown that rather than being abandoned the site actually grew significantly in population during the periods Monte Albán Early I and Late I (ca. 500-300 BCE and 300-100 BCE, respectively) and might have actively opposed incorporation into the increasingly powerful Monte Albán state.[8]

text: By the beginning of the Terminal Formative (Monte Albán II phase, ca. 100 BCE-CE 200) Monte Albán had an estimated population of 17,200,[5]:139 making it one of the largest Mesoamerican cities at the time. The city has excellent views all the way around. As its political power grew, Monte Albán expanded militarily, through cooption, and via outright colonization into several areas outside the Valley of Oaxaca, including the Cañada de Cuicatlán to the north and the southern Ejutla and Sola de Vega valleys.[9][10][11](Feinman and Nicholas 1990) During this period and into the subsequent Early Classic (Monte Albán IIIA phase, ca. CE 200-500) Monte Albán was the capital of a major regional polity that exerted a dominating influence over the Valley of Oaxaca and across much of the Oaxacan highlands. As mentioned earlier, evidence at Monte Albán is suggestive of high-level contacts between the site's elites and those at the powerful central Mexican city of Teotihuacan, where archaeologists have identified a neighbourhood inhabited by ethnic Zapotecs from the valley of Oaxaca (Paddock 1983). By the Late Classic (Monte Albán IIIB/IV, ca. CE 500-1000) the site's influence outside and inside the valley declined, and elites at several other centers, once part of the Monte Albán state, began to assert their autonomy, including sites such as Cuilapan and Zaachila in the Valle Grande and Lambityeco, Mitla, and El Palmillo in the eastern Tlacolula arm. The latter is the focus of an ongoing project by Gary Feinman and Linda Nicholas of Chicago's Field Museum (Feinman and Nicholas 2002). By the end of the same period (ca. AD 900-1000) the ancient capital was largely abandoned, and the once powerful Monte Albán state was replaced by dozens of competing smaller polities, a situation that lasted up to the Spanish conquest.[12]

text: Monuments[edit]

text: The monumental center of Monte Albán is the Main Plaza, which measures approximately 300 meters by 200 meters. The site's main civic-ceremonial and elite-residential structures are located around it or in its immediate vicinity, and most of these have been explored and restored by Alfonso Caso and his colleagues. To the north and south the Main Plaza is delimited by large platforms accessible from the plaza via monumental staircases. On its eastern and western sides the plaza is similarly bounded by a number of smaller platform mounds on which stood temples and elite residences, as well as one of two ballcourts known to have existed at the site. A north-south spine of mounds occupies the center of the plaza and similarly served as platforms for ceremonial structures.

text: One characteristic of Monte Albán is the large number of carved stone monuments one encounters throughout the plaza. The earliest examples are the so-called "Danzantes" (literally, dancers), found mostly in the vicinity of Building L and which represent naked men in contorted and twisted poses, some of them genitally mutilated. The figures are said to represent sacrificial victims, which explains the morbid characteristics of the figures. The Danzantes feature physical traits characteristic of Olmec culture.[13] The 19th century notion that they depict dancers is now largely discredited, and these monuments, dating to the earliest period of occupation at the site (Monte Albán I), are now seen to clearly represent tortured, sacrificed war prisoners, some identified by name, and may depict leaders of competing centers and villages captured by Monte Albán.[5](Blanton et al. 1996) Over 300 “Danzantes” stones have been recorded to date, and some of the better preserved ones can be viewed at the site's museum. There is some indication that the Zapotecs had writing and calendrical notation.

text: A different type of carved stones is found on the nearby Building J in the center of the Main Plaza, a building characterized by an unusual arrow-like shape and an orientation that differs from most other structures at the site. Inserted within the building walls are over 40 large carved slabs dating to Monte Albán II and depicting place-names, occasionally accompanied by additional writing and in many cases characterized by upside-down heads. Alfonso Caso was the first to identify these stones as "conquest slabs", likely listing places the Monte Albán elites claimed to have conquered and/or controlled. Some of the places listed on Building J slabs have been tentatively identified, and in one case (the Cañada de Cuicatlán region in northern Oaxaca) Zapotec conquest has been confirmed through archaeological survey and excavations.[10][11]

text: The site of Monte Alban contains several pieces of evidence through the architecture of the site to suggest that there was social stratification within the settlement. Walls that were as large as nine meters tall and twenty meters wide were built around the settlement and would have been used not only to create a boundary between Monte Alban and neighboring settlements but also prove the power of the elites within the community. In Scott Hutson’s analysis of the relationships between the commoners and the elites in Monte Alban he notes that the monumental mounds that were found in the site seemed to be evenly spaced throughout the site so that each house would be close enough to a mound that it could easily be kept under surveillance. Hutson also makes note that over time the style of houses seem to have changed to become more private to those living in the buildings making it harder for information to be obtained by outsiders. These changes to the ability of the elites to gain information about the private lives of its citizens would have played a key role in the internal political structure of the settlement.[14]

text: Many of the artifacts excavated at Monte Albán in over a century of archaeological exploration can be seen at the Museo Nacional de Antropologia in Mexico City and at the Museo Regional de Oaxaca in the ex-convento de Santo Domingo de Guzmán in Oaxaca City. The latter museum houses, among others, many of the objects discovered in 1932 by Alfonso Caso in Monte Albán's Tomb 7, a Classic period Zapotec tomb that was opportunistically reused in Postclassic times for the burial of Mixtec elite individuals. Their burial was accompanied by some of the most spectacular burial offerings of any site in the Americas.[15]

text: Monte Albán is a popular tourist destination for visitors to Oaxaca and has a small site museum mostly displaying original carved stones from the site. The site received 429,702 visitors in 2017.[16]

text: Threats[edit]

text: The primary threat to this archaeological site is urban growth that is encroaching and "threatening to expand into territories that have potential archaeological value."[17] To complicate matters, the administration of the site is divided amongst four different municipalities, making a unified effort to stop the urban encroachment challenging.[17]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Altar

Unrestored section of Monte Albán with Oaxaca City in the background

View of Main Plaza from the South Platform, with Building J in the foreground.

One of the stelae known as Dancing by unorthodox positions of the characters represented.

Plan of Monte Alban's System IV structure, cut from a 3D laser scan image.

Image of Monte Alban's System IV structure, taken from a 3D laser scan image.

View across Main Plaza from the South Platform, with Building J in the foreground.

Building M as seen from the South Platform.

Stones of the Dancers, in the Plaza of the Dancers, next to Building L.

Tomb north of the North Platform

Building X on North Platform

Unexcavated building on North Platform

Stone carvings, L

View of Main Plaza from the North Platform

tag: ul


document_title: Love Actually

question_text: who does juliette end up with in love actually

text: Love Actually

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins with a voiceover from David (Hugh Grant) commenting that whenever he gets gloomy about the state of the world he thinks about the arrivals terminal at Heathrow Airport, and the pure uncomplicated love felt as friends and families welcome their arriving loved ones. David's voiceover also relates that all the messages left by the people who died on the 9/11 planes were messages of love and not hate. The film then tells the 'love stories' of many people:

text: Billy Mack and Joe[edit]

text: With the help of his longtime manager Joe (Gregor Fisher), rock and roll legend Billy Mack (Bill Nighy) records a Christmas variation of The Troggs' "Love Is All Around". Although he thinks the record is terrible, Mack promotes the release in the hope it will become the Christmas number one single; it does and after briefly celebrating his victory at a party hosted by Sir Elton John, Billy discerns that Joe is in need of affection and suggests that he and Joe celebrate Christmas by getting drunk and watching porn.

text: Juliet, Peter and Mark[edit]

text: Juliet (Keira Knightley) and Peter's (Chiwetel Ejiofor) marriage is videotaped by the best man, Mark (Andrew Lincoln). Although both Juliet and Peter believe that Mark dislikes Juliet, he is in love with her. When Mark evades Juliet's requests to see the video he made at the wedding, Juliet visits Mark. She says she wants them to be friends and when she finds and views the wedding video, it turns out to be just adoring close-ups of her. After an uncomfortable silence, Mark blurts out that he snubs her out of "self-preservation." On Christmas Eve, Juliet answers the doorbell to find Mark, carrying a boombox playing Christmas songs and large cue cards on which he has written, without expectation of reciprocation, that he loves her. As he walks away, Juliet runs after him to give him a quick kiss before she returns inside.

text: Jamie and Aurélia[edit]

text: Writer Jamie (Colin Firth) is pushed to Juliet and Peter's wedding by his girlfriend (Sienna Guillory) as she feigns illness. He returns between the ceremony and the reception to check on her, and discovers that she is having an affair with his brother. Crushed, Jamie withdraws to his French cottage where he meets Portuguese housekeeper Aurélia (Lúcia Moniz), who does not speak English. Despite their inability to communicate, they become attracted to each other. When Jamie returns to England, he realises he is in love with Aurélia and begins learning Portuguese. He returns to France to find her and ends up walking through town, gathering people as they walk to her job at a restaurant. In his broken Portuguese he declares his love for her and proposes. She says yes in broken English as the crowd erupts in applause.

text: Harry, Karen and Mia[edit]

text: Harry (Alan Rickman) is the managing director of a design agency; Mia (Heike Makatsch) is his new secretary. Harry is comfortably married to his wife, Karen (Emma Thompson), who stays home to raise their children. Harry becomes increasingly aroused by Mia's overtly sexual behaviour at the office and does nothing to dissuade her. At the company Christmas party held at Mark's gallery, he not only inquires if Mark is her boyfriend, but dances closely with her. While at the shops, he calls Mia to find out what she wants for Christmas and ends up almost caught by his wife purchasing an expensive necklace from the jewellery department thanks to the salesman Rufus (Rowan Atkinson). Later on, Karen discovers the necklace in Harry's coat pocket and happily assumes it is a gift for her. When he hands her a similarly shaped box to open on Christmas Eve, she is heartbroken to find it is a Joni Mitchell CD, meaning that the necklace was for someone else. She confronts Harry and asks him what he would do if he was her. Harry begs her forgiveness. She responds that he has made a mockery of their marriage and of her.

