document_title: Miami Heat

question_text: who did the miami heat beat for their first championship

question_tokens: who did the miami heat beat for their first championship

text: Miami Heat

text: Franchise history

text: 1987–2003: Early years in Miami

text: In 1987 the NBA granted one of its four new expansion teams to Miami (the others being the Orlando Magic, Charlotte Hornets, and the Minnesota Timberwolves) and the team, known as the Heat began play in November 1988. The Miami Heat began their early years with much mediocrity, only making the playoffs two times in their first eight years and falling in the first round both times.

text: 1995–2003: Title hopefuls

text: Upon the purchasing of the franchise by Carnival Cruise Lines chairman Micky Arison in 1995, Pat Riley was brought in as the team president and head coach. Riley acquired center Alonzo Mourning and point guard Tim Hardaway to serve as the centerpieces for the team, transforming Miami into a championship contender throughout the late 1990s. With them they also brought in a new team trainer, Cody Posselt, to work on shooting. The Heat underwent a dramatic turnaround in the 1996–97 season, improving to a 61–21 record – a franchise record at the time, and currently second-best in team history. That same year, Miami earned the moniker of "Road Warriors" for its remarkable 32–9 record on the road. On the backs of Hardaway and Mourning, the Heat achieved their first two series victories in the playoffs, making it to the Conference Finals against the Michael Jordan-led Chicago Bulls before losing in five games. Their biggest rivals of the time were the New York Knicks, Riley's former team, who would eliminate the Heat in the playoffs from 1998 through 2000. A period of mediocrity followed after, highlighted by missing the playoffs in 2002 and 2003.

text: 2003–2016: The Dwyane Wade era

text: In the 2003 NBA draft, with the fifth overall pick, Miami selected shooting guard Dwyane Wade out of Marquette.[8] Free-agent swing-man Lamar Odom was signed from the Los Angeles Clippers. Just prior to the start of the 2003–04 season, Riley stepped down as head coach to focus on rebuilding the Heat, promoting Stan Van Gundy to the position of head coach. Behind Van Gundy's leadership, Wade's stellar rookie year and Odom's break out season, the Heat made the 2004 NBA Playoffs, beating the New Orleans Hornets 4–3 in the 1st round and losing to the Indiana Pacers 4–2 in the 2nd round. In the offseason, Riley engineered a summer blockbuster trade for Shaquille O'Neal from the Los Angeles Lakers.[9] Alonzo Mourning returned to the Heat in the same season, serving as a backup to O'Neal. Returning as championship contenders, Miami finished with a 59–23 record, consequently garnering the first overall seed in the Eastern Conference. Sweeping through the first round and the semifinals, Miami went back to the Conference Finals for the first time in eight years, where it met the defending champion Detroit Pistons. Despite taking a 3–2 lead, Miami lost Wade to injury for Game 6. The Heat would go on to lose Game 7 at home despite Wade's return.

text: 2005–2006: Championship season

text: In the summer of 2005, Riley brought in veteran free agent Gary Payton from the Boston Celtics, and also brought in James Posey, Jason Williams and Antoine Walker via trades.[10] After a disappointing 11–10 start to the 2005–06 season, Riley relieved Van Gundy of his duties and took back the head coaching job. The Heat made it to the Conference Finals in 2006 and in a re-match, defeated the Pistons, winning the series 4–2. Making its first NBA Finals appearance, they played the Dallas Mavericks, who won the first two games in Dallas in routs. The Heat then won the next four games, capturing its first ever championship. Wade won the Finals MVP award.[11]

text: 2006–2010: Post-championship struggles

text: The Heat experienced four-years of post-title struggles from 2007 through 2010, including a 4–0 sweep by the Chicago Bulls in the 1st round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs. In the 2007–08 season, Wade was plagued by injuries and the Heat had a league worst 15–67 record. O'Neal was traded to Phoenix midway through the season. Riley resigned as head coach following the season but retained his position as team president. Long time assistant Erik Spoelstra was promoted to head coach. A healthy Wade led the Heat to 43 wins in 2009 and 47 wins 2010, making the playoffs both seasons, though they lost in the first round, 4–3 in 2009 and 4–1 in 2010. Wade was the scoring champion in 2009 and the NBA All-Star MVP in 2010.

text: 2010–2014: The "Big Three" era

text: Entering the 2010–2011 season with nearly $48 million in salary cap space, the Heat caused a major power shift during the blockbuster 2010 NBA Free Agency, adding Chris Bosh and LeBron James, starting the "Big 3" era. However, the Heat got off to a 9–8 start. After a "players only" meeting, the team improved. The Heat finished with a 58–24 record and the 2nd seed. In the much anticipated 2011 NBA Playoffs, Miami defeated the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round, Boston Celtics in the Conference Semifinals, and Bulls in the Conference Finals, all in 5 games. The Heat reached the 2011 NBA Finals for the first time since 2006, in a rematch against the Dallas Mavericks. After taking a 2–1 series lead, the Heat lost the final three games to the Mavericks. After the second NBA Lockout ended, the Heat signed veteran Shane Battier. In the shortened 2011–12 season, the Heat started 27–7. However they would struggle for the second half of the season, going 19–13. The Heat finished 46–20, earning the second seed in the East for the NBA Playoffs. Entering the first round, they took a 3–0 lead against the New York Knicks but like their previous series with the Sixers, were not able to close them out in Game 4. A victory in Game 5 ultimately defeated New York and the Heat advanced to the second round versus the Indiana Pacers. After losing Game 2 at home and Game 3 at Indiana, many criticized Dwyane Wade's lackluster performance in Game 3, bringing attention to the fact that he got into a verbal argument with Spoelstra. However, with Wade visiting his former college coach, the team defeated the Pacers in the next three games, to close out the Pacers. They met the Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals, taking the first two games before losing the next three, including one home loss where Bosh returned from injury. On June 7 they won on the road at Boston beating the Celtics 98–79 to tie the series 3–3; James had 45 points and 15 rebounds. The deciding Game 7 was at Miami. The Celtics largely dominated during the first half. The second half saw several lead changes. The Heat eventually won 101–88, reaching the NBA Finals for the second straight year. In the much anticipated match-up with the Oklahoma City Thunder, the Heat split the first two games, winning Game 2 on the road, before sweeping the next three at home. James was named the Finals MVP as he won his first NBA championship.

text: On July 11, 2012, the Heat officially signed veterans Ray Allen to a three-year contract and Rashard Lewis to a two-year contract. The Heat would go on a 27-game winning streak between February 3, 2013 and March 27, 2013 [12] Defeating Orlando in the season finale set the franchise record for 66 wins in a season. By the end of the season, the Heat won 18 of its 19 road games, the best streak on the road to end a season in NBA history. The Heat went 17–1 in March, becoming the first team to win 17 games in a single calendar month. The Heat ended with a franchise-best and league-best 66–16 record to take the 1st seed in the 2013 NBA Playoffs. They swept the Milwaukee Bucks in the first round and defeated Chicago in five games before winning against the Indiana Pacers in Game 7. Miami became the first Eastern Conference team to reach the NBA Finals in three straight years since the Chicago Bulls in the late 1990s. Miami lost Game 1 of the Finals on their home floor in a close game that was decided by a last minute buzzer beater by Tony Parker. The Heat went on to win Game 2 with a 33–5 run in the second half. The two teams continued to trade wins leading up to Game 6 where the Spurs, up 10 heading in the 4th quarter, were in position to close out the series and win the championship. James went on to score 16 points in the period, outscoring the entire Spurs team by himself at one point. The Heat went on to defeat the Spurs 95–88 in Game 7 behind a 37-point and 12 rebound performance from James and a 23-point and 10 rebound effort from Wade. Shane Battier also scored 18 points behind 6–8 shooting from 3, after having a shooting slump during the postseason up to that point. The Heat captured the NBA title for a second year in a row, becoming the first team in the Eastern Conference to repeat as league champions since the late 1990s Chicago Bulls. James was named the NBA Finals MVP, becoming the fifth player to win the award back-to-back along with Michael Jordan, Bill Russell, Kobe Bryant, Shaquille O'Neal, and Hakeem Olajuwon and only the second player in NBA history to win the Finals MVP and league MVP back-to-back along with Jordan. Miami struggled throughout the 2013–14 season with extended absences of Dwyane Wade, who only played 54 games to injury and ended on a 11–14 record entering the playoffs. They entered the playoffs as the Eastern Conference 2nd seed with a record of 54–28 team, and with the "Big 3" healthy. They went 12–3 in the first 3 rounds. They swept the Charlotte Bobcats. They then beat the Brooklyn Nets 4–1. They went on to play the 1st seeded 56–26 Pacers in the Conference Finals, in a rematch of the previous year's Conference Finals. The Pacers were eliminated from the playoffs for a third consecutive year by the Heat. The Heat went to a fourth consecutive Finals, and faced the Spurs again. The first two games in San Antonio were split but the Heat fell to the Spurs 4–1, failing to repeat as champions for the third consecutive season.

