document_title: The Championships, Wimbledon

question_text: what type of grass is wimbledon played on

question_tokens: what type of grass is wimbledon played on

text: The Championships, Wimbledon

text: History[edit]

text: Beginning[edit]

text: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club is a private club founded on 23 July 1868, originally as "The All England Croquet Club". Its first ground was at Nursery Road off Worple Road, Wimbledon.[11]

text: In 1876, lawn tennis, a game devised by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so earlier as an outdoor version of court tennis and originally given the name Sphairistikè, was added to the activities of the club. In spring 1877, the club was renamed "The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club" and signalled its change of name by instituting the first Lawn Tennis Championship. A new code of laws, replacing the code administered by the Marylebone Cricket Club, was drawn up for the event. Today's rules are similar except for details such as the height of the net and posts and the distance of the service line from the net.

text: The inaugural 1877 Wimbledon Championship started on 9 July 1877 and the Gentlemen's Singles was the only event held. It was won by Spencer Gore, an old Harrovian rackets player, from a field of 22. About 200 spectators paid one shilling each to watch the final.[12]

text: The lawns at the ground were arranged so that the principal court was in the middle with the others arranged around it, hence the title "Centre Court".[c] The name was retained when the Club moved in 1922 to the present site in Church Road, although no longer a true description of its location.[14] However, in 1980 four new courts were brought into commission on the north side of the ground, which meant the Centre Court was once more correctly described. The opening of the new No. 1 Court in 1997 emphasised the description.

text: By 1882, activity at the club was almost exclusively confined to lawn tennis and that year the word "croquet" was dropped from the title. However, for sentimental reasons it was restored in 1899.

text: In 1884, the club added Ladies' Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles competitions. Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles events were added in 1913. Until 1922, the reigning champion had to play only in the final, against whomever had won through to challenge him/her. As with the other three Major or Grand Slam events, Wimbledon was contested by top-ranked amateur players, professional players were prohibited from participating. This changed with the advent of the open era in 1968. No British man won the singles event at Wimbledon between Fred Perry in 1936 and Andy Murray in 2013, while no British woman has won since Virginia Wade in 1977, although Annabel Croft and Laura Robson won the Girls' Championship in 1984 and 2008 respectively. The Championship was first televised in 1937.

text: Though properly called "The Championships, Wimbledon", depending on sources the event is also known as "The All England Lawn Tennis Championships", "The Wimbledon Championships" or simply "Wimbledon". From 1912 to 1924, the tournament was recognized by the International Lawn Tennis Federation as the "World Grass Court Championships".

text: 21st century[edit]

text: Wimbledon is considered the world's premier tennis tournament and the priority of the Club is to maintain its leadership. To that end a long-term plan was unveiled in 1993, intended to improve the quality of the event for spectators, players, officials and neighbours.[15] Stage one (1994–1997) of the plan was completed for the 1997 championships and involved building the new No. 1 Court in Aorangi Park, a broadcast centre, two extra grass courts and a tunnel under the hill linking Church Road and Somerset Road. Stage two (1997–2009) involved the removal of the old No. 1 Court complex to make way for the new Millennium Building, providing extensive facilities for players, press, officials and members, and the extension of the West Stand of the Centre Court with 728 extra seats. Stage three (2000–2011) has been completed with the construction of an entrance building, club staff housing, museum, bank and ticket office.[16]

text: A new retractable roof was built in time for the 2009 championships, marking the first time that rain did not stop play for a lengthy time on Centre Court. The Club tested the new roof at an event called A Centre Court Celebration on Sunday, 17 May 2009, which featured exhibition matches involving Andre Agassi, Steffi Graf, Kim Clijsters and Tim Henman. The first Championship match to take place under the roof was the completion of the fourth round women's singles match between Dinara Safina and Amélie Mauresmo.  The first match to be played in its entirety under the new roof took place between Andy Murray and Stanislas Wawrinka on 29 June 2009. Murray was also involved in the match completed latest in the day at Wimbledon, which ended at 11:02 pm in a victory over Marcos Baghdatis at Centre Court in the third round of the 2012 Championships. The 2012 Men's Singles Final on 8 July 2012, between Roger Federer and Murray, was the first singles final to be partially played under the roof, which was activated during the third set.[d]

text: A new 4000-seat No. 2 Court was built on the site of the old No. 13 Court in time for the 2009 Championships.[17]  A new 2000-seat No. 3 Court was built on the site of the old No. 2 and No. 3 Courts.[18]

text: Events[edit]

text: Wimbledon consists of five main events, four junior events and seven invitation events.[19]

text: Main events[edit]

text: The five main events, and the number of players (or teams, in the case of doubles) are:

text:
Gentlemen's Singles (128)
Ladies' Singles (128)
Gentlemen's Doubles (64)
Ladies' Doubles (64)
Mixed Doubles (48)

text: Junior events[edit]

text: The four junior events and the number of players or teams are:

text:
Boys' Singles (64)
Girls' Singles (64)
Boys' Doubles (32)
Girls' Doubles (32)

text: No mixed doubles event is held at this level.

text: Invitation events[edit]

text: The seven invitational events and the number of pairs are:

text:
Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles (8 pairs Round Robin)[e]
Ladies' Invitation Doubles (8 pairs Round Robin)
Senior Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles (8 pairs Round Robin)[f]
Gentlemen's Wheelchair Singles[20]
Ladies' Wheelchair Singles
Gentlemen's Wheelchair Doubles (4 pairs)[21]
Ladies' Wheelchair Doubles (4 pairs)[21]

text: Match formats[edit]

text: Matches in the Gentlemen's Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles are best-of-five sets; all other events are best-of-three sets.  A tiebreak game is played if the score reaches 6–6 in any set except the fifth (in a five-set match) or the third (in a three-set match), in which case a two-game lead must be reached.

text: All events are single-elimination tournaments,[g] except for the Gentlemen's, Senior Gentlemen's and the Ladies' Invitation Doubles, which are round-robin tournaments.

text: Until 1922, the winners of the previous year's competition (except in the Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles) were automatically granted byes into the final round (then known as the challenge round). This led to many winners retaining their titles in successive years, as they were able to rest while their opponent competed from the start of the competition. From 1922, the prior year's champions were required to play all the rounds, like other tournament competitors.

text: Schedule[edit]

text: Each year the tournament began on the last Monday in June, two weeks after the Queen's Club Championships, which is one of the men's major warm-up tournaments, together with the Gerry Weber Open, which is held in Halle, Germany, during the same week. It was announced that the 2017 tournament would begin on Monday 3 July.[22] Other grass-court tournaments before Wimbledon are Eastbourne, England, and Rosmalen in the Netherlands, both combining mixed events. The other women's warm-up tournament for Wimbledon is Birmingham, also in England. The only grass-court tournament scheduled after the Championships is the Hall of Fame Tennis Championships at Newport, Rhode Island, USA, which takes place the week after Wimbledon.

text: Wimbledon is scheduled for 14 days, beginning on a Monday and ending on a Sunday. Before 1982 it ended a day earlier, with the women's singles final on the Friday and the men's singles final on the Saturday.[23] The five main events span both weeks, but the junior and invitational events are held mainly during the second week.  Traditionally, unlike the other three tennis Grand Slams, there is no play on the "Middle Sunday", which is considered a rest day.  However, rain has forced play on the Middle Sunday four times, in 1991, 1997, 2004 and 2016. On the first of these four occasions, Wimbledon staged a "People's Sunday", with unreserved seating and readily available, inexpensive tickets, allowing those with more limited means to sit on the show courts.

text: The second Monday at Wimbledon is often called "Manic Monday", because it is the busiest day with the last-16 matches for both men's and women's singles, where fans have a pick of watching on a single day, any of the best 32 players left; which is also unique in a Grand Slam singles competition.[24]

text: Since 2015, the championships have begun one week later than in previous years, extending the gap between the tournament and the French Open from two to three weeks.[25] Additionally the Stuttgart Open men's tournament converted to a grass surface and was rescheduled from July to June, extending the grass court season.

text: Players and seeding[edit]

text: Both the men's and ladies' singles consist of 128 players.[26] Players and doubles pairs are admitted to the main events on the basis of their international rankings, with 104 direct entries into the men's and 108 into the ladies' competitions. Both tournaments have 8 wild card entrants, with the remainder in each made up of qualifiers. Since the 2001 tournament, 32 players have been given seedings in the Gentlemen's and Ladies' singles, 16 teams in the doubles events. The system of seeding was introduced during the 1924 Wimbledon Championships. This was a simplified version allowing countries to nominate four players who were placed in different quarters of the draw. This system was replaced for the 1927 Wimbledon Championships and from then on players were seeded on merit. The first players to be seeded as no. 1 were René Lacoste and Helen Wills.[27]

text: The Committee of Management decide which players receive wildcards. Usually, wild cards are players who have performed well during previous tournaments or would stimulate public interest in Wimbledon by participating. The only wild card to win the Gentlemen's Singles Championship was Goran Ivanišević in 2001. Players and pairs who neither have high enough rankings nor receive wild cards may participate in a qualifying tournament held one week before Wimbledon at the Bank of England Sports Ground in Roehampton. The singles qualifying competitions are three-round events; the same-sex doubles competitions last for only one round. There is no qualifying tournament for Mixed Doubles. The furthest that any qualifier has progressed in a Singles tournament is the semi-final round: John McEnroe in 1977 (Gentlemen's Singles), Vladimir Voltchkov in 2000 (Gentlemen's Singles), and Alexandra Stevenson in 1999 (Ladies' Singles).

