document_title: List of Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. seasons

question_text: last time wolverhampton was in the premier league

text: Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club is an English professional football club. The club played its first match in 1877 as St Luke’s, after being formed by pupils of a school in Blakenhall, Wolverhampton bearing this name. Two years later they merged with the local cricket and football club The Wanderers to become Wolverhampton Wanderers.[1]

text: After competing in numerous local league and cup competitions during its formative years, the club became a founder member of The Football League, the first professional league in world football, in 1888.[1]

text: The club has won a total of thirteen “major” trophies, including the League Championship three times, the FA Cup four times, the League Cup twice and the Charity Shield four times. Wolves have also featured in UEFA European competitions during seven seasons; their best performance coming in 1972 when they were runners-up in the inaugural UEFA Cup. They have also had successes in less high-profile cup competitions such as the Texaco Cup and the Football League Trophy.[2]

text: This list details the club’s performance at first team level in league and cup competitions and the top scorers for each season since their first entry into the FA Cup in 1883–84.[1]

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Season

League

FA Cup

League Cup

Other

Top scorer[B]

Division

P

W

D

L

F

A

Pts

Pos

1883–84

There was no national League football until 1888

2nd Round

n/a

1884–85

1st Round

1885–86

4th Round

1886–87

3rd Round

1887–88

3rd Round

1888–89

Football League

22

12

4

6

50

37

28[3]

3rd

Runners-up

Harry Wood

14

1889–90

22

10

5

7

51

38

25

4th

Semi final

18

1890–91

22

12

2

8

39

50

26

4th

3rd Round

12

1891–92

26

11

4

11

59

46

26

6th

3rd Round

Will Devey

13

1892–93

Division 1

30

12

4

14

47

68

28

11th

Winners

Harry Wood

17

1893–94

30

14

3

13

52

63

31

9th

1st Round

Joe Butcher

14

1894–95

30

9

7

14

43

63

25

11th

3rd Round

Harry Wood

10

1895–96

30

10

1

19

61

65

21

14th

Runners-up

17

1896–97

30

11

6

13

45

41

28

10th

2nd Round

Billy Beats

10

1897–98

30

14

7

9

57

41

35

3rd

2nd Round

12

1898–99

34

14

7

13

54

48

35

8th

2nd Round

Jack Miller

12

1899–00

34

15

9

10

48

37

39

4th

1st Round

George Harper

10

1900–01

34

9

13

12

39

55

31

13th

3rd Round

Billy Wooldridge

9

1901–02

34

13

6

15

46

57

32

14th

1st Round

13

1902–03

34

14

5

15

48

57

33

11th

1st Round

Adam Haywood

11

1903–04

34

14

8

12

44

66

36

8th

2nd Round

Billy Wooldridge

19

1904–05

34

11

4

19

47

73

26

14th

2nd Round

Billy WooldridgeJack Smith

14

1905–06

38

8

7

23

58

99

23

20th

2nd Round

Billy Wooldridge

12

1906–07

Division 2

38

17

7

14

66

53

41

6th

1st Round

Jack Roberts

14

1907–08

38

15

7

16

50

45

37

9th

Winners

George Hedley

16

1908–09

38

14

11

13

56

48

39

7th

1st Round

Wally Radford

24

1909–10

38

17

6

15

64

63

40

8th

2nd Round

Billy Blunt

27

1910–11

38

15

8

15

51

52

38

9th

3rd Round

George HedleyJack Needham

13

1911–12

38

16

10

12

57

33

42

5th

3rd Round

Billy Halligan

24

1912–13

38

14

10

14

56

54

38

10th

2nd Round

17

1913–14

38

18

5

15

51

52

41

9th

2nd Round

Sammy Brooks

11

1914–15

38

19

7

12

77

52

45

4th

2nd Round

Frank Curtis

25

No competitive football was played between 1915 and 1919 due to the First World War.

1919–20

Division 2

42

10

10

22

55

80

30

19th

2nd Round

Dick Richards

12

1920–21

42

16

6

20

49

66

38

15th

Runners-up

George Edmonds

15

1921–22

42

13

11

18

44

49

37

17th

1st Round

13

1922–23

42

9

9

24

42

77

27

22nd

2nd Round

14

1923–24

Division 3(N)

42

24

15

3

76

27

63

1st

3rd Round

Harry Lees

22

1924–25

Division 2

42

20

6

16

55

51

46

6th

1st Round

Tom Phillipson

16

1925–26

42

21

7

14

84

60

49

4th

3rd Round

37

1926–27

42

14

7

21

73

75

35

15th

Quarter final

33

1927–28

42

13

10

19

63

91

36

16th

4th Round

Wilf Chadwick

19

1928–29

42

15

7

20

77

81

37

17th

3rd Round

Reg Weaver

18

1929–30

42

16

9

17

77

79

41

9th

3rd Round

Billy Hartill

33

1930–31

42

21

5

16

84

67

47

4th

Quarter final

30

1931–32

42

24

8

10

115

49

56

1st

4th Round

30

1932–33

Division 1

42

13

9

20

80

96

35

20th

3rd Round

33

1933–34

42

14

12

16

74

86

40

15th

4th Round

Charlie Phillips

14

1934–35

42

15

8

19

88

94

38

17th

4th Round

Billy Hartill

29

1935–36

42

15

10

17

77

76

40

15th

3rd Round

Billy Wrigglesworth

13

1936–37

42

21

5

16

84

67

47

5th

Quarter final

Gordon Clayton

29

1937–38

42

20

11

11

72

49

51

2nd

4th Round

Dennis Westcott

22

1938–39

42

22

11

9

88

39

55

2nd

Runners-up

43

1939–40

3

0

2

1

3

4

2

16th[4]

n/a

n/a

No competitive football was played between 1940 and 1945 due to the Second World War.

1945–46

There was no national League football in 1945–46

4th Round

n/a

1946–47

Division 1

42

25

6

11

98

56

56

3rd

4th Round

Dennis Westcott

39

1947–48

42

19

9

14

83

70

47

5th

4th Round

Johnny HancocksJesse Pye

16

1948–49

42

17

12

13

79

66

46

6th

Winners

Sammy Smyth

22

1949–50

42

20

13

9

76

49

53

2nd

5th Round

Charity Shield[5]

Jesse Pye

18

1950–51

42

15

8

19

74

61

38

14th

Semi final

Roy Swinbourne

22

1951–52

42

12

14

16

73

73

38

16th

4th Round

Jesse Pye

15

1952–53

42

19

13

10

86

63

51

3rd

3rd Round

Roy Swinbourne

21

1953–54

42

25

7

10

96

56

57

1st

3rd Round

Dennis Wilshaw

27

1954–55

42

19

10

13

89

70

48

2nd

Quarter final

Charity Shield[5]

Johnny Hancocks

28

1955–56

42

20

9

13

89

65

49

3rd

3rd Round

18

1956–57

42

20

8

14

94

70

48

6th

4th Round

Harry Hooper

19

1957–58

42

28

8

6

103

47

64

1st

Quarter final

Jimmy Murray

32

1958–59

42

28

5

9

110

49

61

1st

4th Round

Charity ShieldEuropean Cup R1

Peter Broadbent

22

1959–60

42

24

6

12

106

67

54

2nd

Winners

Charity ShieldEuropean Cup QF

Jimmy Murray

34

1960–61

42

25

7

10

103

75

57

3rd

3rd Round

Charity Shield[5]ECWC SF

Ted Farmer

28

1961–62

42

13

10

19

73

86

36

18th

4th Round

Jimmy Murray

17

1962–63

42

20

10

12

93

65

50

5th

3rd Round

Alan Hinton

19

1963–64

42

12

15

15

70

80

39

16th

3rd Round

Ray Crawford

26

1964–65

42

13

4

25

59

89

30

21st

Quarter final

15

1965–66

Division 2

42

20

10

12

87

61

50

6th

5th Round

Peter Knowles

21

1966–67

42

25

8

9

88

48

58

2nd

4th Round

3rd Round

Ernie Hunt

21

1967–68

Division 1

42

14

8

20

66

75

36

17th

3rd Round

2nd Round

Derek Dougan

17

1968–69

42

10

15

17

41

58

35

16th

4th Round

4th Round

14

1969–70

42

12

16

14

55

57

40

13th

3rd Round

4th Round

AIC Group Stage

Hugh Curran

23

1970–71

42

22

8

12

64

54

52

4th

4th Round

2nd Round

Texaco Cup

Bobby Gould

23

1971–72

42

18

11

13

65

57

47

9th

3rd Round

2nd Round

UEFA Cup Final

Derek Dougan

24

1972–73

42

18

11

13

66

54

47

5th

Semi final

Semi final

Texaco Cup R2

John Richards

36

1973–74

42

13

15

14

49

49

41

12th

3rd Round

Winners

UEFA Cup R2

18

1974–75

42

14

11

17

57

54

39

12th

3rd Round

2nd Round

UEFA Cup R1

Kenny Hibbitt

17

1975–76

42

10

10

22

51

68

30

20th

Quarter final

4th Round

John Richards

25

1976–77

Division 2

42

22

13

7

84

45

57

1st

Quarter final

2nd Round

20

1977–78

Division 1

42

12

12

18

51

64

36

15th

4th Round

2nd Round

13

1978–79

42

13

8

21

44

68

34

18th

Semi final

2nd Round

9

1979–80

42

19

9

14

58

47

47

6th

5th Round

Winners

18

1980–81

42

13

9

20

43

55

35

18th

Semi final

2nd Round

UEFA Cup R1

17

1981–82

42

10

10

22

32

63

40[6]

