document_title: Wexford GAA

question_text: when did wexford win the all ireland hurling

text: Wexford GAA

text: History[edit]

text: Hurling has been played in Wexford from medieval times. Evidence of this can be found in the hurling ballads of the 15th and 16th centuries.[1] The nickname "Yellowbellies" is said to have been given to the county's hurlers by Sir Caesar Colclough of Tintern in south Wexford, following a 17th-century game between a team of hurlers under his patronage and a team of hurlers from Cornwall, near Glynn in county Wexford.[2] Others have said that King George III shouted "come on the yellow bellies" at an exhibition match near London, in which the Wexford hurlers were wearing yellow ribbons.[3]

text: Gaelic football[edit]

text: Wexford had one of the greatest football teams in the history of the GAA in the 1910s, winning six Leinster and four All-Ireland titles in a row.[4] The team was trained by 1900 star James 'the Bull' Roche, who had fought for the World Heavyweight boxing Championship. The team featured Fr. Ned Wheeler, Aidan Doyle and the O'Kennedy brothers, Gus and Sean. The latter was the team captain. The feat of six Leinster titles in a row was only equalled in 1931 when Kildare won the sixth in a sequence that began in 1926.[5]

text: Wexford's last major football success was winning the Leinster title in 1945. From then on, hurling took precedence in Wexford and as a consequence the Wexford footballers suffered, with the team descending into obscurity for many years. More recently, Wexford have had a strong team. The team reached the Division 1 League final of 2005 under the management of Pat Roe but were beaten by a strong Armagh team that day.

text: In April 2008, in Jason Ryan's first year as manager of the team, Wexford beat Fermanagh to win the Division 3 League final. This proved to be the first success of what would be a historic year for Wexford football, as they reached their first Leinster final in over 50 years. Along the way they stunned Meath by coming from ten points down to win their quarter-final in Carlow, and then beat Laois comprehensively in the semi-final. This was Wexford's 5th consecutive appearance in the provincial semi-final, but their first victory. In the final they were comprehensively beaten by a strong Dublin team, 3–23 to 0–09.

text: However, Wexford recovered from their humiliation and came through the back door, beating Down by seven points in a shock result to reach the last eight and a match-up with Armagh. From here, they produced one of the shocks of the championship, winning by 1–14 to 0–12 to reach their first All Ireland semi-final since 1945. They were beaten by 6 points by Tyrone, having been within two points of the eventual champions in the closing stages.

text: Wexford again reached the Leinster final in the 2011 Leinster Championship. Wexford had an easier run to the final than in 2008, facing Offaly, Westmeath and Carlow. In the final they faced Dublin again, but ran them much closer. A poor performance from Dublin's star player Bernard Brogan helped Wexford stay in touch with Dublin throughout the match, but a bizarre own goal meant they ultimately lost by 2–12 to 1–12, to the team that went on to win the All-Ireland.[6][7] Wexford entered Round 4 of the qualifiers where they faced Limerick, but they were beaten by a single point, on a score of 1–18 to 1–17.

text: Current football team[edit]

text: Manager: Paul McLoughlin[8]

text:
No.

Player

Position

Club

1

Shane Roche

Goalkeeper

Geraldine O'Hanrahan's

2

Brian Malone

Right Corner Back

Shelmaliers

3

Jim Rossiter

Full Back

St. Fintan's

4

Michael Furlong

Left Corner Back

Adamstown

5

Eoghan Nolan

Right Half Back

Shelmaliers

6

Joey Wadding

Centre Back

St. Fintan's

7

Tiarnan Rossiter

Left Half Back

St. Mary's Rosslare

8

Daithí Waters (c)

Midfield

St Martin's

9

Colm Kehoe

Midfield

Cloughbawn

10

Kevin O'Grady

Right Half Forward

St. James'

11

Ben Brosnan

Centre Forward

Castletown

12

Paul Curtis

Left Half Forward

Clongeen

13

Ciarán Lyng

Right Corner Forward

St Martin's

14

John Tubritt

Full Forward

Fethard

15

James Stafford

Left Corner Forward

Glynn-Barntown

No.

Player

Position

Club

16

Conor Swaine

Substitiute

Horeswood

17

Naomhán Rossiter

Substitiute

St. Mary's Rosslare

18

Seán Gaul

Substitiute

St Anne's

19

Jake Firman

Substitiute

St Martin's

20

Ryan Nolan

Substitiute

Ferns St. Aidan's

21

Conor Carty

Substitiute

Castletown

22

Michael O'Regan

Substitiute

Glynn-Barntown

23

Seán Culleton

Substitiute

Geraldine O'Hanrahan's

24

Niall Hughes

Substitiute

Kilenerin

25

Rob Tierney

Substitiute

Glynn-Barntown

26

John Leacy

Substitiute

Glynn-Barntown

27

Paul Leonard

water boy

Glynn-Barntown

text: Squad as per Wexford vs Wicklow, 2017 National Football League Round 4, 5 March 2017

text: Honours[edit]

text:
All-Ireland Senior Football Championships: 5
1893, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918
All-Ireland Junior Football Championships: 1
1992
Leinster Senior Football Championships: 10
1890, 1893, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1925, 1945
Leinster Minor Football Championship: 3
1937, 1950, 1969
Leinster Junior Football Championship: 8
1911, 1963, 1984, 1992, 2000, 2007, 2015,[9] 2016[10]
Leinster Under-21 Football Championship: 1
2011

text: Hurling[edit]

text: Hurling is also played in Wexford. This is in evidence in several one-sided results over the years: Kildare were beaten by 14–15 to 1–1 in an 1897 Croke Cup match. The Antrim team were beaten by 12–17 to 2–3 in a 1954 All-Ireland semi-final. Nicky Rackard, who scored 7–7 at that day, was Wexford's greatest hurler.[citation needed] He starred in two clashes with Cork in 1954 and 1956. Wexford lost the first after having a goal disallowed, but won the second with the combination of a Art Foley save and Nicky Rackard goal in the closing minutes.

text: In the 1970s, the distinctive red-haired Tony Doran was the star as Kilkenny and Wexford played ten Leinster finals in succession. In 1984 they claimed that the final whistle was blown prematurely when they were beaten by a single point in the Leinster final.

text: In 1996 Wexford, led by Liam Griffin and captained by Martin Storey, brought the Liam MacCarthy Cup back to Slaneyside for the first time since 1968; they were waiting 28 years. Cork, Kilkenny and Tipperary have dominated the honours in recent years.

text: Wexford's most recent hurling success was in the Leinster Final of 2004 when they defeated Offaly. In the Leinster semi-final, they beat Kilkenny with a last-gasp goal scored by Michael Jacob after a sideline cut by Adrian Fenlon fell into the hand of Kilkenny centre back Peter Barry, only for the brilliant Michael Jacob to block him down as he tried to get rid of the ball and Jacob subsequently fired the ball to the back of the Kilkenny net ending Kilkenny's six-year reign as Leinster Champions. However, hurling in Wexford has been on the slide since 1996, their last All-Ireland success, and the Leinster title in 2004 simply papered over the cracks.

text:
Davy Fitzgerald has taken over as manager of the team for 2017, and has made great progress by reaching the Leinster Final where they played Galway. following the departure of Liam Dunne, who has also played a huge part[clarification needed] in their recent success.
They have lost only one game so far this year, which was in the Walsh Cup Semi Final by a single point against Kilkenny. So far this year, they have won promotion to division 1A, have gone unbeaten in the Allianz League(beaten Limerick, Galway, Laois, Offaly and Kerry, beat Kilkenny in Nowlan Park on a scoreline of 2-18 0-19 in the league quarter final. They faced All Ireland Champions Tipperary in the league semi final, which they lost after late goals from Tipperary in the closing minutes.
Recently[when?] they beat Laois 3-25 to 1-19 in Portlaoise in the Leinster quarter final, and emerged victorious over Kilkenny in Innovate Wexford park.
This brought them to Croke Park for the Leinster final,which resulted in a 1-17 0-29 defeat to Galway,who were also to become All Ireland Champions that year.
They played Waterford in Park Uí Chaoímh in the All Ireland quarter final,but lost by a mere three points. [11]

text: In 2009, Wexford took part in Division 2 of the Allianz National Hurling League. After their shock defeat by Antrim, in which the Saffrons made a memorable comeback, Wexford improved to take a place in the division 2 final against Offaly. The yellowbellies were favourites, having beaten them earlier in the league, however Colm Bonnar's men did not perform on the day. It was a massive disappointment, meaning Wexford will be outside of hurling's top tier for the second year running. The Leinster championship arrived and Wexford had a chance for redemption with an opening round clash against Offaly. They gained revenge with Stephen Banville starring in a comfortable victory, with the aid of home advantage. Up next was Dublin and a younger more talented city side prevailed. This was followed up by defeat in the qualifiers against Limerick.

text: In 2010 Wexford took part in Division 2 of the Allianz National Hurling League once again playing this time against Clare. The Model men were once again the favourites, having such a good league experience. Despite a disappointing performance Wexford still ran out winners at the end only to be promoted back to Division 1 of the Allianz National Hurling League after waiting three years. Wexford began the Leinster Championship 2010 with a defeat to Galway in Nowlan Park despite having a good second half.

text:
In 2011, Wexford took part in the Division 1 Allianz National Hurling League. Throughout the league campaign, it seemed the standard of The Model County was poor, but when it mattered in the last two games to stay up, they beat Offaly and Cork. They defeated Cork by 1–16 to 1–15 before drawing level with champions Tipperary.
The championship began with the opening against Antrim which proved too easy for Wexford. The second game saw The Model County with home advantage against old rivals Kilkenny however it was Kilkenny's evening. Wexford exited in the qualifiers, for the second year in three, against Limerick which led to the resignation of Colm Bonnar as manager. He was replaced by Oulart the Ballagh manager Liam Dunne.

