document_title: Type A and Type B personality theory

question_text: which type of personality is more prone to stress

text: Type A and Type B personality theory

text: History[edit]

text: Type A personality behavior was first described as a potential risk factor for heart disease in the 1950s by cardiologists Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman. They discovered that their patients were wearing out the arms and upholstery on the chairs in the waiting room.[3] After an eight-and-a-half-year-long study of healthy men between the ages of 35 and 59, Friedman and Rosenman estimated that Type A behavior doubles the risk of coronary heart disease in otherwise healthy individuals.[4] The individuals enrolled in this study were followed well beyond the original time frame of the study. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire, that asked questions like "Do you feel guilty if you use spare time to relax?" and "Do you generally move, walk, and eat rapidly?"[5] Subsequent analysis indicated that although Type A personality is associated with the incidence of coronary heart disease, it does not seem to be a risk factor for mortality.[6]

text: The types[edit]

text: Type A[edit]

text: The hypothesis describes Type A individuals as outgoing, ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status-conscious, sensitive, impatient, anxious, proactive, and concerned with time management. People with Type A personalities are often high-achieving "workaholics". They push themselves with deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence.[7] People with Type A personalities experience more job-related stress and less job satisfaction.[8]

text: In his 1996 book dealing with extreme Type A behavior, Type A Behavior: Its Diagnosis and Treatment, Friedman suggests that dangerous Type A behavior is expressed through three major symptoms: (1) free-floating hostility, which can be triggered by even minor incidents; (2) time urgency and impatience, which causes irritation and exasperation usually described as being "short-fused"; and (3) a competitive drive, which causes stress and an achievement-driven mentality. The first of these symptoms is believed to be covert and therefore less observable, while the other two are more overt.[9]

text: Type A people were said to be hasty, impatient, impulsive, hyperalert, potentially hostile, and angry.[10] Research has also shown that Type A personalities deal with reality and have certain defenses when it comes to dealing with problems.[11]

text: There are two main methods to assessing Type A behaviour. The first being the SI and the second being the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS)[12] The SI assessment involves an interviewer measuring a persons emotional, nonverbal and verbal responses (your expressive style). The JAS involves a self questionnaire with three main categories: Speed and Impatience, Job Involvement, and Hard-Driving Competitiveness.[13]

text: Type B[edit]

text: The hypothesis describes Type B individuals as a contrast to those of Type A. Type B personality, by definition, are noted to live at lower stress levels. They typically work steadily, and may enjoy achievement, although they have a greater tendency to disregard physical or mental stress when they do not achieve. When faced with competition, they may focus less on winning or losing than their Type A counterparts, and more on enjoying the game regardless of winning or losing. Unlike the Type A personality's rhythm of multi-tasked careers, Type B individuals are sometimes attracted to careers of creativity: writer, counselor, therapist, actor or actress. However, network and computer systems managers, professors, and judges are more likely to be Type B individuals as well. Their personal character may enjoy exploring ideas and concepts.

text: Type B personality types are more tolerant than individuals in the Type A category.[5]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Limitations of the original study comprise the inclusion of only middle-aged men and the lack of information regarding the diets of those subjects. While the latter could serve as a confounding variable, the former calls into question whether the findings can be generalized to the remaining male population or to the female population as a whole.

text: Friedman et al. (1986)[14] conducted a randomized controlled trial on 862 male and female post myocardial infarction patients, ruling out (by probabilistic equivalence) diet and other confounds. Subjects in the control group received group cardiac counseling, and subjects in the treatment group received cardiac counseling plus Type A counseling. The recurrence rate was 28% in the control group and 13% in the treatment group, a strong and statistically significant finding.

text: Funding by tobacco companies[edit]

text: Further discrediting the so-called Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP), a study from 2012 – based on searching the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library – suggests the phenomenon of initially promising results followed by negative findings to be partly explained by the tobacco industry's involvement in TABP research to undermine the scientific evidence on smoking and health. The industry's interest in TABP lasted at least four decades until the late 1990s, involving substantial funding to key researchers encouraged to prove smoking to simply correlate with a personality type prone to coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer.[15] Hence, until the early 1980s, the industry's strategy consisted of suggesting the risks of smoking to be caused by psychological characteristics of individual smokers rather than tobacco products by deeming the causes of cancer to be multifactorial with stress as a key contributing factor.[16][17][18] Philip Morris (today Altria) and RJ Reynolds helped generate substantial evidence to support these claims by funding workshops and research aiming to educate about and alter TABP to reduce risks of CHD and cancer. Moreover, Philip Morris primarily funded the Meyer Friedman Institute, e.g. conducting the "crown-jewel" trial on the effectiveness of reducing TABP whose expected findings could discredit studies associating smoking with CHD and cancer but failing to control for Type A behaviour.[15]

text:
In 1994, Friedman wrote to the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration criticising restrictions on indoor smoking to reduce CHD, claiming the evidence remained unreliable since it did not account for the significant confounder of Type A behaviour, notwithstanding the fact that by then, TABP had proven to be significant in only three of twelve studies. Though apparently unpaid for, this letter was approved by and blind-copied to Philip Morris, and Friedman (falsely) claimed to receive funding largely from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.[19]
When TABP finally became untenable, Philip Morris supported research on its hostility component,[20] allowing Vice President Jetson Lincoln to explain passive smoking lethality by the stress exerted on a non-smoking spouse through media claiming the smoking spouse to be slowly killing themselves.[21]  When examining the most recent review on TABP and CHD in this light, the close relationship to the tobacco industry becomes evident: of thirteen etiologic studies in the review, only four reported positive findings,[22]  three of which had a direct or indirect link to the industry. Also on the whole most TABP studies had no relationship to the tobacco lobby but the majority of those with positive findings did.[15]  Furthermore, TABP was used as a litigation defence, similar to psychosocial stress.[23]  Hence, Petticrew et al. proved the tobacco industry to have substantially helped generate the scientific controversy on TABP, contributing to the (in lay circles) enduring popularity and prejudice for Type A personality even though it has been scientifically disproven.[15]

text: Other issues[edit]

text: Some scholars argue that Type A behavior is not a good predictor of coronary heart disease.[24] According to research by Redford Williams of Duke University, the hostility component of Type A personality is the only significant risk factor.[25] Thus, it is a high level of expressed anger and hostility, not the other elements of Type A behavior, that constitutes the problem.

text: The initial study that pointed to the association of Type A personality and heart attacks had a massive number of questions under consideration. When there are a lot of questions there is a high probability of a false positive. Two subsequent studies[by whom?] that specifically tested for the association were negative. A simple explanation[weasel words] is that the initial finding was chance due to multiple questions being under consideration. Those considerations may have changed.

text: Other studies[edit]

text: A study was performed that tested the effect of psychosocial variables, in particular personality and stress, as risk factors for cancer and coronary heart disease (CHD).[26]  In this study, four personality types were recorded.  Type 1 personality is cancer prone, Type 2 is CHD prone, Type 3 is alternating between behaviors characteristic of Types 1 and 2, and Type 4 is a healthy, autonomous type hypothesized to survive best.  The data suggests that the Type 1 probands die mainly from cancer, type 2 from CHD, whereas Type 3 and especially Type 4 probands show a much lower death rate.  Two additional types of personalities were measured, Type 5 and Type 6.  Type 5 is a rational anti-emotional type, which shows characteristics common to Type 1 and Type 2.  Type 6 personality shows psychopathic tendencies and is prone to drug addiction and AIDS.[27]

text: While most studies attempt to show the correlation between personality types and coronary heart disease, studies have suggested that mental attitudes constitute an important prognostic factor for cancer.  As a method of treatment for cancer-prone patients, behavior therapy is used.[28] The patient is taught to express his/her emotions more freely, in a socially acceptable manner, to become autonomous and be able to stand up for his/her rights.  Behavior therapy would also teach them how to cope with stress-producing situations more successfully. The effectiveness of therapy in preventing death in cancer and CHD is evident.[29]  The statistical data associated with higher death rates is impressive.  Other measures of therapy have been attempted, such as group therapy.  The effects were not as dramatic as behavior therapy, but still showed improvement in preventing death among cancer and CHD patients.