22nd

3rd Round

2nd Round

Mel EvesAndy Gray

7

1982–83

Division 2

42

20

15

7

68

44

75

2nd

4th Round

2nd Round

Mel Eves

19

1983–84

Division 1

42

6

11

25

27

80

29

22nd

3rd Round

2nd Round

Wayne Clarke

9

1984–85

Division 2

42

8

9

25

37

79

33

22nd

3rd Round

3rd Round

Alan AinscowTony Evans

6

1985–86

Division 3

46

11

10

25

57

98

43

23rd

1st Round

1st Round

FLT Group Stage

Andy King

10

1986–87

Division 4

46

24

7

15

69

50

79

4th

1st Round

1st Round

FLT R1

Steve Bull

19

1987–88

46

27

9

10

82

43

90

1st

2nd Round

3rd Round

FLT Winners

52

1988–89

Division 3

46

26

14

6

96

49

92

1st

1st Round

1st Round

FLT Area Final

50

1989–90

Division 2

46

18

13

15

67

60

67

10th

3rd Round

2nd Round

ZDS Cup R1

27

1990–91

46

13

19

14

63

63

58

12th

3rd Round

2nd Round

ZDS Cup R2

27

1991–92

46

18

10

18

61

54

64

11th

3rd Round

3rd Round

ZDS Cup R1

23

1992–93

Division 1[7]

46

16

13

17

57

56

61

11th

4th Round

2nd Round

AIC Preliminaries

19

1993–94

46

17

17

12

60

47

68

8th

Quarter final

2nd Round

AIC Preliminaries

15

1994–95

46

21

13

12

77

61

76

4th

Quarter final

3rd Round

AIC Group Stage

David Kelly

22

1995–96

46

13

16

17

56

62

55

20th

4th Round

Quarter final

Don Goodman

20

1996–97

46

22

10

14

68

51

76

3rd

3rd Round

1st Round

Steve Bull

23

1997–98

46

18

11

17

57

53

65

9th

Semi Final

3rd Round

Dougie Freedman

12

1998–99

46

19

16

11

64

43

73

7th

4th Round

2nd Round

Robbie Keane

16

1999–00

46

21

11

14

64

48

74

7th

4th Round

1st Round

Ade Akinbiyi

16

2000–01

46

14

13

19

45

48

55

12th

4th Round

3rd Round

Adam Proudlock

11

2001–02

46

25

11

10

76

43

86

3rd

3rd Round

1st Round

Dean Sturridge

21

2002–03

46

20

16

10

81

44

76

5th[8]

Quarter final

2nd Round

Kenny Miller

24

2003–04

Premier League

38

7

12

19

38

77

33

20th

4th Round

4th Round

Alex Rae

8

2004–05

Championship[9]

46

15

21

10

72

59

66

9th

4th Round

2nd Round

Kenny Miller

20

2005–06

46

16

19

11

50

42

67

7th

4th Round

2nd Round

12

2006–07

46

22

10

14

61

56

76

5th

4th Round

1st Round

Seyi Olofinjana

10

2007–08

46

18

16

12

53

48

70

7th

5th Round

2nd Round

Sylvan Ebanks-Blake

12

2008–09

46

27

9

10

80

52

90

1st

4th Round

2nd Round

25

2009–10

Premier League

38

9

11

18

32

56

38

15th

4th Round

3rd Round

Kevin Doyle

9

2010–11

38

11

7

20

46

66

40

17th

4th Round

4th Round

Steven Fletcher

12

2011–12

38

5

10

23

40

82

25

20th

3rd Round

4th Round

12

2012–13

Championship

46

14

9

23

54

69

51

23rd

3rd Round

3rd Round

Sylvan Ebanks-Blake

15

2013–14

League One

46

31

10

5

89

31

103

1st

1st Round

1st Round

FLT R2

Leigh GriffithsBakary Sako

13

2014–15

Championship

46

22

12

12

70

56

78

7th

3rd Round

1st Round

Nouha DickoBakary Sako

15

2015–16

46

14

16

16

53

58

58

14th

3rd Round

3rd Round

Benik Afobe

10

2016–17

46

16

10

20

54

58

58

15th

5th Round

3rd Round

FLT R3

Hélder Costa

12

2017–18

46

30

9

7

82

39

99

1st

3rd Round

4th Round

Diogo Jota

18

text:
Seasons spent at Level 1 of football league system: 65
Seasons spent at Level 2 of football league system: 50
Seasons spent at Level 3 of football league system: 4
Seasons spent at Level 4 of football league system: 2

text: Key[edit]

text:
P = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals for
A = Goals against
Pts = Points
Pos = Final position

R1 = Round 1
R2 = Round 2
R3 = Round 3
R4 = Round 4
R5 = Round 5
QF = Quarter-finals
SF = Semi-finals

text:
Champions

Runners-up

Play-offs

Promoted

Relegated

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c Matthews, Tony (2008). Wolverhampton Wanderers: The Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-632-3.

Jump up ^ "England – Professional Football All-Time Tables 1888/89–2011/12". RSSSF. Retrieved June 2012.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

Jump up ^ Two points were awarded for a win from the start of the league until 1981.

Jump up ^ The 1939–40 season was abandoned in early September and all results annulled.

^ Jump up to: a b c From 1939 to 1993, in the event of a draw, the Charity Shield would be shared between the two competing teams, with each team having possession of the trophy for six months.

Jump up ^ The 1981–82 season saw the introduction of three points for a win.

Jump up ^ With the advent of the Premier League as the new top flight, the remaining three Football League division changed titles. Level 2 was now called Division 1, Level 3 was called Division 2 and Level 4 was called Division 3

Jump up ^ Promoted as play-off winners

Jump up ^ The Football League renamed its three divisions in 2004. Division 1 was now named the Championship, Division 2 as League One, Division 3 as League Two

tag: ol

text:
showvteWolverhampton Wanderers Football ClubTopics
History
Records
Seasons
Managers
All articles
Players
First team
Notable players
Grounds
Dudley Road (1881–1889)
Molineux (1889–present)
Rivalries
League record by opponent
Black Country derby
Other teams
Development Squad and Academy
Wolverhampton Wanderers W.F.C.
Los Angeles Wolves

text:
showvteWolverhampton Wanderers F.C. seasons
1880–81 * 1881–82 * 1882–83 * 1883–84 * 1884–85 * 1885–86 * 1888–87 * 1887–88 1888–89
1889–90
001890–91
1891–92
1892–93
1893–94
1894–95
1895–96
1896–97
1897–98
1898–99
1899–1900
1900–01
1901–02
1902–03
1903–04
1904–05
1905–06
1906–07
1907–08
1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
001990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19* 2019–20

text:
showvteLists of English football seasons by clubPremier League
Arsenal
Bournemouth
Brighton & Hove Albion
Burnley
Cardiff City
Chelsea
Crystal Palace
Everton
Fulham
Huddersfield Town
Leicester City
Liverpool
Manchester City
Manchester United
Newcastle United
Southampton
Tottenham Hotspur
Watford
West Ham United
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Championship
Aston Villa
Birmingham City
Blackburn Rovers
Bolton Wanderers
Brentford
Bristol City
Derby County
Hull City
Ipswich Town
Leeds United
Middlesbrough
Millwall
Norwich City
Nottingham Forest
Preston North End
Queens Park Rangers
Reading
Rotherham United
Sheffield United
Sheffield Wednesday
Stoke City
Swansea City
West Bromwich Albion
Wigan Athletic
League One
Accrington Stanley
AFC Wimbledon
Barnsley
Blackpool
Bradford City
Bristol Rovers
Burton Albion
Charlton Athletic
Coventry City
Doncaster Rovers
Fleetwood Town
Gillingham
Luton Town
Oxford United
Peterborough United
Plymouth Argyle
Portsmouth
Rochdale
Scunthorpe United
Shrewsbury Town
Southend United
Sunderland
Walsall
Wycombe Wanderers
League Two
Bury
Cambridge United
Carlisle United
Cheltenham Town
Colchester United
Crawley Town
Crewe Alexandra
Exeter City
Forest Green Rovers
Grimsby Town
Lincoln City
Macclesfield Town
Mansfield Town
Milton Keynes Dons
Morecambe
Newport County
Northampton Town
Notts County
Oldham Athletic
Port Vale
Stevenage
Swindon Town
Tranmere Rovers
Yeovil Town
Non-League
Aldershot Town
Alfreton Town
Altrincham
Arlesey Town
Ashford United
Banbury United
Barnet
Bradford Park Avenue
Burnham
Cambridge City
Chippenham Town
Chesham United
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Corby Town
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Darlington
Dartford
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F.C. United of Manchester
Gateshead
Glossop North End
Gloucester City
Harrow Borough
Hartlepool United
Havant & Waterlooville
Hayes & Yeading United
Hitchin Town
Kidderminster Harriers
Leyton Orient
Maidstone United
Margate
Nelson
Northwich Victoria
Nuneaton Town
Redditch United
Southport
Sutton United
Swindon Supermarine
Tamworth
Torquay United
Walton & Hersham
Walton Casuals
Welling United
Weymouth
Wingate & Finchley
Woking
Wrexham
York City
Defunct teams
Aldershot
Chester City
Hereford United
Hinckley United
Rushden & Diamonds
Salisbury
Scarborough
Wimbledon
Wigan Borough
 Category

text: Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. seasonsEnglish football club seasons

text: CS1 errors: datesUse British English from March 2015Use dmy dates from March 2012


document_title: Battles of Trenton and Princeton

question_text: why were the battles of trenton and princeton significant

root

text: Battles of Trenton and Princeton

text: This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (December 2015)

tag: table

text: The battles of Trenton and Princeton were two related engagements of the American Revolutionary War.

