document_title: History of New York City

question_text: when did new york became the largest city

text: History of New York City

text: Native American settlement[edit]

text: The area that eventually encompassed modern day New York City was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically identical Native Americans traditionally spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami. Early European settlers called bands of Lenape by the Unami place name for where they lived, such as "Raritan" in Staten Island and New Jersey, "Canarsee" in Brooklyn, and "Hackensack" in New Jersey across the Hudson River from Lower Manhattan. Eastern Long Island neighbors were culturally and linguistically more closely related to the Mohegan-Pequot peoples of New England who spoke the Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett language.[4]

text:
These peoples all made use of the abundant waterways in the New York City region for fishing, hunting trips, trade, and occasionally war. place names such as Raritan Bay and Canarsie are derived from Lenape names. Many paths created by the indigenous peoples are now main thoroughfares, such as Broadway in Manhattan, the Bronx, and Westchester.[5]
The Lenape developed sophisticated techniques of hunting and managing their resources. By the time of the arrival of Europeans, they were cultivating fields of vegetation through the slash and burn technique, which extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bay.[6] Historians estimate that at the time of European settlement, approximately 5,000 Lenape lived in 80 settlements around the region.[7]
[8]

text: European settlement[edit]

text: The first European visitor to the area was Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano, in command of the French ship La Dauphine in 1524. It is believed he sailed into Upper New York Bay, where he encountered native Lenape, returned through the Narrows, where he anchored the night of April 17, and left to continue his voyage. He named the area Nouvelle-Angoulême (New Angoulême) in honor of Francis I, King of France of the royal house of Valois-Angoulême.[9][10]

text: European exploration continued on September 2, 1609, when the Englishman Henry Hudson, in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, sailed the Half Moon through the Narrows into Upper New York Bay. Like Christopher Columbus, Hudson was looking for a westerly passage to Asia. He never found one, but he did take note of the abundant beaver population. Beaver pelts were in fashion in Europe, fueling a lucrative business. Hudson's report on the regional beaver population served as the impetus for the founding of Dutch trading colonies in the New World. The beaver's importance in New York City's history is reflected by its use on the city's official seal.

text: European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading post in Lower Manhattan at the southern tip of Manhattan in 1624-1625.[11] Soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began.[11] Later, the Dutch West Indies Company imported African slaves to serve as laborers; they helped to build the wall that defended the town against English and Indian attacks. Early directors included Willem Verhulst and Peter Minuit. Willem Kieft became director in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in Kieft's War against the Native Americans. The Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City, resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch. Holland sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645.[12]

text: On May 27, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival and ruled as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. The colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653.[13] The first mayors (burgemeesters) of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year.[14]

text: British Rule and revolution: 1664–1783[edit]

text: In 1664, the English conquered the area and renamed it "New York" after the Duke of York,[15] ending the brief 40-year period of Dutch rule for 120 years of English and British administration as a colony of the Kingdom of England and later of Great Britain. At that time, people of African descent made up 20% of the population of the city, with European settlers a large proportion of remaining Dutch citizens among the English, Scots, Welsh, and Irish numbering in total approximately 1,500[16] and people of African descent numbering 375 (with 300 enslaved and 75 free).[17] (Although it has been claimed that African slaves comprised 40% of the small population of the city at that time,[18] this claim has not been substantiated.) During the mid 17th century, farms of free blacks covered 130 acres (53 ha) where Washington Square Park later developed.[19] The Dutch briefly regained the city in 1673, renaming the city "New Orange", before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to the English for what is now Suriname in November 1674. Some place names originated in the Dutch period and were named after places in the Netherlands, most notably Flushing (Dutch town of Vlissingen), Harlem (Dutch town of Haarlem), and Brooklyn (Dutch town of Breukelen). Few buildings, however, remain from the 17th century. The oldest recorded house still in existence in New York City, the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, dates from 1652.

text: The new British rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the settlement New York. The colony benefited enormously within the burgeoning global British Empire and its population grew exponentially and prospered. The Bolting Act of 1678, whereby  no mill outside the city was permitted to grind wheat or corn, boosted growth until its repeal in 1694, increasing the number of houses over the period from 384 to 983.[20]

text: In the context of the Glorious Revolution in England, Jacob Leisler led Leisler's Rebellion and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689–1691, before being arrested and executed.

text: By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200.[7] The Dutch West Indies Company transported African slaves to the post as trading laborers used to build the fort and stockade, and some gained freedom under the Dutch. After the British took over the colony and city in 1664, they continued to import slaves from Africa and the Caribbean. In 1703, 42% of the New York households had slaves; they served as domestic servants and laborers but also became involved in skilled trades, shipping and other fields. Yet following reform in ethics according to British Enlightenment thought this had diminished to less than 25% by the 1770s slaves made up less than 25% of the population [21]

text: By the 1740s, 20% of the residents of New York were slaves,[22] totaling about 2,500 people.[23]

text: After a series of fires in 1741, the city became panicked that blacks planned to burn the city in conspiracy with some poor whites. Historians believe their alarm was mostly fabrication and fear, but officials rounded up 31 blacks and 4 whites, who over a period of months were convicted of arson. Of these, the city executed 13 blacks by burning them alive and hanged 4 whites and 18 blacks.[24]

text: In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as King's College in Lower Manhattan.[25]

text: American Revolution[edit]

text: The Stamp Act and other British measures fomented dissent, particularly among Sons of Liberty who maintained a long-running skirmish with locally stationed British troops over Liberty Poles from 1766 to 1776. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British authority across the colonies. After the major defeat of the Continental Army in the Battle of Long Island in late 1776, General George Washington withdrew to Manhattan Island, but with the subsequent defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington the island was effectively left to the British. The city became a haven for loyalist refugees, becoming a British stronghold for the entire war. Consequently, the area also became the focal point for Washington's espionage and intelligence-gathering throughout the war.

text: New York City was greatly damaged twice by fires of suspicious origin during British military rule. The city became the political and military center of operations for the British in North America for the remainder of the war and a haven for Loyalist refugees. Continental Army officer Nathan Hale was hanged in Manhattan for espionage. In addition, the British began to hold the majority of captured American prisoners of war aboard prison ships in Wallabout Bay, across the East River in Brooklyn. More Americans lost their lives from neglect aboard these ships than died in all the battles of the war. British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as the last British forces left the city.

text: Federal and early America: 1784–1854[edit]

text: Starting in 1785 the Congress met in New York City under the Articles of Confederation. In 1789, New York City became the first national capital of the United States under the new United States Constitution. The Constitution also created the current Congress of the United States, and its first sitting was at Federal Hall on Wall Street. The first United States Supreme Court sat there. The United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified there. George Washington was inaugurated at Federal Hall.[26] New York City remained the capital of the U.S. until 1790, when the role was transferred to Philadelphia.

text: During the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration, a visionary development proposal called the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada. By 1835, New York City had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States. New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury.[27][28]

text: In 1842, water was piped from a reservoir to supply the city for the first time.[29]

text: The Great Irish Famine (1845–1850) brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1850 the Irish comprised one quarter of the city's population.[30] Government institutions, including the New York City Police Department and the public schools, were established in the 1840s and 1850s to respond to growing demands of residents.[31]

text: Modern history[edit]

text: Tammany and consolidation: 1855–1897[edit]

text: This period started with the 1855 inauguration of Fernando Wood as the first mayor from Tammany Hall, an Irish immigrant-supported Democratic Party political machine that dominated local politics throughout this period and into the 1930s.[32] Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy pressed for a Central Park, which was opened to a design competition in 1857; it became the first landscape park in an American city.

