document_title: Dead Sea

question_text: whats at the bottom of the dead sea

question_tokens: whats at the bottom of the dead sea

text: Dead Sea

text: Etymology and toponymy

text: In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is  Yām ha-Melaḥ (help·info) (ים המלח), meaning "sea of salt" (Genesis 14:3). The Bible uses this term alongside two others: the Sea of the Arabah (Yām ha-‘Ărāvâ ים הערבה), and the Eastern Sea (Yām ha-Mizraḥî ים המזרחי). The designation "Dead Sea" never appears in the Bible.

text: In prose sometimes the term Yām ha-Māvet (ים המוות, "sea of death") is used, due to the scarcity of aquatic life there.[11] In Arabic the Dead Sea is called  al-Bahr al-Mayyit (help·info)[5] ("the Dead Sea"), or less commonly baḥrᵘ lūṭᵃ (بحر لوط, "the Sea of Lot"). Another historic name in Arabic was the "Sea of Zoʼar", after a nearby town in biblical times. The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites (Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης, hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs, "the Asphaltite[12] sea").

text: Geography

text: The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley, a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform (DST). This left lateral-moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai. It is here that the Upper Jordan River/Sea of Galilee/Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end.

text: The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea, forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges.[13] There are no outlet streams.

text: The Mujib River, biblical Arnon, is one the larger water sources of the Dead Sea other than the Jordan.[14] The Wadi Mujib valley, 420 m below the sea level in the southern of Jordan valley, is a biosphere reserve, with an area of 212 km2 (82 sq mi).[15] Other more substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh (Arabic)/Nahal Dragot (Hebrew), and Nahal Arugot.[14] Wadi Hasa (biblical Zered) is another wadi flowing into the Dead Sea.

text: Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm (4 in) per year in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm (2 in) in the southern part.[16] The Dead Sea zone's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judaean Mountains. The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself.

text: To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east. Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m (700 ft) tall halite formation called "Mount Sodom".

text: Natural history

text: There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea. The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift zone, an extension of the Red Sea Rift, or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a "step-over" discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform, creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence.

text: Around 3.7 million years ago,[citation needed] what is now the valley of the Jordan River, Dead Sea, and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea. The waters formed in a narrow, crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon, which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley. The floods of the valley came and went depending on long-scale climate change. The Sedom Lagoon[17] deposited beds of salt that eventually became 2.5 km (1.55 mi) thick.

text: Approximately two million years ago,[citation needed] the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area. Thus, the long lagoon became a landlocked lake. The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 50 km (30 mi) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea, and the subsequent lakes obviously never surpassed this expanse. The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from the Sea of Galilee basin.[18]

text: The first prehistoric lake to follow the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora, followed by Lake Lisan and finally by the Dead Sea.[17] The water levels and salinity of these lakes have either risen or fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom, and due to climate variation. As the climate became more arid, Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier, leaving the Dead Sea as its last remainder.[17][18]

text: In prehistoric times, great amounts of sediment collected on the floor of Lake Amora. The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom (on the southwest side of the lake). Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed, forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the bucket. When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces, the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs (see salt dome).

text: From 70,000 to 12,000 years ago, the lake's level was 100 m (330 ft) to 250 m (820 ft) higher than its current level. This lake, Lake Lisan, fluctuated dramatically, rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago, indicating a very wet climate in the Near East.[19] Around 10,000 years ago, the lake's level dropped dramatically, probably to even lower than today's. During the last several thousand years, the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m (1,300 ft), with some significant drops and rises. Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity; therefore, it may have been a seismic event.

text: Climate

text: The Dead Sea's climate offers year-round sunny skies and dry air. It has less than 50 millimetres (2 in) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 °C (90 and 102 °F). Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 °C (68 and 73 °F). The region has weaker ultraviolet radiation, particularly the UVB (erythrogenic rays). Given the higher atmospheric pressure, the air has a slightly higher oxygen content (3.3% in summer to 4.8% in winter) as compared to oxygen concentration at sea level.[20][21] Barometric pressures at the Dead Sea were measured between 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with health effects at higher altitude.[22] (This barometric measure is about 5% higher than sea level standard atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa, which is the global ocean mean or ATM.) The Dead Sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate. During the winter, sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures, and vice versa during the summer months. This is the result of the water's mass and specific heat capacity. On average, there are 192 days above 30C (86F) annually.[23]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Dead Sea, Sedom (390 m below sea level)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
26.4
(79.5)
30.4
(86.7)
33.8
(92.8)
42.5
(108.5)
45.0
(113)
46.4
(115.5)
47.0
(116.6)
44.5
(112.1)
43.6
(110.5)
40.0
(104)
35.0
(95)
28.5
(83.3)
47.0
(116.6)

Average high °C (°F)
20.5
(68.9)
21.7
(71.1)
24.8
(76.6)
29.9
(85.8)
34.1
(93.4)
37.6
(99.7)
39.7
(103.5)
39.0
(102.2)
36.5
(97.7)
32.4
(90.3)
26.9
(80.4)
21.7
(71.1)
30.4
(86.7)

Daily mean °C (°F)
16.6
(61.9)
17.7
(63.9)
20.8
(69.4)
25.4
(77.7)
29.4
(84.9)
32.6
(90.7)
34.7
(94.5)
34.5
(94.1)
32.4
(90.3)
28.6
(83.5)
23.1
(73.6)
17.9
(64.2)
26.1
(79)

Average low °C (°F)
12.7
(54.9)
13.7
(56.7)
16.7
(62.1)
20.9
(69.6)
24.7
(76.5)
27.6
(81.7)
29.6
(85.3)
29.9
(85.8)
28.3
(82.9)
24.7
(76.5)
19.3
(66.7)
14.1
(57.4)
21.9
(71.4)

Record low °C (°F)
5.4
(41.7)
6.0
(42.8)
8.0
(46.4)
11.5
(52.7)
19.0
(66.2)
23.0
(73.4)
26.0
(78.8)
26.8
(80.2)
24.2
(75.6)
17.0
(62.6)
9.8
(49.6)
6.0
(42.8)
5.4
(41.7)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
7.8
(0.307)
9.0
(0.354)
7.6
(0.299)
4.3
(0.169)
0.2
(0.008)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
1.2
(0.047)
3.5
(0.138)
8.3
(0.327)
41.9
(1.65)

Average precipitation days
3.3
3.5
2.5
1.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.6
2.8
15.6

Average relative humidity (%)
41
38
33
27
24
23
24
27
31
33
36
41
31.5

Source: Israel Meteorological Service[24]

text: Chemistry

text: With 34.2% salinity (in 2011), it is one of the world's saltiest bodies of water, though Lake Vanda in Antarctica (35%), Lake Assal in Djibouti (34.8%), Lagoon Garabogazköl in the Caspian Sea (up to 35%) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica (such as Don Juan Pond (44%)) have reported higher salinities.

text: Until the winter of 1978–79, when a major mixing event took place,[25] the Dead Sea was composed of two stratified layers of water that differed in temperature, density, age, and salinity. The topmost 35 meters (115 ft) or so of the Dead Sea had an average salinity of 342 parts per thousand (in 2002), and a temperature that swung between 19 °C (66 °F) and 37 °C (99 °F). Underneath a zone of transition, the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 °C (72 °F) temperature and complete saturation of sodium chloride (NaCl).[citation needed] Since the water near the bottom is saturated, the salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor.

text: Beginning in the 1960s, water inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan River was reduced as a result of large-scale irrigation and generally low rainfall. By 1975, the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer. Nevertheless, the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense. When the upper layer cooled so its density was greater than the lower layer, the waters mixed (1978–79). For the first time in centuries, the lake was a homogeneous body of water. Since then, stratification has begun to redevelop.[25]

text: The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water. The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season, depth and temperature. In the early 1980s, the concentration of ionic species (in g/kg) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl− (181.4), Br− (4.2), SO42− (0.4), HCO3− (0.2), Ca2+ (14.1), Na+ (32.5), K+ (6.2) and Mg2+ (35.2). The total salinity was 276 g/kg.[26] These results show that the composition of the salt, as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis, was calcium chloride (CaCl2) 14.4%, potassium chloride (KCl) 4.4%, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 50.8% and sodium chloride (NaCl) 30.4%. In comparison, the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 85% sodium chloride. The concentration of sulfate ions (SO42−) is very low, and the concentration of bromide ions (Br−) is the highest of all waters on Earth.

text: The salt concentration of the Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5%. This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg/l. Anyone can easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy. In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States.

text: An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt. From deep seeps, the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance.[27] Asphalt-coated figurines and bitumen-coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found. Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region.[28][29]

text: Putative therapies

text: This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015)

text: The Dead Sea area has become a location for health research and potential treatment for several reasons. The mineral content of the water, the low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere, the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation, and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health effects. For example, persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure.[30]

text: The region's climate and low elevation have made it a popular center for assessment of putative therapies:

text:
Climatotherapy: Treatment which exploits local climatic features such as temperature, humidity, sunshine, barometric pressure and special atmospheric constituents
Heliotherapy: Treatment that exploits the biological effects of the sun's radiation
Thalassotherapy: Treatment that exploits bathing in Dead Sea water

text: Psoriasis

text: Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea may be a therapy for psoriasis[31] by sunbathing for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent result that UV rays are partially blocked by the increased cloud cover over the Dead Sea.[32]

text: Rhinosinusitis

text: Rhinosinusitis patients receiving Dead Sea saline nasal irrigation exhibited improved symptom relief compared to standard hypertonic saline spray in one study.[33]

text: Osteoarthritis

text: Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily relieve pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees. According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, treatment with mineral-rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy.[34]

text: Fauna and flora

text: The sea is called "dead" because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present.

