document_title: Economic liberalisation in India

question_text: mention two problems that forced india to undertake new economic policy after 1991

text: Economic liberalisation in India

text: Pre-liberalisation policies[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of modern India

Pre-independence

Independence movement

Rebellion / Mutiny / First
War of Independence
1857–1858

British Raj
1858–1947

Partition
1947

Post-independence

Political integration
1947–1949

Non-Aligned Movement
1953–present

States Reorganisation Act
1956

Indo-Pakistani War
1965

Green Revolution
1970s

Indo-Pakistani War
1971

Emergency
1975–1977

1990s
Economic liberalisation

See also

History of India
History of South Asia

 India portal

v
t
e

text: Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience (which was seen by Indian leaders as exploitative in nature) and by those leaders' exposure to Fabian socialism. Policy tended towards protectionism, with a strong emphasis on import substitution, industrialisation under state monitoring, state intervention at the micro level in all businesses especially in labour and financial markets, a large public sector, business regulation, and central planning.[9] Five-Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union. Steel, mining, machine tools, water, telecommunications, insurance, and electrical plants, among other industries, were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s.[10] Elaborate licences, regulations and the accompanying red tape, commonly referred to as Licence Raj, were required to set up business in India between 1947 and 1990.[11]

text: Before the process of reform began in 1991, the government attempted to close the Indian economy to the outside world. The Indian currency, the rupee, was inconvertible and high tariffs and import licensing prevented foreign goods reaching the market. India also operated a system of central planning for the economy, in which firms required licences to invest and develop. The labyrinthine bureaucracy often led to absurd restrictions—up to 80 agencies had to be satisfied before a firm could be granted a licence to produce and the state would decide what was produced, how much, at what price and what sources of capital were used. The government also prevented firms from laying off workers or closing factories. The central pillar of the policy was import substitution, the belief that India needed to rely on internal markets for development, not international trade—a belief generated by a mixture of socialism and the experience of colonial exploitation. Planning and the state, rather than markets, would determine how much investment was needed in which sectors.

text: Pre-1991 liberalisation attempts[edit]

text: Attempts were made to liberalise the economy in 1966 and 1985. The first attempt was reversed in 1967. Thereafter, a stronger version of socialism was adopted. The second major attempt was in 1985 by prime minister Rajiv Gandhi. The process came to a halt in 1987, though 1967 style reversal did not take place.[13]

text: In the 80s, the government led by Rajiv Gandhi started light reforms. The government slightly reduced Licence Raj and also promoted the growth of the telecommunications and software industries.[14]

text: The Chandra Shekhar Singh government (1990–1991) took several significant steps towards the much needed reforms and laid its foundation.[15]

text: Prevailing situation during 1980s[edit]

text:
The low annual growth rate of the economy of India before 1980, which stagnated around 3.5% from 1950s to 1980s, while per capita income averaged 1.3%.[16] At the same time, Pakistan grew by 5%, Indonesia by 9%, Thailand by 9%, South Korea by 10% and Taiwan by 12%.[17]
Only four or five licences would be given for steel, electrical power and communications. Licence owners built up huge powerful empires.[12]
A huge private sector emerged. State-owned enterprises made large losses.[12]
Income Tax Department and Customs Department became inefficient in checking tax evasion.[citation needed]
Infrastructure investment was poor because of the public sector monopoly.[12]
Licence Raj established the "irresponsible, self-perpetuating bureaucracy that still exists throughout much of the country"[18] and corruption flourished under this system.[19]

text: The fruits of liberalisation reached their peak in 2006, when India recorded its highest GDP growth rate of 9.6%.[20] With this, India became the second fastest growing major economy in the world, next only to China.[19] The growth rate has slowed significantly in the first half of 2012.[21] An Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report states that the average growth rate 7.5% will double the average income in a decade, and more reforms would speed up the pace.[22] The economy then rebounded to 7.3% growth in 2014–15.