text: During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city was affected by its history of strong commercial ties to the South; before the war, half of its exports were related to cotton, including textiles from upstate mills. Together with its growing immigrant population, which was angry about conscription, sympathies among residents were divided for both the Union and Confederacy at the outbreak of war. Tensions related to the war culminated in the Draft Riots of 1863 by ethnic white immigrants, who attacked black neighborhood and abolitionist homes.[33] Many blacks left the city and moved to Brooklyn. After the Civil War, the rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply, and New York became the first stop for millions seeking a new and better life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886.

text: Early 20th century: 1898–1945[edit]

text: From 1890 to 1930, the larger cities were the focus of national attention. The skyscrapers and tourist attractions were widely publicized. Suburbs existed, but they were largely bedroom communities for commuters to the central city. San Francisco dominated the West, Atlanta dominated the South, Boston dominated New England; Chicago, the nation's railroad hub, dominated the Midwest United States; however, New York City dominated the entire nation in terms of communications, trade, finance, popular culture, and high culture. More than a fourth of the 300 largest corporations in 1920 were headquartered in New York City.[34]

text: In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan, and outlying areas.[35] Manhattan and the Bronx were established as two separate boroughs and joined together with three other boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties to form the new municipal government originally called "Greater New York". The Borough of Brooklyn incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by the Brooklyn Bridge; the Borough of Queens was created from western Queens County (with the remnant established as Nassau County in 1899); and the Borough of Richmond contained all of Richmond County. Municipal governments contained within the boroughs were abolished, and the county governmental functions were absorbed by the city or each borough.[36] In 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx County, making five counties coterminous with the five boroughs.

text: The Bronx had a steady boom period during 1898–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression created a surge of unemployment, especially among the working class, and a slow-down of growth.[37]

text: On June 15, 1904, over 1,000 people, mostly German immigrant women and children, were killed when the excursion steamship General Slocum caught fire and sank. It is the city's worst maritime disaster. On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village took the lives of 146 garment workers. In response, the city made great advancements in the fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.

text: Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication, marking its rising influence with such events as the Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909.  Interborough Rapid Transit (the first New York City Subway company) began operating in 1904, and the railroads operating out of Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station thrived.

text: The city was a destination for internal migrants as well as immigrants. Through 1940, New York City was a major destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the rural American South.  The Harlem Renaissance flourished during the 1920s and the era of Prohibition. New York City's ever accelerating changes and rising crime and poverty rates were reduced after World War I disrupted trade routes, the Immigration Restriction Acts limited additional immigration after the war, and the Great Depression reduced the need for new labor. The combination ended the rule of the Gilded Age barons. As the city's demographics temporarily stabilized, labor unionization helped the working class gain new protections and middle-class affluence, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under Fiorello La Guardia, and his controversial parks commissioner, Robert Moses, ended the blight of many tenement areas, expanded new parks, remade streets, and restricted and reorganized zoning controls.

text: For a while, New York City ranked as the most populous city in the world, overtaking London in 1925, which had reigned for a century.[39] During the difficult years of the Great Depression, the reformer Fiorello La Guardia was elected as mayor, and Tammany Hall fell after eighty years of political dominance.[40]

text: Despite the effects of the Great Depression, some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were built during the 1930s. These included Art Deco masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline today, such as the iconic Chrysler Building, Empire State Building, and 30 Rockefeller Plaza. The construction of the Rockefeller Center occurred in the 1930s and was the largest-ever private development project at the time. Both before and especially after World War II, vast areas of the city were also reshaped by the construction of bridges, parks and parkways coordinated by Robert Moses, the greatest proponent of automobile-centered modernist urbanism in America.

text: Post–World War II: 1946–1977[edit]

text: Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom. Demands for new housing were aided by the G.I. Bill for veterans, stimulating the development of huge suburban tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County. The city was extensively photographed during the post–war years by photographer Todd Webb.[41]

text: New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading the United States ascendancy. In 1951, the United Nations relocated from its first headquarters in Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, to the East Side of Manhattan.[42] During the late 1960s, the views of real estate developer and city leader Robert Moses began to fall out of favor as the anti-urban renewal views of Jane Jacobs gained popularity. Citizen rebellion stopped a plan to construct an expressway through Lower Manhattan.

text: After a short war boom, The Bronx declined from 1950 to 1985, going from predominantly moderate-income to mostly lower-income, with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.[43]

text: The transition away from the industrial base toward a service economy picked up speed, while the jobs in the large shipbuilding and garment industries declined sharply. The ports converted to container ships, costing many traditional jobs among longshoremen. Many large corporations moved their headquarters to the suburbs or to distant cities. At the same time, there was enormous growth in services, especially finance, education, medicine, tourism, communications and law. New York remained the largest city and largest metropolitan area in the United States, and continued as its largest financial, commercial, information, and cultural center.

text: Like many major U.S. cities, New York suffered race riots, gang wars and some population decline in the late 1960s.  Street activists and minority groups such as the Black Panthers and Young Lords organized rent strikes and garbage offensives, demanding improved city services for poor areas.  They also set up free health clinics and other programs, as a guide for organizing and gaining "Power to the People." By the 1970s the city had gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history. In 1975, the city government avoided bankruptcy only through a federal loan and debt restructuring by the Municipal Assistance Corporation, headed by Felix Rohatyn. The city was also forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by an agency of New York State. In 1977, the city was struck by the twin crises of the New York City blackout of 1977 and serial slayings by the Son of Sam.

text: The 1980s began a rebirth of Wall Street, and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry.  Unemployment and crime remained high, the latter reaching peak levels in some categories around the close of the decade and the beginning of the 1990s. Neighborhood restoration projects funded by the city and state had very good effects for New York, especially Bedford-Stuyvesant, Harlem, and The Bronx. The city later resumed its social and economic recovery, bolstered by the influx of Asians, Latin Americans, and U.S. citizens, and by new crime-fighting techniques on the part of the New York Police Department.

text: In the late 1990s, the city benefited from the success of the financial sectors, such as Silicon Alley, during the dot com boom, one of the factors in a decade of booming real estate values. New York was also able to attract more business and convert abandoned industrialized neighborhoods into arts or attractive residential neighborhoods; examples include the Meatpacking District and Chelsea (in Manhattan)  and Williamsburg (in Brooklyn).

text: New York's population reached an all-time high in the 2000 census; according to census estimates since 2000, the city has continued to grow, including rapid growth in the most urbanized borough, Manhattan. During this period, New York City was a site of the September 11 attacks of 2001; 2,606 people who were in the towers and in the surrounding area were killed by a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, an event considered highly traumatic for the city but which did not stop the city's rapid regrowth. On November 3, 2014, One World Trade Center opened on the site of the attack.[44] Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City in the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan. It flooded low-lying areas of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. Electrical power was lost in many parts of the city and its suburbs.[45]


document_title: Downing Street

question_text: when did they put gates on downing street

root

text: Downing Street

text: History[edit]

text: The street was built in the 1680s by Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet, on the site of a mansion, Hampden House. What was on the site before the mansion is vague, but there is evidence towards a brewhouse called The Axe, owned by the Abbey of Abingdon.[1] Downing was a soldier and diplomat who served under Oliver Cromwell and King Charles II, and who invested in properties and acquired considerable wealth.[2][3][4] In 1654, he purchased the lease on land east of Saint James's Park, adjacent to the House at the Back, and within walking distance of parliament. Downing planned to build a row of townhouses "for persons of good quality to inhabit".[5] However, the Hampden family had a lease which prevented their construction for 30 years.[6] When the Hampden lease expired, Downing received permission to build further west to take advantage of recent developments. The new warrant issued in 1682 reads: "Sir George Downing ... [is authorised] to build new and more houses further westward on the grounds granted him by the patent of 1663/4 Feb. 23. The present grant is by reason that the said Cockpit or the greater part thereof is since demolished; but it is to be subject to the proviso that it be not built any nearer than 14 feet of the wall of the said Park at the West end thereof." [5]

