document_title: Grand Canyon

question_text: when did grand canyon become a national park

question_tokens: when did grand canyon become a national park

text: Grand Canyon

text: Geography

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tag: table

text: The Grand Canyon is a river valley in the Colorado Plateau that exposes uplifted Proterozoic and Paleozoic strata, and is also one of the six distinct physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau province. It is not the deepest canyon in the world (Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal is much deeper). However, the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape. Geologically, it is significant because of the thick sequence of ancient rocks that are well preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon. These rock layers record much of the early geologic history of the North American continent.

text: Uplift associated with mountain formation later moved these sediments thousands of feet upward and created the Colorado Plateau. The higher elevation has also resulted in greater precipitation in the Colorado River drainage area, but not enough to change the Grand Canyon area from being semi-arid. The uplift of the Colorado Plateau is uneven, and the Kaibab Plateau that Grand Canyon bisects is over a one thousand feet (300 m) higher at the North Rim (about 1,000 ft or 300 m) than at the South Rim. Almost all runoff from the North Rim (which also gets more rain and snow) flows toward the Grand Canyon, while much of the runoff on the plateau behind the South Rim flows away from the canyon (following the general tilt). The result is deeper and longer tributary washes and canyons on the north side and shorter and steeper side canyons on the south side.

text: Temperatures on the North Rim are generally lower than those on the South Rim because of the greater elevation (averaging 8,000 feet or 2,400 metres above sea level).[10] Heavy rains are common on both rims during the summer months. Access to the North Rim via the primary route leading to the canyon (State Route 67) is limited during the winter season due to road closures.[11]

text: Geology

text: The Grand Canyon is part of the Colorado River basin which has developed over the past 70 million years,[12] in part based on apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry showing that Grand Canyon reached a depth near to the modern depth by 20 Ma.[13] A recent study examining caves near Grand Canyon places their origins beginning about 17 million years ago. Previous estimates had placed the age of the canyon at 5–6 million years.[14] The study, which was published in the journal Science in 2008, used uranium-lead dating to analyze calcite deposits found on the walls of nine caves throughout the canyon.[15] There is a substantial amount of controversy because this research suggests such a substantial departure from prior widely supported scientific consensus.[16] In December 2012, a study published in the journal Science claimed new tests had suggested the Grand Canyon could be as old as 70 million years.[17] However, this study has been criticized by those who support the "young canyon" age of around six million years as "[an] attempt to push the interpretation of their new data to their limits without consideration of the whole range of other geologic data sets."[14]

text: The canyon is the result of erosion which exposes one of the most complete geologic columns on the planet.

text: The major geologic exposures in the Grand Canyon range in age from the 2-billion-year-old Vishnu Schist at the bottom of the Inner Gorge to the 230-million-year-old Kaibab Limestone on the Rim. There is a gap of about a billion years between the 500-million-year-old stratum and the level below it, which dates to about 1.5 billion years ago. This large unconformity indicates a long period for which no deposits are present.

text: Many of the formations were deposited in warm shallow seas, near-shore environments (such as beaches), and swamps as the seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated over the edge of a proto-North America. Major exceptions include the Permian Coconino Sandstone, which contains abundant geological evidence of aeolian sand dune deposition. Several parts of the Supai Group also were deposited in non–marine environments.

text: The great depth of the Grand Canyon and especially the height of its strata (most of which formed below sea level) can be attributed to 5–10 thousand feet (1,500 to 3,000 m) of uplift of the Colorado Plateau, starting about 65 million years ago (during the Laramide Orogeny). This uplift has steepened the stream gradient of the Colorado River and its tributaries, which in turn has increased their speed and thus their ability to cut through rock (see the elevation summary of the Colorado River for present conditions).

text: Weather conditions during the ice ages also increased the amount of water in the Colorado River drainage system. The ancestral Colorado River responded by cutting its channel faster and deeper.

text: The base level and course of the Colorado River (or its ancestral equivalent) changed 5.3 million years ago when the Gulf of California opened and lowered the river's base level (its lowest point). This increased the rate of erosion and cut nearly all of the Grand Canyon's current depth by 1.2 million years ago. The terraced walls of the canyon were created by differential erosion.[18]

text: Between 100,000 and 3 million years ago, volcanic activity deposited ash and lava over the area which at times completely obstructed the river. These volcanic rocks are the youngest in the canyon.

text: History

text: Native Americans

text: The Ancestral Puebloans were a Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the United States. They were the first people known to live in the Grand Canyon area. The cultural group has often been referred to in archaeology as the Anasazi, although the term is not preferred by the modern Puebloan peoples. The word "Anasazi" is Navajo for "Ancient Ones" or "Ancient Enemy".[19]

text: Archaeologists still debate when this distinct culture emerged. The current consensus, based on terminology defined by the Pecos Classification, suggests their emergence was around 1200 BCE during the Basketmaker II Era. Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers have believed that the Ancient Puebloans[clarify] are ancestors of the modern Pueblo peoples.[19]

text: In addition to the Ancestral Puebloans, a number of distinct cultures have inhabited the Grand Canyon area. The Cohonina lived to the west of the Grand Canyon, between 500 and 1200 CE.[20][21] The Cohonina were ancestors of the Yuman, Havasupai, and Hualapai peoples who inhabit the area today.[22]

text: The Sinagua were a cultural group occupying an area to the southeast of the Grand Canyon, between the Little Colorado River and the Salt River, between approximately 500 and 1425 CE. The Sinagua may have been ancestors of several Hopi clans.

text: By the time of the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, newer cultures had evolved. The Hualapai inhabit a 100-mile (160 km) stretch along the pine-clad southern side of the Grand Canyon. The Havasupai have been living in the area near Cataract Canyon since the beginning of the 13th century, occupying an area the size of Delaware.[23] The Southern Paiutes live in what is now southern Utah and northern Arizona. The Navajo, or Diné, live in a wide area stretching from the San Francisco Peaks eastwards towards the Four Corners. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests the Navajo descended from the Athabaskan people near Great Slave Lake, Canada, who migrated after the 11th century.[24]

text: European arrival and settlement

text: Spanish explorers

text: In September 1540, under orders from the conquistador Francisco Vázquez de Coronado to search for the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola, Captain García López de Cárdenas, along with Hopi guides and a small group of Spanish soldiers, traveled to the south rim of the Grand Canyon between Desert View and Moran Point. Pablo de Melgrossa, Juan Galeras, and a third soldier descended some one third of the way into the canyon until they were forced to return because of lack of water. In their report, they noted that some of the rocks in the canyon were "bigger than the great tower of Seville, Giralda "[25] It is speculated that their Hopi guides likely knew routes to the canyon floor, but may have been reluctant to lead the Spanish to the river. No Europeans visited the canyon again for more than two hundred years.

text: Fathers Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante were two Spanish priests who, with a group of Spanish soldiers, explored southern Utah and traveled along the north rim of the canyon in Glen and Marble Canyons in search of a route from Santa Fe to California in 1776. They eventually found a crossing, formerly known as the "Crossing of the Fathers," that today lies under Lake Powell.

