document_title: Five Nights at Freddy's

question_text: when did 5 nights at freddy's come out

question_tokens: when did 5 nights at freddy 's come out

text: Five Nights at Freddy's

text: History and development

text: The idea for Five Nights at Freddy's stems from the negative reception towards Scott Cawthon's previous game, the family friendly Chipper & Sons Lumber Co., as players commented that the main character (a young beaver) looked like "a scary animatronic animal", with reviewer Jim Sterling calling the game unintentionally "terrifying".[2][3] Although initially discouraged by the poor reception to Chipper & Sons, Cawthon, who had previously mainly developed Christian-oriented games, eventually used it to inspire himself to make something intentionally scarier.[2]

text:
Timeline of entries

2014
Five Nights at Freddy's

Five Nights at Freddy's 2

2015
Five Nights at Freddy's 3

Five Nights at Freddy's 4

2016
FNaF World

Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location

text: The first Five Nights at Freddy's game was released via Desura on August 8, 2014. On August 20, 2014, after it was approved by the service's crowdsourcing platform Greenlight, Five Nights at Freddy's was also released via Steam.[4] The games that followed were released on November 10, 2014; March 2, 2015; July 23, 2015; and October 7, 2016, respectively. A spin-off of the series, FNaF World was announced on a Steam post by Cawthon in September 2015,[5] and was released in January 2017. Cawthon releases most pictorial teasers of his games to his website, "Scott Games",[6][7][8] and releases teaser trailers on his YouTube channel.[9][10]

text: Cawthon uses Clickteam Fusion 2.5 to create the Five Nights at Freddy's games and Autodesk 3ds Max to model and render the 3D graphics of the games.[11] For the enhancement of FNaF World and Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, Cawthon hired professional voice actors.[12] Cawthon has announced that all titles will be remade by third-party companies for release on consoles.[13]

text: Cawthon posted a teaser on his official website in 2015 that announced he had plans to release his first novel called Five Nights at Freddy's: The Untold Story (that would later be renamed to Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes) sometime in the near future, and that it was to be written separate-canon to the games.[14] On June 20, 2016, Scholastic announced that it would be collaborating with Scott Cawthon on a multi-book deal.[15] Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes, was to be re-printed in paperback on October that year. It was then rescheduled for release on September in the same year. The next two novels were scheduled for release in 2017 and 2018 respectively.[15] A guidebook based on the series was also scheduled for release in 2017.[16]

text: Gameplay

text: The main Five Nights at Freddy's series consists of horror-themed video games, in which the player usually takes on the role of a night-time employee at a location canonically connected to Freddy Fazbear's Pizza, a fictional children's-oriented restaurant similar to Chuck E. Cheese's and ShowBiz Pizza.[17] The restaurant uses life-size animatronic characters that sing and dance for children's parties.[18][19] These animatronics wander in the restaurant at night, and the guard is instructed to keep watch on these, as the restaurants have had "incidents" of previous guards being attacked and killed by the characters.[20][21] To progress through the games, the player must guard themself from the animatronics by using various tools to their advantage.[22] For the most part, however, the player must remain stationary in their defence. In the first game, the player can control the two security doors that connect the office to the adjacent hallways, and may close them to provide a barricade against any animatronics in the vicinity.[18] Each night, the player has a limited power supply that depletes quicker when a tool is used; if the player exhausts the power supply, the doors permanently open, allowing any animatronic to breach the office.[18]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 2 provides different tools to work with. Protective doors are not present in the office, and the player must instead defend themselves with an empty Freddy Fazbear head, which fools most animatronics.[23] The power usage is also removed, instead being replaced with a limited flashlight, which is used to ward off one animatronic. Lights may also be used to brighten darker areas of the pizzeria.[24] The game introduces the music box, which must be kept wound to prevent an attack from a certain animatronic.[23] 8-bit minigames make their inauguration, in which the player can interact with randomly after death.[25]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 3 replaces these tools with a monitor panel, where the player must keep certain systems from malfunctioning, so as not to hinder the player's ability to successfully complete the night. These malfunctions can be triggered randomly, or by hallucinations of past iterations of the animatronics.[26] The ability to seal vents is also added, and must be used to prevent the sole tangible animatronic from entering the office. The player can also use an audio-based function as a means of defense, which triggers a childlike voice to play, luring the animatronic away from the player's office.[27] The 8-bit minigames return, and are activated via completing certain side-tasks, such as clicking on a poster or inputting a code into the wall. If the player fully completes all minigames, they unlock a secret ending.

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 4 reintroduces removed tools, specifically the doors and flashlight, albeit with slightly altered usage.[28] The doors can only be closed when the player is next to them, and will re-open if the player moves away. However, if the player shuts the doors too early, the animatronics will jump scare the player when the door is opened. The flashlight can no-longer run out, but only alerts player to the presence of animatronics as opposed to warding them away, excluding the miniature Freddies that appear on the bed. If the player flashes the flashlight while an animatronic is in the doorway, the player will be jumpscared. There is one new mechanic, where the player must listen for breathing audio. This can determine whether to use the flashlight or close the door.[29]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location once again keeps the doors, albeit for the secret ending.[30][31] The flashlight returns, but now loses all functionality, only being stuck permanently on when in certain rooms, and permanently off in others. An elevated control pad is introduced in the game, with the ability to light up rooms and/or shock the animatronics.[32] Other mechanics include another control pad inside the "breaker room", controlling the power to the whole facility, and a flash beacon, which allows the player to see in the darkened "Funtime auditorium" and avoid the sole animatronic in that room.[33] Sister Location is also the only game where the player is able to move between rooms.[34][35]

text: Each game requires the player to survive five nights, with each night increasing the difficulty.[36][37] There is an unlockable sixth night present in all games (excluding Sister Location), with further additional nights varying between games: the first two games feature a customizable seventh night which allows the player to customize the AI level of each animatronic.[38][39] A custom night DLC is also available for Sister Location.[40] The third game does not feature any night after the sixth, while the fourth game includes a seventh and eighth night, neither of which are customizable.[41] The fifth game is currently the only game with only five nights, if the custom night DLC is not included.

text: The spin-off game, FNaF World, has the player explore a light-hearted RPG world battling for experience points. The player unlocks different areas as they continue on their adventure. Eventually, after completing certain tasks, the player wins one of eight different endings, all of which will unlock a trophy on the title screen once completed.[42] The game also received an update titled "Update 2" which introduced the animatronic characters in the FNAF4 Halloween Edition and some characters from Scott Cawthon's older games. The update also introduced another boss character which the player must defeat as well as minigames to unlock the aforementioned new characters.[43]

text: Common elements

text: Security cameras

text: The ability to use a security camera system is found in all of the main games except the fourth, and is used to observe the positions of the animatronic characters through security cameras that are set throughout the location. However, only one location can be viewed at a time, and some areas are not visible on the aforementioned cameras.[17] Most camera feeds are dull, sometimes close to black and white in color, and covered in static. In the third game, cameras become dysfunctional if the associated system fails.[44] Security cameras are only used in Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location as a mechanic in the "Fake Ending" and custom night DLC, not in the main game.

text: Lights

text: The lights, and, by extension, the flashlight and flash beacon, are found in all main games, excluding the third. While use varies per game, lights are generally used to ward off animatronics, or warn the player of their presence. Lights in the first game and second games are activated via buttons mounted into the walls, and light up the player's 'blind spot', being the doorway or vent exit, respectively.[17] The fifth game has the lights work similarly, however, they are now mounted onto a control pad, and serve no purpose other than the ability to see the animatronics, due to the different gameplay style. The flashlight in the second and fourth game works in the same fashion as its real life counterpart, in the sense that it has a limited battery life, albeit only in the second game, and must be toggled on and off.[45] The flash beacon was introduced in Sister Location, and is used to quickly gather bearings in the pitch black room seen on the third and fifth nights.[36]

text: Jumpscares

text: Jumpscares are present in all of the series' main games, and occur when any animatronic manages to reach and attack the player-character.[46] Most jumpscares involve an animatronic character suddenly appearing in the player's view, followed by a loud, bellowing sound. Some jumpscares, including those of Golden Freddy, Nightmare, and Nightmarionne, consist of a single screen supplemented with shrill, distorted audio. These jumpscares usually crash or restart the game. The player can utilise the tools listed above to prevent attacks, thus preventing any jumpscares from occurring.[28]

text: Minigames

text: In all games from the second onwards, the player will gain access to a series of (predominantly 8-bit) minigames, sometimes randomly after death, as in the second game, and sometimes once the player has completed a specific task.[47] These minigames usually tell a story or event relevant to the game's lore, although mostly presented in a cryptic way.[48] For example, minigames in Five Nights at Freddy's 2 are speculated to portray the homicidal incidents previously mentioned in the games.[25] Minigames in Five Nights at Freddy's 4 tell the story of a character, possibly the player character, who dies in a tragic accident.[48]

