document_title: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University

question_text: when was the first open university established in india

root

text: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University

text: History[edit]

text: The university was established in August 1982 by Act of the State Legislature. It was inaugurated by the President of India. The Founder & First Vice Chancellor of the University was Prof. G. Ram Reddy. The University was renamed as "Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University" on 24 October 1991 after the Architect of the Indian Constitution Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar on the occasion of his birth centenary. The principal aim of the University is to provide an opportunity to those who are not in a position to avail themselves of the facilities for higher education through regular on-campus study at conventional colleges/universities. It adopts a flexible approach to eligibility, age of entry,choice of courses, method of learning, conduct of exams and operation of educational programmes.The Univ makes use of a variety of learning media including Radio, TV,film, audio cassette and the printed study material, besides arranging contact and counselling programmes and Sc 'Practicals' which makes for the traditional teacher-student interaction. The University functions through anetwork of 117 Study Centres located in the twin-cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad and all the districts of the State. The Study Centres are located in selected colleges throughout the State from which they drawtheir counselling staff who are experienced members of their teachingstaff. The students receive guidance and counselling from the Counsellors at the Study Centres. The BSc students are expected to complete 30practicals in each subject at the Study Centre. Students Enrollment (1999–2000) 63,046 (men 43,276, women 19,770).

tag: p

text: Functions[edit]

text: Open University system is flexible in terms of admission, choice of courses, duration and age requirements, teaching methods and evaluation procedures. Thus it offers an alternative channel to those who missed the opportunities for higher education. The university caters specially to women, working people and those who want to improve their academic qualifications and Professional skills. The university lays special focus on socially disadvantaged and geographically isolated people who never had access to higher education earlier.

text: Campus[edit]

text: Located on an elevated site of 53.63 acres (217,000 m2) in Jubilee Hills, the campus has the Administrative and Support Services Block, the Grade building, Academic Branch and Library building, Study Material House, an extensive Open Plaza, a Conference Hall, and an Auditorium named after Late Sri Bhavanam Venkatram, former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh who was instrumental in establishing this University. There are laboratories in the Science Faculty for providing hands on training to Science Students of Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Botany, and Zoology. The Science Practicals hereafter will be conducted at the Newly constructed Science and Technology Multi Functional Lab (STML) building at the Campus all under one roof. The Narla Memorial Library is also housed in the Academic Building. A Multimedia Lab, Two Synergy Halls, a well-furnished Faculty Room and a Language Lab have also been set up in the Academic Building. All the buildings on the campus are linked by the LAN facility.


document_title: List of highest-grossing Indian films

question_text: top 10 bollywood movies highest box office collection

text: List of highest-grossing Indian films

text: Global gross figures

text: The following list shows India's top 25 highest-grossing films, which include films from all the Indian languages. The figures are not adjusted for inflation.

text:
*
Denotes films still running in theatres

tag: table

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Language
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Dangal
2016
Nitesh Tiwari
Aamir Khan Productions
UTV Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Studios
Hindi
Haryanvi
330 ! ₹2,122.3 crore (US$330 million)
[n 1]

2
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
2017
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works

Telugu
Tamil

270 ! ₹1,706.5 crore (US$270 million)
[12]

3
PK
2014
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
Rajkumar Hirani Films
Hindi
Bhojpuri
140 ! ₹854 crore (US$140 million)
[n 2]

4
Baahubali: The Beginning
2015
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works

Telugu
Tamil

094 ! ₹650 crore (US$100 million)
[17][18][19]

5
Bajrangi Bhaijaan
2015
Kabir Khan
Salman Khan Films
Kabir Khan Films
Hindi
Urdu
098 ! ₹630.86 crore (US$98 million)
[n 3]

6
Sultan
2016
Ali Abbas Zafar
Yash Raj Films
Hindi
092 ! ₹589.25 crore (US$92 million)
[n 4]

7
Dhoom 3
2013
Vijay Krishna Acharya
Yash Raj Films
Hindi
101 ! ₹589.2 crore (US$101 million)
[n 5]

8
3 Idiots
2009
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
Hindi
088 ! ₹459.96 crore (US$88 million)
[n 6]

9
Tiger Zinda Hai
2017
Ali Abbas Zafar
Yash Raj Films
Hindi
Urdu
069 ! ₹442.93 crore (US$69 million)
[27]

10
Prem Ratan Dhan Payo
2015
Sooraj R. Barjatya
Fox Star Studios
Rajshri Productions
Hindi
067 ! ₹432 crore (US$67 million)
[28]

11
Chennai Express
2013
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies Entertainment
Hindi
072 ! ₹423 crore (US$72 million)
[29][22]

12
Dilwale
2015
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies Entertainment
Rohit Shetty Productions
Hindi
064 ! ₹408.15 crore (US$64 million)
[n 7]

13
Kick
2014
Sajid Nadiadwala
Nadiadwala Grandson
Hindi
066 ! ₹402 crore (US$66 million)
[30]

14
Happy New Year
2014
Farah Khan
Red Chillies Entertainment
Hindi
065 ! ₹397 crore (US$65 million)
[n 8]

15
Bajirao Mastani
2015
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Bhansali Productions
Eros International

Hindi
056 ! ₹356.2 crore (US$56 million)
[32]

16
Bang Bang!
2014
Siddharth Anand
Fox Star Studios
Hindi
056 ! ₹340 crore (US$56 million)
[33]

17
Ek Tha Tiger
2012
Kabir Khan
Yash Raj Films
Hindi
Urdu
060 ! ₹320 crore (US$60 million)
[34][35]

18
Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani
2013
Ayan Mukerji
Dharma Productions
Hindi
054 ! ₹318 crore (US$54 million)
[13][22]

19
Golmaal Again
2017
Rohit Shetty
Rohit Shetty Productions
Hindi
048 ! ₹309.43 crore (US$48 million)
[36]

20
Raees
2017
Rahul Dholakia
Red Chillies Entertainment
Hindi
045 ! ₹308.88 crore (US$48 million)
[n 9]

21
Krrish 3
2013
Rakesh Roshan
Filmkraft Productions
Hindi
050 ! ₹291.52 crore (US$50 million)
[32][22]

22
Enthiran
2010
S. Shankar
Sun Pictures
Tamil
063 ! ₹289 crore (US$63 million)
[39][40]

23
Kabali
2016
Pa. Ranjith
V Creations
Tamil
045 ! ₹286–499 crore (US$45–77 million)
[n 10]

24
Dabangg 2
2013
Arbaaz Khan
Arbaaz Khan Productions
Hindi
050 ! ₹265 crore (US$50 million)
[13][35]

25
Tanu Weds Manu: Returns
2015
Anand L. Rai
Colour Yellow
Hindi
040 ! ₹258 crore (US$40 million)
[13]

text: Highest-grossing films by language

text: Bengali cinema was the center of Indian cinema in the 1930s,[49] and accounted for a quarter of India's film output in the 1950s.[50] Cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls in the 1940s.[2] In 2009, South India accounted for 75% of film revenues in India.[51] As of 2014, Bollywood (Hindi cinema) represents 43% of net box office revenue in India, while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36%, and other regional industries constitute 21%.[5]

text: Bengali (Tollywood)

text: Bengali cinema is the Bengali language film industry centered in the Tollygunge neighborhood of Kolkata, West Bengal. It has been known by the nickname Tollywood, a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood, since 1932.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Chander Pahar
2013
Kamaleswar Mukherjee
Shree Venkatesh Films
₹15 crore (US$2.3 million)
[52][53]

2
Boss 2: Back to Rule
2017
Baba Yadav
Jeetz Fireworks
Walzen Media Works
Jaaz Multimedia
₹12 crore (US$1.9 million)

3
Champ
2017
Raj Chakraborty
Dev Entertainment Ventures
Geetsangeet Productions
SVF Entertainment
₹10 crore (US$1.6 million)

4
Paglu
2011
Rajiv Kumar Biswas
Surinder Films
₹9.92 crore (US$1.5 million)
[54]

5
Saathi
2002
Haranath Chakraborty
Shree Venkatesh Films
₹9.78 crore (US$1.5 million)
[55]

6
Rangbaaz
2013
Raja Chanda
Surinder Films
₹9 crore (US$1.4 million)
[56]

7
Praktan
2016
Shiboprosad Mukherjee, Nandita Roy
Windows
₹8.5 crore (US$1.3 million)
[57]

8
Awara
2012
Rabi Kinagi
Shree Venkatesh Films
₹8.46 crore (US$1.3 million)
[58]

9
Khoka 420
2013
Rajiv Kumar Biswas
Eskay Movies
₹8 crore (US$1.2 million)
[56]

10
Posto
2017
Shiboprosad Mukherjee, Nandita Roy
Windows
₹8 crore (US$1.2 million)
[59][60][61]

text: Bhojpuri

text: The Bhojpuri cinema produces films in the Bhojpuri language. It caters to an audience from eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar and Nepal.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Sasura Bada Paisawala
2004
Ajay Sinha
Balaji Cinevision Pvt Ltd
₹9 crore (US$1.4 million)
[62]

text: Gujarati

text: The Gujarati cinema produces films in Gujarati language and is primarily focused on the audience in Gujarat and Maharashtra. The film industry is sometimes referred to as Dhollywood or Gollywood.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Chhello Divas
2015
Krishnadev Yagnik
Belvedere Films
₹17 crore (US$2.7 million)
[63]

