document_title: Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States

question_text: is it legal to talk on the phone while driving in minnesota

text: Regulatory laws[edit]

text: The laws regulating driving (or distracted driving) may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement by state, county or local authorities.[1] All State-level cell phone use laws in the United States are of the primary enforcement type—meaning an officer may cite a driver for using a hand-held cell phone without any other traffic offense having taken place—except in some cases involving newer (or "novice"), drivers.[2] In the case of secondary enforcement, a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a cell phone use violation if the driver has committed another primary violation (such as speeding, failure to stop, etc.) at the same time.

text: A federal transportation funding law passed in July 2012, known as the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21), provided $17.5 million in grants during fiscal year 2013 for states with primary enforcement laws against distracted driving, including laws prohibiting cell phone use while driving. States with secondary enforcement laws or no laws at all are ineligible to receive this grant funding.[3][4]

text: Laws by state[edit]

text: No state bans all cell phone use for all drivers. However, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia (plus Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands) prohibit all drivers from using hand-held cell phones while driving. 36 states and Washington, D.C. ban all cell phone use by newer drivers, while 19 states and Washington, D.C. prohibit any cell phone use by school bus drivers if children are present.[2]

text:
State
Total handheld device ban applied to:
Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if:
Bus driver use restriction(s)
Texting & Internet Access
Comment

Alabama
16 and under, and 17 w/ temporary license or if licensed under six months (primary violation)

texting prohibited (primary)[6]

Alaska

totally prohibited
No restrictions on cell phone use

Arizona

texting prohibited[6]
none[6]

Arkansas
18–20 years old (primary violation)
under 18 (secondary violation)
totally prohibited
texting prohibited (primary)[6]
Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones (secondary violation).

California
All (primary violation)[7]
under 18 (secondary violation)
totally prohibited (primary)
texting prohibited[6]

Colorado

on learner's permit or under 18 (primary violation)[7]

totally prohibited (primary)[6]

Connecticut
All (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Delaware
All (primary violation)
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)[7]
totally prohibited

Florida

Cell phone use allowed while operating a car as long as the sound goes through only one ear.[7]

Georgia
All Drivers (primary violation)
Under 18 (primary violation)
Driver totally prohibited unless used for routing communication
Driver totally prohibited, includes video
Driver Allowed to use hands free devices (specific ones) and voice to text with hands free devices and allowed to use permanent mounted GPS, Drivers are allowed to make emergency calls and report hazardous road conditions. Commercial Vehicle Drivers have limited use directly related to their work (GPS or Routing Communication) effective date 1 July 2018.

Guam
All (primary violation)

Hawaii
All (primary violation)[8]
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Statewide law entered into force July 2013; all counties had existing bans on cell phone use. Drivers 18 and older may use hands-free devices.[8]

Idaho

No statewide laws enacted; authorities track "distractions" on accident reports.

Illinois
All (primary violation)
any driver under 19 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones or within 500 feet of an emergency scene (primary violation).[9]

Indiana

under 21 (primary violation)

Iowa

on restricted or intermediate license (primary violation)

totally prohibited (primary)
July 1, 2017 updated the texting law to be enforced as a primary reason an officer can stop you. "Texting" is defined as: texting, internet browsing, playing games, and reading social media applications.[10][11]
If proven you were "texting" during a traffic fatality, it is deemed a Class C felony, and you can be put into prison for up to 10 years.[12][11]

Kansas

on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)

Kentucky

under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Louisiana
learner or intermediate license holder (regardless of age) (primary violation)
1st year of license (primary violation if under 18)
totally prohibited

Maine
under 18 (primary violation)
under 18 w/ learner or provisional license (secondary violation)[7]

Maryland
all (primary violation)[13]
under 18 w/ restricted learner or intermediate license[7]

Massachusetts

under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

Cell phone use allowed as long as one hand is on the wheel at all times.[7]

Michigan

level-1 or level-2 license (primary violation)

Minnesota

under 18 w/ learner or provisional license (primary violation)[7]
totally prohibited

Mississippi

totally prohibited

Missouri

Montana

None.

Nebraska

under 18 w/ learner or intermediate license (secondary violation)

Nevada
all (primary violation)[14]

New Hampshire
all (primary violation)

totally prohibited

# (1st Offense) $100 Fine

(2nd Offense) $250 Fine.
(3rd Offense) $500 Fine, + a 2-year suspension of drivers license.

New Jersey
all (primary violation)[15]
on permit or provisional license (primary violation).[7]
totally prohibited

New Mexico
Local Option by Jurisdiction[7]
on learner or provisional license (primary violation)

New York
all (primary violation)[16]

North Carolina

under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited

texting prohibited (Primary) Internet access okay

North Dakota

under 18 (primary violation)

Ohio

under 18 (primary violation)[17]

Oklahoma
learner or intermediate license holder (primary violation)

totally prohibited

Oregon
all (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation)[7]

Pennsylvania

$50 fine for texting while driving.[7]

Puerto Rico
all (primary violation)

Rhode Island
all (primary violation) 06/01/2018
under 18 (primary violation)[7]
totally prohibited

South Carolina

Totally prohibited, but officers must ascertain that a driver is texting rather than using the phone for another purpose.[18]

Authorities can impose fines and track "distractions" on accident reports under Contributing Factors.

South Dakota

on learner or intermediate license (secondary violation)

Tennessee

on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)[7]
totally prohibited
texting prohibited [19]

Texas
Driving through school zones
under 18 (primary violation)
totally prohibited
texting prohibited [20]

Utah

under 18 (primary violation)

Regulated under distracted driving laws.[7]

Vermont
all (primary violation)
under 18 (primary violation) [21]

Virgin Islands
all (primary violation)

Virginia
under 18 (primary violation)[7]
under 18 (secondary violation)[7]
totally prohibited
texting prohibited
Use of phone for text or email by the driver whilst vehicle is operational on state roads is prohibited. An exception exists for using GPS, dialing a number to make a call, or reporting an emergency.

Washington
all (primary violation)[7]
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)

Texting prohibited

Washington, D.C.
all (primary violation)
on learner permit (primary violation)[7]
totally prohibited

West Virginia
all (primary violation)
under 18 w/ learner or intermediate license (primary violation)

Wisconsin
Driving through construction zones
on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)

Wyoming

on learner or intermediate license (primary violation)[7]

text: Preemption Laws[edit]

text: Often, local authorities pass their own distracted driving bans—most include the use of cell phones while driving. Several states (Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Oklahoma) have prohibited localities from enacting their own laws regarding cell phone use.[2]

text: Cost of distracted driving[edit]

text: A 2014 report from the National Safety Council, which compiles data on injuries and fatalities from 2013 and earlier, concluded that use of mobile phones caused 26% of U.S. car accidents.[22] Just 5% of mobile phone-related accidents in the U.S. involved texting: "The majority of the accidents involve drivers distracted while talking on handheld or hands-free cellphones."[22]

text: The U.S. Department of Transportation has established an official website to combat distracted driving, Distraction.gov.[23]

text: In 2010, the State Farm insurance company stated that mobile phone use annually resulted in: 636,000 crashes, 330,000 personal injuries, 12,000 major injuries, 2,700 deaths, and US$43 billion in damages.[24]


document_title: Big Brother Naija 2017

question_text: who won the big brother naija last year

question_tokens: who won the big brother naija last year

root

text: Big Brother Naija 2017

text: Housemates[edit]

text:
Housemates
Age
Residence

Bally Balat
29
Abuja

Bassey Ekpenyong
27
Cross-River

Bisola Aiyeola
32
Lagos

"CoColce" Sowode
29
Lagos

Debie-Rise
28
Kogi

Michael "Efe" Ejeba
23
Lagos

Gifty Powers
23
Lagos

Ekemini "Kemen" Ekerette
27
Port Harcourt

Marvis Nkpornwi
26
Port Harcourt

Miyonse Oluwaseyi Amosu
25
Abuja

Somadina "Soma" Anyama
24
Lagos

"TBoss" Tokunbo Idowu
33
Edo State

"ThinTallTony" Anthony
36
Cross-River

Uriel Anita Oputa
30
Lagos

tag: table

tag: p

text: Nominations table[edit]

text:
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Week 11
Final
Nominations
Received

