document_title: Too Close to Home (TV series)

question_text: who is frankie on too close to home

question_tokens: who is frankie on too close to home

text: Too Close to Home (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series follows a young woman, Anna, from a working class life who, after having an affair with the President of the United States, becomes the center of a political scandal. When the scandal erupts, she returns to her old life.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Danielle Savre as Annie Belle "Anna" Hayes:[3] A woman who works in the White House, but after her affair with the President is revealed she resorts to a safe place, which is her hometown in Happy, Alabama
Brock O'Hurn as Brody Allen:[3] Anna's former love interest who currently has feelings for Bonnie
Kelly Sullivan as Bonnie Hayes:[3] Anna's eldest sister, who has natural love for Anna. She takes care of Anna's daughter Rebel, Shelby's son Mac, and her mother Jolene. She also helps Brody take care of his father, Dr Allen. She also works at the May Sally's Diner
Brad Benedict as J.B.:[3] Brody's estranged half-brother and Bonnie's ex-boyfriend.
Brooke Anne Smith as Michelle "Shelby" Hayes:[3] The youngest Hayes sister, who is a drug and alcohol addict, and who is the mother of Mac
Alpha Trivette as Doctor Allen:[3] Brody's father who has dementia
Trisha Rae Stahl as Jolene:[3] Anna, Bonnie and Shelby's mother who is suffering from morbid obesity and hoarding
Robert Craighead as Sheriff Mobley[3]
Annie Thrash as Rebel:[3] Anna's 15-year old daughter that she left behind to move to DC
Curran Walters as Mac:[3] Shelby's teenage son who is a similar age to Rebel
Crystle Stewart as Frankie (season 2–present): a licensed therapist and the Hayes' neighbor who knows about Regina and Elm's affair
Justin Gabriel as Rick (season 2–present; recurring, season 1): Shelby's love interest
Nick Ballard as Dax (season 2–present; recurring, season 1): Anna's friend who works with her in the White House
Charles Justo as Victor (season 2–present; recurring, season 1): Another one of Anna's friends and Dax's boyfriend

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Christian Ochoa as John (season 1)[3] a news reporter
Ashley Love-Mills as Valerie:[3] Anna's best friend who also works with her in the White House. She despite Anna after learning of her affair with the President
Jason Vendryes as Agent Larry (season 1)
Matt Battaglia as President Thomas (season 2–present; guest, season 1):[3] Anna's potential love interest
Heather Locklear as First Lady Katelynn (season 2–present; guest, season 1)[3]
Angela Rigsby as Octavia (season 2–present; guest, season 1): a next door neighbor of Bonnie who also works with her at the diner
Azur-De Johnson as Regina (season 2–present): Nelson's wife who has an affair with his best friend, Elm.
Courtney Burrell as Nelson (season 2–present): Octavia's older brother and Regina's husband who returns after serving time in the army
Nelson Estevez as Elm (season 2–present): Nelson's friend and Tina's husband
K. D. Aubert as Tina (season 2–present): Elm's wife
James Shanklin as Eli (season 2–present): Rebel and Mack's father. He has caused trouble with the Hayes sisters.

text: Production[edit]

text: It was officially ordered as a series on March 31, 2016 with an eight-episode order.[1][4][5][6] On June 21, 2016 announced that Too Close to Home is Perry's first series or film with an all-white starring cast, even though the full cast is very diverse.[7] Danielle Savre was cast as the series' lead, and Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia make guest appearances.[3][8]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
August 22, 2016 (2016-08-22)
October 10, 2016 (2016-10-10)

2
8
January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)

3
8
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Dangerously Close"
August 22, 2016 (2016-08-22)
0.77[9]

Anna, who works at the White House, has her closely guarded secret revealed.
Special guest stars: Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia.

2
2
"Alabama"
August 22, 2016 (2016-08-22)
0.77[9]

In order to protect herself, Anna searches for a safe haven after her secret gets found out and soon finds that home is the only place to go.
Special guest star: Heather Locklear.

3
3
"Highway 16"
August 29, 2016 (2016-08-29)
0.81[10]

While she's with Bonnie, Shelby unknowingly puts their lives in danger

4
4
"Have You Heard?"
September 5, 2016 (2016-09-05)
0.60[11]

Anna's recent controversy sparks questions

5
5
"A Surprise Visit"
September 12, 2016 (2016-09-12)
0.63[12]

Anna introduces her co-worker's partner Victor to Happy, Alabama

6
6
"Hard Feelings"
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
0.68[13]

Anna's arrival home comes with unhappy results.

7
7
"In My Sister's Shoes"
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)
0.66[14]

Bonnie shares a memorable moment with Anna.

8
8
"The Evil Dragon"[15]
October 10, 2016 (2016-10-10)
0.76[16]

In the season 1 finale, J.B. meets up with Shelby.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

9
1
"The Mysterious Man"
January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
1.027 [17]

The town is abuzz following a catastrophic event.
Special guest stars: Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia.

10
2
"A Family Affair"
January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
1.032 [17]

Mack reveals troubling news about Rebel.

11
3
"Blocked In"
January 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)
1.6555 [17]

Regina and Elm take precautions to keep their secret, and an unexpected guest arrives in Happy.
Special guest stars: Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia.

12
4
"A Happy Invasion"
January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)
1.177 [17]

Outsiders invade Happy, Alabama.
Special guest star: Heather Locklear

13
5
"Car Trouble"
February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
1.179 [17]

Frankie's car trouble leads to a shocking revelation for Octavia.

14
6
"A Game of Chess"
February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)
1.027 [17]

Octavia fights to keep a family secret; Bonnie tries to keep her family safe.
Special guest star: Heather Locklear

15
7
"Mercury"
February 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)
0.979 [17]

Temper flare when the community comes together to clean Jolene's trailer.
Special guest stars: Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia.

16
8
"Blurred Lines"
February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)
1.174[17]

Confrontation and chaos surround everyone amid a joyful occasion.
Special guest stars: Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

17
1
TBA
October 18, 2017
TBD

A surprise guest arrives in Happy Alabama and stuns Anna, Bonnie deals with the hardship of Eli, JB has plans for Dr. Allen


document_title: Free fall

question_text: how far does a human fall before reaching terminal velocity

root

text: Free fall

text: History[edit]

text: In the Western world prior to the 16th century, it was generally assumed that the speed of a falling body would be proportional to its weight—that is, a 10 kg object was expected to fall ten times faster than an otherwise identical 1 kg object through the same medium. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC) discussed falling objects in Physics (Book VII) which was perhaps the first book on mechanics (see Aristotelian physics).

tag: p

text: The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) subjected the Aristotelian theories to experimentation and careful observation. He then combined the results of these experiments with mathematical analysis in an unprecedented way.

text: According to a tale that may be apocryphal, in 1589–92 Galileo dropped two objects of unequal mass from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Given the speed at which such a fall would occur, it is doubtful that Galileo could have extracted much information from this experiment. Most of his observations of falling bodies were really of bodies rolling down ramps. This slowed things down enough to the point where he was able to measure the time intervals with water clocks and his own pulse (stopwatches having not yet been invented). This he repeated "a full hundred times" until he had achieved "an accuracy such that the deviation between two observations never exceeded one-tenth of a pulse beat." In 1589–92, Galileo wrote De Motu Antiquiora, an unpublished manuscript on the motion of falling bodies.

text: Examples[edit]

text: Examples of objects in free fall include:

text:
A spacecraft (in space) with propulsion off (e.g. in a continuous orbit, or on a suborbital trajectory (ballistics) going up for some minutes, and then down).
An object dropped at the top of a drop tube.
An object thrown upward or a person jumping off the ground at low speed (i.e. as long as air resistance is negligible in comparison to weight).

tag: ul

text:
Technically, an object is in free fall even when moving upwards or instantaneously at rest at the top of its motion. If gravity is the only influence acting, then the acceleration is always downward and has the same magnitude for all bodies, commonly denoted

g

{\displaystyle g}

.

text: Since all objects fall at the same rate in the absence of other forces, objects and people will experience weightlessness in these situations.

text: Examples of objects not in free fall:

text:
Flying in an aircraft: there is also an additional force of lift.
Standing on the ground: the gravitational force is counteracted by the normal force from the ground.
Descending to the Earth using a parachute, which balances the force of gravity with an aerodynamic drag force (and with some parachutes, an additional lift force).

text: The example of a falling skydiver who has not yet deployed a parachute is not considered free fall from a physics perspective, since he experiences a drag force that equals his weight once he has achieved terminal velocity (see below). However, the term "free fall skydiving" is commonly used to describe this case in everyday speech, and in the skydiving community. It is not clear, though, whether the more recent sport of wingsuit flying fits under the definition of free fall skydiving.

text: Near the surface of the Earth, an object in free fall in a vacuum will accelerate at approximately 9.8 m/s2, independent of its mass. With air resistance acting on an object that has been dropped, the object will eventually reach a terminal velocity, which is around 53 m/s (195 km/h or 122 mph[1]) for a human skydiver. The terminal velocity depends on many factors including mass, drag coefficient, and relative surface area and will only be achieved if the fall is from sufficient altitude. A typical skydiver in a spread-eagle position will reach terminal velocity after about 12 seconds, during which time he will have fallen around 450 m (1,500 ft).[1]

text: Free fall was demonstrated on the moon by astronaut David Scott on August 2, 1971. He simultaneously released a hammer and a feather from the same height above the moon's surface. The hammer and the feather both fell at the same rate and hit the ground at the same time. This demonstrated Galileo's discovery that, in the absence of air resistance, all objects experience the same acceleration due to gravity. (On the Moon, the gravitational acceleration is much less than on Earth, approximately 1.6 m/s2.)

text: Free fall in Newtonian mechanics[edit]

text: Uniform gravitational field without air resistance[edit]

text: This is the "textbook" case of the vertical motion of an object falling a small distance close to the surface of a planet. It is a good approximation in air as long as the force of gravity on the object is much greater than the force of air resistance, or equivalently the object's velocity is always much less than the terminal velocity (see below).

text: where

text: Uniform gravitational field with air resistance[edit]

text:
This case, which applies to skydivers, parachutists or any body of mass,

m

{\displaystyle m}

, and cross-sectional area,

A

{\displaystyle A}

, with Reynolds number well above the critical Reynolds number, so that the air resistance is proportional to the square of the fall velocity,

v

{\displaystyle v}

, has an equation of motion

text:
where

ρ

{\displaystyle \rho }

 is the air density and

C

D

{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {D} }}

 is the drag coefficient, assumed to be constant although in general it will depend on the Reynolds number.