text: 2014–2016: Post-"Big Three" era

text: On July 11, 2014, LeBron James announced on SI.com that after opting out of the final year of his contract, he would leave the Heat and return to the Cleveland Cavaliers.[13] Wade and Bosh stayed in Miami. Like the Cavaliers in the 2010 off-season, the Heat focused on how it would maintain itself without LeBron. Wade and Bosh were joined by returning players Mario Chalmers, Norris Cole, Udonis Haslem and Chris Andersen along with former rivals Luol Deng and Danny Granger. The Heat also drafted Shabazz Napier and James Ennis. In 2015 they also gained Goran Dragić and his younger brother Zoran Dragić.

text: After a season with several injuries, including to Chris Bosh and Josh McRoberts, the Heat finished with a 37–45 record, the NBA's 10th worst. They failed to make the playoffs after being Eastern Conference champions four straight years. It was the second time in Wade's career they did not qualify for the postseason. The Heat were the first team since the 2004–05 Los Angeles Lakers to miss the playoffs after going to the NBA Finals the previous year. Miami had qualified for the playoffs for six consecutive seasons.

text: At the 2015 NBA Draft Lottery, Miami was awarded the 10th pick for the 2015 NBA draft which was used to select Duke forward Justise Winslow.[14]

text: During the 2015–16 season, the Heat compiled a 48–34 regular season record; however, their season was ended at the hands of the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference Semi-Finals of the Playoffs. The 2016 free-agency was marked with relationship issues and disagreements between Dwyane Wade and Heat president Pat Riley, mostly focusing on how much Wade would get paid.[citation needed]

text: 2016–present: Departure and return of Wade

text: On July 6, 2016, Wade announced that he was leaving the Heat to go join his hometown Chicago Bulls.[15]

text: In September 2016, Bosh suffered numerous setbacks and failed his physical exam with the Heat and was not cleared by the team to participate in training camp.[16][17] On September 26, 2016, Heat president Riley said that the team doubted about Bosh's return on the court and viewed his career with the team as over, and noted that the team was no longer working toward his return.[18] On July 4, 2017, the Heat waived Bosh[19] after the NBA's ruling on June 2, 2017, which declared that Bosh's blood clotting issues were a career-ending illness.[20] After waiving Bosh, team's president Riley announced that Bosh's number would be retired in the future out of respect to him and due to his accomplishments with the Heat.[19] On February 8, 2018, the Cleveland Cavaliers traded Dwyane Wade back to the Miami Heat.[21]

text: Uniforms

text: 1988–1999 uniforms

text: Unveiled prior to the 1988–89 season, the original Miami Heat uniforms consist of simple striping, exclusive only on the right side of the jersey and shorts. The home uniforms were white with lettering in red, black and orange trim, while the away uniforms were black with red, white and orange trim; the numbers were white with red, black and orange trim, using the same font as the classic Los Angeles Lakers jerseys. The original 'flaming ball' logo is on the left leg of the shorts while the word 'Miami' is on the right leg.

text: In the 1995–96 season the Heat introduced a red alternate uniform with lettering and numbers in black, white and orange trim. The original set lasted until the 1998–99 season.

text: The original white and red uniforms were reintroduced as throwback uniforms during the Heat's 20th and 25th anniversary seasons, respectively, while the original black uniforms were used as throwbacks in the 2013–14 season. The classic white uniforms were used again for the 2015–16 season.

text: As part of Nike's uniform contract with the NBA, the so-called "Classic" edition was introduced and featured modernized throwback uniform designs from past years. During the 2017–18 season, the Heat were one of eight teams who participated in this line and wore their black 1988–99 uniforms, updated to the current Nike uniform cut.

text: 1999–present uniforms

text: The current Heat uniforms have been in use since the 1999–2000 season. These uniforms, though similar, have marked differences such as striping on both sides, change from orange to yellow trim, updated lettering and block numbers, and a modified 'flaming ball' logo on the right leg. The black away uniform numbers are now consistent with the lettering colors (white with red trim).

text: The alternate red uniform was introduced during the 2001–02 season, and features the city name and numbers in white with black trim. With subtle changes like the "Miami" wordmark on the black uniforms and addition of the "MH" alternate logo on the shorts, these uniforms remain in use with the Heat today.

text: Following the switch to Nike as the uniform provider in the 2017–18 season, the Heat's current uniforms now fall under three categories. The white uniforms are part of the "Association" line, the black uniforms are on the "Icon" line and the red uniforms are assigned to the "Statement" line. All three uniforms are now used regardless of home or away games.

text: Special uniforms

text: Since the 2008 season, the Heat participated in the NBA's Noche Latina promotions, or Latin Nights. From 2008–14, the Heat wore a modified version of their black uniforms, featuring the wordmark "El Heat"; a sleeved version was used in 2014. For the 2015 season, the Heat wore their white uniforms with the "El Heat" wordmark, followed by the Noche Latina version of their red alternates in the 2016 season.

text: The Heat wore a variation of their current home uniforms on the opening night of the 2012–13 season, with gold accents and a patch of the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy on the right chest. They used another variation on opening night of the 2013–14 season, this time with gold lettering.

text: During the 2013–14 season, the Heat wore a variation of their current home uniforms, but with the player's names at the back replaced by their nicknames (e.g. 'King James' for LeBron James). They wore the uniforms for select home games that season.

text: From 2012–14, the Heat wore special monochrome uniforms: an all-black ensemble in the 2012 season, an all-white version in the 2013 season, and an all-red attire in the 2014 season. In 2015, a variation of their all-black uniforms, featuring drop shadows, centered numbers and heavy striping inspired from a tuxedo, was used, followed by a similarly-designed white uniform in the 2016–17 season.

text: The 2015–16 season saw the unveiling of two special uniforms. One featured a blend of modern and classic styles (Heat Legacy), while the other is a military-inspired uniform (Home Strong).

text: The Heat also participated in the Christmas Day games wearing special uniforms. In 2012, they wore monochrome red uniforms known as "Big Color." The following year, they wore their "Big Logo" sleeved uniforms, featuring a chrome-treated version of their "flaming ball" logo. In 2014, the Heat wore a variation of their home uniform, featuring their primary logo and centered numbers in front, and black nameplates with the player's first name below the number at the back.

text: The Heat have also honored the ABA's Miami Floridians by donning throwback uniforms; first the road jerseys in the 2005–06 season, then the home jerseys in the 2011–12 season.

text: In the 2017–18 season, the Heat wore special "City" uniforms (named as such by Nike to commemorate local cultures and team traditions) that paid homage to the hit 1980s TV series Miami Vice. The uniforms were white with pink, light blue and black trim and featured the "Miami" wordmark inspired from the logo of the Miami Arena.

text: Rivalries

text: New York Knicks

text: The rivalry between the New York Knicks and the expansion Miami Heat was a result of their four consecutive playoff series from 1997 to 2000. Each series went seven games. The rivalry's central figure was Pat Riley, the head coach of both teams (the early 1990s for the Knicks and the late 1990s for the Heat). Jeff Van Gundy took over Riley's stint as head coach of the Knicks, while his elder brother Stan Van Gundy was simultaneously an assistant coach for the Heat. Patrick Ewing and Alonzo Mourning, friends from their Georgetown college basketball period. Larry Johnson, one of the Knicks, held bad blood with Mourning as far back as their days in the Charlotte Hornets.

text: Chicago Bulls

text: The rivalry with the Chicago Bulls began once the Miami Heat became contenders during the 1990s, a decade dominated by the Bulls and Michael Jordan. During that period, the Heat were eliminated three times by the Bulls, who would go on to win the NBA championship each time. After Jordan retired and the Heat's fall in the early 2000s, the rivalry cooled but slightly picked up when the Heat faced them in the first round of the 2006 NBA playoffs, which ended in a 4–2 Heat series victory and went on to win the NBA Finals, the Bulls would sweep the defending champion Heat in the first round the next season.

text: The rivalry has intensified with the resurgence of the Bulls, and the emergence of Derrick Rose and the Heat re-signing Dwyane Wade (who turned down a chance of joining his hometown Bulls) with newly acquired superstars in Chris Bosh and LeBron James (who spurned a chance of teaming up with Rose in Chicago). The revived rivalry has been very physical, involving rough plays and hard fouls between players. Both teams met in the 2011 Eastern Conference Finals, with the Heat winning in five games.

