document_title: Interstate 40 in Tennessee

question_text: where does time change on i 40 in tn

question_tokens: where does time change on i 40 in tn

text: Interstate 40 in Tennessee

text: Route description[edit]

text: West Tennessee[edit]

text: I-40 enters Tennessee from Arkansas via the six lane Hernando de Soto Bridge, which spans the Mississippi River at river mile 736. Immediately within the city of Memphis, the interstate passes across the southern half of Mud Island before crossing the Wolf River Harbor into downtown Memphis. Throughout Memphis, the highway contains a minimum of six through lanes, except through major interchanges. About one mile from the state line is an interchange with the western terminus of Interstate 240, where I-40 abruptly turns north, following a route formerly designated as part of I-240. About one mile later, the highway has an interchange with State Route 300, a connector to US 51 and the future Interstate 69. At this interchange, the interstate turns east and enters a stretch designated as the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Expressway. I-40 crosses the Wolf River three times in Memphis as the road passes near the neighborhoods of Frayser and Raleigh and turns southeast. A few miles later, I-40 has an interchange with I-240 southbound and Sam Cooper Boulevard eastbound, and turns sharp northeast, leaving Memphis. For the next several miles the highway is known as the Isaac Hayes Memorial Highway and is eight lanes, the left lanes functioning as HOV lanes during rush hour, passing through several major suburbs of Memphis, including Bartlett, Cordova, and Lakeland. At exit 18, which is with US 64, the highway narrows to six lanes, and to four lanes a short distance beyond. Several miles later, near Arlington, is a cloverleaf interchange with I-269.

text: West of Arlington, I-40 crosses the Loosahatchie River and leaves the Memphis area, traversing through the Gulf Coastal Plain in a very flat and straight stretch of mostly farmland with some rural woodlands, bypassing most cities and communities. South of Brownsville, about 40 miles east of Memphis, the highway turns north and enters the Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge and crosses the Hatchie River. Upon exiting the refuge, I-40 turns east and passes just southeast of Brownsville. The interstate continues for the next 20 miles though further agricultural terrain, and at mile marker 78, the crosses the South Fork of the Forked Deer River into Jackson. Passing through the northern half of the city, I-40 has a total of six exits in Jackson. From Jackson, I-40 continues east northeast through a sparsely populated area of farmland and woodlands, and near the community of Parkers Crossroads, has an interchange with SR 22, a major north-south connector route in west Tennessee. Several miles later, I-40 proceeds for several miles through the northern half of the Natchez Trace State Park, and has an interchange with US 641/SR 69, another major north-south corridor, at milepost 126. The route then descends about 400 feet (120 m) on a steep grade over the course of a mile before crossing the Tennessee River into Middle Tennessee on the Jimmy Mann Evans Memorial Bridge.

text: Middle Tennessee[edit]

text: East of the Tennessee River, I-40 traverses through mostly vast woodlands in the rugged hills of the Western Highland Rim for a considerable distance. This section is characterized by several noticeable upgrades and downgrades, with mostly minor curves. About 35 miles later, the highway passes southeast of Dickson, now within the Nashville metropolitan area. A few miles later, approximately 35 miles west of Nashville, is the western terminus of Interstate 840, the outer southern beltway around Nashville. The highway continues through mostly woodlands and descends into the Nashville Basin between mile markers 186 and 188. Around Bellevue, the route widens to six lanes, entering the urban outskirts of Nashville.

text: About ten miles later, I-40 has an interchange with the western terminus of State Route 155 (Briley Parkway), the northern controlled-access beltway around Nashville. About two miles later is the western terminus of I-440, the southern loop around central Nashville. Two miles later, I-40 enters Downtown Nashville, and has interchanges with several major highways and surface roads. In Nashville, I-40 shares brief concurrences first with I-65 and then I-24, before splitting off. The eastern terminus of I-440 is directly accessible from the easternmost interchange with I-24. About 1.5 miles later, I-40 has an interchange with SR 155 (Briley Parkway) near the Nashville International Airport. The route continues east for the next 20 miles through a still-developing area with eight lanes, the left lanes functioning as HOV lanes during rush hour, passing near the suburbs of Mount Juliet and Gallatin. At mile 219, I-40 crosses the Stones River just downstream from the Percy Priest Dam. About 25 miles east of Nashville, the route narrows back to four lanes and has an interchange with the eastern terminus of I-840 a few miles east of Lebanon. The interstate continues for roughly 50 miles (80 km) across mostly open farmland, passing near mostly small communities.

text: In Smith County between mileposts 263 and 266, I-40 crosses the meandering Caney Fork River five times before ascending the Eastern Highland Rim, reaching 1,000 feet (300 m) for the first time in the state near Silver Point. The interstate remains relatively flat across the plateau, beginning at the edge of the table-top rim at mile marker 272 near Baxter. The highway continues for about 15 miles through a mix of farmland and woodlands, before reaching Cookeville, where it has interchanges with several highways including SR 111, a major north-south connector to Chattanooga. For the next 20 miles, I-40 passes through a predominantly wooded area, ascending the western escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau and reaching elevations above 2,000 feet (610 m), before reaching Crossville. At mile 308, I-40 crosses the Tennessee Divide, where the Cumberland and Tennessee River watersheds meet. The divide is marked in the eastbound lanes with a sign reading "Entering Emory River watershed." In the westbound counterparts is a sign noting the beginning of the Caney Fork watershed.

text: East Tennessee[edit]

text: I-40 remains relatively flat and straight as it continues across the Cumberland Plateau and passes through the northern part of Crossville. East of Crossville, the Crab Orchard Mountains, the southern fringe of the Cumberland Mountains, come into view as the road descends several hundred feet. At mile 329, the interstate enters Crab Orchard Gap and proceeds through a narrow valley once prone to rockslides. At mile 340, the Interstate crosses into Roane County entering the Eastern Time Zone, and shortly thereafter the road begins its descent of the Cumberland Plateau into the Tennessee Valley and the speed limit is 60 mph to 70 mph. I-40 hugs the slopes of the plateau's Walden Ridge escarpment for several miles, containing what some describe as dramatic views of the Tennessee Valley below to the south, before reaching the base of the plateau at mile 347 between Harriman and Rockwood. As it enters the Ridge-and-Valley province of the Appalachians, of which the Tennessee Valley is a part, I-40 crosses a series of ridges and valleys characteristic of the region's topography. At mile 351, the road crosses the Clinch River, with the Kingston Fossil Plant and its 1,000-foot (300 m) twin smokestacks dominating the view to the north.

text: At exit 368, about 20 miles west southwest of downtown Knoxville, I-40 merges with I-75, which continues to the southwest to Chattanooga, and widens to six lanes. The two highways pass through several of the suburbs of Knoxville, and exits are numbered according to I-40 mileage along this stretch. At exit 374 (SR 131/Lovell Road), the highway widens to eight lanes and the speed limit drops to 55 mph. , and at the next exit, has an interchange with the Pellissippi Parkway (SR 162 westbound, Interstate 140 eastbound), which connects to Oak Ridge and Maryville, respectively. At exit 385 is an interchange with the western terminus of Interstate 640, a beltway which passes northwest of downtown Knoxville. Also at this exit, I-75 splits off from I-40 onto a concurrency with I-640, splitting off a few miles later and heading towards Lexington, Kentucky. The route then enters downtown Knoxville, passing near the main campus of the University of Tennessee, as well as several residential neighborhoods, and has interchanges with US 129, I-275, US 441, and SR 158. I-40 is a minimum of six through lanes through the entirety of central Knoxville, containing several short segments of auxiliary lanes between exits. The highway then enters a predominantly residential area, passing next to the Knoxville Zoo, before coming to an interchange with the eastern terminus of I-640 and leaving Knoxville.

text: For approximately the next thirty miles beyond Knoxville, I-40 is six lanes and the speed limit is 65 mph and 55 mph for trucks, traveling through a predominately rural and agricultural area and passing near several cities and communities. Exit 407, reportedly one of the busiest and most congested non-interstate exits in the state, is the primary means of access to tourist attractions in the cities of Pigeon Forge, Sevierville, and Gatlinburg, as well as the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. At exit 422 is the beginning of Interstate 81, which runs into Northeast Tennessee to the so called "Tri-Cities" of Bristol, Kingsport, and Johnson City. At this interchange, the route narrows to four lanes and turns sharp south, crossing the Douglas Dam impoundment of the French Broad River, and passing Newport along the northern base of English Mountain for several miles. At mile 440, the road turns south through the gap between English Mountain and Stone Mountain, revealing a dramatic view of the 4,928-foot (1,502 m) Mount Cammerer at the northeastern end of the Great Smokies range, and the road proceeds into the Pigeon River Gorge through the Blue Ridge Mountains, closely following the north bank of the river. This section is extremely curvy and contains a 55 mph speed limit due to its susceptibility to accidents. This stretch is also prone to rockslides, and contains mesh nets along some of the cliff slopes as preventative measures. I-40 enters North Carolina about 4 miles (6.4 km) east of the unincorporated community of Hartford, Tennessee.