tag: p

text: Between 1682 and 1684, Downing built the cul-de-sac of two-storey townhouses with coach-houses, stables and views of St James's Park. How many he built is not clear; most historians say 15, others say 20. The addresses changed several times; Number 10 was numbered 5 for a while, and was renumbered in 1787.[7] Downing employed Sir Christopher Wren to design the houses. Although large, they were put up quickly and cheaply on soft soil with shallow foundations. The fronts had facades with lines painted on the surface imitating brick mortar. Winston Churchill wrote that Number 10 was "shaky and lightly built by the profiteering contractor whose name they bear".[8]

text: The upper end of the Downing Street cul-de-sac closed access to St James's Park, making the street quiet and private. An advertisement in 1720 described it as "a pretty open Place, especially at the upper end, where are four or five very large and well-built Houses, fit for Persons of Honour and Quality; each House having a pleasant Prospect into St James's Park, with a Tarras Walk".[9] The houses had several distinguished residents. The Countess of Yarmouth lived at Number 10 between 1688 and 1689, Lord Lansdowne from 1692 to 1696 and the Earl of Grantham from 1699 to 1703. The diarist James Boswell took rooms in Downing Street during his stay in London during 1762–63 at a rent of £22 per annum. He records having dealings with prostitutes in the adjacent park.

text: Downing probably never lived in his townhouses. In 1675 he retired to Cambridge, where he died a few months after the houses were completed. His portrait hangs in the entrance foyer of the modern Number 10.[10]

text: The Downing family also built Downing College, Cambridge, which was established in 1800, after its founder Sir George Downing, 3rd Baronet, left a portion of his estate to establish Downing College when the land became available. (A door from Number 10 is in use in the college).[11]

text: The houses between Number 10 and Whitehall were acquired by the government and demolished in 1824 to allow the construction of the Privy Council Office, Board of Trade and Treasury offices. In 1861 the houses on the south side of Downing Street were replaced by purpose-built government offices for the Foreign Office, India Office, Colonial Office, and the Home Office.

text: Houses in Downing Street[edit]

text: 9 Downing Street, named in 2001, is the Downing Street entrance to the Privy Council Office and houses the Department for Exiting the European Union. It was formerly part of Number 10.

text: 10 Downing Street is the official residence of the First Lord of the Treasury, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, as with almost no exceptions, the two roles have been filled by the same person since the 1720s. It has fulfilled this role since 1735.

text: 11 Downing Street has been the official residence of the Second Lord of the Treasury, the Chancellor of the Exchequer since 1828.

text: 12 Downing Street, formerly the Chief Whip's Office, houses the Prime Minister's Press Office, Strategic Communications Unit and Information and Research Unit. In the 1820s it was occupied by the Judge Advocate-General, although it remained in private ownership. It entered government hands when purchased by the East India Company in 1863, and was occupied by the marine and railway departments of the Board of Trade. It was originally numbered 13, but was partially re-built and re-numbered following the demolition of Number 14 in 1876. It was badly damaged by fire in 1879, and underwent further changes.

text: 14 Downing Street formerly closed off the western end of the street. It was acquired by the Crown in 1798, and was used by the War Office and Colonial Office in the 19th century. Some parts were demolished in the 1860s, and by 1876 it had been removed completely.

text: 15–16 Downing Street, long since demolished, formerly housed the Foreign Office, which also occupied two houses on the south side of the street.

text: 18 Downing Street was occupied by the West India Department of the Colonial Office.

text: 20 Downing Street was occupied by the Tithe Commission.

text: The houses at the end of the street were arranged around Downing Square.

text: There used to be a public house, the Rose and Crown, in Downing Street. In 1830 the tenant was a Mr Dixon.[12]

text: Throughout the history of these houses, ministers have lived by agreement in whatever rooms they thought necessary. On some occasions Number 11 has been occupied not by the Chancellor of the Exchequer but by the individual considered to be the nominal deputy Prime Minister (whether or not they actually took the title); this was particularly common in coalition governments. Sometimes a minister only uses the Downing Street flat for formal occasions and lives elsewhere.

text: During his last period in office, in 1881, William Ewart Gladstone claimed residence in numbers 10, 11 and 12 for himself and his family. He was both Chancellor of the Exchequer and Prime Minister at the time.

text: After the 1997 general election, in which Labour took power, a swap was carried out by the incumbents of the two titles, Tony Blair being a married man with three children living at home, while his counterpart, Gordon Brown, was unmarried at the time of taking up his post. Although Number 10 was the Prime Minister's official residence and contained the prime ministerial offices, Blair and his family actually moved into the more spacious Number 11, while Brown lived in the more meagre apartments of Number 10. This was the second time this had occurred; Stafford Northcote lived in Number 10 at one point, while Benjamin Disraeli occupied Number 11. That was for precisely the opposite reason—at the time, Number 10 was the more spacious apartment and Sir Stafford had a larger family. Blair and Brown's arrangement continued between Brown (at 11) and Alistair Darling (at 10), and continued in the Cameron ministry (David Cameron at 11 and George Osborne at 10) Theresa May and Philip Hammond have also continued this arrangement. .[13]

text: Downing Street gates[edit]

text: Barriers were erected at the St James's Park end of the street for the unveiling of the Cenotaph on 11 November 1920. They were a public safety measure intended to prevent the crowds in Whitehall becoming too dense.[14]

text: When the movement for Irish independence became increasingly violent, it was decided to retain the barriers, which were raised and strengthened. On 26 November 1920 construction commenced on a wooden barricade, 8 feet (2.4 m) high at the end of the street. They were described as being of a "substantial character" mounted on proper foundations and incorporated vehicle gates.[14][15] The barriers were taken down in 1922 when the Irish Free State was created.

text: Vehicle access was curtailed in 1973 when metal barriers were placed across the entrance to the street.[16] In 1974, the Metropolitan Police proposed erecting a semi-permanent barrier between the pavement and carriageway on the Foreign Office side to keep pedestrians off the main part of the street. The proposal came with assurances that tourists would still be permitted to take photographs at the door of Number 10. The Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, rejected the proposal, feeling that it would appear to be an unacceptable restriction of the freedom of the public. Wilson's private secretary wrote "I much regret this further erosion of the Englishman's right to wander at will in Downing Street."[17]

text: In 1982 access was further restricted by railings and a demountable gate. They were replaced by black steel gates in 1989.[18] The increase in security was due to an increase in violence, particularly by the IRA during The Troubles. The Thatcher ministry was particularly moved to increase security after the 1979 assassination of Lord Mountbatten.

text: Public right of way[edit]

text: The public right of way along Downing Street has not been extinguished nor subject to a gating order and the road retains the status of a public highway maintained by Westminster City Council. Public access was curtailed by relying on common law powers to prevent breach of the peace[18][19][20] (although its legality has been questioned by a correspondent for New Statesman magazine).[21] In 2005 Westminster City Council used anti-terrorism powers contained in the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 to formalise the restrictions by means of a traffic management order.[21]

text: Although the Downing Street government buildings and grounds are a designated site under the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 for criminal trespass, the street was not included in the boundaries of the designated area.[22]

text: Security[edit]

text: Since 1989, entering Downing Street has required passing through a security checkpoint. The street is patrolled by armed police from the Diplomatic Protection Group, and there is usually at least one police officer outside the front door of Number 10. Security was tightened after 10 Downing Street was mortar bombed by the IRA in 1991.


document_title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

question_text: who was the voice of erica in hotel transylvania 3

text: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1897, Dracula (Adam Sandler) and his friends disguised as humans are traveling on a train to Budapest. However, Professor Abraham Van Helsing (Jim Gaffigan), Dracula's arch-enemy, boards the train and unveils the monsters; the monsters escape by climbing through the roof and Dracula pushes his friends from the train for their safety. Van Helsing is obsessed with destroying Dracula, but is constantly outsmarted by him.