2
Gujjubhai the Great
2015
Ishaan Randeria
Siddharth Randeria Productions
₹15 crore (US$2.3 million)
[64]

3
Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya
1998
Govindbhai Patel
GN films
₹10 crore (US$1.6 million)
[65]

4
Bey Yaar
2014
Abhishek Jain
CineMan productions
₹8.5 crore (US$1.3 million)
[66]

5
Karsandas Pay & Use
2017
Krishnadev Yagnik
Belvedere Films
₹4 crore (US$620,000)
[67]

text: Hindi (Bollywood)

text: The Hindi language film industry, based in Mumbai, India, is frequently known as Bollywood.[68] Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest centres of film production in the world.[69][70][71]

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Dangal
2016
Nitesh Tiwari
Aamir Khan Productions
UTV Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
330 ! ₹2,122.3 crore (US$330 million)
[n 1]

2
PK
2014
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
Rajkumar Hirani Films
140 ! ₹854 crore (US$140 million)
[n 2]

3
Bajrangi Bhaijaan
2015
Kabir Khan
Salman Khan Films
Kabir Khan Films
098 ! ₹630.86 crore (US$98 million)
[n 3]

4
Sultan
2016
Ali Abbas Zafar
Yash Raj Films
092 ! ₹589.25 crore (US$92 million)
[n 4]

5
Dhoom 3
2013
Vijay Krishna Acharya
Yash Raj Films
101 ! ₹589.2 crore (US$101 million)
[n 5]

6
3 Idiots
2009
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
088 ! ₹459.96 crore (US$88 million)
[n 6]

7
Tiger Zinda Hai
2017
Ali Abbas Zafar
Yash Raj Films
069 ! ₹442.93 crore (US$69 million)
[27]

8
Prem Ratan Dhan Payo
2015
Sooraj Barjatya
Fox Star Studios
Rajshri Productions
067 ! ₹432 crore (US$67 million)
[28][72]

9
Chennai Express
2013
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies Entertainment
072 ! ₹423 crore (US$72 million)
[29][22]

10
Dilwale
2015
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies Entertainment
Rohit Shetty Productions
064 ! ₹408.15 crore (US$64 million)
[n 7]

text: Kannada

text: Bengaluru is the center for the Kannada cinema, films produced in the Kannada language. It is sometimes known by the nickname "Sandalwood".

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Raajakumara
2017
Santhosh Ananddram
Hombale Productions
₹75 crore (US$12 million)
[73]

2
Mungaru Male
2006
Yogaraj Bhat
E. K. Entertainers
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[74][75]

Kirik Party
2016
Rishab Shetty
Paramvah Studios
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[76]

Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari
2014
Santhosh Ananddram
Jayanna Combines
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[77]

5
Doddmane Hudga
2016
Duniya Soori
Ajay Pictures
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[78]

Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna
2012
Naganna
Sri Sangolli Rayanna Cine Combines
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[79]

Uppi 2
2015
Upendra
Upendra Productions
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[80]

8
Kotigobba 2
2016
K. S. Ravikumar
Rambabu Productions
₹35 crore (US$5.5 million)–₹38 crore (US$5.9 million)
[81]

9
Dandupalya
2012
Srinivas Raju
Apple Blossom Creations
₹35 crore (US$5.5 million)
[82][83]

Shivalinga
2016
P. Vasu
Jayanna Films
₹35 crore (US$5.5 million)
[81]

text: Malayalam

text: Malayalam cinema is a part of Indian cinema based in Kerala dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language. It is sometimes known by the nickname "Mollywood" by certain media outlets. These are the top 10 highest grossing Malayalam films.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Pulimurugan
2016
Vysakh
Mulakuppadam Films
₹152 crore (US$24 million)
[84][85]

2
Drishyam
2013
Jeethu Joseph
Aashirvad Cinemas
₹75 crore (US$12 million)
[86][87]

3
Oppam
2016
Priyadarshan
Aashirvad Cinemas
₹65 crore (US$10 million)
[88][89]

4
Premam
2015
Alphonse Puthren
Anwar Rasheed Entertainments
₹60 crore (US$9.4 million)
[90]

5
Two Countries
2015
Shafi
Rejaputhra Visual Media
₹55 crore (US$8.6 million)
[91]

6
Ennu Ninte Moideen
2015
R. S. Vimal
Newton Movies
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[92]

Ezra
2017
Jay K
AVA Productions, E4 Entertainment
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[93]

Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol
2017
Jibu Jacob
Weekend Blockbusters
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[94]

The Great Father
2017
Haneef Adeni
August Cinema
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[95]

10
Bangalore Days
2014
Anjali Menon
Anwar Rasheed Entertainments, Weekend Blockbusters
₹49.5 crore (US$7.7 million)
[96]

text: Marathi

text: The Marathi cinema industry produces films in the Marathi language and is based in the state of Maharashtra, India. India's first full-length film, Raja Harishchandra, was released in 1913 in Marathi.[97] It is sometimes known by the nickname "M-town" by media.

text:
#+
Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Sairat
2016
Nagraj Manjule
Essel Vision Productions, Aatpat Production
₹110 crore (US$17 million)
[98][99]

2
Sachin: A Billion Dreams
2017
James Erskine
200 NotOut Productions
₹76.86 crore (US$12 million) #+
[100]

3
Natsamrat
2016
Mahesh Manjrekar
Fincraft Media & Entertainment & Great Maratha Entertainment
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[101][102]

4
Katyar Kaljat Ghusali
2015
Subodh Bhave
Essel Vision Productions
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[103]

Timepass 2
2015
Ravi Jadhav
Essel Vision Productions
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[104]

Lai Bhaari
2014
Nishikant Kamath
Mumbai Film Company
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[105]

7
Timepass
2014
Ravi Jadhav
Zee Talkies
₹33 crore (US$5.1 million)
[106]

8
Duniyadari
2013
Sanjay Jadhav
Dreaming 24/7 Productions
₹32 crore (US$5.0 million)
[107]

9
Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy
2009
Santosh Manjrekar
Everest Entertainment
₹25.5 crore (US$4.0 million)
[108]

10
Ventilator
2016
Rajesh Mapuskar
Purple Pebble Pictures
₹25 crore (US$3.9 million)
[109]

text: Punjabi

text: Punjabi cinema, producing films in the Punjabi language, is primarily based in the state of Punjab.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Chaar Sahibzaade
2014
Harry Baweja
Baweja Movies
₹70 crore (US$11 million)
[110]

2
Sardaar Ji
2015
Rohit Jugraj Chauhan
White Hill Production
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[111]

3
Ambarsariya
2016
Mandeep Kumar
Tips Industries Limited
₹21.22 crore (US$3.3 million)
[112][113]

4
Punjab 1984
2014
Anurag Singh
White Hill Production
₹21 crore (US$3.3 million)
[114]

5
Jatt & Juliet 2
2013
Anurag Singh
White Hill Production
₹20 crore (US$3.1 million)
[115]

6
Sardaar Ji 2
2016
Rohit Jugraj Chauhan
White Hill Production
₹19 crore (US$3.0 million)
[116]

7
Angrej
2015
Simerjit Singh
Dara Productions
₹12.45 crore (US$1.9 million)
[117]

8
Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur
2016
Harry Baweja
Baweja Movies
₹12 crore (US$1.9 million)
[118][119][120]

text: Tamil (Kollywood)

text: Tamil cinema, the Tamil language film industry is based in the Kodambakkam neighbourhood of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is sometimes colloquially known as "Kollywood", a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood. Worldwide gross figures (including dubbed versions) are given below.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
2017
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹1,706.5 crore (US$270 million) #+
[12]

2
Baahubali: The Beginning
2015
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹650 crore (US$100 million) #+
[18]

3
Enthiran
2010
S. Shankar
Sun Pictures
₹289 crore (US$45 million)
[39]

4
Kabali
2016
Pa. Ranjith
V Creations
₹286 crore (US$45 million)–₹499 crore (US$77 million)
[n 10]

5
Mersal
2017
Atlee
Thenandal Studio Limited
₹250 crore (US$39 million)
[121]

6
I
2015
S. Shankar
Aascar Films Pvt.Ltd
₹240 crore (US$37 million)
[122]

7
Vishwaroopam
2013
Kamal Haasan
Raaj Kamal Films International
₹220 crore (US$34 million) #+
[123]

8
Dasavathaaram
2008
K. S. Ravikumar
Aascar Films Pvt.Ltd
₹200 crore (US$31 million)
[124][125]

9
Thuppakki
2012
AR Murugadoss
Sri Saravanaa Creations
₹180 crore (US$28 million)
[126]

10
Theri
2016
Atlee
S. Dhanu
₹172 crore (US$27 million)
[126]

text: Telugu (Tollywood)

text: It has been suggested that List of highest-grossing Telugu films be merged into this section. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2016.