text: From the study above, several conclusions have been made.  A relationship between personality and cancer exists, along with a relationship between personality and coronary heart disease.  Personality type acts as a risk factor for diseases and interacts synergistically with other risk factors, such as smoking and heredity.  It has been statistically proven that behavior therapy can significantly reduce the likelihood of cancer or coronary heart disease mortality.  On the contrary, psychoanalysis can increase the likelihood of cancer and coronary heart disease mortality drastically.[citation needed] Studies suggest that both body and mental disease arise from each other.  Mental disorders arise from physical causes, and likewise, physical disorders arise from mental causes.  While Type A personality did not show a strong direct relationship between its attributes and the cause of coronary heart disease, other types of personalities have shown strong influences on both cancer-prone patients and those prone to coronary heart disease.[29]

text: A study conducted by the International Journal of Behavioral Medicine re-examined the association between the Type A concept with cardiovascular (CVD) and non-cardiovascular (non-CVD) mortality by using a long follow-up (on average 20.6 years) of a large population-based sample of elderly males (N = 2,682), by applying multiple Type A measures at baseline, and looking separately at early and later follow-up years. The study sample were the participants of the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, (KIHD), which includes a randomly selected representative sample of Eastern Finnish men, aged 42–60 years at baseline in the 1980s. They were followed up until the end of 2011 through linkage with the National Death Registry. Four self-administered scales, Bortner Short Rating Scale, Framingham Type A Behavior Pattern Scale, Jenkins Activity Survey, and Finnish Type A Scale, were used for Type A assessment at the start of follow-up. Type A measures were inconsistently associated with cardiovascular mortality, and most associations were non-significant. Some scales suggested slightly decreased, rather than increased, risk of CVD death during the follow-up. Associations with non-cardiovascular deaths were even weaker. The study's findings further suggest that there is no evidence to support the Type A as a risk factor for CVD and non-CVD mortality.[30]

text: Role of magnesium in cardiovascular health[edit]

text: Maintaining healthy magnesium (Mg) levels in the body plays a strong role in protecting the cardiovascular health of an individual. An analysis of the literature suggests the possible role of Mg deficiency in the susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases, observed among subjects displaying a type A behavior pattern. Type A subjects are more sensitive to stress and produce more catecholamines than type B subjects. This, in turn, seems to induce an intracellular Mg loss. In the long run, type A individuals would develop a state of Mg deficiency, which may promote a greater sensitivity to stress and, ultimately, lead to the development of cardiovascular problems.[31]

text: Substance abuse[edit]

text: In a 1998 study done by Ball et al., they looked at differences in Type A and Type B personalities based on substance use. Their results showed that Type B personalities had more severe issues with substance abuse than Type A personalities.[32] Another discover in their research was more Type B personalities had been diagnosed with a personality disorder than users who had Type A personalities.[32] Type B personalities were rated higher than Type A personalities on symptoms of all DSM-IV personality disorders, with the exception of schizoid personality disorder.[32]


document_title: Black ice

question_text: at what temperature does water freeze on the roads

root

text: Black ice

text: Definitions[edit]

text: The term black ice in the United States is often incorrectly used to describe any type of ice that forms on roadways, even when standing water on roads turns to ice as the temperature falls below freezing. Correctly defined, black ice is formed on relatively dry roads, rendering it invisible to drivers. It occurs when in the textures present in all pavements very slightly below the top of the road surface contain water or moisture, thereby presenting a dry surface to tires until that water or moisture freezes and expands; drivers then find they are riding above the road surface on a honeycombed invisible sheet of ice.

tag: p

text: Three other definitions of black ice by the World Meteorological Organization are:[1]

text:
A thin ice layer on a fresh or salt water body which appears dark in colour because of its transparency;
A mariner's term for a dreaded form of icing sometimes sufficiently heavy to capsize a small ship;
Another term for ice on rocks in the mountains known equally as verglas (glaze ice).

tag: ul

text: Formation[edit]

text: On roads and pavements[edit]

text: The American Meteorological Society Glossary of Meteorology includes the definition of black ice as "a thin sheet of ice, relatively dark in appearance, [that] may form when light rain or drizzle falls on a road surface that is at a temperature below 0 °C (32 °F)."[2] Because it represents only a thin accumulation, black ice is highly transparent and thus difficult to see as compared with snow, frozen slush, or thicker ice layers. In addition, it often is interleaved with wet pavement, which is nearly identical in appearance. This makes driving, cycling or walking on affected surfaces extremely dangerous. Deicing with salt (sodium chloride) is effective down to temperatures of about −18 °C (0 °F). Other compounds such as magnesium chloride or calcium chloride have been used for very cold temperatures since the freezing-point depression of their solutions is lower.

text: At low temperatures (below −18 °C [0 °F]), black ice can form on roadways when the moisture from automobile exhaust condenses on the road surface.[3] Such conditions caused multiple accidents in Minnesota when the temperatures dipped below −18 °C (0 °F) for a prolonged period of time in mid-December 2008.[4] Salt's ineffectiveness at melting ice at these temperatures compounds the problem. Black ice may form even when the ambient temperature is several degrees above the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), if the air warms suddenly after a prolonged cold spell that has left the surface of the roadway well below the freezing point temperature.

text: On December 1, 2013, heavy post-Thanksgiving weekend traffic encountered black ice on the westbound I-290 expressway in Worcester, Massachusetts. A chain reaction series of crashes resulted, involving three tractor-trailers and over 60 other vehicles. The ice formed suddenly on a long downward slope, surprising drivers coming over the crest of a hill, who could not see crashed vehicles ahead until it was too late to stop on the slick pavement.[5]

text: On bridges[edit]

text: Bridges and overpasses can be especially dangerous. Black ice forms first on bridges and overpasses because air can circulate both above and below the surface of the elevated roadway when the ambient temperature drops, causing the bridge pavement temperature to fall more rapidly.[6]

text: In the United States, road warning signs with the advisory "Bridge May Be Icy" indicate potentially dangerous roadways above bridge structures.

text: Similar road signs exists throughout Canada, but warnings sometimes appear without words to comply to bilingual requirements. The Canadian sign features a vehicle with skid marks and snow flakes. The same sign's official and undisclosed description is defined as "Pavement is slippery when wet".[7]

text: Additional signs may be attached with various different wording in Canadian provinces that do not have bilingual requirements:

text:
Bridge Ices
Slippery When Wet
Road Ices
Slippery When Frosty
Icy Bridge Deck
Bridge Ices Before Road

text: Problems on I-35W Mississippi River bridge[edit]

text: The I-35W Mississippi River bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, was well known for its black ice before it collapsed in 2007 into the Mississippi River. It had caused several pileups during its 40-year life. On December 19, 1985, the temperature reached −34 °C (−29 °F). Cars crossing the bridge experienced black ice and there was a massive pile up of crashed vehicles on the bridge on the northbound side. In February and in December 1996, the bridge was identified as the single most treacherous cold-weather spot in the local freeway system, because of the almost frictionless thin layer of black ice that regularly formed when temperatures dropped below freezing. The bridge's proximity to Saint Anthony Falls contributed significantly to the icing problem and the site was noted for frequent spinouts and collisions.[8][9]

text: By January 1999, Mn/DOT began testing magnesium chloride solutions and a mixture of magnesium chloride and a corn-processing byproduct to see whether either would reduce the black ice that appeared on the bridge during the winter months.[10] In October 1999, the state embedded temperature-activated nozzles in the bridge deck to spray the bridge with potassium acetate solution to keep the area free of winter black ice.[11][12] The system came into operation in 2000.[13][14]

text: While the automated de-icing system prevented further major multi-vehicle collisions, it may have contributed to the collapse of the I-35W bridge, due to accelerated corrosion of the structure.[15]

text: On water[edit]

text: When the temperature is below freezing and the wind is calm, such as under a high atmospheric pressure at night in the fall, a thin layer of ice will form over open water of a lake. If the depth of the body of water is large enough, its color is black and can be seen through the ice, thus the name black ice.

