document_title: Xbox 360 technical problems

question_text: what does it mean when red rings on xbox 360

root

text: Xbox 360 technical problems

text: "General Hardware Failure" errors[edit]

text: Three flashing red lights around the Xbox 360 power button instead of the one to four green lights indicating normal operation represent an internal problem that requires service.[9] This error was soon nicknamed the "Red Ring of Death", echoing Windows' Blue Screen of Death error.  Warning signs may include freeze-ups, graphical problems in the middle of gameplay, such as checkerboard or pinstripe patterns on the screen, and sound errors; mostly consisting of extremely loud noises that can be affected by the volume control, the console only responding when the power button is pressed to turn it off.[10] These events may happen once or several times until the hardware failure occurs, or not at all. If the console freezes occasionally, the error will not necessarily follow. The technical problems seem to affect some generations of consoles more than others, e.g. Xenon or Zephyr. Those problems may also cause some freezing screens.

tag: p

text: This error code is usually caused by failure of one or more hardware components, although it can indicate that the console is not receiving enough power from the power supply, which can either be due to a faulty power supply or if the power supply cable is not fully inserted into the console. The 3 flashing lights can also be caused by power surges; if the console is connected to an outlet that receives a power surge, it may have a failure and the 3 lights will appear as long as the console is plugged into the outlet.  Turning off the console, unplugging all power cables and plugging them back in, and restarting the console may fix this issue in some cases.[11][12]

text: Distinct from the General Hardware Failure is a similar-looking, but much less serious, error warning where four red lights appear, in which case the console does not detect an AV cable is plugged in; however, this error code is not generated on models equipped with an HDMI output.[13] The four lights can sometimes also be seen when power surges or very brief power outages occur while the console is running, in which the console needs to be unplugged and plugged back in again to reset the error. Two red lights appear when the system is overheated.

text: On the Xbox 360 S model, the power button utilizes a different design that does not incorporate the same style of lighting that past models used.[14] A flashing red light means that the console is overheating, similar to the two-light error code on the original model Xbox 360; however, an on-screen message also appears, telling the user that the console will automatically power off to protect itself from overheating. A solid red light is similar to the one-light error if an "E XX" error message is displayed and a three-light error code if the error message is absent.

text: Response to rate of failure[edit]

text: In the early months after the console's launching, Microsoft stated that the Xbox 360's failure rate was within the consumer electronics industry's typical 3% to 5%.[15][16][17][18]  Nevertheless, Microsoft has not released its official statistics on the failure rate of the various versions of the console.[19]

text: On July 5, 2007, Peter Moore, the Vice President of Microsoft's Interactive Entertainment Business division published an open letter recognizing the console's problems, as well as announcing a three-year warranty from the original date of purchase for every Xbox 360 console that experiences the "general hardware failure" indicated by three flashing red LEDs on the console.[20] A source that has been identified as a team leader and key architect in the creation of the Xbox and Xbox 360 and a founding member of the Xbox team[21][22] provided insight as to the high rate of failures. The interviews suggest that Xbox 360 units that fail early in their life do so because of problems in the system design, parts supply, material reliability, and manufacturing issues as well as a system not tolerant to faults. These issues were alleged to be the end results of the decisions of management in Microsoft's Xbox team and inadequate testing resources prior to the console's release. A second source cited that, at one time, there was just a 32% yield of one of the test production runs. 68 of every 100 test units were found to be defective.[23]

text: Years after leaving Microsoft, Moore recalled preparing to tell then CEO of Microsoft, Steve Ballmer, of his planned response to the incident, "we've got to tell Steve, here's what we have to do: we need to FedEx an empty box to a customer who had a problem - they would call us up - with a FedEx return label to send your box, and then we would FedEx it back to them and fix it. ...  I always remember $240m of that was FedEx. ... It was sickening. I was doing a lot of interviews. ... We couldn't figure it out. ... There was a theory. We had changed our solder, which is the way you put the GPU and the fans, to lead-free. ... We think it was somehow the heat coming off the GPU was drying out some of the solder, and it wasn't the normal stuff we'd used, because we had to meet European Standards and take the lead out. ... He said, 'what's it going to cost?' I remember taking a deep breath, looking at Robbie, and saying, 'we think it's $1.15bn, Steve.' He said, 'do it.' There was no hesitation. ... If we hadn't made that decision there and then, and tried to fudge over this problem, then the Xbox brand and Xbox One wouldn't exist today."[24]

text: On February 8, 2008, during the Game Developers Conference 2008, Microsoft announced that the "Failure rate has officially dropped", but without mentioning any specifics.[25] The same month, electronics warranty provider SquareTrade published an examination of 1040 Xbox 360's and said that they suffered from a failure rate of 16.4% (one in six). Of the 171 failures, 60% were due to a general hardware failure (and thus fell under the 3 year extended warranty). And of the remaining 40% which were not covered by the extended warranty, 18% were disc read errors, 13% were video card failures, 13% were hard drive freezes, 10% were power issues and 7% were disc tray malfunctions.[26][27]  SquareTrade also stated that its estimates are likely significantly lower than reality due to the time span of the sample (six to ten months), the eventual failure of many consoles that did not occur within this time span and the fact that most owners did not deal with SquareTrade and had their consoles repaired directly through Microsoft via the much publicized extended RROD warranty.

text: People who experience the problem will find that they have to send the Xbox 360 away for repair or replacement and it may take up to 3 weeks to repair or replace. During the time of the Xbox being replaced, Microsoft and UPS will keep the client(s) updated with the current status of where the Xbox is and whether it is being repaired or replaced.

text: On October 17, 2008 a class action lawsuit was filed in California against Microsoft over the RROD problem.[8]

text: On August 28, 2009, SquareTrade published a report saying that "early indications point to the RROD problem abating in 2009", projecting that 1-year failure rates with the release of the Jasper chipsets might be below 4%, with actual fail rates for RROD problems at slightly above 1% in Q109, and total failure rates for all hardware problems at about 12%.[28]

text: In June 2010 Microsoft released a new "slimmer" Xbox 360. These models indicate hardware failure differently from the original; The outer ring segments cannot turn red anymore. Microsoft has said that henceforth errors will be displayed by the center of the power button changing from green to red.[29] Additionally Microsoft will no longer give a 3-year warranty for "general failure" errors, because the Xbox 360 slim "constitutes a whole new design".

text: Causes[edit]

text: Microsoft has never officially released any information indicating the true cause of the problem. Therefore, any information available to the public has come only from third party analyses.