text: Music Highway[edit]

text: The term Music Highway refers to a section of I-40 between Memphis and Nashville. I-40 was designated as such by an act of the Tennessee Legislature in 1997 "from the eastern boundary of Davidson County to the Mississippi River in Shelby County," a distance of about 222 miles (357 km). I-40 is designated as such because of the rich music history in Memphis, Nashville, and the areas in between. Memphis is known as "the Home of the Blues and the Birthplace of Rock and Roll." Nashville is known as "Music City USA" for its influence on numerous types of music, especially country. Several cities and towns between the two, such as Jackson, Brownsville, Nutbush, Waverly and others were birthplaces or homes of numerous singers and songwriters. Signs that display the words "Music Highway" along with music notes are erected in both directions along I-40, especially at the borders of Shelby County and Davidson County.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: Construction and early history[edit]

text: The Tennessee leg of I-40 was part of the original 1,047 miles (1,685 km) of Interstate Highways authorized for Tennessee by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956. The first section of Interstate 40, Nonconnah Creek to Hindman Ferry Road in Shelby County (originally I-240), was contracted in 1956, and within a year contracts had been awarded for sections in Davidson, Knox, Roane, Haywood, Madison, Jefferson, and Cocke counties. By 1958, sections in Loudon, Smith, Putnam, Cumberland, Humphreys, Hickman, and Sevier counties had been contracted.[2]

text: I-40 was complete between Memphis and Nashville in 1966,[3] between Nashville and Crossville in late 1967,[4] and between Crossville and Knoxville in late 1968, completing most of the route in Tennessee.[3]

text: The section along the Pigeon River Gorge in Cocke County, as well as into North Carolina, was initially believed by many to be impossible to construct. Construction of this segment was very labrous, requiring thousands of tons of earth and rock to be moved. This was done in the mid to latter 1960s, and construction began on this section in 1968, and was completed in late 1971. The final segment of I-40, located between just east of what is now the eastern terminus of I-640 and exit 415 in Jefferson County was delayed multiple times, primarily due to protests and lawsuits from residents in the area, and extremely heavy traffic that had developed as a result of the tourist attractions in Sevier County. As a result, TDOT was forced to take extensive measures to protect the residential areas nearby, and chose to construct this section with six lanes, making it one of the first rural six lane sections of interstate in the country. The section between I-640 and the Midway Road exit was completed in 1972, and the section between Midway Road and US 25W/US 70 was completed in 1974, completing what is now the entirety of I-40 in Tennessee.

text: In Memphis, I-40 was originally slated to pass through the city's Overton Park, a 342-acre (138 ha) wooded refuge that had become an important stopover for migratory birds. Fearing that the interstate's construction would upset the park's fragile ecological balance, environmentalists, backed by the organization Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, waged a 12-year legal battle to prevent highway construction in the park, culminating in the United States Supreme Court decision, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe. The Supreme Court remanded the case to the District Court for further review, and it ruled that the highway commission had not adequately explored alternative routes. In 1981, the highway commission abandoned plans to route I-40 through Overton Park, and instead redesignated the northern portion of I-240 as I-40.[5] For over 20 years, I-40 signage existed on the dead-end route toward Overton Park. Several miles of a limited-access road were actually built within the I-240 loop; this portion of highway still exists and is in regular use as Sam Cooper Boulevard, reaching the eastern end of Chickasaw Country Club and the Binghampton neighborhood, and then East Parkway.

text: Later developments and improvements[edit]

text: Since its initial completion, much of I-40 in Tennessee has been reconstructed or widened.

text: Until June 12, 2009,[6] a section of I-40 through downtown Knoxville between James White Parkway and Hall of Fame Drive was completely closed to all traffic for about 18 months for reconstruction. Through traffic was required to use I-640 or to use surface streets. The four-lane section, which was quite substandard, congested, and accident-prone, was widened to six lanes to improve traffic flow and safety. Several interchanges along that stretch were also reconstructed.[7]

text: Geological difficulties[edit]

text: The rugged terrain of East Tennessee presented numerous challenges for I-40 construction crews and engineers. Rockslides, especially along the eastern Cumberland Plateau and in the Pigeon River Gorge, have been a persistent problem since the road's construction.

text: Crab Orchard[edit]

text: In December 1986, a truck driver was killed when his truck skidded across some rocks that had spilled across the road just east of Crab Orchard (between miles 331 and 333). In response, the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) flattened the cutslopes along this stretch of Interstate and moved the road 60 feet (18 m) away from the problematic cliffside.[8]

text: Twenty rockslides occurred along the Walden Ridge section (miles 341–346) of the eastern plateau in 1968 alone, prompting various remedial measures throughout the 1970s, including the employment of rock buttresses, gabion walls,[clarification needed] and horizontal drains. A minor rockslide shut down the right lane of westbound I-40 at mile 343 on May 6, 2013.[9]

text: Pigeon River Gorge[edit]

text: An area very prone to rockslides is the Pigeon River Gorge, especially in the vicinity of the Tennessee–North Carolina state line. Throughout the 1970s, this stretch of I-40 was repeatedly shut down by rockslides, sometimes for several weeks at a time. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, TDOT dug over 24,000 feet (7,300 m) of horizontal drains, blasted out large volumes of unstable rocks, and installed massive mesh catchment fences.[8] Nevertheless, rockslides in 1985 and 1997 again forced the closure of I-40 in the Pigeon River Gorge for several weeks.[10] Additional stabilization measures were implemented, including the blasting of loose rock, the installation of rock bolts, and the construction of a better drainage system.[11] In spite of these measures, another massive rock slide occurred in the Pigeon River Gorge on October 26, 2009, blocking all lanes just across the border at North Carolina mile 3. The section was closed to traffic in both directions until April 25, 2010.[12] On January 31, 2012, the westbound lanes of I-40 were closed because of a rockslide near the North Carolina border. Traffic was detoured along I-26 and I-81 and reopened a few months later.[13]

text: Sinkholes[edit]

text: Sinkholes are a consistent issue along highways in East Tennessee. One particularly problematic stretch is a section of I-40 between miles 365 and 367 in Loudon County, which is underlain by cavernous rock strata. In the 1970s and 1980s, TDOT employed numerous stabilization measures in this area, including backfilling existing sinkholes with limestone, collapsing potential sinkholes, and paving roadside ditches to prevent surface water from seeping into the volatile soil.[8]

text: Future[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2016)

text: TDOT officially announced the I-40/I-81 Corridor Feasibility Study on July 27, 2007.[14] The intent of this study is to assess deficiencies along I-40 and I-81 in Tennessee and to develop upgrade proposals for the existing corridor.[15] This study was completed in 2008.

text: On January 18, 2008, the Federal Highway Administration authorized the states of Mississippi and Tennessee to extend I-69 from the I-40/SR 300 interchange in north Memphis to the I-55/I-69 interchange in Hernando, Mississippi; however, Tennessee has not yet[update] signed the extension of the route, although Mississippi has already done so.[16]

text: Construction was recently completed on the I-40/I-240 interchange in East Memphis. This reconfiguration was needed since the original configuration was designed as if I-40 were to go through the center of the city along what is now Sam Cooper Boulevard. The first phase of the project replaced a one-lane loop ramp from I-40 westbound to I-240 southbound with a two-lane flyover. Portions of both Interstates were also widened slightly. This phase was completed in 2003. The second phase was stalled due to funding and redesign. It included the installation of the remaining flyover from the north loop of I-40 to I-40 eastbound. It replaced a one-lane ramp with a slow design speed that has been the site of several accidents over the years. Other parts of this phase included the widening of I-40 between Sycamore View Road and Covington Pike (requiring the replacement of the Wolf River Bridge with a 14-lane bridge), widening of I-240, addition of through lanes on Sam Cooper Boulevard, and reconfiguration of the Covington Pike interchange. The project cost $109 million (the highest bid project in TDOT history), began late 2013, and was completed by the late fall of 2016.

text: A fifth interchange is being added along the stretch of interstate around Cookeville, and a road will be built leading to nearby U.S. Route 70N to help ease traffic along SR 56 (exit 280), SR 135 (exit 286), and SR 136 (exit 287). The initial route will be 2 lanes with a modified diamond interchange, with the right-of-way for future expansion.[17]

text: Exit list[edit]

text: This section contains a table that is missing mileposts for one or more junctions. Please help by adding the missing mileposts.