text: Ice can also be formed by seawater spray and water vapour freezing upon contact with a vessel's superstructure when temperature is low enough. Ice formed in this manner is known as rime.[16] As the formation progress, the aboveboard weight of the vessel increases and may ultimately cause capsizing. Furthermore, rime ice may impede the correct functioning of important navigational instruments on board, such as radar or radio installations. Different strategies for the removal of such ice are employed: chipping away the ice or even using fire hoses in an attempt to remove the ice.

text: In mountains[edit]

text: Black ice is a great hazard for climbers and scramblers. Cold weather is common at high altitudes, and black ice quickly forms on rock surfaces. Loss of traction is as sudden and unexpected as on a pavement or road, but can be fatal if the rock is in an exposed position with a drop below. An ice-axe and crampons are essential use in such circumstances as they will help to prevent a fall, and a belay rope will help to arrest a fall.


document_title: Elena Gilbert

question_text: who does elena really love in vampire diaries

text: Elena Gilbert

text: Casting and portrayal[edit]

text:
When I look in the mirror, I just feel different when I'm Katherine or when I'm Elena. My voice changes a little bit, I think, and even just mentally, I feel like I can get away with a lot more.[1]
—Dobrev

tag: div

text: On March 9, 2009, it was announced that Bulgarian-born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev, known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi: The Next Generation, had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena.[2] She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen, who plays Elena's brother Jeremy Gilbert.[3] Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town.".[2] Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu, which he described as the "worst audition ever", and they "didn't even look at her a second time". Dobrev went back home to Canada, yet, still wanting the part, she submitted a videotape audition, which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert.[4]

text: Dobrev said that after reading the script, she was drawn to Elena because she was "this average girl who was damaged in many ways".[5] Initially, she believed that she would be playing the "bad girl" Elena from the books, but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character.[4] After researching, Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena's 534-year-old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the "complete opposite".[5] Dobrev described this as "one of the rarest, coolest opportunities in television, to play two people on the same medium". She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena.[5] Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger, Katherine; "Changing my hair helps me transform," she told Glamour.[6] Additionally, she said "I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show — I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it".[4] Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena, and found it "interesting" to create a whole new character.[1] In the novels, Katherine originated from Germany. However, in the television series, she is Bulgarian, as is Dobrev, who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said,  "The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day. One thing led to the other and voila".[7]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: In the books, Elena is considered "one of the popular girls" at her high school and always gets "anything she wants".[8] Executive producer of the television show, Julie Plec, said the Elena from the books was "really kind of selfish". In The Vampire Diaries, Elena's "selfishness" in the books as a human was never explored, because it "didn't ever feel like a characteristic" the show wanted for their heroine.[9] Plec said "We kind of abandoned that queen-bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books", while feeling that Elena's actual flaw is her "deep, deep connection to other people".[9] In the books, Elena had blonde hair, but has brown hair in the television show.[10] Describing Elena from the books, Dobrev said she is "one of those mean girls that gets what she wants, popular . . . and she's blonde and blue eyed". Williamson told her that "the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable, nice, girl next door, who the audience roots for".[4] Katherine, on the other hand, is penned as a "conniving, narcissistic, bitch".[4] Describing Elena years later, Dobrev said she evolved from a "younger, naive, sad, young girl" to a "strong woman".[1]

text: Romances[edit]

text: Before The Vampire Diaries, Elena dated Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig), who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break-up.[11] Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley), and later discovered he was a vampire.[12] As the episodes progressed, she developed a connection with Stefan's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder), who consumes human blood, unlike Stefan, who has an animal blood diet.[13] Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena, Dobrev said they have "different qualities that are very appealing", which combined make "the perfect man". She said "Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving, and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting".[5]

text: After Elena became a vampire, she became sired to Damon and they slept together. According to Plec during an interview with TVLine, Elena "really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real", and the couple "wants to be together and realizes that they shouldn’t, yet really wants to. So what do they do?"[14] Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[15] In the season 4 finale, an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon, and the two kiss passionately. At the end of season 6, the two plan to become human, get married, and have children together, but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai, who puts Elena into a magical coma. Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully.  In the season 8 finale, she is revealed to be happily married to Damon.

text: Transition[edit]

text: Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series, Elena was turned into a vampire too early, which was around page 200 of The Awakening.[16] Elena's transition into a vampire was planned for two years. Plec said: "That felt obviously too soon, and rushed, and we didn’t want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire. But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually".[16] At the second season's conclusion, Elena was nearly turned into a vampire.[1] Dobrev was happy that she wasn't, because she felt "it would have been too soon", and also didn't think it was something Elena or she wanted.[1]

text: In the show's third season, Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion, and begins to die.[17] In what was described by the International Business Times as "the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for", Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to. At the time, Klaus was killed, meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die, which includes Damon and Stefan. She picks to say goodbye to Stefan.[17] However, all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies. To save her, Doctor Merideth Fell (Torrey DeVitto) fed Elena Damon's blood. Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge, unaware of the vampire blood in her system. She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season.[17] The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec, and described her transition as "monumental changes" which would have Elena in for a "wild ride". Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is "an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes", and "she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly".[18] While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone, Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to "rip the band-aid off".[18] Plec felt that "She’s, unfortunately, not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world. It’s going to make it more difficult for her",[18] while describing the situation as "a whole new Elena and it’s a whole new day. It’s a different dynamic between the three of them especially".[18]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Elena Gilbert is born on June 22, 1992 in Mystic Falls, Virginia to John Gilbert (David Anders) and Isobel Flemming (Mia Kirshner) while they were still in highschool. With the help of John's brother Grayson, Isobel and John flee town days later, leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own. A doctor, Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda. The next year, Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own, Jeremy Gilbert. Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan, who was her first love. On 23 May 2009, Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party. The three of them later end up in a car accident, with their car driving off a bridge. Stefan Salvatore finds them, and saves Elena, but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda, who died. It remained unknown for months who saved Elena, and it was considered a miracle that she lived. Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up.