Day 0
Day 2

Efe
Head of
House
Marvis
ThinTallTony
Miyonse
TBoss
TBoss
CoCoIce
TBoss
Gifty
TBoss
Ese
No
Nominations
No
Nominations
TBoss
ThinTallTony
TBoss
Debie-Rise
Bassey
Bally
TBoss
Debie-Rise
Winner
(Day 77)
12

Bisola
No
Nominations
Efe
ThinTallTony
Miyonse
Gifty
Debie-Rise
CoCoIce
Gifty
TBoss
TBoss
Uriel
No
Nominations
No
Nominations
Bassey
Debie-Rise
Not
eligible
TBoss
Debie-Rise
Runner-up
(Day 77)
8

TBoss
No
Nominations
Miyonse
Bisola
Miyonse
Gifty
Marvis
Bassey
Uriel
Marvis
Bally
Uriel
No
Nominations
No
Nominations
Efe
Marvis
Not
eligible
Marvis
Efe
Third place
(Day 77)
18

Debie-Rise
Not in
House
Exempt
Marvis
Bisola
Marvis
ThinTallTony
Ese
Jon
No
Nominations
No
Nominations
Bally
ThinTallTony
Not
eligible
Marvis
Efe
Fourth place
(Day 77)
12

Marvis
No
Nominations
Kemen
Efe
Miyonse
Gifty
CoCoIce
Debie-Rise
Bally
Uriel
Ese
Debby-Rise
No
Nominations
No
Nominations
Bassey
ThinTallTony
Not
eligible
TBoss
Debie-Rise
Fifth place
(Day 77)
11

Debie-Rise

Bally
No
Nominations
Uriel
Efe
Miyonse
Soma
CoCoIce
Kemen
Efe
ThinTallTony
Efe
Ese
No
Nominations
No
Nominations
TBoss
Bassey
Not
eligible
TBoss
Debie-Rise
Evicted
(Day 70)
8

Bassey
Not in
House
Exempt
Bisola
ThinTallTony
ThinTallTony
Bisola
Jon
Bassey
No
Nominations
No
Nominations
ThinTallTony
TBoss
Not
eligible
Evicted
(Day 63)
6

ThinTallTony
No
Nominations
Efe
Marvis
Gifty
Miyonse
Debie-Rise
Gifty
TBoss
Gifty
Uriel
Efe
Head of
House
Head of
House
Bally
Efe
Evicted
(Day 56)
17

Uriel
No
Nominations
Soma
Bali
Bisola
TBoss
CoCoIce
ThinTallTony
Debie-Rise
TBoss
Ese
Jon
No
Nominations
Evicted
(Day 42)
8

Kemen
No
Nominations
Marvis
ThinTallTony
Miyonse
Soma
Bisola
ThinTallTony
Gifty
Debie-Rise
Ese
Jon
No
Nominations
Ejected
(Day 42)
4

Gifty
No
Nominations
Uriel
ThinTallTony
CoColce
Bisola
CocoIce
Bassey
Bassey
Kemen
Evicted
(Day 28)
5

CoColce
No
Nominations
Uriel
Bisola
Miyonse
Soma
ThinTallTony
Bassey
Evicted
(Day 21)
7

Miyonse
No
Nominations
Soma
TBoss
Kemen
Marvis
Evicted
(Day 14)
9

Soma
No
Nominations
ThinTallTony
Efe
Kemen
ThinTallTony
Evicted
(Day 14)
5

Fake Housemates

Ese
Not in
House
Exempt
Uriel
Bassey
Left
(Day 35)
5

Jon
Not in
House
Exempt
Bally
Marvis
Left
(Day 35)
4

Notes
1
1, 2
3, 4
none
5
6
7
none
8
9
none
10

Head of
House
Efe
Uriel
CoColce
Efe
Efe
Ese
Kemen
ThinTallTony
ThinTallTony
Bassey
Efe
Bisola
none

Nominated
(pre-save and replace)
none
Bally
CoCoIce
Kemen
Miyonse
Tboss
Gifty
Miyonse
Soma
Bassey
Bisola
CoCoIce
Debie-Rise
ThinTallTony
Gifty
TBoss
ThinTallTony
none
Bassey
Debie-Rise
Efe
Kemen
Marvis
TBoss
ThinTallTony
Uriel
none
Bally
TBoss
ThinTallTony
none
Efe
Debie-Rise
Marvis
TBoss

Saved
Miyonse
Gifty
ThinTallTony
TBoss
ThinTallTony
Bally
Efe

Against
public vote
Bally
CoCoIce
Kemen
Marvis
Tboss
Efe
Miyonse
Soma
Bassey
Bisola
CoCoIce
Debie-Rise
Gifty
Gifty
Marvis
ThinTallTony
Bassey
Debie-Rise
Efe
Kemen
Marvis
TBoss
Uriel
Debie-Rise
Efe
TBoss
ThinTallTony
Bally
Bassey
Debie-Rise
TBoss
Bally
Debie-Rise
Marvis
TBoss
Bisola
Debie-Rise
Efe
Marvis
TBoss

Ejected
None
Kemen
None

Evicted
No
Eviction
Soma
Fewest votes
to save
CoColce
11.5%
to save
Gifty
25.6%
to save
Ese
Biggie's choice
to evict
Uriel
7.9%
to save
No
Eviction
ThinTallTony
11.68%
to save
Bassey
19.8%
to save
Bally
23.76%
to save
Marvis
1.47%
to win
Debie-Rise
8.78%
to win

Miyonse
Fewest votes
to save
Jon
Biggie's choice
to evict
TBoss
13.6%
to win
Bisola
18.54%
to win

Saved
Efe
Most votes
Bisola
40.2%
Bassey
22.2%
Debie-Rise
13.6%
Gifty
12.4%
Marvis
42.3%
ThinTallTony
32.1%
none
Efe
39.9%
TBoss
14.4%
Marvis
12.9%
Bassey
11.8%
Debie-Rise
8.3%
Kemen
4.8%
Efe
51.97%
Debie-Rise
21.78%
TBoss
14.57%
Bally
30.2%
Debie-Rise
26.3%
TBoss
23.7%
TBoss
26.49%
Debie-Rise
25.36%
Marvis
24.40%
Efe
57.61%
to win

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^Note 1 : Housemates were announced that they would be competing for "likes" and the two housemates with less amount of them would be evicted. However, this task only existed for housemates to know each other and no one will be evicted but instead, two more housemates will be joining later.
^Note 2 : Fake nominations with housemates nominating to save. If the eviction gone ahead, TBoss, CoColce, Kemen, Bally and Marvis would have faced the public vote.
^Note 3 : Bassey and Debie-Rise were exempt, as they were new housemates.
^Note 4 : The Head of House title was given to Efe on Day 9, but he still facing eviction.
^Note 5 : This week, two fake housemates entered the house. They are Jon and Ese. Ese won the Head of House title. Later, she saved TBoss and nominate Marvis for eviction.
^Note 6 : This week, all housemates' nominations were cancelled by Big Brother. He would decide who would be evicted on Sunday night.
^Note 7 : Kemen was ejected from the house after inappropriately touching TBoss. His votes were voided, so Uriel was evicted.
^Note 8 : Marvis was able to directly nominate one housemate with her Power Card. She Nominated Debie-Rise.
^Note 9 : As Head of House this week, Efe would be the only housemate to nominate.
^Note 10 : For the final week the public were voting for who they wanted to win, rather than to save.