text: Players are admitted to the junior tournaments upon the recommendations of their national tennis associations, on their International Tennis Federation world rankings and, in the case of the singles events, on the basis of a qualifying competition. The Committee of Management determines which players may enter the four invitational events.

text: The Committee seeds the top players and pairs on the basis of their rankings, but it can change the seedings based on a player's previous grass court performance. Since 2002 a seeding committee has not been required for the Gentlemen's Singles following an agreement with the ATP. While the seeds are still the top 32 players according to rankings, the seeding order is determined using the formula: ATP Entry System Position points + 100% points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months + 75% points earned for the best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that.[28] A majority of the entrants are unseeded. Only two unseeded players have won the Gentlemen's Singles: Boris Becker in 1985 and Goran Ivanišević in 2001. In 1985 there were only 16 seeds and Becker was ranked 20th; Ivanišević was ranked 125th when he won as a Wild Card entrant, although he had previously been a finalist three times, and been ranked no. 2 in the world; his low ranking was due to having been hampered by a persistent shoulder injury for three years, which had only just cleared up. In 1996, the title was won by Richard Krajicek, who was originally unseeded (ranked 17th, and only 16 players were seeded) but was promoted to a seeded position (still with the number 17) when Thomas Muster withdrew before the tournament. No unseeded player has captured the Ladies' Singles title; the lowest seeded female champion was Venus Williams, who won in 2007 as the 23rd seed; Williams was returning from an injury that had prevented her playing in previous tournaments, giving her a lower ranking than she would normally have had. Unseeded pairs have won the doubles titles on numerous occasions; the 2005 Gentlemen's Doubles champions were not only unseeded, but also (for the first time ever) qualifiers.

text: Grounds[edit]

text: Since 2001, the courts used for Wimbledon have been sown with 100% perennial ryegrass. Prior to 2001 a combination of 70% ryegrass and 30% Creeping Red Fescue was used. The change was made to improve durability and strengthen the sward to better withstand the increasing wear of the modern game.[29][30]

text: The main show courts, Centre Court and No. 1 Court, are normally used for only two weeks a year, during the Championships, but play can extend into a third week in exceptional circumstances. The remaining 17 courts are regularly used for other events hosted by the Club. The show courts were in action for the second time in three months in 2012 as Wimbledon hosted the tennis events of the 2012 Olympic Games. One of the show courts is also used for home ties of the GB teams in the Davis Cup on occasions.

text: Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event played on grass courts. At one time, all the Majors, except the French Open, were played on grass. The US Open abandoned grass in 1975 and the Australian Open in 1988.

text: The principal court, Centre Court, was opened in 1922 when the Club moved from Worple Road to Church Road. The Church Road venue was larger and was needed to meet the ever-growing public demand.

text: Due to the possibility of rain during Wimbledon, a retractable roof was installed prior to the 2009 Championship. It is designed to close/open in about 20 minutes and will be closed primarily to protect play from inclement (and, if necessary, extremely hot) weather during The Championships.[31] When the roof is being opened or closed, play is suspended. The first time the roof was closed during a Wimbledon Championship match was on Monday 29 June 2009, involving Amélie Mauresmo and Dinara Safina. The first full match played and completed under the roof featured Andy Murray and Stan Wawrinka, played on the same date.

text: The court has a capacity of 15,000. At its south end is the Royal Box, from which members of the Royal Family and other dignitaries watch matches. Centre Court usually hosts the finals and semifinals of the main events, as well as many matches in the earlier rounds involving top-seeded players or local favourites.

text: The second most important court is No. 1 Court. The court was constructed in 1997 to replace the old No.1 Court, which was adjacent to Centre Court.  The old No.1 Court was demolished because its capacity for spectators was too low. The court was said to have had a unique, more intimate atmosphere and was a favourite of many players. The new No.1 Court has a capacity of approximately 11,000. Construction on a new retractable roof on the No.1 Court began after the 2017 Championships and is set to be completed in 2019. The capacity of the stadium is also set to rise by 900 taking the total capacity up to 12,400.[32]

text: From 2009, a new No. 2 Court is being used at Wimbledon with a capacity for 4,000 people. To obtain planning permission, the playing surface is around 3.5m below ground level, ensuring that the single-storey structure is only about 3.5m above ground level, and thus not affecting local views.[33] Plans to build on the current site of Court 13 were dismissed due to the high capacity of games played at the 2012 Olympic Games. The old No.2 Court has been renamed as No.3 Court. The old No.2 Court was known as the "Graveyard of Champions" because many highly seeded players were eliminated there during early rounds over the years, including Ilie Năstase, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras, Martina Hingis, Venus Williams, Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova.[34] The court has a capacity of 2,192 + 770 standing. In 2011 a new No.3 Court and a new Court 4 were unveiled on the sites of the old No.2 and 3 courts.[35]

text: Because of the summer climate in southern England, Wimbledon employs 'Court Attendants' each year, who work to maintain court conditions. Their principal responsibility is to ensure that the courts are quickly covered when it begins to rain, so that play can resume as quickly as possible once the referees decide to uncover the courts. The court attendants are mainly university students working to make summer money. Centre Court is covered by full-time groundstaff, however.

text: At the northern end of the grounds is a giant television screen on which important matches are broadcast. Fans watch from an area of grass officially known as the Aorangi Terrace. When British players do well at Wimbledon, the hill attracts fans for them, and is often renamed after them by the press: Greg Rusedski's followers convened at "Rusedski Ridge", and Tim Henman has had the hill nicknamed Henman Hill. As both of them have now retired and Andy Murray is the number 1 British player, the hill is occasionally referred to as "Murray Mound" or "Murrayfield", as a reference to his Scottish heritage and the Scottish rugby ground of the same name, but this has largely failed to catch on – the area is still usually referred to as Henman Hill. None of these nicknames are official.

text: Bank of England Sports Centre[edit]

text: The qualifying matches, prior to the main draw, take place at the Bank of England Sports Ground, in Roehampton, 3.6 miles (5.8 km) from the All-England Club.[36]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: Social commentator Ellis Cashmore describes Wimbledon as having "a David Niven-ish propriety", conforming to the standards of behaviour common in the 1950s. Writer Peter York sees the event as representing a particular white and affluent type of Britishness, describing the area of Wimbledon as "a southern, well off, late-Victorian suburb with a particular social character". Cashmore has criticised the event for being "remote and insulated" from the changing multicultural character of modern Britain, describing it as "nobody's idea of all-things-British".[37]

text: Ball boys and ball girls[edit]

text: In the championship games, ball boys and girls, known as BBGs, play a crucial role in the smooth running of the tournament, with a brief that a good BBG "should not be seen. They should blend into the background and get on with their jobs quietly."[38]

text: From 1947 ball boys were supplied by Goldings,[39] the only Barnardos school to provide them. Prior to this, from the 1920s onwards, the ball boys had been provided by The Shaftesbury Children's Home.

text: Since 1969, BBGs have been provided by local schools. As of 2008 they are drawn from schools in the London boroughs of Merton, Sutton, Kingston, and Wandsworth, as well as from Surrey.[40] Traditionally, Wandsworth Boys Grammar School in Sutherland Grove, Southfields and Mayfield Girls School on West Hill in Wandsworth, both now defunct, were the schools of choice for selection of BBGs. This was possibly owing to their proximity to the club. BBGs have an average age of 15, being drawn from the school years nine and ten.[41] BBGs will serve for one, or if re-selected, up to five tournaments, from Year Nine to Year Thirteen.[42]

text:
Starting in 2005, BBGs work in teams of six, two at the net, four at the corners, and teams rotate one hour on court, one hour off, (two hours depending on the court) for the day's play.[41] Teams are not told which court they will be working on the day, to ensure the same standards across all courts. With the expansion of the number of courts, and lengthening the tennis day, as of 2008, the number of BBGs required is around 250. From the second Wednesday, BBGs are told to leave the Championships, leaving around 80 on the final Sunday. Each BBG receives a certificate, a can of used balls, a group photograph and a programme when leaving. BBG service is paid, with a total of £120-£180 being paid to each ball boy
or girl after the 13-day period depending on the number of days served. Every BBG keeps all of their kit, typically consisting of three or four shirts, two or three shorts or skorts, track suit bottoms and top, twelve pairs of socks, three pairs of wristbands, a hat, water bottle holder, bag and trainers. Along with this it is seen as a privilege, and seen as a valuable addition to a school leaver's curriculum vitae, showing discipline. BBG places are split 50:50 between boys and girls, with girls having been used since 1977, appearing on centre court since 1985.[43]

text: Prospective BBGs are first nominated by their school headteacher, to be considered for selection. To be selected, a candidate must pass written tests on the rules of tennis, and pass fitness, mobility and other suitability tests, against initial preliminary instruction material. Successful candidates then commence a training phase, starting in February, in which the final BBGs are chosen through continual assessment. As of 2008, this training intake was 600. The training includes weekly sessions of physical, procedural and theoretical instruction, to ensure that the BBGs are fast, alert, self-confident and adaptable to situations. As of 2011, early training occurs at the Wimbledon All England Lawn Tennis Club Covered Courts, to the side of the Grounds, and then moves to outside courts (8, 9, 10) the week before the Championships for a feel of the grass court.