text: Electronics industry newspaper EE Times reported that the problems may have started in the graphics chip. Microsoft designed the chip in-house to cut out the traditional ASIC vendor with the goal of saving money in ASIC design costs. After multiple product failures, Microsoft went back to an ASIC vendor and had the chip redesigned so it would dissipate less heat.[30][31]

text: German computer magazine c't blamed the problem primarily on the use of the wrong type of lead-free solder, a type that when exposed to elevated temperatures for extended periods of time becomes brittle and can develop hair-line cracks that are almost irreparable.[32] The article also revealed that representatives of the three largest Xbox 360 resellers in the world (EB Games, Gamestop and Best Buy) claimed that the failure rate of the Xbox 360 was between 30% and 33%, and that Micromart, the largest repair shop in the United Kingdom, stopped repairing Xbox 360s because it was unable to fully repair the defective systems. Because of the nature of the problem, Micromart could only make temporary repairs, which led to many of the "repaired" systems failing again after a few weeks.  At that time Micromart was receiving 2,500 defective consoles per day from the U.K. alone.[32]

text: Some articles also suggest that the hardware condition may also be caused by using the new Xbox Kinect with the old Xenon generation Xbox.[33]

text: Scratched discs[edit]

text: Almost at the same time the Xbox 360 was released in late 2005, customers began reporting circumferential scratches found on discs used in their Xbox 360 consoles.  Almost two years later, in February 2007, the Web site "The Llamma's Adventures" investigated the matter and concluded that some Xbox 360 disc drives lack a mechanism to secure the disc solidly in place.[34] Tilting or moving consoles with these drives, when operating with a disc spinning inside, can potentially cause damage to the disc and in some cases rendering the disc unplayable as a result.[35] Discs have also been scratched by stationary consoles during normal use.[36] One side of the disc can also be scratched by the disc tray if it malfunctions by closing with the disc in an odd position.[citation needed] Also, technical engineers already knew about the problem before release confirm this with Microsoft with a list of solutions.[37] According to Microsoft, decreasing the disc rotation would cause games to take excessive amounts of time to load from the disc, and adding a bumper in the disc tray would cost 25 cents per console—a total of about 11 million dollars and causing a delay of the Xbox 360 release.[citation needed] In 2005, they were accused of many technical Xbox 360 problems and a poor lack of solutions and warranty.[citation needed] According to reports in news media, the new Xbox 360 S design still scratches discs when the console is moved while spinning in operation. However, the Xbox 360 S and Xbox 360 E ships with a sticker informing users that moving the console while powered on poses risks, effectively removing responsibility from Microsoft. [38]

text: Disc replacement[edit]

text: Although discs scratched by the Xbox 360 are not covered under its warranty,[39] Microsoft's Xbox Disc Replacement Program[40] will sell customers a new copy of discs scratched by the Xbox 360, if they are published in countries where the Xbox was originally sold, at a cost of $20.[41] The published list of games that qualify, however, is limited.[42] Halo 3 Limited Edition was replaced at no cost until February 1, 2008 according to the Xbox Disc Replacement Program's main site.  Other publishers can be contacted directly for a disc exchange, but it is unclear whether they will replace discs at no cost. Game publisher Electronic Arts details a specific program for this problem which requires the disc and original receipt, also the game must be purchased within 90 days of the request for a replacement disc, or will request a replacement charge of $20 or $25.[43]

text: In December 2005 (shortly after the Xbox 360's release in the United States and Canada on November 22, 2005 and around its release in Europe and Asia in early December 2005), reports of unidentifiable noises from the Xbox 360 were appearing on Internet message boards.[citation needed] In response to the problem, Microsoft offered in  December 2005 to replace only the Perfect Dark Zero video game "even if it was not the game that was scratched."[44] The scratched disc problem reportedly affected only a small percentage of Xbox 360 units,[44] however it became apparent in December 2005, through message board reports and growing media coverage.[45]

text: Kassa’s February 2007 investigation[edit]

text: The Xbox 360 scratched disc problem received little media coverage in 2006;[46] however, in February 2007, the Dutch television program Kassa investigated several complaints from Dutch consumers about circular scratches made in their Xbox 360 discs.[47] Some of these consumers claimed that their discs became unreadable.[47] Kassa investigation traced the problem to a design defect in which the Xbox 360 optical lens was not restrained sufficiently.[47][48] In asserting that Microsoft or at least its chain of suppliers was aware of this problem, Kassa noted that Microsoft's "TSST"[49] versions of the Samsung DVD-drive lack rubber cushions around the optical lens while identical Samsung drives sold for PCs did have these rubber cushions.[47][48] Kassa also noted that the affected Xbox 360s all seem to have been produced towards the end of 2006.[47][48]

text: Kassa’s April 2007 investigation[edit]

text: During the February 2007 investigation report, Kassa stated that either not all Xbox 360s without protective pads would spontaneously scratch discs, or that the complaints were from Xbox 360 users who had moved their Xbox during use, or who used an unstable setup.[47] Kassa's February 2007 investigation left open the question of whether consumers contributed to the rounded scratch problem by moving their Xbox 360 (TSST version) during the playing of a disc.[50] This resulted in Kassa receiving an additional 1,000 complaints over the subsequent two months, with many consumers denying the Xbox had moved when the scratching occurred, or that it had been placed in an unstable position.[36]

text: Prompted by consumer reaction to its February 2007 report, Kassa performed several tests with Xbox 360 units from consumers who claimed their Xbox had the problem. Kassa stabilized these consoles and positioned them at a location remote from contact by anyone. The results of the laboratory conditions test revealed that one of the nine tested Xbox 360 units had spontaneously scratched a disc after five hours of gaming. The consoles were also tested standing upright, and the test revealed that three of the nine tested Xbox 360s significantly scratched discs.  The video of the complete investigation, meticulously documenting the methodology, and all the relevant details of the tests, was made ready to be aired on April 14, 2007.[51] The videos are also distributed with English subtitles, for those that are not Dutch[52][53] Note that Kassa has produced and uploaded these videos itself, and therefore it is not a copyright violation to reproduce these links here. They can also be found on the Kassa Website[54] together with some press information about the case (in English). The test setup details can be found online,[55] and the complete movie of the Kassa TV program meticulously documenting the methodology used for the test can be found online (in Dutch)[56]  Weeks before it aired, however, Kassa solicited input from Microsoft Netherlands.

text: One day before the airing of the April 14, 2007 show, Kassa received a response from Microsoft Netherlands stating that "as a result of regular use it is possible that scratches on discs can arise",[57][58][59] and that Microsoft Netherlands "would seek a solution for the Dutch customers with this problem".[60]  Additionally, Microsoft released the following statement ten days after the show, on April 24, 2007:

text: "Due to the fact that we did not participate in the experiment done by Kassa and have little insight into the methodology that was used, we cannot comment specifically on the outcome. While we are aware that discs can potentially be scratched through normal wear and tear, we have not received any widespread reports of the issue highlighted here. That said, it is important to us that all of our customers have the best gaming experiences possible, and these claims are obviously very concerning to us.  We encourage any Xbox customer who believes that their discs have been scratched in the same manner as identified by Kassa, to contact us. We will examine the console and make appropriate repairs if necessary in order to restore the console to full working order, as well as provide customers with information on how to obtain replacement discs should they need them."[61]

text: Microsoft Netherlands now accepts these complaints from users (while within the warranty period), and offers to replace the Xbox 360 free of charge. Whether Microsoft Netherlands will also replace scratched discs is still unclear. After the official broadcast, (in a continuation of the show which can be viewed on-line, about 28 minutes into the show) a customer is shown calling the Microsoft help-desk, who is told Microsoft will replace his Xbox 360 but is denied a promise to replace his scratched games.[62] There are reports from some other regions that Microsoft will replace scratched discs if published by Microsoft.[63]

text: The European Commission’s June 2007 investigation of disc scratches[edit]

text: On June 1, 2007, European Commissioner for Consumer Protection Meglena Kuneva, after talking with the producers of "Kassa" and other Dutch consumer organizations,[64] announced that the European Commission would investigate the Xbox scratching problems, and would ask Microsoft for an Xbox replacement program for the whole of Europe. She expected Microsoft’s answer within a week.[65] Informal sources now say that Microsoft’s response was to deny the problem exists, stating that "the users are to blame".[66] But Kuneva did not react to that response, and 18 months later (4th quarter 2008) the EC’s (Meglena Kuneva’s) news site  was still silent about Microsoft’s response, or about the result of the "investigation".[67][68][69]

