document_title: Up the Down Staircase (film)

question_text: who played joe in up the down staircase

question_tokens: who played joe in up the down staircase

text: Up the Down Staircase (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film's title is a reference to the staircases inside a public, overcrowded New York City high school of 3,000 students, many of them troubled. Sylvia Barrett, fresh out of graduate school, has just been hired to teach English to the teens in this place, who come from various races and ethnicities. Many are undisciplined; a few are hanging with gangs. She is disheartened that she came to teach but finds that her time seems burdened with the school's required regulations, daily reporting and other paperwork. Her students also seem continually disruptive and playful. Student Alice has a crush on a male teacher and narrowly avoids death after jumping out a school window; Student Linda gets a black eye from her father. Student Joe is on court probation, with a high I.Q. but a mixed academic record, testing her patience; student Roy works nights and falls asleep in class. Not everyone is agreeable with Sylvia's quiet approach to the situation, but she intends to get the teens to become good students and get them into real learning. She succeeds finally in getting them into a lively discussion about classic literature (comparing "the best of times ... the worst of times" to their own lives), followed by a lively mock trial, before weighing whether to continue or resign from her position.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sandy Dennis as Sylvia Barrett, English teacher
Patrick Bedford as Paul Barringer, English teacher and unpublished writer
Eileen Heckart as Henrietta Pastorfield, English teacher
Ruth White as Beatrice Schachter, teacher and soon Miss Barrett's mentor
Jean Stapleton as Sadie Finch, school office staff
Sorrell Booke as Dr. Bester, school principal
Roy Poole as Mr McHabe, school vice-principal
Florence Stanley as Ella Friedenberg, guidance counselor
Vinnette Carroll as The Mother, student Roy Atkins' guardian, Mrs. Lewes
Salvatore Rasa as Harry A. Kagan, student council president
John Fantauzzi as Eddie, a student who drops out
Maria Landa as Carole Blanca, Alice's friend
Lewis Wallach as Lou Martin, the class clown
Jose Rodriguez as Jose Rodriguez, introverted student who blossoms in mock trial
Ellen O'Mara as Alice Blake, student with crush on Mr. Barringer
Jeff Howard as Joe Ferone, an intelligent student admitted on school probation

text: Production[edit]

text: Sandy Dennis took the role of Sylvia Barrett after winning an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? This was her first and only film with producer Alan J. Pakula and director Robert Mulligan. The film also featured early appearances from Bud Cort and Jean Stapleton. Cort later did other films: he is best known as the suicidal youth who meets a vivacious Holocaust survivor in Harold and Maude. Jean Stapleton would land the pivotal role of Edith Bunker on the TV show All in the Family.

text: The film was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival where Sandy Dennis won the award for Best Actress.[2]

text: Outdoor street scenes were filmed on 1st Avenue and 100th Street in East Harlem. The outdoor school scenes were filmed on the same block, at Junior High School 99 at 410 East 100th Street (now the Renaissance Charter High School for Innovation).[3][4] Some indoor school and classroom scenes were filmed at the former Haaren HS on 59th St and 10th Ave (today's John Jay College of Criminal Justice), and a production studio in Chelsea.

text: Response[edit]

text: The film was well received by critics, many of whom praised Sandy Dennis's performance. Later in the year, it would be eclipsed by another movie about teaching, the megahit To Sir, With Love starring Sidney Poitier.


document_title: Ford 5000

question_text: how many horsepower is a ford 5000 tractor

root

text: Ford 5000

text: Europe[edit]

text: The tractor was released in mainland Europe in 1964, and sold moderately. As time went on, there were more Ford 5000s being sold and could be compared to the New Holland TM series which was in production from 1997-2004.

tag: p

text: Great Britain[edit]

text: The tractor sold exceptionally well in Great Britain. The tractor replaced the long-running Fordson Major which was a worldwide hit. It sold especially well because it slotted into the mid-sized range, which catered for almost every British farmer. It sold so well it was in the top ten best-selling list of tractors sold in Great Britain until 2005.

text: The Ford 5000 was used by E. Doe to build the uprated version of the Doe Triple D in 1964. The Doe tractor was 2 Tractors fixed together at a central pivot, with the front axles removed to form an articulated tractor with twice the power and 4-wd. This new version was called the Doe 130, as it was rated at 130 hp from the 2 F5000 units. Following its launch at the Smithfield Show in December 1964, they sold 73 units in 1965.[2]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, Ford tractors, lorries and cars sold very very well because at the time, Ford had a factory in Cork. Selling the Fordson Major and Ford 4000 was of no problem and selling the Ford 5000 was even easier. Like Great Britain, it was launched in the mid-sized range, which, like Great Britain, was the main market for Irish farmers. It sold very well and is the third best-selling tractor in the history of Ireland.[citation needed] According to a 2004 tractor survey, there were more than 200 Ford 5000s being in everyday use in every province.

text: Changes[edit]

text: After its launch in 1964 the Ford 5000 and the other models in the range stayed in production until 1968 when they were upgraded into the Ford Force series. Some modifications were done to the engine and other components which resulted in more horsepower for the Ford 5000, rated at 75 HP. Also some modifications to the sheet metal were done to give it a more modern appearance. In 1971 a few minor changes were done to the engine and a factory fitted safety cab could be ordered from that moment on. In 1975, Ford retired the Ford 5000 and all of its range with it, after eleven years production. It was one of the Company's best selling tractors.

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Back Pusher (Tractor).

tag: ul


document_title: Vehicle insurance

question_text: when did car insurance become mandatory in uk

question_tokens: when did car insurance become mandatory in uk

text: Vehicle insurance

text: History[edit]

text: Widespread use of the motor car began after the First World War in urban areas. Cars were relatively fast and dangerous by that stage, yet there was still no compulsory form of car insurance anywhere in the world. This meant that injured victims would seldom get any compensation in an accident, and drivers often faced considerable costs for damage to their car and property.

text: A compulsory car insurance scheme was first introduced in the United Kingdom with the Road Traffic Act 1930. This ensured that all vehicle owners and drivers had to be insured for their liability for injury or death to third parties whilst their vehicle was being used on a public road.[1] Germany enacted similar legislation in 1939 called the "Act on the Implementation of Compulsory Insurance for Motor Vehicle Owners."[2]

text: Public policies[edit]

text: In many jurisdictions, it is compulsory to have vehicle insurance before using or keeping a motor vehicle on public roads. Most jurisdictions relate insurance to both the car and the driver; however, the degree of each varies greatly.

text: Several jurisdictions have experimented with a "pay-as-you-drive" insurance plan which utilizes either a tracking device in the vehicle or vehicle diagnostics. This would address issues of uninsured motorists by providing additional options and also charge based on the miles (kilometers) driven, which could theoretically increase the efficiency of the insurance, through streamlined collection.[3]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, Compulsory Third Party (CTP) insurance is a state-based scheme that covers only personal injury liability. Comprehensive and Third Party Property Damage insurance are sold separately.

text:
Comprehensive insurance covers damages to third-parties and the insured property and vehicle.
Third Party Property Damage insurance covers damage to third-party property and vehicles, but not the insured vehicle.
Third Party Property Damage with Fire and Theft insurance additionally covers the insured vehicle against fire and theft.

text: Compulsory Third Party Insurance[edit]

text: CTP insurance is linked to the registration of a vehicle. It is transferred when an already registered vehicle is sold. It covers the vehicle owner and any person who drives the vehicle against claims for liability in respect of the death or injury to people caused by the fault of the vehicle owner or driver, but not for damage. A Compulsory Third Party Insurance is the coverage which covers the third party with the repairing cost of the vehicle, any property damage or medication expenses which are encountered as a result of an accident by the insured. This may include any kind of physical damage, bodily injuries or damage to property and covers the cost of all reasonable medical treatment for injuries received in the accident, loss of wages, cost of care services, and in some cases compensation for pain and suffering. Notably, the motorist or the insured is responsible for his own loss as he is not covered for any loss in such type of insurance.

text: In New South Wales and the Northern Territory CTP insurance is compulsory; each vehicle must be insured when registered. A 'Greenslip,'[4] another name by which CTP insurance is commonly known due to the colour of the form, must be obtained through one of the five licensed insurers in New South Wales. Suncorp and Allianz both hold two licences to issue CTP Greenslips – Suncorp under the GIO and AAMI licences and Allianz under the Allianz and CIC/Allianz licences. The remaining three licences to issue CTP Greenslips are held by QBE, Zurich and Insurance Australia Limited (NRMA). APIA and Shannons and InsureMyRide insurance also supply CTP insurance licensed by GIO. In addition to the Greenslip, additional car insurance can be purchased through insurers in Australia. This will cover claims that the standard CTP insurance cannot provide. This is known as a comprehensive car insurance.