text: First reforms (1991–96)[edit]

text: Crisis[edit]

text: By 1991, India still had a fixed exchange rate system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having balance of payments problems since 1985, and by the end of 1990, the state of India was in a serious economic crisis. The government was close to default,[26][27] its central bank had refused new credit and foreign exchange reserves had reduced to the point that India could barely finance three weeks’ worth of imports. It had to pledge 20 tonnes of gold to Union Bank of Switzerland and 47 tonnes to Bank of England as part of a bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Most of the economic reforms were forced upon India as a part of the IMF bailout.[28]

text: A Balance of Payments crisis in 1991 pushed the country to near bankruptcy. In return for an IMF bailout, gold was transferred to London as collateral, the rupee devalued and economic reforms were forced upon India. That low point was the catalyst required to transform the economy through badly needed reforms to unshackle the economy. Controls started to be dismantled, tariffs, duties and taxes progressively lowered, state monopolies broken, the economy was opened to trade and investment, private sector enterprise and competition were encouraged and globalisation was slowly embraced. The reforms process continues today and is accepted by all political parties, but the speed is often held hostage by coalition politics and vested interests.

text: Liberalisation of 1991[edit]

text: In response, Prime Minister Narasimha Rao, along with his finance minister Manmohan Singh, initiated the economic liberalisation of 1991. The reforms did away with the Licence Raj, reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors.[29] Since then, the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same, although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers, on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies.[30] By the turn of the 21st century, India had progressed towards a free-market economy, with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation.[31] This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy, literacy rates and food security, although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents.[32]

text: Later reforms[edit]

text:
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)–Atal Bihari Vajpayee administration surprised many by continuing reforms, when it was at the helm of affairs of India for six years, from 1998–99 and from 1999–2004.[33]
The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance Coalition began privatising under-performing government owned business including hotels, VSNL, Maruti Suzuki, and airports, and began reduction of taxes, an overall fiscal policy aimed at reducing deficits and debts and increased initiatives for public works.
The United Front government attempted a progressive budget that encouraged reforms, but the 1997 Asian financial crisis and political instability created economic stagnation.
Towards the end of 2011, the Congress-led UPA-2 Coalition Government initiated the introduction of 51% Foreign Direct Investment in retail sector. But due to pressure from fellow coalition parties and the opposition, the decision was rolled back. However, it was approved in December 2012.[34]
In the early months of 2015, the second BJP-led NDA Government under Narendra Modi further opened up the insurance sector by allowing up to 49% FDI. This came seven years after the previous government attempted and failed to push through the same reforms and 16 years after the sector was first opened to foreign investors up to 26% under the first BJP-led NDA Government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee's administration.[35]
The second BJP-led NDA Government also opened up the coal industry through the passing of the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Bill of 2015. It effectively ended the Indian central government's monopoly over the mining of coal, which existed since nationalization in 1973 through socialist controls. It has opened up the path for private, foreign investments in the sector, since Indian arms of foreign companies are entitled to bid for coal blocks and licences, as well as for commercial mining of coal. This could result in billions of dollars investments by domestic and foreign miners. The move is also beneficial to the state-owned Coal India Limited, which may now get the elbow room to bring in some much needed technology and best practices, while opening up prospects of a better future for millions of mine workers.[36]
In the 2016 budget session of Parliament, the Narendra Modi led BJP Government pushed through the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code. The Code creates time-bound processes for insolvency resolution of companies and individuals. These processes will be completed within 180 days. If insolvency cannot be resolved, the assets of the borrowers may be sold to repay creditors. This law drastically eases the process of doing business, according to experts and is considered by many to be the second most important reform in India since 1991 next to the proposed GST.[37]
On July 1st 2017, the BJP-led NDA Government under Narendra Modi launched the Goods and Services Tax (India). This came years after the previous government attempted and failed to push through the same reform and 17 years after the legislation was proposed under the first BJP-led NDA Government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee's administration in 2000. Touted to be India's biggest tax reform in 70 years of independence and the most important overall reform in terms of ease of doing business since 1991. GST replaces a slew of indirect taxes with a unified tax structure and is therefore set to dramatically reshape the country's 2 trillion dollar economy.[38]

text: Impact[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The impact of these reforms may be gauged from the fact that total foreign investment (including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment raised on international capital markets) in India grew from a minuscule US$132 million in 1991–92 to $5.3 billion in 1995–96.[39]

text: Annual growth in GDP per capita has accelerated from just 1¼ per cent in the three decades after Independence to 7½ per cent currently, a rate of growth that will double average income in a decade.... In service sectors where government regulation has been eased significantly or is less burdensome—such as communications, insurance, asset management and information technology—output has grown rapidly, with exports of information technology enabled services particularly strong. In those infrastructure sectors which have been opened to competition, such as telecoms and civil aviation, the private sector has proven to be extremely effective and growth has been phenomenal.