text: Also in 1776, Fray Francisco Garces, a Franciscan missionary, spent a week near Havasupai, unsuccessfully attempting to convert a band of Native Americans to Christianity. He described the canyon as "profound".[25]

text: American exploration

text: James Ohio Pattie, along with a group of American trappers and mountain men, may have been the next European to reach the canyon, in 1826.[26]

text: Jacob Hamblin, a Mormon missionary, was sent by Brigham Young in the 1850s to locate suitable river crossing sites in the canyon. Building good relations with local Hualapai and white settlers, he found the Crossing of the Fathers, and the locations what would become Lees Ferry in 1858 and Pearce Ferry (later operated by, and named for, Harrison Pearce) – only the latter two sites suitable for ferry operation.[citation needed] He also acted as an advisor to John Wesley Powell before his second expedition to the Grand Canyon, serving as a diplomat between Powell and the local native tribes to ensure the safety of his party.

text: In 1857, Edward Fitzgerald Beale was superintendent of an expedition to survey a wagon road along the 35th parallel from Fort Defiance, Arizona to the Colorado River. He led a small party of men in search of water on the Coconino Plateau near the canyon's south rim. On September 19, near present-day National Canyon, they came upon what May Humphreys Stacey described in his journal as "...a wonderful canyon four thousand feet deep. Everyone (in the party) admitted that he never before saw anything to match or equal this astonishing natural curiosity."

text: Also in 1857, the U.S. War Department asked Lieutenant Joseph Ives to lead an expedition to assess the feasibility of an up-river navigation from the Gulf of California. Also in a stern wheeler steamboat Explorer, after two months and 350 miles (560 km) of difficult navigation, his party reached Black Canyon some two months after George Johnson.[citation needed] The Explorer struck a rock and was abandoned. Ives led his party east into the canyon — they may have been the first Europeans to travel the Diamond Creek drainage and traveled eastwards along the south rim. In his "Colorado River of the West" report to the Senate in 1861 he states that "One or two trappers profess to have seen the canyon."

text: According to the San Francisco Herald, in a series of articles run in 1853, Captain Joseph R. Walker in January 1851 with his nephew James T. Walker and six men, traveled up the Colorado River to a point where it joined the Virgin River and continued east into Arizona, traveling along the Grand Canyon and making short exploratory side trips along the way. Walker is reported to have said he wanted to visit the Moqui Indians, as the Hopi were then called by whites. He had met these people briefly in previous years, thought them exceptionally interesting and wanted to become better acquainted. The Herald reporter then stated, "We believe that Captain Joe Walker is the only white man in this country that has ever visited this strange people."[citation needed]

text: In 1858, John Strong Newberry became probably the first geologist to visit the Grand Canyon.[27]

text: In 1869, Major John Wesley Powell led the first expedition down the canyon. Powell set out to explore the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon. Gathering nine men, four boats and food for 10 months, he set out from Green River, Wyoming on May 24. Passing through (or portaging around) a series of dangerous rapids, the group passed down the Green River to its confluence with the Colorado River, near present-day Moab, Utah and completed the journey with many hardships through the Grand Canyon on August 13, 1869.[28] In 1871 Powell first used the term "Grand Canyon"; previously it had been called the "Big Canyon".[29]

text: In 1889, Frank M. Brown wanted to build a railroad along the Colorado River to carry coal. He, his chief engineer Robert Brewster Stanton, and 14 others started to explore the Grand Canyon in poorly designed cedar wood boats, with no life preservers. Brown drowned in an accident near Marble Canyon: Stanton made new boats and proceeded to explore the Colorado all of the way to the Gulf of California.[30]

text: The Grand Canyon[31] became an official national monument in 1908 and a national park in 1919.

text: Settlers in and near the canyon

text:
Miners: "Captain" John Hance, William W. Bass, Louis Boucher "The Hermit", Seth Tanner, Charles Spencer, D. W. "James" Mooney
Lees Ferry: John Doyle Lee, Emma Lee French (17th of John Lee's 19 wives), J. S. Emmett, Charles Spencer
Phantom Ranch: David Rust, Mary Colter
Grand Canyon Village: Ralph H. Cameron, Emery & Ellsworth Kolb

tag: ul

text: Federal protection: National Monument and Park

text: U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Grand Canyon in 1903. An avid outdoorsman and staunch conservationist, Roosevelt established the Grand Canyon Game Preserve on November 28, 1906. Livestock grazing was reduced, but predators such as mountain lions, eagles, and wolves were eradicated. Roosevelt along with other members of his conservation group, the Boone and Crockett Club helped form the National Parks Association, which in turn lobbied for the Antiquities Act of 1906 which gave Roosevelt the power to create national monuments. Once the act was passed, Roosevelt immediately added adjacent national forest lands and redesignated the preserve a U.S. National Monument on January 11, 1908.[32] Opponents such as land and mining claim holders blocked efforts to reclassify the monument as a U.S. National Park for 11 years. Grand Canyon National Park was finally established as the 17th U.S. National Park by an Act of Congress signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on February 26, 1919.[20]

text: The federal government administrators who manage park resources face many challenges. These include issues related to the recent reintroduction into the wild of the highly endangered California condor, air tour overflight noise levels, water rights disputes with various tribal reservations that border the park, and forest fire management. Federal officials started a flood in the Grand Canyon in hopes of restoring its ecosystem on March 5, 2008. The canyon's ecosystem was permanently changed after the construction of the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963.[33]

text: Between 2003 and 2011, 2,215 mining claims had been requested that are adjacent to the canyon, including claims for uranium mines. Mining has been suspended since 2009, when U.S. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar withdrew 1 million acres (4,000 km2) from the permitting process, pending assessment of the environmental impact of mining. Critics of the mines are concerned that, once mined, the uranium will leach into the water of the Colorado River and contaminate the water supply for up to 18 million people.[34] Salazar's so-called "Northern Arizona Withdrawal" is a 20-year moratorium on new mines, but allows existing mines to continue. In 2012, the federal government stopped new mines in the area, which was upheld by the U.S. District Court for Arizona in 2014, but appealed by the National Mining Association, joined by the state of Arizona under Attorney General Mark Brnovich as well as Utah, Montana and Nevada. National Mining Association v. Jewell is pending before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals as of September 2015.[35]

text: South Rim buildings

text: There are several historic buildings located along the South Rim with most in the vicinity of Grand Canyon Village.

text:
Buckey O'Neill Cabin was built during the 1890s by William Owen "Buckey" O'Neill. He built the cabin because of a copper deposit that was nearby. He had several occupations such as miner, judge, politician, author and tour guide. This cabin is the longest continually standing structure on the South Rim. It is currently used as a guest house; booking is required well in advance.
Kolb Studio was built in 1904 by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb. They were photographers who made a living by photographing visitors walking down the Bright Angel Trail. In 1911, the Kolb brothers filmed their journey down the Green and Colorado Rivers. Emery Kolb showed this movie regularly in his studio until 1976, when he died at the age of 95. Today the building serves as an art gallery and exhibit.
The El Tovar Hotel was built in 1905 and is the most luxurious lodging on the South Rim. The hotel consists of 4 stories with a rustic chalet appearance called "National Park Rustic." It was designed by Charles Whittlesley. A gift shop and restaurant are located inside the hotel.
Hopi House was built by Mary Jane Colter in 1905. It is based on structures that were built in an ancient Hopi settlement called Old Oraibi, located on the Third Mesa in eastern Arizona. It served as a residence for the Hopi Indians who sold arts and crafts to South Rim visitors.
Verkamp's Curios, which stands next to the Hopi House, was built by John Verkamp in 1905. He sold arts and crafts as well as souvenirs. Until September 2008, it was run by his descendants; in November 2008, the building reopened as a visitor center focusing on the history of the Grand Canyon Village community.