text: Colours and uniforms[edit]

text: Dark green and purple are the traditional Wimbledon colours. However, all tennis players participating in the tournament are required to wear all-white or at least almost all-white clothing, a long-time tradition at Wimbledon.[44][h] Wearing white clothing with some colour accents is also acceptable, provided the colour scheme is not that of an identifiable commercial brand logo (the outfitter's brand logo being the sole exception). Controversy followed Martina Navratilova's wearing branding for "Kim" cigarettes in 1982. Green clothing was worn by the chair umpire, linesmen, ball boys and ball girls until the 2005 Championships; however, beginning with the 2006 Championships, officials, ball boys and ball girls were dressed in new navy blue- and cream-coloured uniforms from American designer Ralph Lauren. This marked the first time in the history of the Championships that an outside company was used to design Wimbledon clothing; the contract with Polo Ralph Lauren ended in 2015.

text: Referring to players[edit]

text: By tradition, the "Men's" and "Women's" competitions are referred to as "Gentlemen's" and "Ladies'" competitions at Wimbledon. The junior competitions are referred to as the "Boys'" and "Girls'" competitions.

text: Prior to 2009 female players were referred to by the title "Miss" or "Mrs" on scoreboards. As dictated by strict rule of etiquette, married female players are referred to by their husbands' names: for example, Chris Evert appeared on scoreboards as "Mrs. J. M. Lloyd" during her marriage to John Lloyd, since "Mrs. X" essentially designates the wife of X. This tradition has continued at least to some extent.[46] For the first time during the 2009 tournament, players were referred to on scoreboards by both their first and last names.[47]

text: The title "Mr" is not used for male players who are professionals on scoreboards but the prefix is retained for amateurs, although chair umpires refer to players as "Mr" when they use the replay challenge. The chair umpire will say "Mr <surname> is challenging the call..." and "Mr <surname> has X challenges remaining."   However, the umpires still say Miss/Missus <surname> when announcing the score of the Ladies' matches.

text: If a match is being played with two competitors of the same surname (e.g. Venus and Serena Williams, Bob and Mike Bryan), the chair umpire will specify to whom they are referring by stating the player's first name and surname during announcements (e.g. "Game, Miss Venus Williams", "Advantage, Mike Bryan").

text: Royal family[edit]

text:
Previously, players bowed or curtsied to members of the royal family seated in the Royal Box upon entering or leaving Centre Court. However, in 2003, All England Club president Prince Edward, Duke of Kent decided to discontinue the tradition. Now, players are required to bow or curtsy only if The Prince of Wales, or The Queen is present,[48] as was in practice during the 2010 Championships when the Queen was in attendance at Wimbledon on 24 June.[49]
On 27 June 2012, Roger Federer said in his post-match interview that he and his opponent had been asked to bow towards the Royal Box as Prince Charles and his wife were present, saying that it wasn't a problem for him.[50]

text: Services stewards[edit]

text: Prior to the Second World War, members of the Brigade of Guards and retired members of the Royal Artillery performed the role of stewards. In 1946 the AELTC offered employment to wartime servicemen returning to civilian life during their demobilisation leave. Initially, this scheme extended only to the Royal Navy, followed by the Army in 1947 and the Royal Air Force in 1949. In 1965 London Fire Brigade members joined the ranks of stewards.[51] The service stewards, wearing uniform, are present in Centre Court and No.'s 1, 2, 3, 12 and 18 courts.[52] In 2015, 595 Service and London Fire Brigade stewards attended.[53] Only enlisted members of the Armed Forces may apply for the role, which must be taken as leave, and half of each year's recruits must have stewarded at Wimbledon before. The AELTC pays a subsistence allowance to servicemen and women working as stewards to defray their accommodation costs for the period of the Championships. The Service Stewards are not to be confused with the 185 Honorary Stewards.

text: Tickets[edit]

text: The majority of centre and show court tickets sold to the general public have since 1924 been made available by a public ballot that the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club holds at the start of the year.[57] The ballot has always been substantially oversubscribed. Successful applicants are selected at random by a computer.[58] The most recent figures from 2011 suggested there were four applicants to every ballot ticket. Applications must be posted to arrive at the AELTC by the last day of December in the year prior to the tournament. Seats and days are allocated randomly and ballot tickets are not transferrable.

text: The All England Club, through its subsidiary The All England Lawn Tennis Ground plc, issues Debentures to tennis fans every five years to raise funds for capital expenditure. Fans who invest thus in the club receive a pair of tickets for every day of the Wimbledon Championships for the five years the investment lasts.[59] Only debenture holders are permitted to sell on their tickets to third parties and demand for debentures has increased in recent years, to such an extent that they are even traded on the London Stock Exchange.

text: Wimbledon and the French Open are the only Grand Slam tournaments where fans without tickets for play can queue up and still get seats on the three show courts on the day of the match.[60]  Sequentially numbered queue cards were introduced in 2003. From 2008, there is a single queue, allotted about 500 seats for each court. When they join the queue, fans are handed queue cards. Anyone who then wishes to leave the queue temporarily, even if in possession of a queue card, must agree their position with the others nearby in the queue and/or a steward.

text: To get access to the show courts, fans will normally have to queue overnight.[61] This is done by fans from all over the world and, although considered vagrancy, is part of the Wimbledon experience in itself. The All-England Club allows overnight queuing and provides toilet and water facilities for campers. Early in the morning when the line moves towards the Grounds, stewards walk along the line and hand out wristbands that are colour-coded to the specific court. The wrist band (and payment) is exchanged at the ticket office for the ticket when the grounds open. General admission to the grounds gives access to the outer courts and is possible without queuing overnight. Tickets returned by people leaving early go on sale at 2:30 pm and the money goes to charity. Queuing for the show courts ends after the quarter finals have been completed.

text: At 2.40pm on Day Seven (Monday 28 June) of the 2010 Championships, the one-millionth numbered Wimbledon queue card was handed out to Rose Stanley from South Africa.[62][63]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: Wimbledon is notable for the longest running sponsorship in sports history due to its association with Slazenger who have supplied all tennis balls during the tournament since 1902.[64] Since 1935 Wimbledon has a sponsorship association with the Robinsons fruit drink brand.[65]

text: Media[edit]

text: Radio Wimbledon[edit]

text: Friday before the start of the tournament. Radio Wimbledon can be heard within a five-mile radius on 87.7 FM, and also online. It operates under a Restricted Service Licence and is arguably the most sophisticated RSL annually in the UK. The main presenters are Sam Lloyd and Ali Barton. Typically they work alternate four-hour shifts until the end of the last match of the day. Reporters and commentators include Gigi Salmon, Nick Lestor, Rupert Bell, Nigel Bidmead, Guy Swindells, Lucie Ahl, Nadine Towell and Helen Whitaker. Often they report from the "Crow's Nest", an elevated building housing the Court 3 and 4 scoreboards which affords views of most of the outside courts. Regular guests include Sue Mappin. In recent years Radio Wimbledon acquired a second low-power FM frequency (within the grounds only) of 96.3 FM for uninterrupted Centre Court commentary, and, from 2006, a third for coverage from No. 1 Court on 97.8 FM. Hourly news bulletins and travel (using RDS) are also broadcast.

text: Television coverage[edit]

text: Beginning with the 2018 tournament, an in-house operation known as Wimbledon Broadcasting Services (WBS) has served as the official host broadcaster of the tournament, replacing BBC Sport.[66]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Since 1937 the BBC has broadcast the tournament on television in the UK.[67][i] The matches covered are primarily split between its two main terrestrial channels, BBC One and BBC Two, and their Red Button service. This can result in live matches being moved across all 3 channels. The BBC holds the broadcast rights for Wimbledon until 2024.[69]  During the days of British Satellite Broadcasting, its sports channel carried extra coverage of Wimbledon for subscribers. One of the most notable British commentators was Dan Maskell, who was known as the BBC's "voice of tennis" until his retirement in 1991. John Barrett succeeded him in that role until he retired in 2006. Current commentators working for the BBC at Wimbledon include British ex-players Andrew Castle, John Lloyd, Tim Henman, Greg Rusedski, Samantha Smith and Mark Petchey; tennis legends such as John McEnroe, Tracy Austin, Boris Becker and Lindsay Davenport; and general sports commentators including David Mercer, Barry Davies, Andrew Cotter and Nick Mullins. The coverage is presented by Sue Barker (live) and Claire Balding (highlights). Previous BBC presenters include Des Lynam, David Vine, John Inverdale and Harry Carpenter.