text: The Bulls ended the Heat's record-setting 27 game win streak on March 27, 2013, with a 101–97 victory at the United Center in Chicago.[22] Despite playing without Derrick Rose, Joakim Noah, Richard "Rip" Hamilton, and Marco Belinelli, the Bulls managed to end the second longest win streak in basketball history.[23]

text: The rivalry would continue into the 2013 NBA Playoffs when the Heat would play the Bulls in the second round. The Bulls ended another Miami Heat winning streak by beating the Heat 93–87 in game 1. The Heat came back in game 2 and set a record for the largest margin of victory in franchise playoff history with a 115–78 win. The Bulls also set a record for the worst playoff defeat in franchise history. The 51 personal fouls were the most in a playoff game since 1995. In Game 3, Nazr Mohammed was ejected for shoving LeBron James early in the second quarter. Norris Cole had his jersey ripped by Taj Gibson while driving to the basket for a layup. Joakim Noah was seen applauding and cheering on the image of Chris Bosh arguing with Mario Chalmers. Noah received a technical foul for shoving Chris Andersen after he fell on Nate Robinson. Chalmers received a flagrant foul for ringing his arm around Noah's neck. Taj Gibson and Noah were both ejected in the same game for yelling at the referees.

text: Orlando Magic

text: The Orlando Magic and the Miami Heat had a rivalry because both teams are located in Florida, thus the rivalry was known as the Sunshine State rivalry. Another ingredient to the rivalry was the high-caliber players on both teams such as Orlando's Shaquille O'Neal and Penny Hardaway to Miami's Alonzo Mourning and Tim Hardaway. The two had met each other in the NBA playoffs for the first time in 1997, with Miami beating Orlando 3–2, they have not met in the playoffs since.

text: The rivalry intensified with the rising stardom of Miami's and Orlando's Dwyane Wade and Dwight Howard, along with Miami's acquiring high-caliber stars such LeBron James from the Cleveland Cavaliers and Chris Bosh from the Toronto Raptors and in 2010, resulting in fierce competition between the two.

text: When Dwight Howard departed from the Magic to the Los Angeles Lakers in August 2012, the rivalry softened. The Orlando Magic are undergoing a process of rebuilding, however, competition still remains tense.

text: Boston Celtics

text: The two teams first squared off in the playoffs in 2010, with the Celtics defeating the Heat four games to one en route to an eventual NBA Finals appearance by the Celtics. Having suffered first round losses in three straight years, it was the loss to the Celtics that prompted Dwyane Wade to declare that the loss would be "my last" in the first round for the near future.

text: LeBron James' own enmity with the Boston Celtics can be found as far back as his first stint with the Cleveland Cavaliers, where the Celtics upset the Cavaliers in 2008 and 2010. Among the two Heat stars, Wade went as far as to say that he personally hates the Celtics, with James' own disdain for Boston manifesting in how he referred to the Celtics exclusively as "that team" in 2011. With the acquisition of both James and Chris Bosh in 2010, the Heat challenged the Celtics for dominance in the Eastern Conference; James claimed that the formation of the Heat's Big 3 was to mirror the formation of the Celtics' Big 3 in Paul Pierce, Ray Allen and Kevin Garnett. After dropping the first three games versus the Celtics in the regular season, Miami prevailed in their fourth encounter, taking the 2nd seed from the Celtics and gaining home court advantage for their eventual match-up of the postseason. The teams met in the Eastern Conference Semifinals of the 2011 NBA Playoffs, where Paul Pierce was ejected in Game 1, Dwyane Wade inadvertently broke Rajon Rondo's arm in Game 3 and James scored the final ten points in the deciding Game 5. James could be found roaring to the fans as the Celtics' end came, even kneeling to the ground in relief after finally defeating the Celtics. The rivalry would continue in the following season, where the Heat again took home court advantage over the Celtics, though Boston again won the season series over the Heat. Despite the loss of Bosh to injury in the Semifinals, the Heat took a 2–0 lead before the Celtics won the next three games; the first five games included two overtimes, Rondo's 44 point performance in Game 2, as well as Pierce and James fouling out in Game 4. James' 45 point performance in Game 6 at Boston forced a deciding seventh game, where the two teams traded blows deep into the third and fourth quarters, before Miami pulled away with a 4–3 victory en route to the NBA Finals.

text: In the offseason, the Celtics' Big 3 was broken up following Ray Allen's joining of the Heat. When asked about their immediate reactions to their teammate leaving for their rival, Kevin Garnett claimed that he deleted Allen's phone number, while Paul Pierce admitted that it "hurt", though he still considers Allen "a brother to me" for their 2008 championship run. Although the two teams would not meet in the playoffs, the animosity continued in their four regular season games. The season opener – a Heat victory – included Rondo clothes-lining Wade's neck, Garnett snubbing a handshake from Allen pre-game, and Garnett throwing an elbow at Mario Chalmers. During Miami's 2013 Streak, Paul Pierce went on record to say that he wished for Miami to lose all of its remaining games by that point. When James voiced his displeasure over the Chicago Bulls' physicality against him, Boston's general manager Danny Ainge called it "embarrassing" for LeBron to complain about it. Pat Riley, the Heat team president, retorted that "Danny should shut the fuck up." The teams met during the Streak, where it was five years to the day that the Celtics' stopped the Houston Rockets' own 20+-game winning streak. It ended in a Heat victory, one that featured James dunking on Jason Terry; he received a technical foul for staring down at Terry post-dunk. When asked about it after the game by reporters, James stated that he was "glad it happened to him."

text: Indiana Pacers

text: A recent rivalry was triggered with the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Semifinals of the 2012 NBA Playoffs. Although the two previously met in the 2004 NBA Playoffs (when Indiana won 4–2), as of 2014, the only two players still left from either team are Dwyane Wade and Udonis Haslem of the Heat. Both head coaches were fined for statements made relating to the officiating: Frank Vogel accused the Heat of flopping before the series started, while Erik Spoelstra took offense to what he perceived to be deliberate head-hunting of his players on the part of the Pacers. Indiana took a 2–1 lead after Miami's Chris Bosh was sidelined with an abdominal strain. Powered by LeBron James and Dwyane Wade, Miami won three straight games to take the series, 4–2. The series was marked by several suspensions, flagrant fouls, and confrontations between the players: Tyler Hansbrough's flagrant foul on Dwyane Wade (which drew blood), Udonis Haslem's retaliatory flagrant foul on Hansborough (which led to Haslem's Game 6 suspension), Wade colliding with Darren Collison in transition, Juwan Howard confronting Lance Stephenson over the latter's flashing of the choke sign to James, and Dexter Pittman elbowing Stephenson in the neck (which led to his own three-game suspension). Indiana's Danny Granger received technical fouls in three consecutive games for his confrontations with Heat players; he stripped James of his headband in Game 2 while attempting to block a shot, pulled the back of James' jersey in Game 3 while trying to stop a fast-break, and chest-bumped Wade in Game 4 after the latter was fouled by Roy Hibbert.

text: The following season saw improvements for both teams, from Miami's acquisition of Ray Allen and Chris Andersen, to the emergence of Paul George and Lance Stephenson. Notably, it was after the Heat lost to the Pacers that they compiled a 27-game winning streak; the last time the Heat lost two in a row in the year were the games against Indiana and Portland. During the waning minutes of Game 6 in the Semifinals between the Pacers and the New York Knicks, the Pacers' fans were chanting "Beat The Heat" as their team beat their old New York rivals. True to form, the Heat and the Pacers met in the Conference Finals of the 2013 NBA Playoffs on May 22, 2013. Several instances of physicality became prominent in the series: Shane Battier received an offensive foul for throwing his knee at Hibbert's midsection; Hibbert claimed that it was intentional dirty play on the part of Battier. Andersen suffered a bloodied nose after colliding with David West. Ian Mahinmi received a retroactive flagrant foul for a grab of James' arm. Norris Cole latched a hand on West's groin area as he tried to slip through West. Wade received a retroactive flagrant foul for hitting Stephenson in the head, another incident that the Pacers, notably Paul George, felt was a dirty play. The Heat survived Game 1 on a James game-winning layup, while the Pacers came back to tie the series at 1–1 after forcing James into two late fourth-quarter turnovers for Game 2. In Game 3, the Heat set a team record for points in a postseason half with 70. It was the first time the Pacers had given up 70 points since 1992. Allen's single turnover was the least ever suffered by the Heat in a first half. Their five total turnovers is tied for the fewest in franchise history. The Game 3 victory marked the first time that an NBA team had won five straight road games by double digits. The Heat won the series 4–3, with a 99–76 win in game 7.[24] In the 2014 NBA Playoffs, after beating the Brooklyn Nets in five games, and the Pacers beating the Washington Wizards in six games, the Heat and the first-seeded Pacers would meet up in the Eastern Conference Finals in a much-anticipated rematch. The Heat would go on to eliminate the Pacers 4–2 games, advancing to their fourth consecutive NBA Finals in the Big Three-era. The Heat stumbled during Game 1 in Indianapolis, falling 96–107. They would win Games 2–4. During Game 5 (which Miami lost 90–93), James struggled, suffering heavy foul trouble and scoring only 7 points, his lowest Playoff record. During Game 6 in Miami, the Heat would blow out the Pacers 117–92.