text: In times of flood, the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35% to 30% or lower. The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters. In 1980, after one such rainy winter, the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red. Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of alga called Dunaliella. Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid-containing (red-pigmented) halobacteria, whose presence caused the color change. Since 1980, the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers.

text: In 2011 a group of scientists from Be'er Sheva, Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Sea by scuba diving and observing the surface. These fissures allow fresh and brackish water to enter the Dead Sea. They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of bacteria and archaea.[35]

text: Many animal species live in the mountains surrounding the Dead Sea. Hikers can see ibex, hares, hyraxes, jackals, foxes, and even leopards. Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well. Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea.

text: The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm trees. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as "the most fertile spot in Judea". In Roman and Byzantine times, sugarcane,[dubious – discuss] henna, and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley wealthy. One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree, which could be made into perfume. By the 19th century, Jericho's fertility had disappeared.[dubious – discuss]

text: Human settlement

text: There are several small communities near the Dead Sea. These include Ein Gedi, Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council: Kalya, Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat. There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi, and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar. Highway 90 runs north-south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km (351 mi) from Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat.

text: Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, and others including Suweima. Highway 65 runs north-south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan's northern tip down past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba.

text: Human history

text: Biblical period

text: Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan, and extensively at the time of King David.

text: Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho. Somewhere, perhaps on the southeastern shore, would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham: Sodom and Gomorra (Genesis 18) and the three other "Cities of the Plain", Admah, Zeboim and Zoar (Deuteronomy 29:23). Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom (Genesis 19:21-22). Before the destruction, the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits, which was called the vale of Siddim. King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby.

text: In Ezekiel 47:8-9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will "be healed and made fresh", becoming a normal lake capable of supporting marine life. A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14:8, which says that "living waters will go out from Jerusalem, half of them to the eastern sea [likely the Dead Sea] and half to the western sea [the Mediterranean]."

text: Greek and Roman period

text: Aristotle wrote about the remarkable waters. The Nabateans and others discovered the value of the globs of natural asphalt that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets. The Egyptians were steady customers, as they used asphalt in the embalming process that created mummies. The Ancient Romans knew the Dead Sea as "Palus Asphaltites"[36] (Asphalt Lake).

text: King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea. The most famous was Masada, where in 70 CE a small group of Jewish zealots fled after the fall of the destruction of the Second Temple. The zealots survived until 73 CE, when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 960 inhabitants. Another historically important fortress was Machaerus (מכוור), on the eastern bank, where, according to Josephus, John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died.[37]

text: Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, "on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast ... [above] the town of Engeda" (Natural History, Bk 5.73); and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that "the Dead Sea Scrolls" discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.

text: Josephus identified the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient Biblical city of Sodom. However, he referred to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites.[38]

text: Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Dead Sea. The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran, who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls.[39] The town of Ein Gedi, mentioned many times in the Mishna, produced persimmon for the temple's fragrance and for export, using a secret recipe. "Sodomite salt" was an essential mineral for the temple's holy incense, but was said to be dangerous for home use and could cause blindness.[40] The Roman camps surrounding Masada were built by Jewish slaves receiving water from the towns around the lake. These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity.[41]

text: Byzantine period

text: Intimately connected with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and west, the Dead Sea was a place of escape and refuge. The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era. Their monasteries, such as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judaean Desert, are places of pilgrimage.

text: Modern times

text: In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835, Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847, William Francis Lynch in 1848, and John MacGregor in 1869.[42] The full text of W. F. Lynch's 1949 book Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online. Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled along the shores of the Dead Sea already in 1817-18, but didn't navigate on its waters.[43]

text: Explorers and scientists arrived in the area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate.

text: After the find of the "Moabite Stone" in 1868 on the plateau east of the Dead Sea, Moses Wilhelm Shapira and his partner Salim al-Khouri forged and sold a whole range of presumed "Moabite" antiquities, and in 1883 Shapira presented what is now known as the "Shapira Strips", a supposedly ancient scroll written on leather strips which he claimed had been found near the Dead Sea. The strips were declared to be forgeries and Shapira took his own life in disgrace.

text: In the late 1940s and early 1950s, hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran, about one mile (1.6 kilometres) inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea (presently in the West Bank). They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls.

text: The world's lowest roads, Highway 90, run along the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Dead Sea, along with Highway 65 on the Jordanian side, at 393 m (1,289 ft) below sea level.

text: Tourism and leisure

text: British Mandate period

text: A golf course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was built by the British at Kalia on the northern shore.

text: Israel

text: The first major Israeli hotels were built in nearby Arad, and since the 1960s at the Ein Bokek resort complex.

text: Israel has 15 hotels along the Dead Sea shore, generating total revenues of $291 million in 2012. Most Israeli hotels and resorts on the Dead Sea are on a six-kilometre (3.7-mile) stretch of the southern shore.[44]

text: Jordan

text: On the Jordanian side, nine international franchises have opened seaside resort hotels near the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center, along with resort apartments, on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The 9 hotels have boosted the Jordanian side's capacity to 2,800 rooms.[45]

text: On November 22, 2015, the Dead Sea panorama road was included along with 40 archaeological locations in Jordan, to become live on Google Street View.[46]

text: West Bank

text: The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) long. The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea tourism industry could generate $290 million of revenues per year and 2,900 jobs.[44] However, Palestinians have been unable to obtain construction permits for tourism-related investments on the Dead Sea.[44] According to the World Bank, Officials in the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities state that the only way to apply for such permits is through the Joint Committees established under the Oslo Agreement, but the relevant committee has not met with any degree of regularity since 2000.[44]

text: Chemical industry

text: British Mandate period

text: In the early part of the 20th century, the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists who deduced the sea was a natural deposit of potash (potassium chloride) and bromine. The Palestine Potash Company was chartered in 1929, after its founder, Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation, Moses Novomeysky, worked for the charter for over ten years. The first plant was on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya and produced potash by solar evaporation of the brine. Employing Arabs and Jews, it was an island of peace in turbulent times.[47] The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site in the Middle East,[citation needed] and in 1934 built a second plant on the southwest shore, in the Mount Sodom area, south of the 'Lashon' region of the Dead Sea. Palestine Potash Company supplied half of Britain's potash during World War II. Both plants were destroyed by the Jordanians in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[48]

text: Israel

text: The Dead Sea Works was founded in 1952 as a state-owned enterprise based on the remnants of the Palestine Potash Company.[49] In 1995, the company was privatized and it is now owned by Israel Chemicals. From the Dead Sea brine, Israel produces (2001) 1.77 million tons potash, 206,000 tons elemental bromine, 44,900 tons caustic soda, 25,000 tons magnesium metal, and sodium chloride. Israeli companies generate around US$3 billion annually from the sale of Dead Sea minerals (primarily potash and bromine), and from other products that are derived from Dead Sea Minerals.[44]

text: Jordan

text: On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, Arab Potash (APC), formed in 1956, produces 2.0 million tons of potash annually, as well as sodium chloride and bromine. The plant is located at Safi, South Aghwar Department, in the Karak Governorate.

text: Jordanian Dead Sea mineral industries generate about $1.2 billion in sales (equivalent to 4 percent of Jordan’s GDP).

text: West Bank

text: The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) long. The Palestinian economy is unable to benefit from Dead Sea chemicals due to restricted access, permit issues and the uncertainties of the investment climate.[44] The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea chemicals industry could generate $918m incremental value added per year, "almost equivalent to the contribution of the entire manufacturing sector of Palestinian territories today".[44]

text: Extraction

text: Both companies, Dead Sea Works Ltd. and Arab Potash, use extensive salt evaporation pans that have essentially diked the entire southern end of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite, potassium magnesium chloride, which is then processed further to produce potassium chloride. The ponds are separated by a central dike that runs roughly north-south along the international border. The power plant on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metal (by a subsidiary, Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd.).

text: Due to the popularity of the sea's therapeutic and healing properties, several companies have also shown interest in the manufacturing and supplying of Dead Sea salts as raw materials for body and skin care products.

text: Recession and environmental concerns

text: Since 1930, when its surface was 1,050 km2 (410 sq mi) and its level was 390 m (1,280 ft) below sea level, the Dead Sea has been monitored continuously.[50] In recent decades, the Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinking because of diversion of incoming water from the Jordan River to the north. The southern end is fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Sea Works, a company that converts the sea's raw materials. From a water surface of 395 m (1,296 ft) below sea level in 1970[51] it fell 22 m (72 ft) to 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level in 2006, reaching a drop rate of 1 m (3 ft) per year. As the water level decreases, the characteristics of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially change.