text: Phone calls

text: In all main games except for the fourth and fifth, the player receives a telephone voice message from a previous worker,[18] or owner of the location.[26] These "phone calls" act as a tutorial to the player, and usually go through several gameplay mechanics, and outline the backstory of the players' location.[49] In the first and second game, the voice heard in the messages remains the same, while in the third game, it holds a strong Californian accent. Sister Location uses something similar, an A.I. voice which acts as a tutor for the player, although it is not from a telephone.[32] Phone calls from the first game can be heard in Five Nights at Freddy's 4, albeit only as an easter egg.[50]

text: Closing of location

text: In the first three main games, the location in which the player character is based in closes down shortly after the end of the game. In the first Five Nights at Freddy's, the location is said to close by the year's end, due to a "tragedy that took place there many years ago".[49][51] The location of Five Nights at Freddy's 2 closes down due to malfunctions of the animatronics.[49][52][53] Five Nights at Freddy's 3's location closed down after it was unexpectedly burnt down.[54][55] In Sister Location's case, the location in which the game's story is centered around, "Circus Baby's Pizza World", was closed down prior to the game, apparently due to gas leaks.[56]

text: Characters

text: Humans

text: The main characters in the Five Nights at Freddy's series are generally security guards working at a Freddy Fazbear's Pizza or related location. None of them have distinct personalities and most of the gameplay takes place from their point of view. In Five Nights at Freddy's, the guard's name is Mike Schmidt.[57] In Five Nights at Freddy's 2, the guard is named Jeremy Fitzgerald[58] for all of the main five nights and the bonus sixth night, though he is replaced in the custom seventh night by another guard, Fritz Smith.[59] The security guard for Fazbear's Fright: The Horror Attraction in Five Nights at Freddy's 3, is unknown. The main character of Five Nights at Freddy's 4 is an unnamed boy, who experiences nightmares of the animatronics.[60] The player in Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location is a technician who has their name jokingly autocorrected to Eggs Benedict.[61] The technician's name is assumed, although not confirmed to be, Mike.

text: Apart from Mike Schmidt, Jeremy Fitzgerald, Fritz Smith, and Michael (a character whose voice is heard in Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location), none of the other human characters in the series have any real, or at least confirmed, names. In the first three games, a man simply identified as "Phone Guy" leaves a recording over the phone at the beginning of each night which serves as advice to the player on how to deal with the animatronics.[18] Phone Guy is present through all five nights of Five Nights at Freddy's 2, four of the main nights in Five Nights at Freddy's, and four of the main nights in Five Nights at Freddy's 3 (as well as in Night 6 for the second and third games.) He is not present in the fourth and fifth games, though his first night recording from the original game is sometimes played backwards as ambiance in Five Nights at Freddy's 4.[62] His call at the start of Night 4 in Five Nights at Freddy's implies that he was killed by the animatronics. In the third game, he is heard over archival recordings discovered by the creators of Fazbear's Fright.[63] Sister Location instead features a human A.I. named "HandUnit", who like Phone Guy, acts as a tutor to the player.[32] The first two nights of the third game also feature "Phone Dude", one of the creators of Fazbear's Fright.

text: The main antagonist of the series is "Purple Guy", who is presumably a former Fazbear Entertainment employee who murdered at least five children, whose spirits now inhabit the animatronics.[51] In mini-games from the second game, he murders a child, whose spirit is largely believed to inhabit the Puppet.[64] In the third game, it is revealed that he returned to Freddy Fazbear's Pizza after it closed down to dismantle the animatronics. This released the spirits of the children he murdered, scaring him into hiding inside a spring lock suit, where he was crushed to death by the suit's faulty internal workings.[65] It is believed that his body resides in Five Nights at Freddy's 3's main antagonist, Springtrap.[66] In the novel adaptation of the series, Purple Guy receives a possible identity, with the name William Afton.[67] It was also revealed that he was the co-owner of Fazbear Entertainment. Scott Cawthon has stated that although "the book is canon, just as the games are[, t]hat doesn't mean that they are intended to fit together like two puzzle pieces".[68] Most of the gaming community accepts it as Purple Guy's true name and work. A certain "Mr. Afton", mentioned in Sister Location's prologue, is thought to be Purple Guy, creating the possibility of him being the creator of the animatronics seen in game.[69]

text: A character named Michael was introduced in Sister Location, whose identity and motives are currently unknown. The character was introduced in a cutscene, in which he seems to be speaking to his father.[70]

text: Animatronics

text: There are four main animatronics in the first game: Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie the Bunny (referred to as "Bonnie the Rabbit" in copyright catalogs),[71] Chica the Chicken, and Foxy the Pirate Fox. A fifth animatronic, Golden Freddy, occasionally appears, albeit in the form of a hallucination.[38] His jumpscare is capable of crashing the game. The animatronics return in various forms throughout the following games, except in the fifth installment, in which Chica is completely absent.

text: Despite being a prequel, the second game introduces upgraded versions of the original characters called Toy Freddy, Toy Bonnie, Toy Chica, and Mangle, along with old, ripped, and worn out versions of the original animatronics. Mangle is meant to be a "toy" version of Foxy, but was ripped apart so much by children that the staff got tired of reassembling it and left it as a "take apart, put back together" attraction, according to Phone Guy.[72] He also mentions that the employees nicknamed it "the Mangle". Two new characters are also introduced: BB (known as Balloon Boy), who has no jumpscare and can only disable the players' lights, and The Puppet (also known as The Marionette), who must be quelled by constantly winding up a music box.[72]

text: The only true animatronic in the third game is Springtrap, who looks like a decayed golden version of Bonnie.[73] Additionally, Freddy, Chica, Foxy, Balloon Boy, Mangle, and The Puppet return as hallucinations (or "phantoms"),[74] and although their jumpscares don't kill the player, they can disable certain features that are essential for the player to complete the night easily.[75]

text: In the fourth game, nightmare versions of the original four animatronics- Nightmare Bonnie, Nightmare Chica, Nightmare Foxy, and Nightmare Freddy – appear, haunting a small boy.[60] A nightmare version of Golden Freddy is also featured, identified as Nightmare Fredbear, who replaces all animatronics on the fifth night.[28] Two new animatronics also make their debut: Plushtrap, a finger trap toy version of Springtrap,[76] and Nightmare, a version of Nightmare Fredbear whose jumpscare causes the game to reset.[77] The "Halloween Edition" of the game also features Nightmare Balloon Boy (who replaces Plushtrap), Nightmare Mangle (who replaces Nightmare Foxy), and Nightmarionne, a nightmare version of the Puppet, who replaces Nightmare. Nightmare Bonnie and Nightmare Chica also receive reskins in the Halloween Edition, giving them a resemblance to Jack-O'-Lanterns.[78]

text: In the fifth game, Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, “Funtime” versions of Freddy and Foxy appear as well as multiple new characters: Circus Baby, a female humanoid and the main animatronic, Ballora, who appears to be a dancing ballerina animatronic,[35] Bonnet, a miniature rabbit animatronic, Electrobab, a small animatronic capable of draining power in the game’s “custom night”, a bear-like endoskeleton named Yenndo, Lolbit (an alternately coloured Funtime Foxy), and Ennard, who is a hive-mind animatronic and is a hybrid of the endoskeletons of other animatronics from the game. Three of these animatronics are accompanied with smaller companion animatronics: Funtime Freddy, who is accompanied by "Bon-Bon", a hand-puppet version of Bonnie; Ballora, who is accompanied by Minireenas (small, ballet-dancer like animatronics); and Baby, who is accompanied by multiple baby-shaped animatronics called Bidybabs.[79]

text: In the spin-off game, FNaF World, there are up to 30 characters the player can unlock, consisting of characters from the first four games, as well as Coffee from The Desolate Hope, Chipper from Chipper and Sons Lumber Co, Funtime Foxy from Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, and Animdude, the character in Scott Cawthon's logo.[80] Lolbit (a character from Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location's custom night) is also featured in its debut appearance, but is only an NPC, and thus is not playable.[81] Enemies in FNaF World either resemble original characters in some way, for example "Ballboy" to Balloon Boy, and "White Rabbit" to Toy Bonnie, or are designed and named to match their home location, for example "Chop 'N Roll" in the wood predominated forest, and "Chillax" in the snowy fields.[82][83]

text: Video games

text: Main series

text: Five Nights at Freddy's (2014)

text: After Scott Cawthon's previous game (Chipper & Sons Lumber Co.) received bad reception for the unsettling appearance of the supposedly kid-friendly characters, Cawthon decided to use these ideas to create an intentionally scary game, Five Nights at Freddy's.[2]

text: The game involves a character, whose name is later revealed to be Mike Schmidt, who has started a job working as a night watch security guard at the restaurant Freddy Fazbear's Pizza, where the animatronics move at night and will kill anyone they see by stuffing them in a spare animatronic suit.[84][85] Apparently, this is due to their misinterpretation of the player character as a metal endoskeleton without their costume on.[86] Animatronic movement is explained to the player as a purposely programmed "free-roaming" mode, as to prevent animatronic servomotors from locking up.[18] The player must survive from midnight to 6 AM.