text: Assuming an object falling from rest and no change in air density with altitude, the solution is:

text: where the terminal speed is given by

text: The object's speed versus time can be integrated over time to find the vertical position as a function of time:

text: Using the figure of 56 m/s for the terminal velocity of a human, one finds that after 10 seconds he will have fallen 348 metres and attained 94% of terminal velocity, and after 12 seconds he will have fallen 455 metres and will have attained 97% of terminal velocity. However, when the air density cannot be assumed to be constant, such as for objects or skydivers falling from high altitude, the equation of motion becomes much more difficult to solve analytically and a numerical simulation of the motion is usually necessary. The figure shows the forces acting on meteoroids falling through the Earth's upper atmosphere. HALO jumps, including Joe Kittinger's and Felix Baumgartner's record jumps (see below), and the planned Le Grand Saut, also belong in this category.[2]

text: Inverse-square law gravitational field[edit]

text: It can be said that two objects in space orbiting each other in the absence of other forces are in free fall around each other, e.g. that the Moon or an artificial satellite "falls around" the Earth, or a planet "falls around" the Sun. Assuming spherical objects means that the equation of motion is governed by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, with solutions to the gravitational two-body problem being elliptic orbits obeying Kepler's laws of planetary motion. This connection between falling objects close to the Earth and orbiting objects is best illustrated by the thought experiment, Newton's cannonball.

text: The motion of two objects moving radially towards each other with no angular momentum can be considered a special case of an elliptical orbit of eccentricity e = 1 (radial elliptic trajectory). This allows one to compute the free-fall time for two point objects on a radial path. The solution of this equation of motion yields time as a function of separation:

text: where

text: Substituting y = 0 we get the free-fall time.

text: The separation as a function of time is given by the inverse of the equation. The inverse is represented exactly by the analytic power series:

text: Evaluating this yields:[3][4]

text: where

text:
x
=

[

3
2

(

π
2

−
t

2
μ

y

0

3

)

]

2

/

3

{\displaystyle x=\left[{\frac {3}{2}}\left({\frac {\pi }{2}}-t{\sqrt {\frac {2\mu }{{y_{0}}^{3}}}}\right)\right]^{2/3}}

text: Free fall in general relativity[edit]

text: In general relativity, an object in free fall is subject to no force and is an inertial body moving along a geodesic. Far away from any sources of space time curvature, where spacetime is flat, the Newtonian theory of free fall agrees with general relativity but otherwise the two disagree. The experimental observation that all objects in free fall accelerate at the same rate, as noted by Galileo and then embodied in Newton's theory as the equality of gravitational and inertial masses, and later confirmed to high accuracy by modern forms of the Eötvös experiment, is the basis of the equivalence principle, from which basis Einstein's theory of general relativity initially took off.

text: Record free fall parachute jumps[edit]

text: In 1914, while doing demonstrations for the U.S. Army, a parachute pioneer named Tiny Broadwick deployed her chute manually, thus becoming the first person to jump free-fall.

text: According to the Guinness Book of Records, Eugene Andreev (USSR) holds the official FAI record for the longest free-fall parachute jump after falling for 24,500 metres (80,400 ft) from an altitude of 25,458 metres (83,524 ft) near the city of Saratov, Russia on November 1, 1962. Although later on jumpers would ascend higher altitudes, Andreev's record was set without the use of a drogue chute during the jump and therefore remains the longest genuine free fall record.[5]

text: During the late 1950s, Captain Joseph Kittinger of the United States was assigned to the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio. For Project Excelsior (meaning "ever upward", a name given to the project by Colonel John Stapp), as part of research into high altitude bailout, he made a series of three parachute jumps wearing a pressurized suit, from a helium balloon with an open gondola.

text: The first, from 76,400 feet (23,290 m) in November 1959 was a near tragedy when an equipment malfunction caused him to lose consciousness, but the automatic parachute saved him (he went into a flat spin at a rotational velocity of 120 rpm; the g-force at his extremities was calculated to be over 22 times that of gravity, setting another record). Three weeks later he jumped again from 74,700 feet (22,770 m). For that return jump Kittinger was awarded the A. Leo Stevens parachute medal.

text: On August 16, 1960 he made the final jump from the Excelsior III at 102,800 feet (31,330 m). Towing a small drogue chute for stabilization, he fell for 4 minutes and 36 seconds reaching a maximum speed of 614 mph (988 km/h)[6] before opening his parachute at 14,000 feet (4,270 m). Pressurization for his right glove malfunctioned during the ascent, and his right hand swelled to twice its normal size.[7] He set records for highest balloon ascent, highest parachute jump, longest drogue-fall (4 min), and fastest speed by a human through the atmosphere.[8]

text: The jumps were made in a "rocking-chair" position, descending on his back, rather than the usual arch familiar to skydivers, because he was wearing a 60-pound (27 kg) "kit" on his behind and his pressure suit naturally formed that shape when inflated, a shape appropriate for sitting in an airplane cockpit.

text: For the series of jumps, Kittinger was decorated with an oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Flying Cross and awarded the Harmon Trophy by President Dwight Eisenhower.

text: In 2012, the Red Bull Stratos mission took place. On October 14, 2012, Felix Baumgartner broke the records previously set by Kittinger for the highest free fall, the highest manned helium balloon flight, and the fastest free fall; he jumped from 128,100 feet (39,045 m), reaching 833.9 mph (1342 km/h) - Mach 1.24. Kittinger was a member of the mission control and helped design the capsule and suit that Baumgartner ascended and jumped in.

text: On October 24, 2014, Alan Eustace broke the record previously set by Baumgartner for the highest free fall. He jumped from a height of 135,908 feet (41,425 m).[9]

text: Surviving falls[edit]

text: A falling person at low altitude will reach terminal velocity after about 12 seconds, falling some 450 m (1,500 ft) in that time. The person will then maintain this speed without falling any faster.[10] Terminal velocity at higher altitudes is greater due to the thinner atmosphere and consequent lower air resistance; free-fallers from high altitudes, including Kittinger, Baumgartner and Eustace discussed in this article, fell faster at higher altitudes.

text: The severity of injury increases with the height of a free fall, but also depends on body and surface features and the manner that the body impacts on to the surface.[11] The chance of surviving increases if landing on a soft surface, such as snow.[11]

text: Overall, the height at which 50% of children die from a fall is between four and five storey heights above the ground.[12]

text: JAT stewardess Vesna Vulović survived a fall of 10,000 metres (33,000 ft)[13] on January 26, 1972 when she was aboard JAT Flight 367. The plane was brought down by explosives over Srbská Kamenice in the former Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic). The Serbian stewardess suffered a broken skull, three broken vertebrae (one crushed completely), and was in a coma for 27 days. In an interview, she commented that, according to the man who found her, "…I was in the middle part of the plane. I was found with my head down and my colleague on top of me. One part of my body with my leg was in the plane and my head was out of the plane. A catering trolley was pinned against my spine and kept me in the plane. The man who found me, says I was very lucky. He was in the German Army as a medic during World War Two. He knew how to treat me at the site of the accident."[14]

text: In World War II there were several reports of military aircrew surviving long falls from severely damaged aircraft: Flight Sergeant Nicholas Alkemade jumped at 18,000 feet (5,500 m) without a parachute and survived as he hit pine trees and soft snow. He suffered a sprained leg. Staff Sergeant Alan Magee exited his aircraft at 22,000 feet (6,700 m) without a parachute and survived as he landed on the glass roof of a train station. Lieutenant Ivan Chisov bailed out at 23,000 feet (7,000 m). While he had a parachute his plan was to delay opening it as he had been in the midst of an air-battle and was concerned about getting shot while hanging below the parachute. He lost consciousness due to lack of oxygen and hit a snow-covered slope while still unconscious. While he suffered severe injuries he was able to fly again in three months.

text: It was reported that two of the victims of the Lockerbie bombing survived for a brief period after hitting the ground (with the forward nose section fuselage in freefall mode), but died from their injuries before help arrived.[15]

text: Juliane Koepcke survived a long free fall resulting from the December 24, 1971, crash of LANSA Flight 508 (a LANSA Lockheed Electra OB-R-941 commercial airliner) in the Peruvian rainforest. The airplane was struck by lightning during a severe thunderstorm and exploded in mid air, disintegrating two miles (3.2 km) up. Köpcke, who was 17 years old at the time, fell to earth still strapped into her seat. The German Peruvian teenager survived the fall with only a broken collarbone, a gash to her right arm, and her right eye swollen shut.[16]

text: As an example of "freefall survival" that was not as extreme as sometimes reported in the press, a skydiver from Staffordshire was said to have plunged 6,000 metres without a parachute in Russia and survived. James Boole said that he was supposed to have been given a signal by another skydiver to open his parachute, but it came two seconds too late. Boole, who was filming the other skydiver for a television documentary, landed on snow-covered rocks and suffered a broken back and rib.[17] While he was lucky to survive, this was not a case of true freefall survival, because he was flying a wingsuit, greatly decreasing his vertical speed. This was over descending terrain with deep snow cover, and he impacted while his parachute was beginning to deploy. Over the years, other skydivers have survived accidents where the press has reported that no parachute was open, yet they were actually being slowed by a small area of tangled parachute. They might still be very lucky to survive, but an impact at 80 mph (129 km/h) is much less severe than the 120 mph (193 km/h) that might occur in normal freefall.[original research?]

text: Parachute jumper and stuntman Luke Aikins successfully jumped without a parachute from about 25,000 feet (7,600 m) into a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) net in California, US, on 30 July 2016.[18]


document_title: The Polar Express (film)

question_text: who voiced the boy in the polar express

question_tokens: who voiced the boy in the polar express

text: The Polar Express (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the night of Christmas Eve, a Grand Rapids, Michigan boy is growing bitterly skeptical of the existence of Santa Claus. As he struggles to sleep, he is roused by the arrival of a steam locomotive on the street outside his home, and dons his robe to investigate, tearing the robe's pocket as he retrieves it. Outside, the train's conductor (Tom Hanks) introduces the train as the Polar Express, bound for the North Pole. The boy initially declines to board, but jumps aboard the train as it pulls away.

