document_title: Epistle of Jude

question_text: who was the book of jude written to

question_tokens: who was the book of jude written to

text: Epistle of Jude

text: Composition[edit]

text: The letter of Jude was one of the disputed books of the Canon.[1] The links between the Epistle and 2 Peter, its use of the Apocryphal Books, and its brevity raised concern. It is one of the shortest books in the Bible, being only 25 verses long.

text: Content[edit]

text: Jude urges his readers to defend the deposit of Christ's doctrine that had been closed by the time he wrote his epistle, and to remember the words of the apostles spoken somewhat before. Jude then asks the reader to recall how even after the Lord saved his own people out of the land of Egypt, he did not hesitate to destroy those who fell into unbelief, much as he punished the angels who fell from their original exalted status and Sodom and Gomorrah.[2] He describes in vivid terms the apostates of his day.[3] He exhorts believers to remember the words spoken by the Apostles, using language similar to the second epistle of Peter to answer concerns that the Lord seemed to tarry, How that they told you there should be mockers in the last time, who should walk after their own ungodly lusts...,[4] and to keep themselves in God's love,[5] before delivering a doxology.[6]

text: Jude quotes directly from the Book of Enoch, part of the scripture of the Ethiopian and Eritrean churches but rejected by other churches. He cites Enoch's prophecy that the Lord would come with many thousands of his saints to render judgement on the whole world. He also paraphrases (verse 9) an incident in a text that has been lost about Satan and Michael the Archangel quarreling over the body of Moses.

text: Outline[edit]

text: I. Salutation (1-3)

text:
II. Occasion for the Letter (3-4)
  A. The change of Subject (3)
  B. The Reason for the Change: The Presence of Godless Apostates (4)

text:
III. Warning against the False Teachers (5-16)
  A. Historical Examples of the Judgement of Apostates (5-7)
    1. Unbelieving Israel (5)
    2. Angels who fell (6)
    3. Sodom and Gomorrah (7)
  B. Description of the Apostates of Jude's Day (8-16)
    1. Their slanderous speech deplored (8-10)
    2. Their character graphically portrayed (11-13)
    3. Their destruction prophesied (14-16)

text: IV. Exhortation to Believers (17-23)

text: V. Concluding Doxology (24-25)[7]

text: Canonical status[edit]

text: The Epistle of Jude is held as canonical in the Christian Church; conservative scholars date it between 70 and 90. Some scholars consider the letter a pseudonymous work written between the end of the 1st century and the first quarter of the 2nd century because of its references to the apostles[8] and to tradition[9] and because of its competent Greek style.[10][11][12]

text: "More remarkable is the evidence that by the end of the second century Jude was widely accepted as canonical."[13] Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and the Muratorian canon considered the letter canonical. The first historical record of doubts as to authorship are found in the writings of Origen of Alexandria, who spoke of the doubts held by some, albeit not him. Eusebius classified it with the "disputed writings, the antilegomena." The letter was eventually accepted as part of the Canon by Church Fathers such as Athanasius[14] and the Synods of Laodicea (c. 363)[15] and Carthage (397).[16]

text: Authorship[edit]

text: The epistle title is written as follows: "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James" (NRSV). "James" is generally taken to mean James the Just, a prominent leader in the early church. Not a lot is known of Jude, which would explain the apparent need to identify him by reference to his better-known brother.[10]

text: As the brother of James the Just, it has traditionally meant Jude was also the brother of Jesus, since James is described as being the brother of Jesus. For instance Clement of Alexandria (c. 150–215 AD) wrote in his work "Comments on the Epistle of Jude" that Jude, the Epistle of Jude's author, was a son of Joseph and a brother of Jesus (without specifying whether he was a son of Joseph by a previous marriage or of Joseph and Mary).[17]

text: There is also a dispute as to whether "brother" means someone who has the same father and mother, or a half-brother or cousin or more distant familial relationship. This dispute over the true meaning of "brother" grew as the doctrine of the Virgin Birth evolved.[18][19][20]

text: Outside the book of Jude, a "Jude" is mentioned five times in the New Testament: three times as Jude the Apostle (Luke 6:16, Acts 1:13, John 14:22), and twice as Jude the brother of Jesus (Matthew 13:55, Mark 6:3) (aside from references to Judas Iscariot and Judah (son of Jacob)). Debate continues as to whether the author of the epistle is either, both, or neither. Some scholars have argued that since the author of the letter has not identified himself as an apostle and actually refers to the apostles as a third party, he cannot be identified with Jude the Apostle. Others have drawn the opposite conclusion, i.e., that, as an apostle, he would not have made a claim of apostleship on his own behalf.[21]

text: Style[edit]

text: The Epistle of Jude is a brief book of only a single chapter with 25 verses. It was composed as an encyclical letter—that is, one not directed to the members of one church in particular, but intended rather to be circulated and read in all churches.

text: The wording and syntax of this epistle in its original Greek demonstrates that the author was capable and fluent. The epistle is addressed to Christians in general,[22] and it warns them about the doctrine of certain errant teachers to whom they were exposed.

text: The epistle's style is combative, impassioned, and rushed. Many examples of evildoers and warnings about their fates are given in rapid succession.

text: The epistle concludes with a doxology, which is considered by Peter H. Davids to be one of the highest in quality contained in the Bible.[23]

text: Jude and 2 Peter[edit]

text: Part of Jude is very similar to 2 Peter (mainly 2 Peter chapter 2), so much so that most scholars agree that there is a dependence between the two, i.e., that either one letter used the other directly, or they both drew on a common source.[24]

text: Because this epistle is much shorter than 2 Peter, and due to various stylistic details, some writers consider Jude the source for the similar passages of 2 Peter.[25] However, other writers, arguing that Jude 18 quotes 2 Peter 3:3 as past tense, consider Jude to have come after 2 Peter.[26]

text: Some scholars who consider Jude to predate 2 Peter note that the latter appears to quote the former but excises the reference to the non-canonical book of Enoch.[27]

text: References to other books[edit]

text: The Epistle of Jude references at least two other books, with one being non-canonical in all churches and the other non-canonical in most churches.

text: The Book of Enoch is not considered canonical by most churches, although it is by the Ethiopian Orthodox church. According to Western scholars, the older sections of the Book of Enoch (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) date from about 300 BC and the latest part (Book of Parables) probably was composed at the end of the 1st century BC.[37] 1 Enoch 1:9, mentioned above, is part of the pseudepigrapha and is among the Dead Sea Scrolls [4Q Enoch (4Q204[4QENAR]) COL I 16–18].[38] It is generally accepted by scholars that the author of the Epistle of Jude was familiar with the Book of Enoch and was influenced by it in thought and diction.[39]


document_title: List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes

question_text: how many episodes in the have and have nots season 5

root

text: Series overview[edit]