text: In the present day, some time after the events of the previous film, Dracula is running his hotel business smoothly, with his daughter Mavis (Selena Gomez) and son-in-law Johnny (Andy Samberg). However, Drac is depressed by the fact that, since his wife's death, he's lonely despite attempts to meet someone. Misinterpreting this as stress from overwork, Mavis books a cruise so they can all take a break and spend more time together as a family. The next day, Dracula, Mavis, Johnny, Dennis (Asher Blinkoff), Vlad (Mel Brooks), and the hotel guests board a cruise ship called the Legacy. Dracula sees the ship's human captain, Ericka (Kathryn Hahn), and immediately falls for her, something that he thought was impossible as he had already "zinged" before.

text: Ericka goes to a secret room on the lower decks where she meets Abraham Van Helsing, who is revealed to be her great-grandfather and is almost completely mechanised, to avoid death. Van Helsing has plans to eliminate all the monsters, in the cruise upon its arrival at the lost city of Atlantis using an Instrument of Destruction, that could be found in Atlantis's ruins. Van Helsing makes Ericka promise to not assassinate Dracula beforehand, but she repeatedly attempts to do so anyway, albeit unsuccessfully, much to her frustration. After failing to kill Dracula at an underwater volcano, Ericka moans about being unable to get him. Dracula's friends hear this, and thinking that Ericka likes him, inform Dracula about what they heard. Dracula nervously asks Ericka out on a date, and she accepts since she sees this as another chance to kill the vampire. However, as they dine on a deserted island, Ericka begins to fall in love with Drac, after they learn about each other's pasts.

text: Mavis finds out Dracula is interested in Ericka and becomes suspicious of Ericka's motives. The cruise ship reaches Atlantis which has been converted into a casino; Dracula decides to tell Mavis the truth about Ericka, but gets distracted seeing Ericka going into a crypt below the city. Drac follows her, with Mavis not far behind, and learns that Ericka is after a "family heirloom". With Dracula's help, she gets past the numerous booby traps around the object and escapes. Mavis arrives and confronts them, and Dracula confesses that he "zinged" with Ericka, to Mavis's surprise and confusion. After Ericka is told what a "zing" is, she harshly rejects Dracula's romantic feelings, leaving Dracula heartbroken.

text: A regretful Ericka gives Van Helsing the object--revealed to be the Instrument of Destruction--and he proceeds to set a trap for the monsters, at a dance party. Noticing that Dracula is still upset, Mavis, after some advice from Johnny, tells her father to talk to Ericka, admitting that she was really afraid of him leaving her, which Drac allays. Suddenly, Van Helsing shows up and pushes away the DJ, and a sadden Ericka is forced to reveal, that she is his great-granddaughter. Van Helsing unveils the Instrument of Destruction, a case for a music note sheet, and plays a song that drives a friendly Kraken (Joe Jonas) that lives near the island to attack the monsters. Ericka saves Dracula from the Kraken and pleads with her great-grandfather to stop the destruction, confessing to Drac that she fell for him as well, which infuriates Van Helsing and causes him to attack them both.

text: In order to pacify the Kraken, Johnny opens up a portable DJ kit, and starts playing positive songs, to beat Van Helsing's song. Upon playing the Macarena, the Kraken is relaxed and happy for good; Van Helsing is unable to counter the song as everyone begins to dance, including the music sheet (Which shreds itself to tiny pieces, in the process). Van Helsing also ends up dancing, and accidentally slips and falls but is saved by Dracula. Touched by this act of kindness, Van Helsing apologizes to the monsters and gives everyone a full refund for the cruise, before sending them back.

text: Back at Hotel Transylvania, Dracula and Ericka have ended up in a romantic relationship. Drac proposes to Ericka, who stammers at the question, and she agrees to the proposal.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Count Dracula: The 540-year-old lord of the vampires, and founder of Hotel Transylvania. Dracula is the son of Vlad, husband of the late Martha, father of Mavis, father-in-law of Johnny, maternal grandfather of Dennis, and Ericka's love interest.
Andy Samberg as Jonathan "Johnny" Loughran: A 29-year-old human, who is Mavis' husband and Dennis' father.[7]
Selena Gomez as Mavis: The 126-year-old daughter of Dracula and the late Martha, and the granddaughter of Vlad. She is the wife of Johnny, and Dennis' mother.
Kevin James as Frankenstein:[8] The monster famously created from reanimated dead tissue, by Dr. Frankenstein. His friends call him "Frank".
David Spade as Griffin, the Invisible Man[8]
Steve Buscemi as Wayne: A werewolf who is overwhelmed by his large number of children.[8]
Keegan-Michael Key as Murray: An ancient mummy.[8]
Molly Shannon as Wanda: Wayne's werewolf wife.[8]
Fran Drescher as Eunice: Frankenstein's wife.[8]
Kathryn Hahn as Ericka Van Helsing: The captain and cruise director of the cruise ship Legacy. She is secretly continuing her great-grandfather's wishes in eliminating monsters and is Dracula's love interest.
Jim Gaffigan as Professor Abraham Van Helsing: Ericka's great-grandfather who is a legendary monster hunter and Dracula's archenemy.
Mel Brooks as Vlad: An ancient, more experienced and traditional vampire, who is Dracula's father, the grandfather of Mavis, the grandfather-in-law of Johnny, and the great-grandfather of Dennis.
Asher Blinkoff as Dennis Loughran: Mavis and Johnny's 6-year-old son who is a human/vampire hybrid, inheriting a combination of traits from his parents. He has a mutual crush on his best friend Winnie.
Sadie Sandler as Winnie: The werewolf daughter of Wayne and Wanda. Winnie is Dennis' best friend, and she has a mutual crush on him.
Genndy Tartakovsky as Blobby: A green blob monster.[9] He was previously voiced by Jonny Solomon in Hotel Transylvania 2.
Tartakovsky also voices Blobby Baby: A spawn of Blobby.
Tartakovsky also voices Puppy Blobby: Blobby Baby's pet puppy.
Chrissy Teigen as Crystal: An invisible woman who is Griffin's new girlfriend.[10]
Joe Jonas as Kraken: A giant sea monster that lives near Atlantis.
Alison Hammond as Frankenginger:[11] A female whose right arm is related to Frankenstein from his right hand's side of the family.
Chris Parnell as Stan: A fish-man.
Joe Whyte as Tinkles: Dennis' giant pet puppy.
Whyte also voices Bob: One of the Gremlins who works as a co-pilot on Gremlin's airlines.
Aaron LaPlante as Gremlins, Gremlin Pilot, Gremlin Stewardess
Michelle Murdocca as Phone Voice, Kelsey, Witch #1, Witch #2
Joyce Arrastia as Zingr Witch, Witch 3
Sunny Sandler as Sunny, the newborn daughter of Wayne and Wanda.
Tara Strong as Frankenlady
Libby Thomas Dickey as Libby
Patrick Harpin as Austrian Boy
Craig Kellman as Mr. Hydraberg
Jaime Camil as El Chupacabra