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Elena, still empty after losing her parents, begins to fit back into school. She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore. They connect instantly, and begin dating. She meets his older and malevolent brother, Damon. After researching, Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953. It is later revealed that he is a 162-year-old vampire. Damon also begins falling for Elena. Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her. Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago, and the person who turned them into vampires. He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death. At the end of season one, Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda weren't her biological parents, and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John, who she grew up hating, were.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: In season two, she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger, having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce, which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus' werewolf side. The sacrifice later happens, but Elena is saved, because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie. However, her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and, as part of the sacrifice, is killed by Klaus, leaving Elena without a guardian. In the season two finale, while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite, she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon's last day, however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus' blood.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In season three, Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back, which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two. Meanwhile, she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus, eventually even sharing a kiss. She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan. While in Denver together, Elena kisses Damon, later telling him that she doesn't know how she feels about him. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent's death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system. During the last moments of season three, she awakens as a vampire in transition.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. Elena, after realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, decides to complete her transition. Her relationship with Stefan ends, allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon. Although, it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them. Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism, Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine. As a result, Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity, due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family. Elena became ruthless without her emotions, going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends. Towards the end of season four, Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief. After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on, Elena's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy. Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed. Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved.

text: Season 5[edit]

text:
In season five, Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon. There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning. She and Damon then find the safe, only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again. However, Qetsiyah had fried Stefan's brain causing him to suffer amnesia. While trying to bring him back, they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him. Qetsiyah soon brings back Stefan's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgängers of Silas and Amara. This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship. Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield, and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires.
Later, when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system, Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena, a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce. But once they did, they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape. Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger, but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie, shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side, that she had injected Dr. Maxfield's enhanced ripper/werewolf virus into Elena's body, infecting Elena. The gang is eventually able to find an antidote.
She unfortunately loses trust in Damon, partly because he killed her friend Aaron, so they break up, but realise they cannot survive being apart and get back together.
Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls, setting an anti-magic barrier around the town, the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time, overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now-collapsing Other Side. Elena and Damon drive into the gas-filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it, blowing it up and killing most of the people in it, including Elena and Damon. She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body, sending her to Bonnie, where she passes to the Other Side, and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards. But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through, and as Bonnie is the anchor, she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it. This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale.

text: Season 6[edit]

text:
In season six, Elena starts back at Whitmore, and is unable to set foot in her hometown. She is also unable to recover from Damon's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians, drink their blood, then compel them to forget, but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls, any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal, putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims, Sarah, comes to town.
Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon, which Alaric is able to do, due to him being an Enhanced Original, with the ability to compel other vampires. She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done. After a number of failed attempts, Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon. She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon, should she ever need them again. She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards, but decides to stay the way she is, as she doesn't want to go back to being unhappy again. She starts to date her classmate, Liam.
Once Damon comes back to life, Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion, a decision she is reluctant to make. She eventually decides to have him undo it, but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls, causing him to lose his vampire status (he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed), meaning he will not be able to do so. She is then left to finally come face-to-face with Damon and see if she'll still feel the same way about him. They eventually rekindle their relationship, Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon. At Alaric's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena, linking her life to Bonnie's. She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn. She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon, Stefan and Caroline again one day.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Elena doesn't make an appearance but is heard calling Damon's name when he visits the Armory vault. It was a way of Sybil, the Siren, luring him into a trap.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: In the final episode, Elena makes an appearance. When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell, she meets Elena in a dream-like forest. Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died. Enzo appears and says it isn't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living. When Bonnie wakes up, it was Stefan who resuscitated her. Elena, asleep, is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room. Stefan tries to rescue Elena, but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room, so that Elena can't be taken out of the room. After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell, Bonnie passes out. Elena wakes up and wanders the school. Stefan meets up with her. It looks like Bonnie has died, but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan's ghost came to visit her in her dream. He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon, since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure. He came to say goodbye. After a tearful hug and saying goodbye, Stefan goes into afterlife. Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her. Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang. Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear, saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever. In the epilogue, Elena continued to study at medical school. After finishing her education, she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon, happily married for a long time. After living out her life, she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents, Aunt Jenna and Uncle John.

text: Post-Season 8[edit]

text: The second-last episode of The Originals, 'The Tale of Two Wolves', features Elijah and Hope Mikaelson visiting Mystic Falls, and the window of a doctor's office reads 'Elena Salvatore, M.D.', implying that Elena got her own medical practice.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Elena has received mainly positive reviews. Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise, Twilight, and its protagonist Bella Swan. West said "Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella, she has two immortal vampires fighting over her".[2] After she transitioned into a vampire, Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the "fierce" and "ripper" side of Elena would emerge when "someone messes with the people she loves".[19] McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire, "their strongest personality traits are heightened", and hoped that wouldn't see Elena's "compassion and selflessness" double into "helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health".[19] Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena "has had a taste for blood", she would lose control. Prior to her becoming a vampire, Ross thought she was less fun and "slightly boring", and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and "stop protecting everyone's feelings".[20]

text: Elena's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers, who have nicknamed them "Stelena" and "Delena".[21] Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena's relationship with Damon, which was a combination of real love and a sired bond, hoping they would live "happily ever after".[21] Vlada Gelman of TVLine, however, felt that their romance was "over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle" and questioned whether Elena was "ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away" while Stefan was still in the picture.[22]

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: Tonner Doll Company, Inc. created dolls for Elena and Katherine along with Stefan and Damon, from 1864.[23][24]


document_title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)

question_text: who sings beauty and the beast in the movie

text: Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Alan Menken. Songs originally written for the 1991 version by Menken and Howard Ashman. Lyrics for original songs are written by Tim Rice.

text:
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Overture" (Score)
Alan Menken
3:05

2.
"Main Title: Prologue Pt. 1"
Hattie Morahan (narration)
0:42

3.
"Aria"
Audra McDonald
1:02

4.
"Main Title: Prologue Pt. 2"
Hattie Morahan (narration)
2:21

5.
"Belle"
Emma Watson, Luke Evans, Ensemble
5:33

6.
"How Does a Moment Last Forever (Music Box)"
Kevin Kline
1:03

7.
"Belle (Reprise)"
Emma Watson
1:15

8.
"Gaston"
Luke Evans, Josh Gad, Ensemble
4:25

9.
"Be Our Guest"
Ewan McGregor, Emma Thompson, Gugu Mbatha-Raw and Ian McKellen
4:48

10.
"Days in the Sun"
Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Emma Thompson, Audra McDonald, Emma Watson, Ian McKellen, Clive Rowe
2:40

11.
"Something There"
Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Emma Thompson, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw
2:54

12.
"How Does a Moment Last Forever (Montmartre)"
Emma Watson
1:55

13.
"Beauty and the Beast"
Emma Thompson
3:19

14.
"Evermore"
Dan Stevens
3:14

15.
"The Mob Song"
Luke Evans, Josh Gad, Ensemble, Emma Watson, Ian McKellen, Stanley Tucci, Nathan Mack, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor, Gerard Horan, Haydn Gwynne
2:28

16.
"Beauty and the Beast (Finale)"
Audra McDonald, Emma Thompson, Ensemble
2:14

17.
"How Does a Moment Last Forever"
Celine Dion
3:37

18.
"Beauty and the Beast"
Ariana Grande & John Legend
3:47

19.
"Evermore"
Josh Groban
3:09

Total length:
53:31

tag: table

text:
[show]Deluxe edition – Disc one (Bonus Tracks)

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

20.
"Aria" (Demo)
Menken
0:36

21.
"How Does a Moment Last Forever" (Demo)
Menken
0:59

22.
"Days in the Sun" (Demo)
Menken
3:30

23.
"How Does a Moment Last Forever" (Demo)
Menken
1:21

24.
"Evermore" (Demo)
Menken
2:55

Total length:
62:52

text:
[show]Deluxe edition – Disc two

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Main Title: Prologue" (Score)
Menken
3:01

2.
"Belle Meets Gaston" (Score)
Menken
0:54

3.
"Your Mother" (Score)
Menken
2:13

4.
"The Laverie" (Score)
Menken
1:22

5.
"Wolf Chase" (Score)
Menken
3:14

6.
"Entering the Castle" (Score)
Menken
1:18

7.
"A White Rose" (Score)
Menken
3:57

8.
"The Beast" (Score)
Menken
4:03

9.
"Meet the Staff" (Score)
Menken
1:00

10.
"Home" (extended mix) (Score)
Menken
2:04

11.
"Madame de Garderobe" (Score)
Menken
1:28

12.
"There's a Beast" (Score)
Menken
2:02

13.
"A Petal Drops" (Score)
Menken
1:02

14.
"A Bracing Cup of Tea" (Score)
Menken
2:06

15.
"The West Wing" (Score)
Menken
2:58

16.
"Wolves Attack Belle" (Score)
Menken
3:17

17.
"The Library" (Score)
Menken
3:05

18.
"Colonnade Chat" (Score)
Menken
2:54

19.
"The Plague" (Score)
Menken
0:51

20.
"Maurice Accuses Gaston" (Score)
Menken
2:01

21.
"Beast Takes a Bath" (Score)
Menken
1:21

22.
"The Dress" (Score)
Menken
1:01

23.
"You Must Go to Him" (Score)
Menken
2:50

24.
"Belle Stops the Wagon" (Score)
Menken
2:42

25.
"Castle Under Attack" (Score)
Menken
4:20

26.
"Turret Pursuit" (Score)
Menken
2:12

27.
"You Came Back" (Score)
Menken
5:13

28.
"Transformations" (Score)
Menken
4:06

Total length:
68:34

text: The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion's "How Does a Moment Last Forever", followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend's "Beauty and the Beast", and Josh Groban's "Evermore", with the rest of the songs in the same order.