text: A similar scheme applies in the Australian Capital Territory through AAMI, GIO and NRMA (IAL).

text: In Victoria, Third Party Personal insurance from the Transport Accident Commission is similarly included, through a levy, in the vehicle registration fee.[5] A similar scheme exists in Tasmania through the Motor Accidents Insurance Board.[6]

text: In Queensland, CTP is a mandatory part of registration for a vehicle. There is choice of insurer but price is government controlled in a tight band.[7]

text: In South Australia, Third Party Personal insurance from the Motor Accident Commission is included in the licence registration fee for people over 17.[8] A similar scheme applies in Western Australia, though there is only one CTP insurer, the Insurance Commission of Western Australia (ICWA).[9]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Several Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Quebec) provide a public auto insurance system while in the rest of the country insurance is provided privately [third party insurance is privatized in Quebec and is mandatory. The province covers everything but the vehicle(s)].[10] Basic auto insurance is mandatory throughout Canada with each province's government determining which benefits are included as minimum required auto insurance coverage and which benefits are options available for those seeking additional coverage. Accident benefits coverage is mandatory everywhere except for Newfoundland and Labrador.[11] All provinces in Canada have some form of no-fault insurance available to accident victims. The difference from province to province is the extent to which tort or no-fault is emphasized. International drivers entering Canada are permitted to drive any vehicle their licence allows for the 3-month period for which they are allowed to use their international licence. International laws provide visitors to the country with an International Insurance Bond (IIB) until this 3-month period is over in which the international driver must provide themselves with Canadian Insurance. The IIB is reinstated every time the international driver enters the country. Damage to the driver's own vehicle is optional – one notable exception to this is in Saskatchewan, where SGI provides collision coverage (less than a $1000 deductible, such as a collision damage waiver) as part of its basic insurance policy.[12] In Saskatchewan, residents have the option to have their auto insurance through a tort system but less than 0.5% of the population have taken this option.[13]

text: Germany[edit]

text: Since 1939, it has been compulsory to have third party personal insurance before keeping a motor vehicle in all federal states of Germany.[2] In addition, every vehicle owner is free to take out a comprehensive insurance policy. All types of car insurance are provided by several private insurers. The amount of insurance contribution is determined by several criteria, like the region, the type of car or the personal way of driving.[14]

text: The minimum coverage defined by German law for car liability insurance / third party personal insurance is €7,500,000 for bodily injury (damage to people), €500,000 euro for property damage and €50,000 for financial/fortune loss which is in no direct or indirect coherence with bodily injury or property damage.[15] Insurance companies usually offer all-in/combined single limit insurances of €50,000,000 or €100,000,000 (about €141,000,000) for bodily injury, property damage and other financial/fortune loss (usually with a bodily injury coverage limitation of €8-15,000,000 for each bodily injured person).

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: According to section 4(1) of the Motor Vehicles Insurance (Third Party Risks) Ordinance (Cap. 272 of the Laws of Hong Kong), all users of a car, include its permitted users, must have insurance or some other security with respect to third-party risks.[16]

text: Hungary[edit]

text: Third-party vehicle insurance is mandatory for all vehicles in Hungary. No exemption is possible by money deposit. The premium covers all damage up to HUF 500M (about €1.8M) per accident without deductible. The coverage is extended to HUF 1,250M (about €4.5M) in case of personal injuries. Vehicle insurance policies from all EU-countries and some non-EU countries are valid in Hungary based on bilateral or multilateral agreements. Visitors with vehicle insurance not covered by such agreements are required to buy a monthly, renewable policy at the border.[17]

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: Third-party vehicle insurance is a mandatory requirement in Indonesia and each individual car and motorcycle must be insured or the vehicle will not be considered legal. Therefore, a motorist cannot drive the vehicle until it is insured. Third Party vehicle insurance is included through a levy in the vehicle registration fee which is paid to the government agency Samsat (Sistem Administrasi Manunggal di bawah Satu Atap), which is responsible for cars and roads.[18] Third-Party Vehicle Insurance is regulated under Act No. 34 Year 1964 Re: Road Traffic Accident Fund and merely covers Bodily injury, and managed by a SOE named PT. Jasa Raharja (Persero).[19] The Indonesian government has a road insurance fund which includes life insurance for traffic accidents. The annual fee is called the Compulsory Contribution Fund for Traffic Accidents or Sumbangan Wajib Dana Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Jalan.[18]

text: India[edit]

text: Auto insurance in India deals with the insurance covers for the loss or damage caused to the automobile or its parts due to natural and man-made calamities. It provides accident cover for individual owners of the vehicle while driving and also for passengers and third party legal liability. There are certain general insurance companies who also offer online insurance service for the vehicle.

text: Auto insurance in India is a compulsory requirement for all new vehicles used whether for commercial or personal use. The insurance companies have tie-ups with leading automobile manufacturers. They offer their customers instant auto quotes. Auto premium is determined by a number of factors and the amount of premium increases with the rise in the price of the vehicle. The claims of the auto insurance in India can be accidental, theft claims or third party claims. Certain documents are required for claiming auto insurance in India, like duly signed claim form, RC copy of the vehicle, driving license copy, FIR copy, original estimate and policy copy.

text: There are different types of auto insurance in India:

text: Private Car Insurance – Private Car Insurance is the fastest growing sector in India as it is compulsory for all the new cars. The amount of premium depends on the make and value of the car, state where the car is registered and the year of manufacture. This amount can be reduced by asking the insurer for No Claim Bonus (NCB) if no claim is made for insurance in previous year.[20]

text: Two Wheeler Insurance – The Two Wheeler Insurance in India covers accidental insurance for the drivers of the vehicle. The amount of premium depends on the current showroom price multiplied by the depreciation rate fixed by the Tariff Advisory Committee at the beginning of a policy period.

text:
Commercial Vehicle Insurance – Commercial Vehicle Insurance in India provides cover for all the vehicles which are not used for personal purposes like trucks and HMVs. The amount of premium depends on the showroom price of the vehicle at the commencement of the insurance period, make of the vehicle and the place of registration of the vehicle.
The auto insurance generally includes:

text:
Loss or damage by accident, fire, lightning, self ignition, external explosion, burglary, housebreaking or theft, malicious act
Liability for third party injury/death, third party property and liability to paid driver
On payment of appropriate additional premium, loss/damage to electrical/electronic accessories

text: The auto insurance does not include:

text:
Consequential loss, depreciation, mechanical and electrical breakdown, failure or breakage
When vehicle is used outside the geographical area
War or nuclear perils and drunken driving

text: Ireland[edit]

text: The Road Traffic Act, 1933 requires all drivers of mechanically propelled vehicles in public places to have at least third-party insurance, or to have obtained exemption – generally by depositing a (large) sum of money to the High Court as a guarantee against claims. In 1933, this figure was set at £15,000.[21] The Road Traffic Act, 1961[22] (which is currently in force) repealed the 1933 act but replaced these sections with functionally identical sections.

text: From 1968, those making deposits require the consent of the Minister for Transport to do so, with the sum specified by the Minister.

text: Those not exempted from obtaining insurance must obtain a certificate of insurance from their insurance provider, and display a portion of this (an insurance disc) on their vehicles' windscreen (if fitted).[23] The certificate in full must be presented to a police station within ten days if requested by an officer. Proof of having insurance or an exemption must also be provided to pay for the motor tax.[24]

text: Those injured or suffering property damage/loss due to uninsured drivers can claim against the Motor Insurance Bureau of Ireland's uninsured drivers fund, as can those injured (but not those suffering damage or loss) from hit and run offences.

text: Italy[edit]

text: The law 990/1969 requires that each motor vehicle or trailer standing or moving on a public road have third party insurance (called RCA, Responsabilità civile per gli autoveicoli). Historically, a part of the certificate of insurance must be displayed on the windscreen of the vehicle. This latter requirement was revoked in 2015, when a national database of insured vehicles was built by the Insurance Company Association (ANIA, Associazione Nazionale Imprese Assicuratrici) and the National Transportation Authority (Motorizzazione Civile) to verify (by private citizens and public authorities) if a vehicle is insured. There is no exemption policy to this law disposition.