text:
In 2013, Wexford missed out promotion to Division 1A despite making progress. The Leinster Championship saw The 'Slaneysiders' take on Dublin at a very sunny soaked Wexford Park on Saturday 8 June with both sides starting very poorly despite Dublin racing into an early lead 0–4 to 0–1 before Wexford rallied back and brought the game level before Jack Guiney hit a rocket of a goal to restore the lead for the home side only for the Dubs to outscore with points from Joey Boland,Shane Durkan & Michael Carton. The 2nd half proved to be a real contest as Wexford looked like causing a real upset only for Eamon Dillion to score a late goal to secure Dublin's lead before a last minute free from Jack Guiney forced a replay with it ending 1–17 apiece. The replay took place in Parnell Park on 15 June which proved to be quite a disaster for Wexford as Andrew Shore was sent off after 5 minutes before Dublin rallied on to win 1–17 to 0–12 to advance to the Semi-final.
Wexford had a good run through the qualifiers thrasing Antrim 3–18 to 0–17 before getting the better of Carlow 2–16 to 0–20 before eventually losing to eventual 'All Ireland Champions' Clare at a very sunny scorched Semple Stadium despite dragging the game to extra-time 3–24 to 1–20 the final result.

text: In 2014, Wexford advanced to the League Quarter Final only to lose to Leinster rivals Kilkenny. The Leinster opener saw Wexford trash Antrim 5–19 to 0–21 at O'Moore Park on 1 June to advance the semi-final only to lose to reigning Leinster champions Dublin. The run through the qualifiers proved to be a real surprise as they looked like dethroning the reigning All Ireland Champions Clare at Cusack Park on 5 July only to end in a draw despite going to extra-time ending 2–25 apiece. The replay took place the following week 12 July at Wexford Park with Clare looking like they were going through only Wexford rallying back to bring the match level & extra-time once again before Wexford eventually ran out winners 2–25 to 2–22. They played Munster rivals Waterford the following Saturday with Wexford getting a decent lead during the first with rocket of goals ending the match 3–15 to 2–15. The Quarter Final saw Munster finalists Limerick hammer a very exhausted Wexford side 4–26 to 1–11.

text: Current hurling team[edit]

text:
Manager: Davy Fitzgerald
Selectors: J.J. Doyle, Keith Rossiter, P.J. Ryan, Páraic Fanning, Seoirse Bulfin

text:
No.

Player

Position

Club

1

Mark Fanning

Goalkeeper

Glynn-Barntown

2

Damien Reck

Right Corner Back

Oylegate-Glenbrien

3

Liam Ryan

Full Back

Rapparees

4

Simon Donohoe

Left Corner Back

Shelmaliers

5

Paudie Foley

Right Half Back

Crossabeg Ballymurn

6

Matthew O'Hanlon (j.c.)

Centre Back

St. James'

7

Diarmuid O'Keeffe

Left Half Back

St. Anne's

8

Kevin Foley

Midfield

Rapparees

9

Shaun Murphy

Midfield

Oulart the Ballagh

10

Lee Chin (j.c.)

Right Half Forward

Faythe Harriers

11

Aidan Nolan

Centre Forward

Half-Way-House/Bunclody

12

Jack O'Connor

Left Half Forward

St. Martin's

13

Paul Morris

Right Corner Forward

Ferns St. Aidan's

14

Rory O'Connor

Full Forward

St. Martin's

15

Conor McDonald

Left Corner Forward

Naomh Éanna

No.

Player

Position

Club

16

Conor O'Leary

Substitute

Oulart the Ballagh

17

Conor Firman

Substitute

St. Martin's

18

Willie Devereux

Substitute

St. Martin's

19

Aaron Maddock

Substitute

St. Martin's

20

Eoin Moore

Substitute

Oulart the Ballagh

21

Éanna Martin

Substitute

Carrickshock

22

Cathal Dunbar

Substitute

Ballygarrett

23

Harry Kehoe

Substitute

Cloughbawn

24

David Dunne

Substitute

Davidstown-Courtnacuddy

25

Colm Kehoe

Substitute

Cloughbawn

26

Shane Tomkins

Substitute

Askamore

text: Squad as per Wexford vs Dublin, 2018 Leinster Senior Hurling Championship, 20 May 2018

text: Honours[edit]

text:
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championships: 6
1910, 1955, 1956, 1960, 1968, 1996
All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championships: 4
1961, 1968, 2005, 2007
All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championships: 2
1985, 1992
All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championships:  1
1965
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championships: 3
1963, 1966, 1968
National Hurling Leagues: 4
1956, 1958, 1967, 1973
National Hurling League Div 2 1
2010
Leinster Senior Hurling Championships: 19
1890, 1891, 1899, 1901, 1910, 1918, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1960, 1962, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1976, 1977, 1996, 1997, 2004
Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championships: 17
1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1979, 1986, 1987, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2013, 2014, 2015[12]
Leinster Minor Hurling Championships: 7
1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1980, 1985
Leinster Intermediate Hurling Championships: 9
1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2014
Leinster Junior Hurling Championships: 7
1926, 1940, 1957, 1959, 1985, 1987, 1992
Walsh Cups: 16
1954, 1956, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1987, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999. 2000, 2001, 2002, 2018
Kehoe Cup: 1
1977

text: Camogie[edit]

text: After winning promotion form intermediate in the late 1950s, Wexford won their first All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship in 1968, and won further All Ireland titles in 1969, 1975, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. They contested the first National Camogie League final in 1977, won the second competition and returned to win it three times in a row between 2009 and 2011. Buffers Alley (5) and Rathnure (1995) have won the All Ireland senior club championship.

text:
Notable players include team of the century members Mary Sinnott and Margaret O'Leary, player of the year award-winners Bridget Doyle and Kate Kelly,
All Star award winners[13] Áine Codd, Mags Darcy, Mary Leacy, Ursula Jacob. Una Leacy, Claire O'Connor, Catherine O'Loughlin, Katrina Parrock and All Ireland final stars Mary Walsh and Gretta Quigley.

text: Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010–2015, "Our Game, Our Passion,"[14] five new camogie clubs are to be established in the county by 2015.[15]

text: Honours[edit]

text:
All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championships: 7
(click on year for team line-outs) 1968, 1969, 1975, 2007, 2010, 2011,[16] 2012
All-Ireland Intermediate Camogie Championships: 1
2011[17]
All-Ireland Minor Camogie Championships: 1
1995
National Camogie Leagues: 4
(click on year for team line-outs) 1977, 2009, 2010 and 2011

text: Ladies' Gaelic football[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

text: Honours[edit]

text:
All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship Finalists: 3
1983, 1986, 1989
All-Ireland Junior Ladies' Football Championship Finalists: 2
1986, 1987
All-Ireland Junior Ladies' Football Championship Winners: 1
2014
All-Ireland Intermediate Ladies' Football Championship Finalists: 1
2007
All-Ireland Under-18 Ladies' Football Championships: 3
1982, 1983, 1984, 1986
All-Ireland Under-16 Ladies' Football Championship: 3
1981, 1982, 1983
All-Ireland Under-14 Ladies' Football Championship: 1
1990

text: Colours and crest[edit]

text:
Wexford sporting colours are purple and gold. This iconic choice was made in 1913 before using the colours of county champions clubs[18]
Disposal of the colours is changed during the year, being the traditional kit mostly gold with a purple horizontal half. Since the 1990s purple has gained more importance and has been used in sleeves and with gradients. The current kit is mainly purple with golden trims.

text: The crest has been changed several times. Until 1996, the team used Wexford Town's traditional crest (three burning wooden ships) then they adopted the new county's coat of arms. Since 2006, Wexford GAA launched their own logo, used also on the jerseys.


document_title: Feminism in Canada

question_text: when were women's rights established in canada

question_tokens: when were women 's rights established in canada

root

text: Feminism in Canada

text: Waves of Canadian feminism[edit]

text: First wave[edit]

text: The first wave of feminism in Canada occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This early activism was focused on increasing women’s role in public life, with goals including women’s suffrage, increased property rights, increased access to education, and recognition as “persons” under the law.[1] This early iteration of Canadian feminism was largely based in maternal feminism; the idea that women are natural caregivers and “mothers of the nation” who should participate in public life because of their perceived propensity for decisions that will result in good care of society.[2] In this view, women were seen to be a civilizing force on society – which was a significant part of women’s engagement in missionary work and in the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).[1]

tag: p

text: The first wave in Canada was different in Québec.[3] Although the first wave was developed at an earlier time, many women in Québec had to wait until April 1940 for their right to vote and run in elections.

text: Canadian women’s social, political and cultural roles and influence changed dramatically during WWII. Women had taken over many of the missing roles of men while they were off at war. Women worked in factories and took over farms and proved their importance in society.

text: Early organizing and activism[edit]

text: Religion was an important factor in the early stages of the Canadian women’s movement. Some of the earliest groups of organized women came together for a religious purpose. When women were rejected as missionaries by their Churches and missionary societies, they started their own missionary societies and raised funds to send female missionaries abroad.[1] Some of them raised enough to train some of their missionaries as teachers or doctors.[1]

text: The first of these missionary societies was founded in Canso, Nova Scotia in 1870 by a group of Baptist women inspired by Hannah Norris, a teacher who wanted to be a missionary.[4] Norris asked the women in her Church for help when her application to the Baptist Foreign Mission Board was rejected. The formed their own missionary society, and soon there were Presbyterian, Methodist and Anglican women missionary societies forming across the western provinces, Quebec, Ontario and the Maritimes.[1] These new societies not only enabled women to work as missionaries, they also gave women the opportunity to manage the funding, training and employment of female missionaries in foreign countries.