text: In a passenger car, he befriends a spirited and amicable girl, and a condescending know-it-all. The train stops to pick up an impoverished child, Billy, who also declines to board; Billy changes his mind, and the boy applies the emergency brake to allow him to catch up to the train, much to the conductor's chagrin. As Billy sits alone in the train's rear dining car, hot chocolate is served in the passenger car, and the girl saves her hot chocolate for Billy. As she and the conductor cross to the dining car, the boy notices she left her ticket behind unpunched, but loses hold of the ticket between the cars when he attempts to return it. The ticket reenters the passenger car, but not before the conductor notices its absence and escorts the girl back to the rear car.

text: The know-it-all claims that the conductor will jettison the girl from the back of the train; the boy recovers the ticket and dashes to the dining car in search of the conductor, climbing onto the roof from the rear platform. He meets a hobo camping on the roof, who offers him coffee and discusses the existence of Santa Claus and belief in ghosts. The hobo skis with the boy along the tops of the cars towards the train's coal tender, where the hobo disappears. Here, the boy discovers that the girl has been made to supervise the locomotive while engineers Steamer and Smokey replace the train's headlight. The train is forced to stop while the conductor disperses a herd of caribou, whereupon the engineers return to the cabin and the boy, girl and conductor remain on the catwalk on the front of the locomotive. The throttle's split pin sheers off, causing the train to accelerate uncontrollably down a 179-degree grade and onto a frozen lake, where the engineers repair the throttle with a hairpin and drift the train to realign it with the tracks. The boy returns the girl's ticket, and as the three return to the passenger car, the boy is accosted by an Ebenezer Scrooge marionette (controlled by the hobo), taunting him and calling him a doubter.

text: The train finally arrives at the North Pole, where the conductor announces that one of the passengers will be chosen to receive the first gift of Christmas, from Santa himself. The girl discovers Billy still alone in the rear car, and she and the boy persuade him to come along; however, the boy accidentally unhitches the car, sending it back along the line to a railway turntable in Santa's workshop. The children sneak through an elf command center and a gift sorting office before accidentally being dumped into Santa's sack, where they discover that the know-it-all stowed away along with them, hoping to open his Christmas presents early. The elves rescue them as Santa arrives, and the boy grows frustrated, unable to see Santa through the crowd. A jingle bell flies loose from the galloping reindeers' reins; the boy initially cannot hear it ring, until he finds it within himself to believe. He returns the bell to Santa as he passes, and Santa selects the boy to receive the first gift of Christmas. The boy asks to keep the jingle bell, and places it in his robe pocket.

text: Four of the elves use a handcar to trundle the wayward passenger car back to the train as the children all board the Polar Express to return home, but the then boy discovers that the pocket was torn and that the bell had fallen out. He returns home and awakens Christmas morning to find a present containing the bell. He holds it to his ear and shakes it; his parents, not believing in Santa, lament how the bell is "broken".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as the Hero Boy (motion-capture only), the Hero Boy's father, the Conductor, the Hobo, Santa Claus, and the Narrator

Daryl Sabara as the Hero Boy (voice)
Josh Hutcherson as the Hero Boy (additional motion-capture)

Leslie Zemeckis as Sister Sarah (motion-capture only) and the Hero Boy's mother

Isabella Peregrina as Sister Sarah (voice)
Ashly Holloway as Sister Sarah (additional motion-capture)

Eddie Deezen as Know-It-All

Jimmy 'Jax' Pinchak as Know-It-All (additional motion-capture)

Nona Gaye as the Hero Girl

Chantel Valdivieso as the Hero Girl (additional motion-capture)
Meagan Moore as the Hero Girl (singing voice)
Tinashe as the Hero Girl (motion-capture modeling)

Peter Scolari as Billy the Lonely Boy (motion-capture only)

Hayden McFarland as Billy the Lonely Boy (additional motion-capture)
Jimmy Bennett as Billy the Lonely Boy (voice)
Matthew Hall as Billy the Lonely Boy (singing voice)

Dylan Cash as Boy on Train (voice)
Brendan King and Andy Pellick as the Pastry Chefs
Josh Eli, Rolandas Hendricks, Jon Scott, Sean Scott, Mark Mendonca, Mark Goodman, Gregory Gast, and Gordon Hart as the Waiters
Andre Sogliuzzo as Smokey and Steamer (voice)

Michael Jeter as Smokey and Steamer (motion-capture only)

Chris Coppola as Gus the Toothless Boy and an Elf

Connor Matheus as the Toothless Boy (additional motion-capture)

Julene Renee as the Red Head Girl and an Elf
Phil Fondacaro, Debbie Lee Carrington, Mark Povinelli, and Ed Gale as Elves
Charles Fleischer as the Elf General
Steven Tyler as the Elf Lieutenant and the Elf Singer
Dante Pastula as the Little Boy
Eric Newton, Aidan O'Shea, Aaron Hendry, Kevin C. Carr, Bee Jay Joyer, Jena Carpenter, Karine Mauffrey, Beth Carpenter, Bill Forchion, Devin Henderson, and Sagiv Ben-Binyamin as Acrobatic Elves
Evan Sabara as a Young Boy (additional motion-capture)

text: Production[edit]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The buildings at the North Pole refer to a number of buildings related to American railroading history. The buildings in the square at the city's center are loosely based on the Pullman Factory in Chicago's Pullman neighborhood.[5]

text: Polar Express Locomotive[edit]

text: The locomotive featured in the film is an American 2-8-4 Berkshire type steam locomotive, with a cowcatcher, modeled after the Pere Marquette 1225, which had spent many years on static display near Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan on the campus of Michigan State University, where Chris Van Allsburg recalled playing on the engine when attending football games as a child.[6]

text: In July 2002, Warner Bros. approached the engine's owner, the Steam Railroading Institute, to study the engine.[7] The engine in the film is modeled from the PM #1225's drawings and the sounds from recordings made of the 1225 operating under steam.[8] The whistle, however, was taken from Sierra Railway #3.

text: IMAX 3D version[edit]

text: In addition to standard theatrical 35mm format, a 3-D version for IMAX was also released, generated from the same 3-D digital models used for the standard version.[9]

text: Home media release[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD as separated widescreen and full-screen versions in single and two-disc special editions (with bonus features) and on VHS on November 22, 2005, one year after the film came out.[10] It was released on Blu-ray with bonus features and presented in the original widescreen aspect ratio on October 30, 2007.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Performer(s)
Title
Length

Tom Hanks
"The Polar Express"
3:25

Matthew Hall & Meagan Moore
"When Christmas Comes to Town"
4:07

Steven Tyler
"Rockin' on the Top of the World"
2:35

Josh Groban
"Believe"
4:18

Tom Hanks
"Hot Chocolate"
2:33

Alan Silvestri
"Spirit of the Season"
2:34

Frank Sinatra
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
2:35

Alan Silvestri
"Seeing Is Believing"
3:47

Bing Crosby
"White Christmas"
3:05

The Andrews Sisters
"Winter Wonderland"
2:43

Perry Como &The Fontane Sisters
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas"
2:40

Kate Smith
"Silver Bells"
2:39

Bing Crosby & The Andrews Sisters
"Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane)"
3:04

Alan Silvestri
"Suite from the Polar Express"
6:02

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[11] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 202 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though the movie is visually stunning overall, the animation for the human characters isn't lifelike enough, and the story is padded."[12] Despite the polarized reception from critics, The Polar Express has been popular among audiences. The Independent reported in 2011 that the film "is now seen by many as a classic".[13] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[14]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film his highest rating of four stars, saying, "There's a deeper, shivery tone, instead of the mindless jolliness of the usual Christmas movie." And "It has a haunting, magical quality ..." Acknowledging comments by other reviewers, Ebert said, "It's a little creepy. Not creepy in an unpleasant way, but in that sneaky, teasing way that lets you know eerie things could happen."[15] Richard Roeper gave a glowing review to the film as well, saying that it "remains true to the book, right down to the bittersweet final image."[quote without source] James Berardinelli gave it a 3.5/4, stating that it is "a delightful tale guaranteed to enthrall viewers of all ages", and ranked it as the 10th best film of 2004.[16]

text: The character design and animation were criticized for dipping into the uncanny valley.[17] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a 1 out of 4 stars, and called it "a failed and lifeless experiment in which everything goes wrong".[18] Stephanie Zacharek of Salon gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and said, "I could probably have tolerated the incessant jitteriness of The Polar Express if the look of it didn't give me the creeps."[19] Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star stated, "If I were a child, I'd have nightmares. Come to think of it, I did anyway."[20] Paul Clinton from CNN called it "at best disconcerting, and at worst, a wee bit horrifying".[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened at #2 and earned $23,323,463 from approximately 7,000 screens at 3,650 theaters, for a per-theater average of $6,390 and a per-screen average of $3,332 in its opening weekend. It also brought in a total of $30,629,146 since its Wednesday launch. The weekend total also included $2,100,000 from 59 IMAX theaters, for an IMAX theater average of $35,593, and had a $3,000,000 take since Wednesday. In its second weekend, it grossed another $15,668,101, averaging $4,293 from 3,650 venues and boosting the 12-day cumulative to $51,463,282 and over Thanksgiving weekend made another $19,389,927, averaging $5,312 from 3,650 venues and raising the 19-day cumulative to $81,479,861.[citation needed] The film has made $185,618,322 domestically (including IMAX re-releases), and $124,140,582 overseas for a total worldwide gross of $309,758,904.[2]

text: The film had its network TV premiere on ABC, December 1, 2006. The airing brought in 13.2 million viewers, winning its timeslot and ranking 20th in the Nielsen ratings that week, according to TVTango.com.

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film was nominated for three Academy Awards:

text:
Best Sound Editing (Randy Thom and Dennis Leonard)
Best Sound Mixing (Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan)
Best Original Song for "Believe."[22]

text: The film was nominated at the 3rd Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of "Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture."[23]

text: In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated The Polar Express for its Top 10 Animated Films list.[24]

text: The "Polar Express Experience"[edit]

text: In November 2007, SeaWorld Orlando debuted the Polar Express Experience, a Motion Simulator ride based on the film. The attraction is a temporary replacement for the Wild Arctic attraction. The building housing the attraction was also temporarily re-themed to a railroad station and ride vehicles painted to resemble Polar Express passenger cars. The plot for the ride revolves around a trip to the North Pole on Christmas Eve. Guests feel the motion of the locomotive as well as the swinging of the train on ice and feeling of ice crumbling beneath them. The attraction was available until January 1, 2008,[25] and is now open annually during the Christmas season.

text: The 4D film, distributed by SimEx-Iwerks, has been shown at other amusement parks around the world including Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Dollywood (during the annual Smoky Mountain Christmas event), Vancouver Aquarium (2009 — 2010),[26] and Warner Bros. Movie World (during the White Christmas events in 2010 and 2011).