text:
CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes
Mississippi River0.000.00 I-40 westContinuation into Arkansas
Hernando de Soto Bridge
ShelbyMemphis1Riverside Drive / Front Street – Downtown MemphisWestern end of Music Highway designation
1A2nd Street / 3rd Street (SR 3 / SR 14)Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
1B US 51 (Danny Thomas Boulevard, SR 1)Signed as exits 1C (south) and 1D (north) westbound
1E I-240 south / Madison Avenue – Jackson Miss.Western end of future I-69 overlap; I-240 exit 31
1F SR 14 (Jackson Avenue)Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
2Chelsea Avenue / Smith Avenue
2A To US 51 (SR 3) – MillingtonAccess via SR 300 west; eastern end of future I-69 overlap
3Watkins Street
5Hollywood Street
6Warford Street
8 SR 14 (Jackson Avenue / Austin Peay Highway)Signed as exits 8A (north) and 8B (south) westbound
10 SR 204 (Covington Pike)
12A US 64 / US 70 / US 79 (Summer Avenue, SR 1) / White Station RoadEastbound exit only; westbound access via exit 12B
10A I-240 west – Jackson, Miss.Westbound exit follows Sam Cooper Blvd. numbering; no exit number eastbound
12BSam Cooper BoulevardWestbound left exit and eastbound left entrance
12Sycamore View Road – Bartlett
14Whitten Road
15Appling RoadSigned as exits 15A (south) and 15B (north) eastbound
16 SR 177 – GermantownSigned as exits 16A (south) and 16B (north) westbound
Memphis–Bartlett line18 US 64 (SR 15) – Somerville, Bolivar, Bartlett
Lakeland20Canada Road – Lakeland
Arlington24 SR 385 – Millington, ColliervilleSigned as exits 24A (west) and 24B (east); future I-269 exit 19
25 SR 205 – Arlington, Collierville
Fayette35 SR 59 – Covington, Somerville
42 SR 222 – Stanton, Somerville
Haywood47 SR 179 (Stanton-Dancyville Road)
52 SR 179 / SR 76 – Whiteville
Brownsville56 SR 76 – Brownsville, Somerville
60 SR 19 (Mercer Road)
66 US 70 (SR 1) – Brownsville, Ripley
Madison68 SR 138 (Providence Road)
74Lower Brownsville Road
Jackson76 SR 223 south – McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport
79 US 412 (SR 20) / Vann Drive – Jackson, Alamo, Dyersburg
80 US 45 Byp. (SR 186) – Jackson, HumboldtSigned as exits 80A (south) and 80B (north)
82 US 45 (SR 5) – Jackson, MilanSigned as exits 82A (south) and 82B (north)
83Campbell Street
85Christmasville Road, Dr. F.E. Wright Drive – Jackson
87 US 70 (SR 1) / US 412 east (SR 20) – Huntingdon, McKenzie, Jackson
93 SR 152 (Law Road) – Lexington
Henderson101 SR 104
Parkers Crossroads108 SR 22 – Parkers Crossroads, Lexington, Huntingdon
Henderson–Carrollcounty line116 SR 114 – Natchez Trace State Park
Decatur126 US 641 / SR 69 – Camden, Paris, Parsons
Benton133 SR 191 (Birdsong Road)
Tennessee RiverBridge over the Tennessee River
Humphreys137Cuba Landing
143 SR 13 – Linden, Waverly
Hickman148 SR 50 to SR 229 – Centerville
152 SR 230 – Bucksnort
Dickson163 SR 48 – Centerville, Dickson
Dickson172 SR 46 – Centerville, Dickson
176 I-840 east – FranklinI-840 exit 0; half-clover interchange.
Williamson182 SR 96 – Franklin, Fairview, Dickson
CheathamKingston Springs188 SR 249 – Kingston Springs, Ashland City
DavidsonNashville192McCrory Lane – Pegram
196 US 70S (SR 1) – Bellevue, Newsom Station
199 SR 251 (Old Hickory Boulevard)
201 US 70 (Charlotte Pike, SR 24)Signed as exits 201A (east) and 201B (west) eastbound
204 SR 155 (Briley Parkway, White Bridge Road) / Robertson AvenueSigned as exits 204A (north) and 204B (south) westbound; SR 155 exit 6
20551st Avenue, 46th Avenue – West Nashville
206 I-440 east – KnoxvilleLeft exit westbound
20728th AvenueWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
Jefferson StreetEastbound exit and westbound entrance
208 I-65 north to I-24 west – Louisville, ClarksvilleWestern end of I-65 overlap, south exit 84B; signed as exit 208B eastbound
209 US 70 (Charlotte Avenue, SR 24)Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
209AChurch Street, Charlotte AvenueSigned as exit 209 westbound
 US 70 / US 70S / US 431 (Broadway, SR 1, SR 24) / Demonbreun StreetSigned as exit 209B eastbound
209BDemonbreun StreetWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
210 I-65 south – HuntsvilleEastern end of I-65 overlap, north exit 82B; signed as exit 210B westbound
210C US 31A south / US 41A south (4th Avenue, SR 11 south) / 2nd Avenue
211B I-24 west to I-65 north – Clarksville, LouisvilleWestern end of I-24 overlap, east exit 50B; formerly the point where I-24, I-40, and I-65 met
212Hermitage Avenue (US 70, SR 24)Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
Fesslers LaneEastbound exit and westbound entrance
213A I-24 east / I-440 west – Chattanooga, MemphisEastern end of I-24 overlap, west exit 52B
213 To US 41 (Murfreesboro Road, US 70S, SR 1) / Spence LaneEastbound exit is via 213A
215 SR 155 (Briley Parkway)Signed as exits 215A (south) and 215B (north); SR 155 south exit 27; north no number signed
216A Nashville International AirportEastbound exit and westbound entrance
216B SR 255 south (Donelson Pike) – Nashville International Airport, Air Freight
216C SR 255 north (Donelson Pike)
219Stewarts Ferry Pike – J. Percy Priest Dam
221A SR 45 north (Old Hickory Boulevard) – The HermitageEastern end of Music Highway designation
221BOld Hickory Boulevard
WilsonMount Juliet226 SR 171 – Mount JulietBelinda Parkway, Providence WaySigned as exits 226A (south), 226B (north) eastbound; eastbound exit only to Belinda Parkway / Providence Way (signed as 226C)
229Beckwith RoadSigned as exits 229A (south) and 229B (north) eastbound
Lebanon232 SR 109 – GallatinSigned as exits 232A (south) and 232B (north) eastbound
235 I-840 west – MurfreesboroI-840 exit 76; trumpet interchange.
236South Hartmann Drive
238 US 231 (SR 10) – Lebanon, Hartsville
239 US 70 (SR 26) – Watertown, LebanonSigned as exits 239A (east) and 239B (west) eastbound
245Linwood Road
Smith254 SR 141 – Alexandria
Gordonsville258 SR 53 – Carthage, Gordonsville
Putnam268 SR 96 (Buffalo Valley Road) – Center Hill Dam
273 SR 56 south / SR 141 west – Smithville, McMinnvilleWestern end of SR 56 overlap
276Old Baxter Road
Baxter280 SR 56 north – Baxter, GainesboroEastern end of SR 56 overlap
CookevilleMine Lick Creek RoadFuture interchange[17]
286 SR 135 (South Willow Avenue) – Cookeville
287 SR 136 – Cookeville, Sparta
288 SR 111 – Livingston, Sparta
290 US 70N – Cookeville
Monterey300 US 70N (SR 24) / SR 84 – Monterey, Livingston
301 US 70N (SR 24) / SR 84 – Monterey, Jamestown, Livingston
Cumberland311Plateau Road
Crossville317 US 127 (SR 28) – Crossville, Jamestown
320 SR 298 (Genesis Road) – Crossville
322 SR 101 (Peavine Road) – Crossville, Fairfield Glade
Crab Orchard329 To US 70 (SR 1) – Crab Orchard
338 SR 299 south (Westel Road) – RockwoodWestern end of SR 299 overlap
Roane340 SR 299 north (Airport Road)Eastern end of SR 299 overlap
Harriman347 US 27 (South Roane Street) – Harriman, Rockwood
350 SR 29 – Harriman, Midtown
Clinch RiverBridge over the Clinch River
Kingston352 SR 58 south – KingstonWestern end of SR 58 overlap
355Lawnville Road
356 SR 58 north (Gallaher Road) – Oak RidgeEastern end of SR 58 overlap; signed as exits 356A (north) and 356B (south) westbound
360Buttermilk Road
362Industrial Park Road – Roane Regional Business and Technology ParkOpened in 2008.[18]
LoudonLenoir City364 US 321 (SR 73) / SR 95 – Lenoir City, Oak Ridge
368 I-75 south – ChattanoogaWestern end of I-75 overlap
Knox369Watt Road
Farragut373Campbell Station Road – Farragut
Knoxville374 SR 131 (Lovell Road)
376 I-140 east / SR 162 north – Oak Ridge, MaryvilleSigned as exits 376A (north) and 376B (east); I-140 west exits 1C-D
378Cedar Bluff RoadSigned as exits 378A (south) and 378B (north) westbound
379Bridgewater Road, Walker Springs Road
379AGallaher View RoadEastbound access is via exit 379
380 US 11 (SR 1) / US 70 – West Hills
383 SR 332 (Northshore Drive) / Papermill Drive, Weisgarber RoadWestbound slip ramp has entrances and exits to/from Papermill Drive and Weisgarber Road
385 I-75 north / I-640 east – LexingtonEastern end of I-75 overlap
386AUniversity Avenue, Middlebrook Pike (SR 169)Westbound exit is part of exit 386B
386B US 129 (Alcoa Highway, SR 115) – Alcoa, Maryville, McGhee Tyson Airport, Great Smoky Mountains National Park
387 SR 62 (Western Avenue) / 17th Street
387A I-275 north – LexingtonI-275 exit 0
388 US 441 south (Henley Street, SR 33 south) – Downtown KnoxvilleNo westbound exit, US 441 exit 0
388A SR 158 west to US 441 south (SR 33 south) / James White Parkway – Downtown Knoxville, University of TennesseeWestern end of SR 158 overlap (unsigned)
389 To US 441 north (Hall of Fame Drive, SR 158 east to SR 33 north) / BroadwayEastern end of SR 158 overlap (unsigned)
390Cherry Street
392 US 11W (Rutledge Pike, SR 1) / Knoxville Zoo DriveSigned as exits 392A (south) and 392B (north)
393 I-640 west / US 25W north (SR 9 north) to I-75 north – LexingtonWestern end of US 25W/SR 9 overlap
394 US 11E / US 25W south / US 70 (Asheville Highway, SR 9 south, SR 168)Eastern end of US 25W/SR 9 overlap
Holston RiverBridge over the Holston River
Knoxville398Strawberry Plains Pike – Strawberry Plains
402Midway Road – Seven Islands State Birding Park
SevierSevierville407 SR 66 south – Gatlinburg, Sevierville, Pigeon ForgeWestern end of SR 66 overlap
Jefferson412Deep Springs Road – Douglas Dam
415 US 25W (SR 9, SR 66 north) / US 70 – DandridgeEastern end of SR 66 overlap
Dandridge417 SR 92 – Dandridge, Jefferson City
421 I-81 north – BristolI-81 exit 1; southern terminus of I-81
424 SR 113 – Dandridge, White Pine
French Broad RiverBridge over the French Broad River
CockeNewport432A US 411 south / US 25W north / US 70 west / SR 9 north – Sevierville
432B US 25W south (SR 9 south) / US 70 east – Newport
435 US 321 / SR 32 – Newport, Gatlinburg
440 SR 73 to US 321 (Wilton Springs Road) – Gatlinburg, Cosby
443Foothills Parkway – Gatlinburg, Cosby, Great Smoky Mountains National Park
447Hartford Road – Hartford
451Waterville Road
 I-40 east – AshevilleContinuation into North Carolina
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus      Incomplete access      Unopened