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)11"The Big Surprise"May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)1.77[7]
The Cryer family has prepared a surprise 50th birthday celebration for Jim, but as he arrives, he is stunned when he sees that his latest mistress, Candace, has become friendly with his daughter Amanda and is partaking in the festivities.
22"Playing in the Deep End"May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)1.81[7]
Jim has repeatedly requested that Candace leave the family's home, but she continues to disobey him by staying with Amanda.
33"Beautifully Dysfunctional"June 4, 2013 (2013-06-04)1.47[8]
Candace commits some mischievous acts that put Jim's career in jeopardy.
44"Entering the Race"June 11, 2013 (2013-06-11)1.31[9]
After Jim announces that he plans to run for Governor, Candace holds the affair against Jim and threatens to reveal the news to the media. Hanna is shocked when she discovers an eviction notice on her door.
55"A Woman's Pride"June 18, 2013 (2013-06-18)1.32[10]
After her eviction, Hanna goes to Benny with questions regarding possibly adjusting the mortgage on her home.
66"Angry Sex"June 25, 2013 (2013-06-25)1.82[11]
Jim falls into Candace's vindictive trap once again and David is irked by the fact that Jim is unable to control himself.
77"A True Friend"July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)1.54[12]
Amanda has Wyatt and Jeffrey assist her with the move into her new apartment while Hanna is set up on a blind date by Benny.
88"The Criminal"July 9, 2013 (2013-07-09)1.56[13]
Benny prepares for his date by asking to borrow a car, but is arrested and charged with drug possession after falling trap to someone's malicious intent. Amanda seduces her law professor to raise her grade.
99"The Set Up"July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16)1.61[14]
Katheryn ends up bonding with Hanna over their issues.
1010"Number Nine"July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)1.80[15]
Katheryn shames Candace directly after Jim reveals his affair.
1111"Not My Daughter"July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30)1.87[16]
Katheryn tells everyone that she is leaving for vacation, but that turns out to be false.
1212"In Recovery"August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)2.02[17]
Jim and Candace end up in a verbal and physical altercation.
1313"What Are You Doing Here?"August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)2.14[18]
Information is discovered by a detective that links Benny and Tony. Veronica continues to work toward answers for Benny's case.
1414"My Name Is Veronica"August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20)2.05[19]
Katheryn gets nervous when her secret almost goes public.
1515"The Truth Will Set You Free"August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)2.32[20]
After her secret is revealed, Katheryn tells everyone what she really knows about Jim's secret activities. Jeffrey finally discloses his love for Wyatt.
1616"No More Hiding"September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)2.61[21]
Jeffery comes out to his parents; Hanna discloses information to Benny about Tony being his father; Amanda learns about her inheritance; and Wyatt relapses and has a life-changing accident.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth episode in Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots, "Why Didn't You Tell Me?" was not only a series high episode in ratings, but the most watched television program in all of cable for the night.[22] The episode brought in 3.4 million viewers.[23] Among all OWN programming since the network's January 2011 debut, only a March 2012 Oprah's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers (3.5 million) than the February-4-2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots.[22] On Tuesday, March 11, 2014, however, a season 2 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots—following a hiatus within the season—set a record for all of OWN programming, scoring the highest ratings in the station's history. The record-breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers.[24] Additionally, the episode came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night.[23]

tag: p

text:
Season 2 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)171"The Black Sedan"January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)2.77[25]
Amanda is having second thoughts about asking for her inheritance. Inside, Katheryn and Jim are arguing about Wyatt's accident Hanna is trying to find out any information about Benny.
182"Wyatt's Nightmare"January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)2.55[26]
Wyatt kills a little girl after a hit-and-run, and Benny ends up on life support. Jim is unsure of what to do next once his campaign begins to fall apart. Amanda has an emotional breakdown.
193"Family Issues"January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)2.84[27]
Hanna disagrees with Tony's suggestion to take Benny off life support. Celine and Katheryn have a confrontation about the former's shabby treatment of Hanna.
204"Unanswered Calls"January 28, 2014 (2014-01-28)2.78[28]
Jeffrey comes to the conclusion that Wyatt is the one who's at fault for Benny's condition and Lizzie's death.
215"Why Didn't You Tell Me?"February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)3.50[29]
Candace talks with Jim to have Benny relocated to a private hospital.
226"Protecting Wyatt"February 11, 2014 (2014-02-11)3.01[30]
Jim does everything in his power to keep Wyatt from going to jail. Tony confronts Hanna and serves her with court papers.
237"Amanda's Revenge"February 18, 2014 (2014-02-18)3.21[31]
Amanda breaks into her professor's home while his family is asleep. Candace is chosen by Hanna to represent her in court.
248"Maggie's Plan"February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)2.88[32]
As Jim gets ready to announce his campaign for Governor, Wyatt's behavior and warnings from Candace becomes too much to handle.
259"March for Justice"March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)3.04[33]
The judge makes a decision and sides with Tony. Hanna begs Tony on her knees to keep Benny on life support.
2610"Starting the Race"March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)3.59[34]
Candace tries once again to blackmail Jim and David during their campaign event. Wyatt finally gets arrested.
2711"You'll Be Sorry"May 27, 2014 (2014-05-27)3.11[35]
Wyatt is arrested. Candace is kidnapped by the Malones. Benny shows signs of brain activity.
2812"The Confession"June 3, 2014 (2014-06-03)2.62[36]
Jim conspires to save his son. Amanda gets a gun. Benny improves.
2913"Donald"June 10, 2014 (2014-06-10)2.42[37]
Jim proclaims his son's innocence. Quincy pays Hanna a surprise visit in search of Candace.
3014"The Awakening"June 17, 2014 (2014-06-17)2.81[38]
Benny wakes up from his coma.
3115"The Vulnerable"June 24, 2014 (2014-06-24)2.92[39]
Benny prepares for his release from the hospital. Hanna plans to testify against Wyatt. Maggie tries to seduce David.
3216"The Sarandon Hotel"July 1, 2014 (2014-07-01)3.47[40]
After escaping her kidnappers, Candace asks Warlock for help. Jeffrey is seduced by Melissa.
3317"Again and Again"July 8, 2014 (2014-07-08)3.32[41]
David is compromised. Jim is plotting. Candace is panicking.
3418"Something's Wrong With Amanda"July 15, 2014 (2014-07-15)3.26[42]
Amanda leaves the Cryer estate with Quincy. Candace hides out at Jeffrey's apartment. Katheryn and Celine get into another confrontation. Benny has conversation with Tony and later tries to restore peace between Hanna and Candace.
3519"Norman Hewens"July 22, 2014 (2014-07-22)2.86[43]
A news report claiming that another person is responsible for the hit-and-run saves Wyatt from jail. Katheryn berates Jim about his evil deeds. Hanna attempts to apologize to Jim for her hand in the tragedy, but he won't have it and orders her off his property; however, Katheryn has a tearful and beautiful reunion with her best friend, and offers Hanna her job back and to begin after Benny is settled in. Katheryn then tells Jim off about his attitude towards Hanna and orders him to keep Celine under control or else.
3620"Checkmate"July 29, 2014 (2014-07-29)3.49[44]
Jim is confronted by Carlos, his illegitimate son with Celine. Katheryn's celebratory dinner party goes awry when Quincy, Candace's ex, shows up as Amanda's date. David and Veronica continue to battle over the fact that Jeffrey is gay. Candace seeks her revenge on Jim. Maggie makes another attempt to sleep with David.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)371"The Power Dance"January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)3.22[45]
Hanna hosts a party for Benny upon his homecoming from the hospital. Jim is being held hostage by Warlock under Candace's orders.
382"The War Room"January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)2.91[46]
Hanna seeks information about Quincy's mother so she can get one step closer to finding her grandson. Maggie continues her pursuit of David.
393"A Southern Brawl"January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)2.60[47]
Veronica and Maggie have an outraged fight after Veronica catches David in Maggie's hotel room. Wyatt gives Celine a taste of reality and he finds out a about his brother Carlos.
404"Amanda's Room"January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)2.98[48]
Jim gives up and finally gives in to Candace's demands.
415"The Press Conference"February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)2.89[49]
Everyone prepares for Jim's announcement for Governor but he is nowhere to be found other than still being held against his will by Candace. Katheryn gets some devastating news.
426"A Tragic Day"February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)3.42[50]
Everyone else is assembled at the Cryer mansion during a family tragedy.
437"April 7, 1979"February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)3.22[51]
Katheryn tells the story of how she first met Jim.
448"In Crisis"February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)3.28[52]
Emotions and rage get the best of Jim and Wyatt. Katheryn and David try to tell Veronica how wrong she is about Jeffery.
459"A Talk with Jim"March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)2.90[53]
Benny is convinced that Candace has changed her ways. Hanna comforts Katheryn.
4610"Oscar"March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)3.02[54]
Hanna comforts Jim after Amanda's death. Candace meets a new guy.
4711"Unglued"March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)3.02[55]
David is angry at Veronica for telling Quincy to beat up Jeffrey and Veronica spirals out of control, especially since she thinks that Maggie is trying to steal David away form her.
4812"Enough is Enough"March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)3.50[56]
Benny searches for Quincy after he shows up at Hanna's home.
4913"Two Funerals"June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30)3.29[57]
Veronica starts a fire that destroys her mansion and almost claims David's life.
5014"In Memoriam"July 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)2.79[58]
The Cryer family prepares for Amanda's funeral. Wyatt's confession to D.A. Sallison sparks controversy.
5115"Nine Lives"July 14, 2015 (2015-07-14)3.17[59]
Hanna finds out that Jim and Katheryn were holding Candace hostage.
5216"The Cougar"July 21, 2015 (2015-07-21)2.85[60]
Hanna covers for Benny after she discovers him in bed with Veronica.
5317"Candace Young, Esq."July 28, 2015 (2015-07-28)3.01[61]
Candace shows Benny where she works.
5418"Benny Does Battle"August 4, 2015 (2015-08-04)3.17[62]
Quincy is hurt from the accident involving Benny.
5519"Quincy Jr."August 11, 2015 (2015-08-11)3.12[63]
Hanna is reunited with Q.
5620"A Home For Q"August 18, 2015 (2015-08-18)3.06[65]
Candace learns that Hanna is seeking custody of Q; and the Cryers and Harringtons try to convince the D.A. that Wyatt's taped confession is a misunderstanding.[64]
5721"Candace's Closing"August 25, 2015 (2015-08-25)3.19[66]
Candace buys property with the money she extorted from Jim; and Jim is interviewed on TV.
5822"Dianna Winchill"September 1, 2015 (2015-09-01)3.23[67]
While Jim is being interviewed by Dianna Winchill, a surprise guest arrives. Veronica tells Jim that she had planned Wyatt's attack in prison, leading Jim to attack her and later put a hit on her, Professor Cannon, and Prison Guard Terrell by calling three hitmen and ordering a "bloodbath."
5923"Vetted"September 8, 2015 (2015-09-08)3.28[68]
Hanna grows suspicious of Benny's involvement with Veronica and how he acquired his new house; Quincy drives a car through Hanna's home in spite of revenge; Candace decides to let her guard down with Oscar.
6024"Sheep's Clothing"September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)3.13[69]
Hanna becomes devastated when she learns that Quincy set her house on fire; Maggie tries to talk David into running for Governor; Jeffrey gives Wyatt the necessary ammunition to take his parents down.
6125"When The Chickens Come Home"September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)3.71[70]
Hanna and Benny force Candace to tell the truth about everything. Oscar reveals his true colors to Candace.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)621"The Waters Run Deep"January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)3.11[71]
Candace and Jeffrey disagree on what to do with Quincy's body when interrupted by a knock on the door. The Cryer and Harrington clan face repercussions.