text: Dallas Mavericks

text: The Heat–Mavericks rivalry began in the 2006 NBA Finals, where the two teams met and both entering their first NBA Finals appearance. A year prior, the Heat had acquired Shaquille O'Neal. The Mavericks were led by Dirk Nowitzki, and the Heat were led by Dwyane Wade. Dallas had home-court advantage in the series due to a better regular season record (60-22) than Miami's (52–30) and took the first two games in the series, entering Game 3 with a commanding 2–0 lead. They looked set to win Game 3 until a rally by the Heat, including many free throws from Wade, resulted in the Mavericks losing the third game. The Heat won all of its home games, as the Mavericks dropped games 3, 4 and 5. In a highly controversial Game 5, a 101–100 victory for the Heat, Wade shot more free throws than the entire Mavericks team. Mavericks owner Mark Cuban as well as Nowitzki were both fined for acts of misconduct. During Game 6, the series returned to Dallas, where the Mavericks fell 92–95. Jason Terry airballed a three-point attempt that could have tied the game. Wade picked up the ball, throwing it in the air in celebration as the Heat won the NBA Championship, and its first one as well. Wade was named the Finals MVP.

text: In the 2010 off-season, Miami acquired LeBron James from the Cleveland Cavaliers and Chris Bosh from the Toronto Raptors to team up with Wade and form their own "big three" (to rival the Celtics' big three) that was expected to win the championship. The Heat finished 58–24, acquiring the southeast division title and the second seed in the Eastern Conference. During the regular season, the Mavericks swept the Heat 2–0. The Heat cruised through the Playoffs without much competition, eliminating every team – the Philadelphia 76ers, defending Eastern Conference champions Boston Celtics and the top-seeded Chicago Bulls all five games. Meanwhile, the Mavericks had tallied 57–25 for the third seed, leaving them to face the Portland Trail Blazers in the first round. The Mavericks had been defeated in the first round all but one time since the 2006 finals, including a defeat from the seventh-seeded San Antonio Spurs just the previous season. Because of this, the Mavericks were underdogs throughout the playoffs, but they were able to dispatch Portland in six games. They faced the defending NBA champions Los Angeles Lakers and pulled off the impossible by sweeping them, ending their bid for a three-peat. In the conference finals, they defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder, resulting a rematch between the two teams. After taking a 2–1 lead however, the Heat stumbled in the next three games. They were eliminated on their own home floor after losing 95–105 during Game 6 in Miami – extending LeBron's quest for a ring. The loss had also brought further public humiliation for LeBron James, who had been scrutinized and negatively criticized for leaving the Cavaliers to join the Heat. LeBron was criticized for only averaging 17.8 points. Cavaliers fans rejoiced in the Heat's loss due the anger that was caused by LeBron's decision to join the Heat, which they felt was unfair and a betrayal.

text: After that, the Mavericks would never win another game against the Heat. Dallas hosted the Heat for the season opener on December 25, 2011 of the 2011–2012 NBA lockout season that was shortened to 66 games. The Heat spoiled the Mavericks' championship banner-raising night, giving them a 105–94 blowout loss.

text: Although the Heat and the Mavericks have not met in the postseason ever since, the rivalry continued as Mark Cuban publicly discussed his extreme personal dislike for the Heat. He described "hate" was not being strong-enough of a word to describe his dislike for the Heat.[25] He also had a personal dislike for Wade.

text: San Antonio Spurs

text: The Heat and Spurs also developed a recent rivalry, coming off from two consecutive NBA finals match-ups which many feel has ignited a feud between the Heat and Texas basketball teams overall. The first time the two teams met was during the 2013 NBA Finals, where the Spurs entered their fifth NBA Finals appearance and the Heat entered their third consecutive appearance. It was LeBron James's second time facing the Spurs in the Finals, having faced them in 2007 in a crushing four-game sweep. It was the Heat's third time playing a Texas team. The Heat had home-court advantage since their record (66-16) was better than San Antonio's (58-24) with Miami as the highly favored team. The Heat fell during Game 1, 88–92 after a late upsurge led by Tony Parker. They evened the series during Game 2 with a 103–99 victory. The Heat went through a roller-coaster alternation of wins and losses which extended the series to a deciding Game 7 in Miami. The series experienced many feats, in which Ray Allen had his record for most-threes in a Finals broken by Danny Green. During Game 5, despite strong performances from LeBron James, Dwyane Wade and Ray Allen, the Heat still lost 104-114. During Game 6 in Miami, Ray Allen made a game-saving clutch three-pointer to tie the game and save Miami's season. The Heat would win games 6 and 7, completing the championship repeat, a loose reminiscent of and similar fashion as the 2010 NBA Finals between the Lakers and the Celtics. James was named the Finals MVP. The Heat also handed the Spurs their first NBA Finals loss, becoming the first team to beat them.

text: The two teams met again in the 2014 finals, however each team experienced opposite fortunes. The Spurs entered with a 62-20 record and home-court advantage after eliminating the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals. The Heat entered with a 54-28 regular season record, and eliminated the Indiana Pacers, who were the top seed in the Eastern Conference to earn their fourth consecutive NBA finals trip. However, unlike the 2013 NBA Finals, the Heat were eliminated in a five-game sweep, which ended LeBron and the Heat's quest for a three-peat. The Heat were blown in each loss by at least 15 points or more. The Spurs would win their fifth NBA championship. During Game 1 in San Antonio, LeBron suffered leg cramps due to dehydration because of a massive technical failure in the AT&T Center. They key slogan was the oxymoron "too hot for the Heat". During Game 2, the Heat evened the series with a 98–96 victory, raising Miami's hopes for an eventual series comeback victory due to their recent history of rebounding from deficits. It did not happen, and Miami lost the next three games. During Game 3, the Heat had its home-winning streak snapped with a 92-111 loss, and were again blown out in Game 4. Game 5 (which ended up in a 84-107 loss for Miami) would be LeBron's last day playing as a member of the Heat. During the 2014 free-agency, LeBron opted out of his Miami contract and went to return to the Cleveland Cavaliers.

text: Season-by-season records

text: Home arenas

text:
Duration

Arena

November 5, 1988–December 28, 1999

Miami Arena

January 2, 2000–present

American Airlines Arena

text: Radio and television

text: The Heat's flagship radio stations are WAXY (790 AM) in English,[26] with Mike Inglis and John Crotty calling games, and WQBA (1140 AM) in Spanish, with Jose Pañeda and Joe Pujala on the call.

text: The Heat games are televised primarily by Fox Sports Sun with Eric Reid and Tony Fiorentino. Reid has been part of the Heat's broadcasting team since the beginning of the franchise, first serving as a color analyst, and later becoming the lead play-by-play voice starting in the 1991–92 season. For the first four years of the franchise, there were radio-television simulcasts of locally-broadcast games before the franchise eventually created separate broadcast teams.

text: WBFS-TV (channel 33) was the original over-the-air flagship station for Heat games, with its first stint concluding at the end of the 1998–99 season, after 11 seasons. WAMI-TV (channel 69) took over the following season; however, WBFS (along with now-sister station WFOR channel 4) returned as the Heat's primary over-the-air home in 2000–01, this time lasting until the 2003–04 season. On the cable side, Heat games were televised on then-SportsChannel Florida (now Fox Sports Florida), before moving to then-Sunshine Network (now Sun Sports) starting in the 1992–93 season. Since 2004–05, Sun Sports have served as the exclusive regional carrier of Heat games throughout the team's designated broadcast territory, which includes the metropolitan areas of Miami–Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach–Fort Pierce–Port St. Lucie, and Fort Myers–Naples.

text: On a national scale, games are occasionally televised by TNT, ESPN, or ABC.

text: From 1988–1993, the Heat were on WQAM. WINZ previously aired games from 1993–1996 and WIOD did from 1996–2008.