text:
Grand Canyon Railway Depot was completed in 1910 and contains 2 levels. Gordon Chappell, Regional Historian for the Park Service, claims that this depot building is one of only three log-cabin-style train stations currently standing, out of fourteen ever built in the U.S.[36] The depot is the northern terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway which begins in Williams, Arizona.
Lookout Studio, another Mary Colter design, was built in 1914. Photography, artwork, books, souvenirs, and rock and fossil specimens are sold here. A great view of Bright Angel Trail can be seen here.
Desert View Watchtower, one of Mary Colter's best-known works, was built in 1932. Situated at the far eastern end of the South Rim, 27 miles (43 km) from Grand Canyon Village, the tower stands 70 feet (21 m) tall. The top of the tower is 7,522 feet (2,293 m) above sea level, the highest point on the South Rim. It offers one of the few full views of the bottom of the canyon and the Colorado River. It was designed to mimic Anasazi watchtowers, though, with four levels, it is significantly taller than historical towers.[37]
Bright Angel Lodge was built of logs and stone in 1935. Mary Colter designed the lodge and it was built by the Fred Harvey Company. Inside the lodge is a small museum honoring Fred Harvey (June 27, 1835 – February 9, 1901), who played a major role in popularizing the Grand Canyon. In the History Room is a stone fireplace layered in the same sequence as those in the canyon.

text: Weather

text: Weather in the Grand Canyon varies according to elevation. The forested rims are high enough to receive winter snowfall, but along the Colorado River in the Inner Gorge, temperatures are similar to those found in Tucson and other low elevation desert locations in Arizona. Conditions in the Grand Canyon region are generally dry, but substantial precipitation occurs twice annually, during seasonal pattern shifts in winter (when Pacific storms usually deliver widespread, moderate rain and high-elevation snow to the region from the west) and in late summer (due to the North American Monsoon, which delivers waves of moisture from the southeast, causing dramatic, localized thunderstorms fueled by the heat of the day).[38] Average annual precipitation on the South Rim is less than 16 inches (41 cm), with 60 inches (150 cm) of snow; the higher North Rim usually receives 27 inches (69 cm) of moisture, with a typical snowfall of 144 inches (370 cm); and Phantom Ranch, far below the canyon's rims along the Colorado River at 2,500 feet (762 m) gets just 8 inches (20 cm) of rain, and snow is a rarity.

text: Temperatures vary wildly throughout the year, with summer highs within the Inner Gorge commonly exceeding 100 °F (37.8 °C) and winter minimum temperatures sometimes falling below zero degrees Fahrenheit (−17.8 °C) along the canyon's rims.[38] Visitors are often surprised by these potentially extreme conditions, and this, along with the high altitude of the canyon's rims, can lead to unpleasant side effects such as dehydration, sunburn, and hypothermia.

text: Weather conditions can greatly affect hiking and canyon exploration, and visitors should obtain accurate forecasts because of hazards posed by exposure to extreme temperatures, winter storms and late summer monsoons. While the park service posts weather information at gates and visitor centers, this is a rough approximation only, and should not be relied upon for trip planning. For accurate weather in the canyon, hikers should consult the National Weather Service's NOAA weather radio or the official National Weather Service website.[39]

text: The National Weather Service has had a cooperative station on the South Rim since 1903. The record high temperature on the South Rim was 105 °F (41 °C) on June 26, 1974, and the record low temperature was −20 °F (−29 °C) on January 1, 1919, February 1, 1985, and December 23, 1990.[40][41][42]

text: Air quality

text: The Grand Canyon area has some of the cleanest air in the United States.[44]:p.5-2 [45] However, at times the air quality can be considerably affected by events such as forest fires and dust storms in the Southwest.

text: What effect there is on air quality and visibility in the canyon has been mainly from sulfates, soils, and organics. The sulfates largely result from urban emissions in southern California, borne on the prevailing westerly winds throughout much of the year, and emissions from Arizona's copper smelter region, borne on southerly or southeasterly winds during the monsoon. Airborne soils originate with windy conditions and road dust. Organic particles result from vehicle emissions, long-range transport from urban areas, and forest fires, as well as from VOCs emitted by vegetation in the surrounding forests. Nitrates, carried in from urban areas, stationary sources, and vehicle emissions; as well as black carbon from forest fires and vehicle emissions, also contribute to a lesser extent. [45] [46]:p.26, 49–51

text: A number of actions have been taken to preserve and further improve air quality and visibility at the canyon. In 1990, amendments to the Clean Air Act established the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC) to advise the US EPA on strategies for protecting visual air quality on the Colorado Plateau. The GCVTC released its final report in 1996 and initiated the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP), a partnership of state, tribal and federal agencies to help coordinate implementation of the Commission's recommendations. [47] [48]

text: In 1999, the Regional Haze Rule established a goal of restoring visibility in national parks and wilderness areas (Class 1 areas), such as the Grand Canyon, to natural background levels by 2064. Subsequent revisions to the rule provide specific requirements for making reasonable progress toward that goal. [49]

text: In the early 1990s, studies indicated that emissions of SO2, a sulfate precursor, from the Navajo Generating Station affected visibility in the canyon mainly in the winter, and which if controlled would improve wintertime visibility by 2 to 7%. [50]:p.C-2,C-6 As a result, scrubbers were added to the plant's three units in 1997 through 1999, reducing SO2 emissions by more than 90%. The plant also installed low-NOx SOFA burners in 2009 -2011, reducing emissions of NOx, a nitrate precursor, by 40%. Emissions from the Mohave Generating Station to the west were similarly found to affect visibility in the canyon. The plant was required to have installed SO2 scrubbers, but was instead shut down in 2005, completely eliminating its emissions. [51]

text: Prescribed fires are typically conducted in the spring and fall in the forests adjacent to the canyon to reduce the potential for severe forest fires and resulting smoke conditions. Although prescribed fires also affect air quality, the controlled conditions allow the use of management techniques to minimize their impact. [52] [53]:p.86,93

text: Biology and ecology

text: Plants

text: There are approximately 1,737 known species of vascular plants, 167 species of fungi, 64 species of moss and 195 species of lichen found in Grand Canyon National Park.[54] This variety is largely due to the 8,000 foot (2,400 m) elevation change from the Colorado River up to the highest point on the North Rim.[54] Grand Canyon boasts a dozen endemic plants (known only within the Park's boundaries) while only ten percent of the Park's flora is exotic.[54] Sixty-three plants found here have been given special status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[54]

text: The Mojave Desert influences the western sections of the canyon, Sonoran Desert vegetation covers the eastern sections, and ponderosa and pinyon pine forests grow on both rims.[55]

text: Natural seeps and springs percolating out of the canyon walls are home to 11% of all the plant species found in the Grand Canyon.[55] The canyon itself can act as a connection between the east and the west by providing corridors of appropriate habitat along its length.[55] The canyon can also be a genetic barrier to some species, like the tassel-eared squirrel.[55]

text: The aspect, or direction a slope faces, also plays a major role in adding diversity to the Grand Canyon. North-facing slopes receive about one-third the normal amount of sunlight, so plants growing there are similar to plants found at higher elevations, or in more northern latitudes.[55] The south-facing slopes receive the full amount of sunlight and are covered in vegetation typical of the Sonoran Desert.[55]

text: Animals

text: Of the 90 mammal species found along the Colorado River corridor, 18 are rodents and 22 are bats.[56]