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In September 2015, Michelle Murdocca, the film's producer, said before the second film's release that the studio was "talking about number 3 and moving forward and taking the franchise to the next level," but thought that she and director Genndy Tartakovsky would not return, since they were working on Tartakovsky's Can You Imagine?[12] before that project was later shelved.[13] That same month, Tartakovsky stated that he will not return for the sequel, specifying to TheWrap that "two is enough. I have a lot of other ideas, and I kind of have to express them and have them come out."[14] In November 2015, Sony Pictures Animation announced that the third film, under the tentative title of Hotel Transylvania 3, had been set for release on September 21, 2018.[15]

text: Despite leaving the series, Tartakovsky later announced that he would return as the director for the third installment.[7][12] Adam Sandler, Selena Gomez, and Andy Samberg also reprised their previous roles, as Dracula, Mavis, and Johnny, respectively, and the film was written by Tartakovsky and Austin Powers writer Michael McCullers.[7] In June 2016, Sony also confirmed Tartakovsky's return, after his taking a leave of absence to work on the final season of his show Samurai Jack.[16] According to Tartakovsky, he returned after he received inspiration from a "miserable" family vacation, and from the Chevy Chase National Lampoon's Vacation movies, as the film takes place aboard a cruise ship.[17][18][19] By early November 2017, the film had been entitled as Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation.[20]

text: Music[edit]

text: Mark Mothersbaugh returned to score the third film, having previously scored the first two installments, while Sony Classical has released an official soundtrack of the trilogy. Dutch DJ Tiësto also provided music for the film. DNCE's song "Cake by the Ocean" and Pitbull's song Shake Senora were used in promotional material. I See Love performed by Jonas Blue ft. Joe Jonas. Eric Nam recorded the song Float for the film.

text: Release[edit]

text: Summer Vacation was originally scheduled for release on September 21, 2018, a date that was later moved up two months, to July 13, 2018.[15][21] A video game adaptation, titled Hotel Transylvania 3: Monsters Overboard, was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows on July 10, 2018.[22] On June 21, 2018, Amazon announced it was offering its Amazon Prime members an early showing of the film on June 30, at about 1,000 theaters, similar to fellow Sony release Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle the previous December.[23]

text: International Release[edit]

text: While most territories are slated for July release dates, the film is set for release in China on August 17, 2018. Similarly, Italy and the Philippines won't see the film until late August while Japan and Poland have October release dates.[24]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first teaser trailer was released online on November 16, 2017,[25] and the official trailer for the film was released on March 21, 2018.[26][27] A 95-second sneak peek of the film was released online via Sony Pictures Entertainment's YouTube channel on May 7, 2018.[28]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  August 12, 2018[update], Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation has grossed $146.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $231.4 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $378.3 million, against a production budget of $80 million.[5]

text: In the United States and Canada, Summer Vacation was released alongside the opening of Skyscraper, as well as the wide expansion of Sorry to Bother You, and was projected to gross $38–45 million from 4,267 theaters in its first weekend.[23][29] The film made $1.3 million from its early 3PM screenings held by Amazon on June 30, and $2.6 million from screenings beginning at 5PM the Thursday before its official release.[30] It went on open to $44.1 million, finishing first at the box office and landing in-between the debuts of the first two Hotel Transylvania films.[31] The film made $23.2 million in its second weekend, finishing second behind newcomers The Equalizer 2 and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again.[32] It made another $12.3 million in its third weekend, finishing fourth.[33]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 61% based on 98 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation delivers exactly what fans will expect – which means another 97 agreeably lightweight minutes of fast-paced gags and colorful animation."[34] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[35] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by both its predecessors.[31]

text: Sarah Melton from Exclaim! thought the film was predictable but not entirely unappealing, writing, "not a shipwreck... Mostly, the film rests on putting familiar, likeable characters in a goofy setting and seeing what gags ensue."[36]


document_title: History of Texas (1845–1860)

question_text: when did the us take texas from mexico

question_tokens: when did the us take texas from mexico

text: History of Texas (1845–1860)

text: Annexation[edit]

text: The Republic of Texas had formed in 1836, after breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. The following year, an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state. Fearing a war with Mexico, which did not recognize Texas independence, the United States declined the offer.[1] In 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845.[2]

text: Mexican–American War[edit]

text: When Texas was annexed, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. The annexation bill did not specifically define the boundaries of Texas. The former republic claimed the Rio Grande as its southern border, while Mexican authorities had always considered the Nueces River, situated further north, to be the boundary of Mexican Texas. The United States sent John Slidell to negotiate with the Mexican government, offering l $25 million ($707,115,385 today) to set the Texas border at the Rio Grande and to purchase Mexico's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Popular sentiment in Mexico was against any sale, and the army deposed President José Joaquín de Herrera when he appeared inclined to negotiate with Slidell.

text: The United States positioned troops along the Rio Grande. On April 25, 1846, in an event known as the Thornton Affair, a large contingent of Mexican cavalry attacked an American patrol in the area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces, killing 16 Americans. On May 3, Mexican troops initiated the siege of Fort Texas, bombarding a makeshift American fort along the Rio Grande. On May 8, Zachary Taylor led 2,500 U.S. troops to relieve the fort. He was intercepted by Mexican troops, leading to the Battle of Palo Alto. Mexican troops retreated a short distance to regroup, and the following day the two sides fought fiercely in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. The U.S. cavalry captured the Mexican artillery, and the Mexican soldiers retreated.

text: The United States officially declared war against Mexico on May 13. Mexico declared war against the U.S. on July 7. Throughout the official hostilities, the United States maintained two fronts—one in the Mexican interior south of the Rio Grande, and one in California. There was no further fighting in Texas.

text: The war ended on February 2, 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico ceded claims to Texas, and the border was set at the Rio Grande.

text: Compromise of 1850[edit]

text: The expansion of the United States after the Mexican–American War led to tensions between the slave and free states as to how to maintain the balance between the opposing viewpoints. Texas had been admitted to the United States as a slave state, yet Texas claimed territory north of the 36°30' demarcation line for slavery set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise. According to the annexation agreement, if Texas were to be subdivided into multiple states, those north of the compromise line would become free states. Following the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, Texas also tried to exert control over much of New Mexico.

text: In an effort to avoid some states seceding from the United States, Congress passed the Compromise of 1850. Texas gave up much of the western territories it had claimed in exchange for $10 million to pay off previous debts.

text: Settlement[edit]

text: Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.[3] German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of economic, social and political conditions in their states. In 1842, German nobles organized the Adelsverein, banding together to buy land in central Texas to enable German settlement. The Revolutions of 1848 acted as another catalyst for so many immigrants that they became known as the "Forty-Eighters." Many were educated artisans and businessmen. Germans continued to arrive in considerable numbers until 1890.[4]

text: The first Czech immigrants started their journey to Texas on August 19, 1851 headed by Jozef Šilar. The rich farmland of Central Texas attracted the Czech immigrants. The counties of Austin, Fayette, Lavaca, and Washington had early Czech settlements. The Czech-American communities are characterized by a strong sense of community and social clubs were a dominant theme of Czech-American life in Texas. By 1865, the Czech population numbered 700 and climbed to over 60,000 Czech-Americans by 1940.[5]

text: With their investments in cotton cultivation, Texas planters imported enslaved blacks from the earliest years of settlement. They established cotton plantations mostly in the eastern part of the state, where labor was done by enslaved African Americans. The central area of the state had more subsistence farmers.

text: Indian wars[edit]

text: In the late 1850s, settlers continued to push west and north, and by 1856 had begun settling, parts of the Comancheria in large numbers. Angry at the loss of their traditional hunting grounds, several bands of Comanche conducted raids on Texas settlers. In an effort to stop the violence and subdue the Comanche, in 1858 the Texas Rangers paired with members of the Tonkawa tribe—traditionally, enemies of the Comanche—for the Antelope Hills Expedition. Federal law promised Indian tribes safety in Indian Territory, located just north of Texas. Nevertheless, the Rangers crossed into Indian Territory and attacked a Comanche village at the Battle of Little Robe Creek. This was the first time any American forces had penetrated to the heart of the Comancheria, attacked Comanche villages with impunity, and successfully made it home. The expedition exhausted the annual Texas defense budget, and the governor disbanded the Rangers.