tag: p

text:
Battle of Trenton, 1776-12-26.
Battle of Princeton, 1777-01-03.

tag: ul

text: They are noted as the first successes won by Washington in the open field. They put new life into the American cause, and established Washington in the confidence of his troops and the country at large.[1]


document_title: List of General Presidencies of the Relief Society

question_text: who was the longest serving general relief society president

text: This list of General Presidencies of the Relief Society includes the General President and the counselors of the Relief Society General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

text:
No.
Dates
General President
First Counselor
Second Counselor

1
March 17, 1842 (1842-03-17) – 1844
Emma Hale Smith

Sarah M. Cleveland

Elizabeth Ann Whitney

2
December 1866 – December 5, 1887 (1887-12-05)
Eliza R. Snow

Zina D. H. Young

3
April 8, 1888 (1888-04-08) – August 28, 1901 (1901-08-28)
Zina D. H. Young

Jane S. Richards

Bathsheba W. Smith

4
November 10, 1901 (1901-11-10) – September 20, 1910 (1910-09-20)
Bathsheba W. Smith

Annie Taylor Hyde (1901–09)
None (1909–10)

Ida S. Dusenberry

5
October 3, 1910 (1910-10-03) – April 2, 1921 (1921-04-02)
Emmeline B. Wells

Clarissa S. Williams

Julina L. Smith

6
April 2, 1921 (1921-04-02) – October 7, 1928 (1928-10-07)
Clarissa S. Williams

Jennie B. Knight

Louise Y. Robison

7
October 7, 1928 (1928-10-07) – December 31, 1939 (1939-12-31)
Louise Y. Robison

Amy B. Lyman

Julia A. Child (1928–35)
Kate M. Barker (1935–39)

Child

Barker

8
January 1, 1940 (1940-01-01) – April 6, 1945 (1945-04-06)
Amy B. Lyman

Marcia K. Howells

Donna D. Sorensen (1940–42)
Belle S. Spafford (1942–45)

Sorensen

Spafford

9
April 6, 1945 (1945-04-06) – October 3, 1974 (1974-10-03)
Belle S. Spafford

Marianne C. Sharp

Gertrude R. Garff (1945–47)
Velma N. Simonsen (1947–56)
Helen W. Anderson (1957–58)
Louise W. Madsen (1958–74)

Garff

Simonsen

Anderson

Madsen

10
October 3, 1974 (1974-10-03) – April 7, 1984 (1984-04-07)
Barbara B. Smith

Janath R. Cannon (1974–78)
Marian R. Boyer (1978–84)

Marian R. Boyer (1974–78)
Shirley W. Thomas (1978–83)
Ann S. Reese (1983–84)

11
April 7, 1984 (1984-04-07) – March 31, 1990 (1990-03-31)
Barbara W. Winder

Joy F. Evans

Joanne B. Doxey

12
March 31, 1990 (1990-03-31) – April 5, 1997 (1997-04-05)
Elaine L. Jack

Chieko N. Okazaki

Aileen H. Clyde

13
April 5, 1997 (1997-04-05) – April 6, 2002 (2002-04-06)
Mary Ellen W. Smoot

Virginia U. Jensen

Sheri L. Dew

14
April 6, 2002 (2002-04-06) – March 31, 2007 (2007-03-31)
Bonnie D. Parkin

Kathleen H. Hughes

Anne C. Pingree

15
March 31, 2007 (2007-03-31) – March 31, 2012 (2012-03-31)
Julie B. Beck

Silvia H. Allred

Barbara Thompson

16
March 31, 2012 (2012-03-31) – April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
Linda K. Burton

Carole M. Stephens

Linda S. Reeves

17
April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01) –
Jean B. Bingham

Sharon Eubank

Reyna I. Aburto


document_title: Sex and the City 2

question_text: where was sex and the city 2 filmed

question_tokens: where was sex and the city 2 filmed

text: Sex and the City 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Carrie, Samantha, Charlotte, and Miranda meet up with each other. In flashback Carrie is depicted arriving in New York City in 1986, then met Charlotte in 1987, Miranda in 1989. She also meets Samantha, when she was a bartender at the music club CBGB.

text: In the present, three of the four women are married but Samantha, who at 52, is desperately trying to keep her libido alive with the help of "Suzanne Somers and her team of doctors" to keep her menopause at bay. The four of them attend Anthony and Stanford's wedding, where Carrie serves as "best man." Miranda quits her job after the misogynistic new managing partner disrespects her once too often. Charlotte's two children are a handful (mostly her two-year-old daughter Rose's extreme and constant crying) and she's worried that Harry is attracted to their buxom Irish nanny, Erin. Carrie's marriage to Mr. Big has settled down, though they differ on how to spend their spare time. For their anniversary, Carrie gives Mr. Big a vintage Rolex watch engraved with a romantic message, while he, much to her dismay, shows her a new TV in their bedroom as his gift, which Big says they can use to watch old movies together, something they did at the hotel at Anthony and Stanford's wedding and seemed to enjoy. Carrie, however, is disappointed, as she had hoped for jewelry as a gift.

text: Meanwhile, Samantha has been approached by an Arab sheikh to devise a PR campaign for his business. He offers to fly her and her friends on an all-expenses-paid luxury vacation to Abu Dhabi. The girls happily accept, although Carrie is worried about the separation from Big and Charlotte is worried about leaving her husband alone with the nanny. Only Miranda, unfettered by a job for the first time in her life, is enthusiastic. Upon entering Abu Dhabi, Samantha's hormone-enhancing drugs are confiscated under UAE law. This renders her devoid of estrogen; her famous libido goes dead. Charlotte tries to call Harry every few minutes; Miranda revels in the luxury surrounding her, while Carrie befriends her manservant, Gaurau, who is an underpaid temporary worker from India.

text: Carrie runs into her former lover, Aidan. He proposes dinner à deux at his hotel and she decides to meet Aidan for dinner. The dinner is very enjoyable, with the two discussing old times. Aidan remarks on the ways Carrie is "not like other women". In a moment of remembered passion, they kiss. Carrie runs away in panic and returns to the hotel. Back at the hotel, Miranda and Charlotte have drinks together and discuss the difficulties of motherhood. Carrie arrives, tells her friends about the kiss, and asks them whether she should tell Big, as they have no secrets between them. Miranda reflects on the events of the previous film, when her husband, Steve, told her about his affair. Samantha counsels Carrie to wait before deciding anything. Carrie opts to call Big to tell him. Big is silent upon hearing the news, and after saying a few words, hangs up.

text: The four women find their style and Western attitudes contrast with Muslim customs. While on a date with a handsome Dane, Samantha is arrested for public indecency after fondling him at a restaurant and making out with him on the beach. With the Sheikh's intervention, Samantha is released, but is left with a permanent police record. Worse, the Sheikh decides to cancel the PR meeting and ceases paying for the remainder of the women's luxurious stay. They are told they have 1 hour to either pay $22,000 a night for the rest of their stay or leave. They quickly pack their bags and leave, but must return to the souq to find Carrie's passport. When Samantha's flamboyance nearly incites a riot, the girls are rescued by a group of Emirati women who share their sense of style under their black robes.

text: When Carrie returns home, she finds the bedroom television removed and Big gone. She passes an anxious day, at the end of which he returns. Big tells her that although he was "pretty torn up", he realizes that what she needs is something to remind her at all times that she is married. He hands her a jewelry box, which reveals an engagement ring set with a black diamond. When Carrie asks him why a black diamond, he says, "Because you're not like anyone else", echoing Aidan's earlier comment.

text: Big and Carrie combine their interests; Charlotte's nanny, Erin, turns out to be a lesbian and is no threat to her marriage; Miranda finds a new job at a more laid back and diverse law firm where she is appreciated, and Samantha stays the same, even meeting up with the Danish architect she met in Abu Dhabi for sex on the beach, this time a beach on The Hamptons.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sarah Jessica Parker as Carrie Bradshaw
Kim Cattrall as Samantha Jones
Kristin Davis as Charlotte York Goldenblatt
Cynthia Nixon as Miranda Hobbes
Chris Noth as John James Preston / Mr. Big
John Corbett as Aidan Shaw
David Eigenberg as Steve Brady
Evan Handler as Harry Goldenblatt
Jason Lewis as Jerry "Smith" Jerrod
Willie Garson as Stanford Blatch
Mario Cantone as Anthony Marentino
Lynn Cohen as Magda
Alice Eve as Erin (Charlotte's Irish nanny)
Noah Mills as Nicky Marentino
Megan Boone as Allie
Max Ryan as Dr. Rikard Spirt
Raza Jaffrey as Gaurau
Viola Harris as Gloria Blatch
Omid Djalili as Mr. Safir, Hotel Manager
Dhaffer L'Abidine as Mahmud
Art Malik as Sheikh Khaled
Penélope Cruz as Carmen García Carrión
Liza Minnelli as herself
Miley Cyrus as herself
Tuesday Knight as herself
Tim Gunn as himself