text: Life zones and communities

text: The Park contains several major ecosystems.[10] Its great biological diversity can be attributed to the presence of five of the seven life zones and three of the four desert types in North America.[10] The five life zones represented are the Lower Sonoran, Upper Sonoran, Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian.[10] This is equivalent to traveling from Mexico to Canada. Differences in elevation and the resulting variations in climate are the major factors that form the various life zones and communities in and around the canyon. Grand Canyon National Park contains 129 vegetation communities, and the composition and distribution of plant species is influenced by climate, geomorphology and geology.[54]

text: Lower Sonoran

text: The Lower Sonoran life zone spans from the Colorado River up to 3,500 feet (1,100 m). Along the Colorado River and its perennial tributaries, a riparian community exists.[54] Coyote willow, arrowweed, seep-willow, western honey mesquite, catclaw acacia, and exotic tamarisk (saltcedar) are the predominant species.[54] Hanging gardens, seeps and springs often contain rare plants such as the white-flowering western redbud, stream orchid, and Flaveria mcdougallii.[54] Endangered fish in the river include the humpback chub and the razorback sucker.[57]

text: The three most common amphibians in these riparian communities are the canyon tree frog, red-spotted toad, and Woodhouse's Rocky Mountain toad.[58] Leopard frogs are very rare in the Colorado River corridor, they have undergone major declines and have not been seen in the Canyon in several years.[58] There are 33 crustacean species found in the Colorado River and its tributaries within Grand Canyon National Park. Of these 33, 16 are considered true zooplankton organisms.[59]

text: Only 48 bird species regularly nest along the river, while others use the river as a migration corridor or as overwintering habitat. The bald eagle is one species that uses the river corridor as winter habitat.[60]

text: River otters may have disappeared from the park in the late 20th century, and muskrats are extremely rare.[56] Beavers cut willows, cottonwoods, and shrubs for food, and can significantly affect the riparian vegetation.[56] Other rodents, such as antelope squirrels and pocket mice, are mostly omnivorous, using many different vegetation types.[56] Grand Canyon bats typically roost in desert uplands, but forage on the abundance of insects along the river and its tributaries.[56] In addition to bats, coyotes, ringtails, and spotted skunks are the most numerous riparian predators and prey on invertebrates, rodents, and reptiles.[56]

text: Raccoons, weasels, bobcats, gray foxes, and mountain lions are also present, but are much more rare.[56] Mule deer and desert bighorn sheep are the ungulates that frequent the river corridor. Since the removal of 500 feral burros in the early 1980s, bighorn sheep numbers have rebounded.[56] Mule deer are generally not permanent residents along the river, but travel down from the rim when food and water resources there become scarce.[56]

text: The insect species commonly found in the river corridor and tributaries are midges, caddis flies, mayflies, stoneflies, black flies, mites, beetles, butterflies, moths, and fire ants.[61] Numerous species of spiders and several species of scorpions including the bark scorpion and the giant desert hairy scorpion inhabit the riparian zone.[61]

text: Eleven aquatic and 26 terrestrial species of mollusks have been identified in and around Grand Canyon National Park.[62] Of the aquatic species, two are bivalves (clams) and nine are gastropods (snails).[62] Twenty-six species of terrestrial gastropods have been identified, primarily land snails and slugs.[62]

text: There are approximately 41 reptile species in Grand Canyon National Park. Ten are considered common along the river corridor and include lizards and snakes.[63] Lizard density tends to be highest along the stretch of land between the water's edge and the beginning of the upland desert community.[63] The two largest lizards in the canyon are gila monsters and chuckwallas.[63] Many snake species, which are not directly dependent on surface water, may be found both within the inner gorge and the Colorado River corridor. Six rattlesnake species have been recorded in the park.[63]

text: Above the river corridor a desert scrub community, composed of North American desert flora, thrives. Typical warm desert species such as creosote bush, white bursage, brittlebush, catclaw acacia, ocotillo, mariola, western honey mesquite, four-wing saltbush, big sagebrush, blackbrush and rubber rabbitbrush grow in this community.[54] The mammalian fauna in the woodland scrub community consists of 50 species, mostly rodents and bats.[56] Three of the five Park woodrat species live in the desert scrub community.[56]

text: Except for the western (desert) banded gecko, which seems to be distributed only near water along the Colorado River, all of the reptiles found near the river also appear in the uplands, but in lower densities.[63] The desert gopher tortoise, a threatened species, inhabits the desert scrublands in the western end of the park.[63]

text: Some of the common insects found at elevations above 2,000 feet (610 m) are orange paper wasps, honey bees, black flies, tarantula hawks, stink bugs, beetles, black ants, and monarch and swallowtail butterflies.[61] Solifugids, wood spiders, garden spiders, black widow spiders and tarantulas can be found in the desert scrub and higher elevations.[61]

text: Upper Sonoran and Transition

text: The Upper Sonoran Life Zone includes most of the inner canyon and South Rim at elevations from 3,500 to 7,000 feet (1,100 to 2,100 m).[55] This zone is generally dominated by blackbrush, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Elevations of 3,500 to 4,000 feet (1,100 to 1,200 m) are in the Mojave Desert Scrub community of the Upper Sonoran. This community is dominated by the four-winged saltbush and creosote bush; other important plants include Utah agave, narrowleaf mesquite, ratany, catclaw acacia, and various cacti species.[55]

text: Approximately 30 bird species breed primarily in the desert uplands and cliffs of the inner canyon.[60] Virtually all bird species present breed in other suitable habitats throughout the Sonoran and Mohave deserts.[60] The abundance of bats, swifts, and riparian birds provides ample food for peregrines, and suitable eyrie sites are plentiful along the steep canyon walls. Also, several critically endangered California condors that were re-introduced to the Colorado Plateau on the Arizona Strip, have made the eastern part of the Park their home.[60]

text: The conifer forests provide habitat for 52 mammal species.[56] Porcupines, shrews, red squirrels, tassel eared Kaibab and Abert's squirrels, black bear, mule deer, and elk are found at the park's higher elevations on the Kaibab Plateau.[56]

text: Above the desert scrub and up to 6,200 feet (1,900 m) is a pinyon pine forest and one seed juniper woodland.[54] Within this woodland one can find big sagebrush, snakeweed, Mormon tea, Utah agave, banana and narrowleaf Yucca, winterfat, Indian ricegrass, dropseed, and needlegrass.[54] There are a variety of snakes and lizards here, but one species of reptile, the mountain short-horned lizard, is a particularly abundant inhabitant of the piñon-juniper and ponderosa pine forests.[63]

text: Ponderosa pine forests grow at elevations between 6,500 and 8,200 feet (2,000 and 2,500 m), on both North and South rims in the Transition life zone.[54] The South Rim includes species such as gray fox, mule deer, bighorn sheep, rock squirrels, pinyon pine and Utah juniper.[55] Additional species such as Gambel oak, New Mexico locust, mountain mahogany, elderberry, creeping mahonia, and fescue have been identified in these forests.[54] The Utah tiger salamander and the Great Basin spadefoot toad are two amphibians that are common in the rim forests.[58] Of the approximately 90 bird species that breed in the coniferous forests, 51 are summer residents and at least 15 of these are known to be neotropical migrants.[60]

text: Canadian and Hudsonian

text: Elevations of 8,200 to 9,000 feet (2,500 to 2,700 m) are in the Canadian Life Zone, which includes the North Rim and the Kaibab Plateau.[55] Spruce-fir forests characterized by Engelmann spruce, blue spruce, Douglas fir, white fir, aspen, and mountain ash, along with several species of perennial grasses, groundsels, yarrow, cinquefoil, lupines, sedges, and asters, grow in this sub-alpine climate.[54] Mountain lions, Kaibab squirrels, and northern goshawks are found here.[55]