text: Women’s religious organizing was also a means through which women could advocate social change. The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, for example, was formed in 1874 by Letitia Youmans of Picton, Ontario, in order to raise awareness of the negative consequences of alcohol consumption on society, and ultimately to ban alcohol and promote evangelical family values.[2] Inspired by its American counterpart, the WCTU grew to become one of the first organizations to fight for suffrage while also being a training ground for future suffrage leaders.[5] The Hebrew Ladies Sewing Circle (founded 1869) also worked to promote social change through religion-inspired organizing. It was originally organized by Ida Siegel to provide girls in their community training in sewing skills and as a response to the conversion attempts of Jewish youth by Protestant Evangelicals in Toronto grew to establish a Jewish Endeavour Sewing School where they taught girls sewing, Jewish religion and history.[1] Other examples include the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) which provided (and continues to provide) services such as reception centres, shelters, and educational programs for single working class women along with The Girls’ Friendly Society (Anglican-based), the Catholic Women's League, and the Grey Nuns of Montreal who provided daycare centres for working women.[1]

text: In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women in Canada were also making inroads into various professions including teaching, journalism, social work, and public health. Grace Annie Lockhart became the first woman in the British Empire to receive a bachelor's degree, providing clear evidence of the justice of women's claim to full rights in the field of higher education.[6] Advances included the establishment of a Women’s Medical College in Toronto (and in Kingston, Ontario) in 1883, attributed in part to the persistence of Emily Stowe, the first female doctor to practice in Canada. Stowe’s daughter, Augusta Stowe-Gullen, became the first woman to graduate from a Canadian medical school.[1]

text: Women also established and became involved with organizations to advance women’s rights, including suffrage. In 1893, the National Council of Women of Canada was formed which was designed to bring together representatives of different women’s groups across Canada, providing a network for women to communicate their concerns and ideas.[7] When they endorsed suffrage, in 1910, the NCWC did so on the basis that women had an indispensable role in society which should give them the right to participate in public life by electing their government, in keeping with the maternal feminism prevalent in the period.[1]

text: During World War I, women took on not only traditionally feminine jobs, but also heavy work such as in munitions factories. This changed role of women increased women's political prominence, and issues such as women's suffrage were raised.[8]

text: During the 1920s, women adventurers pushed the boundaries of acceptable behavior for women. From 1922 until 1929, Aloha Wanderwell (born in Canada) became the first woman to travel around the world in a car, beginning her journey at the age of 16.[9][10]

text: Women's right to vote in Canada[edit]

text: Organizing around women’s suffrage in Canada peaked in the mid-1910s. Various franchise clubs were formed, and in Ontario, the Toronto Women’s Literary Club was established in 1876 as a guise for suffrage activities, though by 1883 it was renamed the Toronto Women’s Suffrage Association.[11] Compared to other English speaking industrialized countries, Canada’s suffrage movement gained success rather easily, and without violence. The tactics adopted by the movement in order to bring about reform included collecting petitions, staging mock parliaments and selling postcards.[11]

text: Widows and unmarried women were granted the right to vote in municipal elections in Ontario in 1884. Such limited franchises were extended in other provinces at the end of the 19th century, but bills to enfranchise women in provincial elections failed to pass in any province until Manitoba, and Saskatchewan finally succeeded in early 1916. Alberta followed the same year and Emily Murphy became the first woman magistrate not just in Canada, but the entire British Empire. At the federal level it was a two step process. On Sept. 20, 1917, women gained a limited right to vote: According to the Parliament of Canada website, the Military Voters Act established that "women who are British subjects and have close relatives in the armed forces can vote on behalf of their male relatives, in federal elections." About a year and a quarter later, at the beginning of 1919, the right to vote was extended to all women in the Act to confer the Electoral Franchise upon Women. The remaining provinces quickly followed suit, except for Quebec, which did not do so until 1940. Agnes Macphail became the first woman elected to Parliament in 1921.[12]

text: Large numbers of women continued for many years to be excluded from the right to vote, based on race or indigeneity. British Columbia, for example, denied persons of Asian, Indian (Southeast Asian), and Indigenous origin the rights to universal adult suffrage that came about with the Dominion Elections Act of 1920.[13]

text:
Province
Date of Women's Suffrage[14]
Date of Women's Ability to Hold Office[15][16][17][18]

Manitoba
January 28, 1916
January 28, 1916

Saskatchewan
March 14, 1916
March 14, 1916

Alberta
April 19, 1916
April 19, 1916*

British Columbia
April 5, 1917
April 5, 1917

Ontario
April 12, 1917
April 24, 1919

Nova Scotia
April 26, 1918
April 26, 1918

New Brunswick
April 17, 1919
March 9, 1934

Prince Edward Island
May 3, 1922
May 3, 1922

Newfoundland
April 13, 1925
April 13, 1925

Quebec
April 25, 1940
April 25, 1940

Dominion of Canada (federal government)
Relatives of individuals in the armed forces - September 20, 1917. All female British subjects in Canada, May 24, 1918
July 7, 1919**

tag: table

text:
First women elected in the British Empire were two Alberta women (Louise McKinney and Roberta MacAdams) elected in 1917.

First woman elected to the House of Commons was Progressive candidate Agnes MacPhail, elected in 1921.

tag: ul

text: Women ruled legally to be "persons"[edit]

text: The Famous Five were a group of five women from Alberta who wanted the courts to determine if women were considered to be "persons" for the purposes of being called to the Senate under section 24 of the British North America Act, 1867, the main provision of Canada's constitution (now the Constitution Act, 1867).[19] The Senate was the body which at that time approved divorces in some provinces of Canada, among other decisions important to women. The Famous Five petitioned the federal Cabinet to refer this issue to the Supreme Court. After some debate, the Cabinet did so. The Supreme Court, interpreting the Act in light of the times in which it was written, ruled in 1928 that women were not "persons" for the purposes of section 24 and could not be appointed to the Senate.

text: The five women, led by Emily Murphy, appealed the case to the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council, at that time the highest court of appeal for the British Empire. In 1929, the five Lords of the Committee ruled unanimously that "the word ‘persons' in Section 24 includes both the male and female sex.…" They called the earlier interpretation "a relic of days more barbarous than ours."[20]

text: Eastview Birth Control Trial[edit]

text: The Eastview Birth Control Trial of 1936-1937 was the first successful legal challenge to the dissemination of information and the possession of materials relating to birth control being illegal in Canada, and it marked the beginning of a shift in Canadian society's acceptance of such practices.[21] In September 1936, Dorothea Palmer was arrested in Eastview (now Vanier, Ontario), and charged with possessing materials and pamphlets related to birth control, then highly illegal under Canadian law. As she was working for the Kitchener-based Parents' Information Bureau (PIB), her arrest could have led to the collapse of the organization and as many as two years' imprisonment for Palmer. However, the PIB was the brainchild of industrialist A.R. Kaufman, a eugenically-minded industrialist whose support would eventually see Palmer's charges dropped. The trial lasted from September 1936 to March 1937.[22]

text: Ultimately, the case was dismissed by the presiding magistrate Lester Clayon, who ruled that, as Palmer's actions were "in the public good," no charges could be held against her.[23] In his final ruling, he explained that:

text: The mothers are in poor health, pregnant nine months of the year ... What chance do these children have to be properly fed, clothed and educated? They are a burden on the taxpayer. They crowd the juvenile court. They glut the competitive labour market.[24]

text: Second wave[edit]

text: Though feminism in Canada continued after the work of the Famous Five, during the Depression and the Second World War feminist activism in Canada was not as clear to see as it was during the fight for suffrage and thereafter. However, women’s engagement in the workforce during the Second World War brought about a new consciousness in women with regards to their place in public life, which led to a public inquiry on the status of women, as well as new campaigns and organizing for equal rights. Whereas the first wave was organized around access to education and training, the second wave of Canadian feminism focused on women’s role in the workforce, the need for equal pay for equal work, a desire to address violence against women, and concerns about women’s reproductive rights.

text: Canadian women during and after World War II[edit]

text: During the Second World War, Canadian women were actively pursued by the Canadian government to contribute to the war effort.[1] One of the ways in which women contributed to the war effort was by joining the workforce. Prior to the war, some young and unmarried women had already joined the workforce; however, during the war an increased need for female workers arose in many industries due to the depleted pool of male workers who had largely been mobilized to fight in the war.[25] Although women continued to work in their pre-war traditional fields of employment such as textile manufacturing, retail, nursing, and homecare services,[26] as the demand for labour intensified in all industries, women became employed in many non-traditional fields including: manufacturing, trade, finance, transportation, communication, and construction.[26]

text: In response to the labour needs of many industries, the Canadian government created a special Women’s Division of the National Selective Service to recruit women into the workforce.[25] The first groups of women to be recruited were single women and childless married women.[27] The National Selective Service then recruited women with home responsibilities and later women with children.[28] By 1944, more than one million women worked full-time in Canada’s paid labour force.[29]

text: The inclusion of women with children into the workforce led the federal government to develop a program known as the Dominion-Provincial Wartime Day Nurseries Agreement in order to assist working mothers with childcare during the duration of the war.[30] Under the Agreement, the federal government offered to help the provinces subsidize childcare programs. Quebec and Ontario took advantage of the agreement and developed childcare facilities such as nurseries and after school programs.[31]

text: Women also contributed to the war effort by volunteering. As soon as the war broke out, many local women’s volunteer societies quickly mobilized to contribute to the war effort. Women in these organizations engaged in a range of activities including: sewing clothes for the Red Cross, cultivating “victory” gardens, and collecting materials like rubber and metal scraps for wartime production.[32] By the middle of the war the Canadian government established the Women’s Voluntary Services to coordinate the wartime activities of the local women’s societies across Canada.[33]