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released on November 26, 2004 for GameCube, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2 and Windows, developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by THQ.[27][28] The plot of the game is more different than the film version. Within this time, the Ebenezer Scrooge puppet who is set as the main antagonist of the game, attempts to prevent the children from believing in Santa Claus by stealing their tickets and trying to stop the children for reaching the North Pole.[29][30]


document_title: Eukaryotic ribosome (80S)

question_text: which of the following rrna types do you need to make up a eukaryotic ribosome

text: Eukaryotic ribosome (80S)

text: Composition[edit]

text: Compared to their prokaryotic homologs, many of the eukaryotic ribosomal proteins are enlarged by insertions or extensions to the conserved core. Furthermore, several additional proteins are found in the small and large subunits of eukaryotic ribosomes, which do not have prokaryotic homologs. The 40S subunit contains a 18S ribosomal RNA (abbreviated 18S rRNA), which is homologous to the prokaryotic 16S rRNA. The 60S subunit contains a 28S rRNA that is homologous to the prokaryotic 23S ribosomal RNA. In addition, it contains a 5.8S rRNA that corresponds to the 5' end of the 23S rRNA, and a short 5S rRNA. Both 18S and 28S have multiple insertions to the core rRNA fold of their prokaryotic counterparts, which are called expansion segments. For a detailed list of proteins, including archaeal and bacterial homologs please refer to the separate articles on the 40S and 60S subunits. Recent research suggests heterogeneity in the ribosomal composition, i.e., that the stoichiometry among core ribosomal proteins in wild-type yeast cells and embryonic stem cells depends both on the growth conditions and on the number of ribosomes bound per mRNA.[3]

text:
Eukaryotic[4]
Bacterial[4]

Ribosome
Sedimentation coefficient
80 S
70 S

Molecular mass
~3.2×106 Da
~2.0×106 Da

Diameter
~250-300 Å
~200 Å

Large subunit
Sedimentation coefficient
60 S
50 S

Molecular mass
~2.0×106 Da
~1.3×106 Da

Proteins
47
33

rRNAs

28 S rRNA (3354 nucleotides)
5 S rRNA (120 nucleotides)
5.8 S rRNA (154 nucleotides)

23S rRNA (2839 nucleotides)
5S rRNA (122 nucleotides)

Small subunit
Sedimentation coefficient
40 S
30 S

Molecular mass
~1.2×106 Da
~0.7×106 Da

Proteins
32
20

rRNAs

18S rRNA (1753 nucleotides)

16S rRNA (1504 nucleotides)

text: Structure determination[edit]

text: Initial structures of eukaryotic ribosomes were determined by electron microscopy. First 3D structures were obtained at 30-40 Å resolution for yeast[5] and mammalian ribosomes.[6][7] Higher resolution structures of the yeast ribosome by cryo-electron microscopy allowed the identification of protein and RNA structural elements.[8] More recently structures at sub-nanometer resolution were obtained for complexes of ribosomes and factors involved in translation.[9][10][11] After the determination of the first bacterial[12][13][14] and archaeal[15] ribosome structures at atomic resolution in the 1990s, it took another decade until in 2011, high resolution structures of eukaryotic ribosome were obtained by X-ray crystallography, mainly because of the difficulties in obtaining crystals of sufficient quality.[16][17][18] The complete structure of a eukaryotic 40S ribosomal structure in Tetrahymena thermophila was published and described, as well as much about the 40S subunit's interaction with eIF1 during translation initiation.[16] The eukaryotic 60S subunit structure was also determined from T. thermophila in complex with eIF6.[17] The complete structure of the eukaryotic 80S ribosome from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained by crystallography at 3.0 A resolution.[18] These structures reveal the precise architecture of eukaryote-specific elements, their interaction with the universally conserved core, and all eukaryote-specific bridges between the two ribosomal subunits.

text: Atomic coordinates (PDB files) and structure factors of the eukaryotic ribosome have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) under the following accession codes:

text:
Complex
Source Organism
Resolution
PDB Identifier[19]

80S:Stm1
S. cerevisiae
3.0 Å

3U5B on www.PDB.org
3U5C on www.PDB.org
3U5D on www.PDB.org
3U5E on www.PDB.org

40S:eIF1
T. thermophila
3.9 Å

2XZM on www.PDB.org

60S:eIF6
T. thermophila
3.5 Å

4A17 on www.PDB.org
4A19 on www.PDB.org

text: Architecture[edit]

text: General features[edit]

text: Some general architectural features of the ribosome are conserved across kingdoms:[20] The shape of the small subunit can be subdivided into two large segments, the head and the body. Characteristic features of the body include the left and right feet, the shoulder and the platform. The head features a pointed protrusion reminiscent of a bird's beak. In the characteristic "crown view" of the large subunit, structural landmarks include the central protuberance, the L1-stalk and the P-stalk.[21][22] The majority of the eukaryote-specific RNA and protein elements are found on the solvent-exposed sides of the 40S [16] and 60S[17] subunits. The subunit interface, as well as important functional regions such as the peptidyl transferase center and the decoding site are mostly conserved, with some differences observed in the surrounding regions. In stark contrast to prokaryotic ribosomal proteins, which interact primarily with RNA, the eukaryote-specific protein segments engage in a multitude of protein-protein interactions. Long distance interactions are mediated by eukaryote-specific helical extensions of ribosomal proteins, and several eukaryotic ribosomal proteins jointly to form inter-protein beta-sheets.

text:
Crystal structures of the eukaryotic ribosomal subunits from T. thermophila

40S subunit viewed from the subunit interface side, PDB identifier 2XZM

40S subunit viewed from the solvent-exposed side, PDB identifier 2XZM

60S subunit viewed from the subunit interface side, PDB identifiers 4A17, 4A19

60S subunit viewed from the solvent-exposed side, PDB identifiers 4A17, 4A19

text: The ribosomal RNA core is represented as a grey tube, expansion segments are shown in red. Universally conserved proteins are shown in blue. These proteins have homologs in eukaryotes, archaea and bacteria. Proteins Shared only between eukaryotes and archaea are shown in orange, and proteins specific to eukaryotes are shown in red.

text: Co-evolution of rRNA and proteins[edit]

text: The structure of the 40S subunit revealed that the eukaryote-specific proteins (rpS7, rpS10, rpS12 and RACK1), as well as numerous eukaryote-specific extensions of proteins, are located on the solvent-exposed side of the small subunit.[16] Here, they participate in the stabilization of rRNA expansion segments. Moreover, the beak of the 40S subunit is remodeled, as rRNA has been replaced by proteins rpS10 and rpS12.[16] As observed for the 40S subunit, all eukaryote-specific proteins of the 60S subunit (RPL6, RPL22, RPL27, RPL28, RPL29 and RPL36) and many extensions are located at the solvent-exposed side, forming an intricate network of interactions with eukaryotic-specific RNA expansion segments. RPL6, RPL27 and RPL29 mediate contacts between the ES sets ES7–ES39, ES31–ES20–ES26 and ES9–ES12, respectively and RPL28 stabilized expansion segment ES7A.[17]

text: Ubiquitin fusion proteins[edit]

text: In eukaryotes, the small subunit protein rpS27A(S31) and the large subunit protein RPL40 are processed polypeptides, which are translated as fusion proteins carrying N-terminal ubiquitin domains. Both proteins are located next to important functional centers of the ribosome: The uncleaved ubiquitin domains of rpS27A(S31) and RPL40 would be positioned in the decoding site and near the translation factor binding site, respectively. These positions suggest that proteolytic cleavage is an essential step in the production of functional ribosomes.[16][17] Indeed, mutations of the linker between the core of rpS27A(S31) and the ubiquitin domain are lethal in yeast.[23]

text: Active site[edit]

text: Comparisons between bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic ribosome structures reveal a very high degree of conservation in the active site—aka the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) -- region. None of the eukaryote-specific protein elements is close enough to directly participate in catalysis.[17] However, RPL29 projects to within 18Å of the active site in T. thermophila, and eukaryote-specific extensions interlink several proteins in the vicinity of the PTC of the 60S subunit,[17][21] while the corresponding 50S proteins are singular entities.[15]

text: Intersubunit bridges[edit]

text: Contacts across the two ribosomal subunits are known as intersubunit bridges. In the eukaryotic ribosome, additional contacts are made by 60S expansion segments and proteins.[24] Specifically, the C-terminal extension of the 60S protein RPL19 interacts with ES6E of the 40S rRNA, and the C-terminal extension of the 60S protein RPL24 interacts with 40S rpS6 and rRNA helix h10. Moreover, the 60S expansion segments ES31 and ES41 interact with rpS3A(S1) and rpS8 of the 40S subunit, respectively, and the basic 25-amino-acid peptide RPL41 is positioned at the subunit interface in the 80S ribosome, interacting with rRNA elements of both subunits.[21][24]

text: Ribosomal proteins with roles in signaling[edit]

text: Two 40S ribosomal proteins (RACK1 and rpS6) have been implicated in signaling: RACK1, the receptor of activated protein kinase C (PKC), is an integral component of the eukaryotic ribosome and is located at the back of the head, in proximity of rpS17.[16] It links signal-transduction pathways directly to the ribosome (reviewed in [25]). Ribosomal protein rpS6 is located at the right foot of the 40S subunit [16] and is phosphorylated in response to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling.[26]

text: Functional aspects[edit]

text: Translation initiation[edit]

text: Protein synthesis is primarily regulated at the stage of translation initiation. In eukaryotes, the canonical initiation pathway requires at least 12 protein initiation factors, some of which are themselves large complexes.[27] The structures of the 40S:eIF1 [16] and 60S:eIF6 [17] complexes provide first detailed insights into the atomic interactions between the eukaryotic ribosome and regulatory factors. eIF1 is involved in start codon selection, and eIF6 sterically precludes the joining of subunits. However, structural information on the eukaryotic initiation factors and their interactions with the ribosome is limited and largely derived from homology models or low-resolution analyses.[28] Elucidation of the interactions between the eukaryotic ribosome and initiation factors at an atomic level is essential for a mechanistic understanding of the regulatory processes, but represents a significant technical challenge, because of the inherent dynamics and flexibility of the initiation complexes. The first structure of the mammalian pre initiation complex was done by cryo-electron microscopy.[29] Other structures of initiation complexes followed soon, driven by cryo-EM technical improvements.[30][31] Those structures will help better understand the process of translation initiation in eukaryotes.