text: The player is not able to leave the room, and must use a camera system and two doors with lights in order to defend themselves from the animatronics. The hostility of the animatronics appear to be the result of possession by the vengeful souls of children who were killed on the restaurant's site.[25] The player is guided by an unknown entity known as "Phone Guy", who assists them in their defense from the animatronics. Mike is fired from his job after the seventh night, due to tampering with the animatronics, odor and general unprofessionalism.

text: Five Nights at Freddy's was first released for Microsoft Windows on August 8, 2014, followed by ports for Android and iOS on August 27, 2014 and September 11, 2014, respectively. A version for the Windows Phone was also released,[87] but was taken down soon after due to the down-scaled graphics of the port.[88]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 2 (2014)

text: Shortly after the release of the first game, developer Cawthon began to confirm rumors of a sequel.[89] Just one month after the original game's release, Cawthon posted a teaser of the sequel on his webpage, and continued to post teasers until the game's release.[90] A teaser trailer was released on October 21, 2015, introducing various new animatronic characters and the absence of doors.[91] Five Nights at Freddy's 2 was first released for Microsoft Windows on November 10, 2014, earlier of its planned release of December 25, 2014. Ports for Android and iOS were released on November 13 and 20 of the same year. A Windows Phone port was also released, but was taken down for the same reasons as the first game.[88]

text: Set some time before the events of the first game, the main character, whose name is later revealed to be Jeremy Fitzgerald, has started working as a night watch security guard at the "new and improved" Freddy Fazbear's Pizza.[58] The "upgraded" versions of the animatronic characters, which have special facial recognition software to protect the children from potential harm, were not programmed with a proper night mode; when things go silent, their programming tells them that they are in the wrong room and they seek out the nearest source of noise to find people to entertain, which happens to be in the player's office.[21] The player must again listen to the instructions of a "phone guy", and attempt to defend themselves from the animatronics using several mechanics. Like the previous game, the player must survive from midnight to 6 AM. Jeremy is apparently moved to day shift after Night 6 as the animatronics' hostility becomes too dangerous, with the restaurant closing down shortly after.[52]

text: 8-bit minigames are made available randomly after death, which are thought to portray the restaurants' past and the several murders that occurred on site. An entity portrayed as a purple sprite is also introduced, who is speculated to be the culpable murderer who murdered the children.

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 3 (2015)

text: In January 2015, a new image was uploaded to Cawthon's website, teasing a third entry in the series.[92] Various teaser images followed,[93] before a trailer was released on January 26, 2015.[94] On February 15, 2015, Cawthon made a post on Steam stating that Five Nights at Freddy's 3 had been cancelled after a hacker supposedly leaked the game.[95] This was later discovered to be a joke, as the "leaked" download link lead to a humorous clone of Scott's previous game, There is No Pause Button!.[96] Five Nights at Freddy's 3 was legitimately released for Microsoft Windows on March 3, 2015, with Android and iOS ports following on March 7, 2015 and March 12, 2015.

text: Set thirty years after the events of the first game, the main character (who remains unnamed) works at "Fazbear's Fright", a horror attraction based off the long-gone Freddy Fazbear's Pizza.[97] The player must defend themselves from a deteriorated animatronic-costume hybrid known as "Springtrap", which was the sole animatronic the attraction workers were able to discover.[27] Burnt and tattered hallucinations of previous games' animatronics also appear, but can not directly kill the player, and instead hinder ventilation, sound, and camera systems, which may also fail by other means. Failure to maintain these systems can create many issues for the player, including dysfunctional cameras, and the inability to play audio in order to lure away the animatronic. The player receives guidance from a founder of the horror attraction for the first couple of nights, but also listens to old tape recordings discovered by the attraction workers related to the backstory of previous locations.[98]

text: The game has two endings, a good ending and a bad ending. The good ending can only be achieved by completing secret minigames, in which various animatronic characters bring a cake to what seems to be a sorrowful child's soul. This ending is thought to imply that the souls of the murdered children have been set free, although connoted meanings are disputed.[99]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 4 (2015)

text: Beginning April 27, 2015, Cawthon posted images on his website teasing at another game in the series, originally known as Five Nights at Freddy's: The Final Chapter.[100] A trailer was released on July 13, 2015, hinting that the game took place in the main character's house.[101][102] Five Nights at Freddy's 4 was first announced with a release date of October 31, 2015, before being pushed forward to August 8, 2015, and again to July 23 of the same year, when the game was unexpectedly released on Microsoft Windows through Steam. Android and iOS ports were released on July 25, 2015 and August 3, 2015.

text: The player character is a young boy suffering from delusions of being attacked by nightmarish versions of the original animatronic characters.[48] The player must defend themselves using only a flashlight, doors, and their sense of hearing, to attempt to locate the animatronics. The story of possibly the same young boy is told through minigames, in which he is shown to be bullied due to his irrational fear of a restaurant featuring a yellow animatronic bear and rabbit. He is guided by an animatronic plush toy, whom speaks to the character in times when he is alone. The child is eventually killed by the bear animatronic, "Fredbear", in a freak accident.[50]

text: The game received a Halloween-style DLC, in which features "nightmare" versions of animatronics from the Five Nights at Freddy's 2. The DLC also gives halloween-themed reskins to Nightmare Bonnie and Nightmare Chica.[103]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location (2016)

text: In April 2016, Cawthon released a teaser image of an upcoming game on his website, entitled Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, featuring a clown-like animatronic, revealed to be named "Circus Baby".[104] Several teaser images followed, revealing different characters and hints at their origins.[105] The trailer for the game was released on Cawthon's official YouTube page featuring new animatronics and a new location.[35] The release date was later confirmed to be October 7, 2016. Cawthon made a joke release of the game on October 5, apparently releasing a "mature" edition of the game after the decision to delay the game to make it more "kid friendly". The download link led to a clone of Cawthon's previous game, Sit 'N Survive.[106] Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location was first released for Microsoft Windows on October 7, 2016, followed by ports for Android and iOS on December 22, 2016 and January 3, 2017, respectively.

text: The player character, seemingly named Mike, and jokingly referred to as "Eggs Benedict",[32][107] is a new employee of the underground Circus Baby's Rentals and Entertainment, a sister company of Fazbear Entertainment featuring animatronics that are rented out to children's birthday parties; they were originally intended for use in a pizzeria called Circus Baby's Pizza World, but the pizzeria never officially opened due to gas leaks.[56] 'Mike' is guided by HandUnit, an AI character similar to the Phone 'Guy' from previous games. HandUnit instructs him about his job, often telling the player to disregard safety, however, an animatronic called Circus Baby often gives instructions that directly contradict that of HandUnit's, and are vital to survival.[69]

text: The game also offers a "custom night" DLC,[108] in which the player is able to use mechanics reminiscing those of the first game (such as interactive doors and a camera system), which were absent from the main game. New minigames are also made available in this DLC, describing the fate of 'Mike' after the events of Sister Location.[109] A cutscene is also shown after the completion of the "Golden Freddy" custom night preset, in which a character named "Michael" speaks to his father in a foreboding manner.[70]

text: Spin-offs

text: FNaF World (2016)

text: On September 15, 2015, Cawthon announced a spin-off of his series, entitled FNAF World.[110][111] Unlike the main series, the game is a RPG-based video game, using the various animatronic characters from the first four games. The game takes place in a fanciful world, where the characters must fight enemies and progress through the game by unlocking certain perks and items. Though originally planned for release on February 2, 2016, Cawthon rescheduled the release to January 22, 2016, but eventually launched yet another day earlier, on January 21, 2016, respectively.[112]

text: Post-release, community and critics criticized the game for missing key features, being unstable and unfinished, for which Cawthon later apologized, stating, "I got too eager to show the things that were finished, that I neglected to pay attention to the things that weren't." The game was subsequently removed by Steam per Cawthon's decision, and he stated that the game would be improved upon and re-released for no charge at a later date.[113] Cawthon also announced that he asked Valve to refund everyone's money who bought the game.