text: Election of AB Vajpayee as Prime Minister of India in 1998 and his agenda was a welcome change. His prescription to speed up economic progress included solution of all outstanding problems with the West (Cold War related) and then opening gates for FDI investment. In three years, the West was developing a bit of a fascination to India's brainpower, powered by IT and BPO. By 2004, the West would consider investment in India, should the conditions permit. By the end of Vajpayee's term as prime minister, a framework for the foreign investment had been established. The new incoming government of Dr. Manmohan Singh in 2004 further strengthened the required infrastructure to welcome the FDI.

text: Today, fascination with India is translating into active consideration of India as a destination for FDI. The A T Kearney study put India second most likely destination for FDI in 2005 behind China. It has displaced US to the third position. This is a great leap forward. India was at the 15th position, only a few years back. To quote the A T Kearney Study, "India's strong performance among manufacturing and telecom & utility firms was driven largely by their desire to make productivity-enhancing investments in IT, business process outsourcing, research and development, and knowledge management activities".

text: Challenges to further reforms[edit]

text: For 2010, India was ranked 124th among 179 countries in Index of Economic Freedom World Rankings, which is an improvement from the preceding year.

text:
Slow growth of the agricultural sector, where half of Indians earn most of their income[40]
Highly restrictive and complex labour laws.[22][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]
High inflation[40]
High poverty[40]
Corruption and graft[40]
Lack of political consensus and will[40][49]

text: OECD summarised the key reforms that are needed:

text: In labour markets, employment growth has been concentrated in firms that operate in sectors not covered by India's highly restrictive labour laws. In the formal sector, where these labour laws apply, employment has been falling and firms are becoming more capital intensive despite abundant low-cost labour. Labour market reform is essential to achieve a broader-based development and provide sufficient and higher productivity jobs for the growing labour force. In product markets, inefficient government procedures, particularly in some of the states, acts as a barrier to entrepreneurship and need to be improved. Public companies are generally less productive than private firms and the privatisation programme should be revitalised. A number of barriers to competition in financial markets and some of the infrastructure sectors, which are other constraints on growth, also need to be addressed. The indirect tax system needs to be simplified to create a true national market, while for direct taxes, the taxable base should be broadened and rates lowered. Public expenditure should be re-oriented towards infrastructure investment by reducing subsidies. Furthermore, social policies should be improved to better reach the poor and—given the importance of human capital—the education system also needs to be made more efficient.

text: Though recently labour law reforms have been enacted at the state level[50][51][52][53]

text: Reforms at the state level[edit]

text: According to an OECD survey of the Indian economy [22] states that had more liberal regulatory regimes had better economic performance. The survey also concluded that were complementary measures for better delivery of infrastructure, education and basic services implemented, they would boost employment creation and poverty reduction.


document_title: Mandy Moore (choreographer)

question_text: who does the choreography on dancing with the stars

root

text: Mandy Moore (choreographer)

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Mandy Moore

Born
Samantha Jo Moore
(1976-03-28) March 28, 1976 (age 41)
 St. Louis, Missouri

Occupation
Choreographer

text: Samantha Jo "Mandy" Moore (born March 28, 1976 in St. Louis, Missouri and raised in Breckenridge, Colorado) is an American choreographer who is well known for her work on Dancing with the Stars and on So You Think You Can Dance, having appeared on seasons 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. Moore was nominated for Emmy Awards in 2008, 2011, 2013, 2014, and twice in 2017.[1][2] She won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography in 2017 for Dancing with the Stars ("On Top of the World" and "Carol of the Bells" from Season 23). She has also choreographed duet and group numbers for So You Think You Can Dance United Kingdom, Canada, Ukraine, and the Netherlands.