Note: Actress Eva Tamargo who portrays Celine Gonzales leaves the main cast this season, although she is still featured in the opening sequence in the season 4 premiere.
632"Paid In Full"January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)2.73[72]
Katheryn has had a lot of time for reflection while cooling her heels behind bars with Veronica. Candace and Jeffery get a visit from the police because of a nosy neighbor.
643"The Right Medicine"January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)2.94[73]
Hanna discovers about her grandson's medical troubles. Katheryn is taken aback by the photo of Veronica in the arms of another man. Quincy wakes up and begs for Candace's help.
654"An Evil Soul"January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)3.02[74]
Katheryn is unshaken by the DA's attempt to push. Candace's lies catch up with her when she receives a visit form Warlock.
665"Immunity"February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)2.90[75]
Benny agrees to help Candace hide evidence in Quincy's murder.
676"Making Millions"February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)2.81[76]
Quincy Jr. passes out on Hanna after getting really sick and is rushed to the hospital and placed in ICU. Candace finally learns that Wyatt hit Benny and goes up to Benny to talk to him about suing the Cryers.
687"A Front Row Seat"February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)2.95[77]
Maggie's lie to David could cause her to lose him forever; Katheryn gets out of jail but she can't find anyone to help Jim or Veronica; Candace enlists Erica's help to plot for revenge.
698"Unexpected Visitors"February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)3.07[78]
Candace interrogates the social worker; Hanna is steaking out at Cryer's mansion waiting for their return; Katheryn goes to visit David but little does she know that Wyatt is one step closer to getting his inheritance.
709"I Choose My Son"March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)2.80[79]
Quita and Daylon break into Candace's house but are caught by Pearl, who calls her son Justin and his police squad to arrest them; Justin continues to harass Jeffery; Upon Wyatt's confession on hitting her son, Hanna confronts Katheryn.
7110"Beg For What You Need"March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)2.64[80]
Candace puts a plan into action to save herself and Benny from War's rage. Katheryn pleads with Hanna to not end their friendship. Veronica handles the hired assassin hiding in her house in an unexpected manner.
7211"48 Hours"March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)2.85[81]
Warlock has pushed up Candace's due date, so she goes to the bank to mortgage the houses and Benny's tow yard.
7312"My Friend Maggie"June 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)2.85[82]
Maggie visit's Veronica's home and gets the surprise of her life.
7413"Criminology 101"June 28, 2016 (2016-06-28)2.63[83]
Veronica treats David with much malice.
7514"Giving Candy To A Baby"July 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)2.70[84]
After talking with Pearl, Hanna hopes to gain custody of Quincy Jr.
7615"The Apple Tree"July 12, 2016 (2016-07-12)2.64[85]
Katheryn tries to process difficult news about one of her closest family members.
7716"The Heart of A Man"July 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)2.70[86]
Veronica and Jeffery go to visit Katheryn but Veronica pushes Jeffery to his limit.
7817"An Accident"July 26, 2016 (2016-07-26)3.05[87]
Jeffrey begins to implode so he calls Candace and Justin for help.
7918"A Tragic Assumption"August 2, 2016 (2016-08-02)3.02[88]
Jennifer arrives at Katheryn's house to tell her that Wyatt is alive.
8019"I Am Wolf"August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)2.89[89]
Jim teams up with a former enemy in his scheme against Candace.
8120"Back In Business"August 16, 2016 (2016-08-16)2.93[90]
Mitch breaks up the fight between David and Benny; David gets some shocking information about Mitch.
8221"The Fugitive"August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)2.95[91]
The police are on the look out for Hanna so they question Candace and Benny.
8322"The Silk Handkerchief"August 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)2.95[92]
Benny learns the truth of how Candace financed his property. Candace finally tells him the truth about War and how she got the money, and what Mitch did but he doesn't believe her.
8423"Promises Kept"September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)3.24[93]
Katheryn explodes when she is pushed to the limit. Candace searches for Oscar. Benny finds out the truth about War by Mitch, who also reveals to Benny who he really is.

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)851"A Cup of Tea"January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)2.99[94]
Veronica tries to escape the Cryer mansion after the murder of D.A. Jennifer Sallison. Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace, who is out on the search for Oscar. Benny is still upset because of how Candace mortgaged his house and the tow yard.
862"Waiting for Candace"January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)2.16[95]
Veronica and Katheryn have a fight. Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money.
873"It's Ok to Love"January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)2.68[96]
Veronica is still trying to escape Katheryn's house. Erica calls Candace to give her an update on things with David.
884"A Mother's Wisdom"January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)2.36[97]
Veronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery. Jim returns home to help Katheryn clean up a mess she has created.
895"Brilliant Lawyers Lurking"January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)2.70[98]
Veronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament.
906"A Hurricane Offshore"February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)2.75[99]
Veronica pays Erica a visit. Candace encounters Oscar again. Quita finds Wyatt's place and tells him that she's going to take his money.
917"Pieces of The Puzzle"February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)2.58[100]
Veronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him. Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy.
928"Praying for Light"February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)2.76[101]
Veronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica. Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family.
939"We All Need Forgiveness"February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)2.33[102]
Veronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery. Candace makes Charles her latest Mark.
9410"Forget The Bubble"March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)2.41[103]
Veronica is pushing Jeffery's buttons. Erica is caught sleeping with David by War.
9511"In Pursuit of Prey"March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)3.20[104]
Veronica tries to seduce Benny. Warlock looks for Candace and Erica reveals her true colors. Mitch returns from jail. Katheryn leaves Jim. Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition.
9612"The Fallout From War"June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)2.68[105]
In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead. Veronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed.
9713"My Grandson's War"June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)2.44[106]
Veronica and Katheryn came face-to-face. Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim.
9814"Mad Day"July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)2.33[107]
Veronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny. Jim taunts Veronica. Hanna found herself at Katheryn's new rental home.
9915"A Woman Under the Stairs"July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)2.43[108]
Veronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey. David and Jim find their sons. Charles reveals to Candace who he really is.
10016"Railroad"July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)2.43[109]
Veronica visits Melissa at the hospital. Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny's situation. Wyatt gets released from the hospital. Charles beats Candace at her own game.
10117"Elevator Seven"August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)2.30[110]
Veronica confronts Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship. Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace. Jeffrey meets up with Landon.
10218"A Broken Mirror"August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)2.33[111]
Veronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey's hotel room, and records Officer Justin. Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does.
10319"Haunted By The Surname"August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)2.40[112]
Veronica is confronted by Officer Justin. Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is. Candace gets some devastating news about her son, Quincy Jr.
10420"The Enemy Called Trust"August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)2.52[113]
Veronica tells Landon to stay away her son. Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire. Candace ask Mitch for a favor. Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap.
10521"Kate"August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)2.64[114]
Veronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed. Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion and Jim begs her for retribution.
10622"For The Team"September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)2.61[115]
Veronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum. Candace and Benny are at odds with each other. David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica.
10723"The Veronica Show"September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)2.58[116]
The Young family are all at odds with each other during a visit to the funeral home. Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage. Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr. Jim confronts Candace at The Artesian Hotel.