text: Telugu cinema, also known by its nickname "Tollywood" is a part of Indian cinema producing films in the Telugu language, in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and is centered in the Hyderabad neighbourhood of Film Nagar.[127]

text:
Rank
Title
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Ref(s)

1
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
2017
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹1,706.5 crore (US$270 million) #+
[12]

2
Baahubali: The Beginning
2015
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹650 crore (US$100 million) #+
[18]

3
Srimanthudu
2015
Koratala Siva
G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment Pvt. Ltd
Mythri Movie Makers
₹200 crore (US$31 million)
[128][129][130]

4
Khaidi No. 150
2017
V. V. Vinayak
Konidela Production Company
₹164 crore (US$26 million)
[131][132]

5
Gabbar Singh
2012
Harish Shankar
Parameswara Art Productions
₹150 crore (US$23 million)
[133]

Magadheera
2009
S. S. Rajamouli
Geetha Arts
₹150 crore (US$23 million)
[134]

Spyder
2017
A. R. Murugadoss
NVR Cinema
₹150 crore (US$23 million)
[135]

8
Janatha Garage
2016
Koratala Siva
Mythri Movie Makers
₹135 crore (US$21 million)
[136]

9
Attarintiki Daredi
2013
Trivikram Srinivas
Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra
₹131 crore (US$20 million)[137]–₹187 crore (US$29 million)[138]
[137][138]

10
Jai Lava Kusa
2017
K. S. Ravindra
N.T.R. Arts
₹129 crore (US$20 million)
[139]

text: Highest-grossing films by year

text:
Year
Title
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Language
Source

1940
Zindagi
P. C. Barua
New Theatres
0181 ! ₹55 lakh (equivalent to ₹181 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 12]

1941
Khazanchi
Moti B. Gidwani
Pancholi Art Pictures
0235 ! ₹70 lakh (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$35 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
Punjabi
[n 14]

1942
Basant
Amiya Chakrabarty
Bombay Talkies
0235 ! ₹80 lakh (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$36 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 15]

1943
Kismet
Gyan Mukherjee
Bombay Talkies
0309 ! ₹1 crore (equivalent to ₹309 crore or US$47 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 17]

1944
Rattan
M. Sadiq
Gemini Pictures
0275 ! ₹1 crore (equivalent to ₹275 crore or US$42 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 19]

1945
Zeenat
Shaukat Hussain Rizvi
Eastern Pictures
0188 ! ₹70 lakh (equivalent to ₹188 crore or US$29 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 20]

1946
Anmol Ghadi
Mehboob Khan
Mehboob Productions
0249 ! ₹1 crore (equivalent to ₹249 crore or US$38 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 22]

1947
Jugnu
Shaukat Hussain Rizvi
Shaukat Art Productions
0363 ! ₹50 lakh (equivalent to ₹363 crore or US$55 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 24]

1948
Chandralekha
S. S. Vasan
Gemini Studios
0215 ! ₹1.55 crore (equivalent to ₹215 crore or US$33 million in 2016)
Tamil
Hindi-Urdu
[n 26]

1949
Barsaat
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0269 ! ₹2 crore (equivalent to ₹269 crore or US$41 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 27]

1950
Samadhi
Ramesh Saigal
N/A
0188 ! ₹1.35 crore (equivalent to ₹188 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 28]

1951
Awaara
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0739 ! ₹5.75 crore (equivalent to ₹739 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 31]

1952
Aan
Mehboob Khan
Mehboob Productions
0373 ! ₹3.57 crore (equivalent to ₹373 crore or US$55 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 32]

1953
Anarkali
Nandlal Jaswantlal
Filmistan
0296 ! ₹2.35 crore (equivalent to ₹296 crore or US$45 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 33]

1954
Nagin
Nandlal Jaswantlal
Filmistan
0363 ! ₹2.9 crore (equivalent to ₹363 crore or US$55 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 34]

1955
Shree 420
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0618 ! ₹4.94 crore (equivalent to ₹618 crore or US$92 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 36]

1956
Jagte Raho
Sombhu Mitra
Amit Maitra
R. K. Films
0477 ! ₹4.44 crore (equivalent to ₹477 crore or US$72 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
Bengali
[n 39]

1957
Mother India
Mehboob Khan
Mehboob Productions
0961 ! ₹8 crore (equivalent to ₹961 crore or US$143 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 40]

1958
Madhumati
Bimal Roy
Bimal Roy Productions
0478 ! ₹4 crore (equivalent to ₹478 crore or US$71 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 41]

1959
Char Dil Char Rahen
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
Naya Sansar
0591 ! ₹5.27 crore (equivalent to ₹591 crore or US$88 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 43]

1960
Mughal-e-Azam
K. Asif
Sterling Investment Corporation
2000 ! ₹11 crore (equivalent to ₹2,000 crore (US$310 million) in 2017)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 44]

1961
Gunga Jumna
Nitin Bose
Citizen Films
1250 ! ₹11.27 crore (equivalent to ₹1,250 crore or US$186 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
Awadhi
[n 47]

1962
Bees Saal Baad
Biren Nag
Geetanjali Pictures
0179 ! ₹3 crore (equivalent to ₹179 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[181]

1963
Mere Mehboob
H. S. Rawail
Rahul Theatre
0665 ! ₹6 crore (equivalent to ₹665 crore or US$99 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 48]

1964
Sangam
Raj Kapoor
Mehboob Studio
0410 ! ₹8 crore (equivalent to ₹410 crore or US$64 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[183]

1965
Waqt
Yash Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0280 ! ₹6 crore (equivalent to ₹280 crore or US$44 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[184]

1966
Phool Aur Patthar
O. P. Ralhan
Ralhan Productions
0847 ! ₹17.17 crore (equivalent to ₹847 crore or US$128 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 51]

1967
Hamraaz
B. R. Chopra
United Producers
0759 ! ₹13.33 crore (equivalent to ₹759 crore or US$113 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 54]

1968
Ankhen
Ramanand Sagar
Sagar Art International
0235 ! ₹6.5 crore (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$37 million in 2016)
Hindi
[187]

1969
Aradhana
Shakti Samanta
United Producers
0805 ! ₹17.85 crore (equivalent to ₹805 crore or US$121 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
Bengali
[n 58]

1970
Johny Mera Naam
Vijay Anand
Mehboob Studios
0276 ! ₹8 crore (equivalent to ₹276 crore or US$43 million in 2016)
Hindi
[189]

1971
Haathi Mere Saathi
M. A. Thirumugam
Devar Films
0611 ! ₹16.35 crore (equivalent to ₹611 crore or US$92 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 62]

1972
Seeta Aur Geeta
Ramesh Sippy
Sippy Films
0692 ! ₹19.53 crore (equivalent to ₹692 crore or US$103 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 66]

1973
Bobby
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
1155 ! ₹30.24 crore (equivalent to ₹1,155 crore or US$172 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 71]

1974
Roti Kapda Aur Makaan
Manoj Kumar
Filmistan
0304 ! ₹10.5 crore (equivalent to ₹220 crore or US$34 million in 2016)
Hindi
[195]

1975
Sholay
Ramesh Sippy
United Producers
1500 ! ₹35 crore (equivalent to ₹1,700 crore or US$260 million in 2014)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 73]

1976
Barood
Pramod Chakravorty
Jugnu Enterprises
0591 ! ₹19.32 crore (equivalent to ₹591 crore or US$88 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 78]

1977
Amar Akbar Anthony
Manmohan Desai
Hirawat Jain & Co.
0485 ! ₹15.5 crore (equivalent to ₹485 crore or US$71 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 79]

1978
Muqaddar Ka Sikandar
Prakash Mehra
Prakash Mehra Productions
0631 ! ₹26.89 crore (equivalent to ₹631 crore or US$94 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 83]

1979
Suhaag
Manmohan Desai
Sharma Cine Associates
0275 ! ₹10 crore (equivalent to ₹275 crore or US$42 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 85]

1980
Qurbani
Feroz Khan
F.K. International
0296 ! ₹12 crore (equivalent to ₹296 crore or US$45 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 87]

1981
Kranti
Manoj Kumar
V.I.P. Films
0410 ! ₹20 crore (equivalent to ₹410 crore or US$62 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 90]

1982
Disco Dancer
Babbar Subhash
B. Subhash Movie Unit
1261 ! ₹100.7 crore (equivalent to ₹1,261 crore or US$189 million in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[n 92]