text: Women also participated in the war by joining the military. Prior to the war, with the exception of the Nursing Service of the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps, the Canadian army was composed only of men.[34] Yet, by 1942 women were recruited into the military, air force, and navy.[34] In fact, by the end of the war 20,497 women were members of the army, 16,221 were members of the air force, and 6,665 were members of the navy.[35] When women were first recruited they mostly worked in administrative and support positions such as stewardesses and clerical aides, but as the war carried on, women were promoted to more skilled positions such as motor vehicle mechanics, electricians, and sail-makers.[35]

text: The Canadian government expected women to return to their roles in the home once the war ended.[36] In 1941, the government created an Advisory Committee on Reconstruction (composed entirely of prominent Canadian men) to deal with the post-war reconstruction issues.[36] Shortly after its creation, some Canadian women advocated for female representation within the Committee due to the vital contribution of women to the war effort.[36] Consequently, in 1943, the government created a subcommittee to deal with issues women would encounter once the war ended.[36] The subcommittee was headed by Margaret McWilliams, a journalist and notable women’s organization activist and consisted of nine other women from across the country.[36] The subcommittee produced a report with a number of recommendations including that women should be trained or retrained for jobs on the same basis as men and that household workers should receive labour benefits like unemployment insurance.[36] The report received little public attention and ultimately failed to achieve any of its recommendations.[36] However, many of its recommendations were discussed once again, decades later in the 1970 report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women.[36]

text: When the war finally ended many Canadian women did as the government expected of them and returned to their roles in the home.[36] Additionally, when the war ended some of the services the government offered working women during the war, like childcare, were discontinued.[37]

text: Yet, in the years following the war, the number of women joining the workforce steadily increased as women's contribution became more and more necessary to sustaining both the home and the economy - a fact addressed by a number of government initiatives.[36] In 1951, the Ontario government passed the Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act, and by the end of the 1950s, all provinces except for Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador had passed similar legislation. In 1954, the Government of Canada created a specialized women’s department within the Department of Labour, and in 1956, it also passed legislation providing pay equity for women working in the federal civil service.[38]

text: Royal Commission on the Status of Women, 1970[edit]

text: The Royal Commission on the Status of Women was a Canadian Royal Commission that examined the status of women and recommended steps that might be taken by the federal government to ensure equal opportunities with men in all aspects of Canadian society. The Commission commenced on 16 February 1967 as an initiative of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson. Public sessions were conducted the following year to accept public comment for the Commission to consider as it formulated its recommendations. Florence Bird was the Commission's chair. The Commissioners appointed were: Florence Bird (chairperson), Elsie MacGill, Lola M. Lange, Jeanne Lapointe, Doris Ogilvie, Donald R. Gordon, Jr (resigned from Commission), Jacques Henripin, John Peters Humphrey (appointed following Gordon's resignation).

text: The National Union of Students and the Women’s Movement in the 1970s[edit]

text: The National Union of Students (Canada) (NUS) formed in 1972 and became the Canadian Federation of Students in 1981. While student aid, education cut-backs and, by the late 1970s, tuition fees may have been the primary policy concerns of the national student organization, there was a definite undercurrent of women student organizing in NUS and on local campuses.[39] Women and some men supporters rallied around issues of sexism on student councils and in NUS, violence against women, abortion rights and the establishing women centres and daycare on campuses. By 1979, NUS established the Declaration of the Rights of the Woman Student. As Moses points out (p. 89), the “Declaration avoided discussion of other serious social inclusions — issues of race, physical ability, and aboriginal people were not included” which perhaps speaks to why issues of racism and ability caused much discordance in the women’s movement of the 1980s.

text: Moses (2010, p. 76-7) cites several key sources on the long history of women student organizing in Canada going back to the late 1800s and suggests that “NUS women’s student activism of the 1970s should not be viewed as an entirely new phenomenon arising amidst the clamour and legacy of 1960s liberation struggles.” "Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, women’s participation in [the Canadian Union of Students and its predecessor, the National Federation of Canadian University Students ] stayed consistent: around the 15–17 percent mark.' Moses (2010, p.92, note 34).

text: The link between women students and late 1960s women’s movements has been widely acknowledged. Yet, as Moses points out, this acknowledgement stops abruptly after 1971; the activism of youth and students was widely ignored in the historiography of women’s movement in the 1970s. This is not something that Moses attempts to explain. It would seem likely that the gap in recognition has something to do with how young women and how women historiographers of the 1970s identified; that is, not as students or youth per se, but as women. While the women’s movement of the 1970s was of course, multigenerational, it was also most certainly in many ways, a significant youth movement and this, as Moses (2010) suggests, has not been well understood and acknowledged.

text: Violence against women and the battered women’s movement[edit]

text: The Battered Women’s Shelter Movement in Canada emerged predominantly during the late 1960s and early 1970s, within the framework of second wave feminism.[40] Building on the oft-used second wave slogan, “the personal is political, second wave understandings of the state's role in regulating private life paved the road for a re-conceptualization of domestic violence as a social problem as opposed to a completely private matter.[41] The movement was generated in large part because for women who had experienced domestic violence, “there was no place to go.”[42] However, several feminists have criticized the Battered Women's movement for its reliance on the battered woman-as-victim archetype.[43]

text: National Action Committee on the Status of Women[edit]

text: The National Action Committee (NAC) was formed as a result of the frustration of women at the inaction of the federal government in regards to the recommendations of the Royal Commission. Beginning in 1972 as a coalition of 23 women's groups, by 1986 it had 350 organizational members, including the women's caucuses of the three biggest political parties. Partly funded by government grants, the NAC was widely regarded as the official expression of women's interests in Canada, and received a lot of attention from the media. In 1984 there was a televised debate on women's issues among the leaders of the contending political parties during the federal election campaign. The NAC and women's issues were receiving a lot of attention and the NAC was rapidly growing, although beginning in 1983 it had competition from REAL Women of Canada, a right-wing lobby group.[44]

text: Canadian Human Rights Act, 1977[edit]

text: Passed by prime minister of the time, Pierre Trudeau, The Canadian Human Rights Act gave basic rights to all humans. There was no discrimination based on sex, race, religion etc... It specified that there must be "equal pay for work of equal value". There had been significant disparity between the pay received by women and by men. However, by the mid-1980s there was still disparity: full-time female employees earned on average only 72% of what men earned.[8]

text: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms[edit]

text: In 1980 Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announced his plan repatriate the Canadian Constitution, and with it a new Charter of Rights and Freedoms to

text:
“
identify clearly the various rights to be protected, and remove them henceforth from governmental interference.[45]
”

text: With so much division in Canada on what should be included in a bill of rights the federal government decided to hold a Special Joint Committee of the House of Commons and the Senate, which allowed the public to submit amendments to the constitution.[46] Women’s organizations saw this as an opportunity for Canadian women’s rights to be legally and equally represented through entrenchment in the charter.

text: On November 20 the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC) had their opportunity to speak. The NAC saw the importance of equal recognition in the Charter for both men and women as a way to combat systematic discrimination.

text: In response to the Nation Action Committee’s presentation Senator Harry Hays responded,

text:
“
I was just wondering why we don’t have a section here for babies and children. All you girls are going to be working and you’re not going to have anybody looking after them.[47][48]
”

text: This statement exemplified the ignorance and discrimination Canadian women were facing.

text: In February 1981 the National Action Committee scheduled a conference for women on the constitution that was cancelled by the federal government. In response to the cancellation Doris Anderson, president of the Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women and prominent feminist resigned in protest, this act of protest galvanized Canadian women.

text: Feminist groups were angered at the cancellation of the conference and began to organize their own conference and a coalition was formed, which came to be known as the Ad Hoc Committee of Canadian Women on the Constitution.[49]

text: On February 14, 1981, about 1,300 women exercised their democratic right and marched into parliament to debate the charter. They were demanding a specific clause on equal rights between men and women.[50]

text: This conference resulted in amendments to Section 15, which guarantees an equality of rights under the law, along with the creation of Section 28 which states:

text:
“
Notwithstanding anything in this Charter, the rights and freedoms referred to in it are guaranteed equally to male and female persons.
”

text: Even though the Canadian Constitution was established in 1982, the sections on equality were under moratorium and did not come into effect until April 17, 1985.[49]

text: Abortion[edit]

text: A significant concern of second wave feminists in Canada was access to abortion. Until 1969, abortion was a criminal offence under the Criminal Code, and women were dying from trying to procure abortions outside of the law. For these reasons, abortion was legalized by Parliament in 1969 under the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69. Abortion remained an offence, unless it was first approved by a Therapeutic Abortion Committee on the grounds that continuation of the pregnancy "...would or would be likely to endanger her life or health." The abortion had to performed in a hospital rather than in a clinic.[51][52] Only one in five hospitals had the committee required to approve of the operation resulting in many women crossing the border to the United States to receive one.[51] By 1970, women nationwide mobilized to organize a cross-country abortion caravan from Vancouver to Ottawa that called for increased reproductive freedom, through increased access to abortion and birth control.[53]

text: The restrictive nature of the abortion law led others to challenge it, including Henry Morgantaler, a prominent Montreal doctor who attempted to establish abortion clinics. In 1973, Morgentaler was charged under the Criminal Code for providing abortions. The case went to the Supreme Court of Canada. In Morgentaler v R, the Court unanimously held that the criminal law provisions were within the constitutional jurisdiction of the federal Parliament. The Court also unanimously held that the provisions did not infringe the Canadian Bill of Rights.[54] The Supreme Court upheld his conviction.