text: The Dead Sea level drop has been followed by a groundwater level drop, causing brines that used to occupy underground layers near the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater. This is believed to be the cause of the recent appearance of large sinkholes along the western shore—incoming freshwater dissolves salt layers, rapidly creating subsurface cavities that subsequently collapse to form these sinkholes.[52]

text: In May 2009 at the World Economic Forum, Jordan announced its plans to construct the "Jordan National Red Sea Development Project" (JRSP). This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea near Aqaba to the Dead Sea. Water would be desalinated along the route to provide fresh water to Jordan, with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment. The early planning called for developer and financier selection to be completed by year's end, with detailed design to begin in early 2010, and water delivery by 2017. Israel expressed its support and will likely benefit from some of the water delivery to its Negev region. Some hydro-power will be collected near the Dead Sea from the dramatic change in elevation on the downhill side of the project.[citation needed]

text: At a regional conference in July 2009, officials expressed concern about the declining water levels. Some suggested industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced. Others advised environmental measures to restore conditions such as increasing the volume of flow from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Sea. Currently, only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river's channel. Experts also stressed the need for strict conservation efforts. They said agriculture should not be expanded, sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should be reduced.[53]

text:
Year
Water level (m)
Surface (km2)

1930
−390
1050

1980
−400
680

1992
−407
675

1997
−411
670

2004
−417
662

2010
−423
655

2016
−430.5
605

text: Sources: Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research,[4] Haaretz,[2] Jewish Virtual Library,[54][55] Jordan Valley Authority.[56]

text: In October 2009, the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 million cubic metres (11 billion cubic feet) of water per year from the Red Sea, desalinate it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel, despite concerns about inadequate time to assess the potential environmental impact. According to Jordan's minister for water, General Maysoun Zu'bi, this project could be considered as the first phase of the Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance.[57]

text: In December 2013, Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed an agreement for laying a water pipeline to link the Red Sea with the Dead Sea. The pipeline will be 180 km (110 mi) long and is estimated to take up to five years to complete.[58] In January 2015 it was reported that the level of water is now dropping by 1 m (3 ft) a year.[59]

text: On 27 November 2016, it was announced that the Jordanian government is shortlisting five consortiums to implement the project. Jordan's ministry of Water and Irrigation said that the $100 million first phase of the project will begin construction in the first quarter of 2018, and will be completed by 2021.[10]


document_title: Volcanic arc

question_text: which arc is a line of volcanoes on an oceanic plate

root

text: Volcanic arc

text: Petrology[edit]

text: In the subduction zone, loss of water from the subducted slab induces partial melting of the overriding mantle and generates low-density, calc-alkaline magma that buoyantly rises to intrude and be extruded through the lithosphere of the overriding plate. This loss of water is due to the destabilization of the mineral chlorite at approximately 40–60 km depth.[2][3] This is the reason for island arc volcanism at consistent distances from the subducting slab: because the temperature-pressure conditions for flux-melting volcanism due to chlorite destabilization will always occur at the same depth, the distance from the trench to the arc volcanoes is determined only by the dip angle of the subducting slab.

tag: p

text: On the subducting side of the island arc is a deep and narrow oceanic trench, which is the trace at the Earth’s surface of the boundary between the downgoing and overriding plates. This trench is created by the gravitational pull of the relatively dense subducting plate pulling the leading edge of the plate downward. Multiple earthquakes occur along this subduction boundary with the seismic hypocenters located at increasing depth under the island arc: these quakes define the Wadati–Benioff zones. The volcanic arc forms when the subducting plate reaches a depth of about 100 km.

text: Ocean basins that are being reduced by subduction are called 'remnant oceans' as they will slowly be shrunken out of existence and crushed in the subsequent orogenic collision. This process has happened over and over in the geologic history of the Earth.

text: In the rock record, volcanic arcs can be seen as the volcanic rocks themselves, but because volcanic rock is easily weathered and eroded, it is more typical that they are seen as plutonic rocks, the rocks that formed underneath the arc (e.g. the Sierra Nevada batholith), or in the sedimentary record as lithic sandstones.

text:
Cascade Volcanic Arc, a continental volcanic arc

The Aleutian Arc, with both oceanic and continental parts.

tag: ul

text: Examples[edit]

text: Two classic examples of oceanic island arcs are the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific Ocean and the Lesser Antilles in the western Atlantic Ocean. The Cascade Volcanic Arc in western North America and the Andes along the western edge of South America are examples of continental volcanic arcs. The best examples of volcanic arcs with both sets of characteristics are in the North Pacific, with the Aleutian Arc consisting of the Aleutian Islands and their extension the Aleutian Range on the Alaska Peninsula, and the Kuril-Kamchatka Arc comprising the Kuril Islands and southern Kamchatka Peninsula.

text: Continental arcs[edit]

text:
Cascade Volcanic Arc
Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Range
Kamchatka
Andes

North Volcanic Zone
Central Volcanic Zone
South Volcanic Zone
Austral Volcanic Zone

Central America Volcanic Arc

text: Island arcs[edit]

text:
Aleutian Islands
Kuril Islands
Northeastern Japan Arc
Japanese Archipelago including the Ryukyu Islands
Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc:

Izu Islands
Bonin Islands
Mariana Islands

Luzon Volcanic Arc
Philippines
Tonga and Kermadec Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Mentawai Islands
Sunda Arc

Lesser Sunda Islands

Tanimbar and Kai Islands
Solomon Islands
South Aegean Volcanic Arc
Egean, or Hellenic arc
Lesser Antilles, including the Leeward Antilles
Scotia Arc:

South Sandwich Islands

Mascarene Islands

text: Ancient island arcs[edit]

text:
Insular Islands
Intermontane Islands
Sakhalin Island Arc


document_title: List of Los Angeles Dodgers team records

question_text: who has the most home runs in dodgers history

text: Individual career records[edit]

text:
Career batting records

Statistic
Player
Record
Dodgers career
Ref

Batting average
Keeler !Willie Keeler
.352
1893
1899-1902
[3]

On-base percentage
Sheffield !Gary Sheffield
.424
1998–2001
[4]

Slugging percentage
Sheffield !Gary Sheffield
.573
1998–2001
[4]

On-base plus slugging
Sheffield !Gary Sheffield
.998
1998–2001
[4]

Hits
Wheat !Zack Wheat
2,804
1909–1926
[5]

Total bases
Wheat !Zack Wheat
4,003
1909–1926
[5]

Singles
Wheat !Zack Wheat
2,038
1909–1926
[5]

Doubles
Wheat !Zack Wheat
464
1909–1926
[5]

Triples
Wheat !Zack Wheat
171
1909–1926
[5]

Home runs
Snider !Duke Snider
389
1947–1962
[6]

RBI
Snider !Duke Snider
1,271
1947–1962
[6]

Bases on balls
Reese !Pee Wee Reese
1,210
1940–1942
1946–1958
[7]

Strikeouts
Snider !Duke Snider
1,123
1947–1962
[6]

Stolen bases
Wills !Maury Wills
490
1959–1966
1969–1972
[8]

tag: table

text:
Career pitching records

Statistic
Player
Record
Dodgers career
Ref

Wins
Sutton !Don Sutton
233
1966–1980
1988
[9]

Losses
Sutton !Don Sutton
181
1966–1980
1988
[9]

Win–loss percentage
Greinke !Zack Greinke
.773
2013–2015
[10]

ERA
Greinke !Zack Greinke
2.30
2013–2015
[10]

Saves
Jansen !Kenley Jansen
230
2010–present
[11]

Strikeouts
Sutton !Don Sutton
2,696
1966–1980
1988
[9]

Shutouts
Sutton !Don Sutton
52
1966–1980
1988
[9]

Games
Sutton !Don Sutton
550
1966–1980
1988
[9]

Innings
Sutton !Don Sutton
3,8161⁄3
1966–1980
1988
[9]

Games started
Sutton !Don Sutton
533
1966–1980
1988
[9]

Complete games
Kennedy !Brickyard Kennedy
280
1892–1901
[12]

Base on balls
Kennedy !Brickyard Kennedy
1130
1892–1901
[12]

Hits allowed
Sutton !Don Sutton
3,291
1966–1980
1988
[9]

Wild pitches
Terry !Adonis Terry
165
1884–1891
[13]

Hit batsmen
Drysdale !Don Drysdale
154
1956–1969
[14]

text: Individual single-season records[edit]

text:
Single-season batting records

Statistic
Player
Record
Season
Ref

Batting average
Herman !Babe Herman
.393
1930
[18]

On-base percentage
Griffin !Mike Griffin
.466
1894
[19]

Slugging percentage
Herman !Babe Herman
.678
1930
[18]

On-base plus slugging
Herman !Babe Herman
1.132
1930
[18]

Hits
Herman !Babe Herman
241
1930
[18]

Total bases
Herman !Babe Herman
416
1930
[18]

Singles
Keeler !Willie Keeler
190
1899
[3]

Doubles
Frederick !Johnny Frederick
52
1929
[20]

Triples
Treadway !George Treadway
26
1894
[21]

Home runs
Green !Shawn Green
49
2001
[22]

RBI
Davis !Tommy Davis
153
1962
[23]

Base on balls
Stanky !Eddie Stanky
148
1945
[24]

Strikeouts
Kemp !Matt Kemp
170*
2010
[25]

Strikeouts
Pederson !Joc Pederson
170*
2015
[26]

Stolen bases
Wills !Maury Wills
104
1962
[8]

text:
Single-season pitching records

Statistic
Player
Record
Season
Ref

Wins
Caruthers !Bob Caruthers
40
1889
[27]

Losses
Terry !Adonis Terry
35
1884
[13]