text: Regulatory roles of ribosomal proteins[edit]

text: Recent evidence suggests that individual proteins of the eukaryotic ribosome may directly contribute to the regulation of translation.[32][33][34] Specifically, mutations in RPL38 lead to developmental abnormalities, but not to global translational alterations.[35] Moreover, the specific defects [36] and the increased cancer susceptibility [37] that result from mutations in ribosomal proteins may support such a regulatory role.

text: Protein translocation and targeting[edit]

text: To exert their functions in the cell newly synthesized proteins must be targeted to the appropriate location in the cell, which is achieved by protein targeting and translocation systems.[38] The growing polypeptide leaves the ribosome through a narrow tunnel in the large subunit. The region around the exit tunnel of the 60S subunit is very similar to the bacterial and archaeal 50S subunits. Additional elements are restricted to the second tier of proteins around the tunnel exit, possibly by conserved interactions with components of the translocation machinery.[17] The targeting and translocation machinery is much more complex in eukaryotes.[39]

text: Ribosomal diseases and cancer[edit]

text: Ribosomopathies are congenital human disorders resulting from defects in ribosomal protein or rRNA genes, or other genes whose products are implicated in ribosome biogenesis.[40] Examples include X-linked Dyskeratosis congenita (X-DC),[37] Diamond–Blackfan anemia,[36] Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) [36][41] and Shwachman–Bodian–Diamond syndrome (SBDS).[40] SBDS is caused by mutations in the SBDS protein that affects its ability to couple GTP hydrolysis by the GTPase EFL1 to the release of eIF6 from the 60S subunit.[42]

text: Therapeutic opportunities[edit]

text: The ribosome is a prominent drug target and many antibacterials interfere with translation at different stages of the elongation cycle [43] Most clinically relevant translation compounds are inhibitors of bacterial translation, but inhibitors of eukaryotic translation may also hold therapeutic potential for application in cancer or antifungal chemotherapy.[44] Elongation inhibitors show antitumor activity 'in vivo' and 'in vitro'.[45][46][47] One inhibitor of eukaryotic translation elongation is the glutarimide antibiotic cycloheximide (CHX), which was co-crystallized with the eukaryotic 60S subunit [17] and binds in the ribosomal E-site. The structural characterization of the eukaryotic ribosome [16][17][24] enables the use of structure-based methods for the design of novel therapeutics, and allows the structural differences to the bacterial ribosome to be exploited, improving the selectivity and drug and therefore reducing adverse effects.


document_title: Scoliodon

question_text: what type of scale is found in scoliodon

text: Scoliodon

text: Habitat and distribution[edit]

text: Like most sharks, Scoliodon is marine, and is found in all open seas.

text: Body[edit]

text: Scoliodon has an elongated, spindle-shaped, body tapered at the ends, making it a very fast swimmer. The trunk and tail are laterally compressed, while the head region is dorsoventrally compressed. The entire body is covered by an exoskeleton of placoid scales. The mouth is located on the ventral side and is bound on both sides by jaws. It has two rows of homodont or polyphyodont teeth, which are homologous to the placoid scales covering the body.It is a marine fish.

text: Species[edit]

text:
Scoliodon laticaudus J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838 (Spadenose shark)
Scoliodon macrorhynchos Bleeker, 1852 (Pacific spadenose shark)

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Extant requiem shark species

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Subdivision Selachii
Order Carcharhiniformes

Carcharhinus

Blacknose shark (C. acronotus)
Silvertip shark (C. albimarginatus)
Bignose shark (C. altimus)
Graceful shark (C. amblyrhynchoides)
Grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos)
Pigeye shark (C. amboinensis)
Borneo shark (C. borneensis)
Copper shark (C. brachyurus)
Spinner shark (C. brevipinna)
Nervous shark (C. cautus)
Pacific smalltail shark (C. cerdale)
C. coatesi
Whitecheek shark (C. dussumieri)
Silky shark (C. falciformis)
Creek whaler (C. fitzroyensis)
Galapagos shark (C. galapagenisis)
Pondicherry shark (C. hemiodon)
Finetooth shark (C. isodon)
Smoothtooth blacktip shark (C. leiodon)
Bull shark (C. leucas)
Blacktip shark (C. limbatus)
Oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus)
Hardnose shark (C. macloti)
Blacktip reef shark (C. melanopterus)
Dusky shark (C. obscurus)
Caribbean reef shark (C. perezi)
Sandbar shark (C. plumbeus)
Smalltail shark (C. porosus)
Blackspot shark (C. sealei)
Night shark (C. signatus)
Spot-tail shark (C. sorrah)
Australian blacktip shark (C. tilstoni)
C. tjutjot

Galeocerdo

Tiger shark (G. cuvier)

Glyphis

Borneo river shark (G. fowlerae)
Ganges shark (G. gangeticus)
Northern river shark (G. garricki)
Speartooth shark (G. glyphis)
Irrawaddy river shark (G. siamensis)

Isogomphodon

Daggernose shark (I. oxyrhynchus)

Lamiopsis

Broadfin shark (L. temminckii)
Borneo broadfin shark (L. tephrodes)

Loxodon

Sliteye shark (L. macrorhinus)

Nasolamia

Whitenose shark (N. velox)

Negaprion

Sicklefin lemon shark (N. acutidens)
Lemon shark (N. brevirostris)

Prionace

Blue shark (P. glauca)

Rhizoprionodon

Milk shark (R. acutus)
Brazilian sharpnose shark (R. lalandii)
Pacific sharpnose shark (R. longurio)
Grey sharpnose shark (R. oligolinx)
Caribbean sharpnose shark (R. porosus)
Australian sharpnose shark (R. taylori)
Atlantic sharpnose shark (R. terraenovae)

Scoliodon

Spadenose shark (S. laticaudus)
Pacific spadenose shark (S. macrorhynchos)

Triaenodon

Whitetip reef shark (T. obesus)


document_title: NFL win–loss records

question_text: who has the best winning percentage in nfl history

text: NFL win–loss records

text: Regular season[edit]

text: The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League (NFL) teams ranked by their regular season win–loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of the 2016 NFL regular season.[1] For teams that previously played in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), their AAFC win-loss records are not included as the NFL does not officially count AAFC statistics despite the 1950 NFL–AAFC merger.[2][a] However, for teams that played in the American Football League (AFL), their AFL win-loss records are included and officially counted by the NFL. Ties are registered as a half win and a half loss when calculating the win-loss record.

text: Best win–loss record in division

text:
Rank
Team
Won
Lost
Tied
Pct.
First NFL Season
Total Games
Division

1
Dallas Cowboys
493
367
6
.573
1960
866
NFC East

2
Green Bay Packers
730
553
37
.567
1921
1,320
NFC North

3
Chicago Bears
744
568
42
.565
1920
1,354
NFC North

4
Miami Dolphins
439
341
4
.563
1966
784
AFC East

5
New England Patriots
476
383
9
.554
1960
868
AFC East

6
New York Giants
684
572
33
.543
1925
1,289
NFC East

7
Denver Broncos
465
393
10
.541
1960
868
AFC West

8
Minnesota Vikings
457
387
10
.541
1961
854
NFC North

9
Baltimore Ravens
181
154
1
.540
1996
336
AFC North

10
San Francisco 49ers
522
450
14
.537
1950
986
NFC West

11
Indianapolis Colts
502
441
7
.532
1953
950
AFC South

12
Oakland Raiders
456
401
11
.532
1960
868
AFC West

13
Pittsburgh Steelers
601
535
20
.529
1933
1,156
AFC North

14
Kansas City Chiefs
447
409
12
.522
1960
868
AFC West

15
Washington Redskins
586
572
28
.506
1932
1,186
NFC East

16
Seattle Seahawks
325
318
1
.505
1976
644
NFC West

17
Cleveland Browns
462
466
10
.498
1950
938
AFC North

18
Los Angeles Chargers
426
431
11
.497
1960
868
AFC West

19
Los Angeles Rams
544
554
21
.496
1937
1,119
NFC West

20
Carolina Panthers
172
179
1
.490
1995
352
NFC South

21
Philadelphia Eagles
555
591
26
.485
1933
1,172
NFC East

22
Tennessee Titans
413
449
6
.479
1960
868
AFC South

23
Buffalo Bills
400
460
8
.465
1960
868
AFC East

24
Detroit Lions
544
641
32
.460
1930
1,217
NFC North

25
Cincinnati Bengals
344
408
4
.458
1968
756
AFC North

26
New York Jets
392
468
8
.456
1960
868
AFC East

27
New Orleans Saints
338
427
5
.442
1967
770
NFC South

28
Houston Texans
106
134
0
.442
2002
240
AFC South

29
Jacksonville Jaguars
155
197
0
.440
1995
352
AFC South

30
Atlanta Falcons
341
437
6
.439
1966
784
NFC South

31
Arizona Cardinals
542
732
40
.428
1920
1,314
NFC West

32
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
250
393
1
.389
1976
644
NFC South

text: Playoffs[edit]

text: The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League (NFL) teams ranked by their playoff win-loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of Super Bowl LI.

text:
Best win–loss record in division

Team active in playoffs

text:
Rank
Team
Games
Won
Lost
Pct.
Last playoff
appearance
Division

1
Baltimore Ravens
23
15
8
.652
2014
AFC North

2
New England Patriots
51
32
19
.627
2016
AFC East

3
Green Bay Packers
56
34
22
.607
2016
NFC North

4 (tie)
Pittsburgh Steelers
60
36
24
.600
2016
AFC North

4 (tie)
San Francisco 49ers
50
30
20
.600
2013
NFC West

6
Oakland Raiders
44
25
19
.568
2016
AFC West

7
Carolina Panthers
16
9
7
.563
2015
NFC South

8
Dallas Cowboys
61
34
27
.557
2016
NFC East

9 (tie)
Washington Redskins
42
23
19
.548
2015
NFC East

9 (tie)
Denver Broncos
42
23
19
.548
2015
AFC West

11
Seattle Seahawks
31
16
15
.516
2016
NFC West

12
New York Giants
49
24
25
.490
2016
NFC East

13
Indianapolis Colts
45
22
23
.489
2014
AFC South

14
Miami Dolphins
41
20
21
.488
2016
AFC East

15
Chicago Bears
35
17
18
.486
2010
NFC North

16
Buffalo Bills
29
14
15
.483
1999
AFC East

17
New York Jets
25
12
13
.480
2010
AFC East

18
Philadelphia Eagles
40
19
21
.475
2013
NFC East

19
Jacksonville Jaguars
11
5
6
.455
2007
AFC South

20
Los Angeles Rams
43
19
24
.442
2004
NFC West

21 (tie)
Arizona Cardinals
16
7
9
.438
2015
NFC West

21 (tie)
New Orleans Saints
16
7
9
.438
2013
NFC South

23
Houston Texans
7
3
4
.429
2016
AFC South

24
Tennessee Titans
33
14
19
.424
2008
AFC South

25
Atlanta Falcons
22
9
13
.409
2016
NFC South

26
Minnesota Vikings
47
19
28
.404
2015
NFC North

27
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
15
6
9
.400
2007
NFC South