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units, 48,000 of which are traditional album sales.[3] It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017.[4]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[5]
4

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[6]
10

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[7]
5

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[8]
26

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[9]
7

Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[10]
32

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[11]
44

Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[12]
23

Irish Albums (IRMA)[13]
8

Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[14]
(Spanish version)
11

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[15]
7

Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[16]
12

Polish Albums (ZPAV)[17]
46

Scottish Albums (OCC)[18]
6

South Korean Albums (Gaon)[19]
34

South Korean Albums International (Gaon)[20]
1

Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[21]
60

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[22]
19

UK Albums (OCC)[23]
8

UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[24]
1

US Billboard 200[25]
3

US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[26]
1

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United Kingdom (BPI)[27]
Silver
60,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone


document_title: Kaisar-i-Hind Medal

question_text: who returned the knighthood conferred on him by british goverment after jallianwala bagh massacre

text: Kaisar-i-Hind Medal

text: History[edit]

text: Empress of India or Kaisar-i-Hind, a form coined by the orientalist G.W. Leitner in a deliberate attempt to dissociate British imperial rule from that of preceding dynasties[4] was taken by Queen Victoria from 1 May 1876, and proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1877.

text: The medal was instituted by Queen Victoria on April 10, 1900.[5] The name translates as "Emperor of India", a name also used for a rare Indian butterfly Teinopalpus imperialis. The Royal Warrant for the Kaisar-i-Hind was amended in 1901, 1912, 1933 and 1939. While never officially rescinded, the Kaisar-i-Hind ceased to be awarded following the passage of the Indian Independence Act 1947.[6] The awards of the gold medal were often published in the London Gazette, while other classes were published in the Gazette of India.

text: Medal grades and design[edit]

text: The medal had three grades. The Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal for Public Service in India was awarded directly by the monarch on the recommendation of the Secretary of State for India. Silver and Bronze medals were awarded by the Viceroy.

text: The medal consisted of an oval-shaped badge or decoration in gold, silver or bronze with the Royal Cipher and Monarchy on one side, and the words "Kaisar-i-Hind for Public Service in India" on the other. It was to be worn suspended from the left breast by a dark blue ribbon. The medal has no post-nominal initials.[6]

text: Its most famous recipient is Mohandas Gandhi, who was awarded the Kaisar-i-Hind in 1915 by The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst for his contribution to ambulance services in South Africa. Gandhi returned the medal in 1920 as part of the national campaign protesting the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and in support of the Khilafat Movement.[7][8][9]

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
Parukutty Nethyar Amma, awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind medal by King George V in 1919 for public work and came to be known as Lady Rama Varma of Cochin
Gajadhar Upadhaya,Esq., Chief Regimental Religious Teacher, 1st (K.G.V.s Own) G.R. [Gurkha Rifles][10]
Sardar Khan Bahadur Mir Abdul Ali, JP, Bombay, 9 November 1901[11]
S.Wadawa Singh Sohi for his services in world war 1
Shankar Madhav Chitnavis, Esq., Deputy-Commissioner, Central Provinces, 9 November 1901[11]
Khan Bahadur Dhanjibhai Fakirji Commodore, CIE, 9 November 1901
Major Herbert Edward Deane, R.A.M.C., 9 Nov 1901[11]
Major Thomas Edward Dyson, MB, CM, Indian Medical Service, 9 November 1901[11]
William Egerton
Mrs. E. J. Firth, of Madras, 9 November 1901[11]
N. S. Glazebrrok, Esq., JP, of Bombay, 9 November 1901[11]
Sydney Hutton Cooper Hutchinson, Esq., AMICE, Superintendent of Telegraphs, 9 November 1901[11]
Colonel Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, KCIE, Indian Staff Corps, 9 November 1901[11]
Rai Bahadur Amar Nath Khanna of Lahore, awarded gold medal for his philanthropic work
Harrington Verney Lovett, Esq., Indian Civil Service, 9 November 1901[11]
Herbert Frederick Mayes, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, Indian Civil Service, 9 Nov 1901[11]
Lieutenant-Colonel James McCloghry, FRCS, Indian Medical Service, 9 November 1901[11]
Miss Eleanor McDougall, awarded Medal of the First Class in June 1923 for her work as Principal of the Women's Christian College, Madras[12]
Reverend Charles Henry Monahan, awarded Medal of the First Class in February 1937 for his work as General Superintendent, Methodist Missionary Society, Madras[13]
Mrs. Olive Monahan (wife of Reverend Charles Henry Monahan), awarded Medal of the First Class in June 1920 and awarded a bar to the medal in January 1941 for her work as Chief Medical Officer at the Kalyani Hospital, Madras[14][15]
William Florey Noyce, Esq., Extra-Assistant Commissioner and Assistant Secretary to the Financial Commissioner, Burma, 9 November 1901[11]
Dr. Thomas Joseph O′Donnell, VD, FRCSI, Chief Medical Officer, Kolar Gold Fields, Mysore, 12 December 1911
Dr. John David O′Donnell, MBE, VD, FRCSEd, Chief Medical and Sanitary Officer, Kolar Gold Fields, Mysore, July 1926[16]
Walter Samuel Sharpe, Director of Telegraphs, Bombay, 1 Jan 1916
Rai Bahadur KameleshwariPershad Singh of Monghyr, Bengal[11]
Robert Barton Stewart, Esq., Indian Civil Service, 9 November 1901[11]
Dr. William Stokes[17]
Captain Edmund Wilkinson, FRCS, Indian Medical Service, 9 November 1901[11]
Dr. R. N. Chopra, Public Services, Abbottabad, now in Pakistan
The Rt Hon. Alice Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading[18]
Sreemathi Panapilla Kartiyani Pilla Bhagavathi Pilla Kochamma, Vadasseri Ammaveedu, daughter of His Highness the Maharaja of Travancore, Madras
The Right Reverend Bishop Francis Stephen Coppel, Nagpur, Central Provinces
The Reverend Arthur Herbert Bestall, General Superintendent of Wesleyan Missions in Burma
Dr. M. E. Ry. Pazhamarneri Sundaram Ayyar Chandra Sekhara, Ayyar Avargal, Director of the Tuberculosis Institute and Hospital, Madras
Mrs. Cowasji Jehangir, Bombay
Rai Bahadur, Upendra Nath Brahmachari, Additional Physician, Out-Patient Department, Medical College Hospital, Bengal
Edwin Sheard, Esq., Adjutant, Salvation Army, United Provinces
Rai Bahadur Lala Mathra Das, Assistant Surgeon in the Punjab
Pir Puran Nath Mahant, Mahant of Bohar in the Rohtak district, Punjab
Sir Francis William Maclean[19][20]
Richard Burn, for famine services in 1907–08[21]
Roderick Henry Turing Mackenzie, Esq. AMICE, Chief Engineer Buildings and Roads, Bikaner State, for drought relief services, 1940