text: Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that can be prosecuted by the police and fines range from 841 to 3,287 euros. Police forces also have the power to seize a vehicle that does not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays a fine and signs a new insurance policy. The same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.

text: Minimal insurance policies cover only third parties (including the insured person and third parties carried with the vehicle, but not the driver, if the two do not coincide). Also the third parties, fire and theft are common insurance policies, while the all inclusive policies (kasko policy) which include also damages of the vehicle causing the accident or the injuries. It is also common to include a renounce clause of the insurance company to compensate the damages against the insured person in some cases (usually in case of DUI or other infringement of the law by the driver).

text: The victims of accidents caused by non-insured vehicles could be compensated by the Road's Victim Warranty Fund (Fondo garanzia vittime della strada), which is covered by a fixed amount (2.5%, as 2015) of each RCA insurance premium.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Within New Zealand, the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) provides nationwide no-fault personal injury insurance.[25] Injuries involving motor vehicles operating on public roads are covered by the Motor Vehicle Account, for which premiums are collected through levies on petrol and through vehicle licensing fees.[26]

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, the vehicle owner must provide the minimum of liability insurance for his/her vehicle(s) – of any kind. Otherwise, the vehicle is illegal to use. If a person drives a vehicle belonging to someone else, and has an accident, the insurance will cover for damage done. Note that the policy carrier can choose to limit the coverage to only apply for family members or person over a certain age.

text: Romania[edit]

text: Romanian law mandates Răspundere Auto Civilă, a motor-vehicle liability insurance for all vehicle owners to cover damages to third parties.[27]

text: Russian Federation[edit]

text: Motor-vehicle insurance is mandatory for all owners according to Russian legislation.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: South Africa allocates a percentage of the money from fuel into the Road Accident Fund, which goes towards compensating third parties in accidents.[28][29]

text: Spain[edit]

text: Each motor vehicle on a public road to have a third party insurance (called "Seguro de responsabilidad civil").

text: Police forces have the power to seize vehicles that do not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays the fine and signs a new insurance policy. Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that will be prosecuted by the police and will receive penalty. Same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.

text: The minimal insurance policies cover only third parties (included the insured person and third parties carried with the vehicle, but not the driver, if the two do not coincide). Also the third parties, fire and theft are common insurance policies.

text: The victims of accidents caused by non-insured vehicles could be compensated by a Warranty Fund, which is covered by a fixed amount of each insurance premium.

text: Since 2013 it is possible to contract an insurance by days as is possible in countries such as Germany and England.[30]

text: United Arab Emirates[edit]

text: When buying car insurance in the United Arab Emirates, the traffic department requires a 13-month insurance certificate each time you register or renew a vehicle registration.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In 1930, the UK Government introduced a law that required every person who used a vehicle on the road to have at least third-party personal injury insurance. Today, this law is defined by the Road Traffic Act 1988,[31] (generally referred to as the RTA 1988 as amended) which was last modified in 1991. The Act requires that motorists either be insured, or have made a specified deposit (£500,000 in 1991) and keeps the sum deposited with the Accountant General of the Supreme Court, against liability for injuries to others (including passengers) and for damage to other persons' property, resulting from use of a vehicle on a public road or in other public places.

text: It is an offence to use a motor vehicle, or allow others to use it without insurance that satisfies the requirements of the Act. This requirement applies while any part of a vehicle (even if a greater part of it is on private land) is on the public highway. No such legislation applies on private land. However, private land to which the public have a reasonable right of access (for example, a supermarket car park during opening hours) is considered to be included within the requirements of the Act.

text: Police have the power to seize vehicles that do not appear to have necessary insurance in place. A driver caught driving without insurance for the vehicle he/she is in charge of for the purposes of driving, is liable to be prosecuted by the police and, upon conviction, will receive either a fixed penalty or magistrate's courts penalty.

text: The registration number of the vehicle shown on the insurance policy, along with other relevant information including the effective dates of cover are transmitted electronically to the UK's Motor Insurance Database (MID) which exists to help reduce incidents of uninsured driving in the territory. The Police are able to spot-check vehicles that pass within range of automated number plate recognition (ANPR) cameras, that can search the MID instantly. It should be noted, however, that proof of insurance lies entirely with the issue of a Certificate of Motor Insurance, or cover note, by an Authorised Insurer which, to be valid, must have been previously 'delivered' to the insured person in accordance with the Act, and be printed in black ink on white paper.

text: The insurance certificate or cover note issued by the insurance company constitutes the only legal evidence that the policy to which the certificate relates satisfies the requirements of the relevant law applicable in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Island of Guernsey, the Island of Jersey and the Island of Alderney. The Act states that an authorised person, such as a police officer, may require a driver to produce an insurance certificate for inspection. If the driver cannot show the document immediately on request, and evidence of insurance cannot be found by other means such as the MID, then the Police are empowered to seize the vehicle instantly.

text: The immediate impounding of an apparently uninsured vehicle replaces the former method of dealing with insurance spot-checks where drivers were issued with an HORT/1 (so-called because the order was form number 1 issued by the Home Office Road Traffic dept). This 'ticket' was an order requiring that within seven days, from midnight of the date of issue, the driver concerned was to take a valid insurance certificate (and usually other driving documents as well) to a police station of the driver's choice. Failure to produce an insurance certificate was, and still is, an offence. The HORT/1 was commonly known – even by the issuing authorities when dealing with the public – as a "Producer". As these are seldom issued now and the MID relied upon to indicate the presence of insurance or not, it is incumbent upon the insurance industry to accurately and swiftly update the MID with current policy details and insurers that fail to do so can be penalised by their regulating body.

text: Vehicles kept in the UK must now be continuously insured unless a Statutory Off Road Notification (SORN) has been formally submitted. This requirement arose following a change in the law in June 2011 when a regulation known as Continuous Insurance Enforcement (CIE) came into force. The effect of this was that in the UK a vehicle that is not declared SORN, must have a valid insurance policy in force whether or not it is kept on public roads and whether or not it is driven.[32]

text: Insurer, and Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) / licence data, are shared by the relevant authorities including the Police and this forms an integral part of the mechanism of CIE. All UK registered vehicles, including those that are exempt from VED (for example, Historic Vehicles and cars with low or zero emissions) are subject to the VED taxation application process. Part of this is a check on the vehicle's insurance. A physical receipt for the payment of VED was issued by way of a paper disc which, prior to 1 October 2014, meant that all motorists in the UK were required to prominently display the tax disc on their vehicle when it was kept or driven on public roads. This helped to ensure that most people had adequate insurance on their vehicles because insurance cover was required to purchase a disc, although the insurance must merely have been valid at the time of purchase and not necessarily for the life of the tax disc.[33]  To address the problems that arise where a vehicle's insurance was subsequently cancelled but the tax disc remained in force and displayed on the vehicle and the vehicle then used without insurance, the CIE regulations are now able to be applied as the Driver & Vehicle Licence Authority (DVLA) and the MID databases are shared in real-time meaning that a taxed but uninsured vehicle is easily detectable by both authorities and Traffic Police. From 1 October 2014, it is no longer a legal requirement to display a vehicle excise licence (tax disc) on a vehicle.[34] This has come about because the whole VED process can now be administered electronically and alongside the MID, doing away with the expense, to the UK Government, of issuing paper discs.

text: If a vehicle is to be "laid up" for whatever reason, a Statutory Off Road Notification (SORN) must be submitted to the DVLA to declare that the vehicle is off the public roads and will not return to them unless the SORN is cancelled by the vehicle's owner. Once a vehicle has been declared 'SORN' then the legal requirement to insure it ceases, although many vehicle owners may desire to maintain cover for loss of or damage to the vehicle while it is off the road. A vehicle that is then to be put back on the road must be subject to a new application for VED and be insured. Part of the VED application requires an electronic check of the MID, in this way the lawful presence of a vehicle on the road for both VED and insurance purposes is reinforced. It follows that the only circumstances in which a vehicle can have no insurance is if it has a valid SORN; was exempted from SORN (as untaxed on or before 31 October 1998 and has had no tax or SORN activity since); is recorded as 'stolen and not recovered' by the Police; is between registered keepers; or is scrapped.

text: Road Traffic Act Only Insurance differs from Third Party Only Insurance (detailed below) and is not often sold, unless to underpin, for example, a corporate body wishing to self-insure above the requirements of the Act. It provides the very minimum cover to satisfy the requirements of the Act. Road Traffic Act Only Insurance has a limit of £1,000,000 for damage to third party property, while third party only insurance typically has a greater limit for third party property damage.

