document_title: Eminem

question_text: when was the last time eminem went on tour

question_tokens: when was the last time eminem went on tour

text: Eminem

text: Life and career

text: 1972–1991: Early life

text: Marshall Bruce Mathers III was born on October 17, 1972,[3] in St. Joseph, Missouri, the only child of Marshall Bruce Mathers, Jr. (born June 30, 1951) and Deborah Rae Nelson (born January 6, 1955).[4][5][6] Debbie was 14 when she met 18-year-old Bruce;[6] at age 17, she nearly died during her 73-hour labor.[7] Eminem's parents were in a band called Daddy Warbucks, playing in Ramada Inns along the Dakotas–Montana border before their separation. Bruce left the family, moving to California[8] and having two other children: Michael and Sarah (born c. 1982).[9] Debbie had son Nathan "Nate" Kane Samara on February 3, 1986.[6] During his childhood, Eminem and Debbie shuttled between Michigan and Missouri, rarely staying in one house for more than a year or two and living primarily with family members. In Missouri, they lived in several places, including St. Joseph, Savannah, and Kansas City.[10][11]

text: As a teenager, Eminem wrote letters to his father; according to Debbie, all came back marked "return to sender".[8] Friends and family remember Eminem as a happy child, but "a bit of a loner" who was often bullied. One bully, De'Angelo Bailey, severely injured Eminem's head (mentioned in his song "Brain Damage"); Debbie filed a lawsuit against the school in 1982, which was dismissed the following year.[7] Eminem spent much of his youth in a working-class, primarily black, Detroit neighborhood.[8] He and Debbie were one of three white households on their block, and Eminem was beaten by black youths several times.[8] As a child he was interested in storytelling, aspiring to be a comic-book artist before discovering hip hop.[12] Eminem heard his first rap song ("Reckless", featuring Ice-T) on the Breakin' soundtrack, a gift from Debbie's half-brother Ronnie Polkinghorn, who later became a musical mentor to him. When Polkinghorn committed suicide in 1991, Eminem stopped speaking for days and did not attend his funeral.[8][13]

text: Eminem's home life was seldom stable; he frequently fought with his mother, whom a social worker described as having a "very suspicious, almost paranoid personality". When her son became famous, Debbie was unimpressed by suggestions that she was a less-than-ideal mother, contending that she sheltered him and was responsible for his success. In 1987, Debbie allowed runaway Kimberly Ann "Kim" Scott to stay at their home; several years later, Eminem began an on-and-off relationship with Scott.[7] After spending three years in ninth grade due to truancy and poor grades,[14] he dropped out of Lincoln High School at age 17. Although he was interested in English, he never explored literature (preferring comic books) and disliked math and social studies.[15] Eminem worked at several jobs to help his mother pay the bills, later maintaining that she often threw him out of the house anyway. When she left to play bingo, he would blast the stereo and write songs.[8]

text: At age 14, Eminem began rapping with high-school friend Mike Ruby; they adopted the names "Manix" and "M&M", the latter of which evolved into "Eminem".[3][7] Eminem sneaked into neighboring Osborn High School with friend and fellow rapper Proof for lunchroom freestyle rap battles.[16] On Saturdays, they attended open mic contests at the Hip-Hop Shop on West 7 Mile, considered "ground zero" for the Detroit rap scene.[8] Struggling to succeed in a predominantly black industry, Eminem was appreciated by underground hip hop audiences.[3][17][18] When he wrote verses, he wanted most of the words to rhyme; he wrote long words or phrases on paper and, underneath, worked on rhymes for each syllable.[15] Although the words often made little sense, the drill helped Eminem practice sounds and rhymes.[15]

text: 1992–1999: Early career, Infinite, family struggles, introduction to Slim Shady, The Slim Shady LP and rise to success

text: As Eminem's reputation grew, he was recruited by several rap groups; the first was the New Jacks. After they disbanded he joined Soul Intent, who released a single on their 1995 self-titled EP featuring Proof.[3] Eminem and Proof then teamed up with four other rappers to form The Dirty Dozen (D12), who released their first album Devil's Night in 2001.[8] Eminem had his first run-in with the law at age 20, when he was arrested for his involvement in a drive-by shooting with a paintball gun. The case was dismissed when the victim did not appear in court.[7]

text: Eminem was soon signed to Jeff and Mark Bass's FBT Productions, and recorded his debut album Infinite for their independent Web Entertainment label.[19] The album was a commercial failure upon its release in 1996.[20] One lyrical subject of Infinite was his struggle to raise his newborn daughter, Hailie Jade Scott Mathers, on little money. During this period, Eminem's rhyming style, primarily inspired by rappers Nas, Esham and AZ, lacked the comically violent slant for which he later became known.[21] Detroit disc jockeys largely ignored Infinite, and the feedback Eminem did receive ("Why don't you go into rock and roll?") led him to craft angrier, moodier tracks.[8] At this time Eminem and Kim Scott lived in a crime-ridden neighborhood, and their house was robbed several times.[8] Eminem cooked and washed dishes for minimum wage at Gilbert's Lodge, a family-style restaurant at St. Clair Shores.[22] His former boss described him as becoming a model employee, as he worked 60 hours a week for six months after Hailie's birth.[7] He was fired shortly before Christmas, and later said, "It was, like, five days before Christmas, which is Hailie's birthday. I had, like, forty dollars to get her something."[8] After the release of Infinite, his personal problems and substance abuse culminated in a suicide attempt.[3] By March 1997 he was fired from Gilbert's Lodge for the last time, and lived in his mother's mobile home with Kim and Hailie.[7]

text: Eminem attracted more attention when he developed Slim Shady, a sadistic, violent alter ego. The character allowed him to express his anger with lyrics about drugs, rape, and murder.[7] In the spring of 1997 he recorded his debut EP, the Slim Shady EP, which was released that winter by Web Entertainment.[8] The EP, with frequent references to drug use, sexual acts, mental instability and violence, also explored the more-serious themes of dealing with poverty and marital and family difficulties and revealed his direct, self-deprecating response to criticism.[3] Hip-hop magazine The Source featured Eminem in its "Unsigned Hype" column in March 1998.[23]

text: After he was evicted from his home, Eminem went to Los Angeles to compete in the 1997 Rap Olympics, an annual, nationwide battle rap competition. He placed second, and Interscope Records staff in attendance sent a copy of the Slim Shady EP to company CEO Jimmy Iovine. Iovine played the tape for record producer Dr. Dre, founder of Aftermath Entertainment and founding member of hip-hop group N.W.A. Dre recalled, "In my entire career in the music industry, I have never found anything from a demo tape or a CD. When Jimmy played this, I said, 'Find him. Now.'" Although his associates criticized him for hiring a white rapper, he was confident in his decision: "I don't give a fuck if you're purple; if you can kick it, I'm working with you."[8] Eminem had idolized Dre since listening to N.W.A as a teenager, and was nervous about working with him on an album: "I didn't want to be starstruck or kiss his ass too much ... I'm just a little white boy from Detroit. I had never seen stars, let alone Dr. Dre."[24] He became more comfortable working with Dre after a series of productive recording sessions.[25]

text: Eminem released The Slim Shady LP in February 1999. Although it was one of the year's most popular albums (certified triple platinum by the end of the year),[26] he was accused of imitating the style and subject matter of underground rapper Cage.[27][28] The album's popularity was accompanied by controversy over its lyrics; in "'97 Bonnie and Clyde" Eminem describes a trip with his infant daughter when he disposes of his wife's body, and in "Guilty Conscience" which encourages a man to murder his wife and her lover. "Guilty Conscience" marked the beginning of a friendship and musical bond between Dr. Dre and Eminem. The label-mates later collaborated on a number of hit songs ("Forgot About Dre" and "What's the Difference" from Dr. Dre's album 2001, "Bitch Please II" from The Marshall Mathers LP, "Say What You Say" from The Eminem Show, "Encore/Curtains Down" from Encore, and "Old Time's Sake" and "Crack a Bottle" from Relapse), and Dre made at least one guest appearance on each of Eminem's Aftermath albums.[29] The Slim Shady LP has been certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA.[30]

text: 2000–2002: The Marshall Mathers LP, lyrical conflicts and The Eminem Show

text: The Marshall Mathers LP was released in May 2000. It sold 1,760,000 copies in its first week, breaking US records held by Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle for fastest-selling hip hop album and Britney Spears' ...Baby One More Time for fastest-selling solo album.[31][32] The first single from the album, "The Real Slim Shady", was a success despite controversies about Eminem's insults and dubious claims about celebrities (for example, that Christina Aguilera had performed oral sex on Fred Durst and Carson Daly).[33] In his second single, "The Way I Am", he reveals the pressure from his record company to top "My Name Is". Although Eminem parodied shock rocker Marilyn Manson in the music video for "My Name Is", they are reportedly on good terms; Manson is mentioned in "The Way I Am", appeared in its music video and has performed a live remix of the song with Eminem.[34] In the third single, "Stan" (which samples Dido's "Thank You"), Eminem tries to deal with his new fame, assuming the persona of a deranged fan who kills himself and his pregnant girlfriend (mirroring "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" from The Slim Shady LP).[17] Q magazine called "Stan" the third-greatest rap song of all time,[35] and it was ranked tenth in a Top40-Charts.com survey.[36] The song has since been ranked 296th on Rolling Stone magazine's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list.[37] In July 2000, Eminem was the first white artist to appear on the cover of The Source magazine.[23] The Marshall Mathers LP was certified Diamond by the RIAA in March 2011.