text: Season 6 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)1081"Afraid of Flames"January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)2.30[117]
In the Season 6 premiere, Hanna is in mourning after the deadly shooting of her grandson; Candace rejects Benny's pleas to help her; and Veronica and Melissa find themselves in a dangerous situation.
1092"Searching For A Mother's Love"January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)2.34[118]
Benny and Mitch risk their lives to save victims of a horrific auto accident; and Justin professes his love and lust for Jeffery.
1103"Undercover Vice"January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)2.25[119]
David learns of Jeffrey's whereabouts; Hanna and Benny confront Candace.
1114"The Lion"January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)2.20[120]
Hanna reveals a deep, dark secret; David calls upon Katheryn for help with Jeffrey.
1125"Errand Boy"February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)2.17[121]
Justin continues his pursuit of Jeffery; Candace and Benny fight to keep their strong sibling relationship.
1136"Hanna's Tea"February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)2.24[122]
Veronica returns home after her stay in the hospital; Candace and Jeffrey's murder of Quincy catches up with them and are faced with some serious consequences; Katheryn shows her new home to Hanna, where she meets a new man.
1147"Every Six Months"February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)2.24[123]
Candace gets released from jail while David fights to get Jeffrey out.
1158"Wicked"February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)2.02[124]
Sarah and George make progress in prosecuting the Cryers; Veronica hatches up a scheme against David.
1169"An Eye For An Eye"March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)2.03[125]
David confronts Hanna about Benny and Jeffery; Charles is determined to see Candace; Veronica learns that Melissa has been drinking while pregnant; Hanna learns of Benny's recent encounter with Veronica; Katheryn confronts Jim about Jennifer Sallison; Wyatt learns about Jeffery being in jail.
11710"A Lover's Passions"March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)2.08[126]
Candace works on a new plan to recoup her money from the Cryers; Veronica is preoccupied by an all-consuming desire for revenge; Hanna gets ready for her date with Derrick.
11811"Veronica's House"May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)1.55[127]
Veronica finds out that David moved Erica into her dream home and also lets David know that she is the only queen in the world to reclaim her kingdom; Candace reverts to her old ways by drugging Oscar's drink in order to get her money back; Veronica and Justin have another confrontation; Hanna goes out on her date with Derrick; Melissa seduces Benny again; and Wyatt has a major relapse that spirals out of control.
11912"In His Eyes"May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)1.74[128]
After Veronica catches Benny with Melissa in her house the two get into a fight, forcing Veronica to throw Melissa out, leaving her with no place to go. This prompts Benny to let Melissa stay with him; Hanna encounters singer Stephanie Mills on her date; Wyatt is forced to make a life-threatening decision; Candace enacts her new money scheme like a boss; Jim and Katheryn come to a revelation about their bad parenting skills; Justin tries to make Jeffery jealous; and Candace panics when Oscar won't wake up after finding him totally unconscious.
12013"The Right Cocktail"May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)1.72[129]
After Candace revives Oscar, she reminds him of her getting her money back; Veronica makes Jeffery an unexpected offer; Wyatt's situation lands him in hot water; Candace decided to drop Gia after learning her money deposit is processing; Hanna gives Melissa advice regarding her and the baby; Veronica schemes to get back at Benny; and Hanna returns to work.
12114"The Rabbit and the Water Moccasin"May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)1.79[130]
Wyatt learns the advantage and disadvantage of drug use.
12215"The Third Quarter"May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)1.90[131]
Benny wants to return the money to the Malones but discovers it's not that simple.
12316"No Honor In This Game"June 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)1.81[132]
Katheryn learns that Wyatt's anger for her comes from deep childhood scars.
12417"The Broken Washer"June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)1.80[133]
Veronica and Candace scheme up a plan to hurt David.
12518"Sugar Mamma"June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)1.92[134]
Officer Justin shows Jeffery just how serious he is about being with him.
12619"Team of Rivals"June 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)1.95[135]
David is pushed to a point by Veronica that he didn't know he had.
12720"Smitten"July 3, 2018 (2018-07-03)1.65[136]
Charles learns that Landon may have ulterior motives.
12821"Moles"July 10, 2018 (2018-07-10)1.95[137]
Benny's arrest forces Candace to return to her old tricks to make some quick cash to leave town.
12922"Til Death Do Us Part"July 17, 2018 (2018-07-17)2.21[138]
Candace and Jim are up to their old tricks; people are caught in the crossfire of Veronica's wicked plots and intimidations.
13023"The Road to Hell"August 14, 2018 (2018-08-14)1.92[139]
After being pushed to the limit Veronica finally gets her revenge.
13124"The Black Dress"August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21)1.90[140]
David learns Erica's fate while being rushed to the hospital; the truth about Mitch's uncle comes out, and the Malones now have a new target.
13225"A Father's Regret"August 28, 2018 (2018-08-28)2.06[141]
An explosion in this small town sets more on fire than just a car.
13326"The Damned Defibrillator"September 4, 2018 (2018-09-04)1.84[142]
While David remains in the hospital, Veronica gets a surprising shock of her own.
13427"Laugh Not To Cry"September 11, 2018 (2018-09-11)2.11[143]
Veronica convinces RK to do some of her dirty work.
13528"Stronger Together"October 2, 2018 (2018-10-02)1.65[144]
Candace's plans begins to unravel as Benny learns of what she did to Hanna.
13629"The Black Man...."October 9, 2018 (2018-10-09)1.78[145]
Jim tries to save Wyatt from jail, and Jeffrey deals with an unexpected guest.
13730"Three's a Crowd"October 16, 2018 (2018-10-16)1.72[146]
Candace comes face-to-face with Katheryn Cryer.
13831"The Chosen"October 23, 2018 (2018-10-23)1.73[147]
Charles, the future president of the United States is back and chooses Candace.
13932"The Committee"October 30, 2018 (2018-10-30)TBD
Jeffery's scare with David brings him closer to Nurse Madison as the FBI gets one step closer to Veronica's wicked trail.
14033"Exhausted"November 6, 2018 (2018-11-06)TBD
Jim thinks that he's holding of all of the cards, but there is a ticking time bomb coming his way.


document_title: Vedic period

question_text: what were the functions of sabha and samiti in the vedic age

text: Vedic period

text: History[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: The commonly accepted period of earlier Vedic age is dated back to the second millennium BCE.[7] After the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which ended c. 1900 BCE,[8][9] groups of Indo-Aryan peoples migrated into north-western India and started to inhabit the northern Indus Valley.[10] The Indo-Aryans were a branch of the Indo-Iranians, which—according to the most widespread hypothesis—have originated in the Andronovo culture[11] in the Bactria-Margiana era, in present northern Afghanistan.[12][note 1]

text: Some writers and archaeologists have opposed the notion of a migration of Indo-Aryans into India.[19] Edwin Bryant and Laurie Patton used the term "Indo-Aryan Controversy" for an oversight of the Indo-Aryan Migration theory, and some of its opponents.[20] These ideas are outside the academic mainstream. Mallory and Adams note that two types of models "enjoy significant international currency" as to the Indo-European homeland, namely the Anatolian hypothesis, and a migration out of the Eurasian steppes.[21] According to Upinder Singh, "The original homeland of the Indo-Europeans and Indo-Aryans is the subject of continuing debate among philologists, linguists, historians, archaeologists and others. The dominant view is that the Indo-Aryams came to the subcontinent as immigrants. Another view, advocated mainly by some Indian scholars, is that they were indigenous to the subcontinent."[22]

text: The knowledge about the Aryans comes mostly from the Rigveda-samhita,[23] i. e. the oldest layer of the Vedas, which was composed c. 1500–1200 BCE.[24][25][12] They brought with them their distinctive religious traditions and practices.[26] The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto-Indo-European religion,[27] and the Indo-Iranian religion.[28] According to Anthony, the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo-European immigrants in the contact zone between the Zeravshan River (present-day Uzbekistan) and (present-day) Iran.[29] It was "a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo-European elements",[29] which borrowed "distinctive religious beliefs and practices"[30] from the Bactria–Margiana Culture.[30][note 2]