ERA
Marquard !Rube Marquard
1.58
1916
[28]

Saves
Gagné !Éric Gagné
55
2003
[29]

Strikeouts
Koufax !Sandy Koufax
382
1965
[30]

Games
Marshall !Mike Marshall
106
1974
[31]

Innings
Porter !Henry Porter
4812⁄3
1885
[32]

Starts
Terry !Adonis Terry
55
1884
[13]

Complete games
Terry !Adonis Terry
54
1884
[13]

Base on balls
Stein !Ed Stein
170
1894
[33]

Hits allowed
Terry !Adonis Terry
486
1884
[13]

Wild pitches
Kimber !Sam Kimber
52
1884
[34]

Hit batsmen
McGinnity !Joe McGinnity
40
1900
[35]

text:
Single-season fielding records

Statistic
Player
Record
Season
Ref

Putouts
Garvey !Steve Garvey
1,606
1977
[36]

Assists
Russell !Bill Russell
560
1973
[37]

Double plays
Hodges !Gil Hodges
171
1951
[38]

Fielding percentage, infielder
Garvey !Steve Garvey
.998
1976
[36]

Fielding percentage, outfielder
Butler !Brett Butler
1.000*
1991
[39]

Fielding percentage, outfielder
Butler !Brett Butler
1.000*
1993
[39]

Errors
Joyce !Bill Joyce
107
1891
[40]

text: Team Season Records[edit]

text:
Games: 165 (1962)
Wins: 105 (1953)
Losses: 104 (1905)
Highest Winning Percentage: .682 (1953)
Lowest Winning Percentage: .316 (1905)

text: Batting Records[edit]

text:
Batting Average: .313 (1894)
Hits: 1654 (1930)
Singles: 1223 (1925)
Runs: 1021 (1894)
Doubles: 306 (2017)
Triples: 130 (1894)
Stolen Bases: 409 (1892)
Home Runs: 220 (2017)
Grand Slams: 10 (2004)
Pinch-Homers: 12 (2000)
Runs Batted In: 887 (1953)
Total Bases: 2545 (1953)
Extra-Base Hits: 541 (1953)
Slugging Percent: .474 (1953)
On-Base Percent: .378 (1894)
Hit by Pitch: 125 (1899)
Left On Base: 1278 (1947)
Walks: 732 (1947)
Intentional Bases on Balls: 91 (1956)
Most Strikeouts: 1190 (1996)
Fewest Strikeouts: 318 (1922)

text: Pitching Records[edit]

text:
Saves: 58 (2003)
Complete Games: 135 (1904)
Most Innings Pitched: 1491 (1973)
Most Runs Allowed: 1007 (1894)
Fewest Runs Allowed: 463 (1918)
Most Earned Runs Allowed: 743 (1929)
Fewest Earned Runs Allowed: 336 (1916)
Most Hits Allowed: 1608 (1925)
Fewest Hits Allowed: 1024 (1918)
Fewest Walks Allowed: 258 (1919)
Most Walks Allowed: 671 (1946)
Most Strikeouts: 1232 (1997)
Fewest Strikeouts: 216 (1895)
Most Shutouts: 24 (1963, 1988)
Lowest Earned Run Average: 2.12 (1916)
Most Wild Pitches: 70 (1894, 1958)
Most Homers Allowed: 192 (1999)
Fewest Homers Allowed: 10 (1902)
Most Hit Batters: 75 (2000)
Most Balks: 30 (1988)

text: Fielding Records[edit]

text:
Highest Fielding Percent: .988 (2004)
Lowest Fielding Percent: .924 (1891)
Most Putouts: 4480 (2005)
Fewest Putouts: 3992 (1938)
Most Assists: 1946 (1982)
Fewest Assists: 1573 (1961)
Most Total Chances: 6550 (1982)
Fewest Total Chances: 5845 (1938)
Most Errors: 432 (1891)
Fewest Errors: 73 (2004)
Most Double Plays: 198 (1958)
Fewest Double Plays: 73 (1891, 1906)
Fewest Passed Balls: 4 (1933, 1951, 1953, 1954)
Most Consecutive Errorless Games: 11 (May 5-16, 1979)


document_title: Arctic Norway

question_text: where do you cross the arctic circle in norway

text: Arctic Norway

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Arctic Norway (Norwegian: Det arktiske Norge) comprises the northernmost parts of Norway that lie above the Arctic circle. Norway, being one of the most stretched-out countries in the world, reaches from approximately 58°N to 81°N, so large parts lie north of the Arctic circle at 66°33′.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Arctic Norway consists of four geographically separated parts:

text:
Mainland Norway, from 66°33′ to 71°11'N;
Svalbard, located from 76°28 to 80°49' N;
Bjørnøya (Bear Island), situated at 74°31′N 19°01′E;
Jan Mayen, situated at 70°59′N 8°32′W.

text: The Arctic circle crosses mainland Norway at Saltfjellet, which separates Helgeland from the northern part of Nordland county. Thus about half of the county lies north of the Arctic circle, along with the whole of Troms and Finnmark counties. The total area of mainland Norway above the Arctic circle is ca. 95,000 km2 (37,000 sq mi). The population is about 393,000, which makes this the most populated arctic region in the world.

text: Svalbard archipelago is situated some 640 km (400 mi) north of mainland Norway and has an area of 61,000 km2 (24,000 sq mi). The population is about 2,400, and includes Longyearbyen, the northernmost town in the world.

text: Bear Island (Norwegian: Bjørnøya) is situated some 400 kilometres (250 mi) north of mainland Norway, about two-thirds the distance to Svalbard. It has an area of 178 km2 (69 sq mi). The population is 9, which is the staff of the weather station.

text: Jan Mayen is situated some 880 km northwest of mainland Norway and about 450 km off the coast of Greenland. It has an area of 373 km2. The population is 18, which is the staff of the weather station.

text: Geography of Norway

text: Articles lacking sources from September 2015All articles lacking sourcesArticles containing Norwegian-language text


document_title: Denver Nuggets

question_text: where did the denver nuggets get their name

question_tokens: where did the denver nuggets get their name

text: Denver Nuggets

text: Franchise history[edit]

text: Team creation[edit]

text: In 1967, one of the ABA's charter franchises was awarded to a group in Kansas City, Missouri, headed by Southern Californian businessman James Trindle. However, Trindle was unable to find a suitable arena in the Kansas City area. League commissioner George Mikan suggested moving the team to Denver. After agreeing to name Denver resident and former NBA player Vince Boryla as general manager, Trindle moved his team to Denver as the Denver Larks, named after Colorado's state bird.[11] The Trindle group was severely undercapitalized, leading Mikan to order the Larks to post a $100,000 performance bond or lose the franchise. Hours before the deadline, Trindle sold a ⅔ controlling interest to Denver trucking magnate Bill Ringsby for $350,000. Ringsby then renamed the team the Rockets, after his company's long-haul trucks.[12]

text: 1969–1976: ABA years[edit]

text: Playing at the Denver Auditorium Arena, the Rockets had early successes on the court, developing a solid fan base along the way.[13] However, the team had a history of early playoff exits and failed to play in an ABA championship series.

text: Early, they had a solid lineup led by Byron Beck and Larry Jones, then later by Beck and Ralph Simpson. Lonnie Wright of the American Football League's Denver Broncos signed with the Rockets during that first season and became the first player to play professional football and basketball in the same season. Wright played four seasons with Denver.[13] Controversial rookie Spencer Haywood joined the team for the 1969–70 season. Haywood was one of the first players to turn pro before graduating from college, and the NBA initially refused to let him play in the league. Haywood averaged nearly 30 points and 19.5 rebounds per game in his only ABA season, being named ABA MVP, ABA rookie of the year, as well as the All-Star Game MVP. The team finished 51-33, winning their division, before exiting the playoffs in the 2nd round.

text: Just before the start of the 1970–71 season, Haywood signed with the Seattle SuperSonics, jumping to the NBA. The team tumbled to a 30-54 record and attendance suffered.[13]

text: Becoming the Denver Nuggets[edit]

text: Ringsby sold the team to San Diego businessmen Frank Goldberg and Bud Fischer in 1972.[11] In 1974, in anticipation of moving into the NBA, and the new McNichols Arena, the franchise held a contest to choose a new team nickname, as "Rockets" was already in use by the Houston Rockets. The winning choice was "Nuggets", in honor of the original Nuggets team in Denver from 1948–50, the last year as a charter member of the NBA. Their new logo was a miner "discovering" an ABA ball. Goldberg and Fischer in turn sold the team to a local investment group in 1976.

text: With the drafting and signing of future hall of fame player David Thompson out of North Carolina State, Marvin Webster and the acquisitions of Dan Issel and Bobby Jones and with Larry Brown coaching, they had their best seasons in team history in their first two seasons as the Nuggets. Playing in the Denver Auditorium Arena for the last season the 1974–75 team went 65-16, including a 40-2 record at home. However, a quick playoff exit followed.[14]

text: In 1975–76, playing at their new arena, the Nuggets edged the reigning champion Kentucky Colonels four games to three to make the 1976 ABA finals for the first time. Eventually, they lost to the New York Nets and Julius Erving.[14] They did not get a second chance to win an ABA league championship, as the ABA–NBA merger took place after the 1975–76 season. The Nuggets, Nets, Indiana Pacers and San Antonio Spurs were merged into the NBA. The Spirits of St. Louis and Kentucky Colonels were disbanded.[15]

text: 1976–1982: Early NBA years[edit]

text: The Nuggets and Nets had actually applied to join the NBA in 1975, but were forced to stay in the ABA by a court order. The Nuggets continued their strong play early on in the NBA, as they won division titles in their first two seasons in the league, and missed a third by a single game. However, neither of these teams were ultimately successful in the postseason. Similarly to the other new NBA teams, the Nuggets were given many financial issues including a $2 million entry fee. Red McCombs bought the team in 1978.