text: The Wimbledon Finals are obliged to be shown live and in full on terrestrial television (BBC Television Service, ITV, Channel 4, or Channel 5) by government mandate. Highlights of the rest of the tournament must be provided by terrestrial stations; live coverage (excepting the finals) may be sought by satellite or cable TV.[70]

text: The BBC was forced to apologise after many viewers complained about "over-talking" by its commentary team during the TV coverage of the event in 2011. It said in a statement that views on commentary were subjective but that they "do appreciate that over-talking can irritate our audience". The BBC added that it hoped it had achieved "the right balance" across its coverage and was "of course sorry if on occasion you have not been satisfied". Tim Henman and John McEnroe were among the ex-players commentating.[71]

text: Wimbledon was also involved in a piece of television history, when on 1 July 1967 the first official colour television broadcast took place in the UK. Four hours live coverage of the 1967 Championships was shown on BBC Two, which was the first television channel in Europe to regularly broadcast in colour. Footage of that historic match no longer survives, however, the Gentlemen's Final of that year is still held in the BBC archives because it was the first Gentlemen's Final transmitted in colour. Since 2007, Wimbledon matches have been transmitted in high-definition, originally on the BBC's free-to-air channel BBC HD, with continual live coverage during the tournament of Centre Court and Court No. 1 as well as an evening highlights show Today at Wimbledon.  Coverage is now shown on BBC One and Two's HD feeds. Beginning 2018, all centre court matches are televised in 4K ultra-high-definition.[72]

text: The BBC's opening theme music for Wimbledon was composed by Keith Mansfield and is titled "Light and Tuneful". A piece titled "A Sporting Occasion" is the traditional closing theme, though nowadays coverage typically ends either with a montage set to a popular song or with no music at all. Mansfield also composed the piece "World Champion", used by NBC during intervals (change-overs, set breaks, etc.) and at the close of broadcasts throughout the tournament.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, RTÉ broadcast the tournament during the 1980s and 1990s on their second channel RTÉ Two, they also provided highlights of the games in the evening. The commentary provided was given by Matt Doyle a former Irish-American professional tennis player and Jim Sherwin a former RTÉ newsreader. Caroline Murphy was the presenter of the programme. RTÉ made the decision in 1998 to discontinue broadcasting the tournament due to falling viewing figures and the large number of viewers watching on the BBC.[73] From 2005 until 2014 TG4 Ireland's Irish-language broadcaster provided coverage of the tournament. Live coverage was provided in the Irish language while they broadcast highlights in English at night.[74]

text: In 2015 Wimbledon moved to pay TV broadcaster Setanta Sports under a 3-year agreement.[75] Its successor, Eir Sport, currently hosts broadcasting rights in Ireland.

text: Americas[edit]

text: In the United States, ABC began showing taped highlights of the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles Final in the 1960s on its Wide World of Sports series. NBC began covering Wimbledon in 1969, with same-day taped (and often edited) coverage of the Gentlemen's Singles Final. In 1979, the network began carrying the Gentlemen's and Ladies' Singles Finals live. For the next few decades, Americans made a tradition of NBC's "Breakfast at Wimbledon"[76] specials at weekends. Live coverage started early in the morning (the US being a minimum of 5 hours behind the UK) and continued well into the afternoon, interspersed with commentary and interviews from Bud Collins, whose tennis acumen and (in)famous patterned trousers were well known to tennis fans in the US. Collins was sacked by NBC in 2007, but was promptly hired by ESPN, the cable home for The Championships in the States. For many years NBC's primary Wimbledon host was veteran broadcaster Dick Enberg.

text: From 1975 to 1999, premium channel HBO carried weekday coverage of Wimbledon. Hosts included Jim Lampley, Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova, John Lloyd and Barry MacKay among others.[77]

text: Previously, weekday coverage in the United States was exclusively handled by ESPN2 during the tournament's first week.  During the tournament's second week it was split between ESPN2 and NBC.  ESPN's online service ESPN3 provides full coverage of courts not televised using BBC graphics and commentary. Since the 2012 tournament, all live coverage, including the Finals, has been exclusively on ESPN and ESPN2, marking the second major tennis championship (after the Australian Open) available in the United States exclusively on pay television (although taped highlights from the tournament are presented at weekend afternoons on sister network ABC).[78] Taped coverage using the world feed is aired in primetime and overnights on Tennis Channel and is branded Wimbledon Primetime.

text: In Canada, coverage of Wimbledon is exclusively carried by TSN and RDS, which are co-owned by Bell Media and ESPN.

text: In Mexico, the Televisa family of networks has aired Wimbledon since the early 1960s.  Presently, most weekend matches are broadcast through Canal 5 with the weekday matches broadcast on the Televisa Deportes Network.  As Mexico is six hours behind the U.K., some Canal 5 affiliates air the weekend matches as the first program of the day after sign-on.  Although Mexico had begun broadcasting in colour in 1962, Wimbledon continued to air in black and white in Mexico until colour television came to the United Kingdom in 1967.

text: In most of the remainder of Latin America, Wimbledon airs on ESPN, as do the other Grand Slam tournaments. In Brazil, SporTV has exclusive rights to the broadcast.

text: Other countries[edit]

text: In several European countries, Wimbledon is shown live on Eurosport 1, Eurosport 2 and the Eurosport Player. Although there are some exceptions, as in Denmark, where the Danish channel TV3 Sport and Viaplay, holds the rights to show Wimbledon until 2019. In the Netherlands Center Court is shown live on Eurosport 1 and all other courts are shown live on the Eurosport Player. But Court One is covered live on Ziggo Sport/Ziggo Sport Select.

text: In Australia, the free-to-air Nine Network covered Wimbledon for almost 40 years but decided to drop their broadcast following the 2010 tournament, citing declining ratings and desire to use money saved to bid on other sports coverage. In April 2011, it was announced that the Seven Network, the host broadcaster of the Australian Open, along with its sister channel 7Two would broadcast the event from 2011. Pay television network Fox Sports Australia also covers the event. In India and its Subcontinental region, it is broadcast on Star Sports.

text: Coverage is free-to-air in New Zealand through TVNZ One, beginning each night at 11 pm (midday in London).  In 2017 their new channel, TVNZ Duke (also free-to-air), carried an alternative to the main feed, including (for example) matches on outside courts involving New Zealand players.

text: Fox Sports Asia holds broadcasting rights across Southeast Asia.

text: Most matches are also available for viewing through internet betting websites and other live streaming services, as television cameras are set up to provide continuous coverage on nearly all the courts.

text: Trophies and prize money[edit]

text: Trophies[edit]

text: The Gentlemen's Singles champion is presented with a silver gilt cup 18.5 inches (about 47 cm) in height and 7.5 inches (about 19 cm) in diameter. The trophy has been awarded since 1887 and bears the inscription: "All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Championship of the World". The actual trophy remains the property of the All England Club in their museum, so the champion receives a three-quarter size replica of the Cup bearing the names of all past Champions (height 13.5 inches, 34cm).[79]

text: The Ladies' Singles champion is presented with a sterling silver salver commonly known as the "Venus Rosewater Dish", or simply the "Rosewater Dish". The salver, which is 18.75 inches (about 48 cm) in diameter, is decorated with figures from mythology.  The actual dish remains the property of the All England Club in their museum, so the champion receives a miniature replica bearing the names of all past Champions. From 1949 to 2006 the replica was 8 inches in diameter, and since 2007 it has been a three-quarter size replica with a diameter of 13.5 inches.[79]

text: The winner of the Gentlemen's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles, and Mixed Doubles events receive silver cups. A trophy is awarded to each player in the Doubles pair, unlike the other Grand Slam tournaments where the winning Doubles duo shares a single trophy. The Gentlemen's Doubles silver challenge cup was originally from the Oxford University Lawn Tennis Club and donated to the All England Club in 1884. The Ladies' Doubles Trophy, a silver cup and cover known as The Duchess of Kent Challenge Cup, was presented to the All England Club in 1949 by The Duchess of Kent. The Mixed Doubles Trophy is a silver challenge cup and cover presented to the All England Club by the family of two-time Wimbledon doubles winner S.H. Smith.[79][80]

text: The runner-up in each event receives an inscribed silver plate. The trophies are usually presented by the President of the All England Club, The Duke of Kent.[79]