text: David and Natalie[edit]

text: Karen's brother, David (Hugh Grant), is the recently elected Prime Minister. Natalie (Martine McCutcheon) is a new junior member of the household staff at 10 Downing Street. During a meeting with the U.S. President (Billy Bob Thornton), they run into Natalie and the president makes some inappropriate comments to David about Natalie's body. Later, David walks in on Natalie serving tea and biscuits to the president, and it appears that something untoward is happening. Natalie seems ashamed, but the President has a sly grin on his face. At the following joint press conference, David is uncharacteristically assertive while taking a stand against the President's intimidating policies. Finding that his relationship with Natalie has become strained and a distraction, David has her moved to another job. However, he is spurred to action on Christmas Eve when he finds a Christmas card from Natalie declaring that she is his and no one else's. After a door to door search of her street, he comes across Mia, who informs him that Natalie lives next door. The entire family is on their way out the door to a multi-school Christmas play and he offers to drive them so he can talk to her. After Natalie sneaks him in to the school, he runs into his heartbroken sister who believes he is there for his niece and nephew. As the two try to keep from being seen and watch the show from backstage, they finally kiss. All their hiding was for nothing because as the curtain rises, they are seen kissing by everyone.

text: Daniel, Sam, Joanna and Carol[edit]

text: Daniel (Liam Neeson), Karen's friend, mourns the recent death of his wife Joanna, as he tries to raise his stepson Sam (Thomas Sangster) alone. Sam has fallen for an American classmate, also named Joanna (Olivia Olson), and, after discussion with his stepfather, decides to learn the drums so that he can accompany her in the big finale for their school's Christmas pageant (the same one that David's nephew and Karen and Harry's children are in). After Sam feels that he missed his chance to make an impression on her, Daniel convinces Sam that he must go catch Joanna, who is returning to the US, at the airport that night and show her how he feels, lest he regret it. Sam runs away from the airport security and says hi to Joanna, who then kisses him on the cheek. Meanwhile, Daniel meets Carol (Claudia Schiffer), the mother of one of Sam's schoolmates.

text: Sarah, Karl and Michael[edit]

text: Sarah (Laura Linney) first appears at Juliet and Peter's wedding, sitting next to her friend Jamie. She is an American who works at Harry's graphic design company and has been in love for years with the company's creative director, Karl (Rodrigo Santoro). They finally connect at the Christmas party and he drives her home. They kiss, but before more can occur, they are interrupted by her mentally ill brother, Michael, phoning from a mental care facility. Sarah and Karl's evening tryst is aborted and Karl leaves. On Christmas Eve both are working late and, when Karl leaves, he only wishes her a merry Christmas. Michael phones Sarah and she goes to stay with him, sharing her Christmas scarf.

text: Colin, Tony and the American girls[edit]

text: After unsuccessfully attempting to woo various English women, including Mia and Nancy (Julia Davis), the caterer at Juliet and Peter's wedding, Colin Frissell (Kris Marshall) informs his friend Tony (Abdul Salis) he plans to go to America, where he is convinced that his Britishness will be an asset. Landing in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Colin meets Stacey (Ivana Miličević), Jeannie (January Jones), and Carol-Anne (Elisha Cuthbert), three stunningly attractive women who fall for his Basildon accent and invite him to stay at their home, where they are joined by roommate Harriet (Shannon Elizabeth).

text: John and Judy[edit]

text: John (Martin Freeman) and Judy (Joanna Page) are professional body doubles for films. They meet for the sex scenes in a film for which Tony is a production assistant. John tells Judy that "It is nice to have someone [he] can just chat to." While the two are perfectly comfortable being naked and simulating sex on-set, they are shy and tentative off-set. Carefully pursuing a relationship, they attend the Christmas pageant (involving David and Natalie, Harry and Karen's children, Daniel and Sam, et al.) at the local school with John's brother.

text: Rufus[edit]

text: Rufus (Rowan Atkinson) is the jewellery salesman, whose obsessive attention to gift-wrapping nearly results in Harry being caught buying a necklace for Mia by Karen. Also, it is his distraction of staff at the airport which allows Sam to sneak through to see Joanna. In the director and cast commentary, it is revealed that Rufus was originally supposed to be a Christmas angel; however, this was dropped from the final script.

text: Epilogue[edit]

text: One month later, all of the characters are seen in Heathrow Airport. Billy tells Joe that his Christmas single has spurred a comeback. Juliet, Peter, and Mark meet Jamie and his bride, Aurélia. Karen and the kids greet Harry, but Karen's reaction suggests that they are struggling to move past his indiscretion. Sam greets Joanna, who has returned with her mother from America, and Daniel is joined by his new girlfriend Carol and her son. Newlyweds John and Judy, heading off to their honeymoon, run into Tony who is awaiting Colin as he returns from America. Colin returns with Harriet and her sister Carla (Denise Richards) who greets Tony with a hug and a kiss. Natalie welcomes David back from his flight in view of the press, indicating that their relationship is now public. These scenes dissolve into footage of actual arrivals at Heathrow, as the screen is divided into an increasing number of smaller segments which form the shape of a heart.

text: Connections between stories[edit]

text: All the stories are linked in some way, with the exception of Billy Mack and his manager, who are not acquainted with any of the other characters, but Billy appears frequently on characters' radios and TVs, his music video twice providing an important plot device for Sam's pursuit of Joanna; the pair also cross paths with the other characters in the closing Heathrow scene. John and Judy work with Tony who is best friends with Colin who works for a catering company that services the office where Sarah, Karl, Mia, and Harry work. Mia is friends with Mark who runs the art gallery where the Christmas office party takes place. Mia also lives next door to Natalie. Mark is in love with Juliet and friends with Peter. The couple are friends with Jamie and Sarah. Harry is married to Karen who is friends with Daniel, and Karen's brother is David who works with Natalie. Harry and Karen's children (and thus David's niece and nephew), Natalie's siblings (and thus Mia's neighbours), and Carol's son are all schoolmates of Sam and Joanna. An additional plot that was dropped in editing concerned the children's headmistress (Anne Reid) and her dying lesbian partner (Frances de la Tour).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Alan Rickman as Harry
Emma Thompson as Karen
Hugh Grant as David
Keira Knightley as Juliet
Colin Firth as Jamie
Sienna Guillory as Jamie's Girlfriend
Lúcia Moniz as Aurélia
Liam Neeson as Daniel
Thomas Sangster as Sam
Bill Nighy as Billy Mack
Gregor Fisher as Joe
Martine McCutcheon as Natalie
Chiwetel Ejiofor as Peter
Andrew Lincoln as Mark
Laura Linney as Sarah
Rodrigo Santoro as Karl
Michael Fitzgerald as Michael
Kris Marshall as Colin
Abdul Salis as Tony
Heike Makatsch as Mia
Martin Freeman as John
Joanna Page as Judy
Olivia Olson as Joanna
Billy Bob Thornton as US President
Rowan Atkinson as Rufus
Claudia Schiffer as Carol
Nina Sosanya as Annie
Ivana Miličević as Stacey
January Jones as Jeannie
Elisha Cuthbert as Carol-Anne
Shannon Elizabeth as Harriet
Denise Richards as Carla
Lulu Popplewell as Daisy
Marcus Brigstocke as Mikey
Julia Davis as Nancy
Ruby Turner as Jean
Adam Godley as Mr. Trench
Élisabeth Margoni as Eleonore
Meg Wynn Owen as Mary, PM's secretary

text: Production[edit]

text: Initially, Curtis started writing the film as two distinct movies with expanded versions of what would be two of the characters' storylines in the finished film but he grew frustrated with the process.[4] Partly inspired by the films of Robert Altman as well as films such as Pulp Fiction, and partly inspired by the fact that Curtis became "more interested in writing a film about love and what love sort of means" he had the idea of creating an ensemble film.[4] The film initially did not have any sort of Christmas theme, although Curtis's penchant for such movies eventually caused him to write it as one.[5]

text: Most of the film was made on location in London, at sites including Trafalgar Square, the central court of Somerset House in the Strand, Grosvenor Chapel on South Audley Street near Hyde Park, St. Paul's Clapham on Rectory Grove, Clapham in the London Borough of Lambeth, the Millennium Bridge, Selfridges department store on Oxford Street, Lambeth Bridge, the Tate Modern in the former Bankside Power Station, Canary Wharf, Marble Arch, the St. Lukes Mews off All Saint's Road in Notting Hill, Chelsea Bridge, the OXO Tower, London City Hall, Poplar Road in Herne Hill in the London Borough of Lambeth, Elliott School in Pullman Gardens, Putney in the London Borough of Wandsworth, and London Heathrow Airport. Additional scenes were filmed at the Marseille Airport and Le Bar de la Marine. Scenes set in 10 Downing Street were filmed at the Shepperton Studios.[6]

text: Ant and Dec played themselves in the film with Bill Nighy's character referring to Dec as "Ant or Dec". This refers to the common mistaking of one for the other, owing to their constant joint professional presence as a comedy and presenting duo. The veteran actress Jeanne Moreau is seen briefly, entering a taxi at the Marseille Airport. The soul singer Ruby Turner appears as Joanna Anderson's mother, one of the backing singers at the school Christmas pageant.

text: Curtis's original concept for the film included 14 different scenarios, but four of them were cut (two having been filmed).[7] The scene in which Colin attempts to chat up the female caterer at the wedding appeared in drafts of the screenplay for Four Weddings and a Funeral, but was cut from the final version.[8] The music video for Billy Mack's song, "Love Is All Around", is a tribute to Robert Palmer's video, "Addicted To Love".[7] Curtis has spoken negatively about the editing process for the film, which he labeled in 2014 as a "catastrophe" and "The only nightmare scenario that I’ve been caught in".[9] The film was rushed in order to be ready for the 2003 Christmas season which he likened to "three-dimensional chess" [9]

text: Following Tony Blair's resignation as Prime Minister, pundits and speculators commented on a potential anti-American shift in Gordon Brown's cabinet as a "Love Actually moment", referring to the scene in which Hugh Grant's character stands up to the American president.[10][11][12] In 2009, during President Barack Obama's first visit to the UK, Chris Matthews referred to the president in Love Actually as an example of George W. Bush and other former presidents' bullying of European allies. In commenting on Matthews' view, Mediaite's Jon Bershad described the U.S. president character as a "sleazy Bill Clinton/George W. Bush hybrid".[13] In the scene in question, the swaggering president bullies the prime minister and then sexually harasses a member of the household staff. In September 2013, David Cameron made a speech in reply to Russia's comment that Britain was a small insignificant country, which drew comparisons with Hugh Grant's speech during the film.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Love Actually

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
17 November 2003

Genre
Film soundtrack

Label
Universal, Island

tag: table

text: The film's original score was composed, orchestrated and conducted by Craig Armstrong.