text: A decade later, after the passage of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Morgentaler was again convicted under the abortion provision. This time, when the case reached the Supreme Court, he was successful, in R. v. Morgentaler in 1988. The Court ruled, by a 5-2 majority, that the abortion provision of the Criminal Code infringed the Charter's guarantee of security of the person under section 7. There was no single majority decision. Justice Bertha Wilson, the first woman on the Supreme Court (appointed in 1982) wrote one of the strongest opinions striking down the provision.[55][56][57][58]

text: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[edit]

text: Canada signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1980, and ratified it in 1981.[59]

text: Third wave[edit]

text: The third wave of Canadian feminism, which is largely perceived to have started in the early 1990s, is closely tied to notions of anti-racism, anti-colonialism, and anti-capitalism.[60] The notion of a sisterhood among women prevalent in the second wave, is critiqued by third-wave feminists, who have perceived this seeming universalism to be dismissive of women's diverse experiences, and the ways that women can discriminate against and dominate one another.[60] Third wave feminism is associated with decentralized, grassroots organizing, as opposed to the national feminist organizations prevalent in the second wave.[2]

text: Opposition to female genital mutilation[edit]

text: Canada recognized female genital mutilation as a form of persecution in July 1994, when it granted refugee status to Khadra Hassan Farah, who had fled Somalia to avoid her daughter being cut.[61] In 1997 section 268 of its Criminal Code was amended to ban FGM, except where "the person is at least eighteen years of age and there is no resulting bodily harm".[62][63]

text: Fourth wave[edit]

text: Fourth-wave feminism refers to a resurgence of interest in feminism that began around 2012 and is associated with the use of social media.[64] According to feminist scholar Prudence Chamberlain, the focus of the fourth wave is justice for women and opposition to sexual harassment and violence against women. Its essence, she writes, is "incredulity that certain attitudes can still exist".[65]

text: Fourth-wave feminism is "defined by technology", according to Kira Cochrane, and is characterized particularly by the use of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Tumblr, and blogs to challenge misogyny and further gender equality.[64][66][67][68]

text: Issues that fourth-wave feminists focus on include street and workplace harassment, campus sexual assault and rape culture. Scandals involving the harassment, abuse, and/or murder of women and girls have galvanized the movement; one example of such a scandal in Canada was the 2016 trial of Jian Ghomeshi.

text: During the time of fourth-wave feminism, in May 2016, in an attempt to make the Canadian national anthem gender-neutral by changing "thy sons" to "of us", Liberal MP Mauril Bélanger introduced a private member's Bill C-210.[69] In June 2016, the bill passed its third reading with a vote of 225 to 74 in the House of Commons.[70] In July 2017, the bill was in its third, and final, reading in the Senate;[71] the bill was passed on January 31, 2018 and received royal assent on February 7, 2018.[72][73]

text: Critiques of the "waves" view of Canadian feminist history[edit]

text: Feminism in Quebec[edit]

text: Feminism in Quebec has evolved differently from in the rest of Canada, and its history does not necessarily match the idea of the four "waves" conventionally used to describe Canadian feminist history. After Confederation, the provincial government of Quebec continued to be closely associated with the Catholic Church, resulting in the preservation of traditional gender roles. The conservatism of the then-provincial government, and the privileging of Catholic values contributed to Quebec being the last province in which women received the provincial franchise. By the 1960s, during the Quiet Revolution, many women in Quebec linked the patriarchy that shaped their lives with the colonial domination of English Canada over Quebec’s affairs. Equality between the sexes would amount to little if both men and women were subordinated and misrepresented through English values, culture and institutions. Though the Fédération des femmes du Québec was founded in 1966 to advance the rights of women in Quebec, and the organization worked closely with the National Action Committee on the Status of Women in the 1970s and 1980s, tensions between English Canadian and Québécois feminists were strong during the debates over the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord, and at the time of the 1995 Referendum.

text: Marie-Claire Belleau on "L'intersectionnalité" and Feminisms in Quebec-Canada[edit]

text: Belleau applies a feminist methodology and research framework to the inter-woven issues of national and cultural identity (what she terms “nat-cult”), both within Quebec and between the province and the rest of Canada (ROC). These conceptions of self, be they feminist, Québécois, or Canadian, in turn affect the identity politics of the region. She deploys “strategic intersectionality” in order to analyze how feminism is represented in Canada’s two main legal systems. She cautions against eternalizing differences (essentialism) or erasing them (universalism). Quebec is a unique case study because of the problematic private/public divide, which is reinforced by the parallel civil/common law split in the province’s legal system. Furthermore, the Québécois are historically situated as both colonizers and as colonized peoples, further lending complexity to their identities.

text: Belleau employs “tactical thinking” to negotiate among Québécois and ROC feminisms, engaging with identity politics and processes of subordination and dissolution in how Quebec feminists are represented in the legal world. She argues that Quebec feminism should (and does) have a “distinct face” ([74]). This is manifest in the approach of intersectionality as embracing cultural distinctions, ensuring no fights for social justice are subordinate to each other, and the understanding of emancipatory confrontations as independent but still interrelated. “Distinct feminism” preserves this nat-cult individuality.

text: The author also details the mythic “confrontational” portrayal of Anglo-Saxon feminism, and that much of Québécois feminist identity stands in contrast to this perceived antagonistic Anglo-Saxon feminism. Quebec men, similarly, struggle with their own conceptions of self, particularly amid historical confrontations with English-Canadian men. Conquest has led to hierarchy, exemplified through the past relationship of the Quebec matriarch and her male consort, l’homme rose, or the “pink man.” For women, many embrace their “Latin” heritage through an allegiance to their French past in order to assert their distinctiveness in a continent with competing cultural identities. Younger Québécois feminists wish to disassociate themselves from both Anglo-feminism and Latin-femininity to construct their own intersectional identity, and to remove themselves from the sexism inherent in some Latin cultures. In addition, as the author articulates, for First Nations women, this “French past” does not provide positive memories or cultural touchstones.

text: Ultimately, Belleau urges women to see projection, dissociation, and distinction as strategies used by both Quebec and ROC feminists to create constructive dialogues and coalitions among women.

text: Aboriginal feminism[edit]

text: Aboriginal feminism (also sometimes referred to as Indigenous feminism) has also taken a different trajectory from the mainstream, white, Anglo-Canadian women’s movement. Aboriginal women have largely not participated in that movement, in part because Aboriginal women’s organizations have focused on issues related to colonialism and cultural discrimination. Further, some Aboriginal women have explicitly rejected the label of “feminist” because, it is perceived to suggest “a strongly anti-natal and anti-family stance that is offensive [to Aboriginal women] as they rebuild their nations.”[75] Others have viewed the universal sisterhood associated with the second wave with hostility, perceiving the idea that all women are the same as an erasure of difference and as an attempt at colonization.[76] By and large, Aboriginal women active in pursuing their rights, such as those belonging to the Native Women’s Association of Canada, “...do not see themselves as part of a separate feminist movement but rather one that will complement the aboriginal organizations, which tend to be male dominated.”[77]

text: Aboriginal women have worked together to address gender and cultural discrimination as they experience it. One of the most notable instances of this activism was around the issue of who qualifies as a Status Indian under the Indian Act. The status of “Indian” was conferred upon persons whose father was a status Indian.[76] According to an amendment to the Act made in 1951, a native man always passed on his status to his wife and children (whether she was Aboriginal or not), while a native woman who married a non-native lost her own status and could not pass on her status to her children.[76] These conditions for qualifying for status caused many women to be displaced from their communities.[76] These amendments inspired activism on the part of the Tobique Women’s Group, as well as the founding of the Native Women’s Association of Canada in 1973, in order to enable women to achieve equality not only as women, but as Aboriginal women. The struggle for women to receive equal status under the Indian Act was also clear in various challenges to the Act, first by Mary Two-Axe Earley, followed by the human rights challenges raised by Jeannette Lavell, Yvonne Bedard, and Sandra Lovelace in the 1970s. In 1985, the Indian Act was amended to address unequal treatment of native women with Bill C-31 which allowed the return of Native Status to those who had lost it.[76]

text: Black feminism[edit]

text: Other women have also contested the mainstream feminist history of “waves.” In the case of Black Canadian women, the mainstream history of the first and second waves is problematic insofar as their struggles to enable women to leave their homes and partake in the labour force ignored that certain women had always worked to support their families. Most clear in American Black feminist Soujourner Truth’s “Ain't I a Woman?” speech, the experiences of black women in Canada have not been adequately addressed by conventional feminist histories. Like Aboriginal women, some black feminists have articulated their experiences in terms of a racially disadvantaged struggle for equal treatment, and that their struggle is not only against patriarchy, but systemic racism as well.

text: Black women saw a need to fund their own organizations, including missionary work in the late 19th century through the Women’s Home Missionary Society of the Baptist Church.[78] Further, black women founded organizations like the Coloured Women’s Club in Montreal (founded in 1900) to expand opportunities for people in the Black community, through mutual support.

text: Though the “double burden” of work and household labour that would be an important element of feminism in its second wave, had long been present for black women, who were also less likely to be paid fairly. While it was middle class white women’s experiences during and after WWII, coupled with the emergence of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique that led middle-class white women to consider engaging in the workforce, “by the Second World War at least 80 percent of Black women in Canada worked in the domestic-services sector and earned less than their white counterparts.”[78]

text: Black women in Canada established a national women’s organization in the post-war years, with the founding of the Canadian Negro Women’s Association in 1951. Though the organization started largely as a social organization, over several decades, it became more activist in orientation, and in 1980, after a national conference, it changed its name to the Congress of Black Women to reflect the changing structures and concerns of the organization.[79][80]


document_title: Seven Seconds (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes are in seven seconds season 1

text: Seven Seconds (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Peter Jablonkski, a white police officer, accidentally hits and critically injures Brenton Butler—a black teenager from Jersey City— with his car. Jablonski calls his friends on the Force to the scene. They assume Brenton is dead and a cover up ensues. Racial tensions explode in the face of injustice and the absence of quick resolution of the case.[2]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Clare-Hope Ashitey as K.J. Harper
Beau Knapp as Peter Jablonski
Michael Mosley as Joe “Fish” Rinaldi
David Lyons as Mike DiAngelo
Russell Hornsby as Isaiah Butler
Raúl Castillo as Felix Osorio
Patrick Murney as Manny Wilcox
Zackary Momoh as Seth Butler
Michelle Veintimilla as Marie Jablonski
Regina King as Latrice Butler