1983
Coolie
Manmohan Desai
Aasia Films
0309 ! ₹18 crore (equivalent to ₹282 crore (US$44 million) in 2016)
Hindi-Urdu
[208][n 88]

1984
Jagir
Pramod Chakravorty
Pramod Films
0181 ! ₹15.79 crore (equivalent to ₹181 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 96]

1985
Ram Teri Ganga Maili
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0326 ! ₹19 crore (equivalent to ₹326 crore (US$51 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[210][n 88]

1986
Karma
Subhash Ghai
Mukta Arts
0241 ! ₹14 crore (equivalent to ₹241 crore (US$38 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[211][n 88]

1987
Hukumat
Anil Sharma
N/A
0189 ! ₹11 crore (equivalent to ₹189 crore (US$29 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[212][n 88]

1988
Tezaab
N. Chandra
N/A
0275 ! ₹16 crore (equivalent to ₹275 crore (US$43 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[213][n 88]

1989
Maine Pyar Kiya
Sooraj Barjatya
Rajshri Productions
0481 ! ₹28 crore (equivalent to ₹481 crore (US$75 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[214][n 88]

1990
Dil
Indra Kumar
Maruti International
0309 ! ₹18 crore (equivalent to ₹309 crore (US$48 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[215][n 88]

1991
Saajan
Lawrence D'Souza
Eros Entertainment
0309 ! ₹18 crore (equivalent to ₹309 crore (US$48 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[216][n 88]

1992
Beta
Indra Kumar
Maruti International
0404 ! ₹23.5 crore (equivalent to ₹404 crore (US$63 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[217][n 88]

1993
Aankhen
David Dhawan
Chiragdeep International
0434 ! ₹25.25 crore (equivalent to ₹434 crore (US$68 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[218][n 88]

1994
Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!
Sooraj Barjatya
Rajshri Productions
1316 ! ₹135 crore (equivalent to ₹1,316 crore (US$210 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 97]

1995
Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge
Aditya Chopra
Yash Raj Films
1087 ! ₹126.5 crore (equivalent to ₹1,087 crore (US$170 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 98]

1996
Raja Hindustani
Dharmesh Darshan
Cineyug
0711 ! ₹87.5 crore (equivalent to ₹711 crore (US$110 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 99]

1997
Dil To Pagal Hai
Yash Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0562 ! ₹71.87 crore (equivalent to ₹562 crore (US$88 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 100]

1998
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
Karan Johar
Dharma Productions
0753 ! ₹106.74 crore (equivalent to ₹753 crore (US$120 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 101]

1999
Hum Saath Saath Hain
Sooraj Barjatya
Rajshri Productions
0551 ! ₹81.71 crore (equivalent to ₹551 crore (US$86 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 102]

2000
Mohabbatein
Aditya Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0532 ! ₹90.01 crore (equivalent to ₹532 crore (US$83 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 103]

2001
Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham
Karan Johar
Dharma Productions
0703 ! ₹135.53 crore (equivalent to ₹703 crore (US$110 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 104]

2002
Devdas
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Red Chillies Entertainment
0456 ! ₹99.87 crore (equivalent to ₹456 crore (US$71 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 105]

2003
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Nikhil Advani
Dharma Productions
0284 ! ₹86.09 crore (equivalent to ₹284 crore (US$44 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 106]

2004
Veer-Zaara
Yash Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0288 ! ₹97.64 crore (equivalent to ₹288 crore (US$45 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 107]

2005
No Entry
Anees Bazmee
SK Film Entertainment
0203 ! ₹97.64 crore (equivalent to ₹203 crore (US$32 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 108]

2006
Dhoom 2
Sanjay Gadhvi
Yash Raj Films
0340 ! ₹151.39 crore (equivalent to ₹340 crore or US$53 million in 2016)
Hindi
[239]

2007
Om Shanti Om
Farah Khan
Red Chillies Entertainment
0319 ! ₹149.87 crore (equivalent to ₹319 crore (US$50 million) in 2016)
Hindi
[n 109]

2008
Ghajini
A. R. Murugadoss
Geetha Arts
0453 ! ₹232 crore (equivalent to ₹453 crore or US$71 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 110]

2009
3 Idiots
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
0810 ! ₹459.96 crore (equivalent to ₹810 crore or US$130 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 6]

2010
Enthiran
S. Shankar
Sun Pictures
0454 ! ₹289 crore (equivalent to ₹454 crore or US$71 million in 2016)
Tamil
[244]

2011
Bodyguard
Siddique
Reel Life Productions
0338 ! ₹234.39 crore (equivalent to ₹338 crore or US$53 million in 2016)
Hindi
[245]

2012
Ek Tha Tiger
Kabir Khan
Yash Raj Films
0422 ! ₹320 crore (equivalent to ₹422 crore or US$66 million in 2016)
Hindi
Urdu
[246]

2013
Dhoom 3
Vijay Krishna Acharya
Yash Raj Films
0701 ! ₹589.2 crore (equivalent to ₹701 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 5][247]

2014
PK
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
0955 ! ₹854 crore (equivalent to ₹955 crore or US$150 million in 2016)
Hindi
Bhojpuri
[n 2][248]

2015
Baahubali: The Beginning
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
0667 ! ₹650 crore (equivalent to ₹687 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Telugu
Tamil
[18]

2016
Dangal
Nitesh Tiwari
Aamir Khan Productions
UTV Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Studios
2122.3 ! ₹2,122.3 crore (US$330 million)
Hindi
Haryanvi
[n 1]

2017
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
1706.5 ! ₹1,706.5 crore (US$270 million)
Telugu
Tamil
[12]

text: The Khiladi franchise was the first film franchise to gross over ₹100 crore, followed by the Krrish film series. Baahubali is the only franchise to collect over ₹1,000 crore at the box office, and the only franchise where both its films have grossed more than ₹500 crore worldwide.

text:
Highest-grossing franchises and film series[§]
(The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting "show".)

Rank
Franchise / Series
Total worldwide box office
(crore INR)
No. of films
Average of films
(crore INR)
Highest-grossing film
(crore INR)

1
[show]Baahubali
₹2,356.5
2
₹1,178
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (₹1,706.5)

1
The Conclusion (2017)
₹1,706.5

2
The Beginning (2015)
₹650

2
[show]Dhoom
₹813.09
3
₹271
Dhoom 3 (₹585)

1
Dhoom 3 (2013)[n 5][249]
₹589.2

2
Dhoom 2 (2006)
₹151.39

3
Dhoom (2004)
₹72.5

3
[show]Tiger
₹762.93
2
₹381
Tiger Zinda Hai (₹442.93)

1
Tiger Zinda Hai (2017)
₹442.93

2
Ek Tha Tiger (2012)
₹320

4
[show]Singam
₹655
5
₹131
Singham Returns (₹215)

[show]Singham (Hindi)
₹355
2
₹178
Singham Returns (₹215)

1
Singham Returns (2014)[250]
₹215

2
Singham (2011)
₹140

[show]Singam (Tamil)
₹300
3
₹100
Singam II (₹125)

1
Singam II (2013)[251]
₹125

2
Si3 (2017)
₹110

3
Singam (2010)
₹65

5
[show]Golmaal
₹645.27
4
₹161
Golmaal Again (₹307.37)

1
Golmaal Again (2017)[36]
₹307.37

2
Golmaal 3 (2010)
₹160

3
Golmaal Returns (2008)
₹108

4
Fun Unlimited (2006)
₹69.9

6
[show]Krrish
₹511.52
3
₹171
Krrish 3 (₹291.52)

1
Krrish 3 (2013)[252]
₹291.52

2
Krrish (2006)
₹117

3
Koi... Mil Gaya (2003)
₹103

7
[show]Housefull
₹500
3
₹167
Housefull 3 (₹195)

1
Housefull 3 (2016)[253]
₹195

2
Housefull 2 (2012)
₹186

3
Housefull (2010)
₹119

8
[show]Don
₹473.2
6
₹79
Don 2 (₹215)

[show]Don (Hindi)
₹335.2
3
₹112
Don 2 (₹215)

1
Don 2 (2011)[254]
₹215

2
Don: The Chase Begins Again (2006)[n 111]
₹113.2

3
Don (1978)[201]
₹7

[show]Billa (Tamil/Telugu)
₹138
3
₹46
Billa 2 (₹62)

1
Billa II (2012)[258]
₹62

2
Billa (2007)[259]
₹50

3
Billa (2009)[260]
₹26

9
[show]Dabangg
₹470
2
₹235
Dabangg 2 (₹250)

1
Dabangg 2 (2012)[261]
₹250

2
Dabangg (2010)[243]
₹220

10
[show]Dulhania
₹310.34
2
₹155
Badrinath Ki Dulhania (₹200.34)