text: Silver medal

text:
Dr Laxmi Shankar, awarded for his work during WWII as an Army Medical Corps doctor
Laxmidas Pitambardas Adodra, awarded for public service and large-scale but anonymous philanthropic contributions towards animal welfare as well as public healthcare including significant help for controlling cholera outbreak in Porbandar, Gujarat
Dr. Lilian Arratoon, surgeon, New Year's Honours list 1945
Khan Bahadur Sher Jang, 1916
Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy Pantulu, 1933 for his Services in Anthropology and Telugu Colloquial language
Dr. Eulius Sheldon Downs, 1945
Dorothy L. Ferris, MD for her healing services at Frances Newton Hospital, Ferozepore
Dr. Mina MacKenzie, MD for over 30 years of public service in India, including helping control the cholera epidemic during the 1906 Kumbh Mela pilgrimage[22]
Ram Lal Khanna 1947, Post & Telegraph, Lahore
Helen Vorley, for her part in facilitating the evacuation of 300,000 Indians from Burma in 1942[23]

text: Bronze medal

text: Clara (Mrs. Aeneas Francon Williams) 1946, for her work during WWII being in-charge of Red Cross Work in Dooars, Bengal.[24]

text: Unknown grade

text:
Elizabeth Adelaide Manning, 1904[25]
Maharaja Rameshwar Singh Bahadur of Darbhanga[19]
Mary Barrington-Smith, engaged in counter-propaganda at G.H.Q. in India and awarded for her work as Diversional Therapy Officer during WW2.
Frederick Booth-Tucker, Commissioner in the Salvation Army[26]
General Sir Charles John Burnett[19]
Kizhakkethara Chandu (1921), Station Master of Tirur, station unscathed during Mappila rebellion, Kerala
Isabel Kerr (1923), medical missionary working with leprosy[27]
Major General Thomas Arthur Cooke[19]
The Lady Curzon of Kedleston[19]
Reverend Barnardo Nansen Eade, New Zealand-born Baptist missionary, for relief work in the Bengal famine of 1943, awarded 1945
Rachel Emanuel (according to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission record of the death of her son, Flt Lt William Vernon Emanuel, RAFVR)
HH Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Maharaja of Baroda
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (returned 1921)
Dr. Tongul Kuki Gangte, awarded on 14 June 1945 for his work during WW2 as a Red Cross doctor
Major General Sir William Forbes Gatacre,[19] chairman of the plague committee of Bombay City 1896 and 1897[28]
HH Bhagvatsingh, Maharaja of Gondal
Very Rev. John A. Graham, D.D.
Dr N K Guha, Dacca, Bangladesh (formerly East Bengal) in recognition of his philanthropic and humanitarian work during the 1940s
Thomas Holderness[19]
HH Tukojirao Holkar II, Maharaja of Indore
Kulsoom Shahid Husain, Member of Legislative Assembly; great aunt of Dr. Ali M. MIr[citation needed]
HH Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal
Dr. Krishnabai Krishnajee Kelavkar of Kolhapur in 1908 for public service
Khan Bahadur Raja Jahandad Khan
Seth Jehangir Hormusji Kothari, Parsii merchant and philanthropist of Karachi
HH Khengarji III, Maharao of Kutch

text:
Reverend Alan Gordon MacLeod, Presbyterian missionary, for relief work in the Bengal famine of 1943
Gertrude Edith Mary Middleton-Stewart, awarded 6 May 1935
Dr. Margaret O'Hara, awarded in 1932 for her long and valued service to India
Dr. Thomas Franklin Pedley, doctor in Rangoon
Rai Bahadur Sri Ram[19]
Pandita Ramabai
V. P. Madhava Rao[19]
HH Madho Rao Scindia, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior[19]
HH Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra, Maharaja of Venkatagiri.[19]
Edward Sell, missionary and Islamic scholar[29]
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Semple[19]
Reverend Ernest Bell Sharpe, for his work as a missionary and superintendent of the Purulia Leper Asylum; awarded the First Class Medal in 1929 for services to India
HH Ganga Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner[19]
HH Pratap Singh, Maharaja of Idar
HH Partab Singh, Maharaja of Kashmir
HH Ram Singh, Maharaja of Bharatpur
HH Nihal Singh, Rana of Dholpur
Donald Mackenzie Smeaton[19]
Dr. Howard Somervell, OBE[30]
Sir Robert Stanes
Sister R. S. Subbalakshmi, educationist and social worker, Madras, for the educating and upliftment of child widows, in 1920
Major M. Subramanyam, Health Officer Sholapur, awarded in 1938
Reverend William Summers Sutherland, K.I.H., M.A., D.D., missionary in India
Taw Sein Ko[19]
HH Ayilyam Thirunal, Maharaja of Travancore
HH Visakham Thirunal, Maharaja of Travancore
Reverend Dr Frederick Vincent Thomas, Baptist Medical Mission, Palwal
Edgar Thurston[19]
Raja Ravi Verma[19]
Sir Vicar-ul-Umra
Dr. L. N. Virasinghe-Chinnappa, awarded twice, medal in 1937 and bar to the medal in 1941, pioneered maternity and child health on the Indian sub-continent
Bharat Ratna Sir Mokshagundam Visveswaraiah, KCIE, Indian engineer, scholar, statesman and the Diwan of Mysore[31]
Sir William James Wanless
Dr. Constance Whittaker, received the medal for public service during WW2
Charlotte Melina Viall Wiser, co-author of Behind Mud Walls, nutritionist, and Presbyterian missionary[32]
Reverend Carl Wyder, Superintendent, Kothara Leper Asylum, Ellichpur taluq, Amraoti district (27 February 1941)
Arthur Delaval Younghusband[19]
Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Edward Younghusband[19]
Reverend John Henry Schultz, Superintendent of Chandkhuri Leprosy Hospital & Home Baitalpur, Madhya Pradesh State
Dr. R. N. Chopra, Public Services, Abbottabad, now in Pakistan
Margaret Ida Balfour
Mona Chandravati Gupta[33]
Silverine Swer, Khasi environmental and social activist[34]
Clemons Defries Potter, Public Services, Madras
Alexander Steel, for services to cotton growing[35]


document_title: Sausage Party

question_text: who plays the dark lord in sausage party

text: Sausage Party

text: Plot[edit]

text: A supermarket called Shopwell's is filled with anthropomorphic grocery items that worship the human shoppers as gods who take groceries to a utopia known as the "Great Beyond" when they are purchased. Among the groceries in the store is a sausage named Frank, who has dreams of living with his hot dog bun girlfriend, Brenda, in the Great Beyond, where they can finally consummate their relationship.

text: After Frank and Brenda's packages are chosen by a woman named Camille Toh to leave Shopwell's, a returned jar of Bickle's Honey Mustard tries to warn the groceries that the Great Beyond is a lie; nobody listens except for Frank. Honey Mustard calls on Frank to seek out a bottle of liquor named Firewater, and then falls to his death. This creates an accidental cart collision that causes Frank, Brenda, and several groceries to fall out, including an aggressive Douche who gets his nozzle bent, and plots revenge against Frank and Brenda.

text: Seeking to verify Honey Mustard's warning, Frank leads Brenda, a lavash named Kareem Abdul Lavash, and a bagel named Sammy Bagel Jr. to the store's liquor aisle under the guise of taking a shortcut to their proper aisles. There, he smokes cannabis out of a kazoo and learns from Firewater that he and other non-perishable foods invented the story of the Great Beyond as a noble lie to assuage past foods' fears of being eaten by shoppers. Frank, vowing to reveal the truth to the groceries, is encouraged to travel beyond the store's freezer section to find proof. While waiting for Frank, Brenda and the others are led into the Mexican aisle by a bottle of Tequila, where they meet Teresa, a taco who falls in love with Brenda on sight.