tag: p

text: Moore choreographed the 2016 film La La Land.[3] Rehearsals took place at a production office in Atwater Village over the span of three to four months beginning in May 2015. For the film, Moore emphasized emotion rather than technique.[4] The film received widespread acclaim from critics.

text: Choreography for So You Think You Can Dance[edit]

text:
Season
Week
Dancers
Style
Song
Note

3
2
Sabra Johnson
Dominic Sandoval
Contemporary
"I'll Stand by You"—The Pretenders

3
Anya Garnis
Danny Tidwell
Hip-Hop
"Oh Timbaland"—Timbaland

5
Sara Von Gillern
Pasha Kovalev
Jazz
"Body Language"—Queen

4
1
Kourtni Lind
Matt Dorame
"Tainted Love"—Soft Cell

2
Chelsea Traille
Thayne Jasperson
"Untouched"—The Veronicas

Courtney Galiano
Gev Manoukian
Contemporary
"Lost"—Anouk

4
Jessica King
William Wingfield
Lyrical Jazz
"Alone"—Heart

Chelsie Hightower
Mark Kanemura
Jazz
"Kiss Kiss"—Holly Valance (incorrectly listed as "Holly Vance")

5
Comfort Fedoke
Thayne Jasperson
Contemporary
"A Different Corner"—George Michael

Courtney Galiano
Gev Manoukian
Jazz
"Standing There"—The Creatures

8
Top 6
Contemporary
"The Rose"—Bette Midler
Result Show

5
1
Melissa Sandvig
Ade Obayomi
"Right Here Waiting"—Richard Marx

3
Asuka Kondoh
Vitolio Jeune
Jazz
"Heartbreaker"—Pat Benatar

5
Caitlin Kinney
Jason Glover
Lyrical Jazz
"Show Me Heaven"—Maria McKee

6
1
Kathryn McCormick
Noelle Marsh
Billy Bell
Victor Smalley
Contemporary
"Viva La Vida"—Coldplay

3
Ashleigh Di Lello
Jakob Karr
Jazz
"Relax"—Frankie Goes to Hollywood

6
Mollee Gray
Russell Ferguson
Lyrical Jazz
"It Must Have Been Love"—Roxette

7
1
Lauren Froderman
Ade Obayomi
Pop-Jazz
"Oh Yeah"—Yello

2
Allison Holker
AdéChiké Torbert
Contemporary
"Listen to Your Heart" (Edmee's Unplugged Vocal Edit)—DHT

3
Kent Boyd
Allison Holker
Jazz
"Heartburn"—Alicia Keys

4
Lauren Gottlieb
Jose Ruiz
Contemporary
"Never Tear Us Apart"—INXS

Courtney Galiano
AdéChiké Torbert
Jazz
"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby" (Rae & Christian Remix)—Dinah Washington

5
Billy Bell
Lauren Froderman
"Boogie Shoes"—KC & the Sunshine Band

9
Kent Boyd
Lauren Froderman
"Hip to Be Square"—Huey Lewis and the News

Charlie Bruce (SYTYCD U.K. winner)
Neil Haskell

"I Surrender"—Celine Dion
Guest dancers
Result Show

8
1
Ryan Ramirez
Ricky Jaime
Jazz
"Addicted to Love"—Robert Palmer

Melanie Moore
Marko Germar
"Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)" (Raf Marchesini Remix)—DKS

3
Caitlynn Lawson
Mitchell Kelly
Contemporary
"To Love You More"—Celine Dion

6
Neil Haskell
Melanie Moore
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"—Bonnie Tyler

Lauren Froderman
Tadd Gadduang
Jazz
"Another One Bites the Dust"—Queen

9
3
Lindsay Arnold
Cole Horibe
Contemporary
"Wild Horses"—Charlotte Martin

Amelia Lowe
Will Thomas
Jazz
"You!"—The Creatures featuring Siouxsie Sioux

6
Melanie Moore
Cyrus "Glitch" Spencer
"Badder Badder Schwing"—Freddy Fresh feat. Fatboy Slim

Tiffany Maher
Ade Obayomi
Contemporary
"The Power of Love"—Celine Dion

10
6
Malece Miller
Alan Bersten
Jazz
"Come Dance With Me"—Michael Bublé

Makenzie Dustman
Paul Karmiryan
Contemporary
"The Edge of Glory" (Live from A Very Gaga Thanksgiving)—Lady Gaga