text: In February 2016, Cawthon released a free version of the game, which featured a 3D overworld and an updated character selection screen. In March 2016, Cawthon updated his website with a new teaser, which featured new characters, like the infamous "Purple Guy" from the main series, and most of the characters from the Halloween update for Five Nights at Freddy's 4. Cawthon also created minigames for the second update of the game, including Foxy Fighters, FOXY.exe, Chica's Magic Rainbow, and FNAF 57: Freddy In Space.[114]

text: Future games

text: In June 2017, Cawthon hinted towards the development of a sixth main game in the series. On July 2, 2017, he announced his decision to cancel this game, stating that he had been "neglecting other things in [his] life for the sake of trying to keep up with [the] mounting expectations".[115] Cawthon noted that he was not planning on abandoning the series, and may even return with a game of a different style, such as one similar to FNaF World.[116] He also announced his plans to develop a virtual reality Five Nights at Freddy's game in the future.[115]

text: Music

text: Ambient music for the first four Five Nights at Freddy's games consisted mostly of stock music, altered by Cawthon according to the game's needs.[11] Notable music found in the games include the "Toreador Song",[117] which is played when the player runs out of power in the first game, and a music box rendition of "My Grandfather's Clock", played from The Puppet's music box as it winds down in Five Nights at Freddy's 2.[118]

text:
"Gradual Liquidation"

The theme music for Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: FNaF World and Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location instead receive their own OST, composed by Leon Riskin specifically for the games.[119] Music created for FNaF World varied from battle themes to general ambience for various locations, for example "Dungeon Theme", for when the player is in the Mysterious Mine, and "Water Theme", for when they are in Lilygear Lake.[120][121] Music in Sister Location had a variety of uses: music such as "Turtle Crusher" and "MVP" are used for minigames, while ambiance such as "Crumbling Dreams" play during the main game. A musical piece titled "Dramatic Soap Opera" was created specifically for the between-night soap opera, The Immortal and The Restless. Additional numbers were added in the Custom Night DLC, notably "Watch Your 6", the main ambiance for Custom Night (although this music was also used for the main game's alternate ending), and "Demolition Inevitable", music played in the final cutscene of the game.[122][123]

text: Other media

text: Novels

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes (2015)

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes is the first novel written by Scott Cawthon and Kira Breed-Wrisley, released earlier than planned on December 17, 2015 for the Amazon Kindle and with a printed paperback released on September 27, 2016. The story follows a group of childhood friends who meet in their hometown and discover unnerving secrets of the once-loved restaurant Freddy Fazbear's Pizza.[124] According to Cawthon, the novel "expands the mythos and reveals a human element never before seen in the games".[125][126] However, he stated that, though the book is technically canon to the Five Nights at Freddy's universe, the book and the game series may not be "intended to fit together like two puzzle pieces". The novel became a #1 The New York Times best seller in Young Adult Paperbacks soon after its release.[127]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Twisted Ones (2017)

text: Five Nights at Freddy's: The Twisted Ones is the second novel written by Cawthon and Breed-Wrisley. A sequel to Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes, the book was first discovered on Amazon in early 2017. While the discovery sparked controversy on the legitimacy of the product, Cawthon confirmed that the novel was in fact official.[128] The book had an early release in some bookstores,[129] but was released publicly on June 27, 2017.[130] The book involves Charlie, the main character from The Silver Eyes, who is inevitably "drawn back into the world of her father's frightening creations" after trying to move on.[131]

text: Guides

text: The Freddy Files (2017)

text: The Freddy Files is the first official guidebook of the series, containing character profiles, outlining several in-game mechanics, and expanding on fan theories sprouted from the games.[132][133] The book was again released in some bookstores earlier than planned, but released publicly on August 29, 2017.[134]

text: Film adaptation

text: Warner Bros. Pictures announced in April 2015 that it had acquired the rights to adapt the series to film. Roy Lee, David Katzenberg, and Seth Grahame-Smith were set to produce. Grahame-Smith stated that they would collaborate with Cawthon "to make an insane, terrifying and weirdly adorable movie".[135] In July 2015, Gil Kenan signed to direct the adaptation and co-write it with Tyler Burton Smith.[136]

text: In January 2017, Cawthon stated that partially due to "problems within the movie industry as a whole", the film "was met with several delays and roadblocks" and it was "back at square one", but promised "to be involved with the movie from day one this time, and that's something extremely important to me. I want this movie to be something that I'm excited for the fanbase to see."[137][138]

text: In March 2017, Cawthon tweeted a picture at Blumhouse Productions, suggesting the film had a new production company.[139][140] In May 2017, producer Jason Blum confirmed the news, claiming he was excited and working closely with Cawthon on the adaptation.[141] In June 2017, Kenan said he was no longer directing the film after Warner Bros. Pictures' turnaround.[142]

text: Reception

text:
Aggregate review scores

Game
GameRankings
Metacritic

Five Nights at Freddy's
(PC) 85.00%[143]
(iOS) 80.00%[144]
(PC) 78[145]

Five Nights at Freddy's 2
(PC) 66.25%[146]
(iOS) 73.33%[147]
(PC) 62[148]

Five Nights at Freddy's 3
(PC) 73.60%[149]
(iOS) 80.00%[150]
(PC) 68[151]

Five Nights at Freddy's 4
(PC) 53.33%[152]
(iOS) 70.00%[153]
(PC) 51[154]

Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location
(PC) 65.00%[155]
(iOS) 60.00%[156]
(PC) 62[157]

text: The first game has been praised by critics. Indie Game Magazine praised the first game's artistic design, commenting that "it's an incredibly terrifying experience to try to save yourself from the single jump scare that ends the game" and that it was a "fantastic example of how cleverness in design and subtlety can be used to make an experience terrifying".[158] PC Gamer, when reviewing the first game, commented on the fact that players will likely experience familiarity with the setting due to restaurants such as Chuck E. Cheese's. They also noted that while "the AI isn't some masterwork of procedural unpredictability, it would [still] head straight to you and eat your face off, or it'll play around like an innocent child before closing in for the kill. Your mind will fill in the rest."[159]

text: The second game received mixed to positive reviews, with PC Gamer commenting that what he had hoped for in the sequel "was more mind games and more uncertainty. I wanted the plodding animatronic suits to find me and rip my face off in new and interesting ways. I wanted working legs", and that "what I got was a horror game dipping heavily into deception and subtlety". However, he also noted that "enjoying the good parts, though, comes with a cost of a frustratingly steep difficulty".[45] Destructoid also gave the game a positive review, saying that "It's absolutely terrifying to know that you could be attacked at any moment from multiple avenues" and also praised the introduction of new animatronics and mechanics, but also criticizing the jumpscares and calling the game "too hard for its own good".[160]

text: The third game has, however, proven to be slightly less popular among critics, though it received similar reception to the first two games. Critics from PC Gamer stated that although they enjoyed the new reworked camera system, the jumpscares from the animatronics "felt a little stale by the third night", to the point of becoming a mere annoyance.[161] Destructoid commented that while Five Nights at Freddy's 3 is "by far the most technically proficient and mechanically satisfying installment yet", he was disappointed that Fazbear's Fright and Springtrap "[lacked] charm of the original cast and locations".[162]

text: The fourth game received mixed reviews from critics. Destructoid criticized the fourth game for its excessively-loud jumpscares and the breathing mechanic being too difficult and confusing for players. Despite this, it was praised by one reviewer at GameZebo for its intense environment and creepy sounds and graphics, as well as its jumpscares.[163] It was also given a mixed review by PC Gamer, who called it "another rivet in the series' steel-clad design which immortalized its Let's Play legacy in a few short months" and "certainly the scariest of the four [games]", but also criticized the gameplay, saying that "the humdrum repetition of the same sequence over and over ... is too much of a chore to fully pull me in", as well as criticizing the game's lack of the series's signature camera system.[164]

text: The fifth game has also received mixed reviews. Destructoid called it "slightly above average" and noted that "fans of the genre should enjoy this game, but a fair few will be left unfulfilled."[165] GameCrate summarized that "Sister Location is a fantastic horror game, even if it doesn't particularly feel like the rest of the FNaF series."[166]

text: Cultural impact

text: In 2016, a horror attraction based on the series was featured in the Adventuredome during the Halloween season.[167][168]

text: Fandom

text: From the first game's release, the Five Nights at Freddy's series has become increasingly popular among a large group of people, effectively creating a "fan base" for the game.[169] The series is discussed by fans on many platforms such as Reddit.[170]

text: The Five Nights at Freddy's games have proven popular to be played by video streamers to their audience, so as to capture the players' jump scares and other frightened reactions, becoming a common game for Let's Play videos. Popular video streamers such as PewDiePie, Markiplier, and Jacksepticeye helped the games to receive additional attention through their playthroughs.[3][171] In May 2015, YouTube reported that playthroughs of the Five Nights at Freddy's series were the eighth most-watched of all video game series on the service.[172] Channels such as Game Theory do occasionally feature Five Nights at Freddy's related videos, although they seldom provide gameplay footage, giving more attention to discussion of the game.[173]

text: There are a number of fan made games based on the series, inspired by what is often described as the viable, yet intriguing game mechanics Five Nights at Freddy's offers.[174]