tag: ul

text: Summary[edit]

text: The Winner of BBNaija 2017 is Efe as announced on Sunday April 9th 2017 during the ground Finale. Big Brother Naija 2017 is the second of Nigeria's version of the Big brother reality show, the organizers of the talent hunt show which lasts for complete three months originated from popular Big Brother Africa. Meanwhile the Top 5 Big Brother Naija 2017 Finalists are Efe, Bisola, TBoss, Debie-Rise, and Marvis. Other housemates in no particular order are Bally, Bassey, CoColce, Ese, Gifty, Jon, Kemen, Miyonse, Soma, Thin Tall Tony and Uriel.[2]


document_title: Six Nations Championship

question_text: when did wales last win the six nations

question_tokens: when did wales last win the six nations

text: Six Nations Championship

text: History and expansion[edit]

text: The tournament was first played in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship among the four Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The tournament then became the Five Nations Championship in 1910 with the addition of France. The tournament was expanded in 2000 to become the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy.

text: Following the relative success of the Tier 2 nations in the 2015 Rugby World Cup, there were calls by Octavian Morariu, the president of Rugby Union's governing body for promotion and development, to let Georgia and Romania join the Six Nations due to their consistent success in the European Nations Cup and ability to compete in the Rugby World Cup.[2][3]

text: Format[edit]

text: Played annually, the format of the Championship is simple: each team plays every other team once (making a total of 15 matches), with home ground advantage alternating from one year to the next. Prior to the 2017 tournament, two points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. Unlike many other rugby union competitions the bonus point system has not previously been used.

text: On 30 November 2016, the 6 Nations Committee announced that the bonus point system will be trialled for the 2017 Championship. The system is similar to the one used in most rugby championships (0 points for a loss, 2 for a draw, 4 for a win, 1 for scoring four or more tries in match, and 1 for losing by 7 points or fewer), with the only difference being that a Grand Slam winner will be given 3 extra points to ensure they finish top of the table.

text: Prior to 1994, teams equal on match points shared the championship. Since then, ties have been broken by considering the points difference of the teams. The rules of the championship further provide that if teams tie on both match points and points difference, the team that scored the most tries wins the championship. Were this decider to be a tie, the tying teams would share the championship.[4] To date, however, match points and points difference have been sufficient to decide the championship.

text: Also, the team that finishes at the bottom of the league table is said to have "won" the Wooden Spoon, although no actual trophy is given to the team. A team that has lost all five matches is said to have been whitewashed. Since the inaugural Six Nations tournament in 2000, only England and Ireland have avoided the Wooden Spoon award. Italy are the holders of the most Wooden Spoon awards in the Six Nations era with eleven, and have been whitewashed six times. However, each of the other five nations has accumulated more than that through competing in previous eras.

text: Trophies[edit]

text: Championship Trophy[edit]

text: The winners of the Six Nations are presented with the Championship Trophy.[5] This was originally conceived by the Earl of Westmorland, and was first presented to the winners of the 1993 championship, France. It is a sterling silver trophy, designed by James Brent-Ward and made by a team of eight silversmiths from the London firm William Comyns.

text: It has 15 side panels representing the 15 members of the team and with three handles to represent the three officials (referee and two touch judges). The cup has a capacity of 3.75 litres – sufficient for five bottles of champagne. Within the mahogany base is a concealed drawer which contains six alternate finials, each a silver replica of one of the team emblems, which can be screwed on the detachable lid.

text: A new trophy was introduced for the 2015 Championship.[6] The new trophy was designed and crafted by Thomas Lyte silversmiths and replaces the 1993 edition, which is being retired as it represented the nations that took part in the Five Nations Championship. Ireland were the last team to win the old trophy, and coincidentally, the first team to win the new one.[7]

text: Grand Slam and Triple Crown[edit]

text: A team that wins all its games wins the 'Grand Slam'.

text: Victory by any Home Nation over the other three Home Nations is a 'Triple Crown'. Although this achievement has long been a feature of the tournament, it was not until 2006 that a physical Triple Crown trophy was awarded.

text: The Triple Crown may only be won by England, Ireland, Scotland or Wales, when one nation wins all three of their matches against the others, during the Six Nations Championship. The Triple Crown honour has long been a feature of the tournament, dating back to the original Home Nations Championship, but the physical Triple Crown Trophy has been awarded only since 2006. The current holder of the Triple Crown is Ireland, who defeated England, Scotland, and Wales in the 2018 championship. For the 2006 Six Nations, the Royal Bank of Scotland (the primary sponsor of the competition) commissioned Hamilton & Inches to design and create a dedicated Triple Crown Trophy. It has since been won three times by Ireland and twice by England and Wales.

text: Rivalry trophies[edit]

text: Several individual competitions take place under the umbrella of the tournament. The oldest such regular competition is for the Calcutta Cup, contested annually between England and Scotland since 1879. It is named the Calcutta Cup as it is made from melted-down Indian Rupees donated by the Calcutta Club. Since 1988, the Millennium Trophy has been awarded to the winner of the game between England and Ireland, and since 1989 the Centenary Quaich has been awarded to the winner of the game between Ireland and Scotland. Since 2007, France and Italy have contested the Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy; it was created for the 200th anniversary of the birth of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian hero who helped unify Italy and volunteered in the French Republican Army against Prussia.

text: The following trophies are contested within the main competition, mostly as long-standing fixtures between pairs of teams:

text: Calcutta Cup – contested annually between England and Scotland since 1879.[8]

text: Millennium Trophy – contested annually between England and Ireland since 1988, presented to celebrate Dublin's millennium in 1988.[9]

text: Centenary Quaich – contested annually between Ireland and Scotland since 1989.[10][11][12]

text: Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy – contested annually between France and Italy since 2007, in memory of Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader in the unification of Italy and volunteer in the French Republican Army against Prussia.

text: Auld Alliance Trophy – contested annually between France and Scotland since 2018, in memory of the war dead from the rugby communities of Scotland and France[13].

text: Current venues[edit]

text: As of the current 2018 competition, Six Nations matches will be held in the following stadia:

text:
Team
Stadium
Capacity

England
Twickenham Stadium
82,000

France
Stade de France
81,338

Stade Vélodrome
67,394

Wales
Principality Stadium
74,500

Italy
Stadio Olimpico
72,698

Scotland
Murrayfield Stadium
67,144

Ireland
Aviva Stadium
51,700

text: The opening of the Aviva Stadium in May 2010 ended the arrangement with the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) that allowed the all-Ireland governing body for rugby union, the Irish Rugby Football Union, to use the GAA's flagship stadium, Croke Park, for its international matches. This arrangement was made necessary by the 2007 closure and subsequent demolition of Ireland's traditional home at Lansdowne Road; the Aviva was built on the former Lansdowne Road site. During the construction of the Aviva, Croke Park was the largest of the Six Nations grounds, with a capacity of 82,300.