7
Fik-shun
Melanie Moore
Jazz
"Feeling Good"—Jennifer Hudson

Jenna Johnson
Neil Haskell
Contemporary
"I Can't Make You Love Me"—Mark Masri

11
3
Top 16
Jazz
"Take Me to the River"—Annie Lenox

Carly Blaney
Serge Onik
Contemporary
"Foolish Games"—Jewel

4
Tanisha Belnap
Rudy Abreu
"Seduces Me"—Celine Dion

Top 7 Girls
"My Immortal"—Evanescence

5
Ricky Ubeda
Lauren Froderman
Rockabilly Jazz
"Bossa Nova Baby" (Viva Remix)—Elvis Presley

6
Jessica Richens
Will Wingfield
Contemporary
"Earth Song"—Michael Jackson

12
7
Gaby Diaz
Robert Roldan

Contemporary
"Angel"—Sarah McLachlan

8
Group Dance
Contemporary
"Everybody Hurts"—Jasmine Thompson

10
Gaby Diaz
Robert Roldan

Contemporary
"Angel"—Sarah McLachlan
Season Finale/ Finalists' picks

13
1
J. T. Church
Robert Roldan

Contemporary
"Stand in the Light"—Jordan Smith

All-Stars
Contemporary
"Unsteady (Erich Lee Gravity Remix)"—X Ambassadors

4
J. T. Church
Robert Roldan

Jazz
"Friend Like Me"—from Aladdin (Ne-Yo cover)

Ruby Castro
Leon "Kida" Burns

Contemporary
"Over the Rainbow"—from The Wizard of Oz (Shawn McDonald cover)

5
Tate McRae
Kathryn McCormick

Contemporary
"Rise Up"—Andra Day

All-Star Women
Contemporary
"This Is Not the End"—Clare Maguire

8
Top 10 and Maddie
Contemporary
"Small"—Lamb

J.T. Church
Robert Roldan

Contemporary
"Stand in the Light"—Jordan Smith
Season Finale/
Robert's pick

14
Academy Week #1
Academy Contestants
Various
"Brand New" - Atwater Men's Club Feat. Luke Wade

1
All-Stars
Contemporary
"Knocking On Heavens Door"—RAIGN

2
Top 10 and All-Stars
Disco
"You Should Be Dancing"—Bee Gees
Co-choreographed with Val Chmerkovskiy

3
Kiki Nyemchek
Jenna Johnson

Contemporary
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"—George Michael

4
Koine Iwasaki
Marko Germar

Jazz
"HandClap"—Fitz and The Tantrums

Lex Ishimoto
Gaby Diaz

Contemporary
"Work Song"—Luke Wade

5
Taylor Sieve
Robert Roldan

Contemporary
"To Make You Feel My Love" - Mick McAuley & Winifred Horan

7
Kiki Nyemchek
Jenna Johnson

Contemporary
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"—Jeffrey Gaines
Kiki's pick

Koine Iwasaki
Taylor Sieve

Jazz
"Black & Gold" — Brenna Whitaker

8
Top 10 and All-Stars
Jazz
"Dancing on the Ceiling" - Nick Wells
Macy's performance


document_title: Parks and Recreation (season 4)