text: Early Vedic Period (ca. 1500–1200 BCE)[edit]

text: The Rigveda contains accounts of conflicts between the Aryas and the Dasas and Dasyus. It describes Dasas and Dasyus as people who do not perform sacrifices (akratu) or obey the commandments of gods (avrata). Their speech is described as mridhra which could variously mean soft, uncouth, hostile, scornful or abusive. Other adjectives which describe their physical appearance are subject to many interpretations. However, some modern scholars such as Asko Parpola connect the Dasas and Dasyus to Iranian tribes Dahae and Dahyu and believe that Dasas and Dasyus were early Indo-Aryan immigrants who arrived into the subcontinent before the Vedic Aryans.[32][33]

text: Accounts of military conflicts between the various tribes of Vedic Aryans are also described in the Rigveda. Most notable of such conflicts was the Battle of Ten Kings, which took place on the banks of the river Parushni (modern day Ravi).[note 3] The battle was fought between the tribe Bharatas, led by their chief Sudas, against a confederation of ten tribes.[36] The Bharatas lived around the upper regions of the river Saraswati, while the Purus, their western neighbours, lived along the lower regions of Saraswati. The other tribes dwelt north-west of the Bharatas in the region of Punjab.[37] Division of the waters of Ravi could have been a reason for the war.[38][unreliable source?] The confederation of tribes tried to inundate the Bharatas by opening the embankments of Ravi, yet Sudas emerged victorious in the Battle of Ten Kings.[39] Purukutsa, the chief of the Purus, was killed in the battle and the Bharatas and the Purus merged into a new tribe, the Kuru, after the war.[37]

text: Later Vedic period (1100–500 BCE)[edit]

text: After the 12th century BCE, as the Rigveda had taken its final form, the Vedic society transitioned from semi-nomadic life to settled agriculture. Vedic culture extended into the western Ganges Plain.[40] Possession of horses remained an important priority of Vedic leaders and a remnant of the nomadic lifestyle,[41] resulting in trade routes beyond the Hindu Kush to maintain this supply as horses needed for cavalry and sacrifice could not be bred in India.[42] The Gangetic plains had remained out of bounds to the Vedic tribes because of thick forest cover. After 1000 BCE, the use of iron axes and ploughs became widespread and the jungles could be cleared with ease. This enabled the Vedic Aryans to settle at the western Gangetic plains.[43] Many of the old tribes coalesced to form larger political units.[44]

text: The Vedic religion was further developed when the Indo-Aryans migrated into the Ganges Plain after c. 1100 BCE and became settled farmers,[45][46][47] further syncretising with the native cultures of northern India.[48] In this period the varna system emerged, state Kulke and Rothermund, which in this stage of Indian history were a "hierarchical order of estates which reflected a division of labor among various social classes". The Vedic period estates were four: Brahmin priests and warrior nobility stood on top, free peasants and traders were the third, and slaves, labourers and artisans, many belonging to the indigenous people, were the fourth..[49][50][51] This was a period where agriculture, metal, and commodity production, as well as trade, greatly expanded,[52] and the Vedic era texts including the early Upanishads and many Sutras important to later Hindu culture were completed.[53]

text: The Kuru Kingdom, the earliest Vedic "state", was formed by a "super-tribe" which joined several tribes in a new unit. To govern this state, Vedic hymns were collected and transcribed, and new rituals were developed, which formed the now orthodox Shrauta rituals.[54] Two key figures in this process of the development of the Kuru state were the king Parikshit and his successor Janamejaya, transforming this realm into the dominant political and cultural power of northern Iron Age India.[45]

text: The most well-known of the new religious sacrifices that arose in this period were the Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice).[55] This sacrifice involved setting a consecrated horse free to roam the kingdoms for a year. The horse was followed by a chosen band of warriors. The kingdoms and chiefdoms in which the horse wandered had to pay homage or prepare to battle the king to whom the horse belonged. This sacrifice put considerable pressure on inter-state relations in this era.[55] This period saw also the beginning of the social stratification by the use of Varna, the division of Vedic society in Kshatriya, Brahmins, Vaishya and Shudra.[54]

text: The Kuru kingdom declined after its defeat by the non-Vedic Salva tribe, and the political centre of Vedic culture shifted east, into the Panchala kingdom on the Ganges.[45] Later, the kingdom of Videha emerged as a political centre farther to the East, in what is today northern Bihar of India and south eastern Nepal, reaching its prominence under the king Janaka, whose court provided patronage for Brahmin sages and philosophers such as Yajnavalkya, Uddalaka Aruni, and Gargi Vachaknavi.[4]

text: Towards urbanisation[edit]

text: By the 6th century BCE, the political units consolidated into large kingdoms called Mahajanapadas. The process of urbanisation had begun in these kingdoms and commerce and travel, even over regions separated by large distances became easy.[56] Anga, door step of modern-day West Bengal, a small kingdom to the east of Magadha, formed the eastern boundary of the Vedic culture.[57] Yadavas expanded towards the south and settled in Mathura. To the south of their kingdom was Vatsa which was governed from its capital Kausambi. The Narmada River and parts of North Western Deccan formed the southern limits.[58][59] The newly formed states struggled for supremacy and started displaying imperial ambitions.[60]

text: The end of Vedic India is marked by linguistic, cultural and political changes. The grammar of Pāṇini marks a final apex in the codification of Sutra texts, and at the same time the beginning of Classical Sanskrit.[61] The invasion of Darius I of the Indus valley in the early 6th century BCE marks the beginning of outside influence, continued in the kingdoms of the Indo-Greeks.[62] Meanwhile, within India, the shramana movements (including Jainism and Buddhism) challenged the authority and orthodoxy of Vedic scriptures and ritual.[5]

text: Culture[edit]

text:
Ancient history

Preceded by Prehistory

Ancient Near East

Sumer
Egypt
Assyria
Elam
Akkad
Babylonia
Canaan
Phoenicia
Israel and Judah
Hittite Empire
Arzawa
Mitanni
Minoan Crete
Mycenaean Greece
Syro-Hittite states
Hayasa-Azzi
Georgia
Anatolia
Armenia
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Urartu
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Medes

Classical antiquity

Greece
Persia (Achaemenid)

Hellenism
Rome
Africa

Late Antiquity

East Asia

China
Korea
Japan

South Asia

Indus Valley
Vedic period
Maha Janapadas
Maurya Empire
Tamilakam
Satavahana
Gupta Empire

Pre-Columbian Americas

Mesoamerica

Olmec
Maya civilization
Teotihuacan
Aztec

Andean civilizations

Chavín culture
Moche
Inca empire

See also

History of the world

Ancient maritime history
Protohistory
Axial Age
Iron Age
Historiography
Ancient literature
Ancient warfare
Cradle of civilization

Followed by the Postclassical Era

v
t
e

text: Society[edit]

text: Vedic society was relatively egalitarian in the sense that a distinct hierarchy of socio-economic classes or castes was absent.[63][64] However, political hierarchy was determined by rank, where rajan stood at the top and dasi at the bottom.[64] The words Brahamana and Kshatriya occur in various family books of the Rigveda, but they are not associated with the term varna. The words Vaishya and Shudra are absent. Verses of the Rigveda, such as 3.44-45, indicate the absence of strict social hierarchy and the existence of social mobility:[32]

text: O, Indra, fond of soma, would you make me the protector of people, or would you make me a king, would you make me a sage who has drunk soma, would you impart to me endless wealth.