text: Montane meadows and subalpine grassland communities of the Hudsonian life zone are rare and located only on the North Rim.[54] Both are typified by many grass species. Some of these grasses include blue and black grama, big galleta, Indian ricegrass and three-awns.[54] The wettest areas support sedges and forbs.[54]

text: Grand Canyon tourism

text: Grand Canyon National Park is one of the world's premier natural attractions, attracting about five million visitors per year. Overall, 83% were from the United States: California (12.2%), Arizona (8.9%), Texas (4.8%), Florida (3.4%) and New York (3.2%) represented the top domestic visitors. Seventeen percent of visitors were from outside the United States; the most prominently represented nations were the United Kingdom (3.8%), Canada (3.5%), Japan (2.1%), Germany (1.9%) and The Netherlands (1.2%).[64] The South Rim is open all year round weather permitting. The North Rim is generally open mid-May to mid-October.[65]

text: Activities

text: Aside from casual sightseeing from the South Rim (averaging 7,000 feet [2,100 m] above sea level), skydiving, rafting, hiking, running, and helicopter tours are popular. The Grand Canyon Ultra Marathon is a 78-mile (126 km) race over 24 hours. The floor of the valley is accessible by foot, muleback, or by boat or raft from upriver. Hiking down to the river and back up to the rim in one day is discouraged by park officials because of the distance, steep and rocky trails, change in elevation, and danger of heat exhaustion from the much higher temperatures at the bottom. Rescues are required annually of unsuccessful rim-to-river-to-rim travelers. Nevertheless, hundreds of fit and experienced hikers complete the trip every year.

text: Camping on the North and South rims is generally restricted to established campgrounds and reservations are highly recommended, especially at the busier South Rim. There is at large camping available along many parts of the North Rim managed by Kaibab National Forest. North Rim campsites are only open seasonally due to road closures from weather and winter snowpack. All overnight camping below the rim requires a backcountry permit from the Backcountry Office (BCO).[66] Each year Grand Canyon National Park receives approximately 30,000 requests for backcountry permits. The park issues 13,000 permits, and close to 40,000 people camp overnight.[66] The earliest a permit application is accepted is the first of the month, four months before the proposed start month.

text: Tourists wishing for a more vertical perspective can go skydiving, board helicopters and small airplanes in Boulder, Las Vegas, Phoenix and Grand Canyon National Park Airport (seven miles from the South Rim) for canyon flyovers. Scenic flights are no longer allowed to fly within 1500 feet of the rim within the national park because of a late 1990s crash.[67] The last aerial video footage from below the rim was filmed in 1984. However, some helicopter flights land on the Havasupai and Hualapai Indian Reservations within Grand Canyon (outside of the park boundaries).

text: In 2007, the Hualapai Tribe opened the glass-bottomed Grand Canyon Skywalk on their property, Grand Canyon West. The Skywalk is about 250 miles (400 km) by road from Grand Canyon Village at the South Rim.[68] The skywalk has attracted "thousands of visitors a year, most from Las Vegas".[69]

text: In 2016, skydiving at the Grand Canyon become possible with the first Grand Canyon Skydiving operation opening up at the Grand Canyon National Park Airport, on the South Rim.

text: In 2014, a developer announced plans to build a multimedia complex on the canyon's rim called the Grand Canyon Escalade. On 420 acres there would be shops, an IMAX theater, hotels and an RV park. A gondola would enable easy visits to the canyon floor where a "riverwalk" of "connected walkways, an eatery, a tramway station, a seating area and a wastewater package plant" would be situated. Navajo Nation President Ben Shelly has indicated agreement; the tribe would have to invest $65 million for road, water and communication facilities for the $1 billion complex. One of the developers is Navajo and has cited an 8 to 18 percent share of the gross revenue for the tribe as an incentive.[70]

text: Viewing the canyon

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Lipan Point is a promontory located on the South Rim. This point is located to the east of the Grand Canyon Village along the Desert View Drive. There is a parking lot for visitors who care to drive along with the canyon's bus service that routinely stops at the point. The trailhead to the Tanner Trail is located just before the parking lot. The view from Lipan Point shows a wide array of rock strata and the Unkar Creek area in the inner canyon.

text: Grand Canyon fatalities

text: About 770 deaths have occurred between the mid 1800s and 2015.[71][72] Of the fatalities that occurred from 1869 to 2001, some were as follows: 53 resulted from falls; 65 were attributable to environmental causes, including heat stroke, cardiac arrest, dehydration, and hypothermia; 7 were caught in flash floods; 79 were drowned in the Colorado River; 242 perished in airplane and helicopter crashes (128 of them in the 1956 disaster mentioned below); 25 died in freak errors and accidents, including lightning strikes and rock falls; and 23 were the victims of homicides.[73]

text: 1956 air disaster

text: In 1956, the Grand Canyon was the site of the deadliest commercial aviation disaster in history at the time.

text: On the morning of June 30, 1956, a TWA Lockheed Super Constellation and a United Airlines Douglas DC-7 departed Los Angeles International Airport within three minutes of one another on eastbound transcontinental flights. Approximately 90 minutes later, the two propeller-driven airliners collided above the canyon while both were flying in unmonitored airspace.

text: The wreckage of both planes fell into the eastern portion of the canyon, on Temple and Chuar Buttes, near the confluence of the Colorado and Little Colorado rivers. The disaster killed all 128 passengers and crew members aboard both planes.

text: This accident led to the institution of high-altitude airways and direct radar observation of aircraft (known as positive control) by en route ground controllers.


document_title: List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes

question_text: when is have and have nots season finale

root

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)11"The Big Surprise"May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)1.77[7]
The Cryer family has prepared a surprise 50th birthday celebration for Jim, but as he arrives, he is stunned when he sees that his latest mistress, Candace, has become friendly with his daughter Amanda and is partaking in the festivities.
22"Playing in the Deep End"May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)1.81[7]
Jim has repeatedly requested that Candace leave the family's home, but she continues to disobey him by staying with Amanda.
33"Beautifully Dysfunctional"June 4, 2013 (2013-06-04)1.47[8]
Candace commits some mischievous acts that put Jim's career in jeopardy.
44"Entering the Race"June 11, 2013 (2013-06-11)1.31[9]
After Jim announces that he plans to run for Governor, Candace holds the affair against Jim and threatens to reveal the news to the media. Hanna is shocked when she discovers an eviction notice on her door.
55"A Woman's Pride"June 18, 2013 (2013-06-18)1.32[10]
After her eviction, Hanna goes to Benny with questions regarding possibly adjusting the mortgage on her home.
66"Angry Sex"June 25, 2013 (2013-06-25)1.82[11]
Jim falls into Candace's vindictive trap once again and David is irked by the fact that Jim is unable to control himself.
77"A True Friend"July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)1.54[12]
Amanda has Wyatt and Jeffrey assist her with the move into her new apartment while Hanna is set up on a blind date by Benny.
88"The Criminal"July 9, 2013 (2013-07-09)1.56[13]
Benny prepares for his date by asking to borrow a car, but is arrested and charged with drug possession after falling trap to someone's malicious intent. Amanda seduces her law professor to raise her grade.
99"The Set Up"July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16)1.61[14]
Katheryn ends up bonding with Hanna over their issues.
1010"Number Nine"July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)1.80[15]
Katheryn shames Candace directly after Jim reveals his affair.
1111"Not My Daughter"July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30)1.87[16]
Katheryn tells everyone that she is leaving for vacation, but that turns out to be false.
1212"In Recovery"August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)2.02[17]
Jim and Candace end up in a verbal and physical altercation.
1313"What Are You Doing Here?"August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)2.14[18]
Information is discovered by a detective that links Benny and Tony. Veronica continues to work toward answers for Benny's case.
1414"My Name Is Veronica"August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20)2.05[19]
Katheryn gets nervous when her secret almost goes public.
1515"The Truth Will Set You Free"August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)2.32[20]
After her secret is revealed, Katheryn tells everyone what she really knows about Jim's secret activities. Jeffrey finally discloses his love for Wyatt.
1616"No More Hiding"September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)2.61[21]
Jeffery comes out to his parents; Hanna discloses information to Benny about Tony being his father; Amanda learns about her inheritance; and Wyatt relapses and has a life-changing accident.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth episode in Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots, "Why Didn't You Tell Me?" was not only a series high episode in ratings, but the most watched television program in all of cable for the night.[22] The episode brought in 3.4 million viewers.[23] Among all OWN programming since the network's January 2011 debut, only a March 2012 Oprah's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers (3.5 million) than the February-4-2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots.[22] On Tuesday, March 11, 2014, however, a season 2 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots—following a hiatus within the season—set a record for all of OWN programming, scoring the highest ratings in the station's history. The record-breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers.[24] Additionally, the episode came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night.[23]