question_text: parks and rec treat yo self episode number

text: Parks and Recreation (season 4)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope, a mid-level bureaucrat with a strong love of her home town of Pawnee, who has not let politics dampen her sense of optimism; her ultimate goal is to become President of the United States.[1] Poehler departed from the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, where she was a cast member for nearly seven years, to star in Parks and Recreation.[2][3] It was only after she was cast that Daniels and Schur established the general concept of the show and the script for the pilot was written.[4]
Rashida Jones as Ann Perkins, a nurse and political outsider who gradually becomes more involved in Pawnee government through her friendship with Leslie.[5] Jones was among the first to be cast by Daniels and Schur in 2008, when the series was still being considered as a spin-off to The Office, where Jones had played Jim Halpert's girlfriend Karen Filippelli, who formerly worked at the Stamford Branch but was soon transferred to the Scranton Branch in the 3rd season.[4][6]
Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford, Leslie's sarcastic and underachieving subordinate,[7] who eventually begins to consider leaving his city hall job to pursue his own entrepreneurial interests.[8] As with Jones, Daniels and Schur had intended to cast Ansari from the earliest stages of the development of Parks and Recreation.[4][6]
Nick Offerman as Ron Swanson, the parks and recreation director who, as a libertarian, believes in as small a government as possible. As such, Ron strives to make his department as ineffective as possible, and favors hiring employees who do not care about their jobs or are poor at them.[7] Nevertheless, Ron consistently demonstrates that he secretly cares deeply about his fellow co-workers.[9]
Aubrey Plaza as April Ludgate, a cynical and uninterested parks department intern who eventually becomes the perfect assistant for Ron.[10] The role was written specifically for Plaza; after meeting her, casting director Allison Jones told Schur, "I just met the weirdest girl I've ever met in my life. You have to meet her and put her on your show."[11]
Chris Pratt as Andy Dwyer, a goofy and dim-witted but lovable slacker. Pratt was originally intended to be a guest star and the character Andy was initially meant to appear only in the first season, but the producers liked Pratt so much that, almost immediately after casting him, they decided to make him a regular cast member starting with season two.[12]
Adam Scott as Ben Wyatt, a brilliant but socially awkward government official trying to redeem his past as a failed mayor in his youth.[13] Scott left his starring role on the Starz comedy series Party Down to join the show.[14]
Rob Lowe as Chris Traeger, an excessively positive and extremely health-conscious government official.[15] Unlike Scott, Lowe was originally expected to depart after a string of guest appearances,[16][17] but later signed a multi-year contract to become a regular cast member.[17][18]
Jim O'Heir as Jerry Gergich, the office scapegoat and overall klutz, with unbelievably attractive daughters and wife.
Retta as Donna Meagle, who's sassy and savvy and has little patience for stupidity.

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text: † denotes an extended episode.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

47
1
"I'm Leslie Knope"
Troy Miller
Dan Goor
September 22, 2011 (2011-09-22)
4.11[19]

Leslie is torn between Ben and her dreams of running for public office, while Ron braces himself for the arrival of his first wife, Tammy One.

48
2
"Ron and Tammys"
Randall Einhorn
Norm Hiscock
September 29, 2011 (2011-09-29)
4.33[20]

Leslie is pulled into Ron's personal life as Tammy One (Patricia Clarkson) exerts malevolent influence on him, and seeks out help from Ron's mother, "Tammy Zero". Tom tasks Ben with helping out with his grossly mismanaged new company, while Ann and Chris team up for a public service announcement about diabetes.

49
3
"Born & Raised"
Dean Holland
Aisha Muharrar
October 6, 2011 (2011-10-06)
4.15[21]

Promoting a book she has written about Pawnee, Leslie falls victim to Joan Callamezzo's "Gotcha!" journalism, but also learns a horrifying fact about her personal history. Tom's flirting with Joan takes a disturbing turn, while Ann strives fruitlessly to make Ron and April enjoy chatting with her.

50
4
"Pawnee Rangers"
Charles McDougall
Alan Yang
October 13, 2011 (2011-10-13)
3.99[22]

Ron and Leslie get into a feud over their rival youth camp programs, with Ron's spartan Pawnee Rangers up against Leslie's supportive and indulgent Pawnee Goddesses. Tom and Donna invite Ben – still despondent over his breakup with Leslie – to their annual "Treat Yo' Self" spa and shopping excursion. Jerry takes his daughter and Chris to lunch together.