1
Badrinath Ki Dulhania (2017)[262]
₹200.34

2
Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (2014)
₹110

11
[show]Tanu Weds Manu
₹299
2
₹150
Tanu Weds Manu: Returns (₹243)

1
Returns (2015)[263]
₹243

2
Tanu Weds Manu (2011)
₹56

12
[show]Race
₹268
2
₹134
Race 2 (₹162)

1
Race 2 (2013)[264]
₹162

2
Race (2008)
₹106

13
[show]Welcome
₹256
2
₹128
Welcome Back (₹136)

1
Welcome Back (2015)[265]
₹136

2
Welcome (2007)
₹120

14
[show]Judwaa
₹251.79
2
₹126
Judwaa 2 (₹227.51)

1
Judwaa 2 (2017)[266]
₹227.51

2
Judwaa (1997)[267]
₹24.28

15
[show]Gabbar Singh
₹250
2
₹125
Gabbar Singh (₹150)

1
Gabbar Singh (2012)[133]
₹150

2
Sardaar Gabbar Singh (2016)
₹100

16
[show]Jolly LLB
₹234.3
2
₹117
Jolly LLB 2 (₹197.3)

1
Jolly LLB 2 (2017)[268]
₹197.3

2
Jolly LLB (2013)
₹37

17
[show]Raaz
₹210.6
4
₹53
Raaz 3 (₹97)

1
Raaz 3 (2012)[269]
₹97

2
Reboot (2016)
₹42.1

3
Raaz (2002)
₹37

4
The Mystery Continues (2009)
₹34.5

18
[show]ABCD
₹206
2
₹103
ABCD 2 (₹130)

1
ABCD 2 (2015)[270]
₹130

2
Any Body Can Dance (2013)
₹76

19
[show]Muni
₹203.7
3
₹68
Kanchana 2 (₹120)

1
Kanchana 2 (2015)[271]
₹120

2
Muni 2: Kanchana (2011)
₹68.7

3
Muni (2007)
₹15

20
[show]Baby
₹199.1
2
₹100
Baby (₹143)

1
Baby (2015)[272]
₹143

2
Naam Shabana (2017)
₹56.1

21
[show]Khiladi
₹199
8
₹25
Khiladi 786 (₹97.05)

1
Khiladi 786 (2012)[273]
₹97.05

2
Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi (1996)[274]
₹25.16

3
Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi (1997)[275]
₹16.75

4
International Khiladi (1999)[276]
₹16.19

5
Sabse Bada Khiladi (1995)[277]
₹16.06

6
Main Khiladi Tu Anari (1994)[278]
₹13.84

7
Khiladi 420 (2000)[279]
₹10.2

8
Khiladi (1992)[280]
₹3.75

22
[show]Masti
₹187.8
3
₹63
Grand Masti (₹142)

1
Grand Masti (2013)[281]
₹142

2
Masti (2004)
₹26.8

3
Great Grand Masti (2016)
₹19

23
[show]Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai
₹186.2
2
₹93
Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (₹94.5)

1
Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (2010)[282]
₹94.5

2
Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara! (2013)
₹91.7

24
[show]Dhamaal
₹159.3
2
₹80
Dhamaal (₹88.8)

1
Dhamaal (2007)[283]
₹88.8

2
Double Dhamaal (2011)
₹70.5


document_title: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo

question_text: what year is the girl with the dragon tattoo set in

text: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo

text: Background[edit]

text: Larsson spoke of an incident which he said occurred when he was 15: he stood by as three men gang raped an acquaintance of his named Lisbeth. Days later, racked with guilt for having done nothing to help her, he begged her forgiveness—which she refused to grant. The incident, he said, haunted him for years afterward and in part inspired him to create a character named Lisbeth who was also a rape survivor.[2][3] The veracity of this story has been questioned since Larsson's death, after a colleague from Expo magazine reported to Rolling Stone that Larsson had told him  he had heard the story secondhand and retold it as his own.[4] The murder of Catrine da Costa was also an inspiration when he wrote the book.[5]

text: With the exception of the fictional Hedestad,[6] the novel takes place in actual Swedish towns. The magazine Millennium in the books has characteristics similar to that of Larsson's magazine, Expo, such as its socio-political leanings and its financial difficulties.[7]

text: Both Larsson's longtime partner Eva Gabrielsson and English translator Steven T. Murray have said that Christopher MacLehose (who works for British publisher Quercus) "needlessly prettified" the English translation; as such, Murray requested he be credited under the pseudonym "Reg Keeland".[8] The English release also changed the title, even though Larsson specifically refused to allow the Swedish publisher to do so, and the size of Salander's dragon tattoo; from a large piece covering her entire back, to a small shoulder tattoo.[9]

text: Plot[edit]

text: In December 2002, Mikael Blomkvist, publisher of the Swedish political magazine Millennium, loses a libel case involving allegations about billionaire industrialist Hans-Erik Wennerström. Blomkvist is sentenced to three months (deferred) in prison, and ordered to pay hefty damages and costs. Soon afterwards, he is invited to meet Henrik Vanger, the retired CEO of the Vanger Corporation, unaware that Vanger has checked into his personal and professional history; the investigation of Blomkvist's circumstances has been carried out by Lisbeth Salander, a brilliant but deeply troubled researcher and computer hacker.

text: Vanger promises to provide Blomkvist with evidence against Wennerström in return for discovering what happened to Vanger's grandniece, Harriet, who disappeared in 1966; Vanger believes she was murdered by a member of the family. Harriet disappeared during a family gathering at the Vanger estate on Hedeby Island, when the island was temporarily cut off from the mainland by a traffic accident on the bridge.

text: Blomkvist moves to the island and begins to research the Vanger family history and Harriet's disappearance. As he does so, he meets most of the remaining Vanger clan, including Harriet's brother Martin, current CEO of the company; Isabella, Martin and Harriet's mother; and Cecilia, a headmistress who was Harriet's younger aunt and friend, though Cecilia's sister Anita was closer both in age and friendship to the missing girl.

text: Salander was ruled legally incompetent as a child and is under the care of a legal guardian, Holger Palmgren. When Palmgren has a stroke, he is replaced by Nils Bjurman, who uses his position to extort sexual favors from her and eventually rapes her. After using a hidden camera to record her assault, Salander takes her revenge, torturing Bjurman and threatening to ruin him unless he gives her full control of her life and finances. She then uses a tattoo machine to brand him as a rapist.

text: Despite all expectation to the contrary, Blomkvist identifies new evidence in Harriet's disappearance. One clue is a pair of photographs, detailing Harriet's sudden discomfort at the sight of a young man in a prep school blazer. Another lies in Harriet's journal, which contains a set of five names and five-digit numbers believed to be old telephone numbers; however, Blomkvist's daughter Pernilla, passing through on the way to Bible camp, identifies them as passages from the Book of Leviticus. They describe rules about the treatment and punishment of women, and Blomkvist correlates one of them with the grotesque murder of a Vanger Corporation secretary in 1949. Blomkvist realizes that he may be on the trail of a serial killer, and the scope of the resulting research makes Blomkvist request a research assistant. Vanger's lawyer suggests Salander.

text: When he sees the report she prepared for Vanger, Blomkvist realises that Salander has hacked into his computer. He confronts her and asks her to help him with the investigation, to which she agrees. The two eventually become lovers, but Salander continues to keep Blomkvist at an emotional distance. Their suspicions are heightened when a local cat is left dismembered on Blomkvist's porch, and Blomkvist is fired upon from a distance during an afternoon jog.

text: Blomkvist and Salander uncover the remaining four murders described in Harriet's journal, as well as several more that fit the profile: women who are sexually assaulted and then slain in accordance with a Leviticus verse. Moreover, most of the murders occurred in locations where the Vanger Corporation did business.

text: They settle on Gottfried Vanger, Martin and Harriet's father, as a likely candidate but are stymied when he is discovered to have predeceased the last victim. While Salander continues to hunt through Vanger Corporation archives, Blomkvist manages to identify the antagonist who frightened Harriet so: her brother Martin. Martin takes Blomkvist prisoner, reveals that Gottfried "initiated" him into the ritual rape and murder of women before his own death, and implies that Gottfried sexually abused both him and Harriet. Martin admits to murdering dozens of women but denies killing his sister. He decides to rid himself of Blomkvist once and for all, but Salander—who had discovered the connections independently—arrives and hits Martin over the head with a golf club before cutting Blomkvist out of his restraints. Martin flees by car, pursued by Salander on her motorbike, and chooses his own fate by purposely colliding headlong with an oncoming truck.

text: Believing that Cecilia's sister Anita, who now lives in London, is the only relative who might know something about Harriet's fate, Blomkvist and Salander pursue that lead and learn Harriet is still alive and is living under Anita's name in Australia. When Blomkvist flies there to meet her, Harriet tells him the truth about her disappearance: her father and brother had repeatedly raped her, until she killed her father in self-defense. Martin was sent away to preparatory school, but he returned the day of her disappearance. Harriet realized she needed to escape, so she found a place to hide during the tumult of the traffic accident, and Anita smuggled her to the mainland the next morning.