text: The Vedic household was patriarchal and patrilineal. The institution of marriage was important and different types of marriages— monogamy, polygyny and polyandry are mentioned in the Rigveda. Both women sages and female gods were known to Vedic Aryans. However, hymns attributable to female sages are few and female gods were not as important as male ones. Women could choose their husbands and could remarry if their husbands died or disappeared.[64] While the wife enjoyed a respectable position, she was subordinate to her husband.[65] People consumed milk, milk products, grains, fruits, and vegetables. Meat eating is mentioned, however, cows are labelled aghnya (not to be killed). Clothes of cotton, wool and animal skin were worn.[64] Soma and sura were popular drinks in the Vedic society, of which soma was sanctified by religion. Flute (vana), lute (vina), harp, cymbals, and drums were the musical instruments played and a heptatonic scale was used.[65] Dancing, dramas, chariot racing, and gambling were other popular pastimes.[64]

text: The emergence of monarchical states in the later Vedic age, led to a distancing of the rajan from the people and the emergence of a varna hierarchy. The society was divided into four social groups— Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The later Vedic texts fixed social boundaries, roles, status and ritual purity for each of the groups. The Shatapatha Brahmana associates the Brahmana with purity of parentage, good conduct, glory, teaching or protecting people; Kshatriya with strength, fame, ruling, and warfare; Vaishya with material prosperity and production-related activities such as cattle rearing and agriculture; Shudras with the service of the higher varnas. The effects of Rajasuya sacrifice depended on the varna of the sacrificer. Rajasuya endowed Brahmana with lustre, Kshatriya with valour, Vaishya with procreative power and Shudra with stability. The hierarchy of the top three varnas is ambiguous in the later Vedic texts. Panchavamsha Brahmana and verse 13.8.3.11 of the Shatapatha Brahmana place Kshatriya over Brahmana and Vaishya, whereas, verse 1.1.4.12 places Brahmana and Vaishya over the Kshatriya and Shudra. The Purusha sukta visualised the four varnas as hierarchical, but inter-related parts of an organic whole.[66] Despite the increasing social stratification in the later Vedic times, hymns like Rigveda IX.112, suggest some amount of social mobility: "I am a reciter of hymns, my father a physician, and my mother grinds (corn) with stones. We desire to obtain wealth in various actions."[67][68]

text: Household became an important unit in the later Vedic age. The variety of households of the Vedic era gave way to an idealised household which was headed by a grihapati. The relations between husband and wife, father and son were hierarchically organised and the women were relegated to subordinate and docile roles. Polygyny was more common than polyandry and texts like Tattiriya Samhita indicate taboos around menstruating women. Various professions women took to are mentioned in the later Vedic texts. Women tended to cattle, milked cows, carded wool; were weavers, dyers, and corn grinders. Women warriors such as Vishphala, who lost a leg in battle, are mentioned. Two female philosophers are mentioned in the Upanishads.[69] Patrick Olivelle, in his translation of the Upanishads, writes that "the fact that these women are introduced without any attempt to justify or to explain how women could be engaged in theological matters suggests the relatively high social and religious position of at least women of some social strata during this period."[70]

text: Political organisation[edit]

text:
Vedic weaponry

Ancient Indian Antennae sword; Metalwork, 1500–500 BCE.

Ancient Indian Ax Blade, 1500–1000 BCE.

text: Early Vedic Aryans were organised into tribes rather than kingdoms. The chief of a tribe was called a rajan. The autonomy of the rajan was restricted by the tribal councils called sabha and samiti. The two bodies were, in part, responsible for the governance of the tribe. The rajan could not accede to the throne without their approval. The distinction between the two bodies is not clear. Arthur Llewellyn Basham, a noted historian and indologist, theorises that sabha was a meeting of great men in the tribe, whereas, samiti was a meeting of all free tribesmen. Some tribes had no hereditary chiefs and were directly governed by the tribal councils. Rajan had a rudimentary court which was attended by courtiers (sabhasad) and chiefs of septs (gramani). The main responsibility of the rajan was to protect the tribe. He was aided by several functionaries, including the purohita (chaplain), the senani (army chief), dutas (envoys) and spash (spies).[71] Purohita performed ceremonies and spells for success in war and prosperity in peace.[72]

text: In the later Vedic period, the tribes had consolidated into small kingdoms, which had a capital and a rudimentary administrative system.[73] To aid in governing these new states, the kings and their Brahmin priests arranged Vedic hymns into collections and developed a new set of rituals (the now orthodox shrauta rituals) to strengthen the emerging social hierarchy.[45] The rajan was seen as the custodian of social order and the protector of rashtra (polity). Hereditary kingship started emerging and competitions like chariot races, cattle raids, and games of dice, which previously decided who was worthy of becoming a king, became nominal. Rituals in this era exalted the status of the king over his people. He was occasionally referred to as samrat (supreme ruler). The rajan's increasing political power enabled him to gain greater control over the productive resources. The voluntary gift offering (bali) became compulsory tribute; however, there was no organised system of taxation. Sabha and samiti are still mentioned in later Vedic texts, though, with the increasing power of the king, their influence declined.[74] By the end of the later Vedic age, different kinds of political systems such as monarchical states (rajya), oligarchical states (gana or sangha), and tribal principalities had emerged in India.[74]

text: According to Michael Witzel's analysis of the Kuru Kingdom, it can be characterized as the earliest Vedic "state", during the Middle Vedic Period.[45][75] However, Robert Bellah observes that it is difficult to "pin down" whether the Kurus were a true "state" or a complex chiefdom, as the Kuru kings notably never adopted royal titles higher than "rājan," which means "chief" rather than "king" in the Vedic context.[76] The Middle Vedic Period is also characterized by a lack of cities; Bellah compares this to early state formation in ancient Hawai'i and "very early Egypt," which were "territorial states" rather than "city-states," and thus "it was the court, not the city, that provided the center, and the court was often peripatetic."[77] Romila Thapar characterizes Vedic-era state formation as being in a condition of "arrested development," because local chiefs were relatively autonomous, and because surplus wealth that could have been directed towards state-building was instead used for the increasingly grandiose rituals that also served to structure social relations.[78] The period of the Upanishads, the final phase of the Vedic era, was approximately contemporaneous with a new wave of state formations, linked to the beginning of urbanization in the Ganges Valley: along with the growth of population and trade networks, these social and economic changes put pressure on older ways of life, setting the stage for the Upanishads and the subsequent sramana movements,[79] and the end of the Vedic Period, which was followed by the Mahajanapada period.

text: According to George Erdosy, archaeological data for the period of period from 1000 to 600 BCE shows a two-tiered settlement pattern in the Ganges Valley, with some "modest central places," suggestive of the existence of simple chiefdoms, with the Kurukshetra District itself displaying a more complex (albeit not yet urbanized) three-tiered hierarchy.[80] Subsequently (after 600 BCE) there are four tiers of site sizes, including large towns and fortified cities, consistent with an urbanized state-level society.[81]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Economy in the Vedic period was sustained by a combination of pastoralism and agriculture.[65] There are references, in the Rigveda, to the leveling of fields, seed processing, and storage of grains in large jars. War booty was also a major source of wealth.[64] Economic exchanges were conducted by gift giving, particularly to kings (bali) and priests (dana), and barter using cattle as a unit of currency. While gold is mentioned in some hymns, there is no indication of the use of coins. Metallurgy is not mentioned in the Rigveda, but the word ayas and instruments made from it such as razors, bangles, axes are mentioned. One verse mentions purification of ayas. Some scholars believe that ayas refers to iron and the words dham and karmara refer to iron-welders.[82] However, philological evidence indicates that ayas in the Rigveda refers only to copper and bronze, while iron or śyāma ayas, literally "black metal", first is mentioned in the post-Rigvedic Atharvaveda,[4][45] and therefore the Early Vedic Period was a Bronze Age culture whereas the Late Vedic Period was an Iron Age culture.[citation needed]

text: The transition of Vedic society from semi-nomadic life to settled agriculture in the later Vedic age led to an increase in trade and competition for resources.[83] Agriculture dominated the economic activity along the Ganges valley during this period.[84] Agricultural operations grew in complexity and usage of iron implements (krishna–ayas or shyama–ayas, literally black metal or dark metal) increased. Crops of wheat, rice, and barley were cultivated. Surplus production helped to support the centralised kingdoms that were emerging at this time.[45] New crafts and occupations such as carpentry, leather work, tanning, pottery, astrology, jewellery, dying, and winemaking arose.[85] Apart from copper, bronze, and gold, later Vedic texts also mention tin, lead, and silver.[86]

text: Panis in some hymns refers to merchants, in others to stingy people who hid their wealth and did not perform Vedic sacrifices. Some scholars suggest that Panis were semitic traders, but the evidence for this is slim.[37] Professions of warriors, priests, cattle-rearers, farmers, hunters, barbers, vintners and crafts of chariot-making, cart-making, carpentry, metal working, tanning, making of bows, sewing, weaving, making mats of grass and reed are mentioned in the hymns of the Rigveda. Some of these might have needed full-time specialists.[82] There are references to boats and oceans. Book X of the Rigveda refers to both eastern and western oceans. Individual property ownership did not exist and clans as a whole enjoyed rights over lands and herds. Enslavement (dasa, dasi) in the course of war or as a result of non-payment of debt is mentioned. However, slaves worked in households rather than production-related activities.[64]

text: Religion[edit]

text: The Vedic forms of belief are one of the precursors to modern Hinduism.[87] Texts considered to date to the Vedic period are mainly the four Vedas, but the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and the older Upanishads as well as the oldest Shrautasutras are also considered to be Vedic. The Vedas record the liturgy connected with the rituals and sacrifices performed by the 16 or 17 Shrauta priests and the purohitas.[citation needed]

text: The rishis, the composers of the hymns of the Rigveda, were considered inspired poets and seers (in post-Vedic times understood as "hearers" of an eternally existing Veda, Śrauta means "what is heard").