text: The Five Nights at Freddy's fandom is often criticized, mostly due to negative generalization of the community. Scott Cawthon made a post on Steam regarding these claims, defending the fandom and criticizing the wider community for the unfair generalization.[175][169]

text: Controversies

text: In April 2015, fans mistook random numbers that were placed by Cawthon into the source code of the game's official website to be coordinates that pointed to a location significant to the games. Fans entered these numbers into Google Maps and consequently discovered a pizzeria in Virginia. Mass phone calls were made to the pizzeria by fans, attempting to discover if the company had a connection to the upcoming installment, Five Nights at Freddy's 4.[176] It was later confirmed by Cawthon that this pizzeria had no connection with the Five Nights at Freddy's series.[177]

text: In June the next year, fans discovered a pizzeria and restaurant in Long Branch, New Jersey called Freddie's, and again called the restaurant in mass numbers to determine affiliation to Five Nights at Freddy's.[178] The hundreds of phone calls received by the restaurant each day caused difficulty for legitimate customers to be able to place orders through the phone line.[179] A pizzeria called Freddie's Pizza & Pasta in Roseville, California also suffered from this.[180] Cawthon has since asked fans to refrain from calling numbers that they believe are associated with the game, as seen in the footer of his webpage.[6]

text: Merchandise

text: Five Nights at Freddy's merchandise is predominantly produces by two companies, Sanshee and Funko.[181] Products created through these companies include stuffed toys, action figures, posters, clothing, keychains, and even stationery.[182][183] McFarlane also has a line of Five Nights at Freddy's merchandise, consisting mostly of construction sets.[184] These merchandise items are available internationally, and have been a large factor for the franchise's commercial success.[185]


document_title: Crust (geology)

question_text: what percentage of the earth is the crust

root

text: Crust (geology)

text: Earth's crust

text: The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The crust is underlain by the mantle. The upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of peridotite, a rock denser than rocks common in the overlying crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovičić discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity. The crust occupies less than 1% of Earth's volume.[1]

tag: p

text: The crust of the Earth is of two distinctive types: oceanic and continental. The oceanic crust is 5 km (3 mi) to 10 km (6 mi) thick[2] and is composed primarily of basalt, diabase, and gabbro. The continental crust is typically from 30 km (20 mi) to 50 km (30 mi) thick and is mostly composed of slightly less dense rocks than those of the oceanic crust. Some of these less dense rocks, such as granite, are common in the continental crust but rare to absent in the oceanic crust.

text: Both the continental and oceanic crust "float" on the mantle. Because the continental crust is thicker, it extends both to greater elevations and greater depth than the oceanic crust. The slightly lower density of felsic continental rock compared to basaltic oceanic rock contributes to the higher relative elevation of the top of the continental crust. As the top of the continental crust reaches elevations higher than that of the oceanic, water runs off the continents and collects above the oceanic crust. Because of the change in velocity of seismic waves it is believed that beneath continents at a certain depth continental crust (sial) becomes close in its physical properties to oceanic crust (sima), and the transition zone is referred to as the Conrad discontinuity.

text: The temperature of the crust increases with depth,[3] reaching values typically in the range from about 200 °C (392 °F) to 400 °C (752 °F) at the boundary with the underlying mantle. The crust and underlying relatively rigid uppermost mantle make up the lithosphere. Because of convection in the underlying plastic (although non-molten) upper mantle and asthenosphere, the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move. The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C (54 °F) for every kilometer locally in the upper part of the crust, but the geothermal gradient is smaller in deeper crust.[4]

text: Partly by analogy to what is known about the Moon, Earth is considered to have differentiated from an aggregate of planetesimals into its core, mantle and crust within about 100 million years of the formation of the planet, 4.6 billion years ago. During the Hadean, the primordial crust was very thin and was probably destroyed by much more vigorous plate tectonics, volcanic activity and significant asteroid impacts,[5] which were much more common in the early stages of the solar system.

text: Earth has probably always had some form of basaltic crust, but the age of the oldest oceanic crust today is only about 200  million years. In contrast, the bulk of the continental crust is much older. The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth have ages in the range from about 3.7 to 4.28  billion years [6][7] and have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia, in the Acasta Gneiss in the Northwest Territories on the Canadian Shield, and on other cratonic regions such as those on the Fennoscandian Shield. Some zircon with age as great as 4.3 billion years has been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane.

text: The average age of the current Earth's continental crust has been estimated to be about 2.0 billion years.[8] Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are located in cratons. Such old continental crust and the underlying mantle asthenosphere are less dense than elsewhere in Earth and so are not readily destroyed by subduction. Formation of new continental crust is linked to periods of intense orogeny; these periods coincide with the formation of the supercontinents such as Rodinia, Pangaea and Gondwana. The crust forms in part by aggregation of island arcs including granite and metamorphic fold belts, and it is preserved in part by depletion of the underlying mantle to form buoyant lithospheric mantle.

text: Composition

text: The continental crust has an average composition similar to that of andesite.[9] The most abundant minerals in Earth's continental crust are feldspars, which make up about 41% of the crust by weight, followed by quartz at 12%, and pyroxenes at 11%.[10] Continental crust is enriched in incompatible elements compared to the basaltic ocean crust and much enriched compared to the underlying mantle. Although the continental crust comprises only about 0.6 weight percent of the silicate on Earth, it contains 20% to 70% of the incompatible elements.

text:
Most Abundant Elements of Earth's Crust
Approximate % by weight

O
46.6

Si
27.7

Al
8.1

Fe
5.0

Ca
3.6

Na
2.8

K
2.6

Mg
1.5

tag: table

text:
Oxide
Percent

SiO2
60.6

Al2O3
15.9

CaO
6.4

MgO
4.7

Na2O
3.1

Fe as FeO
6.7

K2O
1.8

TiO2
0.7

P2O5
0.1

text: All the other constituents except water occur only in very small quantities and total less than 1%. Estimates of average density for the upper crust range between 2.69 and 2.74 g/cm3 and for lower crust between 3.0 and 3.25 g/cm3.[11]

text: Moon's crust

text: A theoretical protoplanet named "Theia" is thought to have collided with the forming Earth, and part of the material ejected into space by the collision accreted to form the Moon. As the Moon formed, the outer part of it is thought to have been molten, a “lunar magma ocean.” Plagioclase feldspar crystallized in large amounts from this magma ocean and floated toward the surface. The cumulate rocks form much of the crust. The upper part of the crust probably averages about 88% plagioclase (near the lower limit of 90% defined for anorthosite): the lower part of the crust may contain a higher percentage of ferromagnesian minerals such as the pyroxenes and olivine, but even that lower part probably averages about 78% plagioclase.[12] The underlying mantle is denser and olivine-rich.

text: The thickness of the crust ranges between about 20 and 120 km. Crust on the far side of the Moon averages about 12 km thicker than that on the near side. Estimates of average thickness fall in the range from about 50 to 60 km. Most of this plagioclase-rich crust formed shortly after formation of the moon, between about 4.5 and 4.3 billion years ago. Perhaps 10% or less of the crust consists of igneous rock added after the formation of the initial plagioclase-rich material. The best-characterized and most voluminous of these later additions are the mare basalts formed between about 3.9 and 3.2 billion years ago. Minor volcanism continued after 3.2 billion years, perhaps as recently as 1 billion years ago. There is no evidence of plate tectonics.

text: Study of the Moon has established that a crust can form on a rocky planetary body significantly smaller than Earth. Although the radius of the Moon is only about a quarter that of Earth, the lunar crust has a significantly greater average thickness. This thick crust formed almost immediately after formation of the Moon. Magmatism continued after the period of intense meteorite impacts ended about 3.9 billion years ago, but igneous rocks younger than 3.9 billion years make up only a minor part of the crust.[13]


document_title: Kari Kimmel

question_text: what is the theme song on the fosters

question_tokens: what is the theme song on the fosters

text: Kari Kimmel

text: Biography[edit]

text: Kari’s story is one of extreme hard work and intense passion. Originally from South Florida, Kari Kimmel moved to Los Angeles to pursue her love of music. Since then, she has done everything from writing, recording and co-producing her own music to placing her songs in over 650 film and tv shows and has also been named one of the top 50 artists on VH1.com.

text: Kari’s songs and voice have been featured in film and television shows such as: World War Z, Shall We Dance, Footloose, Pitch Perfect, Dreamgirls, Ella Enchanted, White Chicks, WALL-E, The Sims 3 & 4, The Office, The Young and the Restless, The Bold & The Beautiful, America’s Funniest Home Videos, Arrow, Smash, New Girl, Pretty Little Liars, The Vampire Diaries, Grimm, NCIS, The Good Wife, Under The Dome, Justified, The DUFF, Pitch Perfect I and II, Intervention, and Southpaw to name a few. Her songs have also been used in promos and trailers for the films and TV shows House, 90210, Private Practice, Grey’s Anatomy, Nights in Rodanthe, The Walking Dead, Beautiful Creatures and Fortitude. Kari has currently written and/or sung over 14 theme songs… including The Fosters which is currently entering it's 5th Season and most recently the Dreamworks show Spirit Riding Free. Kari’s voice can be heard on many National TV commercials such as Nissan, Jello, Sara Lee, and most recently Google.

text: Kari has had on camera performances singing on shows and films such as NCIS, The Middle, and the Al Pacino film “Imagined”. And she has sung backgrounds for some incredible artists she greatly respects over the past few years. Kari has sung with artists such as Ringo Starr, Dave Grohl, John Mayer, Alicia Keys, John Legend, Stevie Wonder, Pharrell, and Keith Urban for “The Beatles Tribute” that aired on CBS. She also performed at “The 2014 Grammys” singing with Ringo Starr as well as the “Lifetime of Peace and Love” concert honoring Ringo. In addition to those performances, she sang with Bruce Springsteen for the 2015 MusicCares event, as well as Toby Keith and Willie Nelson, among others for a tribute concert honoring Waylon Jennings. Kari currently lives in Los Angeles with her husband and two kids.