text:
"Jump (for My Love)" by Girls Aloud
"Too Lost in You" by Sugababes
"The Trouble with Love Is" by Kelly Clarkson
"Here with Me" by Dido
"Christmas Is All Around" by Billy Mack
"Turn Me On" by Norah Jones
"Songbird" by Eva Cassidy
"Sweetest Goodbye" by Maroon 5
"Wherever You Will Go" by The Calling
"I'll See It Through" by Texas
"Both Sides Now" by Joni Mitchell
"White Christmas" by Otis Redding
"Take Me As I Am" by Wyclef Jean and Sharissa
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Olivia Olson
"God Only Knows" by The Beach Boys
"All You Need Is Love" by Lynden David Hall
"Sometimes" by Gabrielle
"Glasgow Love Theme" by Craig Armstrong
"PM's Love Theme" by Craig Armstrong
"Portuguese Love Theme" by Craig Armstrong

tag: ol

text: The US disc replaces the Girls Aloud version of "Jump (for My Love)" with the original recording by the Pointer Sisters. "Joanna" by Scott Walker was deleted from the film. Other songs heard in the film, though not included on either soundtrack album, include "All Alone on Christmas" by Darlene Love and "Smooth" by Santana, the Paul Anka song "Puppy Love" performed by S Club Juniors, and "Bye Bye Baby" by the Bay City Rollers.

text:
"The Trouble with Love Is" by Kelly Clarkson
"Here with Me" by Dido
"Medley: Sweetest Goodbye/Sunday Morning" by Maroon 5
"Turn Me On" by Norah Jones
"Take Me As I Am" by Wyclef Jean and Sharissa
"Songbird" by Eva Cassidy
"Wherever You Will Go" by The Calling
"Jump (for My Love)" by The Pointer Sisters
"Both Sides Now" by Joni Mitchell
"All You Need Is Love" by Lynden David Hall
"God Only Knows" by The Beach Boys
"I'll See It Through" by Texas
"Too Lost in You" by Sugababes
"Glasgow Love Theme" by Craig Armstrong
"White Christmas" by Otis Redding
"Christmas Is All Around" by Billy Mack
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Olivia Olson

text: The soundtrack album reached the top 40 on the US Billboard 200 in 2004 and ranked second on the Top Soundtracks chart. It achieved gold record status in Australia and Mexico.

text: The UK and US versions of the actual film contain two instances of alternative music. In the UK cut, the montage leading up to and continuing through the first part of the office party is set to the song "Too Lost in You", by the UK group Sugababes. In the US version of the film, this song is replaced with "The Trouble With Love Is", performed by the American singer Kelly Clarkson. In the UK version's end credit roll, the second song is a cover of "Jump (for My Love)", performed by Girls Aloud. In the US version, this song is replaced with "Too Lost in You", by Sugababes.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Working Title Films production, budgeted at $45,000,000, was released by Universal Pictures. It grossed $62,671,632 in the United Kingdom, $13,956,093 in Australia[16] and $59,472,278 in the US and Canada. It took a worldwide total of $247,472,278.[17]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: While Love Actually received generally positive reviews in Britain, United States reviews were generally mixed. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 63% of critics gave the film a positive rating, based on 194 reviews, with an average score of 6.3/10. Its consensus states "'A sugary tale overstuffed with too many stories. Still, the cast charms."[18] On Metacritic, the film holds a 55/100 rating, based on 41 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19]

text: Todd McCarthy of Variety called it "a roundly entertaining romantic comedy," a "doggedly cheery confection," and "a package that feels as luxuriously appointed and expertly tooled as a Rolls-Royce" and predicted "its cheeky wit, impossibly attractive cast, and sure-handed professionalism... along with its all-encompassing romanticism should make this a highly popular early holiday attraction for adults on both sides of the pond".[20] Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice called it "love British style, handicapped slightly by corny circumstance and populated by colourful neurotics".[21] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 1⁄2 out of 4 stars, describing it as "a belly-flop into the sea of romantic comedy [...] The movie's only flaw is also a virtue: It's jammed with characters, stories, warmth and laughs, until at times Curtis seems to be working from a checklist of obligatory movie love situations and doesn't want to leave anything out [...] It feels a little like a gourmet meal that turns into a hot-dog eating contest."[22] Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today wrote "Curtis' multi-tiered cake of comedy, slathered in eye-candy icing and set mostly in London at Christmas, serves sundry slices of love—sad, sweet and silly—in all of their messy, often surprising, glory."[23]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly rated it B and called it "a toasty, star-packed ensemble comedy... [That's] going to make a lot of holiday romantics feel very, very good; watching it; I felt cosy and charmed myself."[24] Nev Pierce of the BBC awarded it four of a possible five stars and called it a "vibrant romantic comedy... Warm, bittersweet and hilarious, this is lovely, actually. Prepare to be smitten."[25] Carla Meyer of the San Francisco Chronicle opined "[it] abandons any pretext of sophistication for gloppy sentimentality, sugary pop songs and bawdy humour – an approach that works about half the time [...] Most of the story lines maintain interest because of the fine cast and general goodwill of the picture."[26]

text: In his review in The New York Times, A.O. Scott called it "a romantic comedy swollen to the length of an Oscar-trawling epic – nearly two and a quarter hours of cheekiness, diffidence and high-tone smirking" and added, "it is more like a record label's greatest-hits compilation or a very special sitcom clip-reel show than an actual movie [...] The film's governing idea of love is both shallow and dishonest, and its sweet, chipper demeanour masks a sour cynicism about human emotions that is all the more sleazy for remaining unacknowledged. It has the calloused, leering soul of an early-60s rat-pack comedy, but without the suave, seductive bravado."[27] In Rolling Stone, Peter Travers rated it two stars out of a possible four, saying "there are laughs laced with feeling here, but the deft screenwriter Richard Curtis dilutes the impact by tossing in more and more stories. As a director... Curtis can't seem to rein in his writer... He ladles sugar over the eager-to-please Love Actually to make it go down easy, forgetting that sometimes it just makes you gag."[28]

text: Although critics' reviews for Love Actually were mixed, the film is more popular among audiences and has even been discussed in recent years as an arguable modern-day Christmas classic.[29][30] Christopher Orr of The Atlantic, on the other hand, remains negative toward the work and even described it as the least romantic movie of all time, considering its ultimate message to be, "It’s probably best if you give up on love altogether and get on with the rest of your life."[30][31]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film (nominee)
BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Bill Nighy, winner)
BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Emma Thompson, nominee)
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy (nominee)
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay (nominee)
Empire Award for Best British Film (winner)
Empire Award for Best British Actress (Emma Thompson, winner)
Empire Award for Best Newcomer (Martine McCutcheon, winner)
Empire Award for Best Newcomer (Andrew Lincoln, nominee)
Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actress (Emma Thompson, winner)
Evening Standard Peter Sellers Award for Comedy (Bill Nighy, winner)
European Film Award for Best Actor (Hugh Grant, nominee)
European Film Award for Best Director (Richard Curtis, nominee)
London Film Critics Circle Award for Best British Supporting Actor (Bill Nighy, winner)
London Film Critics Circle Award for Best British Supporting Actress (Emma Thompson, winner)
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor (Bill Nighy, winner)
Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor, Musical or Comedy (Bill Nighy and Thomas Sangster, nominees)
Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress, Musical or Comedy (Emma Thompson, nominee)

text: Other adaptations[edit]

text: The screenplay by Richard Curtis was published by Michael Joseph Ltd. in the UK and by St. Martin's Griffin in the US.[32]

text: Red Nose Day Actually[edit]

text: In 2017 Richard Curtis wrote a script for a Red Nose Day short which reunited several characters and picked up their storylines 14 years later. Filming began in February 2017 and was broadcast on BBC One on March 24, 2017.[33]


document_title: Indiana State Fair Band Day

question_text: who won the indiana state fair band contest

text: Indiana State Fair Band Day

text: History[edit]

text: The first musical contest at the Indiana State Fair was held in 1926, however there was no marching involved. Whiteland High School was initially declared the champion, but they were disqualified when it was discovered they used students from other Johnson County schools. Ligonier High School was then given the title. The idea of a high school band contest faded, but in 1939 the State Fair held a parade for high school marching bands in front of the grandstands. This parade continued until 1941 when the state fair was cancelled due to World War II.

text: In 1946 the state fair resumed and the first State Fair Band Day Competition was held on September 2, 1947. Less than 25 bands competed in 3 classes. Under the direction of Fred Reiter the Grant County Combined Band won the Class A championship using students from Van Buren, Jefferson Township[disambiguation needed], Swayzee, Gas City, Jonesboro, Sweetser, and Fairmount. Rochester won Class B and Francesville won Class C. In 1948 the contest switched to a single class format. Gary Frobel High School won the championship that year.

text: In the early years of the contest musical repertoires consisted almost entirely of conventional marching songs. There was no time limit, but there wasn't much for the bands to do other than just march past the grandstands. There was a rule that no band could take a backwards step. Odon Madison Township was the first band to do something other than just marching forward, they did a right flanking movement, then a left movement to straighten up. Noblesville was the first band to do backwards marching in their 1952 championship program.

text: In 1952, to celebrate the centennial of the State Fair, the contest was moved to North Meridian Street in Downtown Indianapolis, near the War Memorial Building. The contest was held there once again in 1953. The Marching Millers from Noblesville and The Bearcat Pride from Muncie Central won the championship those years. The contest returned to the fairgrounds in 1954.

text: The fifties saw rapid growth in participation from 39 bands competing in 1951 to 83 bands in 1955. In the beginning the contest was a parade contest, with bands marching in parade formation in front of the grandstands. Eventually the format progressed to the bands playing off the starting line, marching down the field then playing in concert formation, and then playing as they cross the finish line, much like the drum and bugle corps of the day.

text: 1962 saw the greatest number of participating bands with 107 bands registered and 92 participating. 1967 was the first year for a prelims-finals format. Initially the top 15 of the 69 bands in prelims were to return that night for finals, however a scoring error left Madison Heights in 20th place. Rather than removing a band, 16 bands competed in finals.

text: The 70s saw a decline in participation from 59 bands in 1970 to just 32 in 1979. Initially school consolidations affected the number of competing bands, later the All State Marching Band field contest in the fall lowered participation further. In 1970 the Marching Giants from Ben Davis won the World Music Contest in Kerkrade, The Netherlands, but placed second at Band Day to the Anderson Highland Marching Highlanders.

text: By the 1980s bands did not do a concert standstill portion of their show, but they still had to begin the show at the start line and end at the finish line. To encourage participation of smaller bands a new class structure was introduced in 1982. Bands were divided into two classes, based on band size and school enrollment, Large Bands and Small Bands. In 2007 a class for even smaller bands called Espirit de Corps was added. The class champions are determined in prelims with the top sixteen bands, regardless of class, moving on to finals. The Marching Eagles of Delta High School won the first Small Bands Championship. In 1989 the contest was moved to the opening day of the state fair. That year, under the direction of Doug Fletcher, the Marching Bears of Monroe Central High School became the first band competing as a small band to win the Indiana State Fair Band Day Championship, they repeated in 1990 and 1991and were runners up in 1992.