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: A man has sued Microsoft claiming the Xbox 360 scratches game discs, saying the consoles are "negligently designed and manufactured." In the lawsuit filed on July 9, 2007 in a Florida federal court, Jorge Brouwer says Microsoft has received thousands of complaints but has not replaced all scratched discs. The lawsuit seeks class action status.[70]

text: Three law firms in Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Los Angeles, California; and Seattle, Washington are investigating consumer complaints regarding the Xbox 360. The law firms have filed lawsuits in the United States District Court Western District of Washington at Seattle on behalf of a proposed nationwide class of customers who have suffered scratched game discs while using their Xbox 360. The lawsuit seeks class certification and reimbursement for customers for the cost of games damaged by the console; reimbursement for customers who have paid a $20 fee to Microsoft Corporation under a limited disc replacement program offered on ten Microsoft games; repair of consoles free of charge to prevent further disc scratching; and/or reimbursement for customers who have paid for an aftermarket repair solution.[71]

text: BBC Watchdog investigation of Xbox 360 disc scratches (2009)[edit]

text: On March 23, 2009, the BBC's consumer interest programme Watchdog performed an investigation into how the console scratches its own discs, after Microsoft found no issues with multiple reportedly defective consoles. A sealed test, protected from any outside interference beyond accessing games, found no problems with either console. However, a further test which attempted to simulate normal household vibrations produced a disc scratch on the previously problematic console.

text: Currently, Microsoft still maintains that it is the user's fault when discs are damaged, because it "makes clear with multiple warnings not to move the console with the disc inside." It also maintains that only a minority of customers are affected by this issue. However, the company did not comment on the lab tests.[72]

text: Other[edit]

text: November 2006 update[edit]

text: An update patch released on November 1, 2006 was reported to "brick" consoles, rendering them useless.[73] The most obvious issue occurs after the installation of the patch, after which the console immediately reboots and shows an error message. Usually, error code E71 is shown during or directly after the booting animation.

text: In response to the November 2006 update error that "bricked" his console, a California man filed a class action lawsuit against Microsoft in Washington federal court in early December 2006.[74] The lawsuit seeks $5 million in damages and the free repair of any console rendered unusable by the update. This is the second such lawsuit filed against Microsoft, the first having been filed in December 2005, shortly after the 360's launch.

text: Following Microsoft's extension of the Xbox 360 warranty to a full year, from the previous 90 days, the California man's attorney confirmed to the Seattle Post Intelligencer that the lawsuit had been resolved under confidential terms.[75]

text: Video failure[edit]

text: In mid 2007, technology and gaming blogs began reporting about new problems with the Xbox 360 losing video output.[76][77] The problems are characterized by a blank, staticky, or grayscale video output with a proper functioning audio output and no flashing red lights on the console. The complete video failure is sometimes preceded by other graphical glitches such as an irregular saturation of green and/or red colors.[citation needed]

text: Others have complained about not being able to view certain movies/DVDs on their HDTV using the HDMI cable. This is likely caused by the HDTV being non-HDCP compliant.[citation needed]

text: Nyko Intercooler[edit]

text: The Nyko Intercooler has been reported to have led to a general hardware failure in a number of consoles, as well as scorching of the power DC input.[78] Microsoft stated that the peripheral drains too much power from the console (the Intercooler power cord is installed between the Xbox 360 power supply and the console itself) and can cause faults to occur,  and stated that consoles fitted with the peripheral will have their warranties null and void. Nyko has recently released an updated Intercooler that uses its own power source. Nyko claims this problem no longer occurs with new versions of this cooler. However, Microsoft still considers it an unlicensed add-on and will void the warranty of machines showing signs of its use. There is no data available to indicate whether the Intercooler really does decrease the chance of hardware failure.[78] However, if the Intercooler fails, it can cause more overheating problems. The Intercooler can also melt itself onto the 360, melt the powercord inside of itself, or make itself extremely hard to remove.[79]

text: "New Xbox Experience" update issues[edit]

text: On November 19, 2008, Microsoft released the "New Xbox Experience" (NXE).  This update provided streaming Netflix capability and avatars; however, some users have reported the update has caused their consoles to not properly read optical media.[1]  Others have reported that the update has disabled audio through HDMI connections.[80]  A Microsoft spokesperson stated the company is "aware that a handful of Xbox LIVE users are experiencing audio issues, and are diligently monitoring this issue and working towards a solution."  Microsoft released a patch on February 3, 2009 for the HDMI audio issues.[81]

text: E74 error[edit]

text:
An E74 error is indicated when the lower-right quadrant of the ring indicator flashes red and displays an error message in multiple languages: "System Error. Contact Xbox Customer Support", with the code E74 at the bottom. The error is caused by a solder joint under the GPU or Video output chip becoming damaged. [82]
As of April 14, 2009, the E74 error is now covered by the three-year extended warranty, and customers who previously paid Microsoft for out-of-warranty service to correct the E74 error received a refund.[83][84]

text: The E74 error has sometimes been described[by whom?] as a "Green Screen of Death" and a "Black Screen of Death" because early versions of these errors had an almost jet-black background with a hue of dark green. Later versions would show a completely jet-black background. Reports of impending Q4 red-light failure stem from users who report an abnormal display with poor, grainy video as well as black dots or artifacts appearing on the screen. Vertical green or red strokes on the screen can also indicate an E74.[citation needed]

text: Secondary Error Code[edit]

text: Xbox 360 consoles which have a hardware failure will display a secondary error code by blinking a sequence of LEDs when the correct button sequence is pushed.[12][85] An error code of 0001 may represent a defect in the power supply, rather than the Xbox itself, or a short within the Xbox, or a blown capacitor.


document_title: Uruguay at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: where did uruguay finish in 2014 world cup

question_tokens: where did uruguay finish in 2014 world cup

text: Uruguay at the FIFA World Cup

text: Performance history[edit]

text:
Year

Round

Position

GP

W

D*

L

GS

GA

 1930
Champions
1st
4
4
0
0
15
3

 1934
Did not enter

 1938

 1950
Champions[1]
1st
4
3
1
0
15
5

 1954
Fourth place
4th
5
3
0
2
16
9

 1958
Did not qualify

 1962
Group stage
13th
3
1
0
2
4
6

 1966
Quarter-finals
7th
4
1
2
1
2
5

 1970
Fourth place
4th
6
2
1
3
4
5

 1974
Group stage
13th
3
0
1
2
1
6

 1978
Did not qualify

 1982

 1986
Round of 16
16th
4
0
2
2
2
8

 1990
Round of 16
16th
4
1
1
2
2
5

 1994
Did not qualify

 1998

 2002
Group stage
26th
3
0
2
1
4
5

 2006
Did not qualify

 2010
Fourth place
4th
7
3
2
2
11
8

 2014
Round of 16
12th
4
2
0
2
4
6

 2018
Quarter-finals
5th
5
4
0
1
7
3

Total
13/21
2 titles
56
24
12
20
87
74

tag: table

text: *Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

text: Record by opponent[edit]

text:
Against

Wins

Draws

Losses

Total

GS

GA

GD

 Argentina
1
0
1
2
4
3
+1

 Austria
0
0
1
1
1
3
-2

 Belgium
0
0
1
1
1
3
-2

 Bolivia
1
0
0
1
8
0
+8

 Brazil
1
0
1
2
3
4
-1

 Bulgaria
0
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Colombia
1
0
1
2
2
3
-1