document_title: Private (rank)

question_text: what is the lowest army rank of a us soldier

text: Private (rank)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term derives from the medieval term "private soldiers" (a term still used in the British Army), denoting individuals who were either hired, conscripted, or mustered into service by a feudal nobleman commanding a battle group of an army. The usage of "private" dates from the 18th century.

text: Asia[edit]

text: Israel[edit]

text: In the Israel Defense Forces, טוראי Turai ("private") refers to the lowest enlisted rank. After 7–10 months of service (7 for combatants, 8 for combat support and 10 for non-combatants) soldiers are promoted from private to corporal (rav-turai or rabat), if they performed their duties appropriately during this time. Soldiers who take a commander's course, are prisoner instructors or practical engineers become corporals earlier. An IDF private wears no uniform insignia and is sometimes described as having a "slick sleeve" for this reason.

text:
Israel Defense Forces ranks : נגדים חוגרים hogrim - enlisted

IDF NCO
Rank
טוראי
Turai
רב טוראי
Rav turai
סמל
Samal
סמל ראשון
Samal rishon

NATO
OR–2
OR–3
OR–4

Abbreviation
טוראי
Turai
רב"ט
Rabat
סמל
Samal
סמ"ר
Samar

Corresponding
Rank
Private
Corporal
Sergeant
Staff sergeant

Insignia

More details at Israel Defense Forces ranks & IDF 2012 - Ranks (idf.il, English)

tag: table

text: Korea[edit]

text: The equivalent ranks to privates within the North and South Korean armies are il-byong(private first class) and e-byong(private second class). The symbol for this rank is 1 line ( | ) or 2 lines ( || ). Private second class is known by 1 line, while private first class is 2 lines.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: Once recruits complete their Basic Military Training (BMT) or Basic Rescue Training (BRT), they attain the rank of private (PTE). Privates (列兵) do not wear ranks on their rank holder. PTEs who performed well are promoted to the rank of Private First Class (PFC). The PFC rank insignia is a single chevron pointing downward.[1]

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia, this rank is referred to as Tamtama (specifically Prajurit), which is the lowest rank in the Indonesian Armed Forces and special Police Force. In the Indonesian Army, "Private" has three levels, which are: Private (Prajurit Dua), Private First Class (Prajurit Satu), and Master Private (Prajurit Kepala). After this rank, it is promoted the rank: Corporal.

text:
Private (Prajurit Dua)

Private First Class (Prajurit Satu)

Master Private (Prajurit Kepala)

text: Commonwealth[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In the Australian Army, a soldier of private rank wears no insignia.[2] Like its British Army counterpart, the Australian Army rank of private (PTE) has other titles, depending on the corps and specification of that service member.

text: The following alternative ranks are available for privates in the Australian Army:

text:
Craftsman (CFN) – Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Gunner (GNR) – Royal Australian Artillery
Sapper (SPR) – Royal Australian Engineers;
Musician (MUSN) – Australian Army Band Corps
Signalman (SIG) – Royal Australian Corps of Signals
Trooper (TPR) – Royal Australian Armoured Corps, Australian Army Aviation and the Australian Special Air Service Regiment

text: Canada[edit]

text: The Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force have had an identical rank structure since 1968, with private being the lowest rank in the Canadian Army. There are three levels of private: private (recruit), private (basic), and private (trained). All persons holding the rank of private are referred to as such and the qualifier shown in brackets is used on employment records only. A private is considered an "apprentice" in their trade, and there are no pay raises between the various levels of private except for time in rank raise.

text: In the Royal Canadian Air Force, the rank is called Aviator and is also broken into three levels: aviator (recruit), aviator (basic) and aviator (trained). The rank is in most regards identical to the army rank of Private. The insignia for aviator (trained) is a propeller.

text:
Private (recruit) (Pte(R)) / Aviator (recruit) (Avr(R))– fresh recruit, untrained; holds this rank through recruit training.
Private (basic) (Pte(B)) / Aviator (basic) (Avr(B)) – after finishing recruit training, a member becomes a private (basic). This rank is held through training and beyond.
Private (trained) (Pte(T)) / Aviator (trained) (Avr(T)) – A private (basic) becomes a private (trained) a year after completion of their DP 1 training depending on their regiment; some regiments may promote them right away. Typically in the Regular Force, this rank is awarded after two and a half years of service, not a year after completion of one's trade qualifications. A private (trained) is the only private to wear rank insignia, a single chevron. An aviator (trained) is the only aviator to wear rank insignia, a propeller.

text: In the Canadian Army a private may be known by other titles, depending on unit and personnel branch:

text:
Craftsman – Corps of Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Fusilier – Royal Canadian Infantry Corps (RCIC) members of fusilier regiments
Guardsman – RCIC members of foot guards regiments
Gunner – Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery
Rifleman – RCIC members of rifle regiments
Sapper – Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers
Signaller – Royal Canadian Corps of Signals
Trooper – Royal Canadian Armoured Corps

text: The Royal Canadian Navy's equivalents are:

text:
Ordinary seaman (OS) – private (recruit/basic)
Able seaman (AB) – private (trained)

text: India and Pakistan[edit]

text: In the Indian Army and Pakistan Army the lowest enlisted rank is sepoy (/ˈsiːpɔɪ/), literally meaning "soldier" in Hindi and Urdu. A sepoy does not wear any rank insignia on his uniform.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the British Army, a private (Pte) equates to both OR-1 and OR-2 on the NATO scale, although there is no difference in rank. Privates wear no insignia. Many regiments and corps use other distinctive and descriptive names instead of private, some of these ranks have been used for centuries, others are less than 100 years old.[3] In the contemporary British Armed Forces, the army rank of private is broadly equivalent to able seaman in the Royal Navy, aircraftman, leading aircraftman and senior aircraftman in the Royal Air Force, and marine (Mne) or bandsman, as appropriate equivalent rank in the Royal Marines. Also in the Boys Brigade the rank of private is used when a boy moves from the junior section to the company section.

text: Notably, both Sir Fitzroy Maclean and Enoch Powell are examples of rare, rapid career progression with the British Army, both rising from the rank of private to at least brigadier during World War II.

text: Distinctive equivalents for private include:

text:
Airtrooper (AirTpr) – Army Air Corps
Bugler (Bgr) – buglers in The Rifles and formerly also in other Rifle regiments
Craftsman (Cfn) – Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (women as well as men use this rank)
Drummer (Dmr) – drummers in infantry regiments
Fusilier (Fus) – Fusilier regiments
Gunner (Gnr) – Royal Artillery
Guardsman (Gdsm) – Foot Guards
Highlander (Hldr) – The Highlanders
Kingsman (Kgn) – Duke of Lancaster's Regiment
Musician (Musn) – military bands (formerly if a military band had a Bandmaster, they would be known as Bandsman (Bdsm))
Piper (Ppr) – bagpipers in Scottish and Irish regiments
Ranger (Rgr) – Royal Irish Regiment and Royal Irish Rangers
Rifleman (Rfn) – Rifle regiments
Sapper (Spr) – Royal Engineers
Signaller (Sig) – Royal Corps of Signals (formerly called signalman)
Trooper (Tpr) – Household Cavalry, Royal Armoured Corps, Special Air Service and Honourable Artillery Company
Trumpeter (Tptr) – trumpeters in the Household Cavalry (and formerly in all cavalry regiments)

text: Europe and Latin America[edit]

text: Austria[edit]

text: The lowest rank in the Austrian Armed Forces is the Rekrut (literally Recruit). For recruits in training to become non-commissioned or commissioned officers the rank bears an additional silver crossbar.

text: Up until 1998 the rank was called Wehrmann. In 2017 the silver crossbar was removed, as the system of the 'officers career' changed.