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Corey Champagne as Kadeuce Porter
Nadia Alexander as Nadine MacAllister
Coley Mustafa Speaks as Messiah
Adriana DeMeo as Teresa
Jeremy Davidson as James Connelly
Gretchen Mol as Sam Hennessy

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Pilot"
Gavin O'Connor
Veena Sud
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)

2
"Brenton's Breath"
Jonathan Demme
Veena Sud
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)

3
"Matters of Life and Death"
Jon Amiel
J. David Shanks
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)

4
"That What Follows"
Tanya Hamilton
Dan Nowak
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)

5
"Of Gods and Men"
Coky Giedroyc
Shalisha Francis
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)

6
"Until It Do"
Ernest Dickerson
Francesca Sloane
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)

7
"Boxed Devil"
Ed Bianchi
Rhett Rossi
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)

8
"Bailed Out"
Dan Attias
Evangeline Ordaz
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)

9
"Witnesses for the Prosecution"
Victoria Mahoney
John Lopez
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)

10
"A Boy and a Bike"
Ed Bianchi
Veena Sud & Shalisha Francis
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On October 18, 2016, it was announced that Netflix had given the production a one season series order consisting of 10 episodes. The series was created by Veena Sud with Gavin O'Connor attached to direct. Sud and O’Connor were expected to executive produce alongside Lawrence Bender, Kevin Brown, and Alex Reznik. Production companies involved with the show include Fox 21 TV Studios.[3][4]

text: On April 18, 2018, Netflix announced that they were not renewing the series for a second season and were effectively cancelling it.[5]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On October 25, 2016, it was announced that David Lyons and Beau Knapp had joined the show as series regulars.[6]

text: On November 17, 2016, Russell Hornsby, Raul Castillo, and Zackary Momoh joined the main cast.[7] Later that month, Michael Mosley and Patrick Murney were cast as series regulars as well.[8]

text: On December 1, 2016, it was confirmed that Regina King had been cast in the series regular role of Latrice Butler.[9] A few weeks later, Clare-Hope Ashitey was cast in the series' lead role of K.J. Harper.[10]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On January 24, 2018, Neflix released the official trailer for the series and a collection of first look images.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series received a positive reception from critics upon its premiere especially for the acting performances. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Seven Seconds is certified fresh holding a 77% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.05 out of 10 based on 39 reviews.[12] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 68 out of 100 based on 20 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[13]


document_title: India at the Commonwealth Games

question_text: how many medals india won in last commonwealth games

text: India at the Commonwealth Games

text: Host Nation[edit]

text: India hosted the Games in 2010, at Delhi. It was India's most successful Commonwealth Games to date with Indian athletes winning 38 gold, 27 silver and 36 bronze medals.

text: Overall Medal Tally[edit]

text: At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, India ended its campaign with a total of 64 medals (15 Golds, 30 Silvers, 19 Bronzes).[1] India's first ever Commonwealth medal was won by Rashid Anwar who won a bronze in Dept category of Wrestling.

text:
Year
 Gold
 Silver
 Bronze
Total
Position

1930
Did not Participate

1934
0
0
1
1
12th

1938
0
0
0
0
NA

1950
Did not Participate

1954
0
0
0
0
NA

1958
2
1
0
3
8th

1962
Did not Participate

1966
3
4
3
10
8th

1970
5
3
4
12
6th

1974
4
8
3
15
6th

1978
5
5
5
15
6th

1982
5
8
3
16
6th

1986
Did not Participate

1990
13
8
11
32
5th

1994
6
12
7
25
6th

1998
7
10
8
25
7th

2002
30
22
17
69
4th

2006
22
17
11
50
4th

2010
38
27
36
101
2nd

2014
15
30
19
64
5th

2018
26
20
20
66
3rd

Total
181
175
148
504
4th


document_title: Chicago (2002 film)

question_text: who sang all that jazz in the movie chicago

text: Chicago (2002 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1924, Roxie Hart sees star Velma Kelly perform ("All That Jazz") at a Chicago theater. Wanting stardom for herself, she begins an affair with Fred Casely, who claims to know the manager. After the show, Velma is arrested for killing her husband Charlie and sister Veronica, who were in bed together.

text: A month later, Casely admits to Roxie that he has no showbiz connections and just wanted her body. Enraged, she shoots him dead. She convinces her husband, Amos, to take the blame, telling him she killed a burglar in self-defense. As Amos confesses to the detective, Roxie fantasizes that she is singing a song devoted to her husband ("Funny Honey"). However, when the detective brings up evidence that Roxie and Casely were having an affair, Amos recants; Roxie furiously admits what really happened and is arrested. Ambitious District Attorney Harrison announces he will seek the death penalty.

text: At Cook County Jail, Roxie is sent to Murderess' Row, under the care of the corrupt matron "Mama" Morton ("When You're Good to Mama"). Roxie meets her idol Velma, but her friendship is rudely rebuffed. She learns the backstories of the other women there, including Velma Kelly ("Cell Block Tango"). On Morton's advice, Roxie engages Velma's lawyer, the brilliant Billy Flynn ("All I Care About"). Flynn and Roxie manipulate the press, reinventing Roxie's identity as an originally virtuous woman turned bad by the fast life of the city; she claims she had the affair with Casely because Amos was always working, but repented and dumped him for Amos, and Casely jealously attacked her ("We Both Reached for the Gun"). The press believe the story; praised by the public as a tragic heroine, Roxie becomes an overnight sensation ("Roxie"). Velma, unhappy at losing the public's attention, tries to convince Roxie to join her act, replacing the sister that she murdered ("I Can't Do It Alone"), but Roxie, now the more popular of the two rivals, snubs her just as Velma originally did.

text: Meanwhile, Kitty Baxter, a wealthy heiress, is arrested for murdering her husband and his two lovers, and the press and Flynn pay more attention to her. To Velma's surprise, Roxie quickly steals back the fame by claiming to be pregnant. Amos is ignored by the press ("Mister Cellophane"), and Flynn, to create more sympathy for Roxie, convinces him that the child is Casely's, and that he should divorce Roxie in the middle of her predicament. Roxie over-confidently fires Flynn, believing she can now win on her own. However, when Katalin Helinszki, a Hungarian woman from Murderess' Row, is hanged, Roxie realizes the gravity of the situation and rehires Flynn.

text: Roxie's trial begins, and Billy turns it into a media spectacle ("Razzle Dazzle") with the help of the sensationalist newspaper reporters and radio personality Mary Sunshine. Billy discredits witnesses, manipulates evidence, and even stages a public reconciliation between Amos and Roxie when she says the child is his. The trial seems to be going Roxie's way until Velma appears with Roxie's diary: she reads incriminating entries in exchange for amnesty in her own case. Billy discredits the diary, implying that Harrison was the one who planted the evidence ("A Tap Dance"). Roxie is acquitted, but her fame is eclipsed moments later when another woman, who had also shot her own husband, shoots her lawyer just outside the courthouse. Flynn tells her to accept it, and admits that he tampered with her diary himself, in order to incriminate the district attorney and also free two clients at once. Amos remains loyal and excited to be a father, but Roxie cruelly rejects him, revealing that she is not pregnant, and he finally leaves her.

text: Roxie does become a vaudeville performer, but is very unsuccessful ("Nowadays"). Velma is just as unsuccessful, and again approaches Roxie to suggest performing together: a double act consisting of two murderers. Roxie initially refuses, but later accepts when Velma points out that they can perform together despite their resentment for each other. The two stage a spectacular performance that earns them the love of the audience and the press ("Nowadays / Hot Honey Rag"). The film concludes with Roxie and Velma receiving a standing ovation from an enthusiastic audience, and proclaiming that, "We couldn't have done it without you".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Renée Zellweger as Roxanne "Roxie" Hart, a housewife who aspires to be a vaudevillian, and is arrested for the murder of her deceitful lover.
Catherine Zeta-Jones as Velma Kelly ("Cicero"), a showgirl who is arrested for the murders of her husband, Charlie, and her sister, Veronica.
Richard Gere as Billy Flynn, a duplicitous, smooth-talking lawyer who turns his clients into celebrities to gain public support for them.
Queen Latifah as Matron "Mama" Morton, the corrupt but nurturing matron of the Cook County Jail.
John C. Reilly as Amos Hart, Roxie's naive, simple-minded but devoted husband.
Christine Baranski as Mary Sunshine, a sensationalist reporter.
Taye Diggs as The Bandleader, a shadowy, mystical master of ceremonies who introduces each song.
Colm Feore as Harrison, the prosecutor in both Roxie and Velma's court cases.
Lucy Liu as Kitty Baxter, a millionaire heiress who briefly outshines Velma and Roxie when she kills her husband and his two mistresses.
Dominic West as Fred Casely, Roxie's deceitful lover and murder victim.
Mýa as Mona ("Lipschitz"), a prisoner on Murderess' Row.
Jayne Eastwood as Mrs. Borusewicz, the Harts' neighbor from across the hall.
Chita Rivera as Nicky, a prostitute.
Susan Misner as Liz ("Pop"), a prisoner on Murderess' Row.
Denise Faye as Annie ("Six"), a prisoner on Murderess' Row .
Deidre Goodwin as June ("Squish"), a prisoner on Murderess' Row.
Ekaterina Chtchelkanova as the Hunyak (Katalin Helinszki)("Uh Uh"), a Hungarian prisoner on Murderess' Row who does not speak English except for two words: "not guilty".
Conrad Dunn as Doctor