text: In the late 2000s, the increasing popularity of rugby in Italy meant that the Stadio Flaminio was becoming less viable as a home ground for the country's team. As the 2010s approached, it had been speculated that Italy's Six Nations home matches would in future be held at football stadiums such as the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, or in the North where rugby is most popular. Stadio Luigi Ferraris in Genoa (42,000 seats) and Stadio Ennio Tardini in Parma (almost 28,000 seats) were suggested as alternative grounds. Improvements to the Flaminio, intended to increase the capacity from 32,000 to 42,000, were announced, apparently increasing the likelihood that rugby would stay at Stadio Flaminio, although it remained the smallest of the Six Nations grounds.[14] However, the city of Rome, owner of the Flaminio, delayed the promised renovations, causing the Italian Rugby Federation (FIR) to lose patience with the city. In April 2011, it was reported that the FIR would move its home matches to Stadio Artemio Franchi in Florence.[15] The city of Rome then began renovations of the Flaminio, which presumably prompted the FIR to announce in July of that year that it would instead keep its home matches in the city at Stadio Olimpico.[16] The FIR also announced it planned to return to the Flaminio once the project was complete,[17] but never did so, and retained Olimpico for Italy's home fixtures.

text: In November 2010, the French Rugby Federation (FFR) announced that it was planning to build a new stadium of its own within the Paris region.[18] The FFR had grown increasingly frustrated with several aspects of their use of the Stade de France: not only the high rental expense, but also the irritation that it does not receive priority when scheduling matches – with the possible exception of the Six Nations itself.[19]

text: In June 2012, FFR announced the site for its new ground – tentatively known as Grand Stade FFR – in the southern suburbs of Paris. The site was located 25.0 km (15.5 mi) from the centre of Paris.[20] The 82,000-seat stadium, featuring a retractable roof and slide-out pitch, would have been built on a former horse racing track in Évry. The new stadium, estimated to cost €600 million, was scheduled to open in 2017.[19] After numerous delays, the project was cancelled in December 2016 after Bernard Laporte was elected president of the FFR.[21]

text: Results[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
England

France

Ireland

Italy

Scotland

Wales

Tournaments
122
88
124
19
124
124

Outright Wins
(Shared Wins)

Home Nations
5 (4)
NA
4 (4)
NA
10 (3)
7 (4)

Five Nations
17 (6)
12 (8)
6 (5)
NA
5 (6)
15 (8)

Six Nations
6
5
4
0
0
4

Overall
28 (10)
17 (8)
14 (9)
0 (0)
15 (9)
26 (12)

Grand Slams

Home Nations
0
NA
0
NA
0
2

Five Nations
11
6
1
NA
3
6

Six Nations
2
3
2
0
0
3

Overall
13
9
3
0
3
11

Triple Crowns

Home Nations
5
NA
2
NA
7
6

Five Nations
16
NA
4
NA
3
11

Six Nations
4
NA
5
NA
0
3

Overall
25
NA
11
NA
10
20

Wooden Spoons

Home Nations
11
NA
15
NA
8
8

Five Nations
14
17
21
NA
21
12

Six Nations
0
1
0
13
4
1

Overall
25
18
36
13
33
21

text: Home Nations (1883–1909)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1883
 England
Not contested
 England
 England

1884
 England
 England
 England

1885
Not completed
Not completed

1886
 England and  Scotland
–
–

1887
 Scotland
–
–

1888
 Ireland,  Scotland and  Wales
England didn't participate

1889
 Scotland
England didn't participate

1890
 England and  Scotland
–
 England

1891
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1892
 England
 England
 England

1893
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1894
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1895
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1896
 Ireland
–
 Scotland

1897
Not completed
Not completed
 England

1898
Not completed
Not completed
–

1899
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1900
 Wales
 Wales
–

1901
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1902
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1903
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1904
 Scotland
–
 Scotland

1905
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1906
 Ireland and  Wales
–
 England

1907
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1908
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1909
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

text: Five Nations (1910–1931)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1910
 England
–
–
 England

1911
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1912
 Ireland and  England
–
–
 Scotland

1913
 England
 England
 England
 England

1914
 England
 England
 England
 England

1915–19
Not held due to World War I

1920
 Scotland,  Wales and  England
–
–
 England

1921
 England
 England
 England
 England

1922
 Wales
–
–
 England

1923
 England
 England
 England
 England

1924
 England
 England
 England
 England

1925
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1926
 Ireland and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1927
 Ireland and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1928
 England
 England
 England
 England

1929
 Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1930
 England
–
–
–

1931
 Wales
–
–
 Scotland

text: Home Nations (1932–1939)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1932
 England,  Ireland and  Wales
–
–
 England

1933
 Scotland
–
 Scotland
 Scotland

1934
 England
–
 England
 England

1935
 Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1936
 Wales
–
–
 England

1937
 England
–
 England
 England

1938
 Scotland
–
 Scotland
 Scotland

1939
 England,  Ireland,  Wales
–
–
 England

text: Five Nations (1940–1999)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup
Millennium Trophy
Centenary Quaich

1940–46
Not held due to World War II
Not contested

1947
 England and  Wales
–
–
 England

1948
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1949
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
 England

1950
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1951
 Ireland
–
–
 England

1952
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1953
 England
–
–
 England

1954
 England,  France and  Wales

 England
 England

1955
 France and  Wales
–
–
 England

1956
 Wales
–
–
 England

1957
 England
 England
 England
 England

1958
 England
–
–
–

1959
 France
–
–
–

1960
 England and  France
–
 England
 England

1961
 France
–
–
 England

1962
 France
–
–
–

1963
 England
–
–
 England

1964
 Scotland and  Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1965
 Wales
–
 Wales
–

1966
 Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1967
 France
–
–
 England

1968
 France
 France
–
 England

1969
 Wales
–
 Wales
 England

1970
 France and  Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1971
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1972
Not completed
 Scotland

1973
 England,  France,  Ireland,
 Scotland,  Wales
–
–
 England

1974
 Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1975
 Wales
–
–
 England

1976
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1977
 France
 France
 Wales
 England

1978
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1979
 Wales
–
 Wales
–

1980
 England
 England
 England
 England

1981
 France
 France
–
 England

1982
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
–

1983
 France and  Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1984
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1985
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
 England

1986
 France and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1987
 France
 France
–
 England

1988
 France and  Wales
–
 Wales
 England

1989
 France
–
–
–
 England
 Scotland

1990
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 England
 Scotland

1991
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1992
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1993
 France
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland

1994
 Wales
–
–
 England
 Ireland
–

1995
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1996
 England
–
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1997
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1998
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1999
 Scotland
–
–
 England
 England
 Scotland

text: Six Nations (2000–present)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup
Millennium
Trophy
Centenary
Quaich
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Trophy
Auld Alliance
Trophy
Wooden Spoon

2000
 England
–
–
 Scotland
 England
 Ireland
Not contested
Not contested
 Italy

2001
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Italy

2002
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 Italy

2003
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 Wales

2004
 France
 France
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

2005
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy

2006
 France
–
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy

2007
 France
–
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2008
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2009
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2010
 France
 France
–
–
 Ireland
 Scotland
 France
 Italy

2011
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy
 Italy

2012
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2013
 Wales
–
–
 England
 England
 Scotland
 Italy
 France

2014
 Ireland
–
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2015
 Ireland
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2016
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2017
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland
 France
 Italy