text: Prize money[edit]

text: Prize money was first awarded in 1968, the year that professional players were allowed to compete in the Championships for the first time. Total prize money was £26,150; the winner of the men's title earned £2,000 while the women's singles champion received £750.[81][82]

text: Before 2007, among grand slam tournaments, Wimbledon and the French Open awarded more prize money in men's events than in women's events. In 2007, Wimbledon changed this policy, awarding the same amounts per event category to both men and women.[83] The decision has been controversial because women generally spend considerably less time playing on court than men (except in mixed doubles) owing to their wins being based upon best of three sets, whereas men's are based upon best of five sets.[84][85]

text: In 2009, a total of £12,500,000 in prize money was awarded with the singles champions receiving £850,000 each, an increase of 13.3 percent on 2008.[86] In 2010 total prize money increased to £13,725,000, and the singles champions received £1,000,000 each. A further increase of 6.4% in 2011 resulted in a total prize money amount of £14,600,000. Both male and female singles champions prize money increased to £1,100,000, a rise of 10%.[87] The 2012 Championships offered total prize money of £16,060,000, an increase of 10.0% from 2011. The bulk of the increases were given to players losing in earlier rounds.[88] This move was in response to the growing angst among lower-ranked players concerning the inadequacy of their pay. Sergiy Stakhovsky, a member of the ATP Player Council and who was at the time ranked 68th, was among the most vocal in the push for higher pay for players who bow out in the earlier rounds. In an interview Stakhovsky intimated that it is not uncommon for lower-ranked players to be in the negative, for certain tour events, if their results weren't stellar.[89]  This issue gained the attention of the men's "Big Four"—Novak Djokovic, Roger Federer, Andy Murray, and Rafael Nadal—as well as the Championships.

text: In 2013 total prize money was further increased by about 40% from 2012 to £22,560,000. The losers in the earlier singles rounds of the tournament saw a highest 62% increase in their pay while the total prize money of the doubles increased by 22%. The prize money for participants of the qualifying matches saw an increase of 41%. Sergiy Stakhovsky, a member of the  ATP Player Council, was the loudest voice for this increase.[90][91] The 2015 prize money was £1,880,000 each for the Gentlemen's and Ladies' Singles winners, £340,000 each pair for the Gentlemen's and Ladies' Doubles winners, and £100,000 per pair for the Mixed Doubles winners. The total prize money awarded is £26,750,000 up 7% from the £25,000,000 in 2014.[92] The 2016 Wimbledon Championships saw prize money for the Gentlemen's and Ladies' Singles winners reach £2,000,000 for the first time. The winning pair of the Gentlemen's and Ladies' Doubles received £350,000, a £10,000 increase from 2015. £100,000 was awarded to the winning pair of the Mixed Doubles competition.

text: In 2016, the total prize money of £28,100,000 was a 5% increase on the 2015 prize money.

text: In 2017, the total prize money rose by 12.5% to £31,600,000, with the Gentlemen’s and Ladies’ Singles Champions each receiving £2.2 million, a 10% increase from £2.0 million in 2016.[93]

text:
2017 Gentlemen's & Ladies' Singles Prize Money[93]

Category

Amount each

Increase from 2016

Winners

£2,200,000
10.0%

Runners-up

£1,100,000
10.0%

Losing semifinalists

£550,000
10.0%

Losing quarterfinalists

£275,000
10.0%

Fourth round losers

£147,000
11.4%

Third round losers

£90,000
12.5%

Second round losers

£57,000
14.0%

First round losers

£35,000
16.7%

text: Ranking points[edit]

text: Ranking points for the ATP and WTA have varied at Wimbledon through the years but at present singles players receive the following points:

text:
ATP

WTA

First round

10
10

Second round

45
70

Third round

90
130

Fourth round

180
240

Quarterfinalist

360
430

Semifinalist

720
780

Runner-up

1200
1300

Champion

2000
2000

text: Champions[edit]

text: Past champions[edit]

text:
Gentlemen's Singles[j]
Ladies' Singles[k]
Gentlemen's Doubles
Ladies' Doubles
Mixed Doubles

text: Current champions[edit]

text:
Novak Djokovic was the winner of the Gentlemen's Singles in 2018. It was his thirteenth Grand Slam Men's Singles title and his fourth Wimbledon title.

Angelique Kerber was the winner of the Ladies' Singles in 2018. It was her third Grand Slam Women's Singles title and her first title at Wimbledon after previously having reached the final in 2016.

Mike Bryan was part of the winning Men's Doubles team in 2018. It was his seventeenth Grand Slam Men's Doubles title.

Jack Sock was part of the winning Men's Doubles team in 2018. It was his second Grand Slam Men's Doubles title.

Barbora Krejčíková was part of the winning Women's Doubles title in 2018. This was her second Grand Slam Women's Doubles title.

Kateřina Siniaková was part of the winning Women's Doubles title in 2018. This was her second Grand Slam Women's Doubles title.

Alexander Peya was part of the winning Mixed Doubles title in 2018.

Nicole Melichar was part of the winning Mixed Doubles title in 2018.

text:
Event

Champion

Runner-up

Score

2018 Gentlemen's Singles
 Novak Djokovic
 Kevin Anderson
6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

2018 Ladies' Singles
 Angelique Kerber
 Serena Williams
6–3, 6–3

2018 Gentlemen's Doubles
 Mike Bryan   Jack Sock
 Raven Klaasen   Michael Venus
6–3, 6–7(9–7), 6–3, 5–7, 7–5

2018 Ladies' Doubles
 Barbora Krejčíková   Kateřina Siniaková
 Nicole Melichar   Květa Peschke
6–4, 4–6, 6–0

2018 Mixed Doubles
 Alexander Peya   Nicole Melichar
 Jamie Murray   Victoria Azarenka
7–6(7–1), 6–3

text: Records[edit]

text:
Gentlemen since 1877

Record

Era

Player(s)

Count

Winning years

Winner of most Gentlemen's Singles titles

Before 1968:

 William Renshaw

7

1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889

Open Era:

 Roger Federer

8

2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017

Winner of most consecutive Gentlemen's Singles titles

Before 1968:

 William Renshaw[l]

6

1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886

Open Era:

 Björn Borg   Roger Federer

5

1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980   2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007

Winner of most Gentlemen's Doubles titles

Before 1968:

 Reginald Doherty   Laurence Doherty

8

1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1903, 1904, 1905

Open Era:

 Todd Woodbridge

9

1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000 (with Mark Woodforde), 2002, 2003, 2004 (with Jonas Björkman)

Winner of most consecutive Gentlemen's Doubles titles

Before 1968:

 Reginald Doherty   Laurence Doherty

5

1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901

Open Era:

 Todd Woodbridge   Mark Woodforde

5

1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997

Winner of most Mixed Doubles titles – Gentlemen

Before 1968:

 Ken Fletcher   Vic Seixas

4

1963, 1965, 1966, 1968 (with Margaret Court)  1953, 1954, 1955, 1956 (3 with Doris Hart, 1 with Shirley Fry Irvin)

Open Era:

 Owen Davidson   Leander Paes

4

1967, 1971, 1973, 1974 (with Billie Jean King)  1999 (with Lisa Raymond), 2003 (with Martina Navratilova), 2010 (with Cara Black), 2015 (with Martina Hingis)

Winner of most Championships (total: singles, doubles, mixed) – Gentlemen

Before 1968:

 Laurence Doherty

13

1897–1906 (5 singles, 8 doubles)

Open Era:

 Todd Woodbridge

10

1993–2004 (9 doubles, 1 mixed)

text:
Ladies since 1884

Record

Era

Player(s)

Count

Winning years

Winner of most Ladies' Singles titles

Before 1968:

 Helen Wills

8

1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1938

Open Era:

/ Martina Navratilova

9

1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990

Winner of most consecutive Ladies' Singles titles

Before 1968:

 Suzanne Lenglen

5

1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923

Open Era:

/ Martina Navratilova

6

1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987

Winner of most Ladies' Doubles titles

Before 1968:

 Elizabeth Ryan

12

1914 (with Agatha Morton), 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1925 (with Suzanne Lenglen), 1926 (with Mary Browne), 1927, 1930 (with Helen Wills), 1933, 1934 (with Simonne Mathieu)

Open Era:

/ Martina Navratilova

7

1976 (with Chris Evert), 1979 (with Billie Jean King), 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 (with Pam Shriver)

Winner of most consecutive Ladies' Doubles titles

Before 1968:

 Suzanne Lenglen   Elizabeth Ryan

5

1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923

Open Era:

/ Martina Navratilova   Pam Shriver
/ Natasha Zvereva

4

1981, 1982, 1983, 1984
1991 (with Larisa Neiland), 1992, 1993, 1994 (with Gigi Fernández)

Winner of most Mixed Doubles titles – ladies

Before 1968:

 Elizabeth Ryan

7

1919, 1921, 1923 (with Randolph Lycett), 1927 (with Frank Hunter), 1928 (with Patrick Spence), 1930 (with Jack Crawford), 1932 (with Enrique Maier)

Open Era:

/ Martina Navratilova

4

1985 (with Paul McNamee), 1993 (with Mark Woodforde), 1995 (with Jonathan Stark), 2003 (with Leander Paes)

Winner of most Championships (total: singles, doubles, mixed) – ladies

Before 1968:

 Elizabeth Ryan

19

1914–34 (12 doubles, 7 mixed)

Open Era:

/ Martina Navratilova

20

1976–2003 (9 singles, 7 doubles, 4 mixed)

Combined:

 Billie Jean King

20

1961–79 (6 singles, 10 doubles, 4 mixed)

text:
Miscellaneous

Record

Era

Player(s)

Count

Winning years

Career match winning performance (men) singles

 Björn Borg

92.72% (51–4)

1973–1981 (open era)

Career match winning performance (women) singles

 Steffi Graf

90.36% (75–8)

1984–1999 (open era)

Won title without losing a set (men) singles

 Frank Hadow   Don Budge   Tony Trabert   Chuck McKinley   Björn Borg   Roger Federer

18–0  21–0  20–0

1878  1938  1955  1963  1976  2017

Most games won in a final

 Andy Roddick

39

2009

Most matches played (men)

 Jean Borotra

223

1922–39, 1948–64

Most consecutive Wimbledons played (men)

 Arthur Gore[94]

30

1888–1922

Most matches played (women)

/ Martina Navratilova

326

Most consecutive Wimbledons played (women)

 Virginia Wade[95]

26

1960–1985

Loser of most singles finals (men or women)

 Blanche Bingley Hillyard   Chris Evert

7

1885, 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1901  1973, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1985

Lowest-ranked winner (men or women)

 Goran Ivanišević

125th

2001

Wildcard winner (men or women)

 Goran Ivanišević

2001

Lowest-ranked winner (women)

 Venus Williams

31st (23rd seed)

2007

Youngest winner (men)

 Boris Becker

17 years  227 days

1985

Youngest winner (Ladies' Singles)

 Lottie Dod

15 years285 days

1887

Youngest winner (Ladies' Doubles)

 Martina Hingis

15 years  282 days

1996

Oldest winner (men)

 Arthur Gore

41 years  182 days

1909

Winners of both junior boys' and senior men's singles

 Björn Borg Pat Cash Stefan Edberg Roger Federer

1972198219831998

1976-80 inclusive19871988, 19902003-7, 2009, 2012, 2017

Winners of both junior girls' and senior women's singles

 Karen Hantze Ann Haydon Martina Hingis Amelie Mauresmo

1960195619941996

19621969 (under married name Jones)19972006

Longest men's final by time

 Roger Federer vs  Rafael Nadal

4hrs 48mins

2008

Longest men's match by time

 John Isner vs  Nicolas Mahut

11hrs 5mins

2010

Longest men's final by games

 Roger Federer vs  Andy Roddick

77 games

2009

Longest men's match by games

 John Isner vs  Nicolas Mahut

183 games

2010

Longest women's final by time

 Lindsay Davenport vs  Venus Williams

2hrs 45mins

2005

Longest women's match by time

 Chanda Rubin vs  Patricia Hy-Boulais

3hrs 45mins[96]

1995

Longest women's final by games

 Margaret Court vs  Billie-Jean King

46 games

1970

Set won without losing a point (golden set)

 Yaroslava Shvedova     (3rd round vs  S Errani, 1st set)

15 mins

2012


document_title: Gun laws in Indiana

question_text: how old do you have to be to carry a gun in indiana

root

text: Gun laws in Indiana

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State permit required to purchase?
No
No
None

Firearm registration?
No
No
None

Assault weapon law?
No
No
None

Magazine capacity restriction?
No
No
None

Owner license required?
No
No
None

Carry license required?
No
Yes
IC 35-47-2-3
Shall-Issue. Officially "License to Carry Handgun", which covers concealed and open carry.
As of July 1, 2017, persons who a) are at least 18 years old, b) are protected by a protection order, c) have applied for a license, and d) are not prohibited from possessing a handgun may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued.[1]

Open carry?
Yes
Yes
IC 35-47-2-3
May carry openly with license.
On May 9, 2017, the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that detaining an individual based solely upon their possession of a handgun (in order to verify that they are licensed) violates the Fourth Amendment absent any other reasonable articulable suspicion of a crime being committed.[2]

Vehicle carry?
Yes
Yes
IC 35-47-2-3
May carry in a vehicle with license.[3]

State preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes
IC 35-47-11.1-2
Enacted in 2011

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
IC 35-47-5-10
Federal laws observed.

Shall certify?
Yes
Yes

Shall certify within 15 days.[4]

Peaceable journey laws?
No
No
None
Federal rules observed.

Castle Doctrine law?
Yes
Yes
IC 35-41-3-2
No duty to retreat from dwelling, curtilage, or occupied motor vehicle.

Duty to inform?
No
No
IC 35-47-2-24
Indiana law does not require one to disclose possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No
None

Red flag law?
Yes
Yes
IC 35-47-14-6(b)
The police may temporarily confiscate firearms from people who are threatening to harm themselves or others, and then get a court order afterwards.

tag: table

text: State preemption[edit]

text: Local laws regulating the possession and ownership of ammunition, firearms and shooting accessories are prohibited per IC 35–47–11.1–2, subject to the exemptions listed in IC 35–47–11.1–4. (New provisions effective 2011 Jul 01.)

tag: p

text: Carrying handguns[edit]

text: Indiana requires a license for most methods of carrying a handgun. Indiana laws are silent concerning the manner of carry; therefore, the laws cover open carry, concealed carry, vehicle carry, and locked case carry. There are exceptions for carrying a handgun unloaded, not readily accessible, and secured in a case in a vehicle, on your own property, from place of purchase and to a firearm range for the purpose of practice.[5]

text: Indiana is a "shall issue" state for the License To Carry a Handgun.[6] A license to carry will be issued to individuals age 18 or older who meet a number of legal requirements. Currently both limited term and unlimited lifetime licenses are available.

text: Grounds for disqualification include a conviction for a felony or for misdemeanor domestic battery. A license can also be denied if the applicant has been arrested for a violent crime and "a court has found probable cause to believe that the person committed the offense charged". Documented substance abuse within a certain time frame is a disqualifier, as is documented evidence of any given person's "propensity for violent or emotionally unstable conduct."

text: Indiana residents, or non-residents with a "regular place of business" in Indiana, must obtain an Indiana license. Application for a license must be made to the local police department, or absent that, to the county police department. Four-year and lifetime permits are issued for Indiana residents. Out-of-state residents may only be issued four-year permits, minus Active Duty Military who become stationed in Indiana. Active Duty military stationed in Indiana can apply for lifetime permits through their local city or county police department.

text: Indiana law stands mute vis-à-vis long gun carry. There are some Department of Natural Resources (DNR) rules, but these only apply on DNR properties or to hunters. Generally speaking, possession of long guns is legal whether the gun is either on one's person or in one's motor vehicle, loaded or not, concealed or not. There are additional rules regarding firearms possession on ATVs and snowmobiles.

text: Restricted locations[edit]

text: It is illegal for anyone, except for law enforcement officers and authorized school resource officers, to possess a firearm on school property (K-12 and day care) or on a school bus,[7] except that lawful gun owners may have guns in their vehicles on school property provided that the gun is stored out of plain sight in the person's locked motor vehicle[8] or that the driver is only transporting someone to, or from, a school event. It is also illegal to carry a firearm on a commercial airplane or in the controlled section of an airport,[9] on a riverboat gambling cruise, at the Indiana State Fair, courthouses and the Indiana Statehouse and Government Center. Carrying on Army Corps of Engineers property which include Brookville Lake, Cagles Mill Lake, Cecil M. Harden Lake, J. Edward Roush Lake, Mississinewa Lake, Monroe Lake, Patoka Lake, and Salamonie Lake is restricted according to CFR Title 36, Chapter 111, Part 327.[10]

text: Private businesses may restrict or forbid firearms on their properties. However, a 2010 law prohibits employers from discharging employees for in-vehicle firearms possession on business property.[11] Furthermore, an employer may not ask any employee about the possession of firearms and/or ammunition.[12]

text: Ownership and purchase[edit]

text: Firearms dealers or private individuals may not sell any firearm to someone less than 18 years old, or less than 23 years old if the buyer was "adjudicated a delinquent child for an act that would be a felony if committed by an adult", or to a person who is mentally incompetent or is a drug or alcohol abuser.[citation needed]

text: All NFA-regulated weapons and devices are legal in Indiana.