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After months of speculation, the cast confirmed in February 2009 that a sequel was in the works. Filming began in August 2009.

text: The sequel is noticeably different from its predecessor, and includes more exotic locales than the original. King credits this to the experience he had promoting the original film in such locales. He was also inspired by the recession to write something bigger more akin to the extravagant adventures and escapist comedies of the 1930s.[6] The location of Abu Dhabi was chosen because of its high fashion culture (although the authorities later revoked filming clearance) and also that it was a location relatively free from the recession.[6]

text: All four stars, Sarah Jessica Parker, Cynthia Nixon, Kristin Davis, and Kim Cattrall, returned in the sequel; Chris Noth also signed on to reprise the role of Mr. Big.[7] Evan Handler returned as Harry Goldenblatt, John Corbett as Aiden Shaw, David Eigenberg played Steve Brady once more, Willie Garson returned as Stanford Blatch, and Mario Cantone again played Anthony Marentino, making the original cast almost complete. In addition, Michael Patrick King wrote and directed again, and Patricia Field once again took charge of the costumes and wardrobe. Hats were once again created by Prudence Millinery for Vivienne Westwood.

text: Entertainment Weekly confirmed that the budget for the film was US$95 million,[8] exactly $30 million greater than the budget for the first film. Sarah Jessica Parker was paid 15 million plus residuals for her dual role as a producer and starring as Carrie Bradshaw.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming in New York City was postponed to the end of July as Emirati authorities refused clearance for filming in the emirate. As a result, the Abu Dhabi segment of the film was filmed in Morocco.[10][11] All four leading ladies and other cast and crew were photographed[12] filming scenes in Morocco in November 2009, where they had originally planned to shoot for 13 days, which had to be extended to almost six weeks. Filming took place at several locations including the seaside town of Sidi Kaouki,[13] and Amanjena, outside of Marrakesh.[14]

text: The sequel officially began filming on September 1, 2009 and continued until the end of the year. Photos of all four leading women filming scenes around New York together and separately have emerged, featuring present-day scenes as well as a range of looks believed to be flashbacks from the earlier years of Carrie, Samantha, Miranda, and Charlotte's long-standing friendships. Images of Samantha in a wedding dress have also been released.[15] Additionally, scenes featuring prominent characters such as Mr. Big, Magda, Smith, Steve, and the children of Miranda and Charlotte have been filmed and photographed.

text: Casting[edit]

text: In September 2009, American singer/actress Liza Minnelli confirmed to several media outlets that she appeared in a cameo role. Singer/actress Bette Midler had been photographed on set, but does not appear in the film. Penélope Cruz appears briefly as Carmen, a banker.[16] Miley Cyrus appeared in one scene where she appears at the premiere of Smith Jerrod's new film, wearing the same dress as Samantha. On October 17, Oceanup.com posted several pictures of Miley filming the scene.[17]

text: John Corbett was seen on location in Morocco, confirming his speculated involvement in the film as Aidan.[18]

text: Release[edit]

text: Promotion began in December 2009, when the official teaser poster was released online, featuring Carrie in a white dress and gold sunglasses which reflect a Moroccan backdrop, and the tagline "Carrie On", a similar pun of the lead character's name as "Get Carried Away" from the first film.[19] The same image and tagline was used for the launch of the official Sex and the City 2 website, also launched in December 2009.

text: The teaser trailer premiered online on December 22, 2009.[20] In March 2010, new promotional stills were released, predominantly featuring scenes from the Moroccan portion of the film.[21] Also in March, Sarah Jessica Parker, Kristin Davis and Cynthia Nixon attended ShoWest 2010 in Las Vegas to premiere the full length trailer and discuss the film (Kim Cattrall was in London performing on stage in the West End, and joined the rest of the cast for promotion when her stage run ended on May 3).

text: The full theatrical trailer premiered on Entertainment Tonight and online on April 8, 2010,[22] featuring current New York City-themed hit "Empire State of Mind" by Jay-Z and Alicia Keys as well as Australian R&B/Pop singer, Ricki-Lee Coulter's platinum selling hit, "Can't Touch It".

text: A full scale promotional tour with all key cast members – including television, press conference and print – commenced in early May 2010, and continued throughout the film's release, encompassing many different countries and cities. The New York City premiere of the film was held on 24 May 2010.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film was panned by critics; review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 15% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 198 reviews, with an average score of 3.7/10.[23] By comparison the first film received a score of 49% based on 172 reviews, with an average score of 5.5/10.[24] The critical consensus is: "Straining under a thin plot stretched to its limit by a bloated running time, Sex and the City 2 adds an unfortunate coda to the long-running HBO series."[23] Metacritic gave the film a score of 27/100 based on a normalized average of 39 reviews indicating generally unfavorable reviews.[25]

text: The film was also criticized for its portrayal of the Middle East. Stephen Farber of The Hollywood Reporter called it "blatantly anti-Muslim"[26] and Hadley Freeman of the UK broadsheet The Guardian described the trailers as "borderline racist".[27]

text: Andrew O'Hagan of the London Evening Standard described the movie as ugly on the inside, and ended by saying "This could be the most stupid, the most racist, the most polluting and women-hating film of the year".[28]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film one star out of four; he wrote, "I am obliged to report that this film will no doubt be deliriously enjoyed by its fans, for the reasons described above. Male couch potatoes dragged to the film against their will may find some consolation. Reader, I must confess that while attending the sneak preview with its overwhelmingly female audience, I was gob-smacked by the delightful cleavage on display."[29]

text: Lindy West wrote a noted[30][31] review of the film, saying that "SATC2 takes everything that I hold dear as a woman and as a human—working hard, contributing to society, not being an entitled cunt like it's my job—and rapes it to death with a stiletto that costs more than my car. It is 146 minutes long, which means that I entered the theater in the bloom of youth and emerged with a family of field mice living in my long, white mustache. This is an entirely inappropriate length for what is essentially a home video of gay men playing with giant Barbie dolls."[32]

text: Mitu Sengupta, a Toronto-based academic, criticized the film for exploiting women's and gay rights, and "pitifully" turning them into "badges of national honor" and "smug patriotic pride." She wrote: "what's really worrying about Sex and the City 2 is not its Orientalism or crass materialism, but how easily this seemingly benign bubble-gum flick ends up fighting a very macho war of global one-upmanship on the bodies of women and gay men."[33]

text: British film critic Mark Kermode declared it the worst film of 2010, saying he couldn't think of anything civilization had made that was "more poisonous, more repugnant, more repulsive, more retrograde, more depressing than Sex and the City 2," and said its unintentionally "ghastly" portrayal of the "disgustingly wealthy" almost made him want to become a communist.[34][35] Time named it one of the top 10 worst movies based on TV shows.[36]

text: The film received 7 nominations at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards including Worst Picture.[37] It went on to win three awards, including a joint worst actress award for the film's four principal actresses: Sarah Jessica Parker, Kim Cattrall, Cynthia Nixon, and Kristin Davis.[38] David Eigenberg expressed interest in receiving the Worst Couple/Screen Ensemble Razzie, which was awarded to the entire cast. According to Razzies founder John J. B. Wilson, "[Eigenberg] said that he had never won an award of any kind and if this was what he won, he would accept it." Eigenberg then collaborated with Wilson to make a humorous acceptance video which was posted on the official YouTube channel of the Golden Raspberry Awards.[39]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in 3,445 theaters on May 27, 2010, setting a record for one of the widest release for a R rated romantic comedy film. Playing in 2,000 theaters, the film grossed $3 million from its midnight premiere.[40] On its opening day, the film topped the box office grossing $14.2 million,[41] for a projected $60 million for a 4-day opening weekend, plus $75 million for a 5-day Memorial day weekend.[42] But it debuted in second place behind Shrek Forever After with $31 million, and its total to $45.2 million, for its 4-day opening weekend, plus $51 million on its 5-day opening weekend (Memorial Day).

text: However, overseas, the sequel was a bigger success topping the charts in Germany for 5 weeks, Britain for 3 weeks, Australia for 2 weeks and exceeding the original in Japan and Greece. In fact, Sex and the City 2 sold more tickets than the first part in many of the foreign markets. As of August 19, 2010, the film's total domestic gross stands at $95,347,692 and as of August 1, 2010, overseas, it has grossed $199,333,086 — giving it a worldwide total of $294,680,778. Although 27% lower than the first film, it was 2010's highest-grossing romantic comedy.[43]

text: Home release[edit]

text: Sex and the City 2 was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and iTunes on October 26, 2010, in the US[44] where it entered the chart at number one selling almost one million copies in its first week.[45] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on November 29, 2010, also entering the sales chart at number one.[46]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Sex and the City 2