text: In 1979, Brown left the team, helping usher in a brief decline in their team's performance. It ended in 1981, when they hired Doug Moe as a head coach. Moe brought with him a "motion offense" philosophy, a style of play focusing on attempting to move the ball until someone got open. Moe was also known for not paying as much attention to defense as his colleagues. The offense helped the team become highly competitive. During the 1980s, the Nuggets often[quantify] scored in excess of 115 points a game, and during the 1981–82 season, they scored at least 100 points in every game. The NBA-record streak was halted at 136 consecutive games.[16] During the 1981–82 season, the Nuggets set the league scoring record for the highest points per game average at 126.5 points.

text: 1982–1989: the Alex English era[edit]

text: Anchored by scoring machines Alex English and Kiki Vandeweghe at the two forward spots, and Dan Issel at center, Denver led the league in scoring, with English and Vandeweghe both averaging above 25 points per game. It was a novel strategy, allowing the Nuggets to top the Midwest Division and qualify for the playoffs during that span. (On December 13, 1983, the Nuggets and the visiting Detroit Pistons combined for an NBA record 370 points, with Detroit winning in triple overtime, 186–184.) At the end of the season, English won the NBA scoring title, becoming the only Nugget to win the award despite the heavily favored offensive play of Doug Moe. In 1984–85, they made it to the Western Conference finals after being perennial playoff contenders, and they lost in 5 games to the Los Angeles Lakers.

text: Vandeweghe was traded before the 1984–85 season to the Portland Trail Blazers for 6–3 rebounding guard Fat Lever, undersized power forward Calvin Natt and center Wayne Cooper. Spearheaded by Alex English and supported by the three new acquisitions and defensive specialists Bill Hanzlik and TR Dunn, the team replicated its success in the Western Conference despite the loss of Vandeweghe. They even managed to win 54 games in the 1987–88 season, the most they had ever won as an NBA team. However, the Mavericks eliminated the Nuggets in the second round of the 1988 NBA Playoffs. McCombs sold the team to Sidney Shlenker in 1985. Shlenker, in turn, sold the team to COMSAT in 1989.

text: 1989–1991: A period of decline[edit]

text: Moe left the team in 1990, and was replaced by Paul Westhead. Westhead also believed in a "run and gun" style of play, and gave the green light for players like Michael Adams and Chris Jackson to light up the scoreboards within seconds of possession.

text: However, Westhead cared even less about defense than Moe. As a result, the Nuggets gave up points so quickly that even their prolific offense could not keep up. They finished with the worst record in the league during the 1990–91 season, despite setting many scoring records. As an insult, many sportswriters nicknamed the team at the time as the "Enver Nuggets" (as in no "D", or no defense).

text: 1991–1996: the Dikembe Mutombo era[edit]

text: Denver took a positive step in rebuilding by drafting Georgetown University center Dikembe Mutombo in 1991. Mutombo finished runner-up to Larry Johnson for the NBA rookie of the year that season. Denver finished 24–58 that year.

text: Denver fired Westhead prior to the 1992–93 season and hired former star player Dan Issel as his successor. The Nuggets had two lottery picks that year and drafted University of Notre Dame forward LaPhonso Ellis and University of Virginia guard Bryant Stith. Denver improved to 36–46, just missing the playoffs that year.

text: Denver ditched their rainbow colors for a dark navy, metallic gold and wine color scheme starting in the 1993–94 season. Led by Mutombo, Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf (who changed his name from Chris Jackson prior to the season), and Ellis, Denver finished with its first winning season since the Doug Moe era at 42–40. Denver clinched the 8th seed in the Western Conference playoffs, playing the first place Seattle SuperSonics. Denver was a heavy underdog, having only a couple of players on their roster with actual NBA playoff experience. After dropping the first two games of the five-game set in Seattle, the series returned to Denver. Denver won both games and tied the series at 2. The Nuggets made NBA history in Game 5, upsetting Seattle in overtime 98–94. They became the first 8th-seeded team to defeat a 1st-seeded team in NBA playoff history. Denver almost repeated the feat before falling to the Utah Jazz in Game 7 of the second round.

text: Denver acquired Sonics sharp-shooter Dale Ellis in the off-season and drafted University of Michigan guard Jalen Rose. Denver struggled, causing Issel to resign as coach partway into the season. Assistant Coach Gene Littles assumed control for a brief period before relinquishing control to general manager Bernie Bickerstaff. Denver rebounded and earned the 8th seed again in the playoffs, finishing 41–41. The Nuggets were swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the first round of the playoffs that season.

text: Following that season, Denver acquired Antonio McDyess in a draft day trade with the Los Angeles Clippers. McDyess was the face of the franchise for the next few years, as Mutombo left after the 1995–96 season for the Atlanta Hawks, Ellis missed the majority of the next few seasons due to recurring knee and leg injuries, Rose was traded to the Indiana Pacers for Mark Jackson, and Abdul-Rauf was traded to the Sacramento Kings prior to the 1996–97 season.

text: 1997–2003: Another period of struggle[edit]

text: After finishing the 1996–97 season with the fourth worst record in the league (21–61), the Nuggets sent Antonio McDyess to the Phoenix Suns, and Dale Ellis returned to Seattle. Denver flirted with history in the 1997–98, by nearly setting the mark for fewest wins in an 82-game season (11). They tied the then-NBA's all-time worst single-season losing streak at 23—only one game shy of the overall worst mark of 24 by the Cleveland Cavaliers of the early 1980s. The losing streak was later broken by the Cavaliers in 2011 and the Philadelphia 76ers in 2014 with 26 consecutive losses. Several years later, the Nuggets tied for the worst record in the NBA in 2002–03, also with the Cavaliers.

text: New ownerships[edit]

text: The team's struggles in the late 1990s were due in part to ownership instability. COMSAT bought the NHL's Quebec Nordiques in 1995 and moved them to Denver as the Colorado Avalanche. However, its diversification into sports ownership was proving a drain on the company. In particular, cost overruns associated with the construction of Pepsi Center had shareholders up in arms. Finally, in 1997, COMSAT agreed in principle to sell Ascent Entertainment Group, the umbrella corporation for its sporting assets, to Liberty Media.[11] However, Liberty was not interested in sports ownership at the time (though it has since bought the Atlanta Braves), and made the deal contingent upon Ascent selling the Avalanche and Nuggets.[17]

text: After almost two years, Ascent sold the Avalanche and Nuggets to Walmart heirs Bill and Nancy Laurie for $400 million. However, a group of Ascent shareholders sued, claiming that the sale price was several million dollars too low. Ascent then agreed to sell the Avalanche and Nuggets to Denver banking tycoon Donald Sturm for $461 million.[18]

text: However, a new wrinkle appeared when the city of Denver refused to transfer the parcel of land on which Pepsi Center stood unless Sturm promised to keep the Avalanche and Nuggets in Denver for at least 25 years. Sturm had bought the teams in his own name, and the city wanted to protect itself in case Sturm either died or sold the teams before the 25 years ran out. While Sturm was willing to make a long-term commitment to the city, he was not willing to be held responsible if he died or sold the teams. After negotiations fell apart, Liberty bought all of Ascent, but kept the Nuggets and Avalanche on the market.[19] In the meantime, Issel had returned as head coach in 1999, but the protracted ownership negotiations made it difficult for him to rebuild the team. Just before the start of the 1999–2000 season, he told reporters there were several personnel moves he simply could not make due to the unstable ownership situation (since all basketball decisions required the approval of both Ascent/Liberty and Sturm).[20]

text: Finally, in July 2000, the Avalanche, Nuggets and Pepsi Center were bought by real estate entrepreneur Stan Kroenke in a $450 million deal.[11] Kroenke is the brother-in-law of the Lauries; his wife Ann is Nancy Laurie's sister. Liberty retained only a 6.5% stake of the sports franchises. As part of the deal, Kroenke placed the teams into a trust that would ensure the teams will stay in Denver until at least 2025.[19] After the deal, Kroenke organized his sports assets under Kroenke Sports Enterprises.