text: Blomkvist persuades her to return to Sweden, where she reunites with Henrik. Blomkvist then accompanies Salander to her mother's funeral.

text: Blomkvist learns that the evidence against Wennerström that Vanger promised him is useless, long past its statute of limitations. However, Salander has already hacked Wennerström's computer and discovered that his crimes go far beyond what Blomkvist documented. Using her evidence, Blomkvist prints an exposé and book which ruin Wennerström and catapult Millennium to national prominence. Salander, using her hacking skills, succeeds in stealing some 2.6 billion kr (about $260 million USD) from Wennerström's secret bank account.

text: Blomkvist and Salander spend Christmas together in his holiday retreat. A couple of days later, she goes to Blomkvist's home, intending to declare her love for him. Having expected Blomkvist to be with his daughter, she backs away when she sees him with his long-time lover and business partner Erika Berger, hurt by him lying to her.

text: As a postscript, Salander continues to monitor Wennerström and after six months, anonymously informs a lawyer in Miami of his whereabouts. Four days later the body of Wennerström is found in Marbella, Spain, shot three times in the head.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Mikael Blomkvist – journalist, publisher, and part-owner of the monthly political magazine Millennium
Lisbeth Salander – freelance surveillance agent and researcher specialising in investigating people on behalf of Milton Security
Henrik Vanger – retired industrialist and former CEO of Vanger Corporation
Harriet Vanger – Henrik's grandniece
Martin Vanger – Harriet's brother and CEO of the Vanger Corporation
Gottfried Vanger – Martin and Harriet's deceased father
Isabella Vanger – Gottfried Vanger's widow, and Martin and Harriet's mother
Cecilia Vanger – daughter of Harald Vanger and one of Henrik's nieces
Anita Vanger – daughter of Harald Vanger and one of Henrik's nieces, resident in London
Birger Vanger – son of Harald Vanger and one of Henrik's nephews
Harald Vanger – Henrik's brother and member of the Swedish Nazi Party
Hans-Erik Wennerström – corrupt billionaire financier
Robert Lindberg – banker and Blomkvist's source for the libelous story
William Borg – Blomkvist's nemesis
Monica Abrahamsson – Blomkvist's wife whom he married in 1986 and divorced in 1991
Pernilla Abrahamsson – their daughter who was born in 1986
Holger Palmgren – Salander's legal guardian and lawyer who is disabled by a stroke
Nils Bjurman – Salander's legal guardian and lawyer after Palmgren
Erika Berger – editor-in-chief/majority owner of Millennium monthly magazine and Blomkvist's long-standing lover
Dirch Frode – former lawyer for Vanger Corporation, now lawyer with one client: Henrik Vanger
Dragan Armansky – CEO and COO of Milton Security
Plague – computer hacker/genius
Christer Malm – director, art designer, and part-owner of Millennium
Janne Dahlman – managing editor of Millennium
Gustaf Morell – Retired Detective Superintendent
Anna Nygren – Henrik Vanger's housekeeper
Gunnar Nilsson – Henrik's caretaker

tag: ul

text: Major themes[edit]

text: Larsson makes several literary references to the genre's classic forerunners and comments on contemporary Swedish society.[10] Reviewer Robert Dessaix writes, "His favourite targets are violence against women, the incompetence and cowardice of investigative journalists, the moral bankruptcy of big capital and the virulent strain of Nazism still festering away ... in Swedish society."[1] Cecilia Ovesdotter Alm and Anna Westerstahl Stenport write that the novel "reflects—implicitly and explicitly—gaps between rhetoric and practice in Swedish policy and public discourse about complex relations between welfare state retrenchment, neoliberal corporate and economic practices, and politicised gender construction. The novel, according to one article, endorses a pragmatic acceptance of a neoliberal world order that is delocalized, dehumanized and misogynistic."[11]

text: Alm and Stenport add, "What most international (and Swedish) reviewers overlook is that the financial and moral corruptibility at the heart of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is so profound as to indict most attributes associated with contemporary Sweden as democratic and gender-equal. The novel is in fact far from what American critic Maureen Corrigan calls an "unflinching ... commonsense feminist social commentary". (Corrigan's article was "Super-Smart Noir With a Feminist Jolt," National Public Radio, 23 September 2008.)[11]

text: Larsson further enters the debate as to how responsible criminals are for their crimes, and how much is blamed on upbringing or society.[1] For instance, Salander has a strong will and assumes that everyone else does, too. She is portrayed as having suffered every kind of abuse in her young life, including an unnecessary ordered commitment to a psychiatric clinic and subsequent instances of sexual assault suffered at the hands of her court-appointed guardian.

text: Maria de Lurdes Sampaio, in the journal Cross-Cultural Communication, asserts that, "Blomkvist, a modern Theseus, leads us to the labyrinth of the globalized world, while the series' protagonist, Lisbeth Salander, modeled on the Amazon, is an example of the empowerment of women in crime fiction by playing the role of the 'tough guy' detective, while also personifying the popular roles of the victim, the outcast and the avenger." In this context, she discusses "Dialogues with Greek tragedy... namely Salander's struggles with strong father figures." Sampaio also argues,

text: Then, like so many other writers and moviemakers, Larsson plays with people's universal fascination for religious mysteries, enigmas and hermeneutics, while highlighting the way the Bible and other religious books have inspired hideous serial criminals throughout history. There are many passages dedicated to the Hebrew Bible, to the Apocrypha and to the controversies surrounding different Church's branches. The transcription of Latin expressions (e.g., "sola fide" or "claritas scripturae") together with the biblical passages, which provide the clues to unveil the secular mysteries, proves that Larsson was well acquainted with Umberto Eco's bestsellers and with similar plots. There are many signs of both The Name of the Rose and of Foucault's Pendulum in the Millennium series, and in some sense these two works are contained in the first novel.[12]

text: Locked room mystery[edit]

text: Larsson writes within the novel, in Chapter 12, "It's actually a fascinating case. What I believe is known as a locked room mystery, on an island. And nothing in the investigation seems to follow normal logic. Every question remains unanswered, every clue leads to a dead end." He supplies a family tree delineating the relationships of five generations of the Vanger family.

text: Reception and awards[edit]

text: The novel was released to great acclaim in Sweden and later, on its publication in many other European countries. In the original language, it won Sweden's Glass Key Award in 2006 for best crime novel of the year. It also won the 2008 Boeke Prize, and in 2009 the Galaxy British Book Awards[13] for Books Direct Crime Thriller of the Year, and the prestigious Anthony Award[14][15] for Best First Novel.

text: Larsson was awarded the ITV3 Crime Thriller Award for International Author of the Year in 2008.[16]

text: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo received mixed reviews from American critics. It debuted at number four on The New York Times Best Seller list.[11] Alex Berenson wrote in The New York Times, "The novel offers a thoroughly ugly view of human nature"; while it "opens with an intriguing mystery" and the "middle section of Girl is a treat, the rest of the novel doesn't quite measure up. The book's original Swedish title was Men Who Hate Women, a label that just about captures the subtlety of the novel's sexual politics."[17] The Los Angeles Times said "the book takes off, in the fourth chapter: From there, it becomes classic parlor crime fiction with many modern twists....The writing is not beautiful, clipped at times (though that could be the translation by Reg Keeland) and with a few too many falsely dramatic endings to sections or chapters. But it is a compelling, well-woven tale that succeeds in transporting the reader to rural Sweden for a good crime story."[18] Several months later, Matt Selman said the book "rings false with piles of easy super-victories and far-fetched one-in-a-million clue-findings."[19] Richard Alleva, in Commonweal, wrote that the novel is marred by "its inept backstory, banal characterizations, flavorless prose, surfeit of themes (Swedish Nazism, uncaring bureaucracy, corporate malfeasance, abuse of women, etc.), and—worst of all—author Larsson's penchant for always telling us exactly what we should be feeling."[20]

text: On the other hand, Dr. Abdallah Daar, writing for Nature, said, "The events surrounding the great-niece's disappearance are meticulously and ingeniously pieced together, with plenty of scientific insight."[21] The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote, "It's a big, intricately plotted, darkly humorous work, rich with ironies, quirky but believable characters and a literary playfulness that only a master of the genre and its history could bring off."[22]

text: As of 3 June 2011, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo had sold over 3.4 million copies in hardcover or ebook formats, and 15 million copies altogether, in the United States.[23]

text: Book of essays[edit]

text: Wiley published a collection of essays, edited by Eric Bronson, titled The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Philosophy (2011).[24]

text: Film adaptations[edit]