text: The 1990s saw one of the greatest decades of dominance in Band Day history. The Marching Flashes from Franklin Central won 6 championships, the first band to do so. They are also the only band to win 4 championships in a row, winning from 1993-1996 and again in 1998 and 1999. Additionally they went undefeated in all of their championship seasons, except for 1993. In 1997 The Force of Winchester Community High School pulled off an upset victory over the Marching Flashes becoming only the second small band to win the championship. In 1995 a rule change allowed the shows to start and finish anywhere on the track, much like a field show.

text: Franklin Central began competing exclusively in fall field competitions in 2000. Going in to Band Day that year the Marching Patriots of Jay County High School were the favorites to win the championship. They had won every contest that season, winning over the Spirit of South from Muncie Southside High School. Jay County won prelims by a margin of 1.5 over Southside, but the Spirit of South, with only 59 members edged by the Marching Patriots, who had nearly 100 more members, by a mere tenth of a point, the closest finish ever at the time. Jay County won in 2001 and Muncie Southside began a streak of 3 consecutive championships from 2002-2004 setting the record for the highest scoring show at the Indiana State Fair Band Day with a 93.25. In 2004 the Marching Highlanders returned to Band Day for the first time since 1975 and Finished in 2nd place 8.25 points behind first. From 2005-2009 Anderson Highland and Muncie Southside traded the championship with the Marching Highlanders winning in 2005, 2007, and 2009, and the Spirit of South winning in 2006, and 2008. In 2008 Muncie Southside became the second school to win 6 championships, previously winning in 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2006. Anderson Highland became the third band to win 6 championships in 2009, previously winning in 1968, 1970, 1971, 2005, and 2007.

text: During the 2009-2010 school year the Anderson Community School board voted to close Highland High School. That summer the Anderson, and Anderson Highland bands merged, keeping the name Marching Highlanders but now representing Anderson High School. Going into Band Day the Muncie Southside Spirit of South was the favorite to win the championship, they won every competition they entered that year, but they finished 3rd in prelims behind Anderson and Richmond. Southside moved to second in finals and the combined Anderson High School Marching Highlanders won the championship. Becoming the fourth school to win 6 championships previously winning in 1957, 1958, 1959, 1985, and 1986. In 2011 Doug Fletcher left Anderson to become the director at Winchester Community High School where he was director from 1994-1998. In finals that year The Force of Winchester, competing as a small band, won their second championship by a mere .05 of a point of the Red Devil Marching Band from Richmond, the closest finish in Band Day history. In 2012 the three classes were renamed Class AAA, Class AA, and Class A. That year The Force moved up to Class AAA and won their 2nd consecutive championship, and their 3rd overall. In 2013 Winchester won once again becoming the fifth band to win 3 championships in a row and having the second highest score ever with a 92.70. In 2014 the contest was moved to the second day of the fair as many schools began going to school earlier. In November 2013 the Muncie Community School board voted to close Muncie Southside High School. Much like with Anderson in 2010 the bands from Muncie Central High School and Muncie Southside High School combined for the 2014 season with a new name, Spirit of Muncie. Going into Band Day The Force was undefeated and appeared that they would win their fourth consecutive championship, however the Spirit of Muncie scored a 91.6 in prelims, the highest score ever in prelims, and beat Winchester by .65 of a point. In finals the Spirit of Muncie scored a 92.35 to bring the championship back to Muncie for the first time since 2008 and the first time for Muncie Central since 1953. The Spirit of Muncie will not defend their title in 2015. In 2015 Winchester Community High School went undefeated for a second time and ended their season with a championship for the first time and the second highest score State Fair Band Day history. Winchester would go on to win their sixth championship the following year, 2016. In 2017, The Marching Millers from Noblesville High School won their 2nd championship (1952).[2][3][4][5][6][7]

text: Contest Format[edit]

text: Between 40 and 50 bands participate every year. They are separated into three classes Class AAA, Class AA, and Class A, based on band size. The preliminary competition takes place in the morning and the top 16 bands regardless of class compete in the finals competition at night. Each band is allowed 4–6 minutes to perform 2 minutes for entry and one minute to exit.[2][8]

text: Past Champions[edit]

text: State Fair Band Day Champions[edit]

text:
Year
School
Band
Score
Director
Runner Up

1947
N/A† (1)
Grant County Combined Band
N/A
Fred Reiter (1)
Unknown

1948
Gary Frobel (1)
Frobel High School Marching Band
N/A
Kenneth Resur (1)
Rochester (1)

1949
Odon-Madison Township (1)
Odon-Madison Township
High School Marching Band
N/A
Raymond Blair (1)
Gary Frobel (1)

1950
Alexandria (1)
Marching Tigers
N/A
Carroll Copeland (1)
Hammond (1)
Morton Memorial (1)
Pike Township (1)
(tie)

1951
Odon-Madison Township (2)
Odon-Madison Township
High School Marching Band
N/A
Raymond Blair (2)
Lawrenceburg Consolidated (1)