text: Reciprocity[edit]

text: Indiana honors all other states handgun licenses, though not all other states honor Indiana's license.[13] Because there is no obligation for one state to notify another state of any change in their gun laws the Indiana State Police does not attempt to track this information. An Illinois Firearms Owners Identification (FOID) card allows Illinois residents to purchase and possess firearms and ammunition. The FOID is not a permit to carry a handgun, therefore it is not honored as such by Indiana,[14] but the Illinois license to carry a concealed firearm, first issued in February 2014, is honored like that of any other state.

text: The following states have established arrangements where they recognize or honor permits or licenses issued by the State of Indiana: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[15]

text: Firearm (Handgun) License Statistics[edit]

text: In January 2013, the Indiana State Police Firearms Section began publishing quarterly reports that show the number of active handgun licenses held by Indiana residents. As of December 31, 2015, there were 661,334 active licenses to carry firearms issued by Indiana, with 23.8% being issued to females. In 2015, 5.4% of all applicants were rejected for various reasons, 15.5% of rejected applicants being female.[16]

text: Loss of Firearm Rights[edit]

text: Both Indiana and Federal laws restrict purchase and possession under certain circumstances. Federal law prohibits possession of firearms for life by those convicted of felonies and for those convicted of misdemeanors involving domestic violence. Indiana law prohibits as follows:

text:
IC 35-47-2-1 prohibits carrying handguns or possession within dwelling by those convicted of domestic battery.
IC 35-47-4-6 states that it is a Class A misdemeanor for a person convicted of domestic battery to possess a firearm.
IC 35-47-2-7 prohibits transfer or sale of firearms to any person with a felony conviction.
IC 35-47-4-5 prohibits possession of firearms for convictions of "serious violent felonies".

tag: ul

text: While Indiana law mirrors federal law for the most part, it does not ban those with non-violent felonies from possession of firearms. Therefore, a person with a non-violent felony in Indiana would be allowed to possess a firearm under Indiana law, but because federal law prohibits possession in this instance, that person would be unable to purchase a firearm since purchasing a firearm is subject to federal law and a NICS background check.[17]

text: Restoration of Firearm Rights[edit]

text: Because firearm rights are governed by state and federal law, whether someone can restore those rights can be a tricky question even for an attorney to answer. In some circumstances a person might be able to restore their Indiana rights while not fully restoring their federal rights.

text: For those barred from possession because of a conviction for domestic battery, Indiana Code § 35-47-4-7 allows one to petition the court for restoration of the right after 5 years from the date of conviction.

text: Restoration of rights for those convicted of felonies is usually barred by federal law. This arises because federal law does not recognize expungements as restoring firearm rights if the expungement does not fully satisfy federal law by fully sealing the conviction so that it cannot be used in subsequent proceedings. Therefore, while an Indiana expungement restores civil rights (except for domestic battery, which requires a separate petition), it does not restore one's federal rights. The only exception is for non-violent Class D felony convictions. Because Indiana law allows those with non-violent Class D felony convictions to petition the court to reduce the felony to a Class A misdemeanor, unless a person was barred by other convictions, a successful reduction will restore a person's rights under federal and state law.[18]

text: Other laws[edit]

text: In Indiana, the police may temporarily confiscate firearms from people who are threatening to harm themselves or others. No warrant or judge's signature is necessary. The police must submit a written statement describing why the person whose guns were seized is considered dangerous, and the person can respond at a hearing. Within 14 days a judge must agree that probable cause exists, or the person's guns must be returned.[19][20][21][22]

text: Cartridges that "can be fired in a handgun" that have "a projectile that has a metal core and an outer coating of plastic" are prohibited. "This section does not apply to nylon coated ammunition, plastic shot capsules, or ammunition designed to be used in rifles or shotguns."

text: Indiana provides lawsuit protection to law-abiding manufacturers, sellers, and trade associations for the misuse of firearms by third parties. Lawsuits are permitted for cases of damage or injury caused by defective firearms or ammunition, or breach of contract or warranty.[23]

text: Indiana's law about self-defense (and the defense of others) can be found at Indiana Code, Title 35, Article 41, Chapter 3–2.

text: Suppressors are legal in the state of Indiana with the correct provisions and tax stamps to the correct federal entities and may be used for hunting.

text: The information in this article is either directly stated (or inferred) from Indiana Code, Title 35, Article 47, Chapters 1–14, Title 34, Article 28, Chapter 7 and Title 34, Article 12, Chapter 3.


document_title: Grand Canyon National Park

question_text: when was the grand canyon national park founded

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: History[edit]

text: "Grand Canyon" was officially designated a national park on February 26, 1919,[5] though the landmark had been well known to Americans for over thirty years prior.[6] In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt visited the site and said: "The Grand Canyon fills me with awe. It is beyond comparison—beyond description; absolutely unparalleled through-out the wide world... Let this great wonder of nature remain as it now is. Do nothing to mar its grandeur, sublimity and loveliness. You cannot improve on it. But what you can do is to keep it for your children, your children's children, and all who come after you, as the one great sight which every American should see."[7]

text: Despite Roosevelt's enthusiasm and strong interest in preserving land for public use, the Grand Canyon was not immediately designated as a national park. The first bill to establish Grand Canyon National Park was introduced in 1882 by then-Senator Benjamin Harrison, which would have established Grand Canyon as the second national park in the United States after Yellowstone. Harrison unsuccessfully reintroduced his bill in 1883 and 1886; after his election to the presidency, he established the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in 1893. Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon Game Preserve by proclamation on 28 November 1906,[8] and the Grand Canyon National Monument in 1908.[9] Further Senate bills to establish the site as a national park were introduced and defeated in 1910 and 1911, before the Grand Canyon National Park Act was finally signed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1919. The National Park Service, established in 1916, assumed administration of the park.

text: The creation of the park was an early success of the conservation movement. Its national park status may have helped thwart proposals to dam the Colorado River within its boundaries. (Later, the Glen Canyon Dam would be built upriver.) In 1975, the former Marble Canyon National Monument, which followed the Colorado River northeast from the Grand Canyon to Lee's Ferry, was made part of Grand Canyon National Park. In 1979, UNESCO declared the park a World Heritage Site.

text: In 2010, Grand Canyon National Park was honored with its own coin under the America the Beautiful Quarters program.[10]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Grand Canyon, including its extensive system of tributary canyons, is valued for its combination of size, depth, and exposed layers of colorful rocks dating back to Precambrian times. The canyon itself was created by the incision of the Colorado River and its tributaries after the Colorado Plateau was uplifted, causing the Colorado River system to develop along its present path.

text: The primary public areas of the park are the North and South Rims of the Grand Canyon itself. The rest of the park is extremely rugged and remote, although many places are accessible by pack trail and backcountry roads. Only the Navajo Bridge near Page connects the rims by road in Arizona; this journey can take around five hours by car. Otherwise, the two rims of the Canyon are connected via the Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge and the Hoover Dam.[11]

text: The park headquarters are at Grand Canyon Village, not far from the south entrance to the park, near one of the most popular viewpoints.

text: North Rim[edit]

text: The North Rim is a smaller, more remote area with less tourist activity. It is accessed by Arizona State Route 67.[12]

text: South Rim[edit]

text: The South Rim is more accessible than the North Rim;[13] most visitors to the park come to the South Rim, arriving on Arizona State Route 64. The highway enters the park through the South Entrance, near Tusayan, Arizona, and heads eastward, leaving the park through the East Entrance.[13] Interstate 40 provides access to the area from the south. From the north, U.S. Route 89 connects Utah, Colorado, and the North Rim to the South Rim.[14] Overall, some 30 miles of the South Rim are accessible by road.[citation needed]

text: Services[edit]

text: Grand Canyon Village is located at the north end of U.S. Route 180, coming from Flagstaff. It is a full-service community, including lodging, fuel, food, souvenirs, a hospital, churches, and access to trails and guided walks and talks.[11]

text: Lodging[edit]

text: Several lodging facilities are available along the South Rim. Hotels and other lodging include: El Tovar, Bright Angel Lodge, Kachina Lodge, Thunderbird Lodge, and Maswik Lodge, all of which are located in the village area, and Phantom Ranch, located on the canyon floor. There is also an RV Park named Trailer Village. All of these facilities are managed by Xanterra Parks & Resorts, while the Yavapai Lodge (also in the village area) is managed by Delaware North.[15]

text: On the North rim there is the historic Grand Canyon Lodge[15] managed by Forever Resorts and a campground near the lodge, managed by the National Park staff.[16]

text: Activities[edit]

text: South Rim[edit]

text: A variety of activities at the South Rim cater to park visitors. The South Rim Drive (35 miles (56 km) is a driving tour split into two segments. The western drive to Hermit's Point is 8 miles (13 km) with several overlooks along the way, including Mohave Point, Hopi Point, and the Powell Memorial.[11] From March to December, access to Hermit's Rest is restricted to the free shuttle provided by the Park Service. The eastern portion to Desert View is 25 miles (40 km), and is open to private vehicles year round.