text:
The Swedish film production company Yellow Bird created film versions of the first three Millennium books, all three films released in 2009, beginning with The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, directed by Danish filmmaker Niels Arden Oplev. The protagonists were played by Michael Nyqvist and Noomi Rapace.
A Hollywood film adaptation of the book, directed by David Fincher, was released in December 2011. The main characters were portrayed by Daniel Craig[25] and Rooney Mara.[26]
Millennium, a Swedish six-part television miniseries based on the film adaptations of Stieg Larsson's series of the same name, was broadcast on SVT1 from 20 March 2010 to 24 April 2010. The series was produced by Yellow Bird in cooperation with several production companies, including SVT, Nordisk Film, Film i Västm, and ZDF Enterprises.
Dragon Tattoo Trilogy: Extended Edition is the title of the TV miniseries release on DVD, Blu-ray, and video on demand in the US. This version of the miniseries comprises nine hours of story content, including over two hours of additional footage not seen in the theatrical versions of the original Swedish films. The four-disc set includes: THE GIRL WITH THE DRAGON TATTOO – EXTENDED EDITION, THE GIRL WHO PLAYED WITH FIRE – EXTENDED EDITION, THE GIRL WHO KICKED THE HORNET’S NEST – EXTENDED EDITION, and a BONUS DISC including two hours of special features.[27]

text: Parodies[edit]

text:
The Dragon with the Girl Tattoo (2010) – Adam Roberts
The Girl with the Sturgeon Tattoo ([when?]) – Lars Arffssen[citation needed]
The Girl who Fixed the Umlaut (2010) – Nora Ephron[28]
The Girl with the Sandwich Tattoo: A cruel parody (2013) – Dragon Stiegsson[citation needed]
The Coach with the Dragon Tattoo (2016) – Patrick Ness


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by age

question_text: who was the youngest elected president in the united states

text: Overview[edit]

text: The median age upon accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months, which is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president following William McKinley's assassination, at the age of 7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days. The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy, who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days. Assassinated three years into his term, he became the youngest at the time of leaving office (7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days); the youngest person at the time of leaving office after serving a full four-year term was Theodore Roosevelt (7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days). The oldest person at the time of entering office was Donald Trump, at the age of 7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days; Ronald Reagan was the oldest person in office, at the age of 7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days when his presidency ended in January 1989.

text: The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 7004340900000000000♠93 years, 122 days). The second oldest, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 7004134140000000000♠36 years, 265 days. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 7004205230000000000♠56 years, 69 days).

text: The longest-lived president was Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days. He surpassed Ronald Reagan for this distinction on November 11, 2006, 45 days prior to his death. (Reagan had surpassed the longevity of the nation's second president, John Adams, on October 12, 2001.) The shortest-lived president to have died by natural causes (excluding John Kennedy and James A. Garfield—who, like Kennedy, was assassinated) was James K. Polk, who died at the age of 7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days; only 103 days after leaving office.

text: Since 1797, when George Washington's service as president ended, there have been five periods in American history where the only living president was the incumbent president.

text:
John Adams, December 14, 1799 to March 4, 1801, between the death of George Washington, and the first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Ulysses S. Grant, July 31, 1875 to March 4, 1877, between the death of Andrew Johnson and the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Theodore Roosevelt, June 24, 1908 to March 4, 1909, between the death of Grover Cleveland and the inauguration of William Howard Taft
Herbert Hoover, January 5, 1933 to March 4, 1933, between the death of Calvin Coolidge and the first inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Richard Nixon, January 22, 1973 to August 9, 1974, between the death of Lyndon B. Johnson and the inauguration of Gerald Ford.

tag: ol

text: The greatest number of presidents—former presidents plus the incumbent—alive at any given time is six, which has happened four times.

text:
Including: Martin Van Buren, John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Abraham Lincoln; between March 4, 1861 (Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration) and January 18, 1862 (John Tyler's death)
Including: Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton; between January 20, 1993 (Bill Clinton's first inauguration) and April 22, 1994 (Richard Nixon's death)
Including: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; between January 20, 2001 (George W. Bush's first inauguration) and June 5, 2004 (Ronald Reagan's death)
Including: Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump; began on January 20, 2017 (Donald Trump's inauguration) and is ongoing.

text: Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s. They are (in order of birth):

text:
John Adams
(1735–1826)

Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)

Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)

Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)

George H. W. Bush
(born 1924)

Jimmy Carter
(born 1924)

text: List of presidents by age[edit]

text:
#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

1
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001732-02-22-0000Feb 22, 1732[a]
000000001789-04-30-0000Apr 30, 1789
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004237520000000000♠65 years, 10 days
01,0151,015 days
(7003101500000000000♠2 years, 285 days)
000000001799-12-14-0000Dec 14, 1799
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
(24,767 days)

2
Adams, John A.John Adams
000000001735-10-30-0000Oct 30, 1735[a]
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004224060000000000♠61 years, 125 days
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004238660000000000♠65 years, 125 days
09,2539,253 days
(7003925300000000000♠25 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
(33,119 days)

3
Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson
000000001743-04-13-0000Apr 13, 1743[a]
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004211440000000000♠57 years, 325 days
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004240660000000000♠65 years, 325 days
06,3316,331 days
(7003633100000000000♠17 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004303970000000000♠83 years, 82 days
(30,397 days)

4
Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001751-03-16-0000Mar 16, 1751[a]
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004211720000000000♠57 years, 353 days
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004240940000000000♠65 years, 353 days
07,0567,056 days
(7003705600000000000♠19 years, 116 days)
000000001836-06-28-0000Jun 28, 1836
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
(31,150 days)

5
Monroe, JamesJames Monroe
000000001758-04-28-0000Apr 28, 1758
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004214940000000000♠58 years, 310 days
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004244160000000000♠66 years, 310 days
02,3132,313 days
(7003231300000000000♠6 years, 122 days)
000000001831-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1831
7004267290000000000♠73 years, 67 days
(26,729 days)

6
Adams, John Q. John Q. Adams
000000001767-07-11-0000Jul 11, 1767
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004210550000000000♠57 years, 236 days
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004225160000000000♠61 years, 236 days
06,9306,930 days
(7003693000000000000♠18 years, 356 days)
000000001848-02-23-0000Feb 23, 1848
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
(29,446 days)

7
Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001767-03-15-0000Mar 15, 1767
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004226340000000000♠61 years, 354 days
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004255560000000000♠69 years, 354 days
03,0183,018 days
(7003301800000000000♠8 years, 96 days)
000000001845-06-08-0000Jun 8, 1845
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
(28,574 days)

8
Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001782-12-05-0000Dec 5, 1782
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004198120000000000♠54 years, 89 days
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004212730000000000♠58 years, 89 days
07,8127,812 days
(7003781200000000000♠21 years, 142 days)
000000001862-07-24-0000Jul 24, 1862
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
(29,085 days)

9
Harrison, William H.William H. Harrison
000000001773-02-09-0000Feb 9, 1773
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004248590000000000♠68 years, 23 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841[b]
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
00,0000 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
(24,890 days)

10
Tyler, JohnJohn Tyler
000000001790-03-29-0000Mar 29, 1790
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004186330000000000♠51 years, 6 days
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004200630000000000♠54 years, 340 days
06,1646,164 days
(7003616400000000000♠16 years, 320 days)
000000001862-01-18-0000Jan 18, 1862
7004262270000000000♠71 years, 295 days
(26,227 days)

11
Polk, James K.James K. Polk
000000001795-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1795
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004180190000000000♠49 years, 122 days
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004194800000000000♠53 years, 122 days
00,103103 days
000000001849-06-15-0000Jun 15, 1849
7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days
(19,583 days)

12
Taylor, ZacharyZachary Taylor
000000001784-11-24-0000Nov 24, 1784
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004234750000000000♠64 years, 100 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850[b]
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
00,0000 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
(23,967 days)

13
Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001800-01-07-0000Jan 7, 1800
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004184450000000000♠50 years, 183 days
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004194140000000000♠53 years, 56 days
07,6747,674 days
(7003767400000000000♠21 years, 4 days)
000000001874-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1874
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
(27,088 days)

14
Pierce, FranklinFranklin Pierce
000000001804-11-23-0000Nov 23, 1804
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004176330000000000♠48 years, 101 days
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004190940000000000♠52 years, 101 days
04,6014,601 days
(7003460100000000000♠12 years, 218 days)
000000001869-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1869
7004236950000000000♠64 years, 319 days
(23,695 days)

15
Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001791-04-23-0000Apr 23, 1791
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004240560000000000♠65 years, 315 days
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004255170000000000♠69 years, 315 days
02,6462,646 days
(7003264600000000000♠7 years, 89 days)
000000001868-06-01-0000Jun 1, 1868
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
(28,163 days)

16
Lincoln, AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
000000001809-02-12-0000Feb 12, 1809
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004190130000000000♠52 years, 20 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865[b]
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
00,0000 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
(20,516 days)