1952
Noblesville (1)
Marching Millers
N/A
Herbert Laswell (1)
Lawrenceburg Consolidated (2)

1953
Muncie Central (1)
Bearcat Pride
N/A
Don Parlette (1)
Knightstown (1)

1954
Jasper (1)
Marching Wildcats
90
Tom Bishop (1)
Franklin Community (1)

1955
Vincennes Lincoln (1)
Pride of the Green
100
Hal Meurer (1)
Franklin Community (2)

1956
Franklin Community (1)
Grizzly Cub Band
271
Carroll Copeland (2)
Anderson (1)

1957
Anderson (1)
Marching Indians
263
George Vaught (1)
Muncie Central (1)

1958
Anderson (2)
Marching Indians
243
George Vaught (2)
Princenton (1)

1959
Anderson (3)
Marching Indians
242
George Vaught (3)
Ben Davis (1)

1960
Ben Davis (1)
Marching Giants
236
Ralph Chandler (1)
Anderson (2)

1961
Ben Davis (2)
Marching Giants
241
Ralph Chandler (2)
Crown Point (1)

1962
Vincennes Lincoln (2)
Pride of the Green
236
Hal Meurer (2)
Madison Heights (1)

1963
Madison Heights (1)
Band of Pirates
242
Francis Barker (1)
Ben Davis (2)

1964
Ben Davis (3)
Marching Giants
484
Hal Meurer (3)
Madison Heights (2)

1965
Crown Point (1)
Marching Bulldogs
N/A
Joseph Guth (1)
Richmond (1)

1966
Ben Davis (4)
Marching Giants
N/A
Hal Meurer (4)
Crown Point (2)

1967
Ben Davis (5)
Marching Giants
N/A
Hal Meurer (5)
Madison Heights (3)

1968
Anderson Highland (1)
Marching Highlanders
N/A
Bruce Smith (1)
Marion (1)

1969
Marion (1)
Marching Giants
N/A
Joseph Guth (2)
Ben Davis (3)

1970
Anderson Highland (2)
Marching Highlanders
N/A
Hugh Callison (1)
Ben Davis (4)

1971
Anderson Highland (3)
Marching Highlanders
914
Hugh Callison (2)
Ben Davis (5)

1972
Shenandoah (1)
Marching Raiders
N/A
Frank Bieneas (1)
Wapahani (1)

1973
Richmond (1)
Red Devil Marching Band
N/A
John Parshall (1)
Alexandria (1)

1974
New Castle Chrysler (1)
Trojan Marching Band
N/A
Robert Shauver (1)
Anderson Highland (1)

1975
Wapahani (1)
Imperial Raider Band
916
Jim Craig (1)
Carmel (1)

1976
Greenwood (1)
Marching Woodmen
908
Herman Knoll (1)
Norwell (1)

1977
Norwell (1)
Marching Knights
1074
Thomas Osbourne (1)
Wapahani (2)

1978
Wapahani (2)
Imperial Raider Band
1071
Jim Craig (2)
Norwell (2)

1979
New Castle Chrysler (2)
Trojan Marching Band
1078
Robert Shauver (2)
Wapahani (3)

1980
Madison Heights (2)
Band of Pirates
1062
Thomas Osbourne (2)
Wapahani (4)

1981
Wapahani (3)
Imperial Raider Band
1069
Jim Craig (3)
Madison Heights (4)

1982
Wapahani (4)
Imperial Raider Band
1052
Jim Craig (4)
Madison Heights (5)

1983
Wapahani (5)
Imperial Raider Band
86.63
Jim Craig (5)
Carmel (2)

1984
Carmel (1)
Marching Greyhounds
89.12
Richard Saucedo (1)
Alexandria-Monroe (2)

1985
Anderson (4)
Marching Indians
83.56
Donald Huffman (1)
Jay County (1)

1986
Anderson (5)
Marching Indians
88.90
Donald Huffman (2)
Richmond (2)

1987
Southport (1)
Marching Cardinsls
87.95
James Furr (1)
Noblesville (1)

1988
Richmond (2)
Red Devil Marching Band
90.05
Stephen Varnell (1)
Franklin Central (1)

1989
Monroe Central (1)
Marching Bears
67.35
Doug Fletcher (1)
Jay County (2)

1990
Monroe Central (2)
Marching Bears
73.35
Doug Fletcher (2)
Jay County (3)

1991
Monroe Central (3)
Marching Bears
70.90
Doug Fletcher (3)
Jay County (4)

1992
Jay County (1)
Marching Patriots
76.45
David Humbert (1)
Monroe Central (1)

1993
Franklin Central (1)
Marching Flashes
71.45
Raymond Hauser (1)
Jay County (5)

1994
Franklin Central (2)
Marching Flashes
84.70
Raymond Hauser (2)
Jay County (6)

1995
Franklin Central (3)
Marching Flashes
83.25††
Raymond Hauser (3)
Winchester Community (1)

1996
Franklin Central (4)
Marching Flashes
87.70
Raymond Hauser (4)
Winchester Community (2)

1997
Winchester Community (1)
The Force of Winchester
86.20
Doug Fletcher (4)
Franklin Central (2)

1998
Franklin Central (5)
Marching Flashes
89.89
Raymond Hauser (5)
Winchester Community (3)

1999
Franklin Central (6)
Marching Flashes
89.95
Raymond Hauser (6)
Jay County (7)

2000
Muncie Southside (1)
Spirit of South
81.25
Chuck Reynolds (1)
Jay County (8)

2001
Jay County (2)
Marching Patriots
89.20
David Humbert (2)
Muncie Southside (1)

2002
Muncie Southside (2)
Spirit of South
88.30
Chuck Reynolds (2)
Jay County (9)

2003
Muncie Southside (3)
Spirit of South
89.45
Chuck Reynolds (3)
Richmond (3)

2004
Muncie Southside (4)
Spirit of South
93.25
Chuck Reynolds (4)
Anderson Highland (2)

2005
Anderson Highland (4)
Marching Highlanders
91.70
Doug Fletcher (5)
Muncie Southside (2)

2006
Muncie Southside (5)
Spirit of South
91.50
Chuck Reynolds (5)
Jay County (10)

2007
Anderson Highland (5)
Marching Highlanders
91.40
Doug Fletcher (6)
Muncie Southside (3)

2008
Muncie Southside (6)
Spirit of South
89.45
Joe Poio (1)
Richmond (4)

2009
Anderson Highland (6)
Marching Highlanders
87.55
Doug Fletcher (7)
Muncie Southside (4)

2010
Anderson (6)
Marching Highlanders
90.05
Doug Fletcher (8)
Muncie Southside (5)

2011
Winchester Community (2)
The Force of Winchester
88.30
Doug Fletcher (9)
Richmond (5)

2012
Winchester Community (3)
The Force of Winchester
91.60
Doug Fletcher (10)
Muncie Southside (6)

2013
Winchester Community (4)
The Force of Winchester
92.70
Doug Fletcher (11)
Muncie Southside (7)

2014
Muncie Central (2)
Spirit of Muncie
92.35
Jeremiah Bowman (1)
Winchester Community (4)

2015
Winchester Community (5)
The Force of Winchester
92.925
Doug Fletcher (12)
Northeastern (1)

2016
Winchester Community (6)
The Force of Winchester
92.625
Doug Fletcher (13)
Kokomo (1)

2017
Noblesville (2)
Marching Millers
92.600
Eric Thornbury (1)
Winchester Community (5)

text: †Grant County Combined Band consisted of students from seven schools- Van Buren, Jefferson Township, Swayzee, Gas City, Jonesboro, Sweetster, and Fairmount.[9]

text: ††Finals rained out in 1995. Preliminary scores used

text: Championships by School[edit]

text:
School
Number of Championships
Years

Franklin Central
6
1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999

Muncie Southside
6
2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008

Anderson Highland
6
1968, 1970, 1971, 2005, 2007, 2009

Anderson
6
1957, 1958, 1959, 1985, 1986, 2010

Winchester Community
6
1997, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016

Ben Davis
5
1960, 1961, 1964, 1966, 1967

Wapahani
5
1975, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983

Monroe Central
3
1989, 1990, 1991

Odon-Madison Township
2
1949, 1951

Vincennes Lincoln
2
1955, 1962

New Castle Chrysler
2
1974, 1979

Madison Heights
2
1963, 1980

Richmond
2
1973, 1988

Jay County
2
1992, 2001

Muncie Central
2
1953, 2014

Noblesville
2
1952, 2017

Grant County Combined Band
1
1947

Gary Frobel
1
1948

Alexandria
1
1950

Jasper
1
1954

Franklin Community
1
1956

Crown Point
1
1965

Marion
1
1969

Shenandoah
1
1972

Greenwood
1
1976

Norwell
1
1977

Carmel
1
1984

Southport
1
1987

text: Runners Up by School[edit]

text:
School
Number
Years

Jay County
10
1985, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994,
1999, 2000, 2002, 2006

Muncie Southside
7
2001, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012,
2013

Ben Davis
5
1959, 1963, 1969, 1970, 1971

Madison Heights
5
1962, 1964, 1967, 1981, 1982

Richmond
5
1965, 1986, 2003, 2008, 2011

Winchester Community
5
1995, 1996, 1998, 2014, 2017

Wapahani
4
1972, 1977, 1979, 1980

Lawrenceburg Consolidated
2
1951, 1952

Franklin Community
2
1954, 1955

Anderson
2
1956, 1960

Crown Point
2
1961, 1966

Norwell
2
1976, 1978

Carmel
2
1975, 1983

Alexandria
2
1973, 1984

Franklin Central
2
1988, 1997

Anderson Highland
2
1974, 2004

Rochester
1
1948

Gary Frobel
1
1949

Hammond
1
1950 (tie)

Morton Memorial
1
1950 (tie)

Pike Township
1
1950 (tie)

Knightstown
1
1953

Muncie Central
1
1957

Princenton
1
1958

Marion
1
1968

Noblesville
1
1987

Monroe Central
1
1992

Northeastern
1
2015

Kokomo
1
2016

text: Bands that won but did not compete the following year[edit]

text:
Year
Won
School
Reason

1947
Grant County Combined Band
Unknown; returned, 1951

1969
Marion
Unknown; returned, 1977

1972
Shenandoah
Entered, but did not appear; returned, 1974

1976
Greenwood
Began competing exclusively in fall field show competitions

1984
Carmel
Began competing exclusively in fall field show competitions

1987
Southport
Unknown; returned, 1991

1999
Franklin Central
Began competing exclusively in fall field show competitions

2009
Anderson Highland
Consolidation of Anderson Highland High School and Anderson High School

2014
Muncie Central
Resignation of both band directors; returned, 2016

text: Class B/Small Bands/Class AA Champions[edit]

text:
Year
School
Band
Score
Director

1947
Rochester (1)
Zebra Band
N/A
Wendell Frederick (1)

1948
–
1981
Not Awarded

1982
Delta (1)
Golden Eagle Marching Band
978
Bill Cain (1)

1983
Muncie Southside (1)
Spirit of South
69.87
Ralph Ewell (1)

1984
Muncie Southside (2)
Spirit of South
83.26
Ralph Ewell (2)

1985
Southmont (1)
Royal Mountie Band
77.33
James Patton (1)

1986
Southmont (2)
Royal Mountie Band
77.33
James Patton (2)

1987
Alexandria-Monroe (1)
Marching Tigers
79.75
Dan Rice (1)

1988
Indian Creek (1)
Marching Braves
74.35
Mark Mongomtery (1)

1989
Monroe Central (1)
Marching Bears
67.35
Doug Fletcher (1)

1990
Monroe Central (2)
Marching Bears
73.35
Doug Fletcher (2)

1991
Monroe Central (3)
Marching Bears
70.90
Doug Fletcher (3)

1992
Monroe Central (4)
Marching Bears
76.25
Vincent Early (1)

1993
Paul Harding (1)
Marching Hawks
54.45
Jack Schmidt (1)

1994
Winchester Community (1)
The Force of Winchester
74.45
Doug Fletcher (4)

1995
Winchester Community (2)
The Force of Winchester
80.25
Doug Fletcher (5)

1996
Indian Creek (2)
Marching Braves
73.20
Trent Evans (1)

1997
Winchester Community (3)
The Force of Winchester
86.20
Doug Fletcher (6)

1998
Winchester Community (4)
The Force of Winchester
89.05
Doug Fletcher (7)

1999
Centerville (1)
Blue Regiment
73.95
Mel Carpenter (1)

2000
Centerville (2)
Blue Regiment
71.65
Mel Carpenter (2)

2001
Centerville (3)
Blue Regiment
75.00
Mel Carpenter (3)

2002
Winchester Community (5)
The Force of Winchester
77.30
Daniel Merkamp (1)

2003
Centerville (4)
Blue Regiment
79.40
Charles Roesch (1)

2004
Centerville (5)
Blue Regiment
81.35
Charles Roesch (2)

2005
Centerville (6)
Blue Regiment
85.20
Charles Roesch (3)

2006
Centerville (7)
Blue Regiment
82.25
Charles Roesch (4)

2007
Centerville (8)
Blue Regiment
84.75
Charles Roesch (5)

2008
Centerville (9)
Blue Regiment
81.15
Charles Roesch (6)

2009
Southmont (3)
Royal Mountie Band
82.75
Brian Bartlett (1)

2010
Southmont (4)
Royal Mountie Band
78.85
Brian Bartlett (2)

2011
Winchester Community (6)
The Force of Winchester
88.30
Doug Fletcher (8)

2012
Centerville (10)
Blue Regiment
87.35
Charles Roesch (7)

2013
Centerville (11)
Blue Regiment
87.075
Charles Roesch (8)

2014
Centerville (12)
Blue Regiment
86.75
Charles Roesch (9)

2015
Centerville (13)
Blue Regiment
83.275
Charles Roesch (10)

2016
Centerville (14)
Blue Regiment
83.500
Charles Roesch (11)

2017
Centerville (15)
Blue Regiment
82.245
Charles Roesch (12)

text: Class B/Small Bands/Class AA Championships by School[edit]

text:
School
Number of Championships
Years

Centerville
15
1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

Winchester Community
6
1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2011

Monroe Central
4
1989, 1990, 1991, 1992

Southmont
4
1985, 1986, 2009, 2010

Muncie Southside
2
1983, 1984

Indian Creek
2
1988, 1996

Rochester
1
1947

Delta
1
1982

Alexandria-Monroe
1
1987

Paul Harding
1
1993

text: Class C/Espirit de Corps/Class A Champions[edit]

text:
Year
School
Band
Score
Director

1947
Francesville (1)
Francesville High School Marching Band
N/A
Donald Enrlich (1)

1948
–
2006
Not Awarded

2007
Sheridan (1)
Blackhawk Marching Band
55.85
Katie Meloy (1)

2008
South Knox (1)
Spartan Pride
38.65
Kim Joyce-Rohrer (1)

2009
Sheridan (2)
Blackhawk Marching Band
52.20
Katie Bieda (2)

2010
Cloverdale (1)
Emerald Command
50.20
William Cole (1)

2011
Monroe Central (1)
Marching Bears
51.95
Stacey Briggs (1)

2012
Sheridan (3)
Blackhawk Marching Band
61.00
Nick Waldron (1)

2013
Monroe Central (2)
Marching Bears
70.70
Eric Bowman (1)

2014
Monroe Central (3)
Marching Bears
77.55
Eric Bowman (2)

2015
Blue River Valley (1)
Viking Fury
70.40
Derrick Braswell (1)

2016
Blue River Valley (2)
Viking Fury
75.275
Derrick Braswell (2)

2017
Monroe Central (4)
Marching Bears
78.300
Derrick Braswell (3)

text: Class C/Espirit de Corps/Class A Championships by School[edit]

text:
School
Number of Championships
Years

Monroe Central
4
2011, 2013, 2014, 2017

Sheridan
3
2007, 2009, 2012

Blue River Valley
2
2015, 2016

Francesville
1
1947

South Knox
1
2008

Cloverdale
1
2010

text: Records[edit]

text:
Record
School
Number
Year(s)