text: Motor insurers in the UK place a limit on the amount that they are liable for in the event of a claim by third parties against a legitimate policy. This can be explained in part by the Great Heck Rail Crash that cost the insurers over £22,000,000 in compensation for the fatalities and damage to property caused by the actions of the insured driver of a motor vehicle that caused the disaster. No limit applies to claims from third parties for death or personal injury, however UK car insurance is now commonly limited to £20,000,000 for any claim or series of claims for loss of or damage to third party property caused by or arising out of one incident.

text: The minimum level of insurance cover generally available, and which satisfies the requirement of the Act, is called third party only insurance. The level of cover provided by Third party only insurance is basic, but does exceed the requirements of the act. This insurance covers any liability to third parties, but does not cover any other risks.

text: More commonly purchased is third party, fire and theft. This covers all third party liabilities and also covers the vehicle owner against the destruction of the vehicle by fire (whether malicious or due to a vehicle fault) and theft of the insured vehicle. It may or may not cover vandalism. This kind of insurance and the two preceding types do not cover damage to the vehicle caused by the driver or other hazards.

text: Comprehensive insurance covers all of the above and damage to the vehicle caused by the driver themselves, as well as vandalism and other risks. This is usually the most expensive type of insurance. It is custom in the UK for insurance customers to refer to their Comprehensive Insurance as "Fully Comprehensive" or popularly, "Fully Comp". This is a tautology as the word 'Comprehensive' means full.

text: Some classes of vehicle ownership, or use, are "Crown Exempt" from the requirement to be covered under the Act including vehicles owned or operated by certain councils and local authorities, national park authorities, education authorities, police authorities, fire authorities, health service bodies, the security services and vehicles used to or from Shipping Salvage purposes. Although exempt from the requirement to insure, this provides no immunity against claims being made against them, so an otherwise Crown Exempt authority may chose to insure conventionally, preferring to incur the known expense of insurance premiums rather than accept the open-ended exposure of effectively, self-insuring under Crown Exemption.

text: The Motor Insurers' Bureau (MIB) compensates the victims of road accidents caused by uninsured and untraced motorists. It also operates the MID, which contain details of every insured vehicle in the country and acts as a means to share information between Insurance Companies.

text: Soon after the introduction of the Road Traffic Act in 1930, unexpected issues arose when motorists needed to drive a vehicle other than their own in genuine emergency circumstances. Volunteering to move a vehicle, for example, where another motorist had been taken ill or been involved in an accident, could lead to the "assisting" driver being prosecuted for no insurance if the other car's insurance did not cover use by any driver. To alleviate this loophole, an extension to UK Car Insurances was introduced allowing a Policyholder to personally drive any other motor car not belonging to him/her and not hired to him/her under a hire purchase or leasing agreement. This extension of cover, known as "Driving Other Cars" (where it is granted) usually applies to the Policyholder only. The cover provided is for Third Party Risks only and there is absolutely no cover for loss of, or damage to the vehicle being driven. This aspect of UK motor insurance is the only one that purports to cover the driving of a vehicle, not use.

text: On 1 March 2011, the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg ruled that gender could no longer be used by insurers to set car insurance premiums. The new ruling came into action from December 2012.[35]

text: Investigation into repair costs & fraudulent claims[edit]

text: In September 2012, it was announced that the Competition Commission had launched an investigation into the UK system for credit repairs and credit hire of an alternative vehicle leading to claims from third parties following an accident. Where their client is considered to be not at fault, Accident Management Companies will take over the running of their client's claim and arrange everything for them, usually on a 'No Win - No Fee' basis. It was shown that the insurers of the at-fault vehicle, were unable to intervene in order to have control over the costs that were applied to the claim by means of repairs, storage, vehicle hire, referral fees and personal injury. The subsequent cost of some items submitted for consideration has been a cause for concern over recent years as this has caused an increase in the premium costs, contrary to the general duty of all involved to mitigate the cost of claims. Also, the recent craze of "Cash for crash" has substantially raised the cost of policies. This is where two parties arrange a collision between their vehicles and one driver making excessive claims for damage and non-existent injuries to themselves and the passengers that they had arranged to be "in the vehicle" at the time of the collision. Another recent development has seen crashes being caused deliberately by a driver "slamming" on their brakes so that the driver behind hits them, this is usually carried out at roundabouts, when the following driver is looking to the right for oncoming traffic and does not notice that the vehicle in front has suddenly stopped for no reason. The 'staging' of a motor collision on the Public Highway for the purpose of attempting an insurance fraud is considered by the Courts to be organised crime and upon conviction is dealt with as such.

text: United States[edit]

text: The regulations for vehicle insurance differ with each of the 50 US states and other territories, with each U.S. state having its own mandatory minimum coverage requirements (see separate main article). Each of the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia requires drivers to have insurance coverage for both bodily injury and property damage, but the minimum amount of coverage required by law varies by state. For example, minimum bodily injury liability coverage requirements range from $30,000 in Arizona[36] to $100,000 in Alaska and Maine,[37] while minimum property damage liability requirements range from $5,000 to $25,000 in most states.

text: Coverage levels[edit]

text: Vehicle insurance can cover some or all of the following items:

text:
The insured party (medical payments)
Property damage caused by the insured
The insured vehicle (physical damage)
Third parties (car and people, property damage and bodily injury)
Third party, fire and theft
In some jurisdictions coverage for injuries to persons riding in the insured vehicle is available without regard to fault in the auto accident (No Fault Auto Insurance)
The cost to rent a vehicle if yours is damaged.
The cost to tow your vehicle to a repair facility.
Accidents involving uninsured motorists.

text: Different policies specify the circumstances under which each item is covered. For example, a vehicle can be insured against theft, fire damage, or accident damage independently.

text: If a vehicle is declared a total loss and the vehicle's market value is less than the amount that is still owed to the bank that is financing the vehicle, GAP insurance may cover the difference.  Not all auto insurance policies include GAP insurance.  GAP insurance is often offered by the finance company at time the vehicle is purchased.

text: Excess[edit]

text: An excess payment, also known as a deductible, is a fixed contribution that must be paid each time a car is repaired with the charges billed to an automotive insurance policy. Normally this payment is made directly to the accident repair "garage" (the term "garage" refers to an establishment where vehicles are serviced and repaired) when the owner collects the car. If one's car is declared to be a "write off" (or "totaled"), then the insurance company will deduct the excess agreed on the policy from the settlement payment it makes to the owner.

text: If the accident was the other driver's fault, and this fault is accepted by the third party's insurer, then the vehicle owner may be able to reclaim the excess payment from the other person's insurance company.

text: The excess itself can also be protected by a motor excess insurance policy.[citation needed]

text: Compulsory excess[edit]

text: A compulsory excess is the minimum excess payment the insurer will accept on the insurance policy. Minimum excesses vary according to the personal details, driving record and the insurance company. For example, young or inexperienced drivers and types of incident can incur additional compulsory excess charges.

text: Voluntary excess[edit]

text: To reduce the insurance premium, the insured party may offer to pay a higher excess (deductible) than the compulsory excess demanded by the insurance company. The voluntary excess is the extra amount, over and above the compulsory excess, that is agreed to be paid in the event of a claim on the policy. As a bigger excess reduces the financial risk carried by the insurer, the insurer is able to offer a significantly lower premium.

text: Basis of premium charges[edit]

text: Depending on the jurisdiction, the insurance premium can be either mandated by the government or determined by the insurance company, in accordance with a framework of regulations set by the government. Often, the insurer will have more freedom to set the price on physical damage coverages than on mandatory liability coverages.