17
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001808-12-29-0000Dec 29, 1808
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205610000000000♠56 years, 107 days
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004219800000000000♠60 years, 65 days
02,3402,340 days
(7003234000000000000♠6 years, 149 days)
000000001875-07-31-0000Jul 31, 1875
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
(24,320 days)

18
Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001822-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1822
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004171130000000000♠46 years, 311 days
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004200350000000000♠54 years, 311 days
03,0633,063 days
(7003306300000000000♠8 years, 141 days)
000000001885-07-23-0000Jul 23, 1885
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
(23,098 days)

19
Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001822-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1822
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004198750000000000♠54 years, 151 days
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004213360000000000♠58 years, 151 days
04,3374,337 days
(7003433700000000000♠11 years, 319 days)
000000001893-01-17-0000Jan 17, 1893
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
(25,673 days)

20
Garfield, James A.James A. Garfield
000000001831-11-19-0000Nov 19, 1831
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004180030000000000♠49 years, 105 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881[b]
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
00,0000 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
(18,202 days)

21
Arthur, Chester A.Chester A. Arthur
000000001829-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1829
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004189770000000000♠51 years, 349 days
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004202390000000000♠55 years, 150 days
00,624624 days
(7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days)
000000001886-11-18-0000Nov 18, 1886
7004208630000000000♠57 years, 44 days
(20,863 days)

22
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004175180000000000♠47 years, 351 days
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004189790000000000♠51 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

23
Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001833-08-20-0000Aug 20, 1833
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004202850000000000♠55 years, 196 days
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004217460000000000♠59 years, 196 days
02,9302,930 days
(7003293000000000000♠8 years, 9 days)
000000001901-03-13-0000Mar 13, 1901
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
(24,676 days)

24
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004204400000000000♠55 years, 351 days
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004219010000000000♠59 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

25
McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley
000000001843-01-29-0000Jan 29, 1843
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901[b]
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
00,0000 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
(21,412 days)

26
Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001858-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1858
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
03,5953,595 days
(7003359500000000000♠9 years, 308 days)
000000001919-01-06-0000Jan 6, 1919
7004219850000000000♠60 years, 71 days
(21,985 days)

27
Taft, William H.William H. Taft
000000001857-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1857
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
06,2136,213 days
(7003621300000000000♠17 years, 4 days)
000000001930-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1930
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
(26,471 days)

28
Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001856-12-28-0000Dec 28, 1856
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004234410000000000♠64 years, 66 days
01,0661,066 days
(7003106600000000000♠2 years, 336 days)
000000001924-02-03-0000Feb 3, 1924
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
(24,507 days)

29
Harding, Warren G.Warren G. Harding
000000001865-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1865
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004202100000000000♠55 years, 122 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923[b]
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
00,0000 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
(21,091 days)

30
Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001872-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1872
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004186550000000000♠51 years, 29 days
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004206960000000000♠56 years, 243 days
01,4031,403 days
(7003140300000000000♠3 years, 307 days)
000000001933-01-05-0000Jan 5, 1933
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
(22,099 days)

31
Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001874-08-10-0000Aug 10, 1874
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004199290000000000♠54 years, 206 days
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004213900000000000♠58 years, 206 days
11,55311,553 days
(7004115530000000000♠31 years, 230 days)
000000001964-10-20-0000Oct 20, 1964
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
(32,943 days)

32
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
000000001882-01-30-0000Jan 30, 1882
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004186600000000000♠51 years, 33 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945[b]
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
00,0000 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
(23,082 days)

33
Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001884-05-08-0000May 8, 1884
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004222530000000000♠60 years, 339 days
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004250930000000000♠68 years, 257 days
07,2807,280 days
(7003728000000000000♠19 years, 341 days)
000000001972-12-26-0000Dec 26, 1972
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
(32,373 days)

34
Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
000000001890-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1890
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004227430000000000♠62 years, 98 days
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004256650000000000♠70 years, 98 days
02,9892,989 days
(7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days)
000000001969-03-28-0000Mar 28, 1969
7004286540000000000♠78 years, 165 days
(28,654 days)

35
Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
000000001917-05-29-0000May 29, 1917
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963[b]
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
00,0000 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
(16,978 days)

36
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001908-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1908
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004201750000000000♠55 years, 87 days
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004220610000000000♠60 years, 146 days
01,4631,463 days
(7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days)
000000001973-01-22-0000Jan 22, 1973
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
(23,524 days)

37
Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001913-01-09-0000Jan 9, 1913
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004204650000000000♠56 years, 11 days
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974[d]
7004224920000000000♠61 years, 212 days
07,1967,196 days
(7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days)
000000001994-04-22-0000Apr 22, 1994
7004296880000000000♠81 years, 103 days
(29,688 days)

38
Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000001913-07-14-0000Jul 14, 1913
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974
7004223060000000000♠61 years, 26 days
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004232010000000000♠63 years, 190 days
10,93210,932 days
(7004109320000000000♠29 years, 340 days)
000000002006-12-26-0000Dec 26, 2006
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
(34,133 days)

39
Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
000000001924-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1924
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004191040000000000♠52 years, 111 days
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004205650000000000♠56 years, 111 days
13,41413,414 days[e]
(7004134140000000000♠36 years, 265 days)
2017-10-12
7004339790000000000♠93 years, 11 days(33,979 days)

40
Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001911-02-06-0000Feb 6, 1911
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days
05,6155,615 days
(7003561500000000000♠15 years, 137 days)
000000002004-06-05-0000Jun 5, 2004
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
(34,088 days)

41
Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000001924-06-12-0000Jun 12, 1924
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004235980000000000♠64 years, 222 days
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004250590000000000♠68 years, 222 days
09,0319,031 days[e]
(7003903100000000000♠24 years, 265 days)
2017-10-12
7004340900000000000♠93 years, 122 days(34,090 days)

42
Clinton, BillBill Clinton
000000001946-08-19-0000Aug 19, 1946
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004169560000000000♠46 years, 154 days
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004198780000000000♠54 years, 154 days
06,1096,109 days[e]
(7003610900000000000♠16 years, 265 days)
2017-10-12
7004259870000000000♠71 years, 54 days(25,987 days)

43
Bush, George W.George W. Bush
000000001946-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1946
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004199220000000000♠54 years, 198 days
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004228440000000000♠62 years, 198 days
03,1873,187 days[e]
(7003318700000000000♠8 years, 265 days)
2017-10-12
7004260310000000000♠71 years, 98 days(26,031 days)

44
Obama, BarackBarack Obama
000000001961-08-04-0000Aug 4, 1961
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004173360000000000♠47 years, 169 days
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 169 days
00,134265265 days[e]
2017-10-12
7004205230000000000♠56 years, 69 days(20,523 days)

45
Trump, DonaldDonald Trump
000000001946-06-14-0000Jun 14, 1946
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days
2017-10-12
7004288540000000000♠78 years, 364 days
24,756
2017-10-12
7004260530000000000♠71 years, 120 days(26,053 days)

#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Birthdate as changed to New Style.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms (1889–1893), and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term (1897) until his death (1908).
Jump up ^ Resigned from office.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ongoing.

text: Timeline of oldest living presidents[edit]

text: Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover became the oldest living president (while still president himself) when Calvin Coolidge died in January 1933, and retained this distinction until his death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson became the oldest living president upon the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 but held this distinction for only 27 days.

text: On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the election of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 50) and a former president (at age 51), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction at the age of 90.

text: On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively).

text:
President
Became oldest living president
Ceased to be oldest living president
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Duration
(years, days)
Duration (days)

Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789
000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days
03,8803,880 days

Adams, JohnJohn Adams
000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799
000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826
7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days
09,6989,698 days

Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826
000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836
7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days
03,6473,647 days

Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836
000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845
7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days
03,2673,267 days

Adams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams
000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845
000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848
7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days
00,990990 days

Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848
000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862
7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days
05,2655,265 days

Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862
000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868
7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days
02,1392,139 days

Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868
000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874
7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days
02,1062,106 days

Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874
000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875
7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days
00,510510 days

Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875
000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885
7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days
03,6453,645 days

Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days
02,7352,735 days

Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901
7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days
02,9762,976 days

Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901
000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908
7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days
02,6602,660 days

Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
7002253000000000000♠253 days
00,253253 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days
01,4611,461 days

Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days
03,9883,988 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924
000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930
7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days
02,2252,225 days

Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930
000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933
7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days
01,0341,034 days

Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933
000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964
7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days
11,61111,611 days

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964
000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972
7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days
02,9892,989 days

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972
000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973
7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
7001270000000000000♠27 days
00,02727 days

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days
7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days
7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days
02,9202,920 days

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days
08,5378,537 days

Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004
000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006
7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days
00,934934 days

Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006
Current
7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days
Current
7003394300000000000♠10 years, 290 days
03,9433,943 days

President
Became oldest living president
Ceased to be oldest living president
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Duration
(years, days)
Duration
(days)

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey, "The Presidents of the United States". The White House.
Robert S. Summers, "POTUS: Presidents of the United States". Internet Public Library.

text:
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