Most Championships (tie)
Franklin Central
6
1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999

Most Championships (tie)
Muncie Southside
6
2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008

Most Championships (tie)
Anderson Highland
6
1968, 1970, 1971, 2005, 2007, 2009

Most Championships (tie)
Anderson
6
1957, 1958, 1959, 1985, 1986, 2010

Most Championships (tie)
Winchester Community
6
1997, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016

Most Consecutive Championships
Franklin Central
4
1993, 1994, 1995, 1996

Most Class B/Small Bands/Class AA Championships
Centerville
15
1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

Most Consecutive Class B/Small Bands/Class AA Championships
Centerville
6
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

Most Class C/Espirit de Corps/Class A Championships
Monroe Central
4
2011, 2013, 2014, 2017

Most Consecutive Class C/Espirit de Corps/Class A Championships (tie)
Monroe Central
2
2013, 2014

Most Consecutive Class C/Espirit de Corps/Class A Championships (tie)
Blue River Valley
2
2015, 2016

Highest Score
Muncie Southside
93.25
2004

Highest Scoring Runner Up
Winchester Community
92.00
2014

Most Band Day Appearances
Anderson
63 (all consecutive)
1955-2017

Most Finals Appearances (tie)
Anderson
48
1967-2001, 2004, 2006-2017

Most Finals Appearances (tie)
Richmond
48
1967-1983, 1985-1994, 1996, 1998-2017

Largest Margin of Victory
Muncie Southside over Anderson Highland
8.25
2004

Smallest Margin of Victory
Winchester Community over Richmond
0.05
2011

Most Years Between Championships
Noblesville
65 years
1952-2017

text: Prize Money[edit]

text:
1st Place
$3700

2nd Place
$3200

3rd Place
$2700

4th Place
$2400

5th Place
$2100

6th Place
$1700

7th Place
$1600

8th Place
$1500

9th Place
$1400

10th Place
$1300

11th-16th Place
$1100

17th-25th Place
$850

26th-30th Place
$600

31st-49th Place
$500


document_title: Inductive charging

question_text: when did wireless charging come out for samsung

text: Inductive charging

text: History[edit]

text: The transfer of power was the very first attempted using radio waves as a medium. Radio waves were first predicted in 1864 by James C. Maxwell. In 1888, Heinrich Hertz showed evidence of radiowaves using his spark-gap radio transmitter. Nikola Tesla believed that wireless power transfer was possible and probable. He built what was called the “Tesla Tower” which was a giant coil connected to a 200 feet high tower with a ball 3 feet in diameter. Tesla pumped 300kw of power into the device; the coil resonated at 150 kHz. The experiment failed due to the fact that the power diffused in all directions.[3]

text: In the 1960s, much research was put into using microwaves to transmit power. W.C. Brown made what he called a “rectenna”. This device received radio frequencies and converted them into a direct current. Brown succeeded but with low efficiency. Canada successfully flew a fuel-free model airplane in 1987 by transmitting a 2.45 GHz, 10 kW microwave to the model plane.[3]

text: There were also attempts to transfer power through induction. This was first used when, in 1894, M. Hutin and M. Le-Blanc proposed an apparatus and method to power an electric vehicle. However, combustion engines proved more popular and this technology was forgotten for a time.[3]

text: In 1972, Professor Don Otto of the University of Auckland proposed a vehicle powered by induction using transmitters in the road and a receiver on the vehicle.[3]

text: The first application of inductive charging used in the United States was performed by J.G. Bolger, F.A. Kirsten, and S. Ng in 1978. They made an electric vehicle powered with a system at 180 Hz with 20 kW.[3]

text: In California in the 1980s, a bus was produced which was powered by inductive charging, and similar work was being done in France and Germany around this time.[3]

text: In 2006, MIT began using resonant coupling. They were able to transmit a large amount of power without radiation over a few meters. This proved to be better for commercial need, and it was a major step for inductive charging.[3]

text: The Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) was established in 2008, and in 2010 they established the Qi standard. In 2012, the Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP) and the Power Matter Alliance (PMA) were founded. Japan established Broadband Wireless Forum (BWF) in 2009, and they established the Wireless Power Consortium for Practical Applications (WiPoT) in 2013. The Energy Harvesting Consortium (EHC) was also founded in Japan in 2010. Korea established the Korean Wireless Power Forum (KWPF) in 2011.[3] The purpose of these organizations is to create standards for inductive charging.

text: Application areas[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Applications of inductive charging can be divided into two broad categories: Low power and high power:

text:
Low power applications are generally supportive of small consumer electronic devices such as cell phones, handheld devices, some computers, and similar devices which normally charge at power levels below 100 watts.
High power inductive charging generally refers to inductive charging of batteries at power levels above 1 kilowatt. The most prominent application area for high power inductive charging is in support of electric vehicles, where inductive charging provides an automated and cordless alternative to plug-in charging. Power levels of these devices can range from approximately 1 kilowatt to 300 kilowatts or higher. All high power inductive charging systems use resonated primary and secondary coils.

text: Advantages[edit]

text:
Protected connections – No corrosion when the electronics are all enclosed, away from water or oxygen in the atmosphere. Less risk of electrical faults such as short circuit due to insulation failure, especially where connections are made or broken frequently.[4]
Low infection risk – For embedded medical devices, transmission of power via a magnetic field passing through the skin avoids the infection risks associated with wires penetrating the skin.[5]
Durability – Without the need to constantly plug and unplug the device, there is significantly less wear and tear on the socket of the device and the attaching cable.[4]
Increased convenience and aesthetic quality – No need for cables.
Automated high power inductive charging of electric vehicles allows for more frequent charging events and consequential driving range extension.
Inductive charging systems can be operated automatically without dependence on people to plug and unplug. This results in higher reliability.
Autonomous driving technology, when applied to electric vehicles, depends on autonomous electric charging—automatic operation of inductive charging solves this problem.
Inductive charging of electric vehicles at high power levels enables charging of electric vehicles while in motion (also known as dynamic charging).

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text: The following disadvantages have been noted for low power (i.e., less than 100 watts) inductive charging devices. These disadvantages may not be applicable to high power (i.e. greater than 5 kilowatts) electric vehicle inductive charging systems.

text:
Slower charging – Due to the lower efficiency, devices take longer to charge when supplied power is the same amount.
More expensive – Inductive charging also requires drive electronics and coils in both device and charger, increasing the complexity and cost of manufacturing.[1][2]
Inconvenience - When a mobile device is connected to a cable, it can be moved around (albeit in a limited range) and operated while charging. In most implementations of inductive charging, the mobile device must be left on a pad to charge, and thus can't be moved around or easily operated while charging. With some standards, charging can be maintained at a distance, but only with nothing present in between the transmitter and receiver.[4]
Compatible standards – Not all devices are compatible with different inductive chargers. However, some devices have started to support multiple standards.[6]
Inefficiency – Inductive charging is not as efficient as direct charging. In one application, the phone being charged gets hot. Continued exposure to heat can result in battery damage.[7]
Cords – One major advantage is that devices can be charged without cords, but this is not entirely true. There is no direct connection to the device being charged; however, cords are required to provide power to the transmitter.[8]

text: Newer approaches reduce transfer losses through the use of ultra thin coils, higher frequencies, and optimized drive electronics. This results in more efficient and compact chargers and receivers, facilitating their integration into mobile devices or batteries with minimal changes required.[9][10] These technologies provide charging times comparable to wired approaches, and they are rapidly finding their way into mobile devices.

text: For example, the Magne Charge vehicle recharger system employs high-frequency induction to deliver high power at an efficiency of 86% (6.6 kW power delivery from a 7.68 kW power draw).[11]

text: Standards[edit]

text: Standards refer to the different set operating systems with which devices are compatible. There are two main standards: Qi and PMA.[6] The two standards operate very similarly, but they use different transmission frequencies and connection protocols.[6] Because of this, devices compatible with one standard are not necessarily compatible with the other standard. However, there are devices compatible with both standards.

text:
Magne Charge, a largely obsolete inductive charging system, also known as J1773, used to charge battery electric vehicles (BEV) formerly made by General Motors.
Qi, an interface standard developed by the Wireless Power Consortium for inductive electrical power transfer. At the time of July 2017, it is the most famous standard in the world, more than 200 million devices supporting this interface.
AirFuel Alliance:

In January 2012, the IEEE announced the initiation of the Power Matters Alliance (PMA) under the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Industry Connections. The alliance is formed to publish set of standards for inductive power that are safe and energy efficient, and have smart power management. The PMA will also focus on the creation of an inductive power ecosystem[12]
Rezence was an interface standard developed by the Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP).
A4WP and PMA merged into the AirFuel Alliance in 2015.

text: Examples[edit]

text: Modern smart phones[edit]

text: Many smart phone manufacturers have started adding this technology into their products. The majority of these phones have adopted the Qi wireless charging standard. Both manufacturers, Apple and Samsung, produce many models of their phones in high volume with Qi capabilities. The adaption of the Qi standard has driven other manufacturers to adopt this as their own standard.[13] Smartphones have become the driver for this technology entering consumers’ homes where many household technologies have been developed to utilize this tech. The current push for Qi technology is in consumer smart phones. As this tech is pushed to the consumers there have been many different ideas of what wireless charging will look like. Samsung and other companies have begun exploring the idea of surface charging. Meaning making their wireless chargers the entire surface such as a desk or a table.[13] Contrarily, Apple and Anker are pushing a dock based charging platform. This includes charging pads and disks that have a much smaller foot print. These solutions are geared for consumers who wish to have smaller chargers that would be located in common areas and could blend in with the current décor of their home.[13] Due to the adoption of the Qi standard of wireless charging any of these charger will work with any phone as long as the phone is Qi capable.[13]

text: Portable electronics and devices[edit]

text:
Oral-B rechargeable toothbrushes by the Braun company have used inductive charging since the early 1990s.
At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January 2007, Visteon unveiled its inductive charging system for in vehicle use that could charge only specially made cell phones to MP3 players with compatible receivers.[14]
April 28, 2009: An Energizer inductive charging station for the Wii remote was reported on IGN.[15]

text:
At CES in January 2009, Palm, Inc. announced its new Pre smartphone would be available with an optional inductive charger accessory, the "Touchstone". The charger came with a required special backplate that became standard on the subsequent Pre Plus model announced at CES 2010. This was also featured on later Pixi, Pixi Plus, and Veer 4G smartphones. Upon launch in 2011, the ill-fated HP Touchpad tablet (after HP's acquisition of Palm Inc.) had a built in touchstone coil that doubled as an antenna for its NFC-like Touch to Share feature .[9][16][17]
Nokia announced on September 5, 2012, the Lumia 920 and Lumia 820, which supports respectively integrate inductive charging and inductive charging with an accessory back.
March 15, 2013 Samsung launched the Galaxy S4, which supports inductive charging with an accessory back.
July 26, 2013 Google and ASUS launched the Nexus 7 2013 Edition with integrated inductive charging.
September 9, 2014 Apple announced Apple Watch (released on April 24, 2015), which uses wireless inductive charging.
September 12, 2017 Apple announced the AirPower wireless charging mat. It is capable of charging an iPhone, an Apple Watch and AirPods simultaneously.