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Overture / All That Jazz" – Velma, Company
"Funny Honey" – Roxie
"When You're Good to Mama" – Mama
"Cell Block Tango" – Velma, Cell Block Girls
"All I Care About" – Billy, Chorus Girls
"We Both Reached for the Gun" – Billy, Roxie, Mary, Reporters
"Roxie" – Roxie, Chorus Boys
"I Can't Do It Alone" – Velma
"Mister Cellophane" – Amos
"Razzle Dazzle" – Billy, Company
"A Tap Dance" - Billy
"Class" – Velma and Mama (cut from film; included in DVD and 2005 broadcast premiere on NBC)
"Nowadays" – Roxie
"Nowadays / Hot Honey Rag" – Roxie, Velma
"I Move On" – Roxie and Velma (over the end credits)
"All That Jazz (reprise)" – Velma, Company

tag: ol

text: Production and development[edit]

text: The film is based on the 1975 Broadway musical, which ran for 936 performances but was not well received by audiences, primarily due to the show's cynical tone. A film version of Chicago was to have been the next project for Bob Fosse,[4] who had directed and choreographed the original 1975 Broadway production and had won an Oscar for his direction of the film version of Cabaret (1972). Although he died before realizing his version, Fosse's distinctive jazz choreography style is evident throughout the 2002 film, and he is thanked in the credits. The minimalist 1996 revival of the musical proved far more successful, having played more than 7,800 performances (as of August 2015), holding records for longest-running musical revival, longest-running American musical on Broadway, and third longest-running show in Broadway history. Its runaway success sparked a greater appreciation of the 1975 original production and renewed stalled interest in a long-anticipated film adaptation, which incorporates the influences of both productions.[5] The original production's musical numbers were staged as vaudeville acts; the film respects this but presents them as cutaway scenes in the mind of the Roxie character, while scenes in "real life" are filmed with a hard-edged grittiness. (This construct is the reason given by director Marshall why "Class," performed by Velma & Mama, was cut from the film.)[6] The musical itself was based on a 1926 Broadway play by Maurine Watkins about two real-life Jazz-era murderers Beulah Annan (Roxie Hart) and Belva Gaertner (Velma Kelly). The George Abbott-directed production, starring Francine Larrimore and Juliette Crosby, ran for 172 performances at the Music Box Theatre, and within a year was adapted to a film in which Gaertner herself had a cameo. Chicago was produced by American companies Miramax Films and The Producers Circle in association with the German company Kallis Productions. Chicago was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The courthouse scene was shot in Osgoode Hall. Other scenes were filmed at Queen's Park, former Gooderham and Worts Distillery, Casa Loma, the Elgin Theatre, Union Station, the Canada Life Building, the Danforth Music Hall, and at the Old City Hall.[citation needed] All vocal coaching for the film was led by Toronto-based Elaine Overholt, whom Richard Gere thanked personally during his Golden Globe acceptance speech.

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 87% approval rating; the general consensus states: "A rousing and energetic adaptation of the Broadway musical, Chicago succeeds on the level of pure spectacle, but provides a surprising level of depth and humor as well."[7] On Metacritic, the film averaged a critical score of 82 (indicating "universal acclaim").[8] The cast received widespread universal acclaim for their performances. Tim Robey, writer for The Daily Telegraph in the United Kingdom, labeled Chicago as "The best screen musical for 30 years." He also stated that it has taken a "three-step tango for us to welcome back the movie musical as a form." Robey said "This particular Chicago makes the most prolific use it possibly can out of one specific advantage the cinema has over the stage when it comes to song and dance: it's a sustained celebration of parallel montage."[9] Roger Ebert called it "Big, brassy fun".[10] However, other reviews claimed that there were issues with the film being too streamlined, and minor complaints were made toward Marshall's directing influences.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $170,687,518 in the United States and Canada, as well $136,089,214 in other territories.[12] Combined, the film grossed $306,776,732 worldwide, which was, at the time, the highest gross of any film never to reach #1 or #2 in the weekly box office charts in the North American markets (Canada and United States—where it peaked at #3). This record has since been outdone by Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel.[13] Worldwide, Chicago was the highest grossing live action musical with $306 million, a record that was then broken by Mamma Mia!.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Chicago along with an earlier musical Moulin Rouge! and the hip hop centred film 8 Mile, is widely considered to be responsible for the re-emergence of the musical film genre in the 21st century. Following the success of Chicago many musical films have been released in cinemas including Phantom of the Opera, The Producers, Rent, Dreamgirls (also written and directed by Bill Condon), Hairspray (which also had Queen Latifah), Enchanted, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (which also had costumes by Coleen Atwood), Mamma Mia! (which also had Christine Baranski), Nine (also directed by Rob Marshall), Les Misérables, Rock of Ages (which also had Catherine Zeta Jones), Sunshine on Leith, The Last Five Years, Into The Woods (also directed by Rob Marshall and also featuring Baranski and costumes by Atwood), La La Land and Beauty and the Beast (also directed by Bill Condon), all of these, bar Enchanted, Sunshine on Leith, Beauty and the Beast and La La Land were adaptations of Broadway/West End stage shows (Both Enchanted and La La Land were original properties, Sunshine on Leith was an adaptation of a Dundee Reps production and Beauty and the Beast was one of Disney's live action remakes and also the first live-action adaptation from the Disney Renaissance).

text: Home media[edit]

text: Chicago was released on DVD in Region 1 (USA, Canada, and US territories) on August 19, 2003. It was released in Full Screen and Widescreen. In addition to this release, a two-disc "Razzle Dazzle" Edition was released over two years later on December 20, 2005, and later, on Blu-ray format, in January 2007 and, in an updated release, in May 2011. Miramax was the label responsible for the production of the DVDs and the discs themselves provide a feature-length audio commentary track with director Marshall and screenwriter Condon. There is also a deleted musical number called "Class", performed by Zeta-Jones and Queen Latifah.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Category
Nominee
Result

75th Academy Awards[14][15]

Best Picture
Martin Richards
Won

Best Actress
Renée Zellweger
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
John C. Reilly
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Won

Queen Latifah
Nominated

Best Director
Rob Marshall
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Bill Condon
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Dion Beebe
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Art Direction: John Myhre; Set Decoration: Gordon Sim
Won

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Won

Best Film Editing
Martin Walsh
Won

Best Sound
Michael Minkler, Dominick Tavella and David Lee
Won

Best Original Song
John Kander and Fred Ebb for "I Move On"
Nominated

56th BAFTA Awards[16]

Best Film

Nominated

Best Actress
Renée Zellweger
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Won

Queen Latifah
Nominated

David Lean Award for Direction
Rob Marshall
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Dion Beebe
Nominated

Best Production Design
John Myhre
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

Best Make Up and Hair
Judi Cooper-Sealy
Nominated

Best Editing
Martin Walsh
Nominated

Best Sound
Michael Minkler, David Lee, and Dominick Tavella
Won

Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music
Danny Elfman
Nominated

60th Golden Globe Awards[17]

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Won

Best Actor – Musical or Comedy
Richard Gere
Won

Best Actress – Musical or Comedy
Renée Zellweger
Won

Catherine Zeta-Jones
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
John C. Reilly
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Queen Latifah
Nominated

Best Director
Rob Marshall
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Bill Condon
Nominated

Critics' Choice Movie Awards[18]

Best Picture

Won

Best Supporting Actress
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Won

Best Acting Ensemble

Won

Chicago Film Critics Association Award

Best Actress
Renée Zellweger
Nominated

Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award

Best Picture

Won

Directors Guild of America Awards

Outstanding Directing
Rob Marshall
Won

Evening Standard British Film Awards

Best Actress
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Won

Florida Film Critics Circle

Best Song
"Cell Block Tango"
Won

National Board of Review of Motion Pictures

Best Directorial Debut
Rob Marshall
Won

Online Film Critics Society Awards[19]

Best Supporting Actress
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Nominated

Best Ensemble

Nominated

Best Breakthrough Filmmaker
Rob Marshall
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

Best Editing
Martin Walsh
Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society

Best Picture

Nominated

Best Actress
Renée Zellweger
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Won

Best Acting Ensemble

Nominated

Best Director
Rob Marshall
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Dion Beebe
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Won

Best Film Editing
Martin Walsh
Won

Best Newcomer
Rob Marshall
Nominated

Producers Guild of America Award

Best Picture
Martin Richards
Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards[20]

Best Actress
Renée Zellweger
Won

Best Actor
Richard Gere
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Won

Queen Latifah
Nominated

Best Acting Ensemble

Won

Writers Guild of America Award

Best Adapted Screenplay
Bill Condon
Nominated


document_title: Kickoff (gridiron football)

question_text: where do you kick off from in nfl

question_tokens: where do you kick off from in nfl

text: Kickoff (gridiron football)

text: Award[edit]

text: A kickoff occurs at the start of each half and before each overtime (in the National and Arena Football Leagues). It is also traditionally decided by a coin toss at the beginning of each game carried out by the referee. The visiting team captain calls either heads or tails. The winner of the coin toss elects whether to take first choice in the first half or the second half. The captain with first choice then picks either a team to kick off or an end of the field to defend. The other captain chooses the remaining option. At the beginning of the second half, the two captains choose in the reverse order. If an overtime is required, another coin toss takes place to decide who gets first possession during the overtime. After a touchdown the scoring team kicks the ball off to the opposing team. In American football a field goal also results in a kickoff by the scoring team, but in Canadian football the scored-against team has an option of scrimmaging from their 35-yard line or receiving a kickoff.