text: Eminem performed with Elton John at the 43rd Grammy Awards ceremony in 2001,[38] with the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD, an organization which considered Eminem's lyrics homophobic) condemning John's decision to perform with Eminem.[39] Entertainment Weekly placed the appearance on its end-of-decade "best-of" list: "It was the hug heard 'round the world. Eminem, under fire for homophobic lyrics, shared the stage with a gay icon for a performance of "Stan" that would have been memorable in any context."[40] On February 21, the day of the awards ceremony, GLAAD held a protest outside the Staples Center (the ceremony's venue).[41] In 2001 Eminem appeared in the Up in Smoke Tour with rappers Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Xzibit and Ice Cube[42] and the Family Values Tour with Limp Bizkit,[43] headlining the Anger Management Tour with Papa Roach, Ludacris and Xzibit.

text: The Eminem Show was released in May 2002. It was another success, reaching number one on the charts and selling over 1.332 million copies during its first full week.[26] The album's single, "Without Me", denigrates boy bands, Limp Bizkit, Dick and Lynne Cheney, Moby and others. The Eminem Show (certified 10× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America) examines the effects of the rapper's rise to fame, his relationship with his wife and daughter and his status in the hip-hop community, addressing an assault charge brought by a bouncer he saw kissing his wife in 2000. Although several tracks are clearly angry, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic found The Eminem Show less inflammatory than The Marshall Mathers LP.[44] L. Brent Bozell III, who had criticized The Marshall Mathers LP for misogynistic lyrics, noted The Eminem Show's extensive use of obscenity and called the rapper "Eminef" for the prevalence of the word "motherfucker" on the album.[45] The Eminem Show was the best-selling album of 2002.[46]

text: 2003–2007: Encore, more lyrical conflicts and musical hiatus

text: On December 8, 2003, the United States Secret Service said that it was "looking into" allegations that Eminem had threatened the President of the United States.[47] The cause for concern was the lyrics of "We As Americans" ("Fuck money / I don't rap for dead presidents / I'd rather see the president dead / It's never been said, but I set precedents"), which was later released on a bonus CD with the deluxe edition of Encore.[48]

text: Encore, released in 2004, was another success. Its sales were partially driven by the first single, "Just Lose It", which contained slurs about Michael Jackson. On October 12, 2004, a week after the release of "Just Lose It", Jackson phoned the Los Angeles-based Steve Harvey radio show to report his displeasure with its video (which parodies Jackson's child molestation trial, plastic surgery and the 1984 incident when Jackson's hair caught fire during the filming of a commercial). In the song Eminem says, "That's not a stab at Michael / That's just a metaphor / I'm just psycho". Many of Jackson's friends and supporters spoke out against the video, including Stevie Wonder (who described it as "kicking a man while he's down" and "bullshit")[49] and Steve Harvey (who said, "Eminem has lost his ghetto pass. We want the pass back").[49] The video also parodied Pee-wee Herman, MC Hammer and Madonna during her Blond Ambition period.[50] "Weird Al" Yankovic, who parodied the Eminem song "Lose Yourself" on "Couch Potato" for his 2003 album Poodle Hat, told the Chicago Sun-Times about Jackson's protest: "Last year, Eminem forced me to halt production on the video for my 'Lose Yourself' parody because he somehow thought that it would be harmful to his image or career. So the irony of this situation with Michael is not lost on me."[51] Although Black Entertainment Television stopped playing the video, MTV announced that it would continue to air it. The Source, through CEO Raymond "Benzino" Scott, called for the video to be pulled, the song removed from the album and Eminem to apologize publicly to Jackson.[52] In 2007 Jackson and Sony bought Famous Music from Viacom, giving him the rights to songs by Eminem, Shakira, Beck and others.[53]

text: Despite its lead single's humorous theme, Encore explored serious subject matter with the anti-war song "Mosh". The song criticized President George W. Bush as "This weapon of mass destruction that we call our president", with lyrics including "Fuck Bush".[54] On October 25, 2004, a week before the 2004 US Presidential election, Eminem released the video for "Mosh" on the Internet.[55] In it, Eminem gathers an army (including rapper Lloyd Banks) of Bush-administration victims and leads them to the White House. When they break in, it is learned that they are there to register to vote; the video ends with "VOTE Tuesday November 2". After Bush's reelection, the video's ending was changed to Eminem and the protesters invading the White House during a speech by the president.[56]

text: In 2005, industry insiders speculated that Eminem was considering ending his rapping career after six years and several Multi-Platinum albums. Rumors began early in the year about a double album to be released late that year, entitled The Funeral;[57] the greatest hits album, entitled Curtain Call: The Hits, was released in December. In July the Detroit Free Press reported a possible final bow for Eminem as a solo performer, quoting members of his inner circle as saying that he would embrace the roles of producer and label executive. The day of Curtain Call: The Hits's release, Eminem appeared on WKQI's "Mojo in the Morning" show. Denying that he was retiring, he suggested he would take a break as an artist: "I'm at a point in my life right now where I feel like I don't know where my career is going ... This is the reason that we called it 'Curtain Call', because this could be the final thing. We don't know."[58] The following year, Eminem released Eminem Presents: The Re-Up on Shady Records.

text: In 2005, the rapper was ranked 58th in Bernard Goldberg's book, 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America.[59] Goldberg cited a 2001 column by Bob Herbert of The New York Times, in which Herbert wrote "In Eminem's world, all women are whores and he is eager to rape and murder them",[60] and the song "No One's Iller" from the Slim Shady EP as examples of the rapper's misogyny.[61] That summer Eminem began his first US concert tour in three years, with the Anger Management 3 Tour featuring 50 Cent, G-Unit, Lil Jon, D12, Obie Trice and The Alchemist. In August he canceled the European leg of the tour, later announcing that he had entered drug rehabilitation for treatment of a "dependency on sleep medication".[62] Curtain Call: The Hits was released December 6, 2005 by Aftermath Entertainment.[63] During its first week it sold nearly 441,000 copies in the US, and was Eminem's fourth consecutive number-one album on the Billboard Hot 200.[64] The album has been certified double platinum by the RIAA.[65]

text: In September 2007, Eminem called New York radio station WQHT during an interview with 50 Cent, saying that he was "in limbo" and "debating" about when (or if) he would release another album: "I'm always working – I'm always in the studio. It feels good right now, the energy of the label. For a while, I didn't want to go back to the studio ... I went through some personal things. I'm coming out of those personal things [and] it feels good."[66]

text: 2008–2009: Comeback, Relapse and Refill

text: Eminem appeared on his Shade 45 Sirius channel in September 2008, saying: "Right now I'm kinda just concentrating on my own stuff, for right now and just banging out tracks and producing a lot of stuff. You know, the more I keep producing the better it seems like I get 'cause I just start knowing stuff."[67] Interscope confirmed that a new album[68] would be released in spring 2009.[69] In December 2008, the rapper provided a few more details about the album, entitled Relapse: "Me and Dre are back in the lab like the old days, man. Dre will end up producing the majority of the tracks on 'Relapse'. We are up to our old mischievous ways ... let's just leave it at that."[70]

text: According to a March 5, 2009 press release, Eminem would release two new albums that year. Relapse, the first, was released on May 19; its first single and music video, "We Made You", had been released on April 7.[71] Although Relapse did not sell as well as the rapper's previous albums, it was a commercial success which received positive reviews and re-established his presence in the hip-hop world. Relapse was named one of the top albums of 2009, and has sold more than five million copies worldwide. During the 2009 MTV Movie Awards, Sacha Baron Cohen descended on the audience in an angel costume. He landed buttocks-first on Eminem, who stormed out of the ceremony; three days later, the rapper said that the stunt had been staged.[72] On October 30 he headlined at the Voodoo Experience in New Orleans, his first full performance of the year.[73] Eminem's act included several songs from Relapse, many of his older hits and an appearance by D12. On November 19, he announced on his website that Relapse: Refill would be released on December 21. The album was a re-release of Relapse with seven bonus tracks, including "Forever" and "Taking My Ball". Eminem described the CD:

text: I want to deliver more material for the fans this year like I originally planned ... Hopefully these tracks on The Refill will tide the fans over until we put out Relapse 2 next year ... I got back in with Dre and then a few more producers, including Just Blaze, and went in a completely different direction which made me start from scratch. The new tracks started to sound very different than the tracks I originally intended to be on Relapse 2, but I still want the other stuff to be heard.[74]

text: 2010–2011: Recovery and Bad Meets Evil reunion

text: On April 14, 2010, Eminem tweeted: "There is no Relapse 2". Although his followers thought he was not releasing an album, he had changed its title to Recovery and confirmed this by tweeting "RECOVERY" with a link to his website. According to the rapper:

text: I had originally planned for Relapse 2 to come out last year. But as I kept recording and working with new producers, the idea of a sequel to Relapse started to make less and less sense to me, and I wanted to make a completely new album. The music on Recovery came out very different from Relapse, and I think it deserves its own title.[75]

text: His seventh album was released on June 18.[75] In the US Recovery sold 741,000 copies during its first week, topping the Billboard 200 chart.[76][77] Eminem's sixth consecutive US number-one album also topped the charts in several other countries. Recovery remained atop the Billboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks of a seven-week total.[78][79]