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
A Life In The Day (2006)
Out Of Focus (2010)
From The Vault (2011)
Go (2011)
Black (2015)

tag: ul

text: EPs[edit]

text:
Pink Balloon (2008)
Own It (2011)
Christmastime (2012)
Fix You Up (2013)

text: Singles[edit]

text:
"Let It Go/Taking a Ride" (2008)
"Low" (2008)
"Dance With Joy" feat. Matt Meils (2008)
"Pennies for Adam" (2011)
"STFU" (2011)
"Black" (2011)
"Let's Light it Up" (2011)
"Fire" (2012)
"Payphone" (2012)
"These Boots Are Made For Walkin'" (2012)
"Fourteen Minutes" (2012)
"BNE (Best Night Ever)" (2012)
"Fix You Up" (2012)
"Where you Belong" (2013)
"Perfect Day" (2012)
"Christmastime" (2012)
"While You Were Up High" (2013)
"Fingerprints" (2012)

text: Songs appearing in films, TV series and games[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Song
Credits

2003
The Young and the Restless
"Episode #1.7770"
"Higher"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel, David Kurtz, and Jack Allocco

2004
8 Simple Rules
"Opposites Attract: Part 2"
"Wonderful Day"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel, Joel Parkes, and Shaun Shankel

2004
Shall We Dance?
"Taking a Ride"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Chris Pelcer

2004
The Young and the Restless
"Episode #1.7906"
"Broken"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel, David Kurtz, and Jack Allocco

2004
The Young and the Restless
"Episode #1.7930"
"Try So Hard"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel, David Kurtz, and Jack Allocco

2004
Ella Enchanted
"It's Not Just Make Believe"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Russ Desalvo and Amy Powers

2004
Chestnut: Hero of Central Park
"Wonderful Day"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel, Joel Parkes, and Shaun Shankel

2005
The Young and the Restless
"Episode #1.8146"
"It's Over Now"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2006
The Young and the Restless
"Episode #1.8312"
"It's Over Now"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2006
The Young and the Restless
"Episode #1.8323"
"It's Over Now"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2006
The Young and the Restless
"Episode #1.8865"
"It's Over Now"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2006
The Young and the Restless
"Episode #1.8926"
"It's Over Now"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2006
The Cutting Edge: Going for the Gold
"Taking A Ride"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kimmel and Chris Pelcer

2006
Pepper Dennis
"Frat Boys May Lose Their Manhood: Film at Eleven"
"Before You"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Tom DeLuca

2006
So You Think You Can Dance
"Dancers Cut to 20"
"It Must Have Been Love"
Performed by Kari Kimmel

2006
America's Next Top Model
"The Girl Who Marks Her Territory"
"When I Finally Get to See You"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2006
Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County
"Show Them What You've Got"
"Taking A Ride"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Chris Pelcer

2006
Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County
"The Thrill of the Hunt"
"Incomplete"
Written by Kari Kimmel, Sabelle Breer, Rob Fusari, Bill Lee, Calvin Gaines, Lindy Robbins, Dan Muckala, and Jess Cates

2007
Girl, Positive
"Fly"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Busbee (songwriter)

2007
Victoria Beckham: Coming to America
"Taking A Ride"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Chris Pelcer

2007
Decision House
"Make It Right" (theme song)
Written by Kari Kimmel and Devin Powers

2007
Kim Possible
"Graduation Part 2"
"This Is Our Year"
Performed by Kari Kimmel with Drew Seeley

2007
Custody
"Taking A Ride"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Chris Pelcer

2007
The Haunting of Sorority Row
"Can't Be Everything"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Busbee (songwriter)

2007
Holiday in Handcuffs
"Taking A Ride"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Chris Pelcer

2007
The Hills
"The Best Night Ever"
"Notice Me"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Shaun Shankel

2007
The Hills
"What Goes Around"
"Naked"
Written by Kari Kimmel

2008
The Hills
"Paris Changes Everything"
"Incomplete"
Performed by Backstreet Boys
Written by Kari Kimmel, Sabelle Breer, Rob Fusari, Bill Lee, Calvin Gaines, Lindy Robbins, Dan Muckala, and Jess Cates

2008
The Hills
"Girls Night Out"
"Let It Go"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2008
The Hills
"Mr. and Mrs. Pratt"
"Remember"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2008
Guiding Light
"Episode #1.15423"
"Maybe I Can Be"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2008
Tinker Bell (film)
"Fly With Me"
Performed by Kari Kimmel

2008
Wall-E
"Didn't You See the Movie"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written Kimmel and Busbee (songwriter)

2009
Bitter Sweet (2009 film)
"Notice Me"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Shaun Shankel

2009
Princess Protection Program
"Is It Just Me"
Performed by Kari Kimmel

2009
Ruby (TV series)
"Training Daze"
"Taking A Ride"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Chris Pelcer

2009
Leave It to Lamas
"Babes in Bikerland"
"Taking A Ride"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Chris Pelcer

2010
Greek (TV series)
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
"Remember"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Bad Girls Club
"Amber Alert!"
"Own It"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Bad Girls Club
"Amber Alert!"
"Great Big World"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Bad Girls Club
"Clip Show"
"Great Big World"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Bad Girls Club
"The Puppet Master"
"Vegas Baby"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2011
The Family Tree
"Shut the Fuck Up"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
First Love, Second Chance
"Chris and Pam"
"One Day You'll Be Fine"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Space Dogs 3D
"Watching Over You"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Space Dogs 3D
"I Got You"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel and Joe Corcoran

2010
The Real World: Washington D.C.
"Sisterhood and Brotherly Love"
"Great Big World"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
The Real World: Washington D.C.
"Out of the Closet and Onto the Stage"
"One Day You'll Be Fine"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
10 Things I Hate About You
"Don't Trust Me"
"Pink Balloon"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Fly Girls
"Cabin Pressure"
"Let It Go"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Mercy
"Too Much Attitude and Not Enough Underwear"
"Low"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
What Chili Wants
"The Calendar Model"
"Own It"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Pretty Little Liars
"The Jenna Thing"
"Remember"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Battle of the Wedding Designers
"Rock and Roll Wedding Design"
"Remember"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Reviving Ophelia
"Remember"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Reviving Ophelia
"Save Me"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2010
Life Unexpected
"Plumber Cracked"
"Trouble"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2011
iCarly
"Call Me"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2011
My Future Boyfriend
"Call Me"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2011
The Nine Lives of Chloe King
"Pilot"
"Brand New Day"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2011
The Lying Game
"East Of Emma"
"Go"
Performed by Kari Kimmel

2011
The Chaperone
"Let It Go"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2011
The Chaperone
"Go"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2012
The Lying Game
"No Country for Young Love"
"One Day You'll Be Fine"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2012
Being Human
"Mama Said There'd Be Decades Like These"
"Black"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2012
The Walking Dead
Season 3 Trailer
"Black"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2013
The Vampire Diaries
"Pictures of You"
"Remember"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2013–Present
The Fosters
Opening Theme
"Where You Belong"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2013
The Fosters
"Quinceañera"
"Shooting Star"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2013
Necessary Roughness
"Sucker Punch Season 3 episode 9"
"Black"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2015
"The Fosters"
"Lucky"
"Best Thing"
Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