text: Players

text: Current roster

text:
Miami Heat rostervte

Players
Coaches

Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB (YYYY-MM-DD)
From

F/C

7001130000000000000♠13

Adebayo, Bam

7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)

255 lb (116 kg)

1997–07–18

Kentucky

G

7000700000000000000♠7

Dragić, Goran

7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)

190 lb (86 kg)

1986–05–06

Slovenia

G

7000200000000000000♠2

Ellington, Wayne

7000195580000000000♠6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)

200 lb (91 kg)

1987–11–29

North Carolina

F

7001160000000000000♠16

Johnson, James

7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)

240 lb (109 kg)

1987–02–20

Wake Forest

G

7000800000000000000♠8

Johnson, Tyler

7000193040000000000♠6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)

190 lb (86 kg)

1992–05–07

Fresno State

G/F

7000500000000000000♠5

Jones, Derrick

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

200 lb (91 kg)

1997–02–15

UNLV

F

7001240000000000000♠24

Lee, Marcus

7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)

225 lb (102 kg)

1994–09–14

California

F

7001710000000000000♠71

Maten, Yante (TW)

7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)

240 lb (109 kg)

1996–08–14

Georgia

G/F

7001170000000000000♠17

McGruder, Rodney

7000193040000000000♠6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)

200 lb (91 kg)

1991–07–29

Kansas State

G

7001140000000000000♠14

Newman, Malik

7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)

190 lb (86 kg)

1997–02–21

Kansas

F/C

7000900000000000000♠9

Olynyk, Kelly

7000213360000000000♠7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)

245 lb (111 kg)

1991–04–19

Gonzaga

G

5000000000000000000♠0

Richardson, Josh

7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)

200 lb (91 kg)

1993–09–15

Tennessee

G/F

7001120000000000000♠12

Robinson, Duncan (TW)

7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)

215 lb (98 kg)

1994–04–22

Michigan

F/C

–

Stokes, Jarnell

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

250 lb (113 kg)

1994–01–07

Tennessee

G

7001110000000000000♠11

Waiters, Dion

7000193040000000000♠6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)

215 lb (98 kg)

1991–12–10

Syracuse

G

–

Weber, Brianté

7000187960000000000♠6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)

165 lb (75 kg)

1992–12–29

Virginia Commonwealth

C

7001210000000000000♠21

Whiteside, Hassan

7000213360000000000♠7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)

265 lb (120 kg)

1989–06–13

Marshall

G/F

7001200000000000000♠20

Winslow, Justise

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

225 lb (102 kg)

1996–03–26

Duke

Head coach
Erik Spoelstra
Assistant coach(es)
Dan Craig
Juwan Howard
Octavio De La Grana (Player Development)
Chris Quinn (Player Development)

Legend
(C) Team captain(DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended(GL) On assignment to G League affiliate(TW) Two-way affiliate player Injured

Roster • Transactions  Last transaction: 2018–07–29

text: Retained draft rights

text: The Heat hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA. A drafted player, either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams. In this case, the team retains the player's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player's contract with the non-NBA team ends.[27] This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams.

text:
Draft

Round

Pick

Player

Pos.

Nationality

Current team

Note(s)

Ref

text: Basketball Hall of Famers

text:
Miami Heat Hall of Famers

Players

No.
Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

20
Gary Payton
G
2005–2007
2013

33
Alonzo Mourning
C/F
1995–20022005–2008
2014

32
Shaquille O'Neal
C
2004–2008
2016

34
Ray Allen
G
2012–2014
2018

Coaches

Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

Pat Riley
Head coach
1995–20032005–2008
2008

text: FIBA Hall of Famers

text:
Miami Heat Hall of Famers

Players

No.
Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

32
Shaquille O'Neal
C
2004–2008
2017

text: Retired numbers

text: The Heat have retired four numbers, although only three of the players played for the franchise. Michael Jordan was the first player to be honored despite not having played for the Heat. Pat Riley retired Jordan's signature No. 23 before his final game in Miami during the 2002–03 season as a tribute to his career.[28] The Heat have also announced plans to retire the #1 number worn by Chris Bosh from 2010 to 2016, but have not yet set a date for the formal ceremony.[29]

text: During the 2005–06 season the organization honored Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino's No. 13 in respect of his contributions to the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL).[30] However, the No. 13 jersey is not retired and is still available for use by the Heat players.

text:
Miami Heat retired numbers

No.

Player

Position

Tenure

Date

10
Tim Hardaway
G
1996–2001
October 28, 2009[31][32]

23
Michael Jordan
G
—
April 12, 2003[28]

32
Shaquille O'Neal
C
2004–2008
December 22, 2016[33]

33
Alonzo Mourning
C
1995–20022005–2008
March 30, 2009[34]

text: Head coaches

text: There have been six head coaches for the Miami Heat. Ron Rothstein was the franchise's first head coach, serving from 1988 through 1991; he remains as assistant coach. Kevin Loughery was his successor from 1991 to 1995, guiding the Heat to their first two playoff berths in 1992 and 1994. Loughery was fired 46 games into the 1994–1995 season, posting a 17–29 record. Alvin Gentry, an assistant coach who joined in 1991, was brought in to replace Loughery on an interim basis. Miami went 15–21 for the final 36 games, and Gentry moved to the Detroit Pistons the following season.

text: In the summer of 1995, owner Micky Arison hired Pat Riley as the head coach and team president. At eleven years, Riley is the longest tenured head coach in the franchise's history, as well its all-time leader in total wins and games coached. Upon suffering a 25–57 record in the 2002–2003 season, Riley abruptly announced his retirement, but remained as team president. He elevated assistant coach Stan Van Gundy as his replacement. Van Gundy is Miami's all-time leader for the highest winning percentage in the regular season (.605), having led Miami to a 42–40 record in his first season and a 59–23 record in his second year. He spearheaded Miami's 2005 campaign, where they held the top seed in the east, swept their first two playoff opponents and made it to the Conference Finals.

text: An 11–10 record early into the 2005–2006 season prompted Riley to come out of retirement and replace Van Gundy. Shortly thereafter, Riley would win his fifth and final championship as a head coach, as well as Miami's first championship in 2006. Riley would retire permanently following the 15-win 2007–2008 season, but once again remained as team president. His hand-picked replacement, longtime assistant Erik Spoelstra, is the current Heat head coach, a position he has held since 2008. At 38, he was the youngest head coach in the league at the time, as well as the first Filipino-American head coach in league history. Throughout his brief tenure, Spoelstra has not missed the playoffs, even taking the team to four consecutive appearances in the NBA Finals, culminating in back-to-back championships in 2012 and 2013.

text: Franchise accomplishments and awards

text: Franchise leaders

text: Bold denotes still active with team.

text:
Italic denotes still active but not with team.
Points scored (regular season) (as of the end of the 2017–18 season)[35]

text:
Dwyane Wade (20,473)
Alonzo Mourning (9,459)
Glen Rice (9,248)
LeBron James (7,919)
Chris Bosh (6,914)
Rony Seikaly (6,742)
Udonis Haslem (6,486)
Tim Hardaway (6,335)
Eddie Jones (6,194)
Grant Long (5,473)
Mario Chalmers (4,641)
Kevin Edwards (4,362)
Goran Dragic (4,229)
Bimbo Coles (4,031)
Shaquille O'Neal (4,010)
Hassan Whiteside (3,667)
Brian Grant (3,433)
Michael Beasley (2,927)
Steve Smith (2,905)
Jamal Mashburn (2,835)

tag: ol

text: Other statistics (regular season) (as of July 20, 2018)[35]