text: Billboard reported that it was the bestselling album of 2010, making Eminem the first artist in Nielsen SoundScan history with two year-end bestselling albums.[80] Recovery is the bestselling digital album in history.[81] Its first single, "Not Afraid", was released on April 29 and debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100; its music video was released on June 4.[82] "Not Afraid" was followed by "Love the Way You Lie", which debuted at number two before rising to the top.[83] Although "Love the Way You Lie" was the bestselling 2010 single in the United Kingdom, it did not reach number one (the first time this has happened in the UK since 1969).[84] Despite criticism of its inconsistency, Recovery received positive reviews from most critics. As of November 21, 2010[update], the album had US sales of three million copies.[85] Recovery was the bestselling album worldwide in 2010, joining 2002's bestseller The Eminem Show to give the rapper two worldwide year-end number-one albums.[86][87] With Recovery, Eminem broke the record for the most successive US number-one albums by a solo artist.[88]

text: He appeared at the 2010 BET Awards,[89] performing "Not Afraid" and "Airplanes, Part II" with B.o.B and Keyshia Cole. Later that year, he performed at the Activison E3 concert. In June Eminem and Jay-Z announced they would perform together in Detroit and New York, at concerts called The Home & Home Tour. The first two concerts quickly sold out, prompting an additional show in each city.[90] BET called Eminem the number-one rapper of the 21st century.[91] He opened the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, performing "Not Afraid" and "Love the Way You Lie" with Rihanna singing the choruses.[92] Due to the success of Recovery and the Home & Home Tour, Eminem was named the 2010 Hottest MC in the Game by MTV[93] and Emcee of the Year by the online magazine HipHopDX.[94] He and Rihanna again collaborated on "Love the Way You Lie (Part II)", the sequel of their hit single. Unlike the original, Rihanna is the lead vocalist and it is sung from the female perspective.[95] In December 2010, the "Great Eminem Recovery" was number one on Billboard's Top 25 Music Moments of 2010.[96] He appeared at the 2011 Grammy Awards on February 13, performing "Love the Way You Lie (Part II)" with Rihanna and Adam Levine and "I Need a Doctor" with Dr. Dre and Skylar Grey.[97] That month it was announced that "Space Bound" would be the fourth single from Recovery, with a music video featuring former porn star Sasha Grey;[98][99] the video was released June 24 on the iTunes Store.[100]

text: In 2010, Eminem again began collaborating with Royce da 5'9" on their first EP as Bad Meets Evil; the duo formed in 1999. The EP, Hell: The Sequel, was released on June 14, 2011.[101] Eminem was featured on Royce da 5'9"'s "Writer's Block", released on April 8, 2011.[102] On May 3 they released the lead single "Fast Lane" from their upcoming EP, and a music video was filmed.[103] In March 2011, within days of each other, The Eminem Show and The Marshall Mathers LP were certified diamond by the RIAA; Eminem is the only rapper with two diamond-certified albums.[104] With more than 60 million "likes" he was the most-followed person on Facebook, outscoring Lady Gaga, Justin Bieber, Rihanna and Michael Jackson.[105] Eminem was the first artist in five years with two number-one albums (Recovery and Hell: The Sequel) in a 12-month period.[106] Early in 2011 he leaked "2.0 Boys", on which Yelawolf and Slaughterhouse collaborated when they signed with Shady Records in January, and performed it in April.[107] Bad Meets Evil released their next single, "Lighters", on July 6 and its music video in late August.[108][109] On August 6, Eminem performed several songs from throughout his career at Lollapalooza with the artists who had been featured on each song.[110]

text: 2012–2013: The Marshall Mathers LP 2

text: Eminem announced on May 24, 2012 that he was working on his next album,[111] scheduled for release the following year.[112] Without a title or release date, it was included on a number of "Most Anticipated Albums of 2013" lists (including MTV); Complex Magazine ranked it sixth, and XXL listed it fifth.[113]

text: Eminem talked about the album on June 30, 2012, with DJ Whoo Kid on Shade 45; the material was taking shape, and Dr. Dre would be involved.[114] On August 30, Slaughterhouse member Royce da 5'9" said about it: "I'm not so sure how the world is going to respond from some of the things that I've heard from him."[115] Friend and fellow rapper 50 Cent was confirmed as appearing on the album.[116] Around this time, Eminem appeared on Pink's "Here Comes The Weekend", from The Truth About Love.

text: On February 11, 2013, Shady Records president and Eminem manager Paul Rosenberg announced that the rapper's eighth album would be released after Memorial Day. "We fully expect to be releasing a new Eminem album in 2013. He's been working on it for some time", said Rosenberg. "It's safe to say that it will be post-Memorial Day at some point, but we're not exactly sure when. We've got some dates locked in for him to perform live in Europe in August, so we're trying to see what else lines up." The album remained untitled.[117] On March 22, Dr. Dre said that he worked with Eminem on the album and it was nearly finished;[118] No I.D. was confirmed as producer.[115]

text: On August 14 "Survival", featuring Liz Rodrigues and produced by DJ Khalil, premièred in the multi-player trailer for the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts. According to a press release, the first single from Eminem's eighth album would be released soon.[119][120] During the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, it was announced that the album would be entitled The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (following The Marshall Mathers LP) and was scheduled for release on November 5.[121]

text: Its lead single, "Berzerk", was released on August 25 and debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Three more singles followed: "Survival" (appearing on the Call of Duty: Ghosts trailer),[122] "Rap God" and "The Monster" (with Rihanna).

text: The album was released on November 5, by Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records and Interscope Records. Its standard version had 16 tracks, and the deluxe version included a second disc with five additional tracks. The Marshall Mathers LP 2 was Eminem's seventh album to debut atop the Billboard 200, and had the year's second-largest first-week sales.[123][124] The rapper was the first artist since The Beatles to have four singles in the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100.[125][126][127]

text: In the United Kingdom The Marshall Mathers LP 2 debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart. The first American artist with seven consecutive UK number-one albums, he is tied with The Beatles for second place for the most consecutive chart-topping UK albums.[128][129][130] The album secured Eminem's position as Canada's best-selling artist, and was 2013's best-selling album.[131]

text: On November 3, Eminem was named the first YouTube Music Awards Artist of the Year,[132] and a week later he received the Global Icon Award at the 2013 MTV EMA Music Awards.[133] On June 10, it was announced that the rapper was the first artist to receive two digital diamond certifications – sales and streams of 10 million and above – by the RIAA (for "Not Afraid" and "Love the Way You Lie").[134] On July 11 and 12, Eminem played two concerts in Wembley Stadium.[135] At the 57th Grammy Awards, he received Best Rap Album award for The Marshall Mathers LP 2 and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration (with Rihanna) for "The Monster".[136][137]

text: 2014–present: Shady XV, vinyl box set, Southpaw, and upcoming new album

text: In June 2014, Eminem and Rosenberg began using the hashtag #SHADYXV on social-networking sites, and the rapper wore a T-shirt with the hashtag onstage. According to an August 25 press release on Eminem's website, the hashtag was the name of an upcoming Shady Records compilation: Shady XV. That day, the first single from the album ("Guts Over Fear", featuring singer-songwriter Sia Furler)[138] was released and the album's track list was released on October 29.[139] Shady Records released a cypher to promote the album, in which Eminem did a seven-minute freestyle. "Detroit Vs. Everybody" (the album's second single), with Eminem, Dej Loaf, Royce da 5'9", Danny Brown, Big Sean and Trick-Trick, was released on November 11.[140] Shady XV, released on November 24 during Black Friday week,[141] consists of one greatest-hits disc and one disc of new material by Shady Records artists such as D12, Slaughterhouse, Bad Meets Evil and Yelawolf. The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 138,000 copies in the United States.[142]

text: The Official Eminem Box Set, a career-spanning, 10-disc vinyl box set, was released on March 12, 2015. The set includes seven of Eminem's eight studio albums (excluding Infinite), the 8 Mile soundtrack, the compilation Eminem Presents: The Re-Up, and the greatest hits collection Curtain Call: The Hits.[143] Early in the year, it was announced that he would appear on Tech N9ne's "Speedom (Worldwide Choppers 2)".[144] The song, also featuring Krizz Kaliko, was released on April 20. Eminem also appeared on Yelawolf's "Best Friend", the single from Love Story.

text: Eminem is the executive producer of the soundtrack on the sports drama Southpaw, with Shady Records. The first single from the soundtrack called 'Phenomenal' was released on June 2, 2015.[145] Another single, "Kings Never Die" by Eminem featuring Gwen Stefani, was released on July 10, 2015 on YouTube via Eminem's Vevo account.[146] Eminem was the first interview of Zane Lowe in Beats 1. The interview streamed online on the Beats 1 radio on [147] July 1, 2015. Eminem appeared on the public access show Only in Monroe, produced in Monroe, Michigan, and was interviewed by guest host Stephen Colbert for an episode that aired July 1, 2015. In the episode Eminem sang snippets of Bob Seger songs at Colbert's prompting and briefly discussed Southpaw.[148]

text: In June 2015, it was revealed that he will serve as the executive producer and music supervisor on the TV series Motor City whose premise will be based upon the 2002 film Narc.[149] In June 2016, Eminem's "Without Me" from The Eminem Show appeared on the soundtrack of the film Suicide Squad.[150] In September 2016, Eminem was featured on Skylar Grey's song, "Kill For You", which appears on her album, Natural Causes.[151]

text: On October 19, 2016, Eminem released a new song called "Campaign Speech", a political hip hop song, and announced he was working on a new album.[152] On November 17, 2016, Eminem released a remastered version of 'Infinite' on his YouTube VEVO channel.[153] On November 22, 2016, Eminem released a trailer for a 10-minute short documentary called Partners in Rhyme: The True Story of Infinite.[154]

text: In February 2017, Eminem appeared on "No Favors", a track from Big Sean's album I Decided. In the song, Eminem calls the newly elected President Donald Trump a "bitch", and also raps about raping conservative social and political commentator Ann Coulter, who is a Trump supporter. Coulter responded to the lyrics, stating, "I think it's unfortunate that the left, from Berkeley to Eminem with his rap songs, has normalized violence against women, as Eminem has done."[155]