text: Auxiliary routes[edit]

text:
I-140 spur off I-40/I-75 to Alcoa
 I-240 Memphis Inner Beltway; future overlap with I-69
 I-440 inner bypass around Nashville
 I-640 bypass around Knoxville
 I-840 outer bypass around Nashville. Replaced SR 840


document_title: 2017 World Series

question_text: who won the world series game 6 2017

question_tokens: who won the world series game 6 2017

root

text: 2017 World Series

text: Background[edit]

text: This was the first World Series matchup, and second postseason meeting overall, between the Astros and Dodgers. Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year.[10] The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie-breaker game.[11] This was the first Fall Classic since 1970, and the eighth overall, in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season.[12][13]

tag: p

text: The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season.[14]

text: Los Angeles Dodgers[edit]

text: The Dodgers held a 91–36 record through August 25.[15][16] They won their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs.[17] In the postseason, the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games.[18] This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988, the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958, and the 19th overall.[19]

text: Entering the 2017 World Series, the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings, a postseason record for a bullpen.[20] Additionally, by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48–19 margin, the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third-best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995.[21]

text: All-Star shortstop Corey Seager, who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury, was included on the Dodgers' World Series roster.[22] Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series, as well as the fourth African-American manager.[23]

text: Houston Astros[edit]

text: With a 101–61 regular season record, the team won its first American League West title, and their first division title since 2001.[24][b] In the American League Division Series, they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series (ALCS) in seven games.[25] This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005, when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox.[26] They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League.[27]

text: The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey. The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word "Strong" on the bottom of the patch, as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong.[28][29] Manager A. J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team wasn't just playing for a title, but to help boost moral support for the city.[30]

text: On August 31, just seconds before the midnight deadline, the Astros traded for Detroit Tigers pitcher Justin Verlander.[31] Following the trade, including the regular season and postseason to this point, Verlander had posted a 9–0 win-loss record with a 1.23 earned run average.[32] He was named the ALCS MVP.[33]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Houston won the series, 4–3.

text:
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance

1
000000002018-10-24-0000October 24
Houston Astros – 1, Los Angeles Dodgers – 3
Dodger Stadium
2:28
54,253[34]

2
000000002018-10-25-0000October 25
Houston Astros – 7, Los Angeles Dodgers – 6 (11)
Dodger Stadium
4:19
54,293[35]

3
000000002018-10-27-0000October 27
Los Angeles Dodgers – 3, Houston Astros – 5
Minute Maid Park
3:46
43,282[36]

4
000000002018-10-28-0000October 28
Los Angeles Dodgers – 6, Houston Astros – 2
Minute Maid Park
3:06
43,322[37]

5
000000002018-10-29-0000October 29
Los Angeles Dodgers – 12, Houston Astros – 13 (10)
Minute Maid Park
5:17
43,300[38]

6
000000002018-10-31-0000October 31
Houston Astros – 1, Los Angeles Dodgers – 3
Dodger Stadium
3:22
54,128[39]

7
000000002018-11-01-0000November 1
Houston Astros – 5, Los Angeles Dodgers – 1
Dodger Stadium
3:37
54,124[40]

tag: table

text: Pre-game ceremonies[edit]

text: Game 1: The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson's family, including his widow Rachel.[41] The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson's death, and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line.[42] Keith Williams Jr., a gospel singer, performed "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem.[43]

tag: ul

text: Game 2: Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully.[44][45] Country music's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem.[46]

text: Game 3: Houston Texans defensive end J. J. Watt, who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims, threw out the first pitch. The ball was given to him by Astros' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio.[47][48] The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris.[49]

text: Game 4: Hailey Dawson, a seven-year-old girl from Nevada, threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand.[50][51] The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet.[49]

text: Game 5: Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch. His father, former President George H. W. Bush handed him the ball.[52] Justin Verlander caught the pitch. Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem.[49]

text: Game 6: Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda, celebrating the Dodgers' 1988 World Series title, each threw out the ceremonial first pitch.[53] Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem.[54]

text: Game 7: The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem. The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax. Rick Monday, Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well.[55]

text: Game summaries[edit]

text: Game 1[edit]

text:
October 24, 2017, 5:11 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 103 °F (39 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0

Los Angeles
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
X
3
6
0

WP: Clayton Kershaw (1–0)   LP: Dallas Keuchel (0–1)   Sv: Kenley Jansen (1)
Home runs:
HOU: Alex Bregman (1)
LAD: Chris Taylor (1), Justin Turner (1)
Attendance: 54,253

text: The temperature at the start of the game was 103 °F (39 °C), which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded.[56] Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers, while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros.[57]

text: Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel's first pitch of the game. It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history (following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS).[58] Alex Bregman hit a tying solo home run for the Astros in the fourth inning. In the sixth inning, Justin Turner hit a go-ahead two-run home run for the Dodgers. Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in (RBIs) in Dodgers postseason history with 26.[59] Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 2⁄3 innings. Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save.[60] The two-hour, 28-minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992.[61]

text: Game 2[edit]

text:
October 25, 2017, 5:17 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 93 °F (34 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
7
14
1

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
2
1
6
5
0

WP: Chris Devenski (1–0)   LP: Brandon McCarthy (0–1)
Home runs:
HOU: Marwin González (1), José Altuve (1), Carlos Correa (1), George Springer (1)
LAD: Joc Pederson (1), Corey Seager (1), Yasiel Puig (1), Charlie Culberson (1)
Attendance: 54,293

text: The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros. The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning. Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth. Joc Pederson tied the game with a solo home run in the bottom of the fifth inning, and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two-run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning. Verlander allowed two hits, both home runs, in his six innings pitched. Carlos Correa drove in the Astros' second run of the game on a single in the eighth, ending the Dodgers bullpen's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason. Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game.[62] This was only Jansen's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities, a major league record.[63]

text: The game went into extra innings. José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead. In the bottom of the inning, Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game, with the latter being the Dodgers' first run that was not driven in by a home run. In the next inning, George Springer hit a two-run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead. In the bottom of the 11th inning, Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski, who later struck out Puig to end the game. This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth, tenth and eleventh inning. [62][64] The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight[65] and this was the first time in MLB history, regular season or postseason, that five home runs were hit in extra innings.[66] The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005.[67][68]

text: Game 3[edit]

text:
October 27, 2017, 7:21 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 65 °F (18 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Los Angeles
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
4
2

Houston
0
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
X
5
12
0

WP: Lance McCullers Jr. (1–0)   LP: Yu Darvish (0–1)   Sv: Brad Peacock (1)
Home runs:
LAD: None
HOU: Yuli Gurriel (1)
Attendance: 43,282

text: The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros. The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González, Brian McCann, and Bregman.[69] Darvish left the game after 1 2⁄3 innings, which was the shortest outing of his career.[70] The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks.[69][71] The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch. McCullers wound up pitching 51⁄3 innings and allowed three runs on four hits.[72][73] Brad Peacock replaced McCullers, completing the final 3 2⁄3 innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save. It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series, and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save, first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS.[74]

text: Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run. He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito, which translates to "little Chinese Boy"; Darvish is from Japan.[75][76] Gurriel apologized, and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba, although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there.[75][77] As a result, Rob Manfred, the Commissioner of Baseball, suspended Gurriel for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay, but allowed him to continue playing in the World Series.[78][79]

text: Game 4[edit]

text:
October 28, 2017, 7:20 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 67 °F (19 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
5
6
7
0

Houston
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
2
0

WP: Tony Watson (1–0)   LP: Ken Giles (0–1)
Home runs:
LAD: Joc Pederson (2)
HOU: George Springer (2), Alex Bregman (2)
Attendance: 43,322

text: The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros.[80] Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame. It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 2⁄3 innings pitched in the game. Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh. Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 61⁄3 innings.[81] Bellinger then drove in the go-ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three-run homer by Pederson. Bregman hit a home run off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth inning, but the Dodgers won the game to even up the series. The Astros had two hits in the game; both were home runs. This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners.[82]

text: After Game 4, both teams' pitching coaches, Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros, commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season. Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders.[83]

text: Game 5[edit]

text:
October 29, 2017, 7:21 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 69 °F (21 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Los Angeles
3
0
0
1
3
0
1
1
3
0
12
14
1

Houston
0
0
0
4
3
0
4
1
0
1
13
14
1

WP: Joe Musgrove (1–0)   LP: Kenley Jansen (0–1)
Home runs:
LAD: Cody Bellinger (1), Yasiel Puig (2)
HOU: Yuli Gurriel (2), José Altuve (2), George Springer (3), Carlos Correa (2), Brian McCann (1)
Attendance: 43,300

text: Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5, in a rematch of the opening game of the series.[84] Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early. A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel. Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe. Keuchel pitched 3 2⁄3 innings for the Astros, allowing five hits and four runs (three earned). The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning, followed by a three-run home run by Gurriel to tie the game. Bellinger hit a three-run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three-run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up. Kershaw pitched 42⁄3 innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks.