text: Meanwhile at Camille's house, Frank's friends Carl and deformed sausage Barry are horrified as they witness the other purchased foods being cooked and eaten by Camille, shown from the foods' perspective as a brutal murder. They try to escape out a window, but only Barry succeeds when Carl is killed when he is sliced in half by Camille. He then stumbles across a human druggie, who becomes able to communicate with his groceries after he injects himself with bath salts. After sobering up and unsuccessfully attempting to cook Barry, the druggie is decapitated in a domestic accident.

text: After Frank separates from his friends, who disapprove of his skepticism of the Great Beyond, he discovers a cookbook behind the freezer section and reveals its contents to the rest of Shopwell's groceries. Initially panicking, the groceries choose not to believe Frank out of fear of losing their sense of purpose, prompting Frank to lash out at them for their blind belief. Barry and other groceries from the druggie's home return to the store with the druggie's severed head, revealing that the humans can be killed. The groceries are able to drug the human shoppers and employees using toothpicks laced with bath salts. When the drugged humans begin attacking the groceries, Frank convinces everyone to listen to him and join the fight against the shoppers, and a store-wide battle ensues.

text: After absorbing the contents of liquor bottles, Douche becomes a wild monster and takes control of Darren, the store manager, by inserting himself into his anus and yanking on his scrotum to puppeteer his actions. Once they caught Frank, Douche gets revenge by biting on his torso. Barry and the other foods launch a rocket at Douche and Darren made from propane tanks and a garbage bin used to dispose of expired foods. Brenda rescues Frank from Douche and Darren just as the rocket hits them, killing them both. With the battle over, the foods celebrate their victory in a massive orgy.

text: Afterwards, Frank, Brenda, Barry, Kareem, Sammy and Teresa meet with Firewater and Gum, a Stephen Hawking-esque wad of chewing gum, who have had a psychedelic experience and discovered that their world is not real, and they are merely cartoons voiced by famous actors in another dimension. Gum has constructed a portal to this dimension, and the groceries decide to travel there to meet their creators.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Seth Rogen as Frank Wienerton, a sausage who sets out to discover and expose the truth of his and his fellow groceries existence.[7][12][13]
Kristen Wiig as Brenda Bunson, a hot dog bun from an 8-bun package of Glamour Buns (net weight 340 grams) who is Frank's girlfriend.[13][14]
Jonah Hill as Carl, a sausage who is friends with Frank and Barry.[7][12][13]
Bill Hader as Firewater, an old Native American bottle of liquor and the leader of the immortal Non-Perishables.[13]
Michael Cera as Barry, a deformed sausage who is one of Frank's friends.[7][13][14]
James Franco as the Druggie, a drug-addled pot-bellied human who is the first one to see the foods as sentient beings after injecting himself with bath salts.
Danny McBride as a jar of Bickle's Honey Mustard who is returned to his Shopwell's shelf upon the shopper mistaking him for actual mustard and tries to warn Frank and the other products of the reality of the "Great Beyond".[15]
Craig Robinson as Mr. Grits, a box of grits who is one of the immortal Non-Perishables.
Paul Rudd as Darren, the manager of Shopwell's who is nicknamed the "Dark Lord" as he disposes of expired food and spilled items.[15]
Nick Kroll as a literal and figurative douche who seeks revenge on Frank for breaking his nozzle and preventing him from reaching the "Great Beyond".[13][14]
David Krumholtz as Kareem Abdul Lavash, a Middle Eastern lavash who has a rivalry with Sammy Bagel Jr.[7][13][14]
Edward Norton as Sammy Bagel Jr., a Jewish Woody Allen-esque bagel who has an on and off rivalry with Lavash.[7][13][14]
Salma Hayek as Teresa del Taco, a Mexican lesbian taco shell who has a crush on Brenda.[13][16]

text: Rogen has an additional minor role in the film as Sgt. Pepper, a red pepper sergeant. Hader similarly has two additional roles as a bottle of Sigueme Tequila and a guacamole gangster named El Guaco.[13] Both Rogen and Norton also appear as the uncredited live-action heads of themselves at the end of the film. Anders Holm voices Troy, one of the sausages who picks on Barry. Rogen's wife Lauren Miller voices Camille Toh, a woman who purchases Frank and Brenda's packages, and a tampon who absorbs Darren's spilled blood. Harland Williams voices Baba Ganoush, a drug dealer that the Druggie gets the bath salts from, and a bottle of ketchup that tries to comfort Honey Mustard upon his return. Directors Conrad Vernon and Greg Tiernan have various cameo appearances throughout the film: Vernon as an Ed Wynn-esque roll of toilet paper, an Adolf Hitler-esque sauerkraut, a catcalling sausage, a grape, a beer can, and a pop bottle; and Tiernan as an Irish potato and a can of noodle soup. Storyboard artist Scott Underwood plays Gum, a Stephen Hawking-esque wad of chewing gum; Twink, a homosexual Twinkie who is one of the Non-Perishables; and two groceries owned by the druggie: a bag of Krinkler's Potato chips and a half-eaten slice of pizza.

text: Production[edit]

text: Rogen has stated that he worked for eight years to get the film made; however, the content worried most film studios and they thus did not pick it up.[17] Noting that the film came from "an innocent place", Rogen stated "'What would it be like if our food had feelings?' We very quickly realized that it would be f*cked up."[18] Goldberg revealed the project to Indiewire in July 2010, stating it was a "top secret super project". Initially, Indiewire was skeptical that the project was real and not a hoax on Goldberg's part, but after vetting, it did confirm that it was in the works.[12] In November 2010, Hill independently confirmed to MTV News that he was working on an R-rated 3D animated film.[19]

text: The film was formally announced in September 2013 as a partnership between Sony Pictures Entertainment, Annapurna Pictures and Point Grey Pictures.[20] On May 29, 2014, it was announced that the film would be released on June 3, 2016,[21] but in early 2016, the release date was revised to August 12, 2016. In January 2014, Rogen, Hill, James Franco and Kristen Wiig were announced as the leads in the film. The other cast includes Edward Norton, Michael Cera, David Krumholtz and Nick Kroll.[14] On April 9, 2014, Salma Hayek was set to lend her voice to the film as Teresa the Taco.[16] It was also announced that Paul Rudd, Danny McBride and Anders Holm would voice characters in the film.[15]

text: The film received an R rating for strong crude sexual content, pervasive language and drug use. When Rogen initially submitted the film to the MPAA, however, they assigned it with an NC-17 rating due to the visibility of pubic hair on Lavash's scrotum. In order to be assigned an R rating, the pubic hair was removed.[22][23][24][25]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Sausage Party

Film score by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz

Released
August 5, 2016

Recorded
2016

Genre
Film score

Length
74:49

Label
Madison Gate Records
Sony Music Masterworks

Producer
Alan Menken
Christopher Lennertz

Alan Menken film scores chronology

Mirror Mirror
(2012)Mirror Mirror2012
Sausage Party
(2016)
Beauty and the Beast
(2017)Beauty and the Beast2017

Christopher Lennertz chronology

The Boss
(2016) The Boss2016
Sausage Party
(2016) Sausage Party2016
Smurfs: The Lost Village
(2017) Smurfs: The Lost Village2017

text: The film’s score was composed by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz. The soundtrack was released on August 5, 2016 by Madison Gate Records and Sony Music Masterworks.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz, except as noted.