text: Other ventures

text: Shady Records and D12

text: After Eminem's Multi-Platinum record sales, Interscope offered him his own label; the rapper and Paul Rosenberg founded Shady Records in late 1999. Eminem signed his Detroit collective, D12, and rapper Obie Trice to the label and signed 50 Cent in a 2002 joint venture with Dr. Dre's Aftermath label. In 2003, Eminem and Dr. Dre added Atlanta rapper Stat Quo to the Shady-Aftermath roster. DJ Green Lantern, Eminem's former DJ, was with Shady Records until a dispute related to the 50 Cent-Jadakiss feud forced him to leave the label. The Alchemist is currently Eminem's tour DJ. In 2005 Eminem signed another Atlanta rapper, Bobby Creekwater, and West Coast rapper Cashis to Shady Records.[14]

text: On December 5, 2006, the compilation album Eminem Presents: The Re-Up was released on Shady Records. The project began as a mixtape, but when Eminem found the material better than expected he released it as an album. The Re-Up was intended to introduce Stat Quo, Cashis and Bobby Creekwater.[156] While he was recording Infinite, Eminem, Proof and Kon Artis assembled a group of fellow rappers now known as D12, short for "Detroit Twelve" or "Dirty Dozen", who performed in a style similar to Wu-Tang Clan.[157] In 2001 D12's debut album, Devil's Night, was released.[158] The first single from the album was "Shit on You", followed by "Purple Pills" (an ode to recreational drug use) and "Fight Music". "Purple Pills" was rewritten for radio and television, removing many of the song's references to drugs and sex, and renamed "Purple Hills".

text: After their debut, D12 took a three-year break from the studio. They reunited in 2004 for their second album, D12 World, which included the hit singles "My Band" and "How Come". " American pshyco 2" featuring Cypress Hill member, B-Real, was another popular hit.[158] According to D12 member Bizarre, Eminem was not featured on his album Blue Cheese & Coney Island because "he's busy doing his thing".[159]

text: In January 2014, Bass Brothers announced that D12 had returned to record at F.B.T. Studio and they were working on an album with Eminem on at least three songs. Bizarre reported that he was still part of the group and that the album was scheduled for a 2014 release.[160]

text: Acting career

text: After small roles in the 2001 film The Wash and as an extra in the 1998 Korn music video for Got the Life (during which he gave the band a demo tape), Eminem made his Hollywood debut in the quasi-autobiographical 2002 film 8 Mile. According to the rapper, it is a representation of growing up in Detroit rather than an account of his life. He recorded several new songs for the soundtrack, including "Lose Yourself" (which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2003 and became the longest-running #1 hip hop single in history).[161] Eminem was absent from the ceremony, and co-composer Luis Resto accepted the award.[162]

text: The rapper has voiced the video game 50 Cent: Bulletproof (as an aging, corrupt, Ebonics-speaking police officer) and guested on the Comedy Central television show Crank Yankers and a Web cartoon, The Slim Shady Show (currently available on DVD).[163] He was signed to star in an unmade film version of Have Gun – Will Travel,[164] and was considered for the role of David Rice in the 2008 film Jumper.[165] Eminem had a cameo appearance, arguing with Ray Romano, in the 2009 film Funny People.

text: He played himself in the Entourage season-seven finale "Lose Yourself" with Christina Aguilera.[166] Although Eminem was offered the lead role in the 2013 science-fiction film Elysium, he turned it down because director Neill Blomkamp would not change its location from Los Angeles to Detroit.[167] The rapper had a cameo appearance as himself in the 2014 film, The Interview. During an interview with the main character, Dave Skylark (James Franco), Eminem satirically comes out as homosexual.[168]

text: Memoirs

text: Eminem's autobiography, The Way I Am, was published October 21, 2008. Detailing his struggles with poverty, drugs, fame, heartbreak and depression, it includes stories of his rise to fame, commentary about past controversies and original lyric sheets from "Stan" and "The Real Slim Shady".[169] An autobiography of the rapper's mother (My Son Marshall, My Son Eminem) was published the following month, in which Debbie Nelson describes her childhood and adolescence, meeting Eminem's father and her son's rise to (and struggles with) fame.

text: Advertising and charity

text: Eminem appeared in two commercials which were shown during Super Bowl XLV. In the first, a one-minute spot for Lipton's Brisk iced tea, the rapper is a claymation figure.[170] In the second, a two-minute ad – the longest in Super Bowl history at the time – for the Chrysler 200, Eminem drives through Detroit (with "Lose Yourself" as the soundtrack) to his show at the Fox Theatre.[171][172]

text: He established the Marshall Mathers Foundation to aid disadvantaged youth. The foundation works in conjunction with a charity founded by Norman Yatooma, a Detroit attorney.[173]

text: Artistry

text: Influences and rapping technique

text: Eminem has cited several MCs as influencing his rapping style, including Esham,[174] Kool G Rap,[175] Masta Ace, Big Daddy Kane,[175] Newcleus, Ice-T, Mantronix, Melle Mel (on "The Message"), LL Cool J, Beastie Boys, Run–D.M.C., Rakim and Boogie Down Productions.[176] In How to Rap, Guerilla Black notes that Eminem studied other MCs to hone his rapping technique: "Eminem listened to everything and that's what made him one of the greats".[177] In the book, other MCs also praise aspects of his rapping technique; varied, humorous subject matter,[178] connecting with his audience,[179] carrying a concept over a series of albums,[180] complex rhyme schemes,[181] bending words so they rhyme,[182] multisyllabic rhymes,[175] many rhymes to a bar,[183] complex rhythms,[184] clear enunciation[185] and the use of melody[186] and syncopation.[187] Eminem is known to write most of his lyrics on paper (documented in The Way I Am), taking several days or a week to craft lyrics,[188] being a "workaholic"[189] and "stacking" vocals.[190]

text: Alter egos

text: Eminem uses alter egos in his songs for different rapping styles and subject matter. His best-known alter ego, Slim Shady, first appeared on the Slim Shady EP. In this persona his songs are violent and dark, with a comic twist.[191] Eminem downplayed Slim Shady on Recovery because he felt it did not fit the album's theme.[192] Another character is Ken Kaniff, a homosexual who pokes fun at Eminem's songs. Ken was created and originally played by fellow Detroit rapper Aristotle on the Slim Shady LP, where Kaniff makes a prank call to Eminem. An argument after the album's release prompted Eminem to use the Kaniff character on Marshall Mathers and later albums (except Encore and Recovery). Aristotle, angry with Eminem's use of his character, created a mixtape in his Kaniff persona ridiculing the rapper.[citation needed]

text: Collaborations and productions

text: Although Eminem usually collaborates with Aftermath Entertainment and Shady Records rappers such as Dr. Dre, 50 Cent, D12, Obie Trice and Yelawolf, he has also worked with Redman, Kid Rock, DMX, Lil Wayne, Missy Elliott, Jay Z, Drake, Rihanna, Nicki Minaj, Xzibit, Method Man, Jadakiss, Fat Joe, Sticky Fingaz, T.I. and Young Jeezy. Eminem rapped a verse in a live performance of Busta Rhymes' "Touch It" remix at the June 27, 2006 BET Music Awards. He appeared on Akon's single "Smack That" from Konvicted, Lil Wayne's hit "Drop the World", and "My Life" (the lead single from 50 Cent's Street King Immortal).

text: Eminem was the executive producer of D12's first two albums (Devil's Night and D12 World), Obie Trice's Cheers and Second Round's on Me and 50 Cent's Get Rich or Die Tryin' and The Massacre.[193] He has produced songs for other rappers, such as Jadakiss' "Welcome To D-Block", Jay-Z's "Renegade" and "Moment of Clarity", Lloyd Banks' "On Fire", "Warrior Part 2" and "Hands Up", Tony Yayo's "Drama Setter", Trick-Trick's "Welcome 2 Detroit", and Xzibit's "My Name" and "Don't Approach Me".[194] Most of The Eminem Show was produced by Eminem and his longtime collaborator, Jeff Bass,[195] and the rapper co-produced Encore with Dr. Dre. In 2004 Eminem was co-executive producer of 2Pac's posthumous album Loyal to the Game with Shakur's mother, Afeni.[196] He produced the UK number-one single "Ghetto Gospel", featuring Elton John,[197] "The Cross" from the Nas album God's Son[198] and eight tracks on Obie Trice's 2006 Second Round's on Me (also appearing on "There They Go").[199] The rapper produced several tracks on Trick-Trick's The Villain (appearing on "Who Want It"),[200] and produced four tracks on Cashis' 2013 album The County Hound 2.

text: Eminem is considered unusual in structuring his songs around the lyrics, rather than writing to beats.[201] One exception was "Stan", which came from an idea and scratch track produced by the 45 King.[201] After doing little production on Relapse and Recovery, Eminem produced a significant portion of The Marshall Mathers LP 2. He said about producing his own music, "Sometimes, I may get something in my head, like an idea or the mood of something that I would want, and I'm not always gonna get that by going through different tracks that other people have made. They don't know what's in my head. I think maybe it helps, a little bit, with diversity, the sound of it, but also, I would get something in my head and want to be able to lay down that idea from scratch."[202]

text: Comparisons with other artists

text: As a lyricist and a white performer prominent in a genre influenced by black artists, Eminem has been compared to Bob Dylan.[203] Rapper Asher Roth has been compared to Eminem, and Roth devoted a song on his album ("As I Em") to him, which he took offense to.[204][205][206] The accomplished trumpet player Nicholas Payton has called Eminem "the Bix Beiderbecke of hip hop".