text: When the premium is not mandated by the government, it is usually derived from the calculations of an actuary, based on statistical data. The premium can vary depending on many factors that are believed to affect the expected cost of future claims.[38] Those factors can include the car characteristics, the coverage selected (deductible, limit, covered perils), the profile of the driver (age, gender, driving history) and the usage of the car (commute to work or not, predicted annual distance driven).[39]

text: Neighbourhood[edit]

text: The address of the owner can affect the premiums. Areas with high crime rates generally lead to higher costs of insurance.  [40][41]

text: Gender[edit]

text: Because male drivers, especially younger ones, are on average often regarded as tending to be more aggressive, the premiums charged for policies on vehicles whose primary driver is male are often higher. This discrimination may be dropped if the driver is past a certain age.[citation needed]

text: On 1 March 2011, the European Court of Justice decided insurance companies who used gender as a risk factor when calculating insurance premiums were breaching EU equality laws.[42] The Court ruled that car-insurance companies were discriminating against men.[42] However, in some places, such as the UK, companies have used the standard practice of discrimination based on profession to still use gender as a factor, albeit indirectly. Professions which are more typically practised by men are deemed as being more risky even if they had not been prior to the Court's ruling while the converse is applied to professions predominant among women.[43] Another effect of the ruling has been that, while the premiums for men have been lowered, they have been raised for women. This equalisation effect has also been seen in other types of insurance for individuals, such as life insurance.[44]

text: Age[edit]

text: Teenage drivers who have no driving record will have higher car insurance premiums. However, young drivers are often offered discounts if they undertake further driver training on recognized courses, such as the Pass Plus scheme in the UK. In the US many insurers offer a good-grade discount to students with a good academic record and resident-student discounts to those who live away from home. Generally insurance premiums tend to become lower at the age of 25. Some insurance companies offer "stand alone" car insurance policies specifically for teenagers with lower premiums. By placing restrictions on teenagers' driving (forbidding driving after dark, or giving rides to other teens, for example), these companies effectively reduce their risk.[45]

text: Senior drivers are often eligible for retirement discounts, reflecting the lower average miles driven by this age group. However, rates may increase for senior drivers after age 65, due to increased risk associated with much older drivers. Typically, the increased risk for drivers over 65 years of age is associated with slower reflexes, reaction times, and being more injury-prone.[citation needed]

text: U.S. driving history[edit]

text: In most U.S. states, moving violations, including running red lights and speeding, assess points on a driver's driving record. Since more points indicate an increased risk of future violations, insurance companies periodically review drivers' records, and may raise premiums accordingly. Rating practices, such as debit for a poor driving history, are not dictated by law. Many insurers allow one moving violation every three to five years before increasing premiums. Accidents affect insurance premiums similarly. Depending on the severity of the accident and the number of points assessed, rates can increase by as much as twenty to thirty percent.[46] Any motoring convictions should be disclosed to insurers, as the driver is assessed by risk from prior experiences while driving on the road.

text: Marital status[edit]

text: Statistics show that married drivers average fewer accidents than the rest of the population so policy owners who are married often receive lower premiums than single persons.[47]

text: Profession[edit]

text: The profession of the driver may be used as a factor to determine premiums. Certain professions may be deemed more likely to result in damages if they regularly involve more travel or the carrying of expensive equipment or stock or if they are predominant either among women or among men.[43]

text: Vehicle classification[edit]

text: Two of the most important factors that go into determining the underwriting risk on motorized vehicles are: performance capability and retail cost. The most commonly available providers of auto insurance have underwriting restrictions against vehicles that are either designed to be capable of higher speeds and performance levels, or vehicles that retail above a certain dollar amount. Vehicles that are commonly considered luxury automobiles usually carry more expensive physical damage premiums because they are more expensive to replace. Vehicles that can be classified as high performance autos will carry higher premiums generally because there is greater opportunity for risky driving behavior. Motorcycle insurance may carry lower property-damage premiums because the risk of damage to other vehicles is minimal, yet have higher liability or personal-injury premiums, because motorcycle riders face different physical risks while on the road. Risk classification on automobiles also takes into account the statistical analysis of reported theft, accidents, and mechanical malfunction on every given year, make, and model of auto.

text: Distance[edit]

text: Some car insurance plans do not differentiate in regard to how much the car is used. There are however low-mileage discounts offered by some insurance providers. Other methods of differentiation would include: over-road distance between the ordinary residence of a subject and their ordinary, daily destinations.

text: Reasonable distance estimation[edit]

text: Another important factor in determining car-insurance premiums involves the annual mileage put on the vehicle, and for what reason. Driving to and from work every day at a specified distance, especially in urban areas where common traffic routes are known, presents different risks than how a retiree who does not work any longer may use their vehicle. Common practice has been that this information was provided solely by the insured person, but some insurance providers have started to collect regular odometer readings to verify the risk.

text: Odometer-based systems[edit]

text: Cents Per Mile Now[48] (1986) advocates classified odometer-mile rates, a type of usage-based insurance. After the company's risk factors have been applied, and the customer has accepted the per-mile rate offered, then customers buy prepaid miles of insurance protection as needed, like buying gallons of gasoline (litres of petrol). Insurance automatically ends when the odometer limit (recorded on the car's insurance ID card) is reached, unless more distance is bought. Customers keep track of miles on their own odometer to know when to buy more. The company does no after-the-fact billing of the customer, and the customer doesn't have to estimate a "future annual mileage" figure for the company to obtain a discount. In the event of a traffic stop, an officer could easily verify that the insurance is current, by comparing the figure on the insurance card to that on the odometer.

text: Critics point out the possibility of cheating the system by odometer tampering. Although the newer electronic odometers are difficult to roll back, they can still be defeated by disconnecting the odometer wires and reconnecting them later. However, as the Cents Per Mile Now website points out:

text: As a practical matter, resetting odometers requires equipment plus expertise that makes stealing insurance risky and uneconomical. For example, to steal 20,000 miles [32,200 km] of continuous protection while paying for only the 2000 in the 35000 to 37000 range on the odometer, the resetting would have to be done at least nine times, to keep the odometer reading within the narrow 2,000-mile [3,200 km] covered range. There are also powerful legal deterrents to this way of stealing insurance protection. Odometers have always served as the measuring device for resale value, rental and leasing charges, warranty limits, mechanical breakdown insurance, and cents-per-mile tax deductions or reimbursements for business or government travel. Odometer tampering, detected during claim processing, voids the insurance and, under decades-old state and federal law, is punishable by heavy fines and jail.

text: Under the cents-per-mile system, rewards for driving less are delivered automatically, without the need for administratively cumbersome and costly GPS technology. Uniform per-mile exposure measurement for the first time provides the basis for statistically valid rate classes. Insurer premium income automatically keeps pace with increases or decreases in driving activity, cutting back on resulting insurer demand for rate increases and preventing today's windfalls to insurers, when decreased driving activity lowers costs but not premiums.

text: GPS-based system[edit]

text:
In 1998, the Progressive Insurance company started a pilot program in Texas, in which drivers received a discount for installing a GPS-based device that tracked their driving behavior and reported the results via cellular phone to the company.[49]  The program was discontinued in 2000. In following years many policies (including Progressive) have been trialed and successfully introduced worldwide into what are referred to as Telematic Insurance. Such 'telematic' policies typically are based on black-box insurance technology, such devices derive from a stolen vehicle and fleet tracking but are used for insurance purposes. Since 2010 GPS-based and Telematic Insurance systems have become more mainstream in the auto insurance market not just aimed at specialised auto-fleet markets or high value vehicles (with an emphasis on stolen vehicle recovery). Modern GPS-based systems are branded as 'PAYD' Pay As You Drive insurance policies, 'PHYD' Pay How You Drive or since 2012 Smartphone auto insurance policies which utilise smartphones as a GPS sensor, e.g.
.[50] A detailed survey of the smartphone as measurement probe for insurance telematics is provided in [51]

text: OBDII-based system[edit]

text: The Progressive Corporation launched Snapshot to give drivers a customized insurance rate based on recording how, how much, and when their car is driven.[52] Snapshot is currently available in 46 states plus the District of Columbia. Because insurance is regulated at the state level, Snapshot is currently not available in Alaska, California, Hawaii, and North Carolina.[52] Driving data is transmitted to the company using an on-board telematic device. The device connects to a car's OnBoard Diagnostic (OBD-II) port (all petrol automobiles in the USA built after 1996 have an OBD-II.) and transmits speed, time of day and number of miles the car is driven. Cars that are driven less often, in less-risky ways, and at less-risky times of day, can receive large discounts. Progressive has received patents on its methods and systems of implementing usage-based insurance and has licensed these methods and systems to other companies.