28
Los Angeles Chargers
28
11
17
.393
2013
AFC West

29
Cleveland Browns
31
11
20
.355
2002
AFC North

30
Detroit Lions
20
7
13
.350
2016
NFC North

31
Kansas City Chiefs
26
9
17
.346
2016
AFC West

32
Cincinnati Bengals
19
5
14
.263
2015
AFC North

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ For example, the Browns' regular season win–loss record does not include a 47–4–3 record compiled in the All-America Football Conference from 1946 to 1949, nor does their playoff record include the 5–0 record compiled during the same period. Likewise, the 49ers' AAFC regular season win–loss record of 38–14–2, nor their 1-1 AAFC playoff record are officially counted

tag: ol


document_title: List of Barbados hurricanes

question_text: when was the last time a hurricane hit barbados

text: List of Barbados hurricanes

text: September 2, 1951: Hurricane Hosa passes 60 miles to the north.

text: October 5, 1954: Hurricane Hazel passes 45 miles to the south.

text: September 22, 1955: Hurricane Janet passes miles to the south-east as a Category 2 hurricane.

text: August 30, 1958: Hurricane Ella passes 50 miles to the north.

text: July 10, 1960: Hurricane Abby makes landfall.

text: September 25, 1963: Hurricane Edith passes 30 miles to the north as a Category 2 hurricane.

text: August 28, 1965: Hurricane Betsy passes 40 miles to the north-east.

text: September 29, 1966: Tropical Storm Judith passes 20 miles to the north.

text: All these hurricanes passed within 65 miles of the island's center.

text: September 6, 1967: Hurricane Beulah passes 25 miles to the north.

text: September 25, 1968: Unnamed storm, 1968 passes 20 miles to the south.

text: July 26, 1969: Unnamed Storm, 1969 makes landfall.

text: October 1, 1970: Unnamed Storm, 1970 passes 25 miles to the north.

text: August 20, 1970: Tropical Storm Dorothy passes 45 miles to the north.

text: September 13, 1971: Hurricane Irene-Olivia passes 50 miles to the south.

text: August 19, 1971: Tropical Storm Chloe passes 40 miles to the north.

text: October 2, 1974: Hurricane Gertrude passes 55 miles to the south.

text: October 7, 1976: Unnamed Storm, 1976 passes 60 miles to the north-west.

text: August 8, 1978: Unnamed storm, 1978 makes landfall.

text: August 29, 1979: Hurricane David passes 75 miles to the north-east.

text: June 23, 1979: Tropical Storm Ana passes 60 miles to the north.

text: August 4, 1980: Hurricane Allen makes landfall as a major Category 3 hurricane. It causes $6 million in damage. 129 mile per hour winds battered the island. Over 500 homes were destroyed. Amazingly, no deaths were reported.

text: July 23, 1983: Unnamed Storm, 1983 passes 15 miles to the north.

text: July 25, 1984: Unnamed Storm, 1984 passes 50 miles to the north.

text: September 8, 1986: Tropical Storm Danielle passes 65 miles to the south.

text: Septer 21, 1987 Hurricane Emily passes 50 miles to the south.

text: September 9, 1988 Hurricane Gilbert passes 75 miles to the north-east.

text: August 14, 1993: Tropical Storm Cindy passes 60 miles to the north.

text: September 9, 1994: Tropical Storm Debby passes 20 miles to the north.

text: September 14, 1995: Hurricane Marilyn passes 50 miles to the north-east.

text: August 25, 1995 Hurricane Iris passes 70 miles to the north.

text: October 4, 2001 Hurricane Iris passes 25 miles to the south.

text: October 7, 2001: Tropical Storm Jerry passes 30 miles to the south-west.

text: September 23, 2002: Hurricane Lili passes 45 miles to the south.

text: August 4, 2004: Tropical Storm Bonnie passes 20 miles to the north.

text: September 7, 2004: Hurricane Ivan passes to the south.

text: August 17, 2007: Hurricane Dean passes 65 miles to the north.

text: September 1, 2007: Hurricane Felix passes 70 miles to the south.

text:
October 30, 2010 – Hurricane Tomas skirts the southern coast of Barbados as a strong tropical storm.[1] Upon striking the island and the rest of the Windward archipelago, Tomas becomes the latest hurricane on record in a calendar year to impact the region. At Grantley Adams International Airport, a wind gust of 105 mph (165 km/h) is documented. The same station measured 11.56 in (294 mm) of rain. The strong winds knock down power lines and damage homes; an estimated 1,200 residences sustain damage as a result of Tomas. Overall damage amounts to US$8.5 million, though no deaths are reported.[2]
August 3, 2012 – Hurricane Ernesto passes 35 mi (56 km) northwest of Barbados, though despite its proximity, brings generally minimal effects to the island.[3]


document_title: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

question_text: harry potter and the half blood prince who is the half blood prince

text: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dumbledore picks Harry up from his aunt and uncle's house, intending to escort him to the Burrow, home of Harry's best friend Ron, and his large family. On the way, they make a detour to the temporary home of Horace Slughorn, former Potions teacher at Hogwarts, and Harry unwittingly helps persuade Slughorn to return to teach. Harry and Dumbledore then proceed to the Burrow, where Hermione has already arrived.

text: Severus Snape, a member of the Order of the Phoenix, meets with Narcissa Malfoy, Draco's mother, and her sister Bellatrix Lestrange, Lord Voldemort's faithful supporter. Narcissa expresses her extreme concern that her son might not survive a dangerous mission, given to him by Lord Voldemort. Bellatrix feels Snape will be of no help until he surprises her by making an Unbreakable Vow with Narcissa, swearing on his life that he will protect and assist Draco in his mission.

text: The next morning, Harry, Ron, and Hermione get their Ordinary Wizarding Level (O.W.L.) results, along with lists of school supplies. Later, Harry, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger follow Draco to Dark Arts supplier Borgin and Burkes. Harry is instantly suspicious of Draco, whom he believes to be a Death Eater.

text: On the Hogwarts Express, Harry discusses his suspicions of Draco’s allegiance with Lord Voldemort, however Ron and Hermione are doubtful with the lack of evidence. Harry wears his invisibility cloak and hides in the same carriage that Malfoy is seated in. He overhears Draco bragging to his friends about the mission Lord Voldemort has tasked him. However, Malfoy is suspicious that someone else is in the carriage and discovers Harry Potter was listening to his conversation. He petrifies him and breaks his nose out of rage. Harry cannot get off the carriage, and is worried the Hogwarts Express will depart before he can move again. To his relief however, Nymphadora Tonks finds Harry and escorts him back to the castle during the opening feast.

text: The students return to school, where Dumbledore announces that Snape will be teaching Defence Against the Dark Arts. In the meantime, Horace Slughorn will resume his previous post as Potions teacher. Harry now excels in Potions, thanks to having received a used Potions textbook that once belonged to someone named "The Half-Blood Prince," a mysterious former student who wrote numerous tips and spells in his Potions textbook. Harry uses this information to achieve superb results. After a class contest, The Half-Blood Prince's tips help Harry win a bottle of Felix Felicis, more commonly known as "Liquid Luck." Though Harry's success pleases Slughorn, his newfound brilliance in potions angers Hermione, who feels he is not truly earning his grades and also does not trust the Half-Blood Prince.

text: Believing that Harry needs to learn Voldemort's past to gain advantage in a foretold battle, Dumbledore schedules regular meetings with Harry in his office. Amidst these lessons, Ron starts dating a girl named Lavender Brown, who is also a sixth year Gryffindor student, and Ron and Hermione start yet another quarrel. Also during this time, Dumbledore and Harry use Dumbledore's Pensieve to look at the memories of those who have had direct contact with Voldemort. Harry learns about Voldemort's family and his foe's evolution into a murderer, obsessed not only with power, but with gaining eternal life. Dumbledore shows Harry a memory involving Slughorn conversing with the young Tom Riddle at Hogwarts, which has clearly been tampered with. He sets Harry the task of convincing Slughorn to give him the true memory so that Dumbledore can confirm his suspicions about Voldemort's rise to power and near-invincibility. This is proven vital in the defeat of Voldemort.

text: After being sent an invitation to the funeral for Aragog the Spider, he uses an hour's dose of Felix Felicis and succeeds in retrieving Slughorn's unedited memory while at the funeral. In it, Slughorn tells Riddle about the process of splitting one's soul and hiding it in several objects called Horcruxes. Only by committing a murder can a wizard turn an object into a Horcrux; Voldemort has created six of them, making himself virtually immortal by placing a piece of his soul in each one, and keeping the seventh and last one within his body. Dumbledore explains that in order to destroy Voldemort, all the Horcruxes must first be destroyed. Two Horcruxes, Riddle's diary from Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and a ring belonging to Voldemort's grandfather Marvolo Gaunt, have already been destroyed; but four others remain.

text: As Harry learns more about his great enemy, the love lives of the main characters start to become more active. Ron and Hermione grow closer together, but after learning from his sister Ginny, that Hermione had previously kissed Viktor Krum, Ron is angered and shuns her. Harry's attempts to repair things between the two fail, resulting in Ron going out with Lavender Brown and making Hermione jealous. After Ron is nearly killed in an attempt on Dumbledore's life, he and Hermione reconcile. Ron and Lavender break up when Lavender sees the two of them walking out of the boys dormitories together. Harry develops deep feelings for Ginny, but is reluctant to pursue her for most of the year because of his friendship with Ron. Following a wild Gryffindor Quidditch victory, Harry and Ginny finally strike up a relationship, with Ron's reluctant consent.