text: Eminem and Christian hip hop artist KJ-52 have been compared to each other, with KJ-52 called his "Christian counterpart".[207] KJ-52's single, "Dear Slim", was controversial with Eminem fans when it appeared on Total Request Live. Although he said the song was not intended to be disrespectful,[208] KJ-52 received hate mail and the song was number 26 on VH1's Top 40 Worst Moments in Hip Hop list.[209]

text: Personal life

text: Family

text: Eminem has been scrutinized, as a rapper and personally.[32] The rapper was married twice to Kimberly Anne Scott. He met Kim in high school; he was 15 and she was 13 when he stood on a table with his shirt off rapping LL Cool J's "I'm Bad".[210] Kim and her twin sister Dawn had run away from home; they moved in with Eminem and his mother when he was 15, and he began an on-and-off relationship with Kim in 1989. Their daughter Hailie was born on December 25, 1995; they married in 1999, divorcing in 2001. Although Eminem told Rolling Stone in 2002, "I would rather have a baby through my penis than get married again", he and Kim briefly remarried in January 2006. He filed for divorce in early April,[211] agreeing to joint custody of Hailie.[212] He also has custody of Dawn's daughter Alaina[213] and Whitney, Kim's daughter from another relationship.[214][215] In early 2010, Eminem denied tabloid reports that he and Kim had reconciled.[216] He had legal custody of his younger half-brother Nathan, who is a rapper known by his stage name "Nate Kane".[217][218] In his 2014 song "Headlights", Eminem apologized to, and reiterated his love for, his mother.[219]

text: Legal issues

text: In 1999, Eminem's mother sued him for about $10 million for slandering her on The Slim Shady LP, receiving about $1,600 in damages in 2001.[220] On June 3, 2000, Eminem was arrested during an altercation with Douglas Dail at a car-audio store in Royal Oak, Michigan, when he pulled out an unloaded gun and pointed it at the ground. The next day, in Warren, Michigan, he was arrested again for assaulting John Guerrera in the parking lot of the Hot Rock Café when he saw him kissing his wife.[221][222] Eminem recreated the Guerrera assault in "The Kiss (Skit)" on The Eminem Show. The rapper was charged for possession of a concealed weapon and assault, pleaded guilty and received two years' probation; However, Guerrera's assault charge was dropped as part of the plea agreement.[223] On July 7, 2000, Kim attempted suicide by slashing her wrists,[224] and later sued Eminem for defamation after describing her violent death in "Kim".[222]

text: On October 26, 2000, the rapper was scheduled to perform at Toronto's SkyDome when Ontario Attorney General Jim Flaherty said that Eminem should not be allowed to enter the country. "I personally don't want anyone coming to Canada who will come here and advocate violence against women", he said. Flaherty also said that he was "disgusted" when he read the lyrics of "Kill You", which includes the lines "Slut, you think I won't choke no whore / Till the vocal cords don't work in her throat no more?" Although public reaction to Flaherty's position was generally negative, with barring Eminem from the country considered a free-speech issue, Liberal MPP Michael Bryant suggested that hate crime charges be brought against the rapper for advocating violence against women in his lyrics.[225] Robert Everett-Green wrote in a Globe and Mail editorial, "Being offensive is Eminem's job description",[226] and the rapper's Toronto concert went on as planned.[227]

text: Sanitation worker DeAngelo Bailey sued Eminem for $1 million in 2001, accusing him of invading his privacy by publicizing information placing him in a false light in "Brain Damage", a song which portrays him as a violent school bully. Although Bailey admitted picking on Eminem in school, he said he merely "bumped" him and gave him a "little shove". The lawsuit was dismissed on October 20, 2003; Judge Deborah Servitto, who rapped the verdict, ruled that it was clear to the public that the lyrics were exaggerated.[228]

text: On June 28, 2001, Eminem was sentenced to one year's probation and community service and was fined about $2,000 on weapon charges stemming from an argument with an employee of Psychopathic Records.[229]

text: On March 31, 2002, French jazz pianist Jacques Loussier filed a $10 million lawsuit against Eminem and Dr. Dre, claiming that the beat for "Kill You" was from his instrumental "Pulsion".[230] Loussier demanded that sales of The Marshall Mathers LP be halted, and any remaining copies destroyed. A trial date was set for June 2004, and the case was later settled.[231]

text: On December 8, 2003 the United States Secret Service reported that it was "looking into" allegations that Eminem threatened President George W. Bush[232] in "We As Americans" (an unreleased bootleg at the time), with the lyrics: "Fuck money, I don't rap for dead presidents. I'd rather see the president dead, it's never been said but I set precedents." The incident was included in the video for "Mosh", as a newspaper clipping on a wall with articles about unfortunate incidents in Bush's career. "We As Americans" eventually appeared on Encore's deluxe-edition bonus disc, with altered lyrics.

text: In 2007, Eminem's music-publishing company (Eight Mile Style) and Martin Affiliated sued Apple Inc. and Aftermath Entertainment, claiming that Aftermath was not authorized to negotiate a deal with Apple for digital downloads of 93 Eminem songs on Apple's iTunes.[233][234] The case against Apple was settled shortly after the trial began, in late September 2009.[235]

text: In July 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in F.B.T. Productions, LLC v. Aftermath Records that F.B.T. Productions and Eminem were owed a royalty of 50 percent of Aftermath's net revenue from licensing his recordings to companies such as Apple, Sprint Corporation, Nextel Communications, Cingular and T-Mobile. In March 2011, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear the case.[236]

text: In October 2013, Eminem sampled Chicago-based rap group Hotstylz's 2008 viral hit, "Lookin' Boy", for his 2013 hit single, "Rap God". The group claims that Eminem did not receive permission to use the sample, nor did he credit or compensate them.[237] In November 2013, Hotstylz released a diss track towards Eminem titled "Rap Fraud", where they sample several of his songs and criticize him for not crediting them.[238][239] In January 2015, TMZ reported that Hotstylz was suing the rapper and his label, Shady Records, for the amount of $8 million, for using the 25 second sample of "Lookin' Boy" on his song "Rap God", without their permission.[240][241]

text: Health issues

text: Eminem has spoken publicly about his addiction to prescription drugs, including Vicodin, Ambien and Valium.[242] According to friend and fellow D12 member Proof, Eminem first "sobered up" in 2002.[243] During the production of 8 Mile, the rapper, working 16 hours a day, developed insomnia. An associate gave him an Ambien tablet which "knocked [him] out", encouraging him to obtain a prescription. This was Eminem's first experience of drug addiction, which would affect him for several years. Near the end of production on Encore, he would "just go into the studio and goof off [with] a pocketful of pills". Eminem began taking the drugs to "feel normal", taking a "ridiculous amount [...] I could consume anywhere from 40 to 60 Valium [in a day]. Vicodin, maybe 30". The drugs would put him to sleep for no more than two hours, after which he would take more. The rapper's weight increased to 230 pounds (100 kg), and he was regularly eating fast food: "The kids behind the counter knew me – it wouldn't even faze them. Or I'd sit up at Denny's or Big Boy and just eat by myself. It was sad". Eminem became less recognizable due to his weight gain, and once overheard two teenagers arguing about whether or not it was him: "Eminem ain't fat."[15]

text: In December 2007, Eminem was hospitalized after a methadone overdose he had first bought from a dealer who had told him it was "just like Vicodin, and easier on [your] liver". The rapper continued to buy more, until he collapsed in his bathroom one night and was rushed to the hospital. Doctors there told him he had ingested the equivalent of four bags of heroin and was "about two hours from dying". After missing Christmas with his children, Eminem checked himself out of the facility weak and not fully detoxed. He tore the meniscus in his knee after falling asleep on his sofa, requiring surgery; after he returned home, he had a seizure. His drug use "ramped right back to where it was before" within a month. Eminem began to attend church meetings to get clean, but after he was asked for autographs he sought help from a rehabilitation counselor. He began an exercise program which emphasized running. Elton John was a mentor during this period, calling Eminem once a week to check on him.[15]

text: In the book My Son Marshall, My Son Eminem, his mother stated that he has struggled with bipolar disorder throughout his life. She said it worsened after his ex-wife Kim Mathers gave birth to their daughter Hailie.[244]

text: Homophobia charges

text: Some of Eminem's lyrics have been considered homophobic, and an Australian politician attempted to ban him from the country.[245] Eminem denies the charge, saying that when he was growing up words such as "faggot" and "queer" were used generally in a derogatory manner and not specifically toward homosexuals. During a 60 Minutes interview, journalist Anderson Cooper explored the issue:[246]

text: When The New York Times asked him of the legalization of same-sex marriage in Michigan, Eminem replied: "I think if two people love each other, then what the hell? I think that everyone should have the chance to be equally miserable, if they want",[247] adding that his "overall look on things is a lot more mature than it used to be".[248]

text: Several years later, Eminem was accused yet again of using homophobic words in his lyrics, and explained "I don't know how to say this without saying it how I've said it a million times. But that word, those kind of words, when I came up battle-rappin' or whatever, I never really equated those words..."[249]

text: Legacy

text: Eminem is considered one of the greatest hip-hop artists of all time. He was 83rd on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time[250][251] and 79th on the VH1 100 Greatest Artists of All Time lists.[252] In 2010, MTV Portugal ranked Eminem the seventh-biggest icon in pop-music history.[253]