text: If a team scores safety, the team that gave up the safety is required to kick the ball off from its own twenty-yard line, referred to as a free kick. Although this is not a requirement, most teams choose to punt the ball on the free kick (teams can also dropkick or placekick the ball); the National Football League, in contrast to most other leagues, prohibits the use of a kicking tee on a safety free kick. The same rules apply as on a normal kickoff, whereas the ball is a live ball if it travels at least ten yards without the receiving team fielding it.

text: Procedure[edit]

text: The line where the ball is placed for kickoff varies among the rule books. It is placed on the kicking team's 30-yard line in six-man football, 35-yard line in college and professional outdoor football, 40-yard line in American high school football, 45-yard line in amateur Canadian football, and the goal line in indoor and arena football. For the 2016 season only, the Ivy League placed the ball on the 40-yard line in conference games.[1] All players on the kicking team except the kicker (and, if used, a holder) must not cross the line at which the ball is placed until the ball is kicked. The receiving team must stay behind the line that is 10 yards from where the ball is placed. The ball can be fielded by the receiving team at any point after it has been kicked, or by the kicking team after it has traveled 10 yards or has been touched by a member of the receiving team. In American football (but not Canadian) touchback and fair catch rules apply to the kicked ball. If it is fielded by the kicking team, it is called an onside kick. A low, bouncing kick is called a squib kick. Although a squib kick typically gives the receiving team better field position than they would if a normal kick had been used, a squib kick is sometimes used to avoid giving up a long return, as well as use up a valuable amount of time on the clock, as it is impossible to fair catch such a kick. It is usually done when a team takes the lead in the final seconds, and is done to safely run out the remainder of the clock. Squib kicking with more than 20 seconds remaining has had unfortunate results (a line drive kick is more common when there are 20 to 50 seconds remaining; the typical hurry-up offense drive takes over a minute), but has been done by some teams.

text: Penalties[edit]

text: If a receiving player crosses his restraining line before the kick, the ball is to be advanced 5 yards, then re-kicked. If a kicking team player crosses the line at which the ball is placed before it is kicked, the receiving team has the option either to have the kicking team re-kick from 5 yards farther back, or have 5 yards added on to the end of the return. In high school football, the receiving team only has the option to make the kicking team re-kick.

text: If the ball goes out of bounds without being touched by a player, the receiving team can choose either to have the ball moved back 5 yards and re-kicked, to take the ball 25 yards (25 yards under National Federation high school rules) past the spot of the kick (usually at their own 35-yard line), or to take the ball where it went out of bounds. On an onside kick, if the ball does not travel ten yards before the kicking team recovers the ball, they will take a 5-yard penalty and have the chance to kick another onside kick. If the onside kick goes less than 10 yards again, the receiving team will receive the ball at the spot the kicking team recovered it. However, if the receiving team touches the ball before it goes 10 yards, either team can recover it unpenalized.

text: Kickoff into end zone[edit]

text: Kickoffs entering the end zone are handled differently in American and Canadian rules. In the American college and professional game, if the ball goes out of bounds in the receiving team's end zone or is recovered and downed in the receiving team's end zone, the ball is placed at the receiving team's 25-yard line, and possession is given to the receiving team; these are known as touchbacks. High school football immediately rules the ball dead when the ball crosses the goal line; the ball cannot be returned from the end zone, nor can it be recovered there for a touchdown. NFL immediatly rules the ball dead, when the ball touches the ground in the endzone, if not been touched by the receivers before. In the Canadian game if the ball goes into the end zone and then out of bounds without being touched, the receiving team scrimmages from the 25-yard line (no points are scored). If the receiving team gains possession of a kickoff in its own end zone and then fails to return it into the field of play, the kicking team scores one point, and the receiving team scrimmages from the 35-yard line. Various forms of indoor football also recognize the single, but the ball must not only cross the end zone, but pass through the uprights (as in a field goal) as well. If the kicking team recovers its own kickoff in the end zone in any version of the game (something that, as previously mentioned, is impossible in high school football), it scores a touchdown.

text: Kickoffs into the end zone resulting in touchbacks became much more common in the NFL in 2011 as a result of a rule change. Whereas the kicking team previously kicked the ball off from their 30-yard line, the NFL moved the spot of the kickoff up 5 yards before the 2011 season in an attempt to avoid injuries from high-speed collisions. Only 16 percent of kickoffs in the 2010 season were touchbacks, but that jumped to almost 44 percent after the rule change.[2]

text: Return[edit]

text: To receive a kickoff and set up a kickoff return, the receiving team sets up their players starting from 10 yards back from the point the ball is kicked from. There are usually one or two players positioned deep (around the goal line) that will attempt to catch or pick up the ball after it is kicked off by the opposing team's kicker. They will then attempt to carry the ball as far as possible upfield, without being tackled or running out of bounds. The other players are to block the kickoff team from getting to their kickoff returner.


question_text: where is the whistle stop cafe from the movie fried green tomatoes

text: Plot[edit]

text: Throughout the novel the narrator and time period change, and the reader relies on the chapters' headings to establish the date and the source of the chapter. Some of the narration comes in the form of the fictional newsletter called "The Weems Weekly"; other narrations come from the Couches' house in Birmingham, and omniscient narrations reveal still more. The framing story, set in the mid-1980s, depicts Evelyn Couch, who goes weekly with her husband to visit his mother in a nursing home. On one visit, Evelyn befriends Ninny Threadgoode, another resident of the same home, who tells Evelyn stories of her youth in Whistle Stop in the 1920s. Between subsequent visits, Evelyn assumes the protagonists of these stories as role models.

text: According to Ninny, she was an orphan raised by the Threadgoodes, and eventually married one of their sons; but the principal character throughout her story is the youngest daughter, Idgie (Imogene) Threadgoode: an unrepentant tomboy, became reclusive after her brother, Buddy, was killed on the railway. Ruth Jamison comes to live with the family while teaching at the Vacation Bible School. Idgie gradually becomes enamored of her and is saddened when Ruth leaves Whistle Stop to marry Frank Bennett. Frank turns out to be a violent, abusive man who often beats Ruth. She remains faithful to Frank until her mother's death. Subsequently, Ruth sends Idgie a message, and Idgie, along with several others, rescue her. Intimidated by Big George, the family's handyman and café cook, Frank does not resist.

text: With money from her father, Idgie establishes the Whistle Stop Cafe, with Sipsey (George's adoptive mother) and her daughter-in-law Onzell as cooks, and becomes secondary guardian to Ruth's son, Buddy Jr. (known as 'Stump' after losing an arm in an accident). The café quickly became known to hobos all over the U.S. during The Great Depression who can find are fed there. The most recurrent is 'Smokey Lonesome' Phillips, who secretly loves Ruth. When Ruth dies of cancer, Idgie is heartbroken.

text: After the railroad yard closes, the cafe (and ultimately the town) ceases operation. Several years later, Idgie and Big George are arrested for Frank Bennett's murder; but the case is dismissed when the local minister, repaying Idgie for helping his son, testifies (falsely) that she and Big George were at a three-day revival when Frank Bennett went missing. Bennett's body was never found, but it is later revealed that Sipsey killed him when he attempted to claim his and Ruth's son. His remains were barbecued by George and fed to the detectives investigating Frank's disappearance. Stump recounts the stories of his guardians to his daughter and granddaughter; Big George's sons, Jasper and Artis [sic], have their own careers: Jasper as a Sleeping Car Porter, and Artis as a gambler.

text: Inspired by these stories, Evelyn starts selling Mary Kay Cosmetics and, at Mrs. Threadgoode's urging, is treated for menopause and confronts various long-held fears. Evelyn becomes happier. While on vacation, she receives a letter from Mrs. Hartman, Mrs. Threadgoode's neighbor, that Mrs. Threadgoode has died and left various trinkets for Evelyn. The novel's conclusion reveals that Idgie and her brother Julian, after Whistle Stop became depopulated, operated a roadside food-stand.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Although it is not explicitly labeled as a lesbian relationship, every resident both knows about and accepts Idgie and Ruth's relationship, making lesbianism a theme in the novel.[2] In the film adaptation Ruth had been in love with Buddy Threadgoode, Idgie's brother.[3]

text: The novel also uses Evelyn and Mrs. Threadgoode's characters to examine women's aging. Throughout the novel we see Evelyn going through menopause as well as Mrs. Threadgoode's deterioration in old age.[4] As the novel follows Sipsey's family, it analyzes the stark challenges they and other African Americans faced within their lives throughout society, from the 1920s to the late 1980s.[5] The moral justifications of murder and euthanasia are also touched upon.

text: Food is another literary theme in the novel, to the extent that Flagg included the recipes served by the cafe at the end of the book.[6]

text: Memories and storytelling are discussed heavily in the novel.

text: Development[edit]

text: The "Whistle Stop Cafe" is loosely based on the Irondale Cafe in Irondale, Alabama, a suburb near Flagg's birthplace. The cafe was bought by Flagg's aunt, Bess Fortenberry, in 1932 and run by herself and two friends for four decades.[7] It is still in operation and, like the fictional cafe, is known for its fried green tomatoes.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe spent 36 weeks on the New York Times Bestseller List.[9] Harper Lee gave a recommendation for the book, saying, "Airplanes and television have removed the Threadgoodes from the Southern scene. Happily for us, Fannie Flagg has preserved a whole community of them in a richly comic, poignant narrative that records the exuberance of their lives, the sadness of their departure. Idgie Threadgoode is a true original: Huckleberry Finn would have tried to marry her!"[10]

text: Film[edit]

text: Flagg's novel was turned into a film adaptation. The film was called Fried Green Tomatoes, and was released in 1991. The film adaptation is a story within a story of Southern female friendship and love.[11]

text: The film was nominated for two Academy Awards and received an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD).[12][13][14]

text: The book was mentioned in The Simpsons episode The Two Mrs. Nahasapeemapetilons when Apu asks his wife what her favorite book, food, and movie is. She responds by saying Fried Green Tomatoes.[15]