text: 2003–2013: George Karl in charge[edit]

text: 2003–2006: The Carmelo Anthony era[edit]

text: In 2003, the Nuggets drafted future All-Star Carmelo Anthony with the third overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft.[21] That same year, the team also updated their logos and uniforms, with a new color scheme of powder blue, gold and royal blue; the latter color was changed to navy blue in 2008.[22] In just two months of the season, the Nuggets recorded more wins than they had in 5½ months of play in 2002–03. Much of the reason for this incredible turnaround were the front-office moves of General Manager Kiki Vandeweghe, a former Nuggets player who assumed General Manager duties on August 9, 2001.[23] In April, the turnaround was complete as they became the first franchise in NBA history to qualify for the postseason following a sub-20-win campaign the previous year since the NBA went to an 82-game schedule.[23] They were eliminated in the first round 4 games to 1 by the Minnesota Timberwolves.[24]

text: On December 28, 2004, head coach Jeff Bzdelik was fired from the organization and replaced by interim coach, former Los Angeles Lakers player and Los Angeles Sparks head coach Michael Cooper.[25] The Nuggets later hired George Karl as a permanent replacement.[26] Karl led the team to a record of 32–8 in the second half of the regular season, which vaulted the team into the playoffs for the second consecutive year.[27]

text: In the playoffs, however, the Nuggets could not survive the San Antonio Spurs. After winning game one in San Antonio, the Nuggets proceeded to lose the next four games and lost the series 4–1.[28] The Nuggets picked 20th in the 2005 NBA draft; it was acquired from the Washington Wizards via the Orlando Magic.[29] Denver selected Julius Hodge with the pick. The Nuggets also had the 22nd overall selection in the draft, in which they selected Jarrett Jack, but sent him to the Portland Trail Blazers for rights to Portland's 27th overall pick, Linas Kleiza.[29]

text: In 2005–06, for the first time in 18 years, the club won the Northwest division title.[30] This placed the team in the third seed of the Western Conference playoffs. Denver played the Los Angeles Clippers who, despite their 6th seeding, had a better regular-season record. As a result, the Clippers received home court advantage. They defeated the Nuggets in 5 games. Shortly after, the Nuggets announced that General Manager Kiki Vandeweghe's contract would not be renewed. He was replaced by Mark Warkentien.[31]

text: On December 18, 2006, team co-captain Carmelo Anthony, shooting guard J. R. Smith and power forward Nenê were suspended by the NBA (15, 10 and one games respectively) for a fight that occurred in the last two minutes of a game against the New York Knicks two days earlier.[32][33] The fight was sparked by Knicks rookie Mardy Collins, when he tackled J. R. Smith on a breakaway layup. According to Anthony, Knicks coach Isiah Thomas warned him to not go in the paint shortly before the hard foul.[34]

text: 2006–2008: Anthony and Iverson[edit]

text: On December 19, 2006, the Nuggets traded Joe Smith, Andre Miller and two first-round draft picks of the 2007 NBA draft to the Philadelphia 76ers for Ivan McFarlin and superstar Allen Iverson (McFarlin was waived immediately following the trade's approval). The moves gave the Nuggets the top two scorers in the league at the time in Anthony and Iverson, who were both scoring over 30 points per game at the time of the trade. On January 11, 2007, Earl Boykins, Julius Hodge and cash considerations were traded to the Milwaukee Bucks, in exchange for point guard Steve Blake. With Iverson, many considered the Nuggets as one of the elite in the West. However, chemistry was an issue, as the Nuggets finished the season with the 6 seed, giving them a first round matchup against the San Antonio Spurs. In the playoffs, the Nuggets took Game 1 and home court advantage away from the Spurs. However, as had occurred in the 2005 playoffs, the Spurs bounced back to sweep the next four, as the Nuggets were eliminated in the first round in five games for the fourth straight year.

text: On March 16, 2008, the Nuggets scored 168 points in a 168–116 home win over Seattle SuperSonics.[35] It was the third-most points scored for a regulation game in NBA history (The Nuggets and the Pistons hold the spot for most combined points scored in a game which was over 360 points total.)[35]

text: They finished the 2007–08 NBA season with exactly 50 wins as well as finishing the first half of that season 25–16 (50–32 overall record, tied for the third-best all-time Nuggets record since the team officially joined the NBA in 1976), following a 120–111 home victory over the Memphis Grizzlies in the last game of the season.[36] It was the first time since the 1987–88 NBA season that the Nuggets finished with at least 50 wins in a season.[36] Denver ended up as the 8th seed in the Western Conference of the 2008 NBA Playoffs, and their 50 wins marked the highest win total for an 8th seed in NBA history.[36] It also meant that for the first time in NBA history, all eight playoff seeds in a Conference had at least 50 wins. The Nuggets faced the top-seeded Los Angeles Lakers (57–25) in the first round. The seven games separating the Nuggets and the Lakers overall records is the closest margin between an eighth seed and a top seed since the NBA went to a 16-team playoff format in 1983–84.[36] However, the Lakers swept them in four games, marking the second time in NBA history that a 50-win team was swept in a best-of-seven playoff series in the first round. It was Denver's fifth straight first-round loss.[37][38]

text: 2008–2011: Anthony and Billups[edit]

text: On July 16, 2008, at the end of the 2007–08 NBA season, the Nuggets traded former NBA Defensive Player of the Year Marcus Camby to the Los Angeles Clippers for a second-round draft pick (that was then traded to the New York Knicks for Renaldo Balkman). This trade was to reduce the Nuggets' payroll costs.[citation needed]

text: On November 3, 2008, guard Allen Iverson was traded to the Detroit Pistons for Chauncey Billups, Antonio McDyess, and Cheikh Samb (part of the trade exception from the Marcus Camby trade was used to allow the deal to go through). McDyess was waived though on November 10, 2008, and he returned to Detroit shortly afterwards.

text: With Carmelo Anthony averaging 22.8 ppg and Billups averaging 6.4 assists in the 2008–09 NBA season the Nuggets accomplished a great number of franchise milestones. Their 54–28 record matched the most wins the franchise had gotten since their induction in the NBA; their 27–14 start was also a record for wins in the first half of a season. This also marked the first time in the franchise's history the team had back-to-back 50-win seasons. They led the Northwest division for much of the season, eventually winning the division and placing #2 in the Western Conference, matching the highest the team has ever been seeded for the playoffs. General Manager Mark Warkentien won the NBA Executive of the Year Award for the Nuggets' improvement. They won Game 1 of the playoffs in a blowout victory against the New Orleans Hornets, the first time they had home-court advantage since 1988 and also, the 29-point victory was the largest victory for any team for Game 1 of the first round of the 2009 NBA Playoffs. Chauncey Billups set a Nuggets franchise record with the most three-pointers in a playoff game with 8, and his 19 three-pointers in total is also a Nuggets record for threes made in a playoff series.[39][40] They went on to beat the Hornets in 5, including a 58-point victory in Game 4 which matched the most lopsided win in NBA playoff history. They then went on to beat the 6th seed Dallas Mavericks 4 games to 1 in the Conference Semifinals to make their first trip to the Western Conference Finals since 1985. That was also the first time the Nuggets had ever led 3–0 in a best-of-seven series. Up to that point, they held an NBA Playoffs-high in three-pointers made and a 16-point average margin of victory, the largest average margin of victory in the first 10 playoff games in NBA Playoff history. They lost the first game of the Western Conference Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers but won the second game to tie the series. Anthony became the first Denver player to score at least 30 points in five consecutive playoff games since the Nuggets joined the NBA in 1976. They lost the series 4–2, ending Denver's longest playoff run in team history.[41]

text: In the 2009 NBA draft, the Nuggets traded a first-round draft pick acquired from the Charlotte Bobcats to the Minnesota Timberwolves for the rights to rookie Ty Lawson, who was drafted 18th overall. On July 13, 2009, the Nuggets traded a second-round draft pick to the Detroit Pistons for Arron Afflalo (part of the trade exception from the Iverson trade was used to allow the deal to go through) and Walter Sharpe. Afflalo replaced starting guard Dahntay Jones, who signed with the Indiana Pacers.[42] However, on August 10, the Nuggets lost forward Linas Kleiza, who signed with Olympiacos Piraeus of the Greek League.[43]

text: The 2009–10 season saw Anthony average 28.2 ppg and Billups average a career-high 19.6 ppg. In the opening two games of the season, Anthony totaled 71 points, scoring 30 points in the home opener and 41 the next night, in wins against division rivals Utah Jazz and Portland Trail Blazers, respectively. Anthony became one of two players in the Nuggets' history to open with more than 70 points through two games (Alex English also accomplished the feat). It was also only the second time since 1987 that the Nuggets started the season 2–0.[44] They later went 3–0, 4–0, and 5–0 for the first time since 1985 after defeating the Memphis Grizzlies, Indiana Pacers, and New Jersey Nets respectively. Despite injuries which caused all three captains – Carmelo Anthony, Chauncey Billups, and Kenyon Martin – to miss a total of 46 games, and then later on in the second half of the season the absence of head coach George Karl, who underwent treatment for neck and throat cancer, the Nuggets were still able to win 53 games (third consecutive 50-win season, a Nuggets first) for the season which gave them a second consecutive Northwest division title and finished as the fourth seed in the West Conference. However, they were eliminated by the Utah Jazz 4-2, their sixth first-round elimination in 7 seasons. Anthony averaged a career-high 30.7 ppg in the playoffs.

text: On July 14, 2010, the Nuggets bolstered their frontcourt depth by signing Al Harrington.[45] During the 2010 off-season, Masai Ujiri replaced Mark Warkentien as the General Manager, while Josh Kroenke was named team president.