 Costa Rica
0
0
1
1
1
3
-2

 Czechoslovakia
1
0
0
1
2
0
+2

 Denmark
0
0
2
2
2
8
-6

 Egypt
1
0
0
1
1
0
+1

 England
2
1
0
3
6
3
+3

 France
1
2
1
4
2
3
-1

 Germany
0
1
3
4
3
9
-6

 Ghana
0
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Hungary
0
0
1
1
2
4
-2

 Israel
1
0
0
1
2
0
+2

 Italy
1
1
1
3
1
2
-1

 South Korea
2
0
0
2
3
1
+2

 Mexico
1
1
0
2
1
0
+1

 Netherlands
0
0
2
2
2
5
-3

 Peru
1
0
0
1
1
0
+1

 Portugal
1
0
0
1
2
1
+1

 Romania
1
0
0
1
4
0
+4

 Russia
1
0
0
1
3
0
+3

 Saudi Arabia
1
0
0
1
1
0
+1

 Senegal
0
1
0
1
3
3
0

 Scotland
1
1
0
2
7
0
+7

 South Africa
1
0
0
1
3
0
+3

 Soviet Union
1
0
1
2
2
2
0

 Spain
0
2
0
2
2
2
0

 Sweden
1
0
2
3
3
6
-3

 Yugoslavia
1
0
1
2
7
4
+3

text: Uruguay 1930[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad – 1930 FIFA World Cup winners (1st title)
MF Andrade
FW Anselmo
GK Ballestrero
FW Calvo
GK Capuccini
FW Castro
FW Cea
FW Dorado
DF Fernández
MF Gestido
FW Iriarte
DF Mascheroni
MF Melogno
DF Nasazzi (c)
FW Petrone
MF Píriz
DF Recoba
MF Riolfo
FW Saldombide
FW Scarone
DF Tejera
FW Urdinarán
Coach: Suppici

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Uruguay

2
2
0
0
5
0
+5
4

 Romania

2
1
0
1
3
5
–2
2

 Peru

2
0
0
2
1
4
–3
0

text:
Uruguay

1–0

 Peru

Castro  65'

Report

text:
Uruguay

4–0

 Romania

Dorado  7'Scarone  26'[2]Anselmo  31'Cea  35'[2]

Report

text: Semi-finals[edit]

text:
Uruguay

6–1

 Yugoslavia

Cea  18', 67', 72'[2]Anselmo  20', 31'[2]Iriarte  61'[2]

Report

Sekulić  4'[2]

text: Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

4–2

 Argentina

Dorado  12'Cea  57'[2]Iriarte  68'Castro  89'

Report

Peucelle  20'Stábile  37'[2]

text: Brazil 1950[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad – 1950 FIFA World Cup winners (2nd title)
GK Máspoli
GK Paz
DF Gambetta
DF J. González
DF M. González
DF Martínez
DF Tejera
DF Vilches
MF Ortuño
MF Pini
MF Rodríguez Andrade
MF Varela (c)
FW Britos
FW Burgueño
FW Ghiggia
FW Míguez
FW Morán
FW Pérez
FW Rijo
FW Romero
FW Schiaffino
FW Vidal
Coach: López

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

Pts

 Uruguay

1
1
0
0
8
0
2

 Bolivia

1
0
0
1
0
8
0

 Scotland

withdrew

 Turkey

withdrew

text:
Uruguay

8–0

 Bolivia

Míguez  14', 40', 51'Schiaffino  17', 53'Vidal  18'Pérez  83'Ghiggia  87'

Report

text: Final Round[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

Pts

 Uruguay

3
2
1
0
7
5
5

 Brazil

3
2
0
1
14
4
4

 Sweden

3
1
0
2
6
11
2

 Spain

3
0
1
2
4
11
1

text:
Uruguay

2–2

 Spain

Ghiggia  27'Varela  72'

Report

Basora  39', 41'

text:
Uruguay

3–2

 Sweden

Ghiggia  39'Míguez  77', 84'

Report

Palmér  4'Sundqvist  41'

text:
Uruguay

2–1

 Brazil

Schiaffino  66'Ghiggia  79'

Report

Friaça  47'

text: Switzerland 1954[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  1954 FIFA World Cup fourth place
1 Máspoli
2 Santamaría
3 Martínez
4 Rodríguez Andrade
5 Varela (c)
6 Leopardi
7 Abbadie
8 Hohberg
9 Míguez
10 Schiaffino
11 Borges
12 Maceiras
13 Davoine
14 Tejera
15 Rivera
16 Carballo
17 Cruz
18 Souto
19 Ambrois
20 Méndez
21 Pérez
22 Castro
Coach: López

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

Pts

 Uruguay

2
2
0
0
9
0
4

 Austria

2
2
0
0
6
0
4

 Czechoslovakia

2
0
0
2
0
7
0

 Scotland

2
0
0
2
0
8
0

text:
Uruguay

2–0

 Czechoslovakia

Míguez  72'Schiaffino  81'

Report

text:
Uruguay

7–0

 Scotland

Borges  17', 47', 57'Míguez  30', 83'Abbadie  54', 85'

Report

text: Quarter-Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

4–2

 England

Borges  5'Varela  39'Schiaffino  46'Ambrois  78'

Report

Lofthouse  16'Finney  67'

text: Semi-Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

2–4 (a.e.t.)

 Hungary

Hohberg  75', 86'

Report

Czibor  13'Hidegkuti  46'Kocsis  111', 116'

text: Bronze Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

1–3

 Austria

Hohberg  22'

Report

Stojaspal  16' (pen.)Cruz  59' (o.g.)Ocwirk  89'

text: Chile 1962[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  1962 FIFA World Cup
1 Sosa
2 Troche (c)
3 Emilio Álvarez
4 Méndez
5 Gonçalves
6 P. Cubilla
7 Pérez
8 Cortés
9 Sasía
10 Rocha
11 L. Cubilla
12 Maidana
13 Martínez
14 Soria
15 E. González
16 R. González
17 Eliseo Álvarez
18 Langón
19 Bergara
20 Silva
21 Cabrera
22 Escalada
Coach: Corazzo

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GAv

Pts

 Soviet Union

3
2
1
0
8
5
1.60
5

 Yugoslavia

3
2
0
1
8
3
2.67
4

 Uruguay

3
1
0
2
4
6
0.67
2

 Colombia

3
0
1
2
5
11
0.45
1

text:
Uruguay

2–1

 Colombia

Sasía  56'Cubilla  75'

Report

Zuluaga  19' (pen.)

text:
Uruguay

1–3

 Yugoslavia

Cabrera  19'

Report

Skoblar  25' (pen.)Galić  29'Jerković  49'

text:
Uruguay

1–2

 Soviet Union

Sasía  54'

Report

Mamykin  38'Ivanov  89'

text: England 1966[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  1966 FIFA World Cup
1 Mazurkiewicz
2 Troche (c)
3 Manicera
4 Forlán
5 Gonçalves
6 Caetano
7 Cortés
8 Urruzmendi
9 Sasía
10 Rocha
11 Pérez
12 Sosa
13 Díaz
14 Emilio Álvarez
15 Ubiña
16 Eliseo Álvarez
17 Salva
18 M. Viera
19 Silva
20 Ramos
21 Espárrago
22 Taibo
Coach: O. Viera

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GAv

Pts

 England

3
2
1
0
4
0
∞
5

 Uruguay

3
1
2
0
2
1
2.00
4

 Mexico

3
0
2
1
1
3
0.33
2

 France

3
0
1
2
2
5
0.40
1

text:
Uruguay

0–0

 England

Report

text:
Uruguay

2–1

 France

Rocha  26'Cortés  31'