text: Metromile also uses an OBDII-based system for their mileage-based insurance. They offer a true pay-per-mile insurance where behavior or driving style is not taken into account, and the user only pays a base rate along with a fixed rate per mile.[53] The OBD-II device measures mileage and then transmits mileage data to servers. This is supposed  to be an affordable car insurance policy for low-mileage drivers. Metromile is currently only offering personal car insurance policies and is available in California, Oregon, Washington, and Illinois.[54]

text: Credit ratings[edit]

text: Insurance companies have started using credit ratings of their policyholders to determine risk. Drivers with good credit scores get lower insurance premiums, as it is believed that they are more financially stable, more responsible and have the financial means to better maintain their vehicles. Those with lower credit scores can have their premiums raised or insurance canceled outright.[55] It has been shown that good drivers with spotty credit records could be charged higher premiums than bad drivers with good credit records.[56]

text: Behavior-based insurance[edit]

text: The use of non-intrusive load monitoring to detect drunk driving and other risky behaviors has been proposed.[57] A US patent application combining this technology with a usage based insurance product to create a new type of behavior based auto insurance product is currently open for public comment on peer to patent.[58] See Behavior-based safety. Behaviour based Insurance focusing upon driving is often called Telematics or Telematics2.0 in some cases monitoring focus upon behavioural analysis such as smooth driving.

text: Repair insurance[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Auto repair insurance is an extension of car insurance available in all 50 of the United States that covers the natural wear and tear on a vehicle, independent of damages related to a car accident.[59]

text: Some drivers opt to buy the insurance as a means of protection against costly breakdowns unrelated to an accident. In contrast to more standard and basic coverages such as comprehensive and collision insurance, auto repair insurance does not cover a vehicle when it is damaged in a collision, during a natural disaster or at the hands of vandals.

text: For many it is an attractive option for protection after the warranties on their cars expire.

text:
Providers can also offer sub-divisions of auto repair insurance. There is standard repair insurance which covers the wear and tear of vehicles, and naturally occurring breakdowns. Some companies will only offer mechanical breakdown insurance, which only covers repairs necessary when breakable parts need to be fixed or replaced. These parts include transmissions, oil pumps, pistons, timing gears, flywheels, valves, axles and joints.
[59]

text: In several countries insurance companies offer direct repair programs (DRP) so that their customers have easy access to a recommended car body repair shop. Some also offer one-stop shopping where a damaged car can get dropped off and an adjuster handles the claim, the car is fixed and often a replacement rental car is provided. When repairing the vehicle the car body repair shop is obliged to follow the instructions regarding the choice of original equipment manufacturer (OEM), original equipment supplier parts (OES), Matching Quality spare parts (MQ) and generic replacement parts. Both DRPs and non OEM parts help to keep costs down and keep insurance prices competitive. AIRC (International Car body repair Association) General Secretary Karel Bukholczer made clear that DRP's have had big impact on car body repair shops.[60]


document_title: David Schwimmer

question_text: who did david schwimmer play in the wonder years

text: David Schwimmer

text: Early life[edit]

text: Schwimmer was born in Flushing, Queens,[3] New York City, to attorneys Arthur and Arlene Coleman-Schwimmer.[4] Schwimmer is Jewish.[5] He has an older sister named Ellie.[2] His family subsequently moved to Los Angeles, where Schwimmer had his first experiences of acting, at the age of 10, when he was cast as the fairy godmother in a Jewish version of Cinderella.[2] In 1979, Schwimmer went to a Shakespeare workshop given by English actor Ian McKellen in Los Angeles.[6] He recalls being riveted by the experience.[6] Schwimmer then entered a contest in the Southern California Shakespeare Festival three years in a row, winning two first prizes.[6][7]

text: Following his mother's successful career as a divorce lawyer, the family moved to Beverly Hills, where Schwimmer attended Beverly Hills High School.[6][7] Schwimmer admitted to being an outsider during his time at the school, recalling, "When I was there I always felt: 'This is not me, I'm surrounded by people with a different value system. And I just wanted to get out of California.'"[6] He was best at the subjects of science and math and thought he would become a doctor.[6] Schwimmer enrolled in a drama class, where he appeared in stage productions. Encouraged by his school drama teacher to further his acting, he flew to Chicago for a summer acting program at Northwestern University. He noted that the experience was both "enlightening and exhilarating".[4] In 1984, Schwimmer graduated from Beverly Hills High and wanted to go straight into acting, but his parents insisted he go to college first so he would have something to fall back on.[6] Schwimmer moved to Chicago to attend Northwestern University, where he had attended a summer drama course when he was 16 years old.[6] At the university, he studied theater and was in an improv group with Stephen Colbert, the No-Fun Mud Piranhas.[8] After graduating in 1988, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in theater and speech, Schwimmer co-founded the Lookingglass Theatre Company.[4] Subsequently, he returned to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career.[2]

text: Career[edit]

text: 1989–1994: Early work[edit]

text: After his supporting role debut in the ABC television movie A Deadly Silence (1989),[9] Schwimmer followed this with roles on the legal drama L.A. Law in 1992, and the comedy-drama series The Wonder Years.[6] He made his feature film debut in Flight of the Intruder (1991),[2] had a recurring role as a lawyer-turned-vigilante in NYPD Blue before auditioning, unsuccessfully, for a series pilot called Couples.[2] He landed his first regular series role as the liberal son of a conservative talk show host (Henry Winkler) in the sitcom Monty.[2]

text: 1994–2004: Breakthrough[edit]

text: In 1994, Schwimmer was cast as Dr. Ross Geller in NBC's situation comedy Friends, a series that revolved around a group of friends who live near each other in Manhattan. He played a hopeless-romantic paleontologist who works at a museum and later becomes a professor at a university. Schwimmer initially turned down the role as Ross, but accepted later.[10] Executive producer Kevin S. Bright said that he had previously worked with Schwimmer,[11] the character of Ross was written with him in mind, and he was the first actor cast.[10] The show debuted on September 22, 1994, and was watched by almost 22 million American viewers.[12] Friends quickly developed a loyal audience, with the show and Schwimmer receiving strong reviews. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was complimentary of Schwimmer, calling him "terrific".[13] Variety's television reviewer, said: "All six of the principals, especially (Courteney) Cox and Schwimmer, appear resourceful and display sharp sitcom skills".[14] For this performance, he earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 1995.[15]

text: Schwimmer starred in his first leading film role in the 1996 romantic comedy film, The Pallbearer with Gwyneth Paltrow.[16] In the film, Schwimmer plays a man asked to deliver the eulogy for a high school friend he cannot remember, and begins an affair with the friend's mother. Critics dismissed The Pallbearer as a poor imitation of the 1967 film The Graduate.[17][18] Variety's film reviewer complimented the actor, writing that he had enjoyed his performance, stating that he displayed "a winning, if rather deadpan, personality along with good comic timing".[19] It also concluded that Schwimmer had a "promising bigscreen future".[19] Janet Maslin of The New York Times cited that his first film "relegates him to a drab role".[16] When asked why he decided to accept the role, Schwimmer admitted the decision was to "make an effort to find roles that are as far away from the character of Ross as possible".[6] He was offered a role to star alongside Tommy Lee Jones in the 1997 science-fiction comedy Men in Black after Chris O'Donnell turned down the role, but turned it down because of a prior commitment to direct his first film with his theatre company friends starring before the role was given to Will Smith.

text: His next film roles, in 1998, were Kissing a Fool, Six Days, Seven Nights, and Apt Pupil. In Kissing a Fool, a romantic comedy, Schwimmer played Max, a dapper, smart-mouthed ladies' man.[20] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "Fans of the sitcom Friends may be surprised by David Schwimmer in Kissing a Fool. [...] Take it from someone who has never seen Friends and comes at Schwimmer with no preconceptions: He does just fine. As a TV sports reporter in Kissing a Fool, he oozes the command and self-satisfaction of a young, successful man".[20] The film was critically and financially unsuccessful.[21] In Six Days, Seven Nights, he played the boyfriend of Anne Heche's character. In Apt Pupil, adapted from a novella of the same name by Stephen King,[22] he had a supporting role as a school guidance counselor. "I was scared of the part", Schwimmer said, "but I wanted to be part of the movie". At the time, he noted it was a "little frustrating" that people would typecast him due to his role on Friends.[23] He subsequently appeared opposite Woody Allen and Sharon Stone in Alfonso Arau's straight-to-cable comedy Picking Up the Pieces (2000).