51
5
"Meet n Greet"
Wendey Stanzler
Katie Dippold
October 27, 2011 (2011-10-27)
3.90[23]

Ben is mad when Andy and April decide to throw a Halloween party at their house without asking him. Tom emcees an event for Leslie’s campaign but manages to also promote his company. Meanwhile, Ron and Ann give Andy and April an unusual wedding present.

52
6
"End of the World"†
Dean Holland
Michael Schur
November 3, 2011 (2011-11-03)
4.00[24]

A local Pawnee group, The Reasonabilists (aka "Zorpies", members of a cult who follow "Zorp the Surveyor"), predicts that the end of the world is coming, causing Leslie and others to contemplate their lives. Tom decides to throw the best party ever before he loses his office space, while April helps Andy complete his "bucket list" before the world ends.

53
7
"The Treaty"
Jorma Taccone
Harris Wittels
November 10, 2011 (2011-11-10)
3.66[25]

Leslie and Ben are excited about the opportunity to lead a Model United Nations conference, but their post-dating relationship becomes the major crisis of the event. Elsewhere, Andy and April uniquely lend a helping hand at the conference; Ron goes the extra mile to try and convince a reluctant Tom to return to his government post; and Chris enlists advice from Ann, Donna, and an uneasy Jerry to find out why Millie isn't returning his calls.

54
8
"Smallest Park"
Nicole Holofcener
Chelsea Peretti
November 17, 2011 (2011-11-17)
3.68[26]

Leslie attempts to delay completion of Indiana's smallest park in order to spend more time with Ben before he transfers out of the parks department. Andy goes back to college with Ron and April's support, and Chris tasks Tom and Jerry with designing a new logo.

55
9
"The Trial of Leslie Knope"
Dean Holland
Dan Goor & Michael Schur
December 1, 2011 (2011-12-01)
3.69[27]

Leslie and Ben finally tell Chris about their relationship, leading to Leslie's trial by the board to see whether she took advantage of him to get ahead. Ann, Ron, April, Andy, Donna, and Jerry sit in as witnesses to help prove her innocence, while Chris becomes their enemy.

56
10
"Citizen Knope"
Randall Einhorn
Dave King
December 8, 2011 (2011-12-08)
3.64[28]

When Chris bans a suspended Leslie from trying to do her job in any way, Leslie becomes a super-organizer for citizen-based projects in Pawnee. The entire staff endeavors to create the most thoughtful present for Leslie they can think of, in order to pay her back for her many years of unprecedentedly thoughtful presents. Ben Wyatt goes on distressing private sector job interviews before getting good advice from a surprising source. Leslie's City Council campaign suffers crippling losses–until her friends and colleagues unite anew to help her out.

57
11
"The Comeback Kid"
Tucker Gates
Mike Scully
January 12, 2012 (2012-01-12)
4.09[29]

Leslie must ask for help in order to stage a major event to re-establish her campaign. Ben uses his new-found freetime to explore new hobbies, alarming Chris with their uselessness and causing him to step in and help. April and Andy adopt a new pet dog, without consulting Ben.

58
12
"Campaign Ad"
Dean Holland
Alan Yang
January 19, 2012 (2012-01-19)
4.25[30]

The race for City Council is shaken up by the entry of Bobby Newport (Paul Rudd), the wealthy and good-natured son of the town's largest employer, as a candidate. Leslie and Ben have a fight over the tone of their campaign ads. Chris tries to befriend Ron, making him uncomfortable. Andy and April visit the doctor.

59
13
"Bowling for Votes"
Michael Trim
Katie Dippold
January 26, 2012 (2012-01-26)
3.49[31]

Leslie and Ben host a bowling night after receiving feedback about Leslie's campaign. Leslie chases one vote in particular, culminating in punches being thrown. April, Chris, and Jerry hold a competition to see who can raise the most funds. Ron and Ann are embarrassed by Tom's childlike bowling technique in contrast to Ron's straightforward technique and Ann's terrible technique.

60
14
"Operation Ann"
Morgan Sackett
Aisha Muharrar
February 2, 2012 (2012-02-02)
3.60[32]

Leslie works to find Ann a Valentine's date, finding only the run of the muck strange Pawneeans. Ron helps Ben with Leslie's difficult Valentine's scavenger hunt, and Chris becomes depressed over his love life.