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
May 25, 2010

Genre
Soundtrack

Label
Sony Music Australia

Sex and the City soundtrack chronology

Sex and the City, Vol. 2: More Music
(2008)Sex and the City, Vol. 2: More Music2008
Sex and the City 2
(2010)

text: Sex and the City 2 original motion picture soundtrack was released on May 25, 2010.

text:
"Rapture" – Alicia Keys (Blondie)
"Everything to Lose" – Dido
"Language of Love" – Cee Lo
"Window Seat" – Erykah Badu
"Kidda" – Natacha Atlas
"Euphrates Dream" – Michael McGregor
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Liza Minnelli (Beyoncé)
"Can't Touch It" – Ricki-Lee
"Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down" – Alicia Keys
"Love Is Your Color" – Jennifer Hudson & Leona Lewis
"I Am Woman" – Sarah Jessica Parker, Kim Cattrall, Kristin Davis, Cynthia Nixon
"If Ever I Would Leave You" – Sex and the City Men's Choir
"Sunrise, Sunset" – Sex and the City Men's Choir
"Till There Was You" – Sex and the City Men's Choir
"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered" – Shayna Steele, Jordan Ballard, Kamilah Marshall
"Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye" – Liza Minnelli with Billy Stritch (Cole Porter)
"True Colors" – Cyndi Lauper
"Divas and Dunes" – Aaron Zigman

text:
"Songs Remind Me of You" by Annie appears in the background of the after party scene, but is not included on the soundtrack.
"Empire State of Mind" by Jay-Z featuring Alicia Keys appears in the background of the Smith's movie premiere scene, and official trailer, but is not included on the soundtrack.

text: The score was recorded and mixed by Dennis S. Sands and Steve Kempster and performed by a large ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by Stephen Coleman who orchestrated Zigman's score. Patrick Kirst also orchestrated.

text:
Chart (2010)
Peak
position

UK Compilation Chart[47]
7

Irish Top 30 Compilation Chart[48]
2

Australian Albums Chart[49]
7

US Billboard 200[50]
13

Italian Top 30 Compilation Chart[51]
15

text: Cancelled sequel[edit]

text: In December 2016, Radar Online reported that a script for the third and final film had been approved. That same day, the main cast had signed on; however, no start filming date had been announced.[citation needed] On September 28, 2017, Sarah Jessica Parker confirmed to Extra that the third film is "It's over, we're not doing it." She said, "We had this beautiful, funny, heartbreaking, joyful, very relatable script and story", and that "It's not just disappointing that we don't get to tell the story and have that experience, but more so for that audience that has been so vocal in wanting another movie."[citation needed] The Daily Mail reported that Kim Cattrall's "outrageous demands" to Warner Bros. are to blame for the third film's cancellation, Cattrall responded on Twitter that, "The only 'DEMAND' I ever made was that I didn't want to do a 3rd film.....& that was back in 2016."[52]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result

2010
National Movie Awards
Anticipated Movie of the Summer
Sex and the City 2
Nominated

2011
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Comedy Movie
Nominated

Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Picture

Nominated - lost to The Last Airbender

Worst Actress
Kim Cattrall, Kristin Davis, Cynthia Nixon, and Sarah Jessica Parker
Won

Worst Supporting Actress
Liza Minnelli
Nominated - lost to Jessica Alba for The Killer Inside Me, Little Fockers, Machete and Valentine's Day

Worst Director
Michael Patrick King
Nominated - lost to M. Night Shyamalan for The Last Airbender

Worst Screenplay
Michael Patrick King
Nominated - lost to The Last Airbender

Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel

Won

Worst Screen Ensemble

Won


document_title: Behave (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

question_text: who played william harris on law and order svu

text: Plot[edit]

text: Detectives Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) and Elliot Stabler (Chris Meloni) are called to the hospital, where the doctor informs them that his patient has been raped and severely beaten. Through tax rolls, Benson and Stabler discover that the victim is Vicki Sayers (Jennifer Love Hewitt) who lives in Washington Heights and almost never goes outside. By staking out her home, Benson ultimately convinces her to submit to a rape kit.

text: During the exam, Vicki reveals that she has been repeatedly stalked and raped by the same attacker since she was 16. Evidence from the rape kit leads the detectives to a hotel where they find a man matching Vicki's description. Vicki quickly identifies the man, William Harris (James LeGros), in a line-up but he provides an alibi prompting the detectives to release him. While proceeding to the elevator, Vicki runs up to him and begs him not to hurt her. Convinced by Vicki's level of desperation, Benson spends the night working on the case and finds a hole in Harris' alibi.

text: By examining Harris' travel records, Benson and Stabler discover that he has committed dozens of rapes over several years. Benson begins to make calls from state to state in search of the rape kits from his victims, but she discovers backlogs numbering in the thousands each time. The first rape kit that she might be able to use is found in Los Angeles, where she meets with LAPD Robbery-Homicide Detective Rex Winters (Skeet Ulrich). Winters tells her that the medical examiner has found enough alleles to testify that the DNA is a match for Harris. Harris' lawyer Trevor Langan (Peter Hermann) successfully argues that the DNA in the 10-year-old rape kit has been degraded and Judge Donnelly (Judith Light) is forced to dismiss the people's case.

text: Despite being unable to prosecute Harris for rape, the detectives find strong evidence that allows him to be prosecuted for kidnapping charges. Vicki confronts him in his cell and taunts him with his own words: "Now I'll always know where you are. Be a good boy. Behave yourself."

text: Production[edit]

text: "Behave" was written by Jonathan Greene and directed by Helen Shaver. Mariska Hargitay filmed a portion of this episode, late August 2010 in Los Angeles with Law & Order: LA star, Skeet Ulrich. Hargitay was attending the Primetime Emmy Awards, in which she was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. This episode was the first time Law & Order: SVU had shot an episode on the West Coast.[2] "Behave" is inspired by rape survivor and advocate Helena Lazaro, who spoke at a fundraiser for Hargitay's Joyful Heart Foundation; several years earlier, she submitted to an exam for a rape evidence collection kit that was ignored by police. "I'm so honored that the SVU writers see the value in telling this story," says Hargitay. "And it's very cool how they're weaving our two shows together."[3] Neal Baer, the series' show runner/executive producer at the time, said after he heard the Lazaro's testimony, "One of the stories was about how they weren't opening the kits. This guy was out there and he would have been stopped years before. I leaned over and whispered to one of our writers and said, 'This is it,'" he recalled.[4]

text:
"One of the most rewarding aspects of working on SVU is the show's ability to shine a light on the problem of sexual violence. This next episode is one of the most meaningful I have ever done, and it stands as a powerful example of the way we aim to raise awareness about these difficult issues...Recently, I heard from a rape victim whose kit was tested 13 years after she was raped. Thirteen years. The DNA in her kit matched the profile of a convicted rapist already in prison. Learning the identity of her rapists, and that he was in a place where he could not hurt her, gave this woman a sense of peace for the first time since she was raped. It is for this woman and all the others like her that I am committed to doing my part to end the rape kit backlog. I hope you will join us in this cause. Together, we can end the backlog and bring justice to survivors."

—Mariska Hargitay [5]

tag: div

text: When Jennifer Love Hewitt, who portrayed Vicki Sayers, was cast in the episode, Baer told TV Guide, "One of the reasons we wanted to do this episode is because it addresses Mariska Hargitay's passion for rape kits, which can help gather evidence to convict the rapists. But for some reason these kits have been sitting around unopened in cities all over the country."[6] Jennifer Love Hewitt noted the role was like nothing she has done before: raw and stripped-down. "Looks-wise, wardrobe-wise, hair-wise, makeup-wise ... [I had to] take everything off and be something that I've never been before. [It] really allowed me emotionally and physically and mentally to go to a different place," she said. Hewitt hopes that her portrayal bolsters the message by putting a face to it. "It's showing you what this issue can do to someone, and it's hopefully making [people] feel it... it's a gift that we get to be able to tell those stories. And it's a duty to tell them."[4]

text: A day prior to the episode airing, Baer and Hargitay wrote an article for The Huffington Post; the article states that hundreds of thousands of rape kits across the country are not tested because of budget constraints. Baer and Hargitay write, "By failing to test these rape kits, we are telling victims that pursuing justice doesn't matter, that convicting violent perpetrators and taking them off our streets is not a top priority." They also point out that the city of New York eliminated their backlog in 2003 and the city's arrest rate for rape jumped from 40 to 70 percent.[7][8]