2018
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland
 Italy

text: Six Nations all-time table (2000–present)[22][edit]

text:
Ctry
Pld
W 1
D 1
L
PF
PA
PD
T
TB 2
LB 2
Pts
Champ
GS 3
TC
WS

 England
95
66
1
28
2598
1500
+1098
275
3
2
150
6
2
4
0

 Ireland
95
63
3
29
2366
1695
+671
245
4
1
153
4
2
5
0

 France
95
59
2
34
2299
1718
+581
216
1
4
135
5
3
N/A
1

 Wales
95
52
3
40
2205
1980
+225
204
2
3
122
4
3
3
1

 Scotland
95
27
2
66
1601
2361
-760
127
2
1
71
0
0
0
4

 Italy
95
12
1
82
1381
3196
−1815
123
0
1
26
0
0
N/A
13

text:
1 From 2000 to 2016, wins were worth 2 table points and draws 1 table point. From 2017 onwards, wins were worth 4 table points and draws 2 table points.
2 Bonus points were added from the 2017 tournament onwards.
3 From 2017 onwards, Grand Slams would give 3 extra table points.

text: Titles and awards[edit]

text:
Grand Slams and Triple Crowns

Nation
Grand Slams
Last Grand Slam
Triple Crowns
Last Triple Crown

 England
13
2016
25
2016

 Wales
11
2012
20
2012

 France
9
2010
N/A
N/A

 Ireland
3
2018
11
2018

 Scotland
3
1990
10
1990

 Italy
0
Never
N/A
N/A

text:
Longest wait without a championship win

Team
Tournaments
Years
Seasons

 France
24
44
1910–1953

 Ireland
23
23
1986–2008

 Scotland
19
19
2000–

 Italy
19
19
2000–

 England
15
17
1893–1909

 Wales
10
10
1995–2004

text:
Wooden Spoon winners (last place)

Team
Wooden
Spoons
Years awarded

 Italy
13
2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

 Scotland
4
2004, 2007, 2012, 2015

 Wales
1
2003

 France
1
2013

 England
0

 Ireland
0

text: Bold indicates that the team did not win any matches.

text:
Player of the tournament winners

Year
Winner

2004
 Gordon D'Arcy

2005
 Martyn Williams

2006
 Brian O'Driscoll

2007
 Brian O'Driscoll

2008
 Shane Williams

2009
 Brian O'Driscoll

2010
 Tommy Bowe

2011
 Andrea Masi

2012
 Dan Lydiate

2013
 Leigh Halfpenny

2014
 Mike Brown

2015
 Paul O'Connell

2016
 Stuart Hogg

2017
 Stuart Hogg

2018
 Jacob Stockdale

text: Records[edit]

text: England's Jonny Wilkinson currently holds the records for individual points in one match (35 points against Italy in 2001) and one season with 89 (scored in 2001). Ronan O'Gara of Ireland holds the career scoring record with 557 points to Wilkinson's 546, having surpassed Wilkinson in Round 3 of the 2011 championship.

text: The record for tries in a match is held by Scotsman George Lindsay who scored five tries against Wales in 1887.[23] England's Cyril Lowe and Scotland's Ian Smith jointly hold the record for tries in one season with 8 (Lowe in 1914, Smith in 1925). Ireland's Brian O'Driscoll has the Championship record for tries with 26.

text: The record for appearances is held by O'Gara, with 63 Six Nations appearances from the start of the Six Nations era in 2000 to his retirement in 2013. He surpassed countryman Mike Gibson in the first round of the 2012 tournament against Wales. Gibson played in 56 Five Nations matches (Italy had not become part of the Championship yet) between 1964 and 1979.[23]

text: The most points scored by a team in one match was 80 points, scored by England against Italy in 2001. England also scored the most ever points in a season in 2001 with 229, and most tries in a season with 29.[23] Wales hold the record for fewest tries conceded during a season in the Six Nations era, conceding only 2 in 5 games in 2008, but the 1977 Grand Slam-winning France team did not concede a try in their four matches. Wales hold the record for the longest time without conceding a try, at 358 minutes in the 2013 tournament.

text: Administration and television contracts[edit]

text: The Championship is run from headquarters in Dublin, Ireland by Six Nations Rugby Ltd.,[24] which also takes responsibility for the British and Irish Lions tours. CEO of the Championship is John Feehan, a former Leinster player. Television contracts, sponsorship, match venues and other logistical problems are addressed.

text: The BBC have covered the tournament since the start, covering all matches apart from England home matches which were live on Sky Sports with highlights on BBC between 1997 and 2002.[25] Between 2003 and 2015, the BBC covered every match live on BBC Sport either on BBC One or BBC Two with highlights also on the BBC Sport website and either on the BBC Red Button or late at night on BBC Two. In 2011, it was announced that the BBC's coverage of the tournament on TV, radio and online would be extended to 2017.[26] However, on 9 July 2015, in reaction to satellite pay-TV bids from Sky Sports and BT Sport for coverage from 2017, BBC agreed to lose exclusive rights to the tournament two years early. But from 2016, BBC and ITV would jointly broadcast the tournament in the UK, with BBC showing all France, Scotland and Wales home matches live, and ITV showing all England, Ireland and Italy home matches live.[27] This means that the Six Nations will remain on free-to-air television in the UK until 2021.

text: In Ireland, RTÉ have broadcast the championship since RTÉ's inception and continued to do so until 2017, while TG4 televised highlights. However in late 2015 it was announced that free to air rival TV3 would take over the rights for every game from the Six Nations on Irish Television from 2018–2021, so that after the 2017 championship RTÉ lost the rights.[28]

text: France Télévisions covered the competition in France; this lasted until 2017.

text: In Italy, from 2014 to 2017 DMAX of Discovery Communications broadcast all matches, and will do so until 2021.

text: In the United States, NBC Sports broadcasts matches in English and TV5 Monde airs matches in French.[29] In Wales, S4C also broadcasts matches featuring the Welsh team shown by the BBC in Welsh.

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: Until 1998, the Championship had no title sponsor. Sponsorship rights were sold to Lloyds TSB for the 1999 tournament and the competition was titled the Lloyds TSB 5 Nations and Lloyds TSB 6 Nations until 2003.[30]

text: The Royal Bank of Scotland Group took over sponsorship from 2004 until 2017, with the competition being branded the RBS 6 Nations. A new title sponsor was sought for the 2018 tournament and beyond.[31] However, after struggling to find a new sponsor, organisers agreed a one-year extension with the Royal Bank of Scotland Group at a reduced rate. As the RBS initials brand was being phased out, the tournament was named for their banking arm NatWest, becoming the Natwest 6 Nations.[32]


document_title: 1964 Grand National

question_text: when did team spirit win the grand national

text: 1964 Grand National

text:
1964 Grand National

Grand National

Location
Aintree Racecourse

Date
21 March 1964

Winning horse
Team Spirit

Jockey
Willie Robinson

Trainer
Fulke Walwyn

Owner
John Goodman

Conditions
Good to Soft

← 1963
1965 →

text:
External video

 Replay of the 1960s Grand Nationals in full Racing UK, BBC Sport, YouTube

 Highlights of the 1964 Grand National (British Pathé)

text: The 1964 Grand National was the 118th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 21 March 1964.

text: Thirty-three horses ran and the race was won narrowly by American-owned 12-year-old Team Spirit, at odds of 18/1. He was ridden by jockey Willie Robinson and trained by Fulke Walwyn.