tag: p

text:
Season 2 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)171"The Black Sedan"January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)2.77[25]
Amanda is having second thoughts about asking for her inheritance. Inside, Katheryn and Jim are arguing about Wyatt's accident Hanna is trying to find out any information about Benny.
182"Wyatt's Nightmare"January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)2.55[26]
Wyatt kills a little girl after a hit-and-run, and Benny ends up on life support. Jim is unsure of what to do next once his campaign begins to fall apart. Amanda has an emotional breakdown.
193"Family Issues"January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)2.84[27]
Hanna disagrees with Tony's suggestion to take Benny off life support. Celine and Katheryn have a confrontation about the former's shabby treatment of Hanna.
204"Unanswered Calls"January 28, 2014 (2014-01-28)2.78[28]
Jeffrey comes to the conclusion that Wyatt is the one who's at fault for Benny's condition and Lizzie's death.
215"Why Didn't You Tell Me?"February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)3.50[29]
Candace talks with Jim to have Benny relocated to a private hospital.
226"Protecting Wyatt"February 11, 2014 (2014-02-11)3.01[30]
Jim does everything in his power to keep Wyatt from going to jail. Tony confronts Hanna and serves her with court papers.
237"Amanda's Revenge"February 18, 2014 (2014-02-18)3.21[31]
Amanda breaks into her professor's home while his family is asleep. Candace is chosen by Hanna to represent her in court.
248"Maggie's Plan"February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)2.88[32]
As Jim gets ready to announce his campaign for Governor, Wyatt's behavior and warnings from Candace becomes too much to handle.
259"March for Justice"March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)3.04[33]
The judge makes a decision and sides with Tony. Hanna begs Tony on her knees to keep Benny on life support.
2610"Starting the Race"March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)3.59[34]
Candace tries once again to blackmail Jim and David during their campaign event. Wyatt finally gets arrested.
2711"You'll Be Sorry"May 27, 2014 (2014-05-27)3.11[35]
Wyatt is arrested. Candace is kidnapped by the Malones. Benny shows signs of brain activity.
2812"The Confession"June 3, 2014 (2014-06-03)2.62[36]
Jim conspires to save his son. Amanda gets a gun. Benny improves.
2913"Donald"June 10, 2014 (2014-06-10)2.42[37]
Jim proclaims his son's innocence. Quincy pays Hanna a surprise visit in search of Candace.
3014"The Awakening"June 17, 2014 (2014-06-17)2.81[38]
Benny wakes up from his coma.
3115"The Vulnerable"June 24, 2014 (2014-06-24)2.92[39]
Benny prepares for his release from the hospital. Hanna plans to testify against Wyatt. Maggie tries to seduce David.
3216"The Sarandon Hotel"July 1, 2014 (2014-07-01)3.47[40]
After escaping her kidnappers, Candace asks Warlock for help. Jeffrey is seduced by Melissa.
3317"Again and Again"July 8, 2014 (2014-07-08)3.32[41]
David is compromised. Jim is plotting. Candace is panicking.
3418"Something's Wrong With Amanda"July 15, 2014 (2014-07-15)3.26[42]
Amanda leaves the Cryer estate with Quincy. Candace hides out at Jeffrey's apartment. Katheryn and Celine get into another confrontation. Benny has conversation with Tony and later tries to restore peace between Hanna and Candace.
3519"Norman Hewens"July 22, 2014 (2014-07-22)2.86[43]
A news report claiming that another person is responsible for the hit-and-run saves Wyatt from jail. Katheryn berates Jim about his evil deeds. Hanna attempts to apologize to Jim for her hand in the tragedy, but he won't have it and orders her off his property; however, Katheryn has a tearful and beautiful reunion with her best friend, and offers Hanna her job back and to begin after Benny is settled in. Katheryn then tells Jim off about his attitude towards Hanna and orders him to keep Celine under control or else.
3620"Checkmate"July 29, 2014 (2014-07-29)3.49[44]
Jim is confronted by Carlos, his illegitimate son with Celine. Katheryn's celebratory dinner party goes awry when Quincy, Candace's ex, shows up as Amanda's date. David and Veronica continue to battle over the fact that Jeffrey is gay. Candace seeks her revenge on Jim. Maggie makes another attempt to sleep with David.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)371"The Power Dance"January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)3.22[45]
Hanna hosts a party for Benny upon his homecoming from the hospital. Jim is being held hostage by Warlock under Candace's orders.
382"The War Room"January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)2.91[46]
Hanna seeks information about Quincy's mother so she can get one step closer to finding her grandson. Maggie continues her pursuit of David.
393"A Southern Brawl"January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)2.60[47]
Veronica and Maggie have an outraged fight after Veronica catches David in Maggie's hotel room. Wyatt gives Celine a taste of reality and he finds out a about his brother Carlos.
404"Amanda's Room"January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)2.98[48]
Jim gives up and finally gives in to Candace's demands.
415"The Press Conference"February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)2.89[49]
Everyone prepares for Jim's announcement for Governor but he is nowhere to be found other than still being held against his will by Candace. Katheryn gets some devastating news.
426"A Tragic Day"February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)3.42[50]
Everyone else is assembled at the Cryer mansion during a family tragedy.
437"April 7, 1979"February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)3.22[51]
Katheryn tells the story of how she first met Jim.
448"In Crisis"February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)3.28[52]
Emotions and rage get the best of Jim and Wyatt. Katheryn and David try to tell Veronica how wrong she is about Jeffery.
459"A Talk with Jim"March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)2.90[53]
Benny is convinced that Candace has changed her ways. Hanna comforts Katheryn.
4610"Oscar"March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)3.02[54]
Hanna comforts Jim after Amanda's death. Candace meets a new guy.
4711"Unglued"March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)3.02[55]
David is angry at Veronica for telling Quincy to beat up Jeffrey and Veronica spirals out of control, especially since she thinks that Maggie is trying to steal David away form her.
4812"Enough is Enough"March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)3.50[56]
Benny searches for Quincy after he shows up at Hanna's home.
4913"Two Funerals"June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30)3.29[57]
Veronica starts a fire that destroys her mansion and almost claims David's life.
5014"In Memoriam"July 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)2.79[58]
The Cryer family prepares for Amanda's funeral. Wyatt's confession to D.A. Sallison sparks controversy.
5115"Nine Lives"July 14, 2015 (2015-07-14)3.17[59]
Hanna finds out that Jim and Katheryn were holding Candace hostage.
5216"The Cougar"July 21, 2015 (2015-07-21)2.85[60]
Hanna covers for Benny after she discovers him in bed with Veronica.
5317"Candace Young, Esq."July 28, 2015 (2015-07-28)3.01[61]
Candace shows Benny where she works.
5418"Benny Does Battle"August 4, 2015 (2015-08-04)3.17[62]
Quincy is hurt from the accident involving Benny.
5519"Quincy Jr."August 11, 2015 (2015-08-11)3.12[63]
Hanna is reunited with Q.
5620"A Home For Q"August 18, 2015 (2015-08-18)3.06[65]
Candace learns that Hanna is seeking custody of Q; and the Cryers and Harringtons try to convince the D.A. that Wyatt's taped confession is a misunderstanding.[64]
5721"Candace's Closing"August 25, 2015 (2015-08-25)3.19[66]
Candace buys property with the money she extorted from Jim; and Jim is interviewed on TV.
5822"Dianna Winchill"September 1, 2015 (2015-09-01)3.23[67]
While Jim is being interviewed by Dianna Winchill, a surprise guest arrives. Veronica tells Jim that she had planned Wyatt's attack in prison, leading Jim to attack her and later put a hit on her, Professor Cannon, and Prison Guard Terrell by calling three hitmen and ordering a "bloodbath."
5923"Vetted"September 8, 2015 (2015-09-08)3.28[68]
Hanna grows suspicious of Benny's involvement with Veronica and how he acquired his new house; Quincy drives a car through Hanna's home in spite of revenge; Candace decides to let her guard down with Oscar.
6024"Sheep's Clothing"September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)3.13[69]
Hanna becomes devastated when she learns that Quincy set her house on fire; Maggie tries to talk David into running for Governor; Jeffrey gives Wyatt the necessary ammunition to take his parents down.
6125"When The Chickens Come Home"September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)3.71[70]
Hanna and Benny force Candace to tell the truth about everything. Oscar reveals his true colors to Candace.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)621"The Waters Run Deep"January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)3.11[71]
Candace and Jeffrey disagree on what to do with Quincy's body when interrupted by a knock on the door. The Cryer and Harrington clan face repercussions.