text: Near the end of the year, Harry and Dumbledore journey to a cave to retrieve a suspected Horcrux, Slytherin's locket. Dumbledore expertly finds a secret passageway to a large, pitch black underground lake, which Harry and Dumbledore cross in a small boat to an island in the centre. The locket is at the bottom of a basin on the island, and can only be reached by drinking the potion above it. Harry aids Dumbledore, who drinks the potion, causing him hallucinations and immense pain. Though Dumbledore is severely weakened after finishing the potion, together the two manage to fight off Voldemort's Inferi that have been hiding in the lake. They take the locket and return to Hogwarts, to find that the Dark Mark has been placed over the highest school tower in their absence. Harry and Dumbledore ascend to the tower where they are ambushed by Draco Malfoy, accompanied by Death Eaters that he helped get inside Hogwarts. Dumbledore freezes Harry under his Invisibility Cloak with a body-bind spell, to keep him hidden. Draco disarms Dumbledore of his wand and then threatens to kill him, which turns out to have been his mission from Voldemort all along. Draco is unable to go through with it and when Snape arrives, he casts the spell to kill Dumbledore instead. Harry ignores the battle raging in Hogwarts to pursue Dumbledore's killer. Snape successfully fights Harry off, and he reveals that he is in fact the Half-Blood Prince before he, Draco, and the rest of the Death Eaters escape.

text: After Dumbledore's funeral, Harry decides to break up with Ginny, saying it is too dangerous for her to let their relationship to continue. Harry finds out that the locket is not the real Horcrux, containing only a note from someone named "R. A. B.". Harry is so devastated by Dumbledore's death (and upset by its futility) that he tells his friends he will not be returning to Hogwarts. Instead, he will spend the next year searching out Voldemort's Horcruxes. Ron and Hermione insist on joining him in destroying Lord Voldemort for good.

text: Development[edit]

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is the sixth book in the Harry Potter series.[1] The first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997, with an initial print-run of 500 copies in hardback, 300 of which were distributed to libraries.[2] By the end of 1997, the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9- to 11-year-olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize.[3] The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999.[4][5] Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[4][5] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[6] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the longest novel in the Harry Potter series, was released 21 June 2003.[7] After the publishing of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released 21 July 2007.[8] The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[9]

text: Background[edit]

text: Rowling stated that she had Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince "planned for years", but she spent an entire two months going over her plan before she began writing the story seriously. This was a lesson learned after she did not check the plan for Goblet of Fire and had to rewrite an entire third of the book.[10] She started writing the book before her second child, David, was born, but she took a break to care for him.[11] The first chapter, "The Other Minister", which features the meeting between the Muggle Prime Minister, the Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge, and his successor, Rufus Scrimgeour, was a concept Rowling tried to start in Philosopher's Stone, Prisoner of Azkaban, and Order of the Phoenix, but she found "it finally works" in Half-Blood Prince.[12] She stated that she was "seriously upset" writing the end of the book, although Goblet of Fire was the hardest to write.[13] When asked if she liked the book, she responded, "I like it better than I liked 'Goblet', 'Phoenix' or 'Chamber' when I finished them. Book six does what I wanted it to do and even if nobody else likes it (and some won't), I know it will remain one of my favourites of the series. Ultimately you have to please yourself before you please anyone else!"[14]

text: Rowling revealed the title of Half-Blood Prince on her website on 24 June 2004.[15] This was the title she had once considered for the second book, Chamber of Secrets, though she decided that the information disclosed belonged later on in the story, in book six.[16] On 21 December 2004, she announced she had finished writing it, along with the release date of 16 July.[17][18] Bloomsbury unveiled the cover on 8 March 2005.[19]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The record-breaking publication of Half-Blood Prince was accompanied by controversy. In May 2005, bookmakers in the UK suspended bets on which main character would die in the book amid fears of insider knowledge. A number of high value bets were made on the death of Albus Dumbledore, many coming from the town of Bungay where, it was believed, the books were being printed at the time. Betting was later reopened.[20] Additionally, in response to Greenpeace's campaign on using forest friendly paper for big-name authors, Bloomsbury published the book on 30% recycled paper.[21]

text: Right-to-read controversy[edit]

text: In early July 2005, a Real Canadian Superstore in Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada, accidentally sold fourteen copies of The Half-Blood Prince before the authorised release date. The Canadian publisher, Raincoast Books, obtained an injunction from the Supreme Court of British Columbia that actually prohibited the purchasers from reading the books before the official release date or from discussing the contents.[22] Purchasers were actually offered a Harry Potter T-shirt and an autographed copy of the book if they returned their copies before 16 July.[22]

text: On 15 July, less than twelve hours before the book went on sale in the Eastern time zone, Raincoast warned The Globe and Mail newspaper that publishing a review from a Canada-based writer at midnight, as the paper had promised, would be seen as a violation of the trade secret injunction. The injunction sparked a number of news articles alleging that the injunction had restricted fundamental rights. Canadian law professor Michael Geist posted commentary on his blog;[23] Richard Stallman called for a boycott, and requesting the publisher to issue an apology.[24] The Globe and Mail published a review from two UK-based writers in its 16 July edition and posted the Canadian writer's review on its website at 9:00 that morning.[25] Commentary was also provided on the Raincoast website.[26]

text: Style and themes[edit]

text: Some reviewers noted that Half-Blood Prince contained a darker tone than the previous Potter novels. The Christian Science Monitor's reviewer Yvonne Zipp considered the first half to contain a lighter tone to soften the unhappy ending.[27] The Boston Globe reviewer Liz Rosenberg wrote, "lightness [is] slimmer than ever in this darkening series...[there is] a new charge of gloom and darkness. I felt depressed by the time I was two-thirds of the way through". She also compared the setting to Charles Dickens's depictions of London, as it was "brooding, broken, gold-lit, as living character as any other".[28] Christopher Paolini called the darker tone "disquieting" because it was so different from the earlier books.[29] Liesl Schillinger, a contributor to The New York Times book review, also noted that Half-Blood Prince was "far darker" but "leavened with humor, romance and snappy dialogue". She suggested a connection to the 11 September attacks, as the later, darker novels were written after that event.[30] David Kipen, a critic of the San Francisco Chronicle considered the "darkness as a sign of our paranoid times" and singled out curfews and searches that were part of the tightened security at Hogwarts, as a resemblance to our world.[31]

text: Julia Keller, a critic for the Chicago Tribune, highlighted the humour found in the novel and claimed it to be the success of the Harry Potter saga. She acknowledged that "the books are dark and scary in places" but "no darkness in Half-Blood Prince...is so immense that it cannot be rescued by a snicker or a smirk." She considered that Rowling was suggesting that difficult times could be worked through with imagination, hope, and humour, and compared this concept to works such as Madeleine L'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time and Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows.[32]

text: Rosenberg wrote that the two main themes of Half-Blood Prince were love and death, and praised Rowling's "affirmation of their central position in human lives". She considered love to be represented in several forms: the love of parent to child, teacher to student, and the romances that developed between the main characters.[28] Zipp noted trust and redemption to be themes promising to continue in the final book, which she thought "would add a greater layer of nuance and complexity to some characters who could sorely use it."[27] Deepti Hajela also pointed out Harry's character development, that he was "no longer a boy wizard; he's a young man, determined to seek out and face a young man's challenges".[33] Paolini had similar views, claiming, "the children have changed...they act like real teenagers."[29]

text: Publication and reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was met with positive reviews. Liesl Schillinger of The New York Times praised the novel's various themes and suspenseful ending. However, she considered Rowling's gift "not so much for language as for characterisation and plotting".[30] Kirkus Reviews said it "will leave readers pleased, amused, excited, scared, infuriated, delighted, sad, surprised, thoughtful and likely wondering where Voldemort has got to, since he appears only in flashbacks". They considered Rowling's "wry wit" to turn into "outright merriment", but called the climax "tragic, but not uncomfortably shocking".[34] Yvonne Zipp of The Christian Science Monitor praised the way Rowling evolved Harry into a teenager and how the plot threads found as far back as Chamber of Secrets came into play. On the other hand, she noted that it "gets a little exposition-heavy in spots" and older readers may have seen the ending coming.[27]

text: The Boston Globe correspondent Liz Rosenberg wrote, "The book bears the mark of genius on every page" and praised the imagery and darker tone of the book, considering that the series could be crossing over from fantasy to horror.[28] The Associated Press writer Deepti Hajela praised the newfound emotional tones and ageing Harry to the point where "younger fans may find [the series] has grown up too much".[33] Emily Green, a staff writer of the Los Angeles Times, was generally positive about the book but was concerned whether young children could handle the material.[35] Cultural critic Julia Keller of the Chicago Tribune called it the "most eloquent and substantial addition to the series thus far" and considered the key to the success of the Potter novels to be humour.[32]

text: Awards and honours[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince has won several awards, including the 2006 British Book of the Year Award[36] and the 2006 Royal Mail Award for Scottish Children's Books for ages 8–12 in its native United Kingdom.[37] In the United States, the American Library Association listed it among its 2006 Best Books for Young Adults.[38] It won both the 2005 reader-voted Quill Awards for Best Book of the Year and Best Children's Book.[39][40] It also won the Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Seal for notable book.[41]

text: Sales[edit]

text: Before publication, 1.4 million pre-orders were placed for Half-Blood Prince on Amazon.com, breaking the record held by the previous novel, Order of the Phoenix, with 1.3 million.[42] The initial print run for Half-Blood Prince was a record-breaking 10.8 million.[43] Within the first 24 hours of release, the book sold 9 million copies worldwide, 2 million in the UK and about 6.9 million in the US,[44] which prompted Scholastic to rush an additional 2.7 million copies into print.[45] Within the first nine weeks of publication, 11 million copies of the US edition were reported to have been sold.[46] The US audiobook, read by Jim Dale, set sales records with 165,000 sold over two days, besting the adaptation of Order of the Phoenix by twenty percent.[47]

text: Translations[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published simultaneously in the UK, the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.[48] Along with the rest of the books in the Harry Potter series, it was eventually translated into 67 languages.[49] However, because of high security surrounding the manuscript, translators did not get to start on translating Half-Blood Prince until its English release date, and the earliest were not expected to be released until the fall of 2005.[50] In Germany, a group of "hobby translators" translated the book via Internet in less than two days after release, long before German translator Klaus Fritz could translate and publish the book.[51]

text: Editions[edit]