text: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico and Spain[edit]

text: The equivalent rank to private in the Spanish, Mexican, Colombian, Dominican and Argentinian army is the soldado raso meaning "rankless soldier" or simply soldado.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: On enlistment in the Belgian army one is given the rank of soldaat (Dutch) or soldat (French), whether one wishes to be a volunteer, non-commissioned officer or officer. Subsequent rank depends on the branch of the service: for example, at the Royal Military Academy (for officer training) one is soon promoted to the rank of corporaal (Dutch) or caporal (French) i.e. "corporal". The insignia is a simple black mark.

text: Brazil and Portugal[edit]

text: Soldado is the rank equivalent to private in the Brazilian and Portuguese Armed Forces. Soldado means "soldier" in Portuguese.

text: Finland[edit]

text: The Finnish equivalent rank is sotamies (literally "war man"), although since 1973 this has been purely a paper term as all infantry troopers were renamed as jääkäri troops, previously reserved only to mobile light infantry. As in the British army, the various branches use different names:

text:
Infantry – jääkäri ("jaeger")
Military engineers – pioneeri ("pioneer")
Signal corps – viestimies ("message man")
Cavalry – rakuuna ("dragoon")
Artillery – tykkimies ("cannon man")
Tank corps – panssarimies ("tank man")

text: In the Finnish Air Force, the basic rank is lentosotamies ("flight war man"). In the Finnish Navy, the basic rank is matruusi ("seaman").

text: Special corps troopers may be referred by their function or unit, such as kaartinjääkäri (Guards jaeger), panssarijääkäri (panzerjäger), laskuvarjojääkäri (paratroop jaeger), rajajääkäri (border jaeger) or rannikkojääkäri (coastal jaeger).

text: France[edit]

text: In the French army soldat de seconde classe is the lowest military rank. This rank is also referred to as recrue ("recruit").

text: Germany[edit]

text: The German Bundeswehr modern-day equivalent of the private rank (NATO-standard code OR-2) is Gefreiter.

text: The equivalent of the lowest rank (NATO-standard code OR-1) is either Schütze (rifleman), Kanonier (gunner) or Jäger (light-infantryman otherwise ranger), and sometimes in general simply Soldat (soldier), as well as other unit-specific distinctions.[4] Up until 1918 it was Gemeine[5] (Ordinary [soldier]) as well as unit-specific distinctions such as Musketier (musketeer), Infanterist (infantryman), Kürassier (cuirassier), Jäger (light-infantryman otherwise ranger), Füsilier (fusilier) etc., until 1945 Soldat (soldier) and unit-specific distinctions such as Schütze (rifleman), Grenadier (grenadier) etc. The navy equivalent of the OR-1 rank is known as Matrose[4] (sailor or seaman), and the German Air Force equivalent is Flieger[4] (aviator or airman) which is also used by army aviators.

text:
Bundeswehr OR-1-rank: Soldat (Heer), Flieger (German Air Force) and Matrose (German Navy)

Schütze, Kanonier, Jäger rank
shoulder epaulette
Army (Heer) uniform jacket

Schütze, Kanonier, Jäger rank
Army (Heer) combat uniform

Flieger rank
Air Force (Luftwaffe) combat uniform

Schütze, Kanonier, Jäger Unteroffizieranwärter (UA) NCO-candidate rank
Army (Heer) combat uniform

Matrose rank
Navy service uniform

text: Hungary[edit]

text: The name of the lowest rank in the Hungarian army (Magyar Honvédség) is the honvéd which means "homeland defender". The word is also used informally for a soldier in general of any rank (i.e. "our honvéds" or an officer referred as a honvédtiszt, honvéd officer). This is because Hungarian military traditions are strictly defensive, despite the Hungarian army participating in offensives on foreign soil in both world wars. The word honvéd has been in use since the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.

text: Ireland[edit]

text:
2* private

3* private

text: Private (Pte) (saighdiúr singil in Irish), is the lowest enlisted rank in the Irish Army. Soldiers enlist as recruits then undergo a basic course of instruction. There are three grades of private in the army. After basic training the soldier is upgraded (rather than promoted) from recruit to private 2 star (Pte 2*) (saighdiúr singil, 2 réalta). After more corps-specific training (usually lasting eight weeks) the soldier is upgraded to private 3 star (Pte 3*) (saighdiúr singil, 3 réalta). All are usually just addressed as "private", although before being upgraded, recruits may be addressed as "recruit".

text: In corps units, the rank designation changes. In the artillery, the rank is known as gunner (Gnr), but usually only after the completion of a gunners' course, and in the cavalry it is known as trooper (Tpr). Communications and Information Services privates are known as signalman or signalwoman. Medical orderlies are sometimes referred to as medic, although this can apply to privates and corporals.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In the Italian Army soldato is the lowest military rank. This rank is also referred to as recluta (meaning recruit). Soldato is the generic term for private. But in many specialized corps this term is never used, as a more specific, corp related, term is preferred. For instance the lowest rank in Alpine troops is alpino, and the lowest rank in the artillery is artigliere. In the air force this is ranked as aviere and in the navy as marinaio.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2008)

text: In the Royal Netherlands Army, the Landmacht, the equivalent ranks are soldaat (soldier), similar to the original French, with different classes:

text:
Soldaat der derde klasse (soldier/private 3rd class), for soldiers in Algemene Militaire Opleiding or AMO (General Military Training), with insignia.
Soldaat der tweede klasse (soldier/privat 2nd class), the basic infantry rank, an insignia single striped red band, obtained after AMO but before completion of Initiële Functie Opleiding or IFO (initial job training).
Soldaat der eerste klasse (soldier/privat 1st class), comparable to private first class, with an insignia with two neighbouring striped red bands, obtained automatically a year after completion of IFO.

text: Depending on where the soldaat serves, he may be deemed a kanonnier (gunner in the artillery), huzaar (hussar in the cavalry) or fuselier (rifleman in the rifles) as well as commando, jager or rijder. There is less differentiation than in other countries between different armed forces. A soldaat can be promoted to korporaal (corporal).

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In the Swiss Armed Forces a recruit is given the rank of Soldat when he finishes basic training, mostly after 13 weeks.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: In the Turkish Land Forces, Turkish Air Force and Turkish Naval Forces; Er (Private) is the lowest rank possible. This rank does not have any insignia.

text: United States[edit]

text: United States Army[edit]

text: In the U.S. Army, private is used for the two lowest enlisted ranks, just below private first class. The lowest rank is "private E-1" (PV1) and sometimes referred to as recruit, but also held by some soldiers after punishment through the Uniform Code of Military Justice or prisoners after conviction until they are discharged. A PV1 wears no uniform insignia; since the advent of the Army Combat Uniform, the term "fuzzy" has come into vogue, referring to the blank velcro patch on the ACU where the rank would normally be placed. The second rank, private E-2 (PV2), wears a single chevron, known colloquially as "mosquito wings". Advancement to the PV2 is automatic after six months' time in service, but may get shortened to four months if given a waiver. A person who earned the Eagle Scout award, the Gold Award, or completed at least two years of JROTC may enlist at any time at the rank of PV2.[6] The term of address, "Private", may be properly applied to any Army soldier E-1 (PV1) to E-3 (PFC). It should also be noted that while a soldier is currently in Initial Enlistment Training, he or she will often be referred to as "Private" by the training cadre, regardless of actual rank, even if the soldier enlisted as a Specialist/E-4.

text: United States Marine Corps[edit]

text: In the U.S. Marine Corps, private (Pvt) refers only to the lowest enlisted rank, just below private first class. A Marine Corps private wears no uniform insignia and is sometimes described as having a "slick sleeve" for this reason. Most new, non-officer Marines begin their military career as a private. In the Marine Corps, privates first class are not referred to as "private"; it is more appropriate to use either "private first class" or "PFC".