Report

De Bourgoing  15' (pen.)

text:
Uruguay

0–0

 Mexico

Report

text: Quarter-Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

0–4

 West Germany

Report

Haller  11', 83'Beckenbauer  70'Seeler  75'

text: Mexico 1970[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  1970 FIFA World Cup fourth place
1 Mazurkiewicz
2 Ancheta
3 Matosas
4 Ubiña
5 Montero Castillo
6 Mujica
7 Cubilla
8 Rocha (c)
9 Espárrago
10 Maneiro
11 Morales
12 Santos
13 Sandoval
14 Cámera
15 Fontes
16 Caetano
17 Bareño
18 Gómez
19 Zubía
20 Cortés
21 Losada
22 Corbo
Coach: Hohberg

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Italy

3
1
2
0
1
0
+1
4

 Uruguay

3
1
1
1
2
1
+1
3

 Sweden

3
1
1
1
2
2
0
3

 Israel

3
0
2
1
1
3
–2
2

text:
Uruguay

2–0

 Israel

Maneiro  23'Mujica  50'

Report

text:
Uruguay

0–0

 Italy

Report

text:
Uruguay

0–1

 Sweden

Report

Grahn  90'

text: Quarter-Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

1–0 (a.e.t.)

 Soviet Union

Espárrago  116'

Report

text: Semi-Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

1–3

 Brazil

Cubilla  19'

Report

Clodoaldo  44'Jairzinho  76'Rivelino  89'

text: Bronze Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

0–1

 West Germany

Report

Overath  26'

text: West Germany 1974[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  1974 FIFA World Cup
1 Mazurkiewicz
2 Jáuregui
3 Masnik (c)
4 Forlán
5 Montero Castillo
6 Pavoni
7 Cubilla
8 Espárrago
9 Morena
10 Rocha
11 Corbo
12 Santos
13 de Simone
14 Garisto
15 González
16 Cardaccio
17 Jiménez
18 Mantegazza
19 Milar
20 Silva
21 Gómez
22 Fernández
Coach: Porta

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Netherlands

3
2
1
0
6
1
+5
5

 Sweden

3
1
2
0
3
0
+3
4

 Bulgaria

3
0
2
1
2
5
–3
2

 Uruguay

3
0
1
2
1
6
–5
1

text:
Uruguay

0–2

 Netherlands

Report

Rep  16', 86'

text:
Uruguay

1–1

 Bulgaria

Pavoni  87'

Report

Bonev  75'

text:
Uruguay

0–3

 Sweden

Report

Edström  46', 77'Sandberg  74'

text: Mexico 1986[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  1986 FIFA World Cup
1 Rodríguez
2 Gutiérrez
3 Acevedo
4 Diogo
5 Bossio
6 Batista
7 Alzamendi
8 Barrios (c)
9 Da Silva
10 Francescoli
11 Santín
12 Alvez
13 Vega
14 Pereyra
15 Rivero
16 Saralegui
17 Zalazar
18 Paz
19 Ramos
20 Aguilera
21 Cabrera
22 Otero
Coach: Borrás

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Denmark

3
3
0
0
9
1
+8
6

 West Germany

3
1
1
1
3
4
–1
3

 Uruguay

3
0
2
1
2
7
–5
2

 Scotland

3
0
1
2
1
3
–2
1

text:
Uruguay

1–1

 West Germany

Alzamendi  4'

Report

Allofs  84'

text:
Uruguay

1–6

 Denmark

Francescoli  45' (pen.)

Report

Elkjær Larsen  11', 67', 80'Lerby  41'Laudrup  52'J. Olsen  88'

text:
Uruguay

0–0

 Scotland

Report

text: Round of 16[edit]

text:
Uruguay

0–1

 Argentina

Report

Pasculli  42'

text: Italy 1990[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  1990 FIFA World Cup
1 Alvez
2 Gutiérrez
3 de León
4 Herrera
5 Perdomo
6 Domínguez
7 Alzamendi
8 Ostolaza
9 Francescoli (c)
10 Paz
11 Sosa
12 E. Pereira
13 Revelez
14 Pintos Saldanha
15 Correa
16 Bengoechea
17 Martínez
18 Aguilera
19 Fonseca
20 R. Pereira
21 Castro
22 Zeoli
Coach: Tabárez

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Spain

3
2
1
0
5
2
+3
5

 Belgium

3
2
0
1
6
3
+3
4

 Uruguay

3
1
1
1
2
3
–1
3

 South Korea

3
0
0
3
1
6
–5
0

text:
Uruguay

0–0

 Spain

Report

text:
Uruguay

1–3

 Belgium

Bengoechea  74'

Report

Clijsters  16'Scifo  22'Ceulemans  48'

text:
Uruguay

1–0

 South Korea

Fonseca  90'

Report

text: Round of 16[edit]

text:
Uruguay

0–2

 Italy

Report

Schillaci  65'Serena  85'

text: South Korea/Japan 2002[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Carini
2 Méndez
3 Lembo
4 Montero (c)
5 García
6 Rodríguez
7 Guigou
8 Varela
9 Silva
10 O'Neill
11 Magallanes
12 Munúa
13 Abreu
14 Sorondo
15 Olivera
16 Romero
17 Regueiro
18 Morales
19 Bizera
20 Recoba
21 Forlán
22 De los Santos
23 Elduayen
Coach: Púa

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Denmark

3
2
1
0
5
2
+3
7

 Senegal

3
1
2
0
5
4
+1
5

 Uruguay

3
0
2
1
4
5
–1
2

 France

3
0
1
2
0
3
–3
1

text:
Uruguay

1–2

 Denmark

Rodríguez  47'

Report

Tomasson  45'  83'

text:
Uruguay

0–0

 France

Report

text:
Uruguay

3–3

 Senegal

Morales  46'Forlán  69'Recoba  88' (pen.)

Report

Fadiga  20' (pen.)Bouba Diop  26'  38'

text: South Africa 2010[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  2010 FIFA World Cup fourth place
1 Muslera
2 Lugano (c)
3 Godín
4 Fucile
5 Gargano
6 Victorino
7 Cavani
8 Eguren
9 Suárez
10 Forlán
11 Á. Pereira
12 Castillo
13 Abreu
14 Lodeiro
15 Pérez
16 M. Pereira
17 Arévalo
18 I. González
19 Scotti
20 Á. Fernández
21 S. Fernández
22 Cáceres
23 Silva
Coach: Tabárez

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Uruguay

3
2
1
0
4
0
+4
7

 Mexico

3
1
1
1
3
2
+1
4

 South Africa

3
1
1
1
3
5
–2
4

 France

3
0
1
2
1
5
–4
1

text:
Uruguay

0–0

 France

Report

text:
Uruguay

3–0

 South Africa

Forlán  24', 80' (pen.)Á. Pereira  90+5'

Report

text:
Uruguay

1–0

 Mexico

Suárez  43'

Report

text: Round of 16[edit]

text:
Uruguay

2–1

 South Korea

Suárez  8', 80'

Report

Lee Chung-Yong  68'

text: Quarter-Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

1–1 (a.e.t.)