text: A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base. In the bottom of the seventh inning, Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow, who was pitching for the third consecutive day, to tie the game. Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game, and then Correa hit a two-run home run to extend the lead. Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning, but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning. That was the 21st home run of the series, tying the record set in the 2002 World Series. Puig broke the record with a two-run home run in the top of the ninth inning. Down to their last strike, Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single.[85]

text: In the tenth inning, McCann was hit by a pitch to put him on base with two outs. Subsequently, Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base. McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher.[86] On the next pitch, Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run.[87] The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game,[88] the other was the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15–14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series. The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record.[89] This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run (14 to date in the World Series).[88] With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game, this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14–11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series.[90] Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes, making it the second longest World Series game in history by time.[91][92]

text: Game 6[edit]

text:
October 31, 2017, 5:21 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 67 °F (19 °C), overcast

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
6
0

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
X
3
5
0

WP: Tony Watson (2–0)   LP: Justin Verlander (0–1)   Sv: Kenley Jansen (2)
Home runs:
HOU: George Springer (4)
LAD: Joc Pederson (3)
Attendance: 54,128

text: Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game: Verlander and Hill. Springer hit a solo home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night.[93] It was Springer's fourth homer of the series, tied for third all-time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace, in 1972, as the only players with four game-tying or go-ahead home runs in a World Series.[94] Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series.[95] The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning, but did not score. Hill pitched 4 2⁄3 innings, struck out five and allowed four hits and one run.[93]

text: In the sixth inning, Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead.[96] Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed. Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save.[97] Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit and Andre Ethier, who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter, set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game.[98]

text: Game 7[edit]

text:
November 1, 2017, 5:21 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 69 °F (21 °C), partly cloudy

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
6
1

WP: Charlie Morton (1–0)   LP: Yu Darvish (0–2)
Home runs:
HOU: George Springer (5)
LAD: None
Attendance: 54,124

text: This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium (and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS, and the Dodgers' first World Series Game 7 since 1965).[99] It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season.[100] This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back-to-back Fall Classics had a Game 7.[101]

text: The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game: McCullers and Darvish.[102] Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger, which allowed Bregman to reach second base. Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout. McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers. Springer hit a two-run home run, his fifth of the series, tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series. As in Game 3, Darvish lasted only 1 2⁄3 innings (tying the shortest outing of his career) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series, and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series. Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series, joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series. McCullers lasted only 21⁄3 innings himself; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters. This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning.[103]

text: The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings.[104] Ethier, pinch hitting, scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers' only run. They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game.[103] Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game, and in the process, he broke Orel Hershiser's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout.[105] Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win, as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve, who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game, with the Astros winning their first championship in franchise history, and ending their 56-year drought.[103] Springer won the World Series MVP Award.[5]

text: After Game 7, Correa proposed to his girlfriend, 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez, on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal. She accepted.[106]

text: Composite line score[edit]

text: 2017 World Series (4–3): Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers.

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R
H
E

Houston Astros
2
7
2
5
4
1
4
2
2
3
2
34
56
2

Los Angeles Dodgers
4
0
1
1
4
9
3
1
8
2
1
34
47
4

Home runs:
HOU: George Springer (5), José Altuve (2), Alex Bregman (2), Carlos Correa (2), Yuli Gurriel (2), Marwin González (1), Brian McCann (1)
LAD: Joc Pederson (3), Yasiel Puig (2), Cody Bellinger (1), Charlie Culberson (1), Corey Seager (1), Chris Taylor (1), Justin Turner (1)
Total attendance: 346,702   Average attendance: 49,529
Winning player's share: $438,901.57.   Losing player's share: $259,722.14.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: Fox broadcast the series in the United States, with Joe Buck serving as the play-by-play announcer, along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters.[107] For Fox Deportes, Rolando Nichols provided play-by-play while Carlos Álvarez and Edgar Gonzalez provided color commentary.[108]

text: Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows, joined by analysts Keith Hernandez, David Ortiz, Alex Rodriguez, and Frank Thomas.[109] Outside the United States, MLB International televised the series, with Matt Vasgersian on play-by-play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary.[110]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: According to Nielsen ratings, this series was the third highest rated since 2005, trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series.[111] For the second straight year, a World Series game, Game 5, beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings.[112]

text:
Game
Ratings
(households)
Share
(households)
U.S. audience
(in millions)
Ref

1
8.7
15
14.97
[113][114]

2
9.2
18
15.48
[115][116]

3
8.8
17
15.68
[117][118]

4
8.7
17
15.40
[119][120]

5
10.5
21
18.94
[121][122]

6
12.6
23
22.23
[123][124]

7
15.8
28
28.24
[125][126]

text: Radio[edit]

text: ESPN Radio broadcast the series nationally in English, with Dan Shulman providing the play-by-play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst. Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network, while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton. The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada, as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app. Spanish-language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio, with Eduardo Ortega, Renato Bermúdez, José Francisco Rivera, and Orlando Hernández announcing.[127]

text: Locally, both teams' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers. Sportstalk 790 aired the English-language broadcast for the Houston area, with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games.[110] In Los Angeles, AM 570 LA Sports aired the English-language broadcast, with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing.[110] In Spanish, Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast, with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call. In Korean, Radio Korea 1540 aired the series, with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth.[128]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: For the first time, MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series;[129] the internet television service YouTube TV is the first-ever presenting sponsor of the World Series. The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV.[3] This sponsorship includes logo branding in-stadium and on official digital properties, as well as commercial inventory during Fox's telecasts of the games.[130]

text: Impact and aftermath[edit]

text: The Astros earned $30,420,155.57 from postseason pool money to split among team personnel; each share was worth $438,901.57. The Dodgers received $20,280,103.72, with shares of $259,722.14[131] The sportsbooks in Nevada lost $11.4 million in November 2017, a record for baseball-related betting.[132]

text: The city of Houston held a parade for the Astros on November 3, 2017, which Mayor Sylvester Turner proclaimed was "Houston Astros' Day". An estimated 750,000 to one million attended the parade.[133] Springer and Altuve appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated's November 13, 2017, issue, with Altuve holding the Commissioner's Trophy and Springer holding a copy of a Sports Illustrated from 2014 that predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series.[134]


document_title: The Mist (film)

question_text: where did they film the movie the mist

question_tokens: where did they film the movie the mist

text: The Mist (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Following a violent thunderstorm, David Drayton leaves his wife Stephanie at home while he ventures into town with his eight-year-old son Billy and their neighbor, Brent Norton, to buy supplies for repairs. Arriving at a grocery store, they and the other patrons notice unusual police and military activity. Three soldiers enter the store and an MP warns them to depart. Moments later, a panicked and injured man, Dan Miller, runs into the store, warning of danger. Soon after, a thick mist envelops the store, accompanied by earthquake-like tremors, setting off the town's fire siren.

text: A deeply pious woman, Mrs. Carmody, believes that this is the beginning of Armageddon. A shaken woman (Melissa McBride), against objections from the others, leaves the store to go home to her children. While investigating the store's generator, bag-boy Norm volunteers to go outside, but is snatched and pulled into the mist by the tentacle of an unseen monster. At first, everyone is skeptical of the tale, but store manager Bud Brown and a local biker are convinced when they see a severed tentacle in the generator room. Realizing the store front is plate glass, the people trapped in the store block the windows with dog food bags, tape and freezers.

text: Refusing to listen to David, Norton heads outside with a small group to seek help, with the biker following suit with rope tied around his waist. However, the group disappears and the survivors only bring back the severed waist of the biker. That night, enormous flying insects with scorpion-like tails tipped with venomous stingers land on and attach themselves to the windows. Moments later, pterodactyl-like animals preying on said insects ram their beaks into the glass, eventually breaking through the windows and allowing the creatures to enter the supermarket. They begin to attack the terrified people inside and kill Sally, a cashier, and another man, Tom, while one man, Joe, is severely burned and later dies. One of the insects lands on Mrs. Carmody, but doesn't sting her because she keeps still during her prayer. As a result, she starts preaching even more and quickly gains followers among the distraught survivors.

text: In order to retrieve medical supplies and look for more survivors, David, Dan, Private Jessup, Joe's brother Bobby, elderly-yet-tough schoolteacher Irene, mechanic Jim, assistant manager Ollie Weeks and patron Mike Hatlen. venture out to the neighboring pharmacy, which unbeknownst to them has been transformed into a spider nest. Among the mass of bodies is the MP, who quickly dies when he falls from his webs and spiders burst out of his back. The group is attacked and Mike and Bobby are killed by the spiders. Following this, most of the people side with Mrs. Carmody. That night, two of the soldiers, Donaldson and Morales, commit suicide shortly afterwards, and, after some pressing from David, Jessup reveals that the local military base was filled with rumors about the Arrowhead Project, the government's attempt to look into other dimensions, and that the scientists responsible for the experiment may have inadvertently opened a doorway into a dimension containing the creatures that are now invading the town. An angry mob then ensues, led by Mrs. Carmody, who orders her followers to blame him. As a result, he is stabbed and ejected from the store as a human sacrifice, quickly falling prey to a large praying mantis-like creature.