document_title: Take It to the Limit (Eagles song)

question_text: who sings take it to the limit from the eagles

text: Take It to the Limit (Eagles song)

text: Background

text: According to Meisner, he wrote the first few lines of the song one night while playing an acoustic guitar after returning from the Troubadour; however he was not able to finish the song by the time they were close to recording it, and Frey and Henley then helped him with the lyrics.[2] Meisner later said of how he would usually write songs with the Eagles: "I'd get a verse or two, and I'm done, and they would help fill in the blanks"[3]

text: On the meaning of the song, Meisner said in the documentary History of the Eagles: "The line 'take it to the limit' was to keep trying before you reach a point in your life where you feel you've done everything and seen everything, sort of feeling, you know, part of getting old. And just to take it to the limit one more time, like every day just keep, you know, punching away at it ... That was the line, and from there the song took a different course."[4]

text: Meisner sings lead on "Take it to the Limit" and the song was released as the third single from the album One of These Nights. It is the first and only Eagles single where Meisner sings lead.

text: Recordings

text: "Take It to the Limit" is unique in the canon of the band's singles, being the sole A-side on which Randy Meisner sang lead, as well as the first A-side Eagles single on which neither Henley nor Frey sang lead. It was also the last Eagles single to feature founding member Bernie Leadon before he was replaced by guitarist Joe Walsh. The single version of the song is 3:48 in length, almost a minute shorter than the album version. "Take It to the Limit" is one of few Eagles' tracks written in waltz time. (Other notable waltzes performed by the Eagles are "Hollywood Waltz"; the Meisner/Henley/Frey waltz "Saturday Night" (co-written with Leadon) from the 1973 Desperado album; Frey's "Most of Us are Sad" from their self-titled debut album; Frey/Henley/JD Souther's hard-rocking "Teenage Jail" from 1979's "The Long Run" album; and Walsh's "Pretty Maids All in a Row" on the 1976 album Hotel California.)[5]

text: A live performance by Meisner from 1976, recorded at The Forum, Inglewood, California, is included in the album Eagles Live, which was released in 1980 after the band had effectively broken up.

text: The song was rerecorded on Meisner's first solo album (Randy Meisner) released in 1978. The song was performed with piano and acoustic guitar accompaniment, and 1970s teen idol David Cassidy singing in the backing vocals.[6]

text: Live performances

text:
Eagles - "Take It to the Limit"

The climax of the song as performed by Randy Meisner in a concert in 1976 (from Eagles Live). Meisner was concerned about not hitting the high notes, and his reluctance to sing the song led to disputes and eventually his departure from the band.

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text: According to Frey, fans of the band loved Meisner's performance of his signature song "Take It to the Limit" at concert. As Henley puts it: "They went crazy when Randy hit those high notes".[7] Meisner, however, was concerned about not being able to hit the high notes, but Frey was insistent that Meisner should perform the song in concert for the fans, and live performances of the song then became a source of great contention between Frey and Meisner, and would eventually become one reason for Meisner leaving the band.

text: Meisner had been struggling to hit the crucial high notes in the song during the Hotel California tour. According to Joe Walsh, Meisner could perform the song, but would become nervous when told he had to sing it.[7] By the time they had reached Knoxville, Tennessee in June 1977, the band was feeling the strain of a long tour, with Meisner unhappy and suffering from a stomach ulcer.[8] Meisner decided not to sing the song for an encore because he had been up late and caught the flu,[9] Frey and Meisner then became involved in an angry physical confrontation backstage over Meisner's refusal to perform the song.[7] After the altercation, Meisner was frozen out from the band and he decided to leave.[8] He left the band at the end of their tour in September 1977[10] and was replaced by Timothy B. Schmit, coincidentally the same bassist who had replaced him in Poco.

text: The song was revived for the Eagles' late 1999 shows at Los Angeles' Staples Center and at those shows, as well as the Eagles' Farewell 1 Tour in 2004 and 2005 and on subsequent tours, the song was sung by Frey. Originally in B major, the song was transposed down to G major to accommodate for Frey's vocal range. For the band's 2017 shows, lead vocals were taken by Vince Gill and was again transposed to A major.

text: Personnel

text:
Randy Meisner – lead vocals, bass guitar
Glenn Frey – 12-string acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Don Henley – drums, backing vocals
Don Felder – lead guitar
Bernie Leadon – electric guitar
Jim Ed Norman – piano, conductor, string arrangements

text: Live version from 1976:

text:
Randy Meisner – lead vocals, bass guitar
Glenn Frey – piano, backing vocals
Don Henley – drums, backing vocals
Don Felder – electric guitar, backing vocals
Joe Walsh – 12-string acoustic guitar, backing vocals

text: Chart performance

text:
Chart (1975)
Peak
position

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[11]
16

Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[12]
6

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[13]
23

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14]
12

US Billboard Hot 100[15]
4

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[16]
4

text: Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version

text:
"Take It to the Limit"

Single by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings

from the album Take It to the Limit

B-side
"'Til I Gain Control Again"

Released
October 8, 1983

Genre
Country

Length
3:50

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Randy Meisner, Don Henley, Glenn Frey

Producer(s)
Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings

Willie Nelson singles chronology

"Why Do I Have to Choose"
(1983) Why Do I Have to Choose1983
"Take It to the Limit"
(1983) Take It to the Limit1983
"Without a Song"
(1984) Without a Song1984

Waylon Jennings singles chronology

"Hold On, I'm Comin'"
(1983) Hold On, I'm Comin'1983
"Take It to the Limit"
(1983) Take It to the Limit1983
"The Conversation"
(1983) The Conversation1983

text: The song was covered by country musicians Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings as the title track of their duet album, Take It to the Limit, which was released in 1983.

text: Chart performance

text:
Chart (1983–1984)
Peak
position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[17]
1

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[18]
8

US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[19]
2

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[20]
31

text: Other versions

text:
Dave Mason covered this song.
The song was covered by Jill Lancaster for the 1977 Christo documentary Running Fence.
The song was covered in 1977 by Etta James for her album Deep in the Night.
Cher performed the song on her first solo tour in 1979–1980 and again in 1989–1990 on the Heart of Stone Tour.
In 1993, Suzy Bogguss recorded the song for the album Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles.
Sarah Dougher covered it on her 1999 album Day One.
Richard Marx would regularly cover this song in concert. One 1987 performance, which was filmed, included both Meisner and Timothy B. Schmit, marking the only time (outside of the Eagles' induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame) the two former Eagles and Poco bassists shared a stage. Meisner played 12-string acoustic guitar and Schmit sang backing vocals.

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1976
Jump up ^ Harvey Kubernik, Scott Calamar (October 7, 2009). Canyon of Dreams: The Magic and the Music of Laurel Canyon. Sterling. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-4027-6589-6.
Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013. Event occurs at 50:55–51:57.
Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013. Event occurs at 1:12:40–1:13:40.
Jump up ^ Marcus, Greil (2007). Stranded: Rock and roll for a desert island (2nd Da Capo Press ed.). New York: Da Capo Press (Perseus Books Group). p. 87. ISBN 978-0-306-80682-7.
Jump up ^ "Randy Meisner – Randy Meisner". Discogs.
^ Jump up to: a b c History of the Eagles. 2013. Event occurs at 1:39:20–1:42:05.
^ Jump up to: a b Andy Greene (July 16, 2015). "Flashback: The Eagles Play 'Take It to the Limit' in 1977". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Greene, Andy (February 7, 2013). "Flashback: All the Eagles Unite for Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eagles – Biography". Billboard. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 4109a." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 4099." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Eagles – Take It to the Limit". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Eagles: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Eagles Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Eagles Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 6717." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.

tag: ol