text:
Most minutes played

Player

Minutes

Dwyane Wade
31,027

Udonis Haslem
21,444

Alonzo Mourning
17,700

Glen Rice
17,059

Grant Long
14,859

Mario Chalmers
14,571

Rony Seikaly
14,208

Eddie Jones
14,097

Tim Hardaway
13,271

Chris Bosh
13,121

text:
Most rebounds

Player

Rebounds

Udonis Haslem
5,711

Alonzo Mourning
4,807

Rony Seikaly
4,544

Dwyane Wade
4,197

Grant Long
3,281

Hassan Whiteside
3,053

Chris Bosh
2,816

Brian Grant
2,654

Glen Rice
2,363

P. J. Brown
2,251

text:
Most assists

Player

Assists

Dwyane Wade
5,009

Tim Hardaway
2,867

Mario Chalmers
2,004

LeBron James
1,980

Bimbo Coles
1,961

Sherman Douglas
1,262

Eddie Jones
1,152

Kevin Edwards
1,131

Glen Rice
1,067

Anthony Carter
1,063

text:
Most steals

Player

Steals

Dwyane Wade
1,433

Mario Chalmers
791

Grant Long
666

Glen Rice
572

Kevin Edwards
560

Tim Hardaway
541

Eddie Jones
515

LeBron James
489

Bimbo Coles
458

Udonis Haslem
421

text:
Most blocks

Player

Blocks

Alonzo Mourning
1,625

Dwyane Wade
774

Hassan Whiteside
647

Rony Seikaly
610

Joel Anthony
456

Shaquille O'Neal
384

Chris Bosh
332

P. J. Brown
305

Udonis Haslem
249

Eddie Jones
246

text:
Most three-pointers made

Player

3-pointers made

Tim Hardaway
806

Eddie Jones
712

Glen Rice
708

Mario Chalmers
657

Voshon Lenard
473

Dan Majerle
414

Dwyane Wade
395

LeBron James
365

Jason Williams
304

James Jones
283

text: Individual awards

text: NBA Most Valuable Player

text: LeBron James – 2012, 2013

text: NBA Finals MVP

text:
Dwyane Wade – 2006
LeBron James – 2012, 2013

text: NBA Scoring Champion

text: Dwyane Wade – 2009

text: NBA Defensive Player of the Year

text: Alonzo Mourning – 1999, 2000

text: NBA Most Improved Player Award

text:
Rony Seikaly – 1990
Isaac Austin – 1997

text: Best NBA Player ESPY Award

text: NBA Coach of the Year

text: Pat Riley – 1997

text: NBA Executive of the Year

text: Pat Riley – 2011

text: J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award

text:
P. J. Brown – 1997
Alonzo Mourning – 2002

text: Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year Award

text: Shane Battier – 2014

text: NBA Community Assist Award

text: Dwyane Wade – 2013

text: All-NBA First Team

text:
Tim Hardaway – 1997
Alonzo Mourning – 1999
Shaquille O'Neal – 2005, 2006
Dwyane Wade – 2009, 2010
LeBron James – 2011–2014

text: All-NBA Second Team

text:
Tim Hardaway – 1998, 1999
Alonzo Mourning – 2000
Dwyane Wade – 2005, 2006, 2011

text: All-NBA Third Team

text: Dwyane Wade – 2007, 2012, 2013

text: NBA All-Defensive First Team

text:
Alonzo Mourning – 1999, 2000
LeBron James – 2011–2013

text: NBA All-Defensive Second Team

text:
P. J. Brown – 1997, 1999
Bruce Bowen – 2001
Dwyane Wade – 2005, 2009, 2010
LeBron James – 2014
Hassan Whiteside – 2016

text: NBA All-Rookie First Team

text:
Sherman Douglas – 1990
Steve Smith – 1992
Caron Butler – 2003
Dwyane Wade – 2004
Michael Beasley – 2009

text: NBA All-Rookie Second Team

text:
Kevin Edwards – 1989
Glen Rice – 1990
Willie Burton – 1991
Udonis Haslem – 2004
Mario Chalmers – 2009
Justise Winslow – 2016

text: Season-long NBA Community Assist Award

text: Dwyane Wade – 2013

text: NBA All-Star Weekend

text: NBA All-Star selections

text:
Goran Dragic –2018
Dwyane Wade – 2005–2016
Alonzo Mourning – 1996–1997, 2000–2002
LeBron James –2011–2014
Chris Bosh – 2011–2014
Shaquille O'Neal – 2005–2007
Tim Hardaway – 1997–1998
Anthony Mason – 2001

text: NBA All-Star Game head coaches

text:
Stan Van Gundy – 2005
Erik Spoelstra – 2013

text: NBA All-Star Game MVP

text: Dwyane Wade – 2010

text: NBA All-Star Skills Challenge Champion

text: Dwyane Wade – 2006, 2007

text: NBA All-Star Three-point Shootout Champion

text:
Glen Rice – 1995
Jason Kapono – 2007
Daequan Cook – 2009
James Jones – 2011

text: NBA All-Star Slam Dunk Contest Champion

text: Harold Miner – 1993, 1995

text: NBA All-Star Shooting Stars Contest Champion

text: Chris Bosh – 2013–2015


document_title: List of Indian state birds

question_text: sarus crane is the official bird of which state

root

text: List of Indian state birds

text: India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is made up of 29 states and 7 union territories. All Indian states have their own government and union territories come under the jurisdiction of the central government. As with most of the other countries India, has a national emblem—the Lion Capital.

tag: p

text: Apart from India's national emblem, each of its states and union territories have their own seals and symbols which include animals, birds, trees, flowers, etc.[1] A list of state birds of India is given below. See Symbols of Indian states and territories for a complete list of all state characters and seals.

text:
State
Common name
Scientific name
Image

Andhra Pradesh
Rose-ringed parakeet
Psittacula krameri

Arunachal Pradesh
Great hornbill
Buceros bicornis

Assam
White-winged wood duck
Asarcornis scutulata

Bihar
House sparrow
Passer domesticus

Chhattisgarh
Bastar hill myna
Gracula religiosa peninsularis

Goa
Black-crested bulbul[2]
Pycnonotus gularis

Gujarat
Greater flamingo
Phoenicopterus roseus

Haryana
Black francolin
Francolinus francolinus

Himachal Pradesh
Western tragopan (Jujurana)
Tragopan melanocephalus

Jammu and Kashmir
Black-necked crane
Grus nigricollis

Jharkhand
Asian Nightingale
Eudynamys scolopaceus

Karnataka
Indian roller
Coracias benghalensis

Kerala
Great hornbill
Buceros bicornis

Madhya Pradesh
Indian paradise flycatcher
Terpsiphone paradisi

Maharashtra
Yellow-footed green pigeon
Treron phoenicoptera

Manipur
Mrs. Hume's pheasant
Syrmaticus humiae

Meghalaya
Hill myna
Gracula religiosa peninsularis

Mizoram
Mrs. Hume's pheasant
Syrmaticus humiae

Nagaland
Blyth's tragopan
Tragopan blythii

Odisha
Indian roller
Coracias benghalensis

Punjab
Northern goshawk
Accipiter gentilis

Rajasthan
Great Indian bustard
Ardeotis nigriceps

Sikkim
Blood pheasant
Ithaginis cruentus

Tamil Nadu
Emerald dove
Chalcophaps indica

Telangana
Indian roller
Coracias benghalensis

Tripura
Green imperial pigeon
Ducula aenea

Uttar Pradesh
Sarus crane
Grus antigone

Uttarakhand
Himalayan monal
Lophophorus impejanus

West Bengal
White-breasted kingfisher
Halcyon smyrnensis

tag: table

text:
Union territory
Common name
Scientific name
Image

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman wood pigeon[3][4]
Columba palumboides

Chandigarh
Indian grey hornbill[3][5]
Ocyceros birostris

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Daman and Diu

Delhi
House sparrow
Passer domesticus

Lakshadweep
Sooty tern
Onychoprion fuscatus

Puducherry
Asian koel
Eudynamys scolopaceus


document_title: Oath of office of the President of the United States

question_text: which man took the presidential oath of office in 1881 following the death of the president

text: Text[edit]

text: Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."[2]

text: Administration of the oath[edit]

text: While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it is typically administered by the Chief Justice. There have been several exceptions, however. George Washington was sworn into office during his first inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston.[3][4] William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to Millard Fillmore on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of Zachary Taylor.[5] Upon being informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a notary public.[6][7] Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. This was the first (and to date only) time a woman administered the oath of office. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 Chief Justices (one of whom—William Howard Taft—was also a former president), one Associate Justice, four federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public.

text: Option of taking an oath or an affirmation[edit]

text: The Constitutional language gives the option to "affirm" instead of "swear". While the reasons for this are not documented, it may relate to certain Christians, including Quakers, who apply this scripture literally: "But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation" (James 5:12, KJV).[8] Franklin Pierce was the only president known to use the word "affirm" rather than "swear." Herbert Hoover is often listed to have used "affirm" as well, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were "solemnly swear."[9] Richard Nixon, who was also a Quaker, also swore, rather than affirm.[10][11]

text: Forms of administering the oath[edit]

text: There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office.