 Ghana

Forlán  55'

Report

Muntari  45+2'

Penalties

Forlán Victorino Scotti M. Pereira Abreu

4–2

 Gyan Appiah Mensah Adiyiah

text: Semi-Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

2–3

 Netherlands

Forlán  41'M. Pereira  90+2'

Report

Van Bronckhorst  18'Sneijder  70'Robben  73'

text: Bronze Final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

2–3

 Germany

Cavani  28'Forlán  51'

Report

Müller  19'Jansen  56'Khedira  82'

text: Brazil 2014[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  2014 FIFA World Cup
1 Muslera
2 Lugano (c)
3 Godín
4 Fucile
5 Gargano
6 Á. Pereira
7 Rodríguez
8 Hernández
9 Suárez
10 Forlán
11 Stuani
12 Muñoz
13 Giménez
14 Lodeiro
15 Pérez
16 M. Pereira
17 Arévalo
18 Ramírez
19 Coates
20 González
21 Cavani
22 Cáceres
23 Silva
Coach: Tabárez

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Costa Rica

3
2
1
0
4
1
+3
7

 Uruguay

3
2
0
1
4
4
0
6

 Italy

3
1
0
2
2
3
–1
3

 England

3
0
1
2
2
4
–2
1

text:
Uruguay

1–3

 Costa Rica

Cavani  24' (pen.)

Report

Joel Campbell  54'Duarte  57'Ureña  84'

text:
Uruguay

2–1

 England

Suárez  39', 85'

Report

Rooney  75'

text:
Uruguay

1–0

 Italy

Godín  81'

Report

text: Round of 16[edit]

text:
Uruguay

0–2

 Colombia

Report

Rodríguez  28', 50'

text: Russia 2018[edit]

text:
showvteUruguay squad  –  2018 FIFA World Cup
1 Muslera
2 Giménez
3 Godín (c)
4 Varela
5 Sánchez
6 Bentancur
7 Rodríguez
8 Nández
9 Suárez
10 De Arrascaeta
11 Stuani
12 Campaña
13 G. Silva
14 Torreira
15 Vecino
16 Pereira
17 Laxalt
18 Gómez
19 Coates
20 Urretaviscaya
21 Cavani
22 Cáceres
23 M. Silva
Coach: Tabárez

text:
Egypt

0–1

 Uruguay

Giménez  89'

text:
Uruguay

1–0

 Saudi Arabia

Suárez  23'

text:
Uruguay

3–0

 Russia

Suárez  10'Cheryshev  23' (o.g.)Cavani  90'

text: Round of 16[edit]

text:
Uruguay

2–1

 Portugal

Cavani  7',  62'

Pepe  55'

text: Quarter-final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

0–2

 France

Varane  41'Griezmann  60'

text: Most appearances[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Fernando Muslera
16
2010, 2014 and 2018

2

Edinson Cavani
14
2010, 2014 and 2018

Diego Godín
14
2010, 2014 and 2018

4

Ladislao Mazurkiewicz
13
1966, 1970 and 1974

Luis Suárez
13
2010, 2014 and 2018

6

Julio César Cortés
11
1962, 1966 and 1970

Egidio Arévalo Ríos
11
2010 and 2014

Martín Cáceres
11
2010, 2014 and 2018

9

Pedro Rocha
10
1962, 1966, 1970 and 1974

Luis Ubiña
10
1966 and 1970

Diego Forlán
10
2002, 2010 and 2014

Maxi Pereira
10
2010 and 2014

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Oscar Míguez
8
1950 (5) and 1954 (3)

2
Luis Suárez
7
2010 (3), 2014 (2) and 2018 (2)

3
Diego Forlán
6
2002 (1) and 2010 (5)

4

Pedro Cea
5
1930

Juan Alberto Schiaffino
5
1950 (3) and 1954 (2)

Edinson Cavani
5
2010 (1), 2014 (1), and 2018 (3)

7

Alcides Ghiggia
4
1950

Carlos Borges
4
1954

9

Peregrino Anselmo
3
1930

Juan Hohberg
3
1954


document_title: Van der Waals constants (data page)

question_text: units of van der waals constants a and b

text: Van der Waals constants (data page)

text: The following table lists the van der Waals constants (from the van der Waals equation) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids.[1]

text:
To convert from

L

2

b
a
r

/

m
o

l

2

{\displaystyle L^{2}bar/mol^{2}}

 to

L

2

k
P
a

/

m
o

l

2

{\displaystyle L^{2}kPa/mol^{2}}

, multiply by 100.

text:
a (L2bar/mol2)
b (L/mol)

Acetic acid
17.71
0.1065

Acetic anhydride
20.158
0.1263

Acetone
16.02
0.1124

Acetonitrile
17.81
0.1168

Acetylene
4.516
0.0522

Ammonia
4.225
0.0371

Argon
1.355
0.03201

Benzene
18.24
0.1154

Bromobenzene
28.94
0.1539

Butane
14.66
0.1226

Carbon dioxide
3.640
0.04267

Carbon disulfide
11.77
0.07685

Carbon monoxide
1.505
0.03985

Carbon tetrachloride
19.7483
0.1281

Chlorine
6.579
0.05622

Chlorobenzene
25.77
0.1453

Chloroethane
11.05
0.08651

Chloromethane
7.570
0.06483

Cyanogen
7.769
0.06901

Cyclohexane
23.11
0.1424

Diethyl ether
17.61
0.1344

Diethyl sulfide
19.00
0.1214

Dimethyl ether
8.180
0.07246

Dimethyl sulfide
13.04
0.09213

Ethane
5.562
0.0638

Ethanethiol
11.39
0.08098

Ethanol
12.18
0.08407

Ethyl acetate
20.72
0.1412

Ethylamine
10.74
0.08409

Fluorobenzene
20.19
0.1286

Fluoromethane
4.692
0.05264

Freon
10.78
0.0998

Germanium tetrachloride
22.90
0.1485

Helium
0.0346
0.0238

Hexane
24.71
0.1735

Hydrogen
0.2476
0.02661

Hydrogen bromide
4.510
0.04431

Hydrogen chloride
3.716
0.04081

Hydrogen selenide
5.338
0.04637

Hydrogen sulfide
4.490
0.04287

Iodobenzene
33.52
0.1656

Krypton
2.349
0.03978

Mercury
8.200
0.01696

Methane
2.283
0.04278

Methanol
9.649
0.06702

Neon
0.2135
0.01709

Nitric oxide
1.358
0.02789

Nitrogen
1.370
0.0387

Nitrogen dioxide
5.354
0.04424

Nitrous oxide
3.832
0.04415

Oxygen
1.382
0.03186

Pentane
19.26
0.146

Phosphine
4.692
0.05156

Propane
8.779
0.08445

Radon
6.601
0.06239

Silane
4.377
0.05786

Silicon tetrafluoride
4.251
0.05571

Sulfur dioxide
6.803
0.05636

Tin tetrachloride
27.27
0.1642

Toluene
24.38
0.1463

Water
5.536
0.03049

Xenon
4.250
0.05105

text: Units[edit]

text: 1 J·m3/mol2 = 1 m6·Pa/mol2 = 10 L2·bar/mol2

text: 1 L2atm/mol2 = .101325 J·m3/mol2 = 0.101325 Pa·m6/mol2

text: 1 dm3/mol = 1 L/mol = 1 m3/kmol        (where kmol is kilomoles = 1000 moles)


document_title: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again

question_text: cost to make mamma mia here we go again

question_tokens: cost to make mamma mia here we go again

text: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna's hotel, following Donna's death a year earlier. She is upset because two of her fathers, Harry and Bill, are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky, who is in New York, over her memorializing her mother’s life.