text: He is the bestselling artist from 2000 to 2009 on the US Nielsen SoundScan;[254] with estimated worldwide album sales of over 172 million, Eminem is one of the best-selling musical artists in the world. The rapper has over nine billion views of his music videos on his YouTube Vevo page.[255] In 2010, Eminem's music generated 94 million streams (more than any other musical artist),[256] and in May 2014 Spotify called him the most-streamed artist of all time. According to Billboard, two of Eminem's albums are among the top-five bestselling albums from 2000 to 2010. "Love the Way You Lie" (11× platinum) and "Not Afraid" (10× platinum) are certified diamond by the RIAA, making him the first artist with two digital diamond-certified songs in the US.[257] In the UK, Eminem has sold over 12.5 million records.[258] As of June 2014, Eminem is the second-bestselling male artist of the Nielsen SoundScan era, the sixth-bestselling artist in the United States and the bestselling hip-hop artist, with sales of 45.1 million albums and 42 million tracks (including 31 million digital single certifications).[259][260][261][262] Eminem has had ten number-one albums on the Billboard 200: seven solo (five original albums and two compilations), two with D12 and one with Bad Meets Evil.[263] The Eminem Show, The Marshall Mathers LP, and Encore were ranked the third-, seventh- and fortieth-bestselling albums of the 2000–2009 decade, respectively, by the magazine.[264][265] The rapper has had 13 number-one singles worldwide. Eminem has been credited of rising the careers of rap proteges such as, 50 Cent, Yelawolf, Stat Quo, Royce da 5'9", Cashis, Obie Trice, Bobby Creekwater, and rap groups such as D12 and Slaughterhouse.

text: In August 2011, Eminem was called the King of Hip-Hop by Rolling Stone, which analyzed album sales, R&B, hip-hop and rap chart positions, YouTube views, social media, concert grosses, industry awards and critical ratings of solo rappers who released music from 2009 to the first half of 2011.[266] His second major-label album, The Marshall Mathers LP, was the fastest-selling solo album in US history[31] and was ranked one of the greatest hip-hop albums of all time by Rolling Stone, Time and XXL.[267] Rolling Stone ranked it the seventh-best album of the first decade of the 21st century.[268] The album's third single ("Stan") is one of Eminem's most critically acclaimed songs, with Pitchfork calling it "a cultural milestone".[269]

text: A number of artists have cited Eminem as an influence, including The Weeknd,[270] Crooked I, Tech N9ne, Logic, Lil Wayne, Nicki Minaj, T.I., B.o.B, Jhené Aiko, 50 Cent,[271] Usher,[272] Earl Sweatshirt, Ab-Soul, Freddie Gibbs, Kendrick Lamar,[273] Ed Sheeran,[274][275] Lana Del Rey,[276] Big Sean,[277] J. Cole,[278] Skylar Grey,[279] Bubba Sparxxx,[280] Asher Roth,[281] Machine Gun Kelly,[282] Yelawolf,[283] Hopsin,[284] Tyler, The Creator,[285] Hollywood Undead,[286] Kiiara,[287] Chris Webby,[288] Chance the Rapper,[289] Stalley, Royce da 5'9", Joe Budden, Tony Yayo, and The Game.[290]

text: Rappers David Banner,[291] Wiz Khalifa,[292] Talib Kweli,[293] Kool G. Rap,[294] Redman,[295] Kurupt, Dr. Dre, N.O.R.E., Rakim, Busta Rhymes and Jay-Z have each called Eminem one of the greatest rappers of all time.[296]

text: Discography

text: Solo

text:
Infinite (1996)
The Slim Shady LP (1999)
The Marshall Mathers LP (2000)
The Eminem Show (2002)
Encore (2004)
Relapse (2009)
Recovery (2010)
The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (2013)

text:
Devil's Night (2001)
D12 World (2004)

text: Filmography

text:
Film

Year
Film
Role
Notes

2000
Da Hip Hop Witch
Himself

2001
The Wash
Chris
Uncredited

2002
8 Mile
Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith, Jr.

Academy Award for Best Original Song ("Lose Yourself")
ASCAP Award for Most Performed Song from a Motion Picture ("Lose Yourself")
BMI Film Award for Music
BMI Film Award for Most Performed Song from a Film ("Lose Yourself")
Critics Choice Award for Best Song ("Lose Yourself")
MTV Movie Award for Best Video from a Film ("Lose Yourself")
MTV Movie Award for Best Male Performance
MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Male Performance
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Drama/Action Adventure
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Star – Male
(Nominated) CFCA Award for Most Promising Performer
(Nominated) Golden Globe for Best Original Song from a Motion Picture ("Lose Yourself")
(Nominated) Golden Satellite for Best Original Song ("Lose Yourself")
(Nominated) Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media ("Lose Yourself")
(Nominated) OFCS for Best Breakthrough Performance
(Nominated) PFCS for Best Original Song ("Lose Yourself")

2009
Funny People
Himself
Cameo

2014
The Interview
Himself
Cameo

2017
Bodied
Himself
Producer

text:
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1999
2000
2002
2004
2010
2013
Saturday Night Live
Musical guest
Season 25, Episode 3: "Norm Macdonald/Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg & Eminem"
Season 26, Episode 1: "Rob Lowe/Eminem"
Season 27, Episode 19: "Kirsten Dunst/Eminem"
Season 30, Episode 4: "Kate Winslet/Eminem"
Season 36, Episode 10: "Jeff Bridges/Eminem & Lil Wayne"
Season 39, Episode 5: "Kerry Washington/Eminem"

2000
The Slim Shady Show
Eminem, Marshall Mathers, Slim Shady, Ken Kaniff
Web series

2004
Crank Yankers
Billy Fletcher
Season 3, Episode 1: "Eminem & Tracy Morgan"

2010
Entourage
Himself
Season 7, Episode 10: "Lose Yourself"

2013
Detroit Rubber
Himself
Web series
Season 1, Episode 1: "Pilot"
Also executive producer

text:
Documentaries

Year
Film
Role
Notes

2003
50 Cent: The New Breed
Himself
Supporting role

2012
Something from Nothing: The Art of Rap
Himself
Supporting role

How to Make Money Selling Drugs
Himself
Supporting role

2015
Not Afraid: The Shady Records Story
Himself
Main role

Stretch and Bobbito: Radio That Changed Lives
Himself
Supporting role

2017
The Defiant Ones
Himself
Supporting role

text:
Concert films

Year
Film
Role
Notes

2000
The Up In Smoke Tour
Headline
Released with Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and Ice Cube

2005
Live from New York City
Headline
Concert at Madison Square Garden

text:
Video games

Year
Film
Role
Notes

2005
50 Cent: Bulletproof
Detective McVicar
Voice and likeness

2017
Shady Wars
Himself
likeness

text: Awards and nominations

text: He shared the 2002 Academy Award for Best Original Song for his song Lose Yourself, co-written with Jeff Bass and Luis Resto. His Academy Award win made him the first rapper to receive this award.[297]

text: The rapper has received fifteen Grammy Awards, has been praised for his "verbal energy" and lyrical quality and was ranked ninth on MTV's Greatest MCs of All Time list.[298][299] In 2003, he was thirteenth on MTV's 22 Greatest Voices in Music list[300] and 82nd on Rolling Stone's Immortals list.[301] In 2008 Vibe Magazine readers named Eminem the Best Rapper Alive.[302][303]

text: "The Real Slim Shady" (from his second Grammy-winning album, The Marshall Mathers LP) criticizes the awards in its second verse, with Eminem believing at the time that negative opinion of his material would prevent him from ever winning one. The rapper received the Global Icon Award at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards in Amsterdam.[304]

text: Tours

text:
The Recovery Tour (2010–2012)
The Rapture Tour (2014)

text:
Up in Smoke Tour (with Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Ice Cube and others) (2000)
Anger Management Tour (with Limp Bizkit and Papa Roach) (2002–2005)
The Home & Home Tour (with Jay Z) (2010)
The Monster Tour (with Rihanna) (2014)

text: Books

text:
Title
Year
Pages

Angry Blonde
2000
148

The Way I Am
2008
208

text: Business ventures

text:
Shady Records
Shade 45 Sirius
Bass Brothers
Shady Ltd. Clothing
Shady Games
Eight Mile Style LLC[233]
The Marshall Mathers Foundation
Shady Films


document_title: Education in Taiwan

question_text: when does the school year start in taiwan

question_tokens: when does the school year start in taiwan

root

text: Education in Taiwan

text: History[edit]

text: The Dutch East India Company, the Ming Chinese loyalists under Koxinga, Qing China, and the Japanese all implemented education systems on Taiwan.[6] Christianity was taught under Dutch rule.[7] Taiwan also had many academies, such as Daodong Academy, Fongyi Academy, Huangxi Academy, Jhen Wen Academy, Mingxin Academy and Pingtung Academy.

tag: p

text: Public education[edit]

text: The public education system in Taiwan spans nursery schools through university. Public education has been compulsory from primary school through junior high school since 1968. In 2001 roughly 16% of the central budget was spent on education. In January 2011, President Ma announced plans to implement a full twelve-year compulsory education program by 2014.[3] In addition, financial support for preschool education would begin, starting with fee waivers.[3]

text: Access to high school and university is controlled by a series of national exams. Discipline in public schools of all levels is generally very tight with school uniforms and morning reveille being the norm. Students of all levels through high school are responsible for cleaning their own classrooms and areas around the school, cleanup time being a daily ritual. Corporal punishment is officially banned, but many reports suggest it is still practiced by many teachers, due in no small part to the fact that most parents support it.