text: Since its wide hardcover release on 16 July 2005, Half-Blood Prince was released as a paperback on 23 June 2006 in the UK.[52] Two days later on 25 July, the paperback edition was released in Canada[53] and the US, where it had an initial print run of 2 million copies.[54] To celebrate the release of the American paperback edition, Scholastic held a six-week sweepstakes event in which participants in an online poll were entered to win prizes.[55] Simultaneous to the original hardcover release was the UK adult edition, featuring a new cover,[56] and which was also released as a paperback on 23 June.[57] Also released on 16 July was the Scholastic "Deluxe Edition", which featured reproductions of Mary Grandpré's artwork and had a print run of about 100,000 copies.[58] Bloomsbury later released a paperback "Special Edition" on 6 July 2009[59] and a "Signature Edition" paperback on 1 November 2010.[60]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: The film adaptation of the sixth book was originally scheduled to be released on 21 November 2008, but was changed to 15 July 2009.[61][62] Directed by David Yates, the screenplay was adapted by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman and David Barron.[63] The film grossed over $934 million worldwide,[64] which made it the second-highest-grossing film of 2009 worldwide[65] and the fifteenth-highest of all time.[66] Additionally, Half-Blood Prince gained an Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography.[67][68]


document_title: Beverly Hills Cop

question_text: who played the chief in beverly hills cop

text: Beverly Hills Cop

text: Plot[edit]

text: Young and reckless Detroit police detective Axel Foley's latest unauthorized sting operation goes sour when two uniformed officers intervene, resulting in a high-speed chase through the city which causes widespread damage. His boss Inspector Douglas Todd reprimands Axel for his behavior and threatens to fire him unless he changes his ways on the force. Axel arrives at his apartment to find it has been broken into by his childhood friend, Mikey Tandino. Mikey did time in prison, but ended up working as a security guard in Beverly Hills, thanks to a mutual friend, Jenny Summers. Mikey shows Axel some German bearer bonds and Axel wonders how he got them, but chooses not to question him about it. After going out to a bar, they return to Axel's apartment, where two men knock Axel unconscious and then confront Mikey about the bearer bonds, assault him, and kill him.

text: Axel asks to investigate Mikey's murder, but Inspector Todd refuses to allow it because of his close ties to Mikey. Axel uses the guise of taking vacation time to head to Beverly Hills to solve the crime. He finds Jenny working in an art gallery and learns about Mikey's ties to Victor Maitland, the gallery's owner. Posing as a flower deliveryman, Axel goes to Maitland's office and tries to question him about Mikey, but is thrown through a window by Maitland's bodyguards and arrested. At the police station, Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil assigns Sergeant John Taggart and Detective Billy Rosewood to follow Axel. After a series of encounters, including the trio's foiling of a robbery in a striptease bar, the three develop a mutual respect.

text: On the trail of Mikey's killers, Axel sneaks into one of Maitland's warehouses, where he finds coffee grounds, which he suspects were used to pack drugs. He also discovers that many of Maitland's crates have not gone through customs. After being arrested again, this time after a scuffle at Maitland's country club, Axel admits to Bogomil that Maitland is a smuggler. Police Chief Hubbard, who has learned of Axel's ill-advised investigative actions, orders that Axel be escorted out of town. However, Axel convinces Rosewood to pick up Jenny instead and take her with them to Maitland's warehouse, where a shipment is due to arrive that day.

text: Axel and Jenny break into the warehouse and discover several bags of cocaine inside a crate. Before Axel can get this new found evidence to Rosewood, Maitland and his associates arrive. Maitland takes Jenny and leaves Axel to be killed, but after some hesitation, Rosewood enters the warehouse and rescues Axel. Taggart tracks Axel and Rosewood to Maitland's estate, where he joins the two in their efforts to rescue Jenny and bring Maitland to justice. After wiping out most of Maitland's men, Axel kills Maitland's right-hand man Zack, identifying him as Mikey's killer. With Bogomil's help, Axel fatally shoots Maitland and rescues Jenny. Bogomil fabricates a story to Hubbard that covers for all the participants without discrediting the Beverly Hills Police force. Realizing that he will be fired in Detroit, Axel asks Bogomil to speak to Inspector Todd and smooth things over for him. Later, Taggart and Rosewood meet Axel as he checks out of his hotel, and pay his bill. Axel invites them to join him for a farewell drink, and they accept.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley
Judge Reinhold as Detective Billy Rosewood
John Ashton as Sergeant Taggart
Lisa Eilbacher as Jenny Summers
Ronny Cox as Lieutenant Bogomil
Steven Berkoff as Victor Maitland
James Russo as Mikey Tandino
Stephen Elliott as Chief Hubbard
Paul Reiser as Jeffrey
Jonathan Banks as Zack
Gilbert R. Hill as Inspector Todd
Bronson Pinchot as Serge

text: Production[edit]

text: In 1977, Paramount executive Don Simpson came up with a movie idea about a cop from East L.A. who transferred to Beverly Hills.[4] Screenwriter Danilo Bach was called in to write the screenplay. Bach pitched his idea to Simpson and Paramount in 1981 under the name Beverly Drive, about a cop from Pittsburgh named Elly Axel.[4] However, his script was a straight action film and Bach was forced to make changes to the script, but after a few attempts the project went stale.[4] With the success of Flashdance (1983), Simpson saw the Beverly Hills film as his next big project.[4] Daniel Petrie, Jr. was brought in to rewrite the script and Paramount loved Petrie's humorous approach to the project, with the lead character now called Axel Elly, from Detroit.[4] Producer Jerry Bruckheimer claimed that the role of Axel Foley was first offered to Mickey Rourke, who signed a $400,000 holding contract to do the film. When revisions and other preparations took longer than expected, Rourke left the project to do another film.

text: Sylvester Stallone was originally considered for the part of Foley.[5] Stallone gave the script a dramatic rewrite and made it into a straight action film.[4] In one of the previous drafts written for Stallone, the character of Billy Rosewood was called "Siddons" and was killed off half-way through the script during one of the action scenes.[6] Stallone had renamed the lead character to Axel Cobretti, with the character of Michael Tandino being his brother and Jenny Summers playing his love interest. Stallone has said that his script for Beverly Hills Cop would have "looked like the opening scene from Saving Private Ryan on the beaches of Normandy. Believe it or not, the finale was me in a stolen Lamborghini playing chicken with an oncoming freight train being driven by the ultra-slimy bad guy."[4] However, Stallone's ideas were deemed "too expensive" for Paramount to produce and Stallone ultimately pulled out two weeks before filming was to start. Two days later, the film's producers, Simpson and Bruckheimer, convinced Eddie Murphy to replace Stallone in the film, prompting more rewrites.[7] Besides Stallone and Rourke, other actors who were considered for the role of Axel Foley included Richard Pryor, Al Pacino, and James Caan.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Beverly Hills Cop received critical acclaim upon its release, and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1984.[9][10][unreliable source?] Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote "Beverly Hills Cop finds Eddie Murphy doing what he does best: playing the shrewdest, hippest, fastest-talking underdog in a rich man's world. Eddie Murphy knows exactly what he's doing, and he wins at every turn".[11] Richard Schickel of Time magazine wrote that "Eddie Murphy exuded the kind of cheeky, cocky charm that has been missing from the screen since Cagney was a pup, snarling his way out of the ghetto".[12] Axel Foley became Murphy's signature role and was ranked No. 78 on Empire magazine's list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.[13] Also, Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked Beverly Hills Cop as the third best comedy film of the last 25 years. According to Christopher Hitchens, the British novelist and poet Kingsley Amis considered the film "a flawless masterpiece."[14]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 43 critics to give the film a score of 84%, with an average score of 7.1 out of 10.[15] In 2003, the film was picked as one of the 1000 Best Movies Ever Made by The New York Times.[16]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released on December 5, 1984, and played in 2,006 theaters.[3] It debuted first at box office, making $15,214,805 in its first five days of release. Thanks to word of mouth, the film generated higher revenue in the weeks following the first week, with the highest one being in its fourth week of release, when it grossed $20,064,790 in five days. It stayed #1 for 14 non-consecutive weeks and tied Tootsie for the films with the second most weeks at #1. (The first is Titanic.)[17] The film earned approximately $234,760,478 domestically and became the highest-grossing film of 1984.[18] It also became the highest-grossing R rated film of all-time, a rank it would hold until The Matrix Reloaded in 2003. (Adjusted for inflation, Beverly Hills Cop is the third highest-grossing R rated film of all-time behind The Exorcist and The Godfather.)[19] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 67 million tickets in the US.[20]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released on MCA Records and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media (1986). The instrumental title tune, "Axel F", composed and performed by Harold Faltermeyer, is a cultural touchstone and has since been covered by numerous artists.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Academy Award

Nominated for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) - Danilo Bach and Daniel Petrie, Jr.

British Academy Film Awards

Nominated for Best Score - Harold Faltermeyer

Edgar Allan Poe Award

Nominated for Best Motion Picture - Daniel Petrie, Jr.

Golden Globe Award

Nominated for Best Motion Picture - Comedy/Musical
Nominated for Best Motion Picture Actor - Comedy/Musical - Eddie Murphy

Grammy Award

Won for Best Score Soundtrack Album - Marc Benno, Harold Faltermeyer, Keith Forsey, Micki Free, Jon Gilutin, Howard Hewett, Bunny Hull, Howie Rice, Sharon Robinson, Danny Sembello, Sue Sheridan, Richard Theisen, Allee Willis

People's Choice Award

Won for Favorite Motion Picture

Stuntman Award

Won for Best Vehicular Stunt (Motion Picture) - Eddy Donno

This film is No. 22 on Bravo's list of the 100 funniest films.[21][22]

text: American Film Institute Lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies - Nominated[23]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs - #63
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:

Detective Axel Foley - Nominated Hero[24]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The film spawned a franchise with two sequels, Beverly Hills Cop II and Beverly Hills Cop III, both starring Eddie Murphy, in 1987 and 1994, respectively. Judge Reinhold reprised his role for the sequels. The second film met with mixed reviews but was a box office success, while the third film was unsuccessful both critically and commercially.

text: In 2013, a television series was reported to be in the works for CBS.[25] The pilot was written by Shawn Ryan and directed by Barry Sonnenfeld. Brandon T. Jackson was cast as Axel Foley's son.[26] The series was not picked up, but Ryan reported that it tested well enough for Paramount to put a fourth film into production.[27]