text: The mode of worship was the performance of sacrifices (Yajna) which included the chanting of Rigvedic verses (see Vedic chant), singing of Samans and 'mumbling' of sacrificial mantras (Yajus). Yajna involved sacrifice and sublimation of the havana sámagri (herbal preparations) in the fire accompanied by the chanting of the Vedic mantras. The sublime meaning of the word yajna is derived from the Sanskrit verb yaj, which has a three-fold meaning of worship of deities (devapujana), unity (saògatikaraña) and charity (dána).[88] An essential element was the sacrificial fire—the divine Agni—into which oblations were poured, as everything offered into the fire was believed to reach God. People prayed for abundance of rain, cattle, sons, long life and gaining 'heaven'.

text: Vedic people believed in the transmigration of the soul, and the peepul tree and cow were sanctified by the time of the Atharvaveda.[89] Many of the concepts of Indian philosophy espoused later like Dharma, Karma etc. trace their root to the Vedas.[90]

text: The main deities of the Vedic pantheon were Indra, Agni (the sacrificial fire), and Soma and some deities of social order such as Mitra–Varuna, Aryaman, Bhaga and Amsa, further nature deities such as Surya (the Sun), Vayu (the wind), and Prithivi (the earth). Goddesses included Ushas (the dawn), Prithvi, and Aditi (the mother of the Aditya gods or sometimes the cow). Rivers, especially Saraswati, were also considered goddesses. Deities were not viewed as all-powerful. The relationship between humans and the deity was one of transaction, with Agni (the sacrificial fire) taking the role of messenger between the two. Strong traces of a common Indo-Iranian religion remain visible, especially in the Soma cult and the fire worship, both of which are preserved in Zoroastrianism.

text: Ethics in the Vedas are based on the concepts of Satya and Rta. Satya is the principle of integration rooted in the Absolute.[91] Whereas, Ṛta is the expression of Satya, which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it.[92] Conformity with Ṛta would enable progress whereas its violation would lead to punishment.

text: Vedic religion evolved into the Hindu paths of Yoga and Vedanta, a religious path considering itself the 'essence' of the Vedas, interpreting the Vedic pantheon as a unitary view of the universe with 'God' (Brahman) seen as immanent and transcendent in the forms of Ishvara and Brahman. These post-Vedic systems of thought, along with later texts like the Upanishads, and epics, namely Gita of Mahabharat, have been fully preserved and form the basis of modern Hinduism. The ritualistic traditions of Vedic religion are preserved in the conservative Śrauta tradition.

text: Literature[edit]

text: The reconstruction of the history of Vedic India is based on text-internal details, but can be correlated to relevant archaeological details. Linguistically, the Vedic texts could be classified in five chronological strata:[4]

text:
Rigvedic text: The Rigveda is by far the most archaic of the Vedic texts preserved, and it retains many common Indo-Iranian elements, both in language and in content, that are not present in any other Vedic texts. Its time span likely corresponds to the Late Harappan culture, Gandhara Grave culture and Ochre Coloured Pottery culture.
Mantra language texts: This period includes both the mantra and prose language of the Atharvaveda (Paippalada and Shaunakiya), the Rigveda Khilani, the Samaveda Samhita (containing some 75 mantras not in the Rigveda), and the mantras of the Yajurveda. Many of these texts are largely derived from the Rigveda, but have undergone certain changes, both by linguistic change and by reinterpretation. Conspicuous changes include change of vishva "all" by sarva, and the spread of the kuru- verbal stem (for Rigvedic krno-). This is the time of the early Iron Age in north-western India, corresponding to the Black and Red Ware (BRW) and Painted Grey Ware (PGW) cultures, and the early Kuru Kingdom, dating from c. the 12th to 11th century BCE.
Samhita prose texts: This period marks the beginning of the collection and codification of a Vedic canon. An important linguistic change is the complete loss of the injunctive. The Brahmana part ('commentary' on mantras and ritual) of the Black Yajurveda (MS, KS, TS) belongs to this period. Archaeologically, the Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture from c. 1000 or 900 BCE corresponds to the Kuru Kingdom and the subsequent eastward shift of the political centre from the Kurus to the Panchalas on the Ganges.
Brahmana prose texts: The Brahmanas proper of the four Vedas belong to this period, as well as the Aranyakas, the oldest of the Upanishads (BAU, ChU, JUB) and the oldest Shrautasutras (BSS, VadhSS). In the east, Videha (N. Bihar and Nepal) is established as the third main political centre of the Vedic period.
Sutra language texts: This is the last stratum of Vedic Sanskrit leading up to c. 500 BCE, comprising the bulk of the Śrauta and Grhya Sutras, and some Upanishads (e.g. KathU, MaitrU).

tag: ol


document_title: List of Kentucky Wildcats football seasons

question_text: when was the last time uk was ranked

question_tokens: when was the last time uk was ranked

text:
National champions≡

Conference champions†

Conference co-champions‡

Division co-champions♦

Bowl game berth^

Shared standing T

text:
Season

Head coach[1]

Conference[2]

Season results[1][3][4]

Bowl result[5]

Final ranking[6]

Final standings

Wins

Losses

Ties[A 1]

AP

Coaches'

Conference

Division[A 2]