text: In 2001, Schwimmer played Captain Herbert M. Sobel in Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks' HBO World War II miniseries Band of Brothers. The television miniseries is based on the book of the same title written by historian and biographer Stephen Ambrose.[24] Although Band of Brothers was met with largely positive reception,[25] Schwimmer's performance was criticized; the BBC News concluded, "Part of the problem ... may have been the ridiculous fact that Friends favourite David Schwimmer plays the hard and cruel Captain Herbert Sobel. The only thing believable about Schwimmer's acting is when he cowers in the face of true battle. His puppy dog eyes make him appear even more pitiful".[26] Later that year he portrayed Yitzhak Zuckerman in the war drama Uprising, based on the true events of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943.[27][28]

text: In March 2004, Schwimmer appeared as himself on HBO's comedy series Curb Your Enthusiasm.[29] During the lengthy run of Friends, Schwimmer directed ten of the show's episodes.[30][31] The show's tenth and final season ended on May 6, 2004.[32]

text: 2004–2010: Directing[edit]

text: After Friends, Schwimmer starred in the 2005 independent drama Duane Hopwood, as the title character, who is an alcoholic whose life is spiraling downward rapidly after a divorce and is looking to turn his life around. The film received ambivalent reviews.[33] Despite the reception, Schwimmer's performance was favored by critics; Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times reported that the role was Schwimmer's "career-transforming performance".[34] Duane Hopwood was screened at a special presentation at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival.[35] Furthermore, in the same year he voiced Melman, a hypochondriac giraffe, in the computer animated film Madagascar (2005).[36] The Washington Post noted that Schwimmer is particularly appealing as Melman.[37] Despite the mixed response from critics,[38] the film was a commercial success, earning US$532 million worldwide,[39] making it one of the biggest hits of 2005.[40]

text: Schwimmer starred on the London stage in May 2005, with Catherine Tate, Lesley Manville, Sara Powell, and Saffron Burrows, in Neil LaBute's Some Girl(s) at the Gielgud Theatre.[41] In the production, he plays a teacher who is ready to settle down and marry, but decides to visit four ex-girlfriends first.[42] For his performance, Schwimmer received critical reviews. The Independent wrote that Schwimmer "is not called upon to extend his range nearly as far as one might have expected in Some Girl(s). [...] Schwimmer remains bland, competent, and boyish—though not fatally boyish in the manner that appears to have turned these women on".[43] However, Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph praised Schwimmer, reporting he "proves inspired casting. He takes to the stage with ... his endearing gaucheness seems designed to ensure our continued sympathy. Schwimmer mercilessly lays bare his character's opportunism, casual cruelties, and chronic self-deception".[43]

text: In 2006, he made his Broadway debut in Herman Wouk's two-act play The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial.[44] Schwimmer played the role of Lieutenant Barney Greenwald in the production, which was directed by Jerry Zaks.[45] In an interview with New York magazine, he revealed that he had wanted to try Broadway, however said "a couple of things came up that just never quite felt right. Either because I liked the play but wasn’t hot on the director, or there was another star attached that I wasn't jazzed about working with".[46] He further added that when showed a copy of Wouk's novel "...I was shocked at how good the writing was".[46] His next film role was in the 2006 black comedy Big Nothing, in which he played a bitter, unemployed scientist.[47]

text: Schwimmer made his directorial feature debut in the 2007 British comedy film Run Fatboy Run. The film stars Simon Pegg as an out of shape man who signs up for a marathon to convince his former fiancée and five-year-old son that he has turned his life around.[30] When asked why he decided to direct the film, Schwimmer said: "As a director, I was struck by the challenge that I thought the script presented, which was that it was kind of three films in one. You had some great, big physical comedy, and I thought funny dialogue and characters. And then there was some real emotion to it with the relationship between the father and the son and the romance aspect".[48] Run Fatboy Run garnered mixed reception, with the New York Daily News rating it one-and-a-half out of five stars and writing, "Most disappointing is how Schwimmer—who spent 10 seasons on a sitcom filled with hyperverbal characters—manages to bumble 'Fatboy's' tender moments".[49] USA Today, however, was favorable towards Schwimmer, reporting he possesses filmmaking finesse "having wisely chosen strong comic material for his debut behind the camera".[50] For his directorial work, he was nominated for a British Independent Film Award in the category of Best Debut Director.[51]

text: On November 8, 2007, Schwimmer made a guest appearance in the second season of the television series 30 Rock, where he played Greenzo, an NBC environmental mascot.[52] The following year, he was part of an ensemble cast that included Kate Beckinsale, Matt Dillon, Alan Alda, Angela Bassett, and Noah Wyle in the thriller Nothing But the Truth (2008).[53] The movie received generally favorable reviews.[54] The success of Madagascar led Schwimmer to return to the role of Melman in the 2008 sequel, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa. The film earned US$603 million at the international box office.[55] Schwimmer took part in directing in-studio segments for Little Britain USA, an American spinoff of the British BBC television series Little Britain.[56] In regard to this, he commented that he had "a good time directing episodes" for the show.[57]

text: In October 2008, Schwimmer made his Off-Broadway directorial debut in Fault Lines at the Cherry Lane Theatre in New York.[58] The production won a mixed review from the Los Angeles Times, which wrote: "Based on Fault Lines ... we can't really tell whether Schwimmer has much talent as a director. We're surprised he didn't try something more challenging for his debut. If not much else, Schwimmer has encouraged his actors to intense their energy levels and comic timing at all costs".[58] The New York Post, however, noted that Schwimmer "knows a thing or two about freewheeling banter ... and for a good while the play crackles with terrific dialogue, expertly delivered".[59] In February 2009, he returned to theater in a Chicago production of Thornton Wilder's three-act play Our Town as George Gibbs at the Lookingglass Theatre.[60][61] "Schwimmer ... turns in a poignant, richly textured and demonstrably heartfelt performance as George Gibbs. I've seen a fair bit of Schwimmer's post-Friends stage work in London and New York, and I've never seen him better", commented the Chicago Tribune.[60]

text: On August 2, 2009, Schwimmer played himself in the sixth season of the HBO television series, Entourage. In the episode, Ari Gold's (Jeremy Piven) agency tries to steer his career back to television.[62] Schwimmer directed his second feature, Trust, starring Clive Owen and Catherine Keener. The film, a drama, is about a family whose teenage daughter becomes victim of an online sexual predator.[63][64] Trust premiered at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival.[65]

text: 2010–present: Return to television[edit]

text: On January 1, 2011, Schwimmer guest-starred on the British comedy series Come Fly With Me starring Matt Lucas and David Walliams, whom he directed in Little Britain USA.[66]

text: David Schwimmer appeared in the cast of The Iceman (film) in 2013 as Josh Rosenthal, a mobster who was brought up by the notorious Roy Demeo and part of the Gambino Family. The movie starred Michael Shannon as Richard Kuklinski

text: In 2014, it was announced that Schwimmer has been cast as the lead in the ABC comedy pilot Irreversible. He would play "one half of a somewhat eccentric, self-absorbed couple" in his first comedic television role since Friends finished in 2004.[67][68] In 2016, Schwimmer played Robert Kardashian in the first season of the FX anthology series American Crime Story. The series was developed by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski and was based on the novel The Run of His Life: The People v. O.J. Simpson, by Jeffrey Toobin.[69] In January 2016, it was announced that Schwimmer and Jim Sturgess would be starring in the new AMC crime drama, Feed the Beast. The series premiered on June 5, 2016, and aired ten episodes until August. The series was canceled because of poor reviews and low ratings.[70] In November 2016, it was announced that Schwimmer would star in his first audio series.[71] Gimlet Media's podcast Homecoming began airing on November 16, 2016.

text: In April 2017 Schwimmer helped adapt the films of Sigal Avin for a US audience. The six short features depict sexual harassment at work by men on women.[72][73]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In the late 1990s, Schwimmer dated Australian pop singer Natalie Imbruglia.[74] In the early 2000s, he dated Israeli actress Mili Avital,[75] and American actress Rochelle Ovitt. In 2007, Schwimmer and British artist Zoë Buckman began a relationship.[76] In March 2010, Schwimmer announced their engagement[77] and married Buckman in a small private ceremony that June.[78][79] On May 8, 2011, the couple had a daughter, Cleo Buckman Schwimmer.[80] The couple announced in April 2017 that they were "taking some time apart".[76]

text: In June 2006, Schwimmer won a US$400,000 defamation lawsuit against Aaron Tonken, a former charity fundraiser. Tonken claimed Schwimmer had demanded Rolex watches in order to appear at his own charity event, a claim that Schwimmer had denied.[81]

text: Schwimmer is an active director of the Rape Treatment Center in Santa Monica, which specializes in helping victims of date rape and child rape.[7] He has also campaigned for legislation to ban drugs such as Rohypnol and GHB.[7] In November 2011, he gave the Scottish charity Children 1st permission to screen his film Trust to commemorate World Day for Prevention of Child Abuse and Violence against Children.[82]

text: In 2012, he rebutted two longstanding rumors: one that he appeared as a soldier on a train in Biloxi Blues (1988), saying, "No. I don't know why that's on IMDb, but I never was in that", and the other that he is related to dancer Lacey Schwimmer, saying, "No, not at all. Please set the record straight. I guess it's a natural assumption because we have the same last name, but no. I've never even met her".[3]

text: Politically, Schwimmer is a Democrat.[83]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1991
Flight of the Intruder
Duty Officer
film debut

1992
Crossing the Bridge
John Anderson

1993
Twenty Bucks
Neil Campbell

The Waiter
Evil Waiter
Short Film

The Pitch
Vinnie
Short Film

1994
Wolf
Cop

1995
The Party Favor
unknown
Short Film

1996
The Pallbearer
Tom Thompson

1998
Kissing a Fool
Max Abbitt
also Executive Producer

Six Days Seven Nights
Frank Martin

Apt Pupil
Edward French

The Thin Pink Line
Kelly Goodish/J.T.