Note: Actress Eva Tamargo who portrays Celine Gonzales leaves the main cast this season, although she is still featured in the opening sequence in the season 4 premiere.
632"Paid In Full"January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)2.73[72]
Katheryn has had a lot of time for reflection while cooling her heels behind bars with Veronica. Candace and Jeffery get a visit from the police because of a nosy neighbor.
643"The Right Medicine"January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)2.94[73]
Hanna discovers about her grandson's medical troubles. Katheryn is taken aback by the photo of Veronica in the arms of another man. Quincy wakes up and begs for Candace's help.
654"An Evil Soul"January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)3.02[74]
Katheryn is unshaken by the DA's attempt to push. Candace's lies catch up with her when she receives a visit form Warlock.
665"Immunity"February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)2.90[75]
Benny agrees to help Candace hide evidence in Quincy's murder.
676"Making Millions"February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)2.81[76]
Quincy Jr. passes out on Hanna after getting really sick and is rushed to the hospital and placed in ICU. Candace finally learns that Wyatt hit Benny and goes up to Benny to talk to him about suing the Cryers.
687"A Front Row Seat"February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)2.95[77]
Maggie's lie to David could cause her to lose him forever; Katheryn gets out of jail but she can't find anyone to help Jim or Veronica; Candace enlists Erica's help to plot for revenge.
698"Unexpected Visitors"February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)3.07[78]
Candace interrogates the social worker; Hanna is steaking out at Cryer's mansion waiting for their return; Katheryn goes to visit David but little does she know that Wyatt is one step closer to getting his inheritance.
709"I Choose My Son"March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)2.80[79]
Quita and Daylon break into Candace's house but are caught by Pearl, who calls her son Justin and his police squad to arrest them; Justin continues to harass Jeffery; Upon Wyatt's confession on hitting her son, Hanna confronts Katheryn.
7110"Beg For What You Need"March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)2.64[80]
Candace puts a plan into action to save herself and Benny from War's rage. Katheryn pleads with Hanna to not end their friendship. Veronica handles the hired assassin hiding in her house in an unexpected manner.
7211"48 Hours"March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)2.85[81]
Warlock has pushed up Candace's due date, so she goes to the bank to mortgage the houses and Benny's tow yard.
7312"My Friend Maggie"June 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)2.85[82]
Maggie visit's Veronica's home and gets the surprise of her life.
7413"Criminology 101"June 28, 2016 (2016-06-28)2.63[83]
Veronica treats David with much malice.
7514"Giving Candy To A Baby"July 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)2.70[84]
After talking with Pearl, Hanna hopes to gain custody of Quincy Jr.
7615"The Apple Tree"July 12, 2016 (2016-07-12)2.64[85]
Katheryn tries to process difficult news about one of her closest family members.
7716"The Heart of A Man"July 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)2.70[86]
Veronica and Jeffery go to visit Katheryn but Veronica pushes Jeffery to his limit.
7817"An Accident"July 26, 2016 (2016-07-26)3.05[87]
Jeffrey begins to implode so he calls Candace and Justin for help.
7918"A Tragic Assumption"August 2, 2016 (2016-08-02)3.02[88]
Jennifer arrives at Katheryn's house to tell her that Wyatt is alive.
8019"I Am Wolf"August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)2.89[89]
Jim teams up with a former enemy in his scheme against Candace.
8120"Back In Business"August 16, 2016 (2016-08-16)2.93[90]
Mitch breaks up the fight between David and Benny; David gets some shocking information about Mitch.
8221"The Fugitive"August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)2.95[91]
The police are on the look out for Hanna so they question Candace and Benny.
8322"The Silk Handkerchief"August 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)2.95[92]
Benny learns the truth of how Candace financed his property. Candace finally tells him the truth about War and how she got the money, and what Mitch did but he doesn't believe her.
8423"Promises Kept"September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)3.24[93]
Katheryn explodes when she is pushed to the limit. Candace searches for Oscar. Benny finds out the truth about War by Mitch, who also reveals to Benny who he really is.