text: The journalist and broadcaster Nancy Spain and her partner, the magazine editor Joan Werner Laurie, were among five people killed when their light aircraft crashed near the racecourse on the day of the race, which they were travelling to attend.[1]

text: Finishing order[edit]

text:
Position
Name
Jockey
Age
Handicap (st-lb)
SP
Distance

01
Team Spirit
Willie Robinson
12
10-3
18/1

02
Purple Silk
John Kenneally
9
10-4
100/6

03
Peacetown
Roy Edwards
10
10-1
40/1

04
Eternal
Steve Davenport
13
10-2
66/1

05
Pontin-Go
Peter Jones
12
10-0
66/1

06
Springbok
Gerry Scott
10
10-11
100/6

07
April Rose
Eddie Harty
9
10-0
22/1

08
Baxier
William McLernon
8
10-0
40/1

09
Crobeg
John Lawrence
11
10-4
50/1

10
Pappageno's Cottage
Pat Taaffe
9
11-10
100/7

11
John O'Groats
Paul Kelleway
10
10-3
22/1

12
Supersweet
Paddy Broderick
7
10-1
40/1

13
Claymore
Colin Davies
11
10-0
50/1

14
Out And About
Bruce Gregory
9
10-1
33/1

15
Sea Knight
Paul Nicholson
9
11-10
66/1
Last to complete

text: Non-finishers[edit]

text:
Fence
Name
Jockey
Age
Handicap (st-lb)
Starting price
Fate

12
Pas Seul
David Dick
11
12-0
22/1
Fell

01
Flying Wild
David Mould
8
11-3
100/7
Fell

04
Laffy
Bill Rees
8
10-8
100/7
Fell

15
Ayala
David Nicholson
10
10-7
33/1
Fell

21
Kilmore
Fred Winter
14
10-7
100/6
Fell

15
Border Flight
Paddy Farrell
9
10-3
100/6
Fell

15
Lizawake
Bobby Beasley
11
10-4
18/1
Fell

28
Dancing Rain
Owen McNally
9
10-0
66/1
Refused

09
Centre Circle
John Haine
9
10-0
40/1
Fell

22
Time
Michael Scudamore
9
10-4
100/7
Fell

23
Reproduction
Robin Langley
11
10-0
66/1
Fell

27
Merganser
Johnny Lehane
11
10-0
66/1
Pulled Up

24
Gale Force X
Bobby Coonan
7
10-0
50/1
Unseated Rider

23
Groomsman
Francis Shortt
9
10-0
66/1
Fell

27
Red Thorn
Terry Biddlecombe
8
10-3
33/1
Pulled Up

27
Reprieved
Phil Harvey
11
10-0
66/1
Pulled Up

12
Beau Normand
Jeff King
8
10-10
100/6
Refused

25
L'Empereur
Jean Daumas
10
10-5
40/1
Pulled Up

text: [2] [3] [4]


document_title: Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four

question_text: what type of government is oceania in 1984

text: Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Oceania is the superstate in which protagonist Winston Smith dwells. It is believed to be composed of the Americas, the British Isles (called "Airstrip One" in the novel), Iceland, Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia, and Southern Africa below the River Congo. It also controls, to different degrees and at various times during the course of its perpetual war with either Eurasia or Eastasia, the polar regions, India, Indonesia, and the islands of the Pacific. Oceania lacks a single capital city, but London and apparently New York City may be regional capitals. In the novel, Emmanuel Goldstein, Oceania's declared public enemy number one, describes it in the fictional book The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism as a result of the United States having absorbed the British Empire. Goldstein's book also states that Oceania's primary natural defence is the sea surrounding it.

text: The ruling doctrine of Oceania is Ingsoc, the Newspeak neologism for English Socialism. Its nominal leader is Big Brother, believed by the masses to have been the leader of the revolution and still used as an icon by the Party. The cult of personality is maintained through Big Brother's function as a focal point for love, fear, and reverence, more easily felt towards an individual than towards an organization.

text: The unofficial language of Oceania is English (officially called Oldspeak), and the official language is Newspeak. The restructuring of the language is intended to eliminate unorthodox political and social thought by eliminating the words needed to express it.

text: The society of Oceania is sharply stratified into three groups: the small ruling Inner Party, the more-numerous and highly-indoctrinated Outer Party, and the large body of politically-meaningless Proles. Apart from exceptions such as Hate Week, the proles remain essentially outside Oceania's political control and are placated by trivial sports and other entertainment: the Thought Police manage any Proles who are socially aware enough to be a problem.

text: Oceania's national anthem is Oceania, Tis For Thee, which, in one of the three film versions of the book, takes the form of a crescendo of organ music along with operatic lyrics. The lyrics are sung in English, and the song is reminiscent of God Save the Queen and My Country, 'Tis of Thee.

text: Even the names of countries, and their shapes on the map, had been different. Airstrip One, for instance, had not been so called in those days: it had been called England, or Britain, though London, he felt fairly certain, had always been called London.[1]

text: Like the rest of Europe, Britain was hit by atomic weapons in the conflicts before the revolutions in Oceania and then elsewhere. One British town, Colchester, is referenced specifically as having been destroyed; flashbacks to Smith's childhood also include scenes of Londoners taking refuge in the London Underground tunnels in the midst of the bombing.

text: Eurasia[edit]

text: It is stated that Eurasia was formed when the Soviet Union annexed the rest of Continental Europe, creating a single polity stretching from Portugal to the Bering Strait. Orwell frequently describes the face of the standard Eurasian as "mongolic" in the novel. The only soldiers other than Oceanians to appear in the novel are the Eurasians. When a large number of captured soldiers are executed in Victory Square, some Slavs are mentioned, but the stereotype of the Eurasian maintained by the Party is Mongoloid, like O'Brien's servant, Martin. That implies that the Party uses racism to avert sympathy towards an enemy.

text: According to Goldstein's book, Eurasia's main natural defence is its vast territorial extent, while the ruling ideology of Eurasia is identified as "Neo-Bolshevism", a variation of the Oceanian "Ingsoc".

text: Eastasia[edit]

text: Eastasia's borders are not as clearly defined as those of the other two superstates, but it is known that they encompass most of modern-day China, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. Eastasia repeatedly captures and loses Indonesia, New Guinea, and the various Pacific archipelagos. Its political ideology is, according to the novel, "called by a Chinese name usually translated as Death-worship, but perhaps better rendered as 'Obliteration of the Self'". Orwell does not appear to have based this on any existing Chinese word or phrase.[2]

text: Not much information about Eastasia is given in the book. It is known that it is the newest and smallest of the three superstates. According to Goldstein's book, it emerged a decade after the establishment of the other two superstates, placing it somewhere in the 1960s, after years of "confused fighting" among its predecessor nations. (At the time of writing, the victory of Mao Zedong's Communists in the Chinese Civil War was not yet taken as a foregone conclusion. The Korean War had also not yet occurred, but Korea was already being administered by two competing governments. Japan was still under military occupation by several different powers, at least until shortly before Orwell completed the book. Power in the real-life nations that make up the fictional Eastasia was, therefore, very much in flux.) It is also said in the book that the industriousness and the fecundity of the people of Eastasia allow them to overcome their territorial inadequacy in comparison to the other two powers. At the time Orwell wrote the book, East Asians, including the Japanese, all had birth rates higher than those of Europeans.[citation needed]

text: Disputed area[edit]

text: The "disputed area", which lies "between the frontiers of the super-states", is "a rough quadrilateral with its corners at Tangier, Brazzaville, Darwin, and Hong Kong".[3] This area is fought over during the perpetual war among the three superstates, one of which sometimes controls vast swaths of the disputed territory, only to lose it again. The reason that the three superstates seek to control the area is to harness the large population and the vast resources within the region. Control of the islands in the Pacific and the polar regions is also constantly shifting, but there also, none of the three superpowers ever gains a lasting hold. The inhabitants of the area, having no allegiance to any nation, live in constant slavery under whichever power controls them.

text: Eastasia and Eurasia fight over "a large but fluctuating portion of Manchuria, Mongolia, and Tibet".

text: At one point during the novel, Julia procures tea to share with Winston and remarks that she thinks Oceania recently captured India (or perhaps parts of India), but such "control" is usually transient.