text: The school year consists of two semesters. The fall semester begins in early September and runs till late January or early February. Winter vacation typically runs from two to three weeks around the Lunar New Year. Spring semester begins following the Lantern Festival in mid February and ends in early June. From middle school on, many schools hold "optional supplementary classes" during winter and summer vacation as well as after normal school hours. Despite the name, in many cases participation is compulsory. The language of instruction is Mandarin.

text: School grades[edit]

text: The school year is divided into two semesters. The first begins in the beginning of September and ends in February; the second begins in mid February and ends in late June.

text:
Level/Grade
Typical age

Preschool

Pre-school playgroup
3-4

Kindergarten
4-6

Elementary school

Primary 1
6–7

Primary 2
7–8

Primary 3
8–9

Primary 4
9–10

Primary 5
10–11

Primary 6
11–12

Junior high school

Form 1
12-13

Form 2
13-14

Form 3
14-15

Senior high school

Form 4
15–16

Form 5
16–17

Form 6
17–18

Post-secondary education

Tertiary education (College or University)
Ages vary (usually four years,
referred to as Freshman,
Sophomore, Junior and
Senior years)

Graduate education

Adult education

tag: table

text: Education system[edit]

text:
29
Graduate school
Doctor of Philosophy

23

28
Graduate school
Doctor of Philosophy
22

27
Employment
working
experience
Graduate school
Doctor of Philosophy
Graduate school
Doctor of Philosophy
21

26
Graduate school
master's degree
Graduate school
Doctor of Philosophy
20

25
University
medical school
Graduate school
master's degree
Graduate school
master's degree
19

24
University
dental school
Graduate school
master's degree
Open university
18

23
University
(some disciplines)
Employment
working
experience
17

22
University
(most disciplines)
4-year
technical institute
university of technology
2-year
technical institute
university of technology
Institute of continuing education
16

21
15

20
2-year
junior college
5-year
junior college
Vocational school of continuing education
14

19
13

18
Senior high school
Senior vocational school
Vocational senior high school of
special education
Senior high school of
continuing education
12

17
11

16
10

15
Junior high school
Junior high school of
special education
Night junior high school
9

14
8

13
7

12
Elementary school
Elementary school of
special education
Night elementary school
6

11
5

10
4

9
3

8
2

7
1

6
Kindergarten
Early childhood
special education

5

4

Age
Normal education
Special education
Continuing education
Grade/
level

text: Primary Education[edit]

text: Elementary Schools[edit]

text: Elementary schools span grades 1 through 6, classes are held from Monday through Friday, typically from 7:30 AM through 4PM (or noon on Wednesdays). Subjects include:

text:
Mandarin: The official language of instruction.
Mathematics: Mathematics education begins with the basics and reaches introductory algebra and geometry by the 6th grade.
Science: Comprehensive science classes covering basic biology, physics, and chemistry.
English: English is a compulsory subject within the mainstream school system from Grade 3 Elementary School and up.
Native languages: Additional language classes in Taiwanese and Hakka Chinese are offered.
Social studies
Music
Art

tag: ul

text: Like middle schools, students are typically assigned to the elementary school closest to their registered place of residence. This leads some parents to file their children's household registration with other relatives or friends for the purpose of sending their children to what are perceived as better schools.

text: Secondary education[edit]

text: Junior high school[edit]

text: Junior high school spans grades 7 through 9 and is the last half of compulsory education. Unlike the slower pace of elementary school, junior high students typically have a single goal in life: to score high on the national senior high school entrance exams at the end of 9th grade. Consequently, the pressure on students from teachers and parents is intense, because there will be only one test per year. Though instruction officially ends around 5PM, students often stay in school till as late as 8 or 9PM for "extra classes" (which typically consist of extra quizzes and review).

text: Subject matter covered includes:

text:
Literature: Classical and modern Chinese literature and poetry, composition and public speaking.
Mathematics: Covers single and two variable algebra, geometry, proofs, trigonometry, and pre-calculus.
English: Contains essential English grammar
Science & Technology

Biology: Taken during first year, includes more in depth studies and lab work.
Chemistry: Taken during second year. More rigorous introduction to atoms, molecule, and chemical reactions, including lab work.
Physics: Taken during third year. More rigorous introduction to physical laws and equations, including lab work.
Earth Science: Taken during third year.
Technology: Taken during the whole three years. Introduce some basic technology in daily life.

Social Studies

Civics: Basic demotics, politics, and economics.
History: Focus on the history of Taiwan and China during the first two years, and world history during third year.
Geography: Contain introductive geography accompanied with geography of Taiwan during first year, geography of China and East Asia during second year, and the world geography during third year.

Home economics & crafts
Art: Inclusive of three independent parts: Fine Art, Music, and Drama.
PE
Scout education: Outdoor survival skills.

text: At the end of their third year, students participate in the national senior high school entrance exams and are assigned to senior high schools based upon their scores. Students may also participate in a separate national vocational school entrance exam if they wish to attend vocational school. In both cases, public schools are usually the most popular while private schools have traditionally been viewed as a backup for those unable to score high enough for public schools.

text: Roughly 94.7% of junior high school students continue on to senior high or vocational school.

text: Senior high school[edit]

text: Senior high school spans grades 10 through 12, again the main goal of students is to score highly on the national university entrance exams at the end of their third year. The pace is just as, if not more intense than junior high school.

text: Discipline in educational institutions from high school and up (including vocational schools) are the responsibility of military officers stationed at the individual schools (as opposed to elementary and junior high school where teachers and school administrators were responsible for discipline). In addition to the normal subjects, students are also required to attend a military education class covering issues such as civil defense, military drills, national defense, and basic firearms. In the past, high (and vocational) school students were expected to take on civil defense duties in the event of national emergency. Boys and girls were trained to use firearms and hurl grenades.

text: In many high schools incoming students may select science or liberal arts tracks depending on where their interests lie. The different learning tracks are commonly referred to as groups. Group I consists of liberal arts students, Group II and Group III of science based students (the latter studies biology as an additional subject). Science based curriculum consists of more rigorous science and mathematics classes intended to prepare the student for a career in the sciences and engineering; the liberal arts track places a heavier emphasis on literature and social studies to prepare students for a future in those fields. Often, students in Group I are exempted to study science even if they wish to, and students in Group II are not required to take geography, civics and history.

text: Entrance to university is administered via two methods: Recommendations or Examination. For those that participate in recommendations, they have to take a national academic exam and selecting a list of majors that they are applying to. The first stage is a screening of exam results for eligibility, the second stage would be dependent on the conditions of individual departments selected. For those that did not choose to take the recommendations process, or failed their applications, they have the choice to participate in the national university entrance exams after graduation in hopes of university admission.

text: Vocational schools[edit]

text: Vocational schools are three-year institutions similar to normal senior high schools. Unlike normal senior high schools, they place a heavier emphasis on practical and vocational skills. Incoming students typically choose a single concentration, such as electrical engineering, civil engineering, computer science or business. Some specialized vocational schools also offer programs in seamanship and agriculture. Vocational school graduates may also participate in the national university entrance exams. It is not uncommon for students to select vocational school over high school and proceed to a four-year college afterwards.

text: 12 years education[edit]

text: The current national basic education in Taiwan (ROC) is 12 years education.the implementation of this compulsory education, replace the old 9 years education.[8]

text: the 12 years education policy, was original been proposed on 1983 years, but delay due to the financial factors.

text: Higher education[edit]

text: There are over 100 institutions of higher education in Taiwan. Roughly 2/3 of the over 100,000 students taking the national university entrance exams are accepted to a higher educational institution. Higher education in Taiwan is similar to the American higher education system. Since the 1990s many trade schools and junior colleges have been "promoted" to university status, which can account for the high university entrance rates. Nonetheless, a high score is desired as an admission criterion to the socially or economically prestigious institutions.

text: University[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text: Taiwan has many universities, both public and private. Tuition is less expensive in public universities than in private universities, like in most western countries. Many public universities receive financial support from the government.

text: Nowadays some private schools are supported by commercial groups or religious bodies (such as Fu Jen Catholic University, Tzu Chi University).

text: Engineering is popular and engineering degrees account for over a quarter of the bachelor's degrees awarded in Taiwan. It is also related to future employment opportunities because of the government policy focusing on high-tech manufacturing industries. See also: Engineering education in Taiwan

text: Some of the highly regarded public universities in Taiwan include (by QS World University Rankings):

text:
North:

National Taiwan University: Taiwan's representative public university, founded in Japanese era. Distinguished programs in humanities and sciences, with programs in law, medicine and engineering representing particular strengths. Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business accredited.
National Taiwan Normal University: Prestigious in its education, fine arts, liberal arts, music, and natural science programs. It is the leading institute in teacher training, and is best known internationally for its Mandarin Training Center.
National Tsing Hua University: Distinguished programs in sciences and engineering, including physics, chemistry, mathematics, materials science and engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, nuclear engineering with Tsing Hua Open-pool Reactor (THOR) while trying to close gap on MIT with MIT Nuclear Research Reactor and University of Manchester with Universities Research Reactor, also reputed in electrical engineering, computer science, life sciences, linguistics and history in recent years.
National Chiao Tung University: Best known for programs in electrical engineering, computer science, and management science. Neighboring the IT-driven Hsinchu Science Park. Has a long-standing rivalry with NTHU since the inception of both schools. Also had a reputation as "male-dominant" school in the past. Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business accredited.
National Central University: Site of the Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research.
National Chengchi University: Highly rated in commerce, communications, politics, and foreign languages. Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business accredited.
National Yang-Ming University: Distinguished programs in medicine and life science.

Central:

National Chung Hsing University: Well known for programs in agriculture and biology.
National Changhua University of Education:To be dedicated for linguistics and Pedagogy.