1892

A. M. Miller

—

—

—

2

4

1

—

—

N/A

1893

John Thompson

—

—

—

5

2

1

—

—

N/A

1894

W. P. Finney

—

—

—

5

2

—

—

—

N/A

1895

Charles B. Mason

—

—

—

4

5

—

—

—

N/A

1896

Dudley Short

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

9th

—

3

6

—

—

—

N/A

1897

Lyman Eaton

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

9th

—

2

4

—

—

—

N/A

1898

W. R. Bass

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

—

—

7

0

—

—

—

N/A

1899

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

12th

—

5

2

2

—

—

N/A

1900

W. H. Kiler

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

—

—

4

6

—

—

—

N/A

1901

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

17th

—

2

5

1

—

—

N/A

1902

E. W. McLeod

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

13th

—

3

5

1

—

—

N/A

1903

Jack Wright

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

—

—

7

1

—

—

—

N/A

1904

Fred Schacht

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

3rd

—

9

1

—

—

—

N/A

1905

—

—

—

6

3

1

—

—

N/A

1906

J. White Guyn

—

—

—

4

3

—

—

—

N/A

1907

—

—

—

9

1

1

—

—

N/A

1908

—

—

—

4

3

—

—

—

N/A

1909

Edwin Sweetland

—

—

—

9

1

—

—

—

N/A

1910

—

—

—

7

2

—

—

—

N/A

1911

Prentiss Douglass

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

13th

—

7

3

—

—

—

N/A

1912

Edwin Sweetland

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

2nd

—

7

2

—

—

—

N/A

1913

Alpha Brummage

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

14th

—

6

2

—

—

—

N/A

1914

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

6th

—

5

3

—

—

—

N/A

1915

John J. Tigert

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

8th

—

6

1

1

—

—

N/A

1916

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

10th

—

4

1

2

—

—

N/A

1917

Stanley A. Boles

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

17th

—

3

5

1

—

—

N/A

1918

Andrew Gill

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

7th

—

2

1

—

—

—

N/A

1919

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

7th

—

3

4

1

—

—

N/A

1920

William Juneau

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

25th

—

3

4

1

—

—

N/A

1921

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association

23rd

—

4

3

1

—

—

N/A

1922

Southern Conference

9th

—

6

3

—

—

—

N/A

1923

Jack Winn

Southern Conference

17th

—

4

3

2

—

—

N/A

1924

Fred J. Murphy

Southern Conference

14th

—

4

5

—

—

—

N/A

1925

Southern Conference

7th

—

6

3

—

—

—

N/A

1926

Southern Conference

19th

—

2

6

1

—

—

N/A

1927

Harry Gamage

Southern Conference

21st

—

3

6

1

—

—

N/A

1928

Southern Conference

9th

—

4

3

1

—

—

N/A

1929

Southern Conference

6th

—

6

1

1

—

—

N/A

1930

Southern Conference

10th

—

5

3

—

—

—

N/A

1931

Southern Conference

6th

—

5

2

2

—

—

N/A

1932

Southern Conference

12th

—

4

5

—

—

—

N/A

1933

Southern Conference

9th

—

5

5

—

—

—

N/A

1934

Chet A. Wynne

Southeastern Conference

9th

—

5

5

—

—

—

N/A

1935

Southeastern Conference

6th

—

5

4

—

—

—

N/A

1936

Southeastern Conference

10th

—

6

4

—

—

—

N/A

1937

Southeastern Conference

12th

—

4

6

—

—

—

N/A

1938

A. D. Kirwan

Southeastern Conference

12th

—

2

7

—

—

—

N/A

1939

Southeastern Conference

5th

—

6

2

1

—

—

N/A

1940

Southeastern Conference

9th

—

5

3

2

—

—

N/A

1941

Southeastern Conference

12th

—

5

4

—

—

—

N/A

1942

Southeastern Conference

11th

—

3

6

1

—

—

N/A

1944

Southeastern Conference

9th

—

3

6

—

—

—

N/A

1945

Bernie Shively

Southeastern Conference

12th

—

2

8

—

—

—

N/A

1946

Bear Bryant

Southeastern Conference

8th

—

7

3

—

—

—

N/A

1947

Southeastern Conference

T9th

—

8

3

—

Won 1947 Great Lakes Bowl against Villanova, 24–14^

—

N/A

1948

Southeastern Conference

9th

—

5

3

2

—

—

N/A

1949

Southeastern Conference

2nd

—

9

3

—

Lost 1950 Orange Bowl against Santa Clara, 13–21^

11

N/A

1950≡

Southeastern Conference

1st†

—

11

1

—

Won 1951 Sugar Bowl against Oklahoma, 13–7^

7

7

1951

Southeastern Conference

5th

—

8

4

—

Won 1952 Cotton Bowl Classic against TCU, 20–7^

15

17

1952

Southeastern Conference

9th

—

5

4

2

—

20

19

1953

Southeastern Conference

T2nd

—

7

2

1

—

16

15

1954

Blanton Collier

Southeastern Conference

T3rd

—

7

3

—

—

—

—

1955

Southeastern Conference

T7th

—

6

3

1

—

—

—

1956

Southeastern Conference

T6th

—

6

4

—

—

—

—

1957

Southeastern Conference

12th

—

3

7

—

—

—

—

1958

Southeastern Conference

T6th

—

5

4

1

—

—

—

1959

Southeastern Conference

9th

—

4

6

—

—

—

—

1960

Southeastern Conference

9th

—

5

4

1

—

—

—

1961

Southeastern Conference

7th

—

5

5

—

—

—

—

1962

Charlie Bradshaw

Southeastern Conference

T7th

—

3

5

2

—

—

—

1963

Southeastern Conference

11th

—

3

6

1

—

—

—

1964

Southeastern Conference

T2nd

—

5

5

—

—

—

—

1965

Southeastern Conference

T6th

—

6

4

—

—

—

18

1966

Southeastern Conference

6th

—

3

6

1

—

—

—

1967

Southeastern Conference

7th

—

2

8

—

—

—

—

1968

Southeastern Conference

7th

—

3

7

—

—

—

—

1969

John Ray

Southeastern Conference

9th

—

2

8

—

—

—

—

1970

Southeastern Conference

8th

—

2

9

—

—

—

—

1971

Southeastern Conference

T6th

—

3

8

—

—

—

—

1972

Southeastern Conference

T7th

—

3

8

—

—

—

—

1973

Fran Curci

Southeastern Conference

T5th

—

5

6

—

—

—

—

1974

Southeastern Conference

T3th

—

6

5

—

—

—

—

1975

Southeastern Conference

T5th

—

2

8

1

—

—

—

1976‡

Southeastern Conference

T–1st

—

9

3

—

Won 1976 Peach Bowl against North Carolina, 21–0^

18

19

1977

Southeastern Conference

—*

—

10

1

—

—

6

—

1978

Southeastern Conference

T5th

—

4

6

1

—

—

—

1979

Southeastern Conference

T4th

—

5

6

—

—

—

—

1980

Southeastern Conference

6th

—

3

8

—

—

—

—

1981

Southeastern Conference

T4th

—

3

8

—

—

—

—

1982

Jerry Claiborne

Southeastern Conference

T8th

—

0

10

1

—

—

—

1983

Southeastern Conference

4th

—

6

5

1

Lost 1983 Hall of Fame Bowl against West Virginia, 16–20^

—

—

1984

Southeastern Conference

T4th

—

9

3

—

Won 1984 Hall of Fame Bowl against Wisconsin, 20–19^

19

19

1985

Southeastern Conference

7th

—

5

6

—

—

—

—

1986

Southeastern Conference

T4th

—

5

5

1

—

—

—

1987

Southeastern Conference

T7th

—

5

6

—

—

—

—

1988

Southeastern Conference

T8th

—

5

6

—

—

—

—

1989

Southeastern Conference

T7th

—

6

5

—

—

—

—

1990

Bill Curry

Southeastern Conference

5th

—

4

7

—

—

—

—

1991

Southeastern Conference

10th

—

3

8

—

—

—

—

1992

Southeastern Conference

—

5th

4

7

—

—

—

—

1993

Southeastern Conference

—

3rd

6

6

—

Lost 1993 Peach Bowl against Clemson, 13–14^

—

—

1994

Southeastern Conference

—

4th

1

10

—

—

—

—

1995

Southeastern Conference

—

5th

4

7

—

—

—

—

1996

Southeastern Conference

—

T4th

4

7

—

—

—

—

1997

Hal Mumme

Southeastern Conference

—

5th

5

6

—

—

—

—

1998

Southeastern Conference

—

4th

7

5

—

Lost 1999 Outback Bowl against Penn State, 14–26^

—

—

1999

Southeastern Conference

—

4th

6

6

—

Lost 1999 Music City Bowl against Syracuse, 13–20^

—

—

2000

Southeastern Conference

—

6th

2

9

—

—

—

—

2001

Guy Morriss

Southeastern Conference

—

6th

2

9

—

—

—

—

2002

Southeastern Conference

—

T4th

7

5

—

—

—

—

2003

Rich Brooks

Southeastern Conference

—

6th

4

8

—

—

—

—

2004

Southeastern Conference

—

T5th

2

9

—

—

—

—

2005

Southeastern Conference

—

T5th

3

8

—

—

—

—

2006

Southeastern Conference

—

T3rd

8

5

—

Won 2006 Music City Bowl against Clemson, 28–21^

—

—

2007

Southeastern Conference

—

5th

8

5

—

Won 2007 Music City Bowl against Florida State, 35–28^

—

—

2008

Southeastern Conference

—

6th

7

6

—

Won 2009 Liberty Bowl against East Carolina, 25–19^

—

—

2009

Southeastern Conference

—

T4th

7

6

—

Lost 2009 Music City Bowl against Clemson, 13–21^

—

—

2010

Joker Phillips

Southeastern Conference

—

5th

6

7

—

Lost 2011 BBVA Compass Bowl against Pittsburgh, 10–27^

—

—

2011

Southeastern Conference

—

T4th

5

7

—

—

—

—

2012

Southeastern Conference

—

6th

2

10

—

—

—

—

2013

Mark Stoops

Southeastern Conference

—

7th

2

10

—

—

—

—

2014

Southeastern Conference

—

6th

5

7

—

—

—

—

2015

Southeastern Conference

—

T4th

5

7

—

—

—

—

2016

Southeastern Conference

—

T2nd

7

6

—

Lost 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl against Georgia Tech, 18-33^

—

—

2017

Southeastern Conference

—

T3rd

7

6

—

Lost 2017 Music City Bowl against Northwestern 23-24^

—

—