2015
The Duff
"Nothing Left To Lose"
Performed by Kari Kimmel

2016
The Sims 4
"Backyard Stuff Theme"

Performed by Kari Kimmel
Written by Kari Kimmel

text: Songs recorded by other artists[edit]

text: The following artists have covered Kari Kimmel's songs:

text:
"I Could" - Kimberley Locke
"No Less" - Joy Williams
"Stronger" - Gloria Gaynor
"Moonlight" - MAX
"Incomplete" - Backstreet Boys
"Taking a Ride" - Robin Beck
"Velvet Sky" - Jessica Ridley
"Paper Airplane" - Ke$ha


document_title: Malware

question_text: malware that essentially is a form of social engineering

text: Malware

text: Purposes[edit]

text: Many early infectious programs, including the first Internet Worm, were written as experiments or pranks. Today, malware is used by both black hat hackers and governments, to steal personal, financial, or business information.[5][6]

text: Malware is sometimes used broadly against government or corporate websites to gather guarded information,[7] or to disrupt their operation in general. However, malware is often used against individuals to gain information such as personal identification numbers or details, bank or credit card numbers, and passwords.

text: Since the rise of widespread broadband Internet access, malicious software has more frequently been designed for profit. Since 2003, the majority of widespread viruses and worms have been designed to take control of users' computers for illicit purposes.[8] Infected "zombie computers" are used to send email spam, to host contraband data such as child pornography,[9] or to engage in distributed denial-of-service attacks as a form of extortion.[10]

text: Programs designed to monitor users' web browsing, display unsolicited advertisements, or redirect affiliate marketing revenues are called spyware. Spyware programs do not spread like viruses; instead they are generally installed by exploiting security holes. They can also be hidden and packaged together with unrelated user-installed software.[11]

text: Ransomware affects an infected computer in some way, and demands payment to reverse the damage. For example, programs such as CryptoLocker encrypt files securely, and only decrypt them on payment of a substantial sum of money.

text: Some malware is used to generate money by click fraud, making it appear that the computer user has clicked an advertising link on a site, generating a payment from the advertiser. It was estimated in 2012 that about 60 to 70% of all active malware used some kind of click fraud, and 22% of all ad-clicks were fraudulent.[12]

text: In addition to criminal money-making, malware can be used for sabotage, often for political motives. Stuxnet, for example, was designed to disrupt very specific industrial equipment. There have been politically motivated attacks that have spread over and shut down large computer networks, including massive deletion of files and corruption of master boot records, described as "computer killing". Such attacks were made on Sony Pictures Entertainment (25 November 2014, using malware known as Shamoon or W32.Disttrack) and Saudi Aramco (August 2012).[13][14]

text: Infectious malware[edit]

text: The best-known types of malware, viruses and worms, are known for the manner in which they spread, rather than any specific types of behavior. The term computer virus is used for a program that embeds itself in some other executable software (including the operating system itself) on the target system without the user's consent and when that is run causes the virus to spread to other executables. On the other hand, a worm is a stand-alone malware program that actively transmits itself over a network to infect other computers. These definitions lead to the observation that a virus requires the user to run an infected program or operating system for the virus to spread, whereas a worm spreads itself.[15]

text: Concealment[edit]

text: These categories are not mutually exclusive, so malware may use multiple techniques.[16] This section only applies to malware designed to operate undetected, not sabotage and ransomware.

text: Viruses[edit]

text: A computer program usually hidden within another seemingly innocuous program that produces copies of itself and inserts them into other programs or files, and that usually performs a malicious action (such as destroying data).[17] An example of this is a PE infection, a technique, usually used to spread malware, that inserts extra data or executable code into PE files.[18]

text: Lock-screens[edit]

text: Lock-screens, or screen lockers is a type of “cyber police” ransomware that blocks screens on Windows or Android devices with a false accusation in harvesting illegal content, trying to scare the victims into paying up a fee.[19] Jisut and SLocker impact Android devices more than other lock-screens, with Jisut making up nearly 60 percent of all Android ransomware detections.[20]

text: Trojan horses[edit]

text: A Trojan horse is a malicious computer program which misrepresents itself to appear useful, routine, or interesting in order to persuade a victim to install it. The term is derived from the Ancient Greek story of the Trojan horse used to invade the city of Troy by stealth.[21][22][23][24][25]

text: Trojan horses are generally spread by some form of social engineering, for example where a user is duped into executing an e-mail attachment disguised to be unsuspicious, (e.g., a routine form to be filled in), or by drive-by download. Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a backdoor, contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer.[26] While Trojan horses and backdoors are not easily detectable by themselves, computers may appear to run slower due to heavy processor or network usage.

text: Unlike computer viruses and worms, Trojan horses generally do not attempt to inject themselves into other files or otherwise propagate themselves.[27]

text: In spring 2017 Mac users were hit by the new version of Proton Remote Access Trojan (RAT)[28] trained to extract password data from various sources, such as browser auto-fill data, the Mac-OS keychain, and password vaults.[29]

text: Rootkits[edit]

text: Once a malicious program is installed on a system, it is essential that it stays concealed, to avoid detection. Software packages known as rootkits allow this concealment, by modifying the host's operating system so that the malware is hidden from the user. Rootkits can prevent a malicious process from being visible in the system's list of processes, or keep its files from being read.[30]

text: Some malicious programs contain routines to defend against removal, not merely to hide themselves. An early example of this behavior is recorded in the Jargon File tale of a pair of programs infesting a Xerox CP-V time sharing system:

text: Backdoors[edit]

text: A backdoor is a method of bypassing normal authentication procedures, usually over a connection to a network such as the Internet. Once a system has been compromised, one or more backdoors may be installed in order to allow access in the future,[32] invisibly to the user.

text: The idea has often been suggested that computer manufacturers preinstall backdoors on their systems to provide technical support for customers, but this has never been reliably verified. It was reported in 2014 that US government agencies had been diverting computers purchased by those considered "targets" to secret workshops where software or hardware permitting remote access by the agency was installed, considered to be among the most productive operations to obtain access to networks around the world.[33] Backdoors may be installed by Trojan horses, worms, implants, or other methods.[34][35]

text: Evasion[edit]

text: Since the beginning of 2015, a sizable portion of malware utilizes a combination of many techniques designed to avoid detection and analysis.[36]

text:
The most common evasion technique is when the malware evades analysis and detection by fingerprinting the environment when executed.[37]
The second most common evasion technique is confusing automated tools' detection methods. This allows malware to avoid detection by technologies such as signature-based antivirus software by changing the server used by the malware.[38]
The third most common evasion technique is timing-based evasion. This is when malware runs at certain times or following certain actions taken by the user, so it executes during certain vulnerable periods, such as during the boot process, while remaining dormant the rest of the time.
The fourth most common evasion technique is done by obfuscating internal data so that automated tools do not detect the malware.[39]
An increasingly common technique is adware that uses stolen certificates to disable anti-malware and virus protection; technical remedies are available to deal with the adware.[40]

text: Nowadays, one of the most sophisticated and stealthy ways of evasion is to use information hiding techniques, namely stegomalware.

text: Vulnerability[edit]

text:
In this context, and throughout, what is called the "system" under attack may be anything from a single application, through a complete computer and operating system, to a large network.
Various factors make a system more vulnerable to malware:

text: Security defects in software[edit]

text: Malware exploits security defects (security bugs or vulnerabilities) in the design of the operating system, in applications (such as browsers, e.g. older versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer supported by Windows XP[41]), or in vulnerable versions of browser plugins such as Adobe Flash Player, Adobe Acrobat or Reader, or Java SE.[42][43] Sometimes even installing new versions of such plugins does not automatically uninstall old versions. Security advisories from plug-in providers announce security-related updates.[44] Common vulnerabilities are assigned CVE IDs and listed in the US National Vulnerability Database. Secunia PSI[45] is an example of software, free for personal use, that will check a PC for vulnerable out-of-date software, and attempt to update it.

text: Malware authors target bugs, or loopholes, to exploit. A common method is exploitation of a buffer overrun vulnerability, where software designed to store data in a specified region of memory does not prevent more data than the buffer can accommodate being supplied. Malware may provide data that overflows the buffer, with malicious executable code or data after the end; when this payload is accessed it does what the attacker, not the legitimate software, determines.

text: Insecure design or user error[edit]

text: Early PCs had to be booted from floppy disks. When built-in hard drives became common, the operating system was normally started from them, but it was possible to boot from another boot device if available, such as a floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, USB flash drive or network. It was common to configure the computer to boot from one of these devices when available. Normally none would be available; the user would intentionally insert, say, a CD into the optical drive to boot the computer in some special way, for example, to install an operating system. Even without booting, computers can be configured to execute software on some media as soon as they become available, e.g. to autorun a CD or USB device when inserted.

text: Malicious software distributors would trick the user into booting or running from an infected device or medium. For example, a virus could make an infected computer add autorunnable code to any USB stick plugged into it. Anyone who then attached the stick to another computer set to autorun from USB would in turn become infected, and also pass on the infection in the same way.[46] More generally, any device that plugs into a USB port - even lights, fans, speakers, toys, or peripherals such as a digital microscope - can be used to spread malware. Devices can be infected during manufacturing or supply if quality control is inadequate.[46]

text: This form of infection can largely be avoided by setting up computers by default to boot from the internal hard drive, if available, and not to autorun from devices.[46] Intentional booting from another device is always possible by pressing certain keys during boot.