text: Stan Kroenke bought full ownership in the then-St. Louis Rams of the NFL in 2010. Since the NFL does not allow its owners to hold majority control of major-league teams in other NFL cities, Kroenke turned over day-to-day control of the Nuggets and Avalanche to Josh Kroenke toward the end of 2010, and transferred his controlling interest in both teams to his wife in 2015.[46][47]

text: 2011–2012: Anthony departs[edit]

text: On February 22, 2011, after months of speculation that he wanted to leave the Nuggets, Carmelo Anthony was traded along with Chauncey Billups, Anthony Carter, Shelden Williams and Renaldo Balkman to the New York Knicks in a multi-player deal also involving the Minnesota Timberwolves in which the Nuggets received Wilson Chandler, Raymond Felton, Danilo Gallinari, Timofey Mozgov and Kosta Koufos. On the day when the trade was done, the Nuggets were left with 9 players to play against the Memphis Grizzlies. The Nuggets won 120–107, where they led by as many as 27 points. In the closing minutes of the game, the arena resounded with chants of "Who needs Melo?" George Karl said after the game, "Our guys, when their backs are confronted with a difficult situation, they usually play at a high level. We always react to tough situations in a very positive way." Some people[who?] said after the trade the Nuggets would become the "Cleveland Cavaliers" of the West, that is, falter in the standings and lose their playoff hopes due to the loss of their franchise player, Carmelo. However, the trade only seemed to make them better. Post-trade, the Nuggets averaged 24.1 assists, showing their newfound teamwork. The defense of the Nuggets also improved, from allowing 105.2 ppg before the trade to 97.1 ppg for the remainder of the season. [48] Despite the franchise changing trade which saw eighteen different starting lineups through the whole season, Denver finished with 50 wins (fourth consecutive 50 win seasons for the first time in Nuggets history), clinching the 5th seed of the Western Conference. They met the Oklahoma City Thunder in the first round of the playoffs and lost four games to one.

text: The first full season of the post-Melo Nuggets saw the steady rise of Danilo Gallinari, who averaged 17 points, 5.2 rebounds and 2.6 assists through the first 25 games of the season, which resulted to the Nuggets' best start through the first 20 games. But Gallinari was robbed off his best season by injuries to his ankle, thumb, and wrist. On March 15, 2012, the Nuggets decided to make their team younger by trading Nenê, who had played the previous 9 seasons for Denver, to the Washington Wizards for JaVale McGee.[49] In his first game as a Nugget, McGee made a putback dunk off an Arron Afflalo miss which proved to be the game-winning basket in Denver's 116-115 victory over the Detroit Pistons. In two of the Nuggets final games of their season, McGee finally earned national attention when he had a 16-point,15-rebound effort, and a 21-point, 14-rebound effort in Denver's playoff series against the Los Angeles Lakers. These performances helped the Nuggets come back from a 2-0 and a 3-1 series deficit, but the Nuggets eventually lost in Game 7, 87-96.

text: 2012–2013: Team concept[edit]

text: On August 10, 2012, Denver was involved in a four-team trade where they received All-Star Andre Iguodala and sent Arron Afflalo and Al Harrington to the Orlando Magic. This same trade also sent Dwight Howard to the Los Angeles Lakers. After the trade, Iguodala tweeted "I'm excited to be joining the Denver Nuggets and I know my best basketball is ahead of me!"[50] Despite losing their first three games, the 2012–2013 Nuggets finished with a franchise best 57-25 record, and a 38-3 record in Pepsi Center (the Washington Wizards, Miami Heat, and Minnesota Timberwolves were the only 3 visitors to defeat Denver on their home during the regular season).Denver also clinched the 3rd seed in the Western Conference, with a first round matchup with the Golden State Warriors. The Nuggets won Game 1 97-95 on their home court on a last second Andre Miller game winner, but the Warriors won the next three games, putting the Nuggets on the brink of elimination. Denver won Game 5 at home to keep their season alive, but the Warriors eliminated the Nuggets in Game 6, winning 88-92 in Oakland. It was Denver's ninth first round loss in the previous 10 seasons, and the eighth of Karl's tenure. Although Karl won that year's NBA Coach of the Year Award and had led Denver to the playoffs in every year of his nine-year tenure, it was not enough to keep him from being fired after the season.

text: Along with Karl being fired, Denver saw a major shake-up in the front office with Executive of the Year Masai Ujiri accepting the general manager position with the Toronto Raptors[51] and vice-president Pete D'Alessandro, who was expected to replace Ujiri, being named General Manager of the Sacramento Kings. On June 21, 2013, Tim Connelly was announced as the new general manager.[52] and to replace Karl, the Nuggets hired the Indiana Pacers' associate head coach, former NBA player, Brian Shaw. Guard-forward Andre Iguodala was sent to the Golden State Warriors in a sign-and-trade in which they acquired guard Randy Foye from the Utah Jazz. They also signed center-forward JJ Hickson, who was previously with the Portland Trail Blazers and 5' 9" guard Nate Robinson, who played for the Bulls during the 2012–2013 season. They also acquired Darrell Arthur from the Memphis Grizzlies and 55th pick Joffrey Lauvergne in return for Kosta Koufos.[53] In a tough 2013–14 season which saw numerous injuries to key players missing a significant amount of the season, the Nuggets finished with 36 wins, their worst in 11 years, and missed the playoffs.

text: During the 2014 offseason, the Nuggets brought back Arron Afflalo who they traded Evan Fournier for. Denver also traded their first lottery pick (#11) since 2003 to Chicago to acquire two later first round draft picks, which were used to draft Jusuf Nurkić and Gary Harris. On March 3, 2015 general manager Tim Connelly announced the Nuggets fired head coach Brian Shaw and named Melvin Hunt interim head coach.[54]

text: Nikola Jokic era[edit]

text: On June 15, 2015, at the end of the 2014–15 season, Michael Malone was named as the new head coach of the Denver Nuggets.[55] Entering the 2015 NBA draft with their lowest draft pick (#7) since 2003, the Nuggets drafted Emmanuel Mudiay who was widely regarded as the top point guard of the draft, leading to speculation that current starting point guard, Ty Lawson, would be traded.[56] On July 14, 2015, Lawson was arrested in Los Angeles on suspicion of driving under the influence, his second in six months.[57] The Nuggets traded Lawson a week later to the Houston Rockets.[58]

text: Under Michael Malone's leadership, the Denver Nuggets slightly started to improve while primarily relying on the youth movement consisting of Emmanuel Mudiay, Nikola Jokić, Gary Harris and later also on the recovered Jusuf Nurkić. On January 27, 2016, it was announced that both Mudiay and Jokić would participate in BBVA Compass Rising Stars Challenge during NBA All-Star 2016.[59] On February 18, the Denver Nuggets announced that they decided to trade veteran shooting guard Randy Foye to Oklahoma City Thunder in exchance for D. J. Augustin, Steve Novak and two second round draft picks.[60] One day later, JJ Hickson and the newly acquired Novak were waived.[61]

text: Over the course of the 2016 NBA draft, the Denver Nuggets added the Kentucky guard Jamal Murray as well as Juan Hernangómez, Malik Beasley, and Petr Cornelie.[62] Meanwhile, their 56th pick was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder.

text: Season-by-season records[edit]

text: Head coaches[edit]

text: Home arenas[edit]

text:
Denver Auditorium Arena (1967–1975)
Denver Coliseum (1967–1975)[63]
McNichols Sports Arena (1975–1999)
Pepsi Center (1999–present)

text: Uniforms[edit]

text: The Nuggets have worn numerous uniforms throughout their franchise history, including their days in the American Basketball Association (ABA) as the "Denver Rockets." From the early to mid-1970s, the Nuggets wore gold and purple (Columbine blue) uniforms.

text: When the Nuggets joined the NBA in the 1976–77 season, they retained the pick-axe logo on their jerseys from the ABA days. The home uniforms feature 'Nuggets' in red with a red pick-axe inside a blue oval, and gold numbers with blue trim in front, blue numbers and letters at the back. The road uniforms were blue, with 'Denver' in blue with a blue pick-axe in a red oval, and gold numbers in front, white numbers and letters at the back.

text: The Nuggets simplified their uniforms following their inaugural season in the NBA. From 1977–82, their home uniforms were white, with a "Nuggets" script written across the chest in a darker royal blue, with gold trim around the script and jersey numbers. The royal blue away jersey had "Denver" written across the chest in white, with gold trim.

text: From the early 1980s until the 1992–93 season, the Nuggets wore the Denver "rainbow city" skyline across the chest and back on both the home and away uniforms. Some fans also call the iconic 1980s logo the "Tetris" logo, due to the buildings that shadow the mountains on the logo which are in the shape of squares. The initial home uniforms were white with navy and green trim, with "Nuggets" and the uniform number in gold with blue trim. The player names were written in block lettering and in a straight position. In 1985, they changed the shade of blue to royal and eliminated green, and in 1986, changed the back numbers to royal blue. In 1991, coinciding with the debut of Dikembe Mutombo, the word "Nuggets" became white with royal blue and gold trim. The road uniforms were initially navy blue with green trim, with "Denver" and the uniform number in white with gold trim, before likewise changing it to royal blue, with gold serifed block letters for player names in an arch (royal blue in home uniforms).

text: For the 1993–94 season, the Nuggets drastically changed their look, with a navy blue, gold and wine color scheme on their uniforms. The home jerseys had a "Nuggets" script in a modified version of the typeface Aachen across the chest in navy blue, with dark red and gold trim around the script and numbers, while the navy blue away jerseys had the same script in gold, with dark red and white trim. The Nuggets wore these uniforms for a decade, until the 2002–03 season.