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Great Beyond" (performed by Sausage Party Cast)
3:13

2.
"Darren, the Dark Lord"
0:55

3.
"Chosen"
1:50

4.
"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" (performed by Meat Loaf)
5:14

5.
"The Crash"
2:34

6.
"Douche Loses It"
2:16

7.
"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" (performed by Wham!)
3:50

8.
"Our Heroes"
2:31

9.
"He's Coming"
1:47

10.
"Food Massacre"
3:15

11.
"Hungry Eyes" (performed by Eric Carmen)
3:47

12.
"True" (performed by Spandau Ballet)
5:31

13.
"The Spooge"
3:46

14.
"Magical Sausage"
1:40

15.
"Gone" (performed by JR JR)
3:46

16.
"We're Home"
3:29

17.
"The Cookbook"
1:26

18.
"I Have Proof"
3:06

19.
"Big Speech"
3:04

20.
"The Big Fight"
2:37

21.
"Final Battle"
4:04

22.
"It's Your Thing" (performed by The Isley Brothers)
2:46

23.
"Finale"
2:24

24.
"Joy to the World" (performed by Three Dog Night)
3:14

25.
"The Great Beyond Around the World" (performed by Sausage Party Cast)
2:44

Total length:
74:49

text: Release[edit]

text: Premiere and theatrical release[edit]

text: A rough cut of the film was shown at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 14, 2016.[11] The final cut of the film screened at Just for Laughs on July 30, 2016.[26] The film was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on August 12, 2016.[27] The film was released in the United Kingdom on September 2, 2016.[28]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sausage Party was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on November 8, 2016.[29]

text: Video game[edit]

text: Frank and Brenda, two main characters from the film, make guest appearances in the mobile fighting game Sausage Legend, released by Milkcorp for iOS and Android, as part of a limited special event, running from March 6, 2017 through July 31, 2017. [30][31] As this game involves dueling with sausages, players in this game can unlock and control Brenda, who swings Frank around to battle other sausages.[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Sausage Party grossed $97.7 million in North America and $42.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $140.4 million, against a budget of $19 million.[6] The film is the most commercially successful R-rated animated film of all time, replacing South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (which held the record for 17 years),[33] and made a net profit of $47.06 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.[34]

text: In the United States and Canada, Sausage Party was released on August 12, 2016, alongside Pete's Dragon and Florence Foster Jenkins, and was initially projected to gross $15–20 million from 2,805 theaters in its opening weekend.[4] However, after grossing $3.3 million from Thursday night previews (more than the $1.7 million made by Rogen's Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising in May) and $13.5 million on its first day, weekend projections were increased to $30–35 million. The film ended up grossing $33.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office, behind Suicide Squad.[35]

text: Outside North America, the biggest markets are the United Kingdom, Australia, Spain, Germany, Russia and Israel, where the film grossed $10.2 million, $6.8 million, $4.1 million, $3.5 million $2.6 million and $2 million respectively.[36]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 192 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sausage Party is definitely offensive, but backs up its enthusiastic profanity with an impressively high laugh-to-gag ratio – and a surprisingly thought-provoking storyline."[37] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[39]

text: Vince Mancini of Uproxx wrote "Sausage Party's most charming quality is that it feels exactly like a group of 13-year-olds trying to entertain themselves, with excessive C-bombs and constant groan-worthy food puns."[40] Richard Roeper gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "Despite all the cursing and envelope-pushing and bat-bleep crazy sexual stuff, Sausage Party isn't mean-spirited. It's just … stupid. But also pretty smart. And funny as hell."[41] Lindsey Bahr of Associated Press gave the film a positive review and wrote: "There is no one out there making comedies quite like Rogen and Goldberg. They are putting their definitive stamp on the modern American comedy one decency-smashing double entendre at a time."[42]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Editorial in an Animated Feature Production
Kevin Pavlovic
Nominated
[43]

Central Ohio Film Critics Association
January 6, 2017
Best Animated Feature Film
Sausage Party

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Original Song – Animated Film
"The Great Beyond" – Alan Menken, Glenn Slater, Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg
[44][45]

Houston Film Critics Society
January 6, 2017
Best Animated Feature Film
Sausage Party
[46][47]

Indiana Film Journalists Association
December 19, 2016
Best Animated Feature Film
Runner-up
[48]

Best Vocal/Motion Capture Performance
Nick Kroll
2nd Place

2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards
May 7, 2017
Best Comedic Performance
Seth Rogen
Nominated
[49]

Village Voice Film Poll
January 6, 2017
Best Animated Feature
Sausage Party
5th Place
[50]

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 5, 2016
Best Animated Feature
Greg Tiernan and Conrad Vernon
Nominated
[51]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Work conditions[edit]

text: After release, controversy emerged after anonymous comments attributed to the animators on a Cartoon Brew article suggested that the animators at Nitrogen Studios worked under poor conditions and were forced by director Greg Tiernan to work overtime without pay.[52] A total of 36 of the 83 animators were blacklisted and went uncredited in the film, believed to be due to their complaints; comments made in anonymous interviews by some of the animators involved in the project by Variety, The Washington Post, and The Hollywood Reporter alleged that the comments were accurate. All the animators in the film were reportedly told outright that they would be blacklisted if they did not work overtime without pay.[52][53][54]

text: Rating in France[edit]

text: The film was granted a −12 certificate by France's classification commission. Jean-Frédéric Poisson, the President of the Christian Democratic Party, criticized the decision and said, "An orgy scene for 12-year-olds! Everything remains to be done to combat early exposure to pornography".[55]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Rogen has expressed interest in making a Sausage Party 2 and more animated films aimed for adults. When asked about a sequel, Rogen stated: "It's something we talk about, yeah. That's one of the reasons why we took away the [original] ending[56] because we thought, well, if that was the first scene of the next movie it's probably not what you would want it to be, with them just seeing us and finding us basically. But the idea of a live-action/animated movie, like a Who Framed Roger Rabbit-style hybrid, is also very exciting, mostly because Who Framed Roger Rabbit is one of my favorite movies of all time."[57]


question_text: secretary of state for communities and local government of the united kingdom

text:
Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government
Royal Arms of Her Majesty's Government
IncumbentJames Brokenshiresince 30 April 2018
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local GovernmentStyle
Communities Secretary(informal)The Right Honourable(within the UK and the Commonwealth)Appointer
The Monarchon advice of the Prime MinisterFormation
6 May 2006First holder
David MilibandWebsite
www.communities.gov.uk

text: The Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, or informally Communities Secretary is a Cabinet position heading the UK's Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, previously known as the Department for Communities and Local Government from 2006 to 2018.[1]

text: This department was created in 2006 by then British Prime Minister Tony Blair to replace the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.

text: The Secretary of State took over the responsibilities of the Minister of State for Communities and Local Government. This post, within the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, was created in 2005, on the transfer of several of the functions of the then Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott.

text: List of Secretaries and Ministers[edit]

text:
Minister of State for Communities and Local Government

Portrait

Name

Term of office

Party

Ministry

Ref.

David MilibandMP for South Shields

5 May2005

5 May2006

Labour

Blair III

[2]

text:
Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government

Portrait

Name

Term of office

Party

Ministry

Ref.

Ruth KellyMP for Bolton West

6 May2006

27 June2007

Labour

Blair III

[3]

Hazel BlearsMP for Salford

28 June2007

5 June2009

Labour

Brown

[4]

John DenhamMP for Southampton Itchen

5 June2009

11 May2010

Labour

[5]

Eric PicklesMP for Brentwood and Ongar

12 May2010

11 May2015

Conservative

Cameron–Clegg(Con.–L.D.)

[6]

Greg ClarkMP for Tunbridge Wells

11 May2015

14 July2016

Conservative

Cameron II

[7]

Sajid JavidMP for Bromsgrove

14 July2016

8 January2018

Conservative

May I

[8]

May II

text:
Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government

Portrait

Name

Term of office

Party

Ministry

Ref.

Sajid JavidMP for Bromsgrove

8 January2018

30 April2018

Conservative

May II

[8]

James BrokenshireMP for Old Bexley and Sidcup

30 April2018

Conservative

May II

[9]