text: Nokia launched two smartphones (the Lumia 820 and Lumia 920) on 5 September 2012, which feature Qi inductive charging.[18]

text:
Google and LG launched the Nexus 4 in October 2012 which supports inductive charging using the Qi standard.
Motorola Mobility launched its Droid 3 and Droid 4, both optionally support the Qi standard.
On November 21, 2012 HTC launched the Droid DNA, which also supports the Qi standard.
October 31, 2013 Google and LG launched the Nexus 5, which supports inductive charging with Qi.
April 14, 2014 Samsung launched the Galaxy S5 that supports Qi wireless charging with either a wireless charging back or receiver.
November 20, 2015 Microsoft launched the Lumia 950 XL and Lumia 950 which support charging with the Qi standard.
February 22, 2016 Samsung announced its new flagship Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge which use an interface that is almost the same as Qi. The Samsung Galaxy S8 and Samsung Galaxy Note 8 released in 2017 also feature Qi wireless charging technolgy.
September 12, 2017 Apple announced that the iPhone 8 and iPhone X would feature wireless Qi standard charging.

text: Ikea has a series of wireless charging furniture that support the Qi standard.

text:
March 3, 2015: Samsung announced its new flagship Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge with wireless inductive charging through both Qi and PMA compatible chargers. All phones in the Samsung Galaxy S and Note lines following the S6 have supported wireless charging.
November 6, 2015 BlackBerry released its new flagship BlackBerry Priv, the first BlackBerry phone to support wireless inductive charging through both Qi and PMA compatible chargers.

text: Research and other[edit]

text:
Transcutaneous Energy Transfer (TET) systems in artificial hearts and other surgically implanted devices.
In 2006, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported that they had discovered an efficient way to transfer power between coils separated by a few meters. The team, led by Marin Soljačić, theorized that they could extend the distance between the coils by adding resonance to the equation. The MIT inductive power project, called WiTricity, uses a curved coil and capacitive plates.[19][20]

text:
In 2012 a Russian private museum Grand Maket Rossiya opened featuring inductive charging on its model car exhibits.
As of 2017, Disney Research has been developing and researching room scale inductive charging for multiple devices.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Electric vehicles[edit]

text:
Hughes Electronics developed the Magne Charge interface for General Motors. The General Motors EV1 electric car was charged by inserting an inductive charging paddle into a receptacle on the vehicle. General Motors and Toyota agreed on this interface and it was also used in the Chevrolet S-10 EV and Toyota RAV4 EV vehicles.
September 2015 AUDI Wireless Charging (AWC) presented a 3.6 kW inductive charger [21] during the 66th International Motor Show (IAA) 2015.
September 17, 2015 Bombardier-Transportation PRIMOVE presented a 3.6 kW Charger for cars,[22] which was developed at Site in Mannheim Germany.[23]
Transport for London has introduced inductive charging in a trial for double-decker buses in London.[24]

text: Magne Charge inductive charging was employed by several types of electric vehicles around 1998, but was discontinued[25] after the California Air Resources Board selected the SAE J1772-2001, or "Avcon", conductive charging interface[26] for electric vehicles in California in June 2001.[27]

text: In 1997 Conductix Wampler started with wireless charging in Germany, In 2002 20 buses started in operation In Turin with 60 kW charging. In 2013 the IPT technology was bought by Proov. In 2008 the technology was already used in the house of the future in Berlin with Mercedes A Class. Later Evatran also began development of Plugless Power, an inductive charging system it claims is the world’s first hands-free, plugless, proximity charging system for Electric Vehicles.[28] With the participation of the local municipality and several businesses, field trials were begun in March 2010. The first system was sold to Google in 2011 for employee use at the Mountain View campus.[29] Evatran began selling the Plugless L2 Wireless charging system to the public in 2014.[30]

text: Research and other[edit]

text: Stationary[edit]

text: In one inductive charging system, one winding is attached to the underside of the car, and the other stays on the floor of the garage.[31] The major advantage of the inductive approach for vehicle charging is that there is no possibility of electric shock, as there are no exposed conductors, although interlocks, special connectors and RCDs (ground fault interruptors, or GFIs) can make conductive coupling nearly as safe. An inductive charging proponent from Toyota contended in 1998 that overall cost differences were minimal, while a conductive charging proponent from Ford contended that conductive charging was more cost efficient.[32]

text: From 2010 onwards car makers signalled interest in wireless charging as another piece of the digital cockpit. A group was launched in May 2010 by the Consumer Electronics Association to set a baseline for interoperability for chargers. In one sign of the road ahead a General Motors executive is chairing the standards effort group. Toyota and Ford managers said they also are interested in the technology and the standards effort.[33]

text: Daimler’s Head of Future Mobility, Professor Herbert Kohler, however have expressed caution and said the inductive charging for EVs is at least 15 years away (from 2011) and the safety aspects of inductive charging for EVs have yet to be looked into in greater detail. For example, what would happen if someone with a pacemaker is inside the vehicle? Another downside is that the technology requires a precise alignment between the inductive pick up and the charging facility.[34]

text: In November 2011, the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, and Qualcomm announced a trial of 13 wireless charging points and 50 EVs in the Shoreditch area of London's Tech City, due to be rolled out in early 2012.[35][36] In October 2014, the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah added an electric bus to its mass transit fleet that uses an induction plate at the end of its route to recharge.[37] UTA, the regional public transportation agency, plans to introduce similar buses in 2018.[38] In November 2012 wireless charging was introduced with 3 buses in Utrecht. January 2015, eight electric buses were introduced to Milton Keynes, England, which uses inductive charging in the road with proov/ipt technology at either end of the journey to prolong overnight charges.,[39] Later busroutes in Bristol, London and Madrid followed.

text: Dynamic[edit]

text: Researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) have developed an electric transport system (called Online Electric Vehicle, OLEV) where the vehicles draw power from cables underneath the surface of the road via non-contact magnetic charging (where a power source is placed underneath the road surface and power is wirelessly picked up on the vehicle itself). As a possible solution to traffic congestion and to improve overall efficiency by minimizing air resistance and so reduce energy consumption, the test vehicles followed the power track in a convoy formation. In July 2009 the researchers successfully supplied up to 60% power to a bus over a gap of 12 centimetres (4.7 in).[40]

text: Medical implications[edit]

text: Wireless charging is making an impact in the medical sector by means of being able to charge implants and sensors long term that are located beneath the skin. Researchers have been able to print wireless power transmitting antenna on flexible materials that could be place under the skin of patients.[41] This could mean that under skin devices that could monitor the patient status could have a longer term life and provide long observation or monitoring periods that could lead to better diagnosis from doctors. These devices may also make charging devices like pacemakers easier on the patient rather than having an exposed portion of the device pushing through the skin to allow corded charging this technology would allow a completely implanted device making it safer for the patient. It is unclear if this technology will be approved for use more research is needed on the safety of this devices.[41] While these flexible polymers are safer than ridged sets of diodes they can be more susceptible to tearing during either placement or removal do to the fragile nature of the antenna that is printed on the plastic material. While these medical based application seems very specific the high speed power transfer that is achieved with these flexible antenna is being looked at for larger broader applications.[41]

text: Future technology[edit]

text: Work and experimentation is currently underway in designing this technology to be applied to electric vehicles. This will be implemented by using a predefined path or conductors that would transfer power across an air gap and charge the vehicle on a predefined path such as a wireless charging lane.[42] Vehicles are already on the road that could take advantage of this type of wireless charging lane to extend the range of their on board batteries.[42] Some of the issues that are currently preventing these lanes from becoming widespread is the initial cost associated with installing this infrastructure that would only benefit a small percentage of vehicles currently on the road. Another complication is tracking how much power each vehicle was consuming/pulling from the lane. Without a commercially way to monetize this technology many cities have already turned down plans to include this lanes in their public works spending packages.[42] However this doesn’t mean that cars are unable to utilize large scale wireless charging. The first commercial steps are already being taken with wireless mats that allow electric vehicles to be charged without a corded connection while parked on a charging mat.[42] These large scale projects have come with some issues which include the production of large amounts of heat between the two charging surfaces and may cause a safety issue.[41] Currently companies are designing new heat dispersion methods to combat this excess heat this includes most major electric vehicle manufactures such as Tesla, Toyota, and BMW.[43]


document_title: List of mountains in India

question_text: which is the tallest mountain peak in india

text: List of mountains in India

text: Highest major summits in India[edit]

text:
India summits of India with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence

Rank (Indian)

Rank (world)

Mountain[a]

Height (m)[b]

Height

Range

Prominence[c][d]

Coordinates

State

1

3

Kangchenjunga

8,586

28,169

Himalayas

3,922

27°42′09″N 88°08′48″E

Sikkim(Shared with Nepal)