text: International relations[edit]

text: The world of Nineteen Eighty-Four exists in a state of perpetual war among the three major powers. Two of the three states are aligned against the third: Oceania and Eurasia against Eastasia or Eurasia and Eastasia against Oceania. However, as Goldstein's book points out, each superstate is so powerful that even an alliance of the other two cannot destroy it, which results in a continuing stalemate. From time to time, one of the states betrays its ally and sides with its former enemy. In Oceania, when that occurs, the Ministry of Truth rewrites history to make it appear that the current state of affairs is the way it has always been, and documents with contradictory information are destroyed in the memory hole.

text: Goldstein's book states that the war is not a war in the traditional sense but simply exists to use up resources and keep the population in line. Victory for any side is not attainable or even desirable, but the Inner Party, through an act of doublethink, believes that such victory is possible. Although the war began with the limited use of atomic weapons in a limited atomic war in the 1950s, the combatants all stopped using them for fear of upsetting the balance of power. Relatively few technological advances have been made (the only two mentioned are the replacement of bombers with "rocket bombs" and of traditional capital ships with the immense "floating fortresses"). Examples of both technologies had been developed in the closing stages of World War II: the V2 rocket, the ice aircraft carrier, and the floating harbour.

text: Ambiguity[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Almost all of the information about the world beyond London is given to the reader through government or Party sources, which, by the very premise of the novel, are unreliable narrators. Specifically, Julia brings up the idea in one page that the war is fictional and that the rocket bombs falling from time to time on London are fired by the government of Oceania itself to maintain the war atmosphere among the population. The protagonists have no means of proving or disproving the theory. However, during preparations for Hate Week, rocket bombs fall at an increasing rate, hitting places such as playgrounds and crowded theatres, causing mass casualties and increased hysteria and hatred for the Party's enemies. War is also a convenient pretext to maintain a huge military–industrial complex in which the state is committed to developing and acquiring large and expensive weapons systems, which almost immediately become obsolete and require replacement. Finally, according to Goldstein's book, war makes handing over power to a small caste easier and gives a pretext to do so.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 18.
Jump up ^ The literal translation of "Death-worship" is "死亡崇拜", or Sǐwáng chóngbài, which is not a known religious concept or political philosophy. Related moral concepts may be "殺身成仁", shāshēn chéngrén, to die to achieve virtue, found in Analects; or "捨身取義", shěshēn qǔyì, to give up life for righteousness, found in Mencius, but the concept of mortal sacrifice for the greater good, and emphasis of collective interests were already used in propaganda of both Nationalist and Communist revolutionaries at the time. In comparison, the later North Korean ideology of Juche has a roughly-similar trait of difficult translation into English.
Jump up ^ Part II, Ch. 9.

tag: ol

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)

Characters

Winston Smith
Julia
O'Brien
Big Brother
Emmanuel Goldstein

Places

Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four
Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four

Groups

Social classes

Inner Party
Outer Party
Proles

The Brotherhood
Thought Police

Concepts

Ingsoc
Newspeak

wordlist

Doublethink
Two + two = five
Thoughtcrime
Telescreen
Memory hole
Goldstein's book
Two Minutes Hate
Hate week
Prolefeed

Adaptations

Nineteen Eighty-Four in other media

Influence

Nineteen Eighty-Four in popular media

 Book:Nineteen Eighty-Four

text: Fictional countries in the futureNineteen Eighty-Four

text: Use British English from October 2011Articles to be expanded from February 2014All articles to be expandedArticles lacking reliable references from February 2014All articles lacking reliable referencesAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from January 2016Articles that may contain original research from June 2015All articles that may contain original research


document_title: Gas laws

question_text: the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of a gas is known as

text: Gas laws

text: Boyle's Laws[edit]

text:
In 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas at constant temperature. He observed that volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure provided the temperature remains constant.
Boyle's law, published in 1662, states that, at constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given mass of an ideal gas in a closed system is always constant. It can be verified experimentally using a pressure gauge and a variable volume container. It can also be derived from the kinetic theory of gases: if a container, with a fixed number of molecules inside, is reduced in volume, more molecules will strike a given area of the sides of the container per unit time, causing a greater pressure.

text: A statement of Boyle's law is as follows:

text: The concept can be represented with these formulae:

text: Charles' law[edit]

text: Charles's law, or the law of volumes, was found in 1787 by Jacques Charles. It states that, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, assuming in a closed system.

text:
The statement of Charles' law is as follows:
the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas, at constant pressure (Pa), is directly proportional to its temperature (K).
As a mathematical equation, Charles's law is written as either:

text: where V is the volume of a gas, T is the absolute temperature and k2 is a proportionality constant (which is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations in this article).

text: Gay-Lussac's law[edit]

text: Gay-Lussac's law, Amontons' law or the pressure law was found by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1809. It states that, for a given mass and constant volume of an ideal gas, the pressure exerted on the sides of its container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

text: As a mathematical equation, Gay-Lussac's law is written as either:

text: K=P divided by T

text: Avogadro's law[edit]

text: Avogadro's law states that the volume occupied by an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of the gas present in the container. This gives rise to the molar volume of a gas, which at STP (273.15 K, 1 atm) is about 22.4 L. The relation is given by

text: Combined and ideal gas laws[edit]

text: The Combined gas law or General Gas Equation is obtained by combining Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It shows the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed mass (quantity) of gas:

text: This can also be written as:

text: With the addition of Avogadro's law, the combined gas law develops into the ideal gas law:

text: These equations are exact only for an ideal gas, which neglects various intermolecular effects (see real gas). However, the ideal gas law is a good approximation for most gases under moderate pressure and temperature.

text: This law has the following important consequences:

text:
If temperature and pressure are kept constant, then the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas.
If the temperature and volume remain constant, then the pressure of the gas changes is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas present.
If the number of gas molecules and the temperature remain constant, then the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.
If the temperature changes and the number of gas molecules are kept constant, then either pressure or volume (or both) will change in direct proportion to the temperature.

text: Other gas laws[edit]

text:
Graham's law states that the rate at which gas molecules diffuse is inversely proportional to the square root of its density at constant temperature. Combined with Avogadro's law (i.e. since equal volumes have equal number of molecules) this is the same as being inversely proportional to the root of the molecular weight.
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the pressure of a mixture of gases simply is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual components. Dalton's law is as follows:

text: or

text: Amagat's law of partial volume states that the volume of a mixture of gases (or the volume of the container) simply is the sum of the partial volumes of the individual components. Amagat's law is as follows:

text: Henry's law states that:

text: Real gas law, formulated by Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1873).


document_title: Stuart Little 2

question_text: who plays the cat in stuart little 2

question_tokens: who plays the cat in stuart little 2

text: Stuart Little 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three years after the first film, Stuart Little questions his abilities following a disastrous soccer match alongside his brother George, who accidentally kicked him with a soccer ball (even though said kick scored the winning goal for their team). He grows more discouraged after accidentally crashing George's model airplane. Stuart's father, Frederick, tries to encourage him, telling him that "every cloud has a silver lining".

text: Later, an apparently injured canary named Margalo falls into Stuart's roadster on his way home from school. Margalo is secretly assisting a peregrine falcon named Falcon to steal valuables from households upon earning the homeowners' trust. Orphaned as a fledging, Margalo assists Falcon in exchange for a home. However, when Stuart offers to let her live with the Littles, Margalo grows reluctant to steal from them. Unable to concentrate on her assignment for Falcon, Margalo becomes close friends with Stuart. Falcon eventually loses patience and threatens to eat Stuart unless Margalo steals Eleanor's wedding ring. Concerned for Stuart's safety, she reluctantly complies.