text: The following morning, David and his group, consisting of Billy, schoolteacher Amanda, Ollie, Irene, Dan, patron Ambrose, mechanic Myron, and Bud, secretly gather supplies to flee, but Mrs. Carmody stops them, having now turned the entire store against them. After stealing the supplies, she demands that Billy and Amanda be the next sacrifice, only for Ollie to shoot and kill her with Amanda's gun as chaos erupts. After Ollie threatens to open fire again, Mrs. Carmody's horrified followers, now returning to their senses and realizing all that they have done because of her, reluctantly stand down and allow David's group to leave. As the group makes their way to David's car, Ollie is torn in half by the praying mantis-like creature, Myron and Ambrose are attacked and killed by the giant spiders, and Bud runs back to the market and is allowed to reenter. Only David, Billy, Dan, Amanda, and Irene make it to the car and leave as the remaining survivors in the store watch them drive off, their eventual fates ambiguous.

text: Driving through the mist, David finds his house destroyed and Stephanie dead, seemingly another victim of the giant spiders. Devastated, he drives the group south, passing destroyed vehicles and seeing a gigantic six-legged, tentacled beast. When they run out of gas hours later, the group decides there is no point in going on and David shoots the others (with their consent, except for his son who is not old enough to understand) rather than have them endure horrifying deaths, but is left with no bullet to use on himself. He leaves the car and waits to be killed, but the mist suddenly recedes, revealing that the U.S. Army has arrived, managed to close the portal, and are in the process of exterminating the creatures and restoring order. David also sees that they have rescued survivors, among them the woman who left the store at the phenomenon's onset, completely unscathed and having rescued her two children. David realizes that his group was only moments away from being rescued and that their deaths were premature and in vain, and drops to his knees screaming.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Thomas Jane as David Drayton, a painter who ends up trapped in the supermarket with his son Billy.
Marcia Gay Harden as Mrs. Carmody, a religious fanatic who interprets the mist as the wrath of God.
Laurie Holden as Amanda Dumfries, a new teacher at the local school.
Andre Braugher as Brent Norton, a big-city attorney and David's neighbor.
Toby Jones as Ollie Weeks, the supermarket's assistant manager.
William Sadler as Jim Grondin, a belligerent and weak-minded mechanic.
Jeffrey DeMunn as Dan Miller, a man who takes shelter in the market after witnessing the dangers from the mist.
Frances Sternhagen as Irene Reppler, an elderly teacher.
Sam Witwer as Private Wayne Jessup, a soldier stationed at the nearby Arrowhead military base.
Alexa Davalos as Sally, a cashier at the supermarket and Billy's babysitter.
Nathan Gamble as Billy Drayton, David's eight-year-old son.
Robert Treveiler as Bud Brown, the supermarket's manager.
David Jensen as Myron LaFleur, a mechanic who works with Jim.
Andy Stahl as Mike Hatlen, one of the patrons at the supermarket who side with David's group.
Buck Taylor as Ambrose Cornell, a mustached man who sides with David's group and has a shotgun in his truck.
Chris Owen as Norm, a bag boy.
Melissa McBride as an unnamed woman who left her kids alone at home.
Brandon O'Dell as Bobby Eagleton, Joe's brother, one of the patrons at the supermarket who side with David's group.
Jackson Hurst as Joe Eagleton, Bobby's brother, who tries to build a torch with a mop.
Brian Libby as the biker who tries to reach Ambrose's shotgun.
Susan Watkins as Hattie, the lady who watches Billy at the supermarket.
Mathew Greer as Silas, one of the patrons at the supermarket who side with Brent's group.
Juan Gabriel Pareja as Morales, another soldier from Arrowhead base.
Walter Fauntleroy as Donaldson, another soldier from Arrowhead base.
Amin Joseph as the Military Police officer.
Kelly Collins Lintz as Steff Drayton, David's wife.
Ron Clinton Smith as Mr. Mackey, the supermarket's butcher.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Director Frank Darabont first read Stephen King's 1980 novella The Mist in the Dark Forces anthology,[4] and originally expressed interest in directing a film adaptation for his directing debut. He instead filmed The Shawshank Redemption, also based on another King novella.[5] In October 1994, after completing The Shawshank Redemption, Darabont reiterated his interest in filming The Mist.[6] Darabont did not immediately follow through, instead directing the 1999 film adaptation of Stephen King's The Green Mile.[7] Darabont eventually set up a first look deal for The Mist with Paramount Pictures, having been entrusted feature film rights by Stephen King.[5] By December 2004, Darabont said that he had begun writing an adapted screenplay for The Mist,[8] and by October 2006, the project moved from Paramount to Dimension Films, with Darabont attached to direct and actor Thomas Jane in negotiations to join the cast.[5]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
"The story is less about the monsters outside than about the monsters inside, the people you're stuck with, your friends and neighbors breaking under the strain."

— Darabont on The Mist[9]

text: Director Darabont chose to film The Mist after filming the "straighter dramas" The Shawshank Redemption and The Green Mile because he "wanted to make a very direct, muscular kind of film". Darabont conceived of a new ending in translating the novella for the big screen. Author King praised Darabont's new ending, describing it as one that would be unsettling for studios. King said, "The ending is such a jolt—wham! It's frightening. But people who go to see a horror movie don't necessarily want to be sent out with a Pollyanna ending."[10]

text: Darabont described The Mist as quaint in its elements of monsters and fear of the unknown compared to the contemporary popularity of films with torture porn. The director saw The Mist as a throwback to Paddy Chayefsky and William Shakespeare, explaining, "It's people at each other." He highlighted the element of fear in the film in how it compelled people to behave differently. Darabont said, "How primitive do people get? It's Lord of the Flies that happens to have some cool monsters in it."[4] He also drew parallels to The Twilight Zone episode "The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street" and the 1944 film Lifeboat.[1]

text: In the novella, the character David Drayton—who is married—has a sexual encounter with Amanda Dumfries, who is also married. Darabont did not want to attempt conveying on screen the protagonist being involved in an extramarital affair. The characters in the film, portrayed by Thomas Jane and Laurie Holden respectively, instead share a more emotional relationship. Jane explained, "We kind of form a little family, sort of surrogate family where my son and I'm a father and she becomes the mother to the son. We become a little unit as we're trying to get through this nightmare together." Holden compared the nightmare to what refugees experienced at the Louisiana Superdome during Hurricane Katrina.[11]

text: While the origin of the mist in the film is never explained in great detail, Frank Darabont did write an opening scene in a draft dated 5 August 2005, in which the thunderstorm causes a malfunction at the Arrowhead Project's lab that allows the portal to another dimension to stay open too long. The scene was never filmed.

text: Filming[edit]

text: In December 2006, Jane finalized negotiations with the studio to join the cast.[12] In January 2007, actors Andre Braugher and Laurie Holden joined Jane for the cast of The Mist.[13] Production began the following February at StageWorks of Louisiana, a sound stage and film production facility in Shreveport, Louisiana.[14] Marcia Gay Harden and Toby Jones joined the cast later in the month.[15]

text: William Sadler, Jeffrey DeMunn, and Brian Libby, each of whom appeared in Darabont's previous Stephen King adaptations The Shawshank Redemption and The Green Mile, were cast in supporting roles. Sadler had previously played Jane's role, David Drayton, in a 1986 audiobook version of The Mist. Darabont wanted to cast King in the supporting role that eventually went to Brian Libby, an offer that King turned down because he did not want to travel to film the part.[16]

text: Darabont sought to pursue "a more fluid, ragged documentary kind of direction" with The Mist,[11] so he contacted the camera crew from the TV series The Shield, after having directed one episode, to use their style in the film.[17] Darabont attempted to film The Mist digitally but found that it "wound up looking too beautiful". The director chose to film with 400 ASA from Fujifilm, which gave footage a grainy effect.[1]

text: In the opening shot, David is drawing in his room. The drawing is based on Stephen King's Dark Tower series, and was painted by film poster designer Drew Struzan. Darabont also included re-productions of Struzan's posters and illustrations for The Shawshank Redemption, The Green Mile, John Carpenter's The Thing, and Guillermo Del Toro's Pan's Labyrinth. Struzan would go on to produce a poster for The Mist, but this image was not used in the film's marketing campaign.[18]

text: Darabont collaborated with the production designer to create a mix of eras to avoid appearing as a period piece but also not looking so contemporary. Cell phones were used by characters in The Mist, but the military police in the film did not dress in modern attire. While an MP also drove an old Jeep instead of a Humvee, other cars seen in the film are modern models.[1] The city police cars in the beginning of the film are a 1987 Chevrolet Caprice and a 1988 Ford LTD Crown Victoria, cars that were standard police vehicles in the late 1980s but have not been used in force since the late 1990s.

text: Over a hundred extras from Shreveport, Louisiana were included in The Mist. Unlike conventional application of extras in the background of a film, sixty of the hundred extras were interwoven with the film's ensemble cast.[19] Additional elements giving the film a local flavor include the prominence of local Louisiana brands such as Zapp's potato chips. Exterior shots of the house at the beginning were in Shreveport. Exterior shots of the supermarket were in Vivian, Louisiana. Also, if looked closely at, the shields on the side of the passing firetrucks early in the film identify them as part of the Caddo Parish fire department. This is possibly a mistake as the film is allegedly set in Maine.