text: For the 2003–04 season, the Nuggets made another uniform change, coinciding with Carmelo Anthony's debut with a new color scheme of powder blue, royal blue and gold. Like the 1990s uniforms, the new Nuggets jerseys also have the Aachen typeface across the chest — it's "Nuggets" in powder blue, with royal blue and gold trim on the home white jersey, while the new powder blue road jersey has "Denver" in white, with gold and royal blue trim. These jerseys were tweaked prior to the 2008–09 season, with the royal blue trim replaced by navy blue, as well as a circle patch of the Nuggets alternate pick axe logo placed above the nameplate on the backs of the jerseys.

text: In the 2005–06 season, the Nuggets also introduced an alternate navy blue uniform, with an alternate Nuggets script in gold, with navy blue interior trim and powder blue outlining. This uniform was used until the end of the 2011–12 season.

text: For the 2012–13 season, the Nuggets unveiled a new gold alternate jersey, replacing the aforementioned navy blue jerseys that had been used during the previous seven seasons. The new alternate uniform features a return to the Denver "rainbow skyline" logo, but used the team's current color scheme and "Aachen" typeface.[64]

text: For the 2015–16 season, the Nuggets modified the script and numbering fonts on their home and away jerseys, with a gold "Nuggets" script on the home white jersey and a gold "Denver" script on the powder blue away jersey — both with the "Coliseum" typeface. Navy blue numerals trimmed in gold, as well as navy blue nameplates, were featured on both the home and away jerseys. The alternate gold "skyline" jerseys were also tweaked, with a retro "Nuggets" wordmark (that was used on the 1980s rainbow skyline jerseys) in navy blue trimmed in white. The numerals were also modified with the Coliseum typeface, but remained white, with powder blue interior trim and navy blue exterior outlining.[65]

text: The Nuggets updated their uniforms for the 2017–18 season. The light uniform (dubbed by Nike as the "Association" jersey), the dark uniform (dubbed by Nike as the "Icon" jersey) and the alternate uniform (dubbed by Nike as the "Statement" jersey) saw the return of navy blue as a primary color for the first time since 2003, while powder blue was relegated to trim color status. Slight tweaks were made to the striping and lettering.[66] The Nuggets' gold "Statement" jersey made some noticeable alterations as well, relegating the navy, powder and white rainbow to the sides and relocating the number to the bottom. The "City" uniform for 2017–18 is also navy, highlighting the pick-axe and mountain logo in front and incorporating sublimated mountain peak patterns on the shorts. Their jersey's sponsor is Western Union.

text: Players[edit]

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Denver Nuggets roster

v
t
e

Players
Coaches

Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB (YYYY-MM-DD)
From

4.0 !F
5000000000000000000♠00
Arthur, Darrell
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
235 lb (107 kg)
1988–03–25
Kansas

2.5 !G/F
7000500000000000000♠5
Barton, Will
7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
190 lb (86 kg)
1991–01–06
Memphis

1.5 !G
7001250000000000000♠25
Beasley, Malik
7000195580000000000♠6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
196 lb (89 kg)
1996–11–26
Florida State

4.0 !F
7001210000000000000♠21
Chandler, Wilson
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
225 lb (102 kg)
1987–05–10
DePaul

2.5 !G/F
7000300000000000000♠3
Craig, Torrey (TW)
7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
215 lb (98 kg)
1990–12–19
USC Upstate

4.0 !F
7001350000000000000♠35
Faried, Kenneth
7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
228 lb (103 kg)
1989–11–19
Morehead State

1.5 !G
7001340000000000000♠34
Harris, Devin
7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
185 lb (84 kg)
1983–02–27
Wisconsin

1.5 !G
7001140000000000000♠14
Harris, Gary
7000193040000000000♠6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
210 lb (95 kg)
1994–09–14
Michigan State

4.0 !F
7001410000000000000♠41
Hernangómez, Juan
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
230 lb (104 kg)
1995–09–28
Spain

4.0 !F
7001220000000000000♠22
Jefferson, Richard
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
233 lb (106 kg)
1980–06–21
Arizona

6.0 !C
7001150000000000000♠15
Jokić, Nikola (C)
7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
250 lb (113 kg)
1995–02–19
Serbia

4.0 !F
7001200000000000000♠20
Lydon, Tyler
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
220 lb (100 kg)
1996–04–09
Syracuse

4.0 !F
7000700000000000000♠7
Lyles, Trey
7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
234 lb (106 kg)
1995–11–05
Kentucky

4.0 !F
7000400000000000000♠4
Millsap, Paul
7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
246 lb (112 kg)
1985–02–10
Louisiana Tech

1.5 !G
7001110000000000000♠11
Morris, Monté (TW)
7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
175 lb (79 kg)
1995–06–27
Iowa State

1.5 !G
7001270000000000000♠27
Murray, Jamal
7000193040000000000♠6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
207 lb (94 kg)
1997–02–23
Kentucky

5.5 !F/C
7001240000000000000♠24
Plumlee, Mason
7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)
255 lb (116 kg)
1990–03–05
Duke

Head coach

Michael Malone

Assistant coach(es)

David Adelman
Ryan Bowen
Jordi Fernández
Chuck Hayes
Micah Nori
Wes Unseld, Jr.
Bob Weiss
John Beckett (player development)
Stephen Graham (player development)
Ognjen Stojaković (player development)

Legend

(C) Team captain
(DP) Unsigned draft pick
(FA) Free agent
(S) Suspended
(GL) On assignment to G League
(TW) Two-way affiliate player
 Injured

Roster • Transactions
Last transaction: 2018–04–06

text: Retained draft rights[edit]

text: The Nuggets hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA. A drafted player, either an international draftee or a college draftee who isn't signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams. In this case, the team retains the player's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player's contract with the non-NBA team ends.[67] This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams.

text:
Draft
Round
Pick
Player
Pos.
Nationality
Current team
Note(s)
Ref

2017
2
49
Čančar, VlatkoVlatko Čančar
F
 Slovenia
San Pablo Burgos (Spain)

[68]

2016
2
53
Cornelie, PetrPetr Cornelie
F
 France
Levallois Metropolitans (France)

[69]

2015
2
57
Radičević, NikolaNikola Radičević
G
 Serbia
Herbalife Gran Canaria (Spain)

[70]

2012
2
50
Türkyılmaz, İzzetİzzet Türkyılmaz
F/C
 Turkey
Selçuklu Belediyesi (Turkey)

[71]

2003
2
57
Xue Yuyang
F/C
 China
Free agent
Acquired from the Dallas Mavericks
[72]

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
Denver Nuggets retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Tenure
Date

2
Alex English
F
1980–1990
March 2, 1993

12
Fat Lever
G
1984–1990
December 2, 2017

33
David Thompson
F/G
1975–1982
November 7, 1992

40
Byron Beck
F/C
1967–1977
December 16, 1977

44
Dan Issel
C/F
1976–1985
April 5, 1985

55
Dikembe Mutombo
C
1991–1996
October 29, 2016

432 1
Doug Moe
Head coach
1980–1990
November 7, 2002

text: Notes:

text: 1 Number represents his total number of regular season victories.

text: Basketball Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Denver Nuggets Hall of Famers

Players

No.
Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

25
44
Dan Issel 1
C/F
1975–1985
1993

33
David Thompson 2
F/G
1975–1982
1996

2
Alex English
F
1980–1990
1997

8
Šarūnas Marčiulionis
G
1996–1997
2014

24
Spencer Haywood 3
F/C
1969–1970
2015

55
Dikembe Mutombo
C
1991–1996
2015

3
Allen Iverson
G
2006–2008
2016

30
George McGinnis
F
1978–1980
2017[73]

11
Charlie Scott
G
1978–1980
2018

Coaches

Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

John McLendon 4
Coach
1969
1979 and 2016

Alex Hannum 5
Coach
1971–1974
1998

Larry Brown 6
Coach
1974–1979
2002

text: Notes:

text:
1 Started playing for the team during its time in ABA. Inducted as player. He later coached the Nuggets (1992–1994 and 1999–2001).
2 Started playing for the team during its time in ABA.
3 Played for the team during its time in ABA.
4 Coached the team during its time in ABA. Inducted as contributor and as coach.
5 Coached the team during its time in ABA.
6 Started coaching the team during its time in ABA.

text: FIBA Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Denver Nuggets Hall of Famers

Players

No.
Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

8
Šarūnas Marčiulionis
G
1996–1997
2015

text: Franchise records[edit]


document_title: Chief compliance officer

question_text: who does the chief compliance officer report to

text: Chief compliance officer

text: The chief compliance officer (CCO) of a company is the officer primarily responsible for overseeing and managing regulatory compliance issues within an organization. The CCO typically reports to the Chief Executive Officer or Chief Operations Officer.

text: The role has long existed at companies that operate in heavily regulated industries such as financial services and healthcare. For other companies, the rash of 2000s accounting scandals, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the recommendations of the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines have led to additional CCO appointments.

text: Scott Cohen, editor and publisher of Compliance Week, dates the proliferation of CCOs to a 2002 speech by SEC commissioner Cynthia Glassman, in which she called on companies to designate a "corporate responsibility officer."[1] The responsibilities of the position often include leading enterprise compliance efforts, designing and implementing internal controls, policies and procedures to assure compliance with applicable local, state and federal laws and regulations and third party guidelines; managing audits and investigations into regulatory and compliance issues; and responding to requests for information from regulatory bodies.