text: In 1979, a young Donna graduated from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya, and prepares to travel the world. In Paris, she meets and parties with Harry. They spend the night together, but Donna leaves soon after. She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill, and along the way, they are able to help a stranded fisherman, Alexio, make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another. Unbeknownst to Donna, Harry has followed her to Greece; but he arrived too late, and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance.

text: In the present, Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it’s revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up. Sophie then visits Sam, who is still grieving over the death of Donna. Back in the past, Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse, a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement. She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse. Back in the present, a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie’s plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event.

text: Back in the past, Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance, that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam’s fiancée in his drawer. A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island. In the present, Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother. Meanwhile, Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie, and separately Bill gets the same idea. Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats. However, Alexio gives Bill, Harry and the newly arrived Sky boat passage.

text: In the past, a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie. She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat; while they are gone, Sam returns, having recently ended his engagement for Donna, but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again. Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father. Sofia, the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed, overhears Donna’s wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts. It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie.

text: Back in the present, the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky. Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother, having now understood what her mother went through. Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna. Sophie’s estranged grandmother and Donna’s mother, Ruby, arrives despite Sophie having decided not to invite her. She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie. Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother, with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her. It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel, Fernando, is Ruby’s ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico, and the two are joyously reunited.

text: Nine months later, Sophie has given birth to a baby boy named Donny. Everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando’s brother. The ceremony takes place with Donna’s spirit watching over her daughter with pride. At the end, all the characters, including Donna and the younger cast, sing "Super Trouper" at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Donna’s 25-year-old daughter, and Ruby's granddaughter.
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan-Carmichael, Sophie’s late mother, Ruby's daughter, and Sam's wife.
Lily James as Young Donna, founder of Donna and the Dynamos.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, one of Donna’s best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; a rich three-time divorcee.
Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya.
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna’s best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; a fun-loving author in a relationship with Bill.
Alexa Davies as Young Rosie.
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, an architect, Sophie's possible father, and Donna's widower.
Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam.
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father, a British businessman.
Hugh Skinner as Young Harry.
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer, Sofia's great-nephew, Lazaros’s cousin, and also as Kurt Anderson, Bill's obese brother.
Josh Dylan as Young Bill.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie’s husband.
Cher as Ruby Sheridan, Donna’s mother, Sophie’s grandmother, and Sam's mother-in-law.
Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos, the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby’s from 1959.
Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer.
Celia Imrie as the Vice-Chancellor of the university at which Donna, Tanya and Rosie studied.
Maria Vacratsis as Sofia, a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in, which eventually becomes Donna's home, and Bill's great aunt.
Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros, Sofia's son and Bill’s cousin who owns the bar at which both his band and Donna and the Dynamos perform.
Gerard Monaco as Alexio, a local Greek fisherman.
Anna Antoniades as Apollonia, Alexio's lover and later wife.

tag: ul

text: Cameo appearances

text:
Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor.
Benny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during "Waterloo".
Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos, Fernando Cienfuegos's widower brother.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: A soundtrack album was released on July 13, 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively.[8][9] The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Each song is featured within the film, with the exception of "I Wonder (Departure)" and "The Day Before You Came".

text:
"Thank You for the Music" – Sophie✗
"When I Kissed the Teacher" – Young Donna and the Dynamos, Vice-Chancellor
"I Wonder (Departure)" – Young Donna and the Dynamos†
"One of Us" – Sophie and Sky
"Waterloo" – Young Harry and Young Donna
"SOS" – Sam✗
"Why Did It Have to Be Me?" – Young Bill, Young Donna and Young Harry
"I Have a Dream" – Young Donna
"Kisses of Fire" – Lazaros
"Andante, Andante" – Young Donna
"The Name of the Game" – Young Donna
"Knowing Me, Knowing You" – Young Donna and Young Sam
"Mamma Mia" – Young Donna and the Dynamos
"Angel Eyes" – Rosie, Tanya, and Sophie
"Dancing Queen" – Sophie, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, and Harry
"I've Been Waiting for You" – Sophie, Rosie, and Tanya
"Fernando" – Ruby, Fernando
"My Love, My Life" – Young Donna, Donna, Sophie
"Super Trouper" – Ruby, Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sophie, Sky, Sam, Bill, Harry, Fernando, Young Donna, Young Rosie, Young Tanya, Young Bill, Young Sam, and Young Harry
"The Day Before You Came" – Donna†

tag: ol

text:
† Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film.
✗ Songs featured in the film but omitted from the soundtrack album.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Due to Mamma Mia!'s financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, co-chairman of Universal Pictures, told the Daily Mail that it would take a while, but there could be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of.[10]

text: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19, 2017, with a release date of July 20, 2018.[11] It was written and directed by Ol Parker.[12] On September 27, 2017, Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film: "When I Kissed the Teacher," "I Wonder (Departure)," and "Angeleyes."[13] "I Wonder (Departure)" was cut from the film, but is included on the soundtrack album.

text: Casting[edit]

text: On June 1, 2017, it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie.[14] Later that month, Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel, along with Streep, Firth and Brosnan as Sky, Donna, Harry, and Sam, respectively.[15] In July 2017, Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya.[16] On July 12, 2017, Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna.[17] On August 3, 2017, Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film, with Irvine playing Brosnan's character Sam in a past era, and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry, Davies as a young Rosie, played by Julie Walters.[18] On August 16, 2017, it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya, who is played by Baranski.[19] Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill, respectively.[20] On October 16, 2017, it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast, in her first on-screen film role since 2010,[21] and her first film with Streep since Silkwood. The part was written specifically for Cher, and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner.[22]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on August 12, 2017 in Croatia, including the island of Vis.[23][24][25][26][23] In October 2017, the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, to film song and dance numbers with Cher.[21] Filming wrapped on December 2, 2017.[27]

text: Release[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was released on July 20, 2018 by Universal Pictures, in the UK, US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats.[28][5] The film premiered on July 16, 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London.[29]

text: Marketing[edit]

text:
The first trailer for the film was released on December 21, 2017, in front of Pitch Perfect 3, another Universal Pictures film. Cher performed "Fernando" at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25, 2018, after footage of the film was shown.[citation needed]
Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song "Mamma Mia" to promote the film.[30]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was released via digital copy on October 9, 2018 and released on DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K UHD Combo Pack on October 23, 2018.[31]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  October 11, 2018[update], Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again has grossed $120.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $272.2 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $392.8 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[4]

text: In June 2018, three weeks prior to its release, official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27–33 million,[32] which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release.[33] It made $14.3 million on its first day, including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $35 million, finishing second, behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ($36 million), and besting the opening of the first film ($27.8 million) by over 24%.[30][34] It fell 57% to $15.1 million in its second weekend, finishing second behind newcomer Mission: Impossible – Fallout.[35][36] In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million, dropping to fourth place, and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend, finishing seventh.[37][38]

text: In the United Kingdom, the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend, topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018.[39] In its second weekend of international release, the film made $26.6 million (for a running total of $98.6 million). Its largest new markets were France ($1.7 million), Poland ($1.3 million), Switzerland ($223,000) and Croatia ($151,000), while its best holdovers were Australia ($9.5 million), the UK ($8.6 million) and Germany ($8.2 million).[40]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 216 reviews, and a weighted average of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original—and my my, how can fans resist it?"[42] On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[43] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score as its predecessor, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83% overall positive score.[30]

text: Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as "weirdly irresistible" and gave it three out of five stars. He described his reaction to the first film as "a combination of hives and bubonic plague," but concedes that this time, the relentlessness and greater self-aware comedy made him smile. He concludes: "More enjoyable than I thought. But please. Enough now."[44] Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented, "This slick sequel delivers sharp one-liners, joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling."[45]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five, noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment, and saying, "her absence is deeply felt since the three-time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan".[46] Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars, calling it "wholly ridiculous", but complimenting its self-awareness. She also praised James' performance and singing talent.[47] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the sequel a mixed review, awarding it two stars out of four, criticizing the reprises of "Dancing Queen" and "Super Trouper" as uninspired, and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing. He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters "energetic" and "likeable."[48] Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review, writing "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is atrocious. And wonderful. It's all the reasons you should never go to the movies. And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket."[49]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