text: Hargitay and Baer note what Helena had to say when her rape kit was tested after 13 years and her rapist was finally identified: "Finally, my nightmares have stopped almost altogether. I have a sense of security that I haven't felt in over a decade. My home is my own. My family is safe." Baer and Hargitay add that, "'Behave,' shows the dire consequences of the rape kit backlog. We hope it will move you to action. To learn more about how you can help, go to a new web-site launching on September 29, endthebacklog.org. Together we can end the rape kit backlog and bring justice to victims."[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In its original American broadcast on September 29, 2010, "Behave" was viewed by an estimated 9.47 million households with a 2.8 rating / 8% share in the age 18–49 demographic. Behave was the lead in to the premiere episode of Law & Order: Los Angeles which was viewed by an estimated 10.63 million households with a 3.2 rating / 10% share in the key demographic. SVU that night was beat out by a new episode of: Criminal Minds on CBS which was viewed by an estimated 14.56 million households with a 3.6 rating / 10% share and in the first half-hour, by the ABC comedy, Modern Family, which was viewed by an estimated 11.91 million homes and had a 4.6 rating / 13% share. In the last half-hour, SVU beat the ABC comedy, Cougar Town which was only viewed by 6.96 million homes, but it tied with SVU in the 18-49 age demographic. LOLA was the top rated program on NBC that night.[9]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Sadie Stein of Jezebel.com noted on the episode, "As we've discussed before, unprocessed rape kits are a major issue and an ongoing source of frustration to all those who know how invaluable they are in catching rapists. But in case you weren't aware of the issue, this episode, "Behave," aimed to educate you. And while drama, dialogue and plausibility may have suffered somewhat in the process, by gum, the issue was addressed!"[5]

text: Clarissa at TV Overmind gave the episode a very positive review, particularly regarding Jennifer Love Hewitt's acting: "Her pain and fear is palpable through every moment of this scene. I wanted to scream and cry in the scene where she begs her rapist to forgive her for getting the police involved because she’s afraid for her life. In other words, Jennifer Love Hewitt knocked this one out of the park." She adds, "It’s episodes like this that remind me why I’ve watched SVU for a number of years."[10]


document_title: Ice cream

question_text: what kind of fat is in ice cream

question_tokens: what kind of fat is in ice cream

text: Ice cream

text: History

text: Ancient Greece

text: During the 5th century BC, ancient Greeks ate snow mixed with honey and fruit in the markets of Athens. The father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, encouraged his Ancient Greek patients to eat ice "as it livens the life-juices and increases the well-being."[4]

text: Persia

text: In 400 BC, the Persians invented a special chilled food, made of rose water and vermicelli, which was served to royalty during summers.[5] The ice was mixed with saffron, fruits, and various other flavours.

text: China

text: A frozen mixture of milk and rice was used in China around 200 BC.[6] "They poured a mixture of snow and saltpetre over the exteriors of containers filled with syrup, for, in the same way as salt raises the boiling point of water, it lowers the freezing point to below zero."[7][8]

text: Rome

text: The Roman Emperor Nero (37–68 AD) had ice brought from the mountains and combined it with fruit toppings to create chilled delicacies.[9]

text: India

text: In the sixteenth century, the Mughal emperors used relays of horsemen to bring ice from the Hindu Kush to Delhi, where it was used in fruit sorbets.[10] Kulfi is a popular frozen dairy dessert from the Indian subcontinent and is often described as "traditional Indian ice cream." It originated in the sixteenth century in the Mughal Empire.

text: Europe

text: When Italian duchess Catherine de' Medici married the Duke of Orléans (Henry II of France) in 1533, she is said to have brought with her to France some Italian chefs who had recipes for flavoured ices or sorbets.[11] One hundred years later, Charles I of England was, it was reported, so impressed by the "frozen snow" that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime pension in return for keeping the formula secret, so that ice cream could be a royal prerogative.[12] There is no historical evidence to support these legends, which first appeared during the 19th century.

text: The first recipe in French for flavoured ices appears in 1674, in Nicholas Lemery’s Recueil de curiositéz rares et nouvelles de plus admirables effets de la nature.[11] Recipes for sorbetti saw publication in the 1694 edition of Antonio Latini's Lo Scalco alla Moderna (The Modern Steward).[11] Recipes for flavoured ices begin to appear in François Massialot's Nouvelle Instruction pour les Confitures, les Liqueurs, et les Fruits, starting with the 1692 edition. Massialot's recipes result in a coarse, pebbly texture. Latini claims that the results of his recipes should have the fine consistency of sugar and snow.[11]

text: Ice cream recipes first appeared in England in the 18th century. The recipe for ice cream was published in Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts in London in 1718.[13][14]

text: To ice cream.

text: Take Tin Ice-Pots, fill them with any Sort of Cream you like, either plain or sweeten’d, or Fruit in it; shut your Pots very close; to six Pots you must allow eighteen or twenty Pound of Ice, breaking the Ice very small; there will be some great Pieces, which lay at the Bottom and Top: You must have a Pail, and lay some Straw at the Bottom; then lay in your Ice, and put in amongst it a Pound of Bay-Salt; set in your Pots of Cream, and lay Ice and Salt between every Pot, that they may not touch; but the Ice must lie round them on every Side; lay a good deal of Ice on the Top, cover the Pail with Straw, set it in a Cellar where no Sun or Light comes, it will be froze in four Hours, but it may stand longer; then take it out just as you use it; hold it in your Hand and it will slip out. When you wou’d freeze any Sort of Fruit, either Cherries, Raspberries, Currants, or Strawberries, fill your Tin-Pots with the Fruit, but as hollow as you can; put to them Lemmonade, made with Spring-Water and Lemmon-Juice sweeten’d; put enough in the Pots to make the Fruit hang together, and put them in Ice as you do Cream.

text: North America

text: An early reference to ice cream given by the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1744, reprinted in a magazine in 1877. "1744 in Pennsylvania Mag. Hist. & Biogr. (1877) I. 126 Among the rarities..was some fine ice cream, which, with the strawberries and milk, eat most deliciously."[15]

text: The 1751 edition of The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy by Hannah Glasse features a recipe for ice cream. OED gives her recipe: "H. GLASSE Art of Cookery (ed. 4) 333 (heading) To make Ice Cream..set it [sc. the cream] into the larger Bason. Fill it with Ice, and a Handful of Salt."[15] The year 1768 saw the publication of L'Art de Bien Faire les Glaces d'Office by M. Emy, a cookbook devoted entirely to recipes for flavoured ices and ice cream.[11]

text: Quaker colonists introduced ice cream to the United States, bringing their ice cream recipes with them. Confectioners sold ice cream at their shops in New York and other cities during the colonial era. Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were known to have regularly eaten and served ice cream. Records, kept by a merchant from Catham street, New York, show George Washington spending approximately $200 on ice cream in the summer of 1790. The same records show president Thomas Jefferson having an 18 step recipe for ice cream.[16] First Lady Dolley Madison, wife of U.S. President James Madison, served ice cream at her husband's Inaugural Ball in 1813.[17]

text: Small-scale hand-cranked ice cream freezers were invented in England by Agnes Marshall and in America by Nancy Johnson in the 1840s.[18]

text: The most popular flavours of ice cream in North America (based on consumer surveys) are vanilla and chocolate.[19]

text: Expansion in popularity

text: In the Mediterranean, ice cream appears to have been accessible to ordinary people by the mid-eighteenth century.[20] Ice cream became popular and inexpensive in England in the mid-nineteenth century, when Swiss émigré Carlo Gatti set up the first stand outside Charing Cross station in 1851. He sold scoops in shells for one penny. Prior to this, ice cream was an expensive treat confined to those with access to an ice house.[21] Gatti built an 'ice well' to store ice that he cut from Regent's Canal under a contract with the Regent's Canal Company. By 1860, he expanded the business and began importing ice on a large scale from Norway.

text: Agnes Marshall, regarded as the "queen of ices" in England, did much to popularize ice cream recipes and make its consumption into a fashionable middle-class pursuit. She wrote four books: Ices Plain and Fancy: The Book of Ices (1885), Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Book of Cookery (1888), Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Larger Cookery Book of Extra Recipes (1891) and Fancy Ices (1894) and gave public lectures on cooking. She even suggested using liquid nitrogen to make ice cream.

text: Ice cream soda was invented in the 1870s, adding to ice cream's popularity. The invention of this cold treat is attributed to American Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim. The ice cream sundae originated in the late 19th century. Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no conclusive evidence to support any of their stories. Some sources say that the sundae was invented to circumvent blue laws, which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. Towns claiming to be the birthplace of the sundae include Buffalo, Two Rivers, Ithaca, and Evanston. Both the ice cream cone and banana split became popular in the early 20th century.

text: The first mention of the cone being used as an edible receptacle for the ice cream is in Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Book of Cookery of 1888. Her recipe for "Cornet with Cream" said that "the cornets were made with almonds and baked in the oven, not pressed between irons".[22][23][24][25] The ice cream cone was popularized in the USA at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, MO.[26]

text: The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increases in availability and popularity. In the United States in the early 20th century, the ice cream soda was a popular treat at the soda shop, the soda fountain, and the ice cream parlor. During the American Prohibition, the soda fountain to some extent replaced the outlawed alcohol establishments such as bars and saloons.

text: Ice cream became popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th century after cheap refrigeration became common. There was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavours and types. Vendors often competed on the basis of variety. Howard Johnson's restaurants advertised "a world of 28 flavors". Baskin-Robbins made its 31 flavours ("one for every day of the month") the cornerstone of its marketing strategy. The company now boasts that it has developed over 1000 varieties.

text: One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream, which has more air mixed in thereby reducing costs. It made possible the soft ice cream machine in which a cone is filled beneath a spigot on order. In the United States, Dairy Queen, Carvel, and Tastee-Freez pioneered in establishing chains of soft-serve ice cream outlets while Baskin-Robbins became worldwide chain later.