text: Walking tours include the Rim Trail, which runs west from the Pipe Creek viewpoint for about 8 miles (13 km) of paved road, followed by 7 miles (11 km) unpaved to Hermit's Rest. Hikes can begin almost anywhere along this trail, and a shuttle can return hikers to their point of origin. Mather Point, the first view most people reach when entering from the South Entrance, is a popular place to begin.

text: Private canyon flyovers are provided by helicopters and small airplanes out of Las Vegas, Phoenix, and Grand Canyon National Park Airport. Due to a crash in the 1990s, scenic flights are no longer allowed to fly within 1,500 feet (460 m) of the rim within the Grand Canyon National Park.[17] Flights within the canyon are still available outside of park boundaries.[18]

text: North Rim[edit]

text: On the North Rim there are few roads, however, there are some notable vehicle accessible lookout points including Point Imperial, Roosevelt Point, and Cape Royal. Mule rides are also available that go to a variety of places including several thousand feet down into the canyon.

text: Many visitors to the North Rim choose to make use of the variety of hiking trails including the Widforss Trail, Uncle Jim's Trail, the Transept Trail, and the North Kaibab Trail, the latter of which can be followed all the way down to the Colorado River, and to across to the South Kaibab Trail and the Bright Angel Trail, which continue up to the south rim of the Grand Canyon.

text: The Toroweap Overlook is located in the western part of the park on the North Rim. Access is via unpaved roads off Route 389 west of Fredonia, Arizona. The roads lead through Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument and to the overlook.

text: Development[edit]

text: The US government had halted development of a 1.6 million acres area including the National Park from 1966 to 2009, during the Bennett Freeze, because of an ownership dispute between Hopi and Navajo.[19]

text: Grand Canyon Association[edit]

text: The Grand Canyon Association (GCA) is the National Park Service's official nonprofit partner. It raises private funds to benefit Grand Canyon National Park by operating retail shops and visitor centers within the park, and providing educational opportunities about the natural and cultural history of the region.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
1938 poster of the park

Little Colorado River

Colorado River from the South Rim

A rockfall from the North Rim

From the South Rim in winter

America The Beautiful Quarter


document_title: Put Your Hand in the Hand

question_text: who wrote the song put your hand in the hand

text: Put Your Hand in the Hand

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Put Your Hand in the Hand"

Single by Ocean

from the album Put Your Hand in the Hand

B-side
"Tear Down the Fences"

Released
March 1971

Recorded
1970

Genre
Pop, gospel

Length
2:52 – Single Edit
3:53 – Album Cut

Label
Kama Sutra

Songwriter(s)
Gene MacLellan

Producer(s)
Greg Brown, Ocean

Ocean singles chronology

"Put Your Hand in the Hand"
(1971)
"Deep Enough for Me"
(1970)

"Put Your Hand in the Hand"
(1970)
"Deep Enough for Me"
(1970)

text: "Put Your Hand in the Hand" is a gospel pop song composed by Gene MacLellan and first recorded by Canadian singer Anne Murray from her third studio album Honey, Wheat and Laughter.

text: It became a hit single for the Canadian band Ocean, released as the title track to their debut album. The single peaked at No. 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and went on to become 22nd best-seller of 1971. The single version omitted the instrumental, that occurs between the second chorus and the second verse, as well as the repeat of the chorus and the final instrumentalist chorus, that ends without the fade. The song was used in the 2013 film Prisoners.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: 7" single

text:
A1 "Put Your Hand in the Hand" – 2:52
A2 "Tear Down the Fences" – 2:53

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: The song was also covered in the 1970s by a number of other performers, including Elvis Presley (who also covered MacLellan's "Snowbird"), Randy Stonehill, Frankie Laine, Donny Hathaway, Joan Baez, Dutch group Himalaya, the Les Humphries Singers and a German-language version ("Ich fand eine Hand") by Cindy & Bert.

text: Bing Crosby recorded the song for his 1972 album Bing 'n' Basie.

text: Evangelist Garner Ted Armstrong covered the song in a January 1976 episode of Hee Haw. Country singers Sandy Posey, Lynn Anderson and Loretta Lynn, and The Oak Ridge Boys also recorded the song.

text: South African singer Ray Dylan recorded a cover on his album Goeie Ou Country - Op Aanvraag.[1]

text: In a 1991 episode of the sitcom Family Matters titled "Choir Trouble", the cast was singing the song in their church as part of their Gospel Fest.

text: After MacLellan's suicide in 1995, his friend and fellow Atlantic Canadian musician Ron Hynes wrote the song "Godspeed" as a tribute, the lyrics for which reference the title of this song.[2]


document_title: Stuck in the Middle (TV series)

question_text: who plays harley on stuck in the middle

question_tokens: who plays harley on stuck in the middle

text: Stuck in the Middle (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in Massachusetts,[1] in the fictional town of Marshport, the series tells the story of the Diaz family, specifically focusing on Harley, the middle of the seven children. Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Harley Diaz (Jenna Ortega) is the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy. She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor. Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table, the Slushinator, the Skate Kite, the Pick-Me-Up, and a snow machine. In "Stuck in the Sweet Seat", it is revealed it is her 13th birthday. A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation.
Rachel Diaz (Ronni Hawk) is the oldest of the seven children and Harley's vain older sister. In "Stuck with No Rules", it is revealed that she is 16. She is a main character for the first two seasons. In the third season episode "Stuck with Rachel's Secret", Rachel leaves the family to attend college in Paris, France, while interning at a fashion company there.
Ethan Diaz (Isaak Presley) is Harley's oldest brother and her partner-in-crime; she refers to him as her best friend in the family. He is an aspiring musician. In "Stuck in the Sweet Seat", it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven, behind Rachel and Georgie.
Daphne Diaz (Ariana Greenblatt) is the youngest of the seven children and Harley's younger sister. She enjoys having tea time with her dolls and sleeps in her indoor dollhouse. In "Stuck with No Rules", it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first.
Georgie Diaz (Kayla Maisonet) is one of Harley's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in "Stuck in the Sweet Seat". She is a basketball player at her school and does an assortment of other sports .
Lewie Diaz (Nicolas Bechtel)[Note 1] is one of Harley's two younger brothers and Beast's twin. It is revealed in "Stuck in the Beast-Day Party" that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes.
Beast Diaz (Malachi Barton)[Note 1] is one of Harley's two younger brothers and Lewie's twin.
Suzy Diaz (Cerina Vincent) is Harley's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places.
Tom Diaz (Joe Nieves) is Harley's father who is the proprietor of a marina store called "Tom's Bait and Bite" which sells camping and fishing equipment.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Bethany Peters (Lauren Pritchard) is a neighbor of the Diaz family who regularly criticizes Suzy and Tom's parenting of their children and is often annoyed with the antics of Lewie and Beast. She is a protective mother to her daughter Ellie whom she never lets have any fun as seen in "Stuck in the Block Party".
Ellie Peters (Lulu Lambros) is Bethany's daughter and Harley's best friend who is on the same basketball team as Georgie. In "Stuck in Harley's Comet", it is revealed that Ellie is afraid of heights, darkness, and birds. In "Stuck with a Bad Influence", Ellie is sent to a boarding school called Radistone Academy by her mother.
Cuff (Brett Pierce) is an irresponsible teenager who is Rachel's boyfriend and is disliked by Tom. When Cuff works briefly at "Tom's Bait and Bite" in "Stuck with My Sister's Boyfriend", his real first name is revealed to be Warren. While he was first seen in the first season, he isn't seen again until the third season episode "Stuck in a Mysterious Robbery" where it confirms that he and Rachel broke up.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Malachi Barton is credited before Nicolas Bechtel in the Stuck in the Middle pilot episode, but Bechtel is credited before Barton in all subsequent episodes starting with "Stuck in the Sweet Seat".

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Production on the series began in November 2015.[2] A preview of Stuck in the Middle aired on Disney Channel on February 14, 2016.[3] Additional episodes began airing on March 11, 2016.

text: Disney Channel renewed Stuck in the Middle for a second season on June 15, 2016.[4] The second season premiered on February 3, 2017. The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31, 2017.[5] The third season premiered on December 8, 2017. On March 30, 2018, Disney Channel announced that the series will end after three seasons.[6]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
17
February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)
July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)

2
20
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)

3
22[7]
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
TBA

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
17
February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)
2.81[8]
July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)
2.06[9]
1.60

2
20
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
2.13[10]
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
1.31[11]
1.19

3
10
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
1.36[12]
TBA
TBD
1.11

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.

2017
Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Nominated
[13]

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia
Favorite International Program
Nominated
[14]

Kids' Choice Awards Argentina
Favorite International Program
Nominated
[15]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series first premiered 15 minutes before the first airing in the U.S. on Disney Channel in Canada as a special on February 14, 2016. The series premiered on Watch Disney Channel and Disney Channel on Demand on February 15, 2016. The series began airing regularly on March 11, 2016, airing at the same time as the United States.[16]