text: When the Littles discover that the ring is missing, they think it has fallen down their kitchen sink drain. Stuart offers to be lowered down the drain on a string to get it, but the string breaks while he is down the drain. A guilt-stricken Margalo saves him, then leaves the Littles' house the following night to protect Stuart. Upon realizing Margalo's disappearance, Stuart assumes she has been kidnapped by Falcon and decides to rescue her with the Littles' cat Snowbell. Running away from home, Stuart asks George to lie about his whereabouts to his parents while he is gone.

text: With the help of Snowbell's alley cat friend Monty, Stuart and Snowbell discover that Falcon lives at the top of the Pishkin Building. There, Falcon reveals to Stuart that Margalo works for him, stole his mother's ring, and faked being injured. When Margalo tries to reassure Stuart that she really is his friend, Stuart begs her to come home with him. Unwilling to lose his asset in Margalo, Falcon then attempts to kill Stuart by dropping him from the top of the building. However, Stuart lands in a passing garbage truck (but is knocked unconscious upon impact). Falcon traps Margalo in a paint can as punishment for befriending Stuart, but Snowbell manages to reach the top of the building while Falcon is absent and releases her.

text: Regaining consciousness on a garbage barge and seemingly out of options, Stuart sadly considers giving up until he finds George's broken yet still-functioning model airplane on the barge, repairs it with various pieces of junk, and uses it to return to Margalo. Meanwhile, the Littles discover that George has been lying about Stuart's whereabouts and demand to know where he is. George tries not to break his promise, but when Frederick tells him that Stuart's safety matters more, George tells them that he is at the Pishkin Building but is still in big trouble for lying. As Falcon is about to kill Snowbell, Margalo declares her independence from him and attempts to flee with Eleanor's ring. Just as Falcon catches up, Stuart catches Margalo in his plane.

text: The Littles follow them by taxi as they fly through Central Park, with Falcon in hot pursuit. Knowing they cannot outrun Falcon, Stuart decides to attack him directly. Using the glare of the Sun reflected in Eleanor's ring to temporarily blind Falcon, Stuart jumps out of the plane just before it crashes into Falcon. Margalo catches Stuart, and they reunite with the Littles to return home. Falcon, crippled and no longer able to fly, falls out of the sky and lands in a trash can where Monty is searching for food. Sometime later, Margalo says goodbye to the Littles and leaves to migrate south for the winter. After this, Martha, George and Stuart's new sister, says her first words, "Bye-bye Birdie", much to the delight of the family, who celebrate before heading into the comfort of their home.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michael J. Fox as Stuart Little, an anthropomorphic teenage mouse adopted as the middle child of the Little family.
Melanie Griffith as Margalo, a canary who befriends Stuart.
Nathan Lane as Snowbell, the family cat.
James Woods as The Falcon.
Geena Davis as Eleanor Little, Stuart and George's mother.
Hugh Laurie as Frederick Little, Stuart and George's father and Eleanor's husband.
Jonathan Lipnicki as George Little, Stuart's older brother.
Steve Zahn as Monty, an alley cat who is friends with Snowbell.
Anna and Ashley Hoelck as Martha Little, George and Stuart's infant sister.
Marc John Jefferies as Will Powell, George's friend and classmate.
Jim Doughan as Stuart and George's soccer coach.
Brad Garrett as Rob, a plumber called to find Eleanor's ring in the kitchen sink's pipes.
Amelia Marshall as Rita Powell, Will's mother.

text: Release[edit]

text: This film was originally released on VHS and a special edition DVD with multiple special features, on December 10, 2002. It has also been released on a Blu-Ray/DVD Combo Pack. The film is on iTunes and Google Play.

text: Reception[edit]

text: At Rotten Tomatoes, it has an 81% approval rating based on 122 critic reviews.[2] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 66 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.[3] Ann Hornaday wrote a positive review in The Washington Post, noting how the film's idealized setting makes it family-friendly. Hornaday praised the vocal performances of Fox, Griffith, and Woods in their roles as Stuart, Margalo, and Falcon, respectively, as well as the characters' computer animation: "The animated characters engage in such natural movements and, more important, exude such subtle emotional expression that they mesh seamlessly with their live-action counterparts."[4] In a review published in the Chicago Reader, Tom Shen described the film as "fairly formulaic", but praised its jokes as "hilarious", especially those coming from the character of Snowbell, the Littles' cat.[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack, Music from and Inspired by Stuart Little 2, was released by Epic Records on July 16, 2002 on Audio CD and Compact Cassette. The final two tracks are score cues composed by Alan Silvestri.[6] Tracks in bold are not heard in the film.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"I'm Alive (End Titles)" (performed by Celine Dion)
Kristian Lundin, Andreas Carlsson
Kristian Lundin
3:28

2.
"Put a Little Love in Your Heart (Opening Titles)" (performed by Mary Mary)
Jackie DeShannon, Jimmy Holiday, Randy Myers
VME
3:09

3.
"Top of the World" (performed by Mandy Moore)
Jeff Cohen, Leah Haywood

3:22

4.
"Another Small Adventure" (performed by Chantal Kreviazuk)

2:57

5.
"One" (performed by Nathan Lane)
Harry Nilsson
Rick Jarrard
2:18

6.
"What I Like About You" (performed by The Romantics)
Wally Palmar, Mike Skill, Jimmy Marinos
Pete Solley
2:56

7.
"Hold On To The Good Things" (performed by Shawn Colvin)
Roxanne Seeman, Holly Knight

3:30

8.
"Count on Me" (performed by Billy Gilman)

3:42

9.
"Smile" (performed by Vitamin C)
Josh Deutsch, Colleen Fitzpatrick
Josh Deutsch, Garry Hughes
3:58

10.
"Alone Again (Naturally)" (performed by Gilbert O'Sullivan)
Gilbert O'Sullivan
Gilbert O'Sullivan
3:38

11.
"Born to Be Wild" (performed by Steppenwolf)
Mars Bonfire
Gabriel Mekler
3:30

12.
"Little Angel of Mine" (performed by No Secrets)

3:47

13.
"Falcon Finito" (Alan Silvestri)

6:51

14.
"Silver Lining" (Alan Silvestri)

4:21

Total length:
51:27

text: Video game[edit]

text: Stuart Little 2 (2002) was released for PlayStation, Game Boy Advance, and Microsoft Windows.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Awards
Category
Nominee
Result

2002
BAFTA Children's Award
Best Feature Film
Douglas Wick
Lucy Fisher
Rob Minkoff
Bruce Joel Rubin
Nominated

2003
Golden Trailer Award
Best Animation/Family Film

Nominated

Visual Effects Society Award
Best Character Animation in an Animated Motion Picture
Tony Bancroft
David Schaub
Eric Armstrong
Sean Mullen
Won

Best Visual Effects Photography in a Motion Picture
Earl Wiggins
Mark Vargo
Tom Houghton
Anna Foerster
Nominated

Young Artist Award
Best Family Feature Film
Rob Minkoff
Nominated

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b "Stuart Little 2 (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Stuart Little 2". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Stuart Little 2".
Jump up ^ Hornaday, Ann (19 July 2002). "'Stuart Little 2': Cute as a Button". The Washington Post. The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Ted, Shen (14 August 2012). "Stuart Little 2". Chicago Reader. Sun-Times Media. Retrieved 27 July 2016.  Date is according to Rotten Tomatoes.
Jump up ^ "Stuart Little 2 - Original Soundtrack". AllMusic. Retrieved April 22, 2014.