text: Music[edit]

text: Darabont chose to use music to minimal effect in The Mist in order to capture the "heavier feel" of the darker ending he had written to replace the one from the novella. The director explained, "Sometimes movie music feels false. I've always felt that silent can be scarier than loud, a whisper more frightening than a bang, and we wanted to create a balance. We kept music to a minimum to keep that vérité, documentary feel." Darabont chose to overlay the song "The Host of Seraphim" by the band Dead Can Dance, a spiritual piece characterized by wailing and chanting. As a fan of Dead Can Dance, Darabont thought that the song played "as a requiem mass for the human race."[20] The original score was composed by Academy Award-nominated composer Mark Isham.

text: Effects[edit]

text: Darabont hired artists Jordu Schell[21] and Bernie Wrightson to assist in designing the creatures for the film.[17] Greg Nicotero worked on the film's creature design and make-up effects, while Everett Burrell served as the visual effects supervisor. Nicotero initially sketched out ideas for creature design when Darabont originally expressed interest in filming The Mist in the 1980s. When the project was greenlit, Nicotero, Burrell, and Darabont collaborated about the creature design at round-table meetings at CaféFX.[11] The studio for visual effects had been recommended to Darabont by Guillermo del Toro after Darabont asked the director who created the visual effects for Pan's Labyrinth.

text: Due to the creatures' being described in only a few sentences in the novella, Darabont sought to conceive of new designs. The challenge was creating designs that felt unique. Nicotero, who was versed in film history and genre history, reviewed past creature designs to avoid having similar designs.[1] When the designs were completed, Nicotero and Burrell educated the cast on the appearance of the creatures by showing puppets and the function of their eyes and mouths. The puppet demonstrations served as reference points for the cast, who had to respond to motion capture dots during filming.[11]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Mist was screened at the film festival ShowEast on October 18, 2007, at which director Frank Darabont received the Kodak Award for Excellence in Filmmaking for his previous works The Shawshank Redemption and The Green Mile.[22]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On the film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, The Mist has a 73% approval rating, based on 140 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10, indicating generally favorable reviews.[23] On the website Metacritic, the film holds an average of 58 out of 100 based on 29 reviews.[24] Audiences polled by Cinemascore gave the film a “C"

text: James Berardinelli wrote of the film, "The Mist is what a horror film should be—dark, tense, and punctuated by just enough gore to keep the viewer's flinch reflex intact. ... Finally, after a long list of failures, someone has done justice in bringing one of King's horror stories to the screen. Though definitely not the feel-good movie of the season, this is a must-see for anyone who loves the genre and doesn't demand 'torture porn' from horror."[25] Roger Ebert was negative, however, writing: "If you have seen ads or trailers suggesting that horrible things pounce on people, and they make you think you want to see this movie, you will be correct. It is a competently made Horrible Things Pouncing on People Movie. If you think Frank Darabont has equaled the Shawshank and Green Mile track record, you will be sadly mistaken."[26]

text: Bloody Disgusting ranked the film #4 on their list of the "Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade", with the article saying "The scary stuff works extremely well, but what really drives this one home is Darabont's focus on the divide that forms between two factions of the townspeople—the paranoid, Bible-thumping types and the more rational-minded, decidedly left-wing members of the populace. This allegorical microcosm of Bush Jr.-era America is spot on, and elevates an already-excellent film to even greater heights."[27]

text: The film was later nominated for three Saturn Awards; Best Horror Film, Best Director, and a win for Best Supporting Actress for Harden.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was commercially released in the United States and Canada on November 21, 2007.[28] Over the opening weekend in the United States and Canada, The Mist grossed $8,931,973. As of August 9, 2009, the film grossed $25,593,755 in the United States and Canada and $27,560,960 in other territories for a worldwide total of $57,289,103.[2]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Mist was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 25, 2008. The single-disc includes an audio commentary by writer/director Frank Darabont, eight deleted scenes with optional commentary, and "A Conversation With Stephen King and Frank Darabont" featurette.

text: The two-disc edition includes the exclusive black and white presentation of the film, as well as the color version, and five featurettes ("When Darkness Came: The Making of The Mist", "Taming the Beast: Shooting Scene 35", "Monsters Among Us: A Look at the Creature FX", "The Horror of It All: The Visual FX of The Mist", and "Drew Struzan: Appreciation of an Artist").

text: TV series[edit]

text: In November 2013, Bob Weinstein revealed that he and Darabont were developing a 10-part television series based on the film.[29][30] In February 2016, Spike picked up the pilot.[31] In April 2016, Spike ordered the series.[32] Emmy-winning director Adam Bernstein directed the pilot. It premiered on June 22, 2017.[33]


document_title: Umbilical cord

question_text: where does the umbilical cord connect to inside the baby

text: Umbilical cord

text: Physiology in humans[edit]

text: Development and composition[edit]

text: The umbilical cord develops from and contains remnants of the yolk sac and allantois. It forms by the fifth week of development, replacing the yolk sac as the source of nutrients for the embryo.[2] The cord is not directly connected to the mother's circulatory system, but instead joins the placenta, which transfers materials to and from the maternal blood without allowing direct mixing. The length of the umbilical cord is approximately equal to the crown-rump length of the fetus throughout pregnancy. The umbilical cord in a full term neonate is usually about 50 centimeters (20 in) long and about 2 centimeters (0.75 in) in diameter. This diameter decreases rapidly within the placenta. The fully patent umbilical artery has two main layers: an outer layer consisting of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an inner layer which shows rather irregularly and loosely arranged cells embedded in abundant ground substance staining metachromatic.[3] The smooth muscle cells of the layer are rather poorly differentiated, contain only a few tiny myofilaments and are thereby unlikely to contribute actively to the process of postnatal closure.[3]

text: The umbilical cord contains Wharton's jelly, a gelatinous substance made largely from mucopolysaccharides which protects the blood vessels inside. It contains one vein, which carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the fetus, and two arteries that carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood away.[4] Occasionally, only two vessels (one vein and one artery) are present in the umbilical cord. This is sometimes related to fetal abnormalities, but it may also occur without accompanying problems.

text: It is unusual for a vein to carry oxygenated blood and for arteries to carry deoxygenated blood (the only other examples being the pulmonary veins and arteries, connecting the lungs to the heart). However, this naming convention reflects the fact that the umbilical vein carries blood towards the fetus's heart, while the umbilical arteries carry blood away.

text: The blood flow through the umbilical cord is approximately 35 ml / min at 20 weeks, and 240 ml / min at 40 weeks of gestation.[5] Adapted to the weight of the fetus, this corresponds to 115 ml / min / kg at 20 weeks and 64 ml / min / kg at 40 weeks.[5]

text: Connection to fetal circulatory system[edit]

text: The umbilical cord enters the fetus via the abdomen, at the point which (after separation) will become the umbilicus (or navel). Within the fetus, the umbilical vein continues towards the transverse fissure of the liver, where it splits into two. One of these branches joins with the hepatic portal vein (connecting to its left branch), which carries blood into the liver. The second branch (known as the ductus venosus) bypasses the liver and flows into the inferior vena cava, which carries blood towards the heart. The two umbilical arteries branch from the internal iliac arteries, and pass on either side of the urinary bladder into the umbilical cord, completing the circuit back to the placenta.[6]

text: Physiological postnatal occlusion[edit]

text: In absence of external interventions, the umbilical cord occludes physiologically shortly after birth, explained both by a swelling and collapse of Wharton's jelly in response to a reduction in temperature and by vasoconstriction of the blood vessels by smooth muscle contraction. In effect, a natural clamp is created, halting the flow of blood. In air at 18 °C, this physiological clamping will take three minutes or less.[7] In water birth, where the water temperature is close to body temperature, normal pulsation can be 5 minutes and longer.

text: Closure of the umbilical artery by vasoconstriction consists of multiple constrictions which increase in number and degree with time. There are segments of dilatations with trapped uncoagulated blood between the constrictions before complete occlusion.[8] Both the partial constrictions and the ultimate closure are mainly produced by muscle cells of the outer circular layer.[3] In contrast, the inner layer seems to serve mainly as a plastic tissue which can easily be shifted in an axial direction and then folded into the narrowing lumen to complete the closure.[3] The vasoconstrictive occlusion appears to be mainly mediated by serotonin[9][10] and thromboxane A2.[9] The artery in cords of preterm infants contracts more to angiotensin II and arachidonic acid and is more sensitive to oxytocin than in term ones.[10] In contrast to the contribution of Wharton's jelly, cooling causes only temporary vasoconstriction.[10]

text: Within the child, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus close up, and degenerate into fibrous remnants known as the round ligament of the liver and the ligamentum venosum respectively. Part of each umbilical artery closes up (degenerating into what are known as the medial umbilical ligaments), while the remaining sections are retained as part of the circulatory system.

text: Problems and abnormalities[edit]

text: A number of abnormalities can affect the umbilical cord, which can cause problems that affect both mother and child:[11]

text:
Umbilical cord compression can result from, for example, entanglement of the cord,[12] a knot in the cord,[12] or a nuchal cord,[12] (which is the wrapping of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck)[13] but these conditions do not always cause obstruction of fetal circulation.
Velamentous cord insertion
Single umbilical artery
Umbilical cord prolapse
Vasa praevia

text: Medical protocols and procedures[edit]

text: Clamping and cutting[edit]

text: The cord can be clamped at different times; however delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord until one minute after birth improves outcomes as long as there is the ability to treat jaundice if it occurs.[14] Clamping is followed by cutting of the cord, which is painless due to the absence of nerves. The cord is extremely tough, like thick sinew, and so cutting it requires a suitably sharp instrument. While umbilical severance may be delayed until after the cord has stopped pulsing (5–20 minutes after birth), there is ordinarily no significant loss of either venous or arterial blood while cutting the cord. Current evidence neither supports, nor refutes, delayed cutting of the cord, according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines.