text: Technological innovations such as these have introduced various food additives into ice cream, the notable one being the stabilizing agent gluten,[27] to which some people have an intolerance. Recent awareness of this issue has prompted a number of manufacturers to start producing gluten-free ice cream.[28]

text: The 1980s saw thicker ice creams being sold as "premium" and "super-premium" varieties under brands such as Ben & Jerry's, Chocolate Shoppe Ice Cream Company and Häagen-Dazs.

text: Composition

text: Ice cream is a colloidal emulsion having dispersed phase as fat globules. It is an emulsion which is in the end made into foam by incorporating air cells which is frozen to form dispersed ice cells. In the composition of ice cream ice crystals are of most importance as they give a desirable mouth feel. Ice cream is composed of water, ice, milk fat, milk protein, sugar and air. Water and fat have highest proportions by weight creating an emulsion. The triacylglycerols in far are non polar and will adhere to itself by van der Waals interactions. Water is polar thus, emulsifiers are needed for dispersion of fat. Also ice cream has a colloidal phase of foam which helps in light texture. Milk proteins such as casein and whey protein present in ice cream are amphiphilic, can adsorb water and form micelles which will contribute to consistency. Sucrose which is disaccharide is usually used as a sweetening agent. Lactose which is sugar present in milk will cause freezing point depression. Thus, on freezing some water will be unfrozen and will not give hard texture.[29]

text: Production

text: Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions. Making it was quite laborious; ice was cut from lakes and ponds during the winter and stored in holes in the ground, or in wood-frame or brick ice houses, insulated by straw. Many farmers and plantation owners, including U.S. Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, cut and stored ice in the winter for use in the summer. Frederic Tudor of Boston turned ice harvesting and shipping into a big business, cutting ice in New England and shipping it around the world.

text: Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl placed inside a tub filled with ice and salt. This was called the pot-freezer method. French confectioners refined the pot-freezer method, making ice cream in a sorbetière (a covered pail with a handle attached to the lid). In the pot-freezer method, the temperature of the ingredients is reduced by the mixture of crushed ice and salt. The salt water is cooled by the ice, and the action of the salt on the ice causes it to (partially) melt, absorbing latent heat and bringing the mixture below the freezing point of pure water. The immersed container can also make better thermal contact with the salty water and ice mixture than it could with ice alone.

text: The hand-cranked churn, which also uses ice and salt for cooling, replaced the pot-freezer method. The exact origin of the hand-cranked freezer is unknown, but the first U.S. patent for one was #3254 issued to Nancy Johnson on 9 September 1843. The hand-cranked churn produced smoother ice cream than the pot freezer and did it quicker. Many inventors patented improvements on Johnson's design.

text: In Europe and early America, ice cream was made and sold by small businesses, mostly confectioners and caterers. Jacob Fussell of Baltimore, Maryland was the first to manufacture ice cream on a large scale. Fussell bought fresh dairy products from farmers in York County, Pennsylvania, and sold them in Baltimore. An unstable demand for his dairy products often left him with a surplus of cream, which he made into ice cream. He built his first ice cream factory in Seven Valleys, Pennsylvania, in 1851. Two years later, he moved his factory to Baltimore. Later, he opened factories in several other cities and taught the business to others, who operated their own plants. Mass production reduced the cost of ice cream and added to its popularity.

text: The development of industrial refrigeration by German engineer Carl von Linde during the 1870s eliminated the need to cut and store natural ice, and, when the continuous-process freezer was perfected in 1926, commercial mass production of ice cream and the birth of the modern ice cream industry was underway.

text: In modern times, a common method for producing ice cream at home is to use an ice cream maker, an electrical device that churns the ice cream mixture while cooled inside a household freezer. Some more expensive models have an inbuilt freezing element. A newer method is to add liquid nitrogen to the mixture while stirring it using a spoon or spatula for a few seconds; a similar technique, advocated by Heston Blumenthal as ideal for home cooks, is to add dry ice to the mixture while stirring for a few minutes.[30] Some ice cream recipes call for making a custard, folding in whipped cream, and immediately freezing the mixture.[31] Another method is to use a pre-frozen solution of salt and water, which gradually melts as the ice cream freezes.

text: An unusual method of making ice-cream was done during World War II by American fighter pilots based in the South Pacific. They attached pairs of 5-US-gallon (19 l) cans to their aircraft. The cans were fitted with a small propeller, this was spun by the slipstream and drove a stirrer, which agitated the mixture while the intense cold of high altitude froze it.[32]

text: Retail sales

text: Ice cream can be mass-produced and thus is widely available in developed parts of the world. Ice cream can be purchased in large cartons (vats and squrounds) from supermarkets and grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, convenience stores, and milk bars, and in individual servings from small carts or vans at public events. In 2015, US produced nearly 900 million gallons of ice cream.[33]

text: Specialty job

text: Today, jobs specialize in the selling of ice cream. The title of a person who works in this speciality is often called an 'ice cream man', however women also specialize in the selling of ice cream. People in this line of work often sell ice cream on beaches. On beaches, ice cream is either sold by a person who carries a box full of ice cream and is called over by people who want the purchase ice cream, or by a person who drives up to the top of the beach and rings a bell. In the second method, people go up to the top of the beach and purchase ice cream straight from the ice cream seller, who is often in an ice cream van. In Turkey and Australia, ice cream is sometimes sold to beach-goers from small powerboats equipped with chest freezers.

text: Some ice cream distributors sell ice cream products from traveling refrigerated vans or carts (commonly referred to in the US as "ice cream trucks"), sometimes equipped with speakers playing children's music or folk melodies (such as "Turkey in the Straw"). The driver of an ice cream van drives throughout neighborhoods and stops every so often, usually every block. The seller on the ice cream van sells the ice cream through a large window; this window is also where the customer asks for ice cream and pays. Ice cream vans in the United Kingdom make a music box noise rather than actual music.

text: Ingredients and standard quality definitions

text: In the U.S., ice cream may have the following composition:[34]

text:
greater than 10% milkfat and usually between 10% and as high as 16% fat in some premium ice creams
9 to 12% milk solids-not-fat: this component, also known as the serum solids, contains the proteins (caseins and whey proteins) and carbohydrates (lactose) found in milk
12 to 16% sweeteners: usually a combination of sucrose and glucose-based corn syrup sweeteners
0.2 to 0.5% stabilisers and emulsifiers
55% to 64% water, which comes from the milk or other ingredients.

text: These compositions are percentage by weight. Since ice cream can contain as much as half air by volume, these numbers may be reduced by as much as half if cited by volume. In terms of dietary considerations, the percentages by weight are more relevant. Even the low-fat products have high caloric content: Ben and Jerry's No-Fat Vanilla Fudge contains 150 calories (630 kJ) per half-cup due to its high sugar content.[35]

text: According to Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, ice cream in Canada must be at least 10 percent milk fat, and must contain at least 180 grams of solids per liter. When cocoa, chocolate syrup, fruit, nuts, or confections are added, the percentage of milk fat can be 8 percent.[36]

text: Physical properties

text: Ice cream is considered as a colloidal system. It is composed by ice cream crystals and aggregates, air that does not mixes with the ice cream by forming small bubbles in the bulk and partially coalesced fat globules. This dispersed phase made from all the small particles is surrounded by an unfrozen continuous phase composed by sugars, proteins, salts, polysaccharides and water. Their interactions determine the properties of ice cream, whether soft and whippy or hard.[37]

text: Ostwald ripening

text: Ostwald ripening is the explanation for the growth of large crystals at the expense of small ones in the dispersion phase. This process is also called migratory recrystallization. It involves the formation of sharp crystals. Theories about Ostwald recrystallization admit that after a period of time, the recrystallization process can be described by the following equation:

text: r = r (0) + Rt exp(1/n)

text: Where r (0) is the initial size, n the order of recrystallization, t a time constant for recrystallization that depends on the rate R (in units of size/ time).

text: To make ice cream smooth, recrystallization must occur as slowly as possible, because small crystals create smoothness, meaning that r must decrease.[38]

text: Around the world

text: Around the world, different cultures have developed unique versions of ice cream, suiting the product to local tastes and preferences.

text: The most traditional Argentine helado (ice cream) is very similar to Italian gelato, in large part due to the historical influence of Italian immigrants on Argentinian customs.

text: Per capita, Australians and New Zealanders are among the leading ice cream consumers in the world, eating 18 litres and 20 litres each per year respectively, behind the United States where people eat 23 litres each per year.[39]

text: In China, besides the popular flavour such as vanilla, chocolate, coffee, mango and strawberry, many Chinese ice-cream manufacturers also introduced other traditional Chineses flavours such as black sesame and red beans.

text: In 1651, Italian Francesco dei Coltelli opened an ice cream café in Paris and the product became so popular that during the next 50 years another 250 cafés opened in Paris.[40][41]

text: In Greece, ice cream in its modern form, or pagotó (Greek: παγωτό), was introduced in the beginning of the 20th century.

text: India is one of the largest producers of ice cream in the world, but most of its ice cream is consumed domestically.

text: In Indonesia, a type traditional ice cream called "Es Puter" or "stirred ice cream is made from coconut milk, pandanus leaves, sugar—and flavors that include avocado, jackfruit, durian, palm sugar, chocolate, red bean, and mung bean.