text: Older email software would automatically open HTML email containing potentially malicious JavaScript code. Users may also execute disguised malicious email attachments and infected executable files supplied in other ways.[citation needed]

text: Over-privileged users and over-privileged code[edit]

text: In computing, privilege refers to how much a user or program is allowed to modify a system. In poorly designed computer systems, both users and programs can be assigned more privileges than they should be, and malware can take advantage of this. The two ways that malware does this is through overprivileged users and overprivileged code.

text: Some systems allow all users to modify their internal structures, and such users today would be considered over-privileged users. This was the standard operating procedure for early microcomputer and home computer systems, where there was no distinction between an administrator or root, and a regular user of the system. In some systems, non-administrator users are over-privileged by design, in the sense that they are allowed to modify internal structures of the system. In some environments, users are over-privileged because they have been inappropriately granted administrator or equivalent status.

text: Some systems allow code executed by a user to access all rights of that user, which is known as over-privileged code. This was also standard operating procedure for early microcomputer and home computer systems. Malware, running as over-privileged code, can use this privilege to subvert the system. Almost all currently popular operating systems, and also many scripting applications allow code too many privileges, usually in the sense that when a user executes code, the system allows that code all rights of that user. This makes users vulnerable to malware in the form of e-mail attachments, which may or may not be disguised.

text: Use of the same operating system[edit]

text: Homogeneity can be a vulnerability. For example, when all computers in a network run the same operating system, upon exploiting one, one worm can exploit them all:[47] In particular, Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X have such a large share of the market that an exploited vulnerability concentrating on either operating system could subvert a large number of systems. Introducing diversity purely for the sake of robustness, such as adding Linux computers, could increase short-term costs for training and maintenance. However, as long as all the nodes are not part of the same directory service for authentication, having a few diverse nodes could deter total shutdown of the network and allow those nodes to help with recovery of the infected nodes. Such separate, functional redundancy could avoid the cost of a total shutdown, at the cost of increased complexity and reduced usability in terms of single sign-on authentication.

text: Anti-malware strategies[edit]

text: As malware attacks become more frequent, attention has begun to shift from viruses and spyware protection, to malware protection, and programs that have been specifically developed to combat malware. (Other preventive and recovery measures, such as backup and recovery methods, are mentioned in the computer virus article).

text: Anti-virus and anti-malware software[edit]

text: A specific component of anti-virus and anti-malware software, commonly referred to as an on-access or real-time scanner, hooks deep into the operating system's core or kernel and functions in a manner similar to how certain malware itself would attempt to operate, though with the user's informed permission for protecting the system. Any time the operating system accesses a file, the on-access scanner checks if the file is a 'legitimate' file or not. If the file is identified as malware by the scanner, the access operation will be stopped, the file will be dealt with by the scanner in a pre-defined way (how the anti-virus program was configured during/post installation), and the user will be notified.[citation needed] This may have a considerable performance impact on the operating system, though the degree of impact is dependent on how well the scanner was programmed. The goal is to stop any operations the malware may attempt on the system before they occur, including activities which might exploit bugs or trigger unexpected operating system behavior.

text: Anti-malware programs can combat malware in two ways:

text:
They can provide real time protection against the installation of malware software on a computer. This type of malware protection works the same way as that of antivirus protection in that the anti-malware software scans all incoming network data for malware and blocks any threats it comes across.
Anti-malware software programs can be used solely for detection and removal of malware software that has already been installed onto a computer. This type of anti-malware software scans the contents of the Windows registry, operating system files, and installed programs on a computer and will provide a list of any threats found, allowing the user to choose which files to delete or keep, or to compare this list to a list of known malware components, removing files that match.[48]

tag: ol

text: Real-time protection from malware works identically to real-time antivirus protection: the software scans disk files at download time, and blocks the activity of components known to represent malware. In some cases, it may also intercept attempts to install start-up items or to modify browser settings. Because many malware components are installed as a result of browser exploits or user error, using security software (some of which are anti-malware, though many are not) to "sandbox" browsers (essentially isolate the browser from the computer and hence any malware induced change) can also be effective in helping to restrict any damage done.[citation needed]

text: Examples of Microsoft Windows antivirus and anti-malware software include the optional Microsoft Security Essentials[49] (for Windows XP, Vista, and Windows 7) for real-time protection, the Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool[50] (now included with Windows (Security) Updates on "Patch Tuesday", the second Tuesday of each month), and Windows Defender (an optional download in the case of Windows XP, incorporating MSE functionality in the case of Windows 8 and later).[51] Additionally, several capable antivirus software programs are available for free download from the Internet (usually restricted to non-commercial use).[52] Tests found some free programs to be competitive with commercial ones.[52] Microsoft's System File Checker can be used to check for and repair corrupted system files.

text: Some viruses disable System Restore and other important Windows tools such as Task Manager and Command Prompt. Many such viruses can be removed by rebooting the computer, entering Windows safe mode with networking[53], and then using system tools or Microsoft Safety Scanner.[54]

text: Hardware implants can be of any type, so there can be no general way to detect them.

text: Website security scans[edit]

text: As malware also harms the compromised websites (by breaking reputation, blacklisting in search engines, etc.), some websites offer vulnerability scanning.[55][56][57][58] Such scans check the website, detect malware, may note outdated software, and may report known security issues.

text: "Air gap" isolation or "Parallel Network"[edit]

text: As a last resort, computers can be protected from malware, and infected computers can be prevented from disseminating trusted information, by imposing an "air gap" (i.e. completely disconnecting them from all other networks). However, malware can still cross the air gap in some situations. For example, removable media can carry malware across the gap. In December 2013 researchers in Germany showed one way that an apparent air gap can be defeated.[59]

text: "AirHopper",[60] "BitWhisper",[61] "GSMem" [62] and "Fansmitter" [63] are four techniques introduced by researchers that can leak data from air-gapped computers using electromagnetic, thermal and acoustic emissions.

text: Grayware[edit]

text: Grayware is a term applied to unwanted applications or files that are not classified as malware, but can worsen the performance of computers and may cause security risks.[64]

text: It describes applications that behave in an annoying or undesirable manner, and yet are less serious or troublesome than malware. Grayware encompasses spyware, adware, fraudulent dialers, joke programs, remote access tools and other unwanted programs that harm the performance of computers or cause inconvenience. The term came into use around 2004.[65]

text: Another term, potentially unwanted program (PUP) or potentially unwanted application (PUA),[66] refers to applications that would be considered unwanted despite often having been downloaded by the user, possibly after failing to read a download agreement. PUPs include spyware, adware, and fraudulent dialers. Many security products classify unauthorised key generators as grayware, although they frequently carry true malware in addition to their ostensible purpose.

text: Software maker Malwarebytes lists several criteria for classifying a program as a PUP.[67] Some adware (using stolen certificates) disables anti-malware and virus protection; technical remedies are available.[40]

text: History of viruses and worms[edit]

text: Before Internet access became widespread, viruses spread on personal computers by infecting the executable boot sectors of floppy disks. By inserting a copy of itself into the machine code instructions in these executables, a virus causes itself to be run whenever a program is run or the disk is booted. Early computer viruses were written for the Apple II and Macintosh, but they became more widespread with the dominance of the IBM PC and MS-DOS system. Executable-infecting viruses are dependent on users exchanging software or boot-able floppies and thumb drives so they spread rapidly in computer hobbyist circles.[citation needed]

text: The first worms, network-borne infectious programs, originated not on personal computers, but on multitasking Unix systems. The first well-known worm was the Internet Worm of 1988, which infected SunOS and VAX BSD systems. Unlike a virus, this worm did not insert itself into other programs. Instead, it exploited security holes (vulnerabilities) in network server programs and started itself running as a separate process.[68] This same behavior is used by today's worms as well.[citation needed][69]

text: With the rise of the Microsoft Windows platform in the 1990s, and the flexible macros of its applications, it became possible to write infectious code in the macro language of Microsoft Word and similar programs. These macro viruses infect documents and templates rather than applications (executables), but rely on the fact that macros in a Word document are a form of executable code.[70]

text: Academic research[edit]

text: The notion of a self-reproducing computer program can be traced back to initial theories about the operation of complex automata.[71] John von Neumann showed that in theory a program could reproduce itself. This constituted a plausibility result in computability theory. Fred Cohen experimented with computer viruses and confirmed Neumann's postulate and investigated other properties of malware such as detectability and self-obfuscation using rudimentary encryption. His doctoral dissertation was on the subject of computer viruses.[72] The combination of cryptographic technology as part of the payload of the virus, exploiting it for attack purposes was initialized and investigated from the mid 1990s, and includes initial ransomware and evasion ideas.[73]