1999
All the Rage
Chris

2000
Love & Sex
Jehovah's Witness
uncredited

Picking Up the Pieces
Father Leo Jerome

2001
Hotel
Jonathan Danderfine

2005
Duane Hopwood
Duane Hopwood

Madagascar
Melman
voice role

2006
Big Nothing
Charlie

2007
Run, Fatboy, Run
Man Holding Dennis a Beer During Race
uncredited

2008
Nothing But the Truth
Ray Armstrong

2008
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
Melman
voice role

2012
John Carter
Young Thark Warrrior

Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
Melman
voice role

The Iceman
Josh Rosenthal

2013
Madly Madagascar
Melman
voice role
Short Film

2018
That's Harassment
Boss
Short Film
also Executive Producer

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1982
Police Squad!
Patient
television debut
Episode: "A Substantial Gift (The Broken Promise)"
uncredited

1989
A Deadly Silence
Rob Cuccio
Television Movie

The More You Know
Himself
episode unknown

1991-1992
The Wonder Years
Michael
recurring role; 4 episodes

1992-1993
L.A. Law
City Attorney Dana Romney
recurring role; 5 episodes

1993
NYPD Blue
Josh '4B' Goldstein
4 episodes

Blossom
Sonny Catalano
2 episodes

1994-1994
Monty
Greg Richardson
series regular; 14 episodes

1994-2004
Friends
Ross Geller
series regular; 236 episodes

1995
The Single Guy
Ross Geller
Episode: "Neighbors"
uncredited

Saturday Night LIVE!
Himself
Host
Episode: "David Schwimmer/Natalie Merchant"

1996
ER
Dr. Karubian
Episode: "Doctor Carter, I Presume"
voice/uncredited

1997
Breast Men
Dr. Kevin Saunders
Television Movie

1998
Since You've Been Gone
Robert S. Levitt
Television Movie

2001
Uprising
Yitzhak Zuckerman
Television Movie

Band of Brothers
Herbert M. Sobel
Television Miniseries
3 episodes

2003
MADtv
Himself
Episode: "9.3"

2004
Curb Your Enthusiasm
3 episodes

2007
30 Rock
Greenzo/Jared
Episode: "Greenzo"

2009
Entourage
Himself
Episode: "Running on E"

2009
Merry Madagascar
Melman
voice role
Television Short 2010 Come Fly With Me (U.K. BCC) Himself Season 1 Ep.2

2012
Web Therapy
Newell L. Miller
4 episodes

2015
Episodes
Himself
Episode: "Episode Five"

2016-2016
Feed the Beast
Tommy Moran
series regular; 10 episodes

2016
American Crime Story: The People v. O.J. Simpson
Robert Kardashian
Television Miniseries
10 episodes

text: Director/Producer[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Notes

1996
Shoot the Moon
Executive Producer

1998
Since You've Been Gone
Director; Television Movie

1999-2004
Friends
Director; 10 episodes

2003
Humanoid
Executive Producer

2004
Americana
Director; Television Movie

The Tracy Morgan Show
Director; Episode: "Miracle Street"

Nevermind Nirvana
Director/Executive Producer; Television Movie

2004-2005
Joey
Director; 2 episodes
"Joey and the Perfect Storm" (2004)
"Joey and the Taste Test" (2005)

2005
New Car Smell
Director; Television Movie

2007
Run, Fatboy, Run
Director

2008
Little Britain USA
Director; 6 episodes

Fly Like Mercury
Executive Producer

2010
Trust
Director

2014
Growing Up Fisher
Director/Executive Producer; Episode: "Pilot"

Irreversable
Director/Executive Producer; Television Movie

text: Awards and Nominations[edit]

text: Schwimmer's work in film and television has been recognized and nominated for multiple awards. His best-known role is as Ross Geller on the sitcom Friends (1994-2004), which earned him a Primetime Emmy award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 1995, and seven Screen Actors Guild award nominations for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series winning in 1996. Nearly 20-years later he earned his second Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his performance as Robert Kardashian in the miniseries American Crime Story (2016).

text:
American Comedy awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

1996
Funniest Supporting Male Performer in a Television Series
Friends
Nominated
David Hyde Pierce (Frasier)
[84]

Behind the Voice Actors awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

2013
Best Vocal Ensemble in a Feature Film
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
Nominated
Cast of (Wreck-It-Ralph)
[85]

Blockbuster Entertainment awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

1999
Favorite Supporting Actor - Comedy/Romance
Six Days Seven Nights
Nominated
Greg Kinnear (You've Got Mail)
[86]

British Independent Film awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

2007
Douglas Hickox award
Run Fatboy Run
Nominated
Anton Corbjin (Control)
[87]

Deauville Film Festival awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

2011
Grand Special Prize award
Trust
Nominated
Jeff Nichols (Take Shelter)
[88]

Gold Derby awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

2008
Best Guest Actor in a Comedy Series
30 Rock
Nominated
Will Arnett (30 Rock)
[89]

Golden Raspberry awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

1997
Worst New Star (shared with Jennifer Aniston, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc)
The Pallbearer
Nominated
Pamela Anderson (Barb Wire)
[90]

Online Film & Television Association awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

1997
Best Ensemble in a Series
Friends
Nominated
Cast of (ER)
[91]

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Won

1998
Best Ensemble in a Series
Nominated
Cast of (ER)
[92]

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Nominated
Cast of (Ally McBeal)

1999
Nominated
[93]

2000
Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Nominated
Sean Hayes (Will & Grace)
[94]

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Nominated
Cast of (Will & Grace)

2001
Nominated
[95]

2002
Best Direction in a Comedy Series
Nominated
Gilmore Girls
[96]

2016
Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture or Limited Series
American Crime Story: The People v. O.J. Simpson
Nominated
Sterling K. Brown (American Crime Story: The People v. O.J. Simpson)
[97]

Primetime Emmy awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

1995
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Friends
Nominated
David Hyde Pierce (Frasier)
[98]

2016
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie
American Crime Story: The People v. O.J. Simpson
Nominated
Sterling K. Brown (American Crime Story: The People v. O.J. Simpson)
[99]

Satellite awards

Year
Category
Tilte
Results
Lost to
Ref

2002
Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television
Band of Brothers
Won

[100]

Screen Actors Guild awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

1996
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Friends
Won

[101]

1999
Nominated
Cast of (Ally McBeal)
[102]

2000
Nominated
Cast of (Frasier)
[103]

2001
Nominated
Cast of (Will & Grace)
[104]

2002
Nominated
Cast of (Sex and the City)
[105]

2003
Nominated
Cast of (Everybody Loves Raymond)
[106]

2004
Nominated
Cast of (Sex and the City)
[107]

TV Guide awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

2000
Editor's Choice award
Friends
Won

[108]

TV Land awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

2006
Most Memorable Kiss (shared with Jennifer Aniston)
Friends
Nominated
Melissa Gilbert, Dean Butler (Little House on the Prairie)
[109]

2007
Break-Up That Was So Bad It Was Good (shared with Jennifer Aniston)
Nominated
Ted Danson, Shelley Long (Cheers)
[110]

Viewers for Quality Television awards

Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref

1995
Best Supporting Actor in a Quality Comedy Series
Friends
Nominated
David Hyde Pierce (Frasier)
[111]