text: There are umbilical cord clamps which incorporate a knife. These clamps are safer and faster, allowing one to first apply the cord clamp and then cut the umbilical cord. After the cord is clamped and cut, the newborn wears a plastic clip on the navel area until the compressed region of the cord has dried and sealed sufficiently.

text: The length of umbilical left attached to the newborn varies by practice; in most hospital settings the length of cord left attached after clamping and cutting is minimal. In the United States, however, where the birth occurred outside of the hospital and an emergency medical technician (EMT) clamps and cuts the cord, a longer segment up to 18 cm (7 in) in length[15][16] is left attached to the newborn.

text: The remaining umbilical stub remains for up to 10 days as it dries and then falls off.

text: Early versus delayed clamping[edit]

text: A Cochrane review in 2013 came to the conclusion that delayed cord clamping (between one and three minutes after birth) is "likely to be beneficial as long as access to treatment for jaundice requiring phototherapy is available".[17] In this review delayed clamping, as contrasted to early, resulted in no difference in risk of severe maternal postpartum hemorrhage or neonatal mortality, low Apgar score. On the other hand, delayed clamping resulted in an increased birth weight of on average about 100 g, and an increased hemoglobin concentration of on average 1.5 g/dL with half the risk of being iron deficient at three and six months, but an increased risk of jaundice requiring phototherapy.[17]

text: In 2012, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists officially endorsed delaying clamping of the umbilical cord for 30–60 seconds with the newborn held below the level of the placenta in all cases of preterm delivery based largely on evidence that it reduces the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in these children by 50%.[18][obsolete source] In the same committee statement, ACOG also recognize several other likely benefits for preterm infants, including "improved transitional circulation, better establishment of red blood cell volume, and decreased need for blood transfusion". In January 2017, a revised Committee Opinion extended the recommendation to term infants, citing data that term infants benefit from increased hemoglobin levels in the newborn period and improved iron stores in the first months of life, which may result in improved developmental outcomes. ACOG recognized a small increase in the incidence of jaundice in term infants with delayed cord clamping, and recommended policies be in place to monitor for and treat neonatal jaundice. ACOG also noted that delayed cord clamping is not associated with increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage.[19]

text: Several studies have shown benefits of delayed cord clamping: A meta-analysis[20] showed that delaying clamping of the umbilical cord in full-term neonates for a minimum of 2 minutes following birth is beneficial to the newborn in giving improved hematocrit, iron status as measured by ferritin concentration and stored iron, as well as a reduction in the risk of anemia (relative risk, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.40-0.70).[20] A decrease was also found in a study from 2008.[21] Although there is higher hemoglobin level at 2 months, this effect did not persist beyond 6 months of age.[22] Not clamping the cord for three minutes following the birth of a baby improved outcomes at four years of age.[23] A delay of three minutes or more in umbilical cord clamping after birth reduce the prevalence of anemia in infants.[24]

text: Negative effects of delayed cord clamping include an increased risk of polycythemia. Still, this condition appeared to be benign in studies.[20] Infants whose cord clamping occurred later than 60 seconds after birth had a higher rate of neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy.[22]

text: Delayed clamping is not recommended as a response to cases where the newborn is not breathing well and needs resuscitation. Rather, the recommendation is instead to immediately clamp and cut the cord and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.[25] The umbilical cord pulsating is not a guarantee that the baby is receiving enough oxygen.[26]

text: Umbilical nonseverance[edit]

text: Some parents choose to omit cord severance entirely, a practice called "lotus birth" or umbilical nonseverance. The entire intact umbilical cord is allowed to dry and separates on its own (typically on the 3rd day after birth), falling off and leaving a healed umbilicus.[27]

text: Umbilical cord catheterization[edit]

text: As the umbilical vein is directly connected to the central circulation, it can be used as a route for placement of a venous catheter for infusion and medication. The umbilical vein catheter is a reliable alternative to percutaneous peripheral or central venous catheters or intraosseous canulas and may be employed in resuscitation or intensive care of the newborn.

text: Blood sampling[edit]

text: From 24 to 34 weeks of gestation, when the fetus is typically viable, blood can be taken from the cord in order to test for abnormalities (particularly for hereditary conditions). This diagnostic genetic test procedure is known as percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling.[28]

text: Storage of cord blood[edit]

text: The blood within the umbilical cord, known as cord blood, is a rich and readily available source of primitive, undifferentiated stem cells (of type CD34-positive and CD38-negative). These cord blood cells can be used for bone marrow transplant.

text: Some parents choose to have this blood diverted from the baby's umbilical blood transfer through early cord clamping and cutting, to freeze for long-term storage at a cord blood bank should the child ever require the cord blood stem cells (for example, to replace bone marrow destroyed when treating leukemia). This practice is controversial, with critics asserting that early cord blood withdrawal at the time of birth actually increases the likelihood of childhood disease, due to the high volume of blood taken (an average of 108ml) in relation to the baby's total supply (typically 300ml).[21] The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists stated in 2006 that "there is still insufficient evidence to recommend directed commercial cord blood collection and stem-cell storage in low-risk families".

text: The American Academy of Pediatrics has stated that cord blood banking for self-use should be discouraged (as most conditions requiring the use of stem cells will already exist in the cord blood), while banking for general use should be encouraged.[29] In the future, cord blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells (CBEs) may be banked and matched with other patients, much like blood and transplanted tissues. The use of CBEs could potentially eliminate the ethical difficulties associated with embryonic stem cells (ESCs).[30]

text: While the American Academy of Pediatrics discourages private banking except in the case of existing medical need, it also says that information about the potential benefits and limitations of cord blood banking and transplantation should be provided so that parents can make an informed decision.

text: In the United States, cord blood education has been supported by legislators at the federal and state levels. In 2005, the National Academy of Sciences published an Institute of Medicine (IoM) report which recommended that expectant parents be given a balanced perspective on their options for cord blood banking. In response to their constituents, state legislators across the country are introducing legislation intended to help inform physicians and expectant parents on the options for donating, discarding or banking lifesaving newborn stem cells. Currently 17 states, representing two-thirds of U.S. births, have enacted legislation recommended by the IoM guidelines.

text: The use of cord blood stem cells in treating conditions such as brain injury[31] and Type 1 Diabetes[32] is already being studied in humans, and earlier stage research is being conducted for treatments of stroke,[33][34] and hearing loss.[35]

text: Cord blood stored with private banks is typically reserved for use of the donor child only. In contrast, cord blood stored in public banks is accessible to anyone with a closely matching tissue type and demonstrated need. The use of cord blood from public banks is increasing. Currently it is used in place of a bone marrow transplant in the treatment of blood disorders such as leukemia, with donations released for transplant through one registry, Netcord.org,[36] passing 1,000,000 as of January 2013. Cord blood is used when the patient cannot find a matching bone marrow donor; this "extension" of the donor pool has driven the expansion of public banks.

text: The umbilical cord in other animals[edit]

text: The umbilical cord in some mammals, including cows and sheep, contains two distinct umbilical veins. There is only one umbilical vein in the human umbilical cord.[37]

text: In some animals, the mother will gnaw through the cord, thus separating the placenta from the offspring. The cord along with the placenta is often eaten by the mother, to provide nourishment and to dispose of tissues that would otherwise attract scavengers or predators.[citation needed] In chimpanzees, the mother leaves the cord in place and nurses her young with the cord and placenta attached until the cord dries out and separates naturally, within a day of birth, at which time the cord is discarded. (This was first documented by zoologists in the wild in 1974.[38])

text: Some species of shark — hammerheads, requiems and smooth-hounds — are viviparous and have an umbilical cord attached to their placenta.[39]

text: Animals that lay eggs seem to have a false umbilical-cord that attaches the embryo and yolk together in much the same way.[citation needed]

text: Other uses for the term "umbilical cord"[edit]

text: The term "umbilical cord" or just "umbilical" has also come to be used for other cords with similar functions, such as the hose connecting surface-supplied divers to their surface supply of air and/or heating, or space-suited astronauts to their spacecraft. Engineers sometimes use the term to describe a complex or critical cable connecting a component, especially when composed of bundles of conductors of different colors, thickness and types, terminating in a single multi-contact disconnect.

text: Cancer-causing toxins in human umbilical cords[edit]

text: In multiple American and international studies, cancer-causing chemicals have been found in the blood of umbilical cords. These originate from certain plastics, computer circuit boards, fumes and synthetic fragrances among others. Over 300 chemical toxicants have been found, including bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), Teflon-related perfluorooctanoic acid, galaxolide and synthetic musks among others.[40] The studies in America showed higher levels in African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans due, it is thought, to living in areas of higher pollution.[41]

text: Additional images[edit]

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text:
Diagram illustrating a later stage in the development of the umbilical cord.

Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion. Magnified a little over two diameters

Sectional plan of the gravid uterus in the third and fourth month.

Fetus in utero, between fifth and sixth months.

Scheme of placental circulation.

Human embryo with heart and anterior body-wall removed to show the sinus venosus and its tributaries.

Newborn child, seconds after birth, crying. The umbilical cord has not yet been cut.

Newborn child, soon after birth by caesarian section.

Newborn child and mother, postpartum umbilical nonseverance (with placenta).

A newborn at 45 seconds, with umbilical cord clamped.

Umbilic. Deep dissection.Serial cross section.