2

23

Nanda Devi

7,816

25,643

Garhwal Himalaya

3,139

30°22′33″N 79°58′15″E / 30.37583°N 79.97083°E / 30.37583; 79.97083

Uttarakhand

3

29

Kamet

7,756

25,446

Garhwal Himalaya

2,826

30°55′12″N 79°35′30″E / 30.92000°N 79.59167°E / 30.92000; 79.59167 *

Uttarakhand

4

31

Saltoro Kangri / K10

7,742

25,400

Saltoro Karakoram

2,160

35°23′57″N 76°50′53″E / 35.39917°N 76.84806°E / 35.39917; 76.84806 *

Jammu and Kashmir

5

35

Saser Kangri I / K22

7,672

25,171

Saser Karakoram

2,304

34°52′00″N 77°45′09″E / 34.86667°N 77.75250°E / 34.86667; 77.75250

Jammu and Kashmir

6

48

Mamostong Kangri / K35

7,516

24,659

Rimo Karakoram

1,803

35°08′31″N 77°34′39″E / 35.14194°N 77.57750°E / 35.14194; 77.57750

Jammu and Kashmir

7

49

Saser Kangri II E

7,513

24,649

Saser Karakoram

1,450

34°48′17″N 77°48′24″E / 34.80472°N 77.80667°E / 34.80472; 77.80667

Jammu and Kashmir

8

51

Saser Kangri III

7,495

24,590

Saser Karakoram

850

34°50′44″N 77°47′06″E / 34.84556°N 77.78500°E / 34.84556; 77.78500

Jammu and Kashmir

9

56

Teram Kangri I

7,462

24,482

Siachen Karakoram

1,702

35°34′48″N 77°04′42″E / 35.58000°N 77.07833°E / 35.58000; 77.07833

Jammu and Kashmir

10

57

Jongsong Peak

7,462

24,482

Kangchenjunga Himalaya

1,298

27°52′54″N 88°08′09″E / 27.88167°N 88.13583°E / 27.88167; 88.13583

Sikkim

12

61

K12

7,428

24,370

Saltoro Karakoram

1,978

35°17′45″N 77°01′20″E / 35.29583°N 77.02222°E / 35.29583; 77.02222

Jammu and Kashmir

13

65

Kabru N

7,412

24,318

Kangchenjunga Himalaya

780

27°38′02″N 88°07′00″E / 27.63389°N 88.11667°E / 27.63389; 88.11667

Sikkim

14

69

Ghent Kangri

7,401

24,281

Saltoro Karakoram

1,493

35°31′04″N 76°48′02″E / 35.51778°N 76.80056°E / 35.51778; 76.80056

Jammu and Kashmir

15

71

Rimo I

7,385

24,229

Rimo Karakoram

1,438

35°21′18″N 77°22′08″E / 35.35500°N 77.36889°E / 35.35500; 77.36889

Jammu and Kashmir

16

73

Teram Kangri III

7,382

24,219

Siachen Karakoram

520

35°35′59″N 77°02′53″E / 35.59972°N 77.04806°E / 35.59972; 77.04806

Jammu and Kashmir

17

76

Kirat Chuli

7,362

24,153

Kangchenjunga Himalaya

1,168

27°47′16″N 88°11′43″E / 27.78778°N 88.19528°E / 27.78778; 88.19528

Sikkim

18

92

Mana

7,272

23,858

Garhwal Himalaya

730

30°52′50″N 79°36′55″E / 30.88056°N 79.61528°E / 30.88056; 79.61528

Uttarakhand

19

96

Apsarasas Kangri

7,245

23,770

Siachen Karakoram

635

35°32′19″N 77°08′55″E / 35.53861°N 77.14861°E / 35.53861; 77.14861

Jammu and Kashmir

20

97

Mukut Parbat

7,242

23,760

Garhwal Himalaya

840

30°56′57″N 79°34′12″E / 30.94917°N 79.57000°E / 30.94917; 79.57000

Uttarakhand

21

98

Rimo III

7,233

23,730

Rimo Karakoram

615

35°22′31″N 77°21′42″E / 35.37528°N 77.36167°E / 35.37528; 77.36167

Jammu and Kashmir

22

108

Singhi Kangri

7,202

23,629

Siachen Karakoram

790

35°35′59″N 76°59′01″E / 35.59972°N 76.98361°E / 35.59972; 76.98361

Jammu and Kashmir

23

Hardeol

7,161

23,494

Garhwal Himalaya

1,291

30°34′N 80°01′E / 30.567°N 80.017°E / 30.567; 80.017

Uttarakhand

24

Chaukhamba I / Badrinath

7,138

23,418

Garhwal Himalaya

1,594

30°44′53″N 79°17′19″E / 30.74806°N 79.28861°E / 30.74806; 79.28861

Uttarakhand

25

Nun-Kun

7,135

23,408

Zanskar Himalaya

2,404

33°59′N 76°01′E / 33.983°N 76.017°E / 33.983; 76.017

Jammu and Kashmir

26

Pauhunri

7,128

23,385

Sikkim Himalaya

2,035

27°57′N 88°51′E / 27.950°N 88.850°E / 27.950; 88.850

Sikkim

27

Pathibhara / The Pyramid

7,123

23,369

Kangchenjunga Himalaya

900

27°49′N 88°10′E / 27.817°N 88.167°E / 27.817; 88.167

Sikkim

28

Trisul I

7,120

23,359

Garhwal Himalaya

1,616

30°18′57″N 79°46′36″E / 30.31583°N 79.77667°E / 30.31583; 79.77667

Uttarakhand

29

Satopanth

7,075[1]

23,212

Garhwal Himalaya

1,250

30°50′45″N 79°12′48″E / 30.84583°N 79.21333°E / 30.84583; 79.21333

Uttarakhand

30

Tirsuli

7,074

23,209

Garhwal Himalaya

674

30°35′N 80°01′E / 30.583°N 80.017°E / 30.583; 80.017

Uttarakhand

31

Chong Kumdang Ri

7,071[2]

23,199

Rimo Karakoram

851

35°12′N 77°35′E / 35.200°N 77.583°E / 35.200; 77.583

Jammu and Kashmir

32

Dunagiri

7,066

23,182

Garhwal Himalaya

1,346

30°30′55″N 79°51′56″E / 30.51528°N 79.86556°E / 30.51528; 79.86556

Uttarakhand

33

Kangto

7,060

23,163

Assam Himalaya

2,195

27°51′57″N 92°31′53″E / 27.86583°N 92.53139°E / 27.86583; 92.53139

Arunachal Pradesh

34

Nyegyi Kansang

7,047[3]

23,120

Assam Himalaya

1,752

27°56′N 92°40′E / 27.933°N 92.667°E / 27.933; 92.667

Arunachal Pradesh

35

Padmanabh

7,030[2]

23,064

Rimo Karakoram

870

35°26′N 77°11′E / 35.433°N 77.183°E / 35.433; 77.183

Jammu and Kashmir

36

Shudu Tsempa

7,024[4]

23,045

Sikkim Himalaya

524

27°56′N 88°52′E / 27.933°N 88.867°E / 27.933; 88.867

Sikkim

37

Chamshen Kangri / Tughmo Zarpo

7,017[5]

23,022

Saser Karakoram

657

34°53′N 77°48′E / 34.883°N 77.800°E / 34.883; 77.800

Jammu and Kashmir

38

Aq Tash

7,016[6]

23,018

Rimo Karakoram

1,176

35°05′N 77°38′E / 35.083°N 77.633°E / 35.083; 77.633

Jammu and Kashmir

39

Chong Kumdang Ri II

7,004[2]

22,979

Rimo Karakoram

624

35°12′N 77°32′E / 35.200°N 77.533°E / 35.200; 77.533

Jammu and Kashmir

40

Rishi Pahar

6,992

22,940

Garhwal Himalaya

622

30°31′57″N 79°59′52″E / 30.53250°N 79.99778°E / 30.53250; 79.99778

Uttarakhand

41

Thalay Sagar

6,984

22,913

Garhwal Himalaya

1,004

30°51′36″N 78°59′45″E / 30.86000°N 78.99583°E / 30.86000; 78.99583

Uttarakhand

42

Mt. Lakshmi

6,983

22,910

Rimo Karakoram

800

35°27′N 77°10′E / 35.450°N 77.167°E / 35.450; 77.167

Jammu and Kashmir

43

Kedarnath Peak

6,968

22,769

Garhwal Himalaya

1,400

30°47′50″N 79°04′03″E / 30.79722°N 79.06750°E / 30.79722; 79.06750

Uttarakhand

44

Langpo

6,965[7]

22,851

Sikkim Himalaya

560

27°51′13″N 88°11′47″E / 27.85361°N 88.19639°E / 27.85361; 88.19639

Sikkim

45

Saraswati Parvat I / Saraswati Peak

6,940[1]

22,769

Garhwal Himalaya

900

30°01′N 79°30′E / 30.017°N 79.500°E / 30.017; 79.500

Uttarakhand

46

Shahi Kangri

6,934[8]

22,749

Central Tibetan Plateau

1,644

35°10′N 77°50′E / 35.167°N 77.833°E / 35.167; 77.833

Jammu and Kashmir

47

Sri Kailas

6,932

22,743

Garhwal Himalaya

1,092

31°01′03″N 79°10′39″E / 31.01750°N 79.17750°E / 31.01750; 79.17750

Uttarakhand

48

Kalanka

6,931

22,739

Garhwal Himalaya

850

30°30′8″N 79°56′20″E / 30.50222°N 79.93889°E / 30.50222; 79.93889

Uttarakhand

49

Chorten Nyima Ri

6,927[7]

22,726

Sikkim Himalaya

807

27°57′00″N 88°10′42″E / 27.95000°N 88.17833°E / 27.95000; 88.17833

Sikkim

50

Saf Minal / Pk 6911

6,911[9]

22,673

Garhwal Himalaya

531

30°31′N 79°58′E / 30.517°N 79.967°E / 30.517; 79.967

Uttarakhand

51

Panchchuli II

6,904[10]

22,651

Garhwal Himalaya

1,614

30°13′N 80°26′E / 30.217°N 80.433°E / 30.217; 80.433

Uttarakhand

text: Other significant mountains[edit]

text:
Anamudi
Anginda
Bamba Dhura
Bandarpunch
Betlingchhip
Blue Mountain
Burphu Dhura
Chandrashila
Changuch
Chaudhara
Chiring We
Deomali
Doddabetta
Doli Gutta
Gangotri Group
Gauri Parbat
Gimmigela Chuli
Guru Shikhar
Gya
Haathi Parvat
Kalsubai
Kang Yatze
Kangju Kangri
Kodachadri
Kumara Parvatha
Maiktoli
Meesapulimala
Mentok
Mol Len
Mullayanagiri
Nag Tibba
Nagalaphu
Nanda Ghunti
Nanda Gond
Nanda Khat
Nanda Kot
Nanda Pal
Nilkantha
Nun Kun
Om Parvat
Pandim
Parasnath
Plateau Peak
Rajrambha
Reo Purgyil
Sangthang
Siniolchu
Sispara
Suj Tilla East
Suj Tilla West
Sujarkamiltan
Suli Top
Swargarohini
Matanga Hill

text: Mountain ranges[edit]

text:
Agasthyamalai Hills
Anamalai Hills
Aravalli Range
Bailadila Range
Camore Hills
Cardamom Hills
Dhauladhar Range
Eastern Ghats
Garhjat Range
Karbi Anglong Plateau
Garo hills
Himalayas
Jaintia Hills
Karakoram Range
Khasi Hills
Manipur Hills
Mizo Hills
Nag Tibba
Naga Hills
Nilgiri Hills
Palani Hills
Patkai Hills
Pir Panjal Range
Purvanchal Range
Sahyadri
Satpura Range
Shivalik Hills
Vindhya Range
Western Ghats
Zanskar Range