People's Choice Awards

November 11, 2018

The Comedy Movie of 2018

Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again

Pending

[50]

Female Movie Star

Lily James

Pending

Comedy Movie Star

Amanda Seyfried

Pending


document_title: VY Canis Majoris

question_text: what is the temperature of vy canis majoris

text: VY Canis Majoris

text: Observational history[edit]

text: The first known recorded observation of VY Canis Majoris is in the star catalogue of Jérôme Lalande, on 7 March 1801, which lists it as a 7th magnitude star. Further 19th-century studies of its apparent magnitude demonstrate that the star has been fading since 1850.[8] Since 1847, VY Canis Majoris has been described as a crimson star.[8] During the 19th century, observers measured at least six discrete components, suggesting that it might be a multiple star. These discrete components are now known to be bright areas in the surrounding nebula. Visual observations in 1957 and high-resolution imaging in 1998 showed that there are no companion stars.[8][9]

text: The varying brightness of VY Cma was not described until 1931 when it was listed (in German) as a long period variable with a photographic magnitude range of 9.5 - 11.5.[10] It was given the variable star designation VY CMa in 1939.[11]

text: Spectrum[edit]

text: The spectrum of VY CMa is that of a luminous class M star. The hydrogen lines have P Cygni profiles. The spectrum is dominated by TiO bands whose strength suggests a classification of M5. The Hα line is not seen and there are unusual emission lines of neutral sodium and calcium. The luminosity class as determined from different spectral features varies from bright giant (II) to bright supergiant (Ia), with a compromise being given as M5eIbp. Early attempts at classification were confused by the interpretation of surrounding nebulosity as companion stars.[12]

text: The derived spectral class varies depending on the features examined. The spectral features also vary over time. It is considered to be unambiguously cooler than M2 and is usually classified between M3 and M4. Classes as extreme as M2.5 and M5 have been given.[3] The luminosity class is likewise confused and often given only as I.[13]

text: Properties[edit]

text: VY Canis Majoris is a high-luminosity M star with an effective temperature of about 3,500 K, placing it at the upper-right hand corner of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and meaning it is a highly evolved star. During its main sequence, it would have been an O-type star[14] with a mass of 15 to 35 M☉.[4]

text: Luminosity[edit]

text: In 2006, University of Minnesota Professor Roberta M. Humphreys used the spectral energy distribution distance of VY Canis Majoris to calculate its luminosity. Since most of the radiation coming from the star is reprocessed by the dust in the surrounding cloud, she integrated the total fluxes over the entire nebula and showed that VY Canis Majoris has a luminosity of 7005560000000000000♠5.6×105 L☉.[15]

text: More recent estimates of the luminosity using a variety of methods give lower values of around 7005300000000000000♠3×105 L☉.[4]

text: Size[edit]

text: Humphreys originally estimated the radius of VY CMa at 1,800-2,100 solar radii.[15] A more recent and accurate VLTI measurement gives the star a radius of 1,420 ± 120 solar radii.[4] Earlier direct measurements of the radius at infrared wavelengths gave values above 2,800 R☉, but this is probably larger than size of the underlying star.[16]

text: Distance[edit]

text: In 1976, Charles J. Lada and Mark J. Reid published the discovery of a bright-rimmed molecular cloud 15 minutes of arc east of VY Canis Majoris. At the edge of the cloud bordered by the bright rim, an abrupt decrease in the CO emission and an increase in brightness of the 12CO emission were observed, indicating possible destruction of molecular material and enhanced heating at the cloud-rim interface, respectively. Lada and Reid assumed the distance of the molecular cloud is approximately equal to that of the stars, which are members of the open cluster NGC 2362, that ionize the rim. NGC 2362 has a distance of 1.5 ± 0.5 kiloparsecs as determined from its color-magnitude diagram.[14] VY CMa is projected onto the tip of the cloud rim, suggesting its association with the molecular cloud. In addition to that, the velocity of the molecular cloud is very close to the velocity of the star. This further indicates the association of the star with the molecular cloud, and consequently with NGC 2362, which means VY Canis Majoris is at the same distance.[17] A more recent measurement of the distance to NGC 2362 gives 1.2 kiloparsecs.[18]

text:
Stellar distances can be calculated by measuring parallaxes as Earth orbits around the Sun. However, VY Canis Majoris has a tiny parallax due to its great distance, and standard visual observations such as by Hipparcos have too great a margin of error to be useful. VLBI measurements of the parallax of VY Canis Majoris using H2O masers are much more accurate and give a distance of 7000113999999999999♠1.14+0.11
−0.09 kiloparsecs (kpc).[19] VLBI measurements using SiO masers give a distance of 7000120000000000000♠1.20+0.13
−0.10 kpc.[7] The Gaia mission should provide visual parallaxes with even better accuracy.

text: Surroundings[edit]

text: VY Canis Majoris is surrounded by an extensive nebula, which contains condensations that were once regarded as companion stars.[9] The nebula has been extensively studied with the aid of the Hubble Space Telescope. It has a complex structure that includes filaments and arcs, which were caused by past eruptions; this structure is similar to that of the nebula surrounding the yellow hypergiant IRC+10420. The similarity has led astronomers to propose that VY CMa will itself become a yellow hypergiant, then a luminous blue variable, and finally a Wolf–Rayet star, if it does not explode as a supernova first.[20] Multiple asymmetric mass loss events are deduced to have occurred within the last 1,000 years. The mass loss is due to strong convection in the tenuous outer layers of the star, associated with magnetic fields. This is similar to the sunspots and coronal ejections of the Sun but on a much larger scale.[6]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: There have been conflicting opinions of the properties of VY CMa. In one view,[15] the star is a very large and very luminous red hypergiant. The various larger estimates of the size and luminosity fall outside the bounds of current stellar theory, both beyond the maximum predicted size of any star and far cooler than a star of its luminosity can become. In another opinion (such as Massey, Levesque, and Plez's study),[3] the star is a normal red supergiant, with a radius around 600 solar radii and falling comfortably inside models of stellar structure and evolution. More recent papers[4][7] produce intermediate values for radius and luminosity, falling at the very extreme for the expected size and luminosity of red supergiants (or hypergiant based on its emission spectrum and high mass loss rate).

text: VY Canis Majoris also illustrates the problem of defining the "surface" (and so the radius) of very large stars. With an average density of 0.000005 to 0.000010 kg/m3, the star is a hundred thousand times less dense than the atmosphere of Earth at sea level. It is also undergoing strong mass loss with the outer layers of the star no longer gravitationally bound. The definition of the boundary of such stars is based on the Rosseland Radius, the location at which the optical depth is one (or sometimes a different value such as 2/3).[21] In cases such as VY CMa, the radius may be defined on a different opacity value or on an opacity at a particular wavelength.[4]