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)851"A Cup of Tea"January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)2.99[94]
Veronica tries to escape the Cryer mansion after the murder of D.A. Jennifer Sallison. Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace, who is out on the search for Oscar. Benny is still upset because of how Candace mortgaged his house and the tow yard.
862"Waiting for Candace"January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)2.16[95]
Veronica and Katheryn have a fight. Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money.
873"It's Ok to Love"January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)2.68[96]
Veronica is still trying to escape Katheryn's house. Erica calls Candace to give her an update on things with David.
884"A Mother's Wisdom"January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)2.36[97]
Veronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery. Jim returns home to help Katheryn clean up a mess she has created.
895"Brilliant Lawyers Lurking"January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)2.70[98]
Veronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament.
906"A Hurricane Offshore"February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)2.75[99]
Veronica pays Erica a visit. Candace encounters Oscar again. Quita finds Wyatt's place and tells him that she's going to take his money.
917"Pieces of The Puzzle"February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)2.58[100]
Veronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him. Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy.
928"Praying for Light"February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)2.76[101]
Veronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica. Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family.
939"We All Need Forgiveness"February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)2.33[102]
Veronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery. Candace makes Charles her latest Mark.
9410"Forget The Bubble"March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)2.41[103]
Veronica is pushing Jeffery's buttons. Erica is caught sleeping with David by War.
9511"In Pursuit of Prey"March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)3.20[104]
Veronica tries to seduce Benny. Warlock looks for Candace and Erica reveals her true colors. Mitch returns from jail. Katheryn leaves Jim. Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition.
9612"The Fallout From War"June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)2.68[105]
In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead. Veronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed.
9713"My Grandson's War"June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)2.44[106]
Veronica and Katheryn came face-to-face. Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim.
9814"Mad Day"July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)2.33[107]
Veronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny. Jim taunts Veronica. Hanna found herself at Katheryn's new rental home.
9915"A Woman Under the Stairs"July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)2.43[108]
Veronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey. David and Jim find their sons. Charles reveals to Candace who he really is.
10016"Railroad"July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)2.43[109]
Veronica visits Melissa at the hospital. Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny's situation. Wyatt gets released from the hospital. Charles beats Candace at her own game.
10117"Elevator Seven"August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)2.30[110]
Veronica confronts Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship. Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace. Jeffrey meets up with Landon.
10218"A Broken Mirror"August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)2.33[111]
Veronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey's hotel room, and records Officer Justin. Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does.
10319"Haunted By The Surname"August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)2.40[112]
Veronica is confronted by Officer Justin. Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is. Candace gets some devastating news about her son, Quincy Jr.
10420"The Enemy Called Trust"August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)2.52[113]
Veronica tells Landon to stay away her son. Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire. Candace ask Mitch for a favor. Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap.
10521"Kate"August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)2.64[114]
Veronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed. Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion and Jim begs her for retribution.
10622"For The Team"September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)2.61[115]
Veronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum. Candace and Benny are at odds with each other. David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica.
10723"The Veronica Show"September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)2.58[116]
The Young family are all at odds with each other during a visit to the funeral home. Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage. Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr. Jim confronts her at The Artesian Hotel.

text: Season 6 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)1081"Afraid of Flames"January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)2.30[117]
In the Season 6 premiere, Hanna is in mourning after the deadly shooting of her grandson; Candace rejects Benny's pleas to help her; and Veronica and Melissa find themselves in a dangerous situation.
1092"Searching For A Mother's Love"January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)2.34[118]
Benny and Mitch risk their lives to save victims of a horrific auto accident; and Justin professes his love and lust for Jeffery.
1103"Undercover Vice"January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)2.25[119]
David learns of Jeffrey's whereabouts; Hanna and Benny confront Candace.
1114"The Lion"January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)2.20[120]
Hanna reveals a deep, dark secret; David calls upon Katheryn for help with Jeffrey.
1125"Errand Boy"February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)2.17[121]
Justin continues his pursuit of Jeffery; Candace and Benny fight to keep their strong sibling relationship.
1136"Hanna's Tea"February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)2.24[122]
Veronica returns home after her stay in the hospital; Candace and Jeffrey's murder of Quincy catches up with them and are faced with some serious consequences; Katheryn shows her new home to Hanna, where she meets a new man.
1147"Every Six Months"February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)2.24[123]
Candace gets released from jail while David fights to get Jeffrey out.
1158"Wicked"February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)2.02[124]
Sarah and George make progress in prosecuting the Cryers; Veronica hatches up a scheme against David.
1169"An Eye For An Eye"March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)2.03[125]
David confronts Hanna about Benny and Jeffery; Charles is determined to see Candace; Veronica learns that Melissa has been drinking while pregnant; Hanna learns of Benny's recent encounter with Veronica; Katheryn confronts Jim about Jennifer Sallison; Wyatt learns about Jeffery being in jail.
11710"A Lover's Passions"March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)2.08[126]
Candace works on a new plan to recoup her money from the Cryers; Veronica is preoccupied by an all-consuming desire for revenge; Hanna gets ready for her date with Derrick.
11811"Veronica's House"May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)1.55[127]
Veronica finds out that David moved Erica into her dream home and also lets David know that she is the only queen in the world to reclaim her kingdom; Candace reverts to her old ways by drugging Oscar's drink in order to get her money back; Veronica and Justin have another confrontation; Hanna goes out on her date with Derrick; Melissa seduces Benny again; and Wyatt has a major relapse that spirals out of control.
11912"In His Eyes"May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)1.74[128]
After Veronica catches Benny with Melissa in her house the two get into a fight, forcing Veronica to throw Melissa out, leaving her with no place to go. This prompts Benny to let Melissa stay with him; Hanna encounters singer Stephanie Mills on her date; Wyatt is forced to make a life-threatening decision; Candace enacts her new money scheme like a boss; Jim and Katheryn come to a revelation about their bad parenting skills; Justin tries to make Jeffery jealous; and Candace panics when Oscar won't wake up after finding him totally unconscious.
12013"The Right Cocktail"May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)1.72[129]
After Candace revives Oscar, she reminds him of her getting her money back; Veronica makes Jeffery an unexpected offer; Wyatt's situation lands him in hot water; Candace decided to drop Gia after learning her money deposit is processing; Hanna gives Melissa advice regarding her and the baby; Veronica schemes to get back at Benny; and Hanna returns to work.
12114"The Rabbit and the Water Moccasin"May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)1.79[130]
Wyatt learns the advantage and disadvantage of drug use.
12215"The Third Quarter"May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)1.90[131]
Benny wants to return the money to the Malones but discovers it's not that simple.
12316"No Honor In This Game"June 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)1.81[132]
Katheryn learns that Wyatt's anger for her comes from deep childhood scars.
12417"The Broken Washer"June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)1.80[133]
Veronica and Candace scheme up a plan to hurt David.
12518"Sugar Mamma"June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)1.92[134]
Officer Justin shows Jeffery just how serious he is about being with him.
12619"Team of Rivals"June 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)1.95[135]
David is pushed to a point by Veronica that he didn't know he had.
12720"Smitten"July 3, 2018 (2018-07-03)1.65[136]
Charles learns that Landon may have ulterior motives.
12821"Moles"July 10, 2018 (2018-07-10)1.95[137]
Benny's arrest forces Candace to return to her old tricks to make some quick cash to leave town.
12922"Til Death Do Us Part"July 17, 2018 (2018-07-17)2.21[138]
Candace and Jim are up to their old tricks; people are caught in the crossfire of Veronica's wicked plots and intimidations.
13023"The Road to Hell"August 14, 2018 (2018-08-14)1.92[139]
After being pushed to the limit Veronica finally gets her revenge.
13124"The Black Dress"August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21)1.90[140]
David learns Erica's fate while being rushed to the hospital; the truth about Mitch's uncle comes out, and the Malones now have a new target.
13225"A Father's Regret"August 28, 2018 (2018-08-28)2.06[141]
An explosion in this small town sets more on fire than just a car.
13326"The Damned Defibrillator"September 4, 2018 (2018-09-04)TBD
While David remains in the hospital, Veronica gets a surprising shock of her own.
13427"Laugh Not To Cry"September 11, 2018 (2018-09-11)TBD
Veronica convinces RK to do some of her dirty work.