text: In Iran, Fālūde (Persian: فالوده) or Pālūde (Persian: پالوده) is a Persian sorbet made of thin vermicelli noodles, frozen with sugar syrup and rose water. The dessert is often served with lime juice and sometimes ground pistachios.

text: Italian ice cream or Gelato as it is known, is a traditional and a popular dessert in Italy. Much of the production is still hand-made and flavoured by each individual shop in "produzione propria" gelaterias. Gelato is made from whole milk, sugar, sometimes eggs, and natural flavourings. Gelato typically contains 7–8% fat, less than ice cream's minimum of 10%.

text: Sorbetes is a Philippine version for common ice cream usually peddled from carts by pedlars who roam streets in the Philippines. Despite the similarities between the name "sorbetes" and sorbet, "sorbetes" is not a type of sorbet.

text: In Spain, ice cream is often in the style of Italian gelato. Spanish gelato can be found in many cafes or specialty ice cream stores. While many traditional flavours are sold, cafes may also sell unique flavouurs like nata, crema catalana, or tiramisu.

text: Dondurma is the name given to ice cream in Turkey. Dondurma typically includes milk, sugar, salep, and mastic.

text: In the United Kingdom, 14 million adults buy ice cream as a treat, in a market worth £1.3 billion (according to a report produced in September 2009).[42]

text: In the United States, ice cream made with just cream, sugar, and a flavouring (usually fruit) is sometimes referred to as "Philadelphia style"[43] ice cream. Ice cream that uses eggs to make a custard is sometimes called "French ice cream". American federal labeling standards require ice cream to contain a minimum of 10% milk fat. Americans consume about 23 liters of ice cream per person per year — the most in the world.

text: Ice cream cone

text: Mrs Marshall's Cookery Book, published in 1888, endorsed serving ice cream in cones,[44] but the idea definitely predated that. Agnes Marshall was a celebrated cookery writer of her day and helped to popularise ice cream. She patented and manufactured an ice cream maker and was the first person to suggest using liquefied gases to freeze ice cream after seeing a demonstration at the Royal Institution.

text: Reliable evidence proves that ice cream cones were served in the 19th century, and their popularity increased greatly during the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. According to legend, at the World's Fair an ice cream seller had run out of the cardboard dishes used to put ice cream scoops in, so they could not sell any more produce. Next door to the ice cream booth was a Syrian waffle booth, unsuccessful due to intense heat; the waffle maker offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles and the new product sold well, and was widely copied by other vendors.[45][46]

text: Other frozen desserts

text: The following is a partial list of ice cream-like frozen desserts and snacks:

text:
Ais kacang: a dessert in Malaysia and Singapore made from shaved ice, syrup, and boiled red bean and topped with evaporated milk. Sometimes, other small ingredients like raspberries and durians are added in, too.
Booza: an elastic, sticky, high level melt resistant ice cream.
Dondurma: Turkish ice cream, made of salep and mastic resin
Frozen custard: at least 10% milk fat and at least 1.4% egg yolk and much less air beaten into it, similar to Gelato, fairly rare. Known in Italy as Semifreddo.
Frozen yogurt: made with yogurt instead of milk or cream, it has a tart flavour and lower fat content.
Gelato: an Italian frozen dessert having a lower milk fat content than ice cream.
Halo-halo: a popular Filipino dessert that is a mixture of shaved ice and milk to which are added various boiled sweet beans and fruits, and served cold in a tall glass or bowl.
Ice cream sandwich: two (usually) soft biscuits, cookies or cake sandwiching a bar of ice cream.
Ice milk: less than 10% milk fat and lower sweetening content, once marketed as "ice milk" but now sold as low-fat ice cream in the United States.
Popsicle (ice pop or ice lolly): frozen fruit puree, fruit juice, or flavoured sugar water on a stick or in a flexible plastic sleeve.
Kulfi: believed to have been introduced to South Asia by the Mughal conquest in the 16th century; its origins trace back to the cold snacks and desserts of Arab and Mediterranean cultures.[47]
Maple toffee: Also known as maple taffy. A popular springtime treat in maple-growing areas is maple toffee, where maple syrup boiled to a concentrated state is poured over fresh snow congealing in a toffee-like mass, and then eaten from a wooden stick used to pick it up from the snow.
Mellorine: non-dairy, with vegetable fat substituted for milk fat
Parevine: Kosher non-dairy frozen dessert established in 1969 in New York[48]
Patbingsu - A popular Korean shaved ice dessert commonly served with sweet toppings such as fruit, red bean, or sweetened condensed milk.
Pop up ice cream
Sherbet: 1–2% milk fat and sweeter than ice cream.
Sorbet: fruit puree with no dairy products
Snow cones, made from balls of crushed ice topped with flavoured syrup served in a paper cone, are consumed in many parts of the world. The most common places to find snow cones in the United States are at amusement parks.

text: Cryogenics

text: In 2006, some commercial ice cream makers began to use liquid nitrogen in the primary freezing of ice cream, thus eliminating the need for a conventional ice cream freezer.[49] Brands are Dippin' Dots. The preparation results in a column of white condensed water vapour cloud. The ice cream, dangerous to eat while still "steaming" with liquid nitrogen, is allowed to rest until the liquid nitrogen is completely vapourised. Sometimes ice cream is frozen to the sides of the container, and must be allowed to thaw. Good results can also be achieved with the more readily available dry ice, and authors such as Heston Blumenthal have published recipes to produce ice cream and sorbet using a simple blender.[50]

text: Another vendor, Creamistry, creates ice cream from liquid ingredients as customers watch. It has a softer texture than regular ice cream, because ice crystals have less time to form.[51]


document_title: Rib

question_text: a rib that attaches to the sternum by the cartilage of rib 7

text: Rib

text: Human anatomy[edit]

text: Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). The first seven sets of ribs, known as "true ribs" (costae verae) also known as vertebrosternal ribs, are directly attached to the sternum through the costal cartilage. Rib 1 is unique and harder to distinguish than other ribs. It is a short, flat, C-shaped bone. The vertebral attachment can be found just below the neck and the majority of this bone can be found above the level of the clavicle. Ribs 2 through 7 have a more traditional appearance and become longer and less curved as they progress downwards.[1] The following five sets are known as "false ribs" (costae spuriae), three of these sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum, while the last two (eleventh and twelfth ribs) are termed floating ribs (costae fluctuantes) or vertebral ribs. They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. Some people lack one of the two pairs of floating ribs, while others have a third pair.[citation needed]

text: In general, human ribs increase in length from ribs 1 through 7 and decrease in length again through rib 12. Along with this change in size, the ribs become progressively oblique (slanted) from ribs 1 through 9, then less slanted through rib 12.[1]

text: The ribcage is separated from the lower abdomen by the thoracic diaphragm which controls breathing. When the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity is expanded, reducing intra-thoracic pressure and drawing air into the lungs. This happens through one of two actions (or a mix of the two): when the lower ribs the diaphragm connects to are stabilized by muscles and the central tendon is mobile, when the muscle contracts the central tendon is drawn down, compressing the cavity underneath and expanding the thoracic cavity downward. When the central tendon is stabilized and the lower ribs are mobile, a contraction of the diaphragm elevates the ribs, which works in conjunction with other muscles to expand the thoracic indent upward.

text: In animals[edit]

text: In fish, there are often two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column. One set, the dorsal ribs, are found in the dividing septum between the upper and lower parts of the main muscle segments, projecting roughly sideways from the vertebral column. The second set, the ventral ribs arise from the vertebral column just below the dorsal ribs, and enclose the lower body, often joining at the tips. Not all species possess both types of rib, with the dorsal ribs being most commonly absent. Sharks, for example, have no dorsal ribs, and only very short ventral ribs, while lampreys have no ribs at all. In some teleosts, there may be additional rib-like bones within the muscle mass.[2]

text: Tetrapods, however, only ever have a single set of ribs which are probably homologous with the dorsal ribs of fishes. In the early tetrapods, every vertebra bore a pair of ribs, although those on the thoracic vertebrae are typically the longest. The sacral ribs were stout and short, since they formed part of the pelvis, connecting the backbone to the hip bones.[2]

text: In most subsequent forms, many of these early ribs have been lost, and in living amphibians and reptiles, there is great variation in rib structure and number. For example, turtles have only eight pairs of ribs, which are developed into a bony or cartilagenous carapace and plastron, while snakes have numerous ribs running along the full length of their trunk. Frogs typically have no ribs, aside from a sacral pair, which form part of the pelvis.[2]

text: In birds, ribs are present as distinct bones only on the thoracic region, although small fused ribs are present on the cervical vertebrae. The thoracic ribs of birds possess a wide projection to the rear; this uncinate process is an attachment for the shoulder muscles.[2] Usually dogs have 26 ribs. Mammals usually also only have distinct ribs on the thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are also present in monotremes. In marsupials and placental mammals, the cervical and lumbar ribs are found only as tiny remnants fused to the vertebrae, where they are referred to as transverse processes. In general, the structure and number of the true ribs in humans is similar to that in other mammals. Unlike reptiles, caudal ribs are never found in mammals.[2]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Human ribs (shown in red). It consist of 24 ribs. Left and right of first rib to twelfth rib.

Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots. Deep dissection. Posterior view.

Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.

Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.