61
15
"Dave Returns"
Robert B. Weide
Harris Wittels
February 16, 2012 (2012-02-16)
3.45[33]

Leslie and Ben run into Dave (Louis C.K.) while meeting with the Chief of Police. Andy searches for a song to represent Leslie's campaign.

62
16
"Sweet Sixteen"
Michael Schur
Norm Hiscock
February 23, 2012 (2012-02-23)
3.43[34]

After realizing everyone forgot Jerry's birthday, Leslie decides to throw him a party; Tom is shocked to learn Ann doesn't share his taste in music.

63
17
"Campaign Shake-Up"
Dan Goor
Dan Goor
March 1, 2012 (2012-03-01)
3.77[35]

Bobby Newport hires a new campaign manager (Kathryn Hahn). Leslie courts the support of a powerful Pawnee senior citizen (Carl Reiner). Chris informs Ron that if Leslie wins city council, a new deputy director will have to be hired. To prevent this, Ron enlists Ann to take over the department on a water fountain project. However, the conflict between April and Ann, combined with Tom's overswagginess, Jerry's incompetence, Donna's reluctance, and Andy's overexcited-ness culminates in a department-wide water-balloon war and forces someone to step up.

64
18
"Lucky"
Troy Miller
Nick Offerman
March 8, 2012 (2012-03-08)
3.66[36]

Indianapolis journalist Buddy Wood (Sean Hayes) selects Leslie as one of the local candidates whom he profiles in an annual special. Andy prepares for his final women's studies exam, and both Ron and Chris take an interest in his professor.

65
19
"Live Ammo"
Tristram Shapeero
Dave King & Chelsea Peretti
April 19, 2012 (2012-04-19)
3.46[37]

Leslie discovers that the Parks Department budget is about to be cut, and she later meets the City Council member (Bradley Whitford) she is running to replace. Chris and Ron visit a meditation center. Chris learns that if Newport wins, he's fired as city manager.

66
20
"The Debate"†
Amy Poehler
Amy Poehler
April 26, 2012 (2012-04-26)[a]
3.17[38]

Leslie and Bobby Newport hold a debate.

67
21
"Bus Tour"†
Dean Holland
Aisha Muharrar & Alan Yang
May 3, 2012 (2012-05-03)[a]
3.26[39]

The father of Bobby Newport dies suddenly while Leslie is on a critical campaign swing through the city. Andy tries to figure out who pie-faced Jerry a few nights earlier, believing the target to be Leslie.

68
22
"Win, Lose, or Draw"†
Michael Schur
Michael Schur
May 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)[a]
3.42[40]

It's election day for Leslie, and Ben is contemplating an offer to help work on a campaign in Washington. Meanwhile, Andy tries to help April rescue the files she deleted from the Parks Department computers.

text: a Episodes 20–22 premiered on Citytv two days prior to airing on NBC. The NBC airdates and ratings are listed.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Like the two previous seasons, the fourth season of Parks and Recreation received highly positive reviews. The show's fourth currently holds a 100% on Rotten Tomatoes.[41] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix said the fourth season was "funny and touching in all the best Parks and Rec ways."[42] Some of the more critically acclaimed episodes of the season included "The Debate" and "Win, Lose, or Draw". Matt Fowler of IGN Movies said in regard to the finale that "Parks and Recreation continues its streak of leaving a season on a strong note with "Win, Lose or Draw" - an episode that hit the right spots comedically while also, you know, sneaking up on me emotionally."[43] The fourth season also received 3 Primetime Emmy Award nominations; Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for Amy Poehler, and Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for the episodes "The Debate" (also for Poehler) and "Win, Lose, or Draw" for Michael Schur.

text: Production[edit]

text: At the March 2012 PaleyFest, series co-creator Michael Schur revealed that three different season endings were filmed because "we want to make sure that the one we are choosing is the right [one] and we reserve the right to change our minds and also partly just to confuse people," he said, adding that "there may be a last-minute switch".[44]