text: Under the first form, now in disuse, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, "Do you, George Washington, solemnly swear ..." and then requested an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completed the oath.[citation needed]

text: It is believed that this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God."[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ...",[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".[14]

text: Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, so that the president takes the oath by repeating it verbatim.[citation needed] Franklin Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, then repeated that oath from beginning to end himself.[15] By the time of Harry Truman's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the Chief Justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president-elect repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed.[16]

text: Use of Bibles[edit]

text: By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an altar Bible borrowed from the St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward.[17][18] Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry Truman, followed suit.[19] Dwight Eisenhower broke that tradition in 1953 when he said a prayer instead of kissing the Bible.[20]

text: Theodore Roosevelt did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1901.[21] Both John Quincy Adams and Franklin Pierce [22] swore on a book of law, with the intention that they were swearing on the constitution.[23] Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One.[24] Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump each swore the oath on two Bibles.[21]

text: "So help me God"[edit]

text: It is uncertain how many presidents used a Bible or added the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath, or in their acceptance of the oath, as neither is required by law; unlike many other federal oaths which do include the phrase "So help me God."[25] There is currently debate as to whether or not George Washington, the first president, added the phrase to his acceptance of the oath. No contemporary sources mention Washington as adding a religious codicil to his acceptance.[26]

text: The historical debate over who first used "So help me God," is marred by ignoring the two forms of giving the oath. The first, now in disuse, is when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, "Do you George Washington solemnly swear...", requesting an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1865 the Sacramento Daily Union covered the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln finished his oath with "So help me God," and he kissed the bible.[27] However, the Daily Union's account seems embellished in a number of ways, and other newspaper accounts, published closer in time to the ceremony, do not mention Lincoln's uttering the phrase.[28] In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God".[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear..."[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".

text: A Federal lawsuit filed in the District of Columbia by Michael Newdow on December 30, 2008, contended the second, current form of administration, where both the chief justice and the president articulate the oath, appending "So help me God", to be a breach of the Constitutional instructions. The suit distinguishes between the words spoken by the administrator, which must conform to the exact 35 words of the Constitution, and the president, who has a right to add a personal prayer, such as "So help me God."[29]

text: Chief Justice Roberts' reply was that his "prompting" for these four extra-constitutional words were to be recited "after" the oath of office, and not as a part of the oath as claimed in the suit. After rendering the oath to President Barack Obama, Roberts prompted with a question "So help you God?", to which the president responded, "So help me God."[30]

text: The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase "So help me God" in oaths under the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.S. judges and officers other than the president. It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state constitutions[31] as well as by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.[32][33] Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act also allows for the option that the phrase be omitted by the officer, in which case it would be called an affirmation instead of an oath: "Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath."[34] In contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase "So help me God", and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In practice, however, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the oath (rather than an affirmation), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the oath with the customary phrase.

text: The earliest known source indicating Washington added "So help me God" to his acceptance, not to the oath, is attributed to Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 65 years after the event.[35] The only contemporary account that repeats the oath in full, a report from the French consul, Comte de Moustier, states only the constitutional oath,[36] without reference to Washington's adding "So Help Me God" to his acceptance.

text: Evidence is lacking to support the claim that presidents between Washington and Abraham Lincoln used the phrase "So help me God." A contemporaneous newspaper account of Lincoln's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase "So help me God" to the oath.[37] This newspaper report is followed by another account, provided later in the same year after Lincoln's death (April 15, 1865), that Lincoln said "So help me God" during his oath.[38] The evidence pertaining to the 1865 inauguration is much stronger than that pertaining to Lincoln's 1861 use of the phrase. Several sources claim that Lincoln said "So help me God" at his 1861 inauguration, yet these sources were not contemporaneous to the event.[39][40] During the speech, Lincoln stated that his oath was "registered in Heaven",[41] something some have taken as indicating he likely uttered the phrase "So help me God." Conversely, there was a claim made by A.M. Milligan (a Presbyterian minister who advocated for an official Christian U.S. government) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back saying that God's name was not in the Constitution, and he could not depart from the letter of that instrument.[42][43]

text: Other than the president of the United States, many politicians (including Jefferson Davis, sworn in as president of the Confederate States of America in 1861) used the phrase "So help me God" when taking their oaths.[44] Likewise, all federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which case the phrase must be omitted.[45]

text: Given that nearly every president-elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the codicil, it is likely that the majority of presidents-elect have uttered the phrase[46] (as well as some vice presidents, while taking their oaths). However, as President Theodore Roosevelt chose to conclude his oath with the phrase "And thus I swear," it seems that this current of tradition was not overwhelmingly strong even as recently as the turn of the twentieth century.

text: Oath mishaps[edit]

text:
In 1909, when President William Howard Taft was sworn in, Chief Justice Melville Fuller misquoted the oath, but the error was not publicized at the time. The mistake was similar to the one Taft himself would make twenty years later when swearing in President Hoover. Recalling the incident, Taft wrote, "When I was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Fuller, he made a similar slip," and added, "but in those days when there was no radio, it was observed only in the Senate chamber where I took the oath."[13]
In 1929, Taft, later the Chief Justice, garbled the oath when he swore in President Herbert Hoover using the words "preserve, maintain, and defend the Constitution", instead of "preserve, protect, and defend". The error was picked up by schoolgirl Helen Terwilliger on the radio. Taft eventually acknowledged his error, but did not think it was important, and Hoover did not retake the oath. In Taft's view, his departure from the text did not invalidate the oath.[13][47][48]
In 1945, President Harry S. Truman's bare initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and took the oath. At a meeting in the Cabinet Room, Chief Justice Harlan Stone, apparently mistaken about the meaning of Truman's middle initial (which is not an abbreviation but rather the whole middle name in itself), began reading the oath by saying "I, Harry Shipp Truman...", Truman responded: "I, Harry S Truman,..."[49]
In 1965, Chief Justice Earl Warren prompted Lyndon Johnson to say, "the Office of the Presidency of the United States".[50]
In 2009, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, while administering the oath to Barack Obama, incorrectly recited part of the oath. Roberts prompted, "That I will execute the Office of President to the United States faithfully." Obama stopped at "execute," and waited for Roberts to correct himself. Roberts, after a false start, then followed Obama's "execute" with "faithfully", which results in "execute faithfully," which is also incorrect. Obama then repeated Roberts' initial, incorrect prompt, with the word "faithfully" after "United States."[51][52] The oath was re-administered the next day by Roberts at the White House.[53][54]

tag: ul

text: List of oath takings[edit]

text: Since the office of president of the United States came into existence in 1789 there have been 58 inaugural ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year presidential term, plus an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2017 inauguration of Donald Trump, the oath has been taken 75 different times by 44 persons. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because Inauguration Day has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inaugural ceremonies. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges.[55]

text:
Date
Type
Event[a]
Location
Oath administered by

000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789
(Thursday)
Public
washingtona !First inauguration of George Washington
Balcony,
Federal Hall
New York, New York
livingston !Robert Livingston,
Chancellor of New York

000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793
(Monday)
Public
washingtonb !Second inauguration of George Washington
Senate Chamber,
Congress Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
cushing !William Cushing,
Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court

000000001797-03-04-0000March 4, 1797
(Saturday)
Public
adamsa !Inauguration of John Adams
House Chamber,
Congress Hall
ellsworth !Oliver Ellsworth,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001801-03-04-0000March 4, 1801
(Wednesday)
Public
jeffersona !First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
Washington, D.C.
marshalla !John Marshall,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001805-03-04-0000March 4, 1805
(Monday)
Public
jeffersonb !Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallb !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001809-03-04-0000March 4, 1809
(Saturday)
Public
madisona !First inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallc !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001813-03-04-0000March 4, 1813
(Thursday)
Public
madisonb !Second inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshalld !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001817-03-04-0000March 4, 1817
(Tuesday)
Public
monroea !First inauguration of James Monroe
Front steps,
Old Brick Capitol
marshalle !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001821-03-05-0000March 5, 1821[b]
(Monday)
Public
monroeb !Second inauguration of James Monroe
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallf !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001825-03-04-0000March 4, 1825
(Friday)
Public
adamsq !Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallg !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001829-03-04-0000March 4, 1829
(Wednesday)
Public
jacksona !First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
marshallh !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001833-03-04-0000March 4, 1833
(Monday)
Public
jacksonb !Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshalli !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001837-03-04-0000March 4, 1837
(Saturday)
Public
vanburen !Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneya !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001841-03-04-0000March 4, 1841
(Thursday)
Public
harrisonw !Inauguration of William Henry Harrison
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyb !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001841-04-06-0000April 6, 1841[c]
(Tuesday)
Private
tyler !Inauguration of John Tyler
Brown’s Indian Queen Hotel,
Washington, D.C.
crancha !William Cranch
Chief Judge, U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia

000000001845-03-04-0000March 4, 1845
(Tuesday)
Public
polk !Inauguration of James K. Polk
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyc !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001849-03-05-0000March 5, 1849[b]
(Monday)
Public
taylor !Inauguration of Zachary Taylor
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyd !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001850-07-10-0000July 10, 1850[d]
(Wednesday)
Public
fillmore !Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
cranchb !William Cranch
Circuit Court Judge

000000001853-03-04-0000March 4, 1853
(Friday)
Public
pierce !Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneye !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001857-03-04-0000March 4, 1857
(Wednesday)
Public
buchanan !Inauguration of James Buchanan
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyf !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001861-03-04-0000March 4, 1861
(Monday)
Public
lincolna !First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyg !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001865-03-04-0000March 4, 1865
(Saturday)
Public
lincolnb !Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chasea !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001865-04-15-0000April 15, 1865
(Saturday)
Private
johnsona !Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
Kirkwood House Hotel,
Washington, D.C.
chaseb !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice

000000001869-03-04-0000March 4, 1869
(Thursday)
Public
granta !First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chasec !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice

000000001873-03-04-0000March 4, 1873
(Tuesday)
Public
grantb !Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chased !Salmon P. Chase
Chief Justice

000000001877-03-03-0000March 3, 1877[56][b]
(Saturday)
Private
hayes !Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Red Room,
White House
waitea !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001877-03-05-0000March 5, 1877[b]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001881-03-04-0000March 4, 1881
(Friday)
Public
garfield !Inauguration of James A. Garfield
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
waiteb !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice

000000001881-09-20-0000September 20, 1881[57][e]
(Tuesday)
Private
arthur !Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
Chester A. Arthur Home,
New York, New York
brady !John R. Brady,
Justice of the New York Supreme Court

000000001881-09-22-0000September 22, 1881[e]
(Thursday)
Public
The Vice President's Room,
U.S. Capitol
waitec !Morrison R. Waite
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001885-03-04-0000March 4, 1885
(Wednesday)
Public
clevelanda !First inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
waited !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice

000000001889-03-04-0000March 4, 1889
(Monday)
Public
harrisonb !Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullera !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893
(Saturday)
Public
clevelandb !Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullerb !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001897-03-04-0000March 4, 1897
(Thursday)
Public
mckinleya !First inauguration of William McKinley
Front of original Senate Wing
U.S. Capitol
fullerc !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001901-03-04-0000March 4, 1901
(Monday)
Public
mckinleyb !Second inauguration of William McKinley
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullerd !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001901-09-14-0000September 14, 1901
(Saturday)
Private
rooseveltta !First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
Ainsley Wilcox Home,
Buffalo, New York
hazel !John R. Hazel,
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York

000000001905-03-04-0000March 4, 1905
(Saturday)
Public
roosevelttb !Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullere !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
(Thursday)
Public
taft !Inauguration of William Howard Taft
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
fullerf !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
(Tuesday)
Public
wilsona !First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
whitea !Edward D. White,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001917-03-04-0000March 4, 1917[58]
(Sunday)
Private
wilsonb !Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
The President's Room,
U.S. Capitol
whiteb !Edward D. White
Chief Justice

000000001917-03-05-0000March 5, 1917[b]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001921-03-04-0000March 4, 1921
(Friday)
Public
harding !Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
whitec !Edward D. White
Chief Justice

000000001923-08-03-0000August 3, 1923[59][f]
(Friday)
Private
coolidgea !First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge Homestead,
Plymouth Notch, Vermont
coolidge !John Calvin Coolidge
Notary public

000000001923-08-21-0000August 21, 1923[59][f]
(Tuesday)
Private
Willard Hotel
Washington, D.C.
hoehling !Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr.
Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia

000000001925-03-04-0000March 4, 1925
(Wednesday)
Public
coolidgeb !Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tafta !William Howard Taft
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001929-03-04-0000March 4, 1929
(Monday)
Public
hoover !Inauguration of Herbert Hoover
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
taftb !William H. Taft
Chief Justice

000000001933-03-04-0000March 4, 1933
(Saturday)
Public
rooseveltfa !First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesa !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001937-01-20-0000January 20, 1937
(Wednesday)
Public
rooseveltfb !Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesb !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice

000000001941-01-20-0000January 20, 1941
(Monday)
Public
rooseveltfc !Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesc !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice

000000001945-01-20-0000January 20, 1945
(Saturday)
Public
rooseveltfd !Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
South Portico,
White House
stonea !Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001945-04-12-0000April 12, 1945
(Thursday)
Private
trumana !First inauguration of Harry S. Truman
Cabinet Room,
White House
stoneb !Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice

000000001949-01-20-0000January 20, 1949
(Thursday)
Public
trumanb !Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
vinsona !Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001953-01-20-0000January 20, 1953
(Tuesday)
Public
eisenhowera !First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
vinsonb !Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice

000000001957-01-20-0000January 20, 1957
(Sunday)
Private
eisenhowerb !Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
East Room,
White House
warrena !Earl Warren
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001957-01-21-0000January 21, 1957[g]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001961-01-20-0000January 20, 1961
(Friday)
Public
kennedy !Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrenb !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001963-11-22-0000November 22, 1963
(Friday)
Private
johnsonla !First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
Air Force One,
Dallas Love Field,
Dallas, Texas
hughes !Sarah T. Hughes
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas

000000001965-01-20-0000January 20, 1965
(Wednesday)
Public
johnsonlb !Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrenc !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001969-01-20-0000January 20, 1969
(Monday)
Public
nixona !First inauguration of Richard Nixon
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrend !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001973-01-20-0000January 20, 1973
(Saturday)
Public
nixonb !Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
burgera !Warren Burger
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001974-08-09-0000August 9, 1974
(Friday)
Public
ford !Inauguration of Gerald Ford
East Room,
White House
burgerb !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001977-01-20-0000January 20, 1977
(Thursday)
Public
carter !Inauguration of Jimmy Carter
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
burgerc !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
(Tuesday)
Public
reagana !First inauguration of Ronald Reagan
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
burgerd !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985
(Sunday)
Private
reaganb !Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan
Entrance Hall,
White House
burgere !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985[g]
(Monday)
Public
Rotunda,
U.S. Capitol

000000001989-01-20-0000January 20, 1989
(Friday)
Public
bushh !Inauguration of George H. W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquista !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001993-01-20-0000January 20, 1993
(Wednesday)
Public
clintona !First inauguration of Bill Clinton
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistb !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000001997-01-20-0000January 20, 1997
(Monday)
Public
clintonb !Second inauguration of Bill Clinton
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistc !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002001-01-20-0000January 20, 2001
(Saturday)
Public
bushwa !First inauguration of George W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistd !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002005-01-20-0000January 20, 2005
(Thursday)
Public
bushwb !Second inauguration of George W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquiste !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002009-01-20-0000January 20, 2009
(Tuesday)
Public
obamaa !First inauguration of Barack Obama
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
robertsa !John Roberts
Chief Justice of the United States

000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009[60][h]
(Wednesday)
Private
Map Room,
White House

000000002013-01-20-0000January 20, 2013[61]
(Sunday)
Private
obamab !Second inauguration of Barack Obama
Blue Room,
White House
robertsb !John Roberts
Chief Justice

000000002013-01-21-0000January 21, 2013[g]
(Monday)
Public
West Front,
U.S. Capitol

000000002017-01-20-0000January 20, 2017
(Friday)
Public
trump !Inauguration of Donald Trump
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
robertsc !John Roberts
Chief Justice

ZZZDate
ZZZType
ZZZEvent
ZZZLocation
ZZZOath administered by

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Inaugurations sort alphabetically by president's last name.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Term began Sunday, March 4.
Jump up ^ Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.
Jump up ^ Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.
^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.
^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Harding died on August 2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Term began Sunday, January 20.
Jump up ^ Term began on January 20, despite the oath mishap.


document_title: Bal Diwas

question_text: when was first children's day celebrated in india

question_tokens: when was first children 's day celebrated in india

text: Bal Diwas

text:
Children's DayObserved by
 IndiaType
NationalSignificance
Birthday of Jawahar Lal NehruDate
November 14Next time
14 November 2018 (2018-11-14)Frequency
Annual

text: Children's Day is  celebrated across India to increase awareness of the rights, care and education of children.[1][2] It is celebrated on 14 November every year on the birth anniversary of the  first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru also called 'Chacha Nehru'. Nehru is often cited as saying that children should always be carefully and lovingly nurtured, as they are the future of the nation and the citizens of tomorrow.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: The celebration of Children's Day in India has its roots back to 1959. Prior to the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, India is  celebrating Children's Day on November 20 (the date observed as Universal Children's Day by the United Nations). After the death of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964, it was unanimously decided to celebrate his birthday as or Children's Day in India.[4][5][6][7]