South:

National Cheng Kung University: Best known for engineering, medicine, science programs. One of only two higher ranking universities along with Tamkang University in Taiwan that offer aerospace engineering program while trying to close gap with Caltech (JPL) by NASA and NASA infrastructure facilities. There is a possible bright future with private spaceflight working for privately owned non-governmental spaceflight companies or later on at NSPO.
National Sun Yat-sen University: Distinguished programs in oceanography, computer science, optoelectronics, nanotechnology, political science, sociology and business management programs. Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business accredited.

text: There are many private universities:

text:
Fu Jen University: Well known for programs Foreign Languages and Literatures, Law, Business Management (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business accredited), Theology, Fine Arts, Social Sciences and Communication. It is notable for having established the first graduate-level program in Conference Interpreting in Taiwan. The student body also consists of many international students.
Providence University
Soochow University
Tunghai University

text: In contrast with junior high and high school, where students are pressured by the highly selective entrance exams, college life in Taiwan is generally seen as being rather relaxed. Graduate degrees from the U.S. and Europe are also highly prized with many students applying to foreign graduate schools after completing university (though the number has declined somewhat in recent years). An average of 13000 university graduates per year choose to pursue graduate studies in the U.S.

text: Founded by Japanese government (1895-1945)[edit]

text:
Year
School name
Original name

1911
National Chung Hsing University
Advanced Academy of Agronomy and Forestry

1922
National Taiwan Normal University
Taihoku College

1928
National Taiwan University
Taihoku Imperial University

1931
National Cheng Kung University
Tainan Technical College

text: Similarities with universities in China[edit]

text: Many universities in Taiwan were originally established in Republic of China before the retreat of the ROC government from Mainland to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War. Some of the universities who were originally established in the Mainland were reestablished in Taiwan. To avoid ambiguity, the ROC government generally added the National word in front of those universities in Taiwan to differentiate them with the ones in China.

text:
Year
Universities in Taiwan
Year
Universities in China

1951
Soochow University
1900
Soochow University

1956
National Tsing Hua University
1911
Tsinghua University

1958
National Chiao Tung University
1896
Shanghai Jiao Tong University

1980
National Sun Yat-sen University
1924
Sun Yat-sen University

1995
National Chi Nan University
1906
Jinan University

text: Teaching Excellence Universities Award[edit]

text: The Ministry of Education in Taiwan started the Teaching Excellence Universities Award in 2006. Since the beginning of this award, only six universities have earned this honor every year.

text: Medical school[edit]

text: Medical school in Taiwan begins as an undergraduate major and lasts seven years (six years for dentistry), with the final two years being hands on training at a teaching hospital. Graduates of medical school may elect to continue on to graduate school to pursue a doctoral degree.

text: Law school (College of Law)[edit]

text: There are no law schools in the sense of US law schools. Many universities have college of law or department of law, provide legal education as an undergraduate major and lasts for four years.

text: Teacher training[edit]

text: Most higher educational institutions offering programs in education. Such programs run four years, in addition to a half-year internship, with students receiving teaching credentials at the end of the program. They also have to take extra test for being a teacher in public school. While currently education programs are available in most institutes of tertiary education, prospective teachers typically go to a "university of education" if they want to teach primary school, and a "normal university" for secondary school. One exception is National Changhua University of Education, which, like normal universities, is renowned for its dedication to cultivating secondary school teachers.

text: Teachers' In-service Advancement Education Information & Resources[edit]

text: With the implementation of reformation of education policy in Taiwan, in order to integrate the resources of teachers' in-service advancement education and to encourage teachers to participate in the in-service advancement education activities positively, the Ministry of Education established 12 regional teacher's in-service advancement education centers in 2003. The National Kaohsiung Normal University (NKNU) was chosen as the general coordinator and was responsible for setting up, managing the Nationwide Teacher In-Service Education Information Web.

text: The Nationwide Teacher In-Service Education Information Web provides teachers with a communication platform for in-service teacher advancement education in Taiwan. That is to encourage teachers to have a continuous growth in teaching. The information of advancement activities and teachers’ participation records are shown by digital platform.

text: This network provides activities and individual’s learning records for K-12 teachers. This database-technology platform is in an electronic format to record teacher's training progress and learning time. It establishes a regulating mechanism to integrate educational and administrative resources from education institutions and local authorized educational authorities respectively. That is for fulfilling the ideals of educational reform in an effective way.

text: The purposes of Nationwide Teacher In-service Advancement Education Information Web are as follows:

text:
To provide a platform about in-service education information for teachers teaching in K-12 schools. It also has the information about validate training hours and training records in electronic format, etc. It will enable teachers from all over the country to review their whole lifelong training records and will help promote the policies about teachers’ in-service advancement education.
To establish a regulating mechanism for integrate educational and administrative resources from education institutions and local authorized educational authorities. It will help training organizations to plan training activities and programs that are meet the needs of teachers who participate in the in-service education.
To supply course information and requests, and to open different training options and ways for teachers. It will be a great help for administrators in policy making and teachers can get trainings nearby.
To provide in-service advancement education consultation and communication channels for teachers. It will solve teachers’ problems effectively and increase the opportunities of receiving suggestions.
To supply records in teachers’ training detail for education organizations, establish a frame of reference with educational policy-making, and fulfill the needs of educational reform.

text: Junior colleges[edit]

text: Junior colleges can be classified into 5-year junior colleges and 2-year junior colleges according to entry requirement. Since 2004, they offer associate degrees under Article 29 of the Junior College Law.[9] Graduates may continue on to a 2-year technical institute, transfer to a (4-year) university, or enter the workforce.

text: 5-year junior colleges[edit]

text: Students enter five-year junior colleges after graduating junior high school and passing a national exam. The curriculum is similar to that of vocational schools with the exception that 5-year junior colleges run for two additional years.

text: 2-year junior colleges[edit]

text: Two-year junior colleges offer advanced vocational training for graduates of vocational or senior high schools.

text: Technical institutes[edit]

text: Taiwan offers two types of technical institutes each targeted at a specific age group.

text: 2-year technical institutes[edit]

text: Two-year technical institutes offer vocational training for graduates of junior colleges.

text: 4-year technical institutes[edit]

text: 4-year technical institutes typically accept senior high and vocational school graduates, and offer in depth job and vocational training.

text: Graduate school[edit]

text: Each college in each university usually has their own graduate schools. In addition, the Taiwan International Graduate Program affiliated to Academia Sinica, the national academy of Taiwan, offers an English-language program in life sciences and physical sciences for both Taiwanese and international students.

text: International programs[edit]

text: International programs in Taiwan include bachelor's, master's and PhD degree programs targeted at students from abroad.

text: Private education[edit]

text: Private educational institutions are pervasive in Taiwan ranging from private schools at all levels to supplementary cram schools or buxiban.

text: Cram schools[edit]

text: With the intense pressure placed on students to achieve by parents, many students enroll in private after-school classes intended to supplement their regular education. These cram schools are an extremely large (and profitable) business in Taiwan and have been criticized by some as being the result of cultural overemphasis on academic achievement. Popular subjects in cram schools include English, mathematics, and the natural sciences. Test prep classes are also popular amongst junior and senior high school students.

text: Classes are generally very orderly and controlled, with class sizes as high as 200 or so students in some well-known institutions. The quality of cram schools varies considerably. Some of the larger schools and chains write their own programs and produce their own textbooks.

text: Kindergartens and preschool[edit]

text: While many public kindergartens and preschools exist in Taiwan, private kindergartens and preschools are also quite popular. Many private preschools offer accelerated courses in various subjects to compete with public preschools and capitalize on public demand for academic achievement. Curriculum at such preschools often encompasses subject material such as science, art, physical education and even mathematics classes. The majority of these schools are part of large school chains, which operate under franchise arrangements. In return for annual fees, the chain enterprises may supply advertising, curriculum, books, materials, training, and even staff for each individual school.

text: There has been a huge growth in the number of privately owned and operated English immersion preschools in Taiwan since 1999. These English immersion preschools generally employ native English speaking teachers to teach the whole preschool curriculum in an ‘English only’ environment. The legality of these types of schools has been called into question on many occasions, yet they continue to prosper. Some members of Taiwanese society have raised concerns as to whether local children should be placed in English immersion environments at such a young age, and have raised fears that the students abilities in their mother language may suffer as a result. The debate continues, but at the present time, the market for English Immersion Preschools continues to grow.

text: In October 2016, Education Minister Pan Wen-chung said that the Executive Yuan will allocated a budget of NT$6.2 billion to establish 1,000 kindergartens over the next four years so that it can raise the percentage of children enrollment by 30-40% by 2020.[10]

text: 3+3 High school system[edit]

text: Following the new policy of the test to enter senior high school (The CAP test), it is now wildly believed by the parents that making their kids worry nothing about senior high school, but college entrance test will be more benefiting. Therefore, lots of Senior High School in Taiwan such as Private Nan Shan Senior High School started their own Junior departure. Since most of the public school does not offer 6 years secondary education, the private schools start to gain more and more application in enter the school.

text: Other[edit]

text: Special Education Services in Taiwan[edit]

text: As Special Education Act announced in 1984, students with special needs started to receive special education services in Taiwan.Two subgroups were further classified by professionals in special education, including students with difficulties and students with giftedness.In order to provide support that meet students needs, three main ways of special education services are provided: centralized special education class, decentralized resource room, and itinerant resource program.Students from age 2 to 22 can receive special education services in the process of assessment, placement and educational provision.[11][12]

text: Nursing education[edit]

text: Contain three kind of education entry, after the education done, the student will be gained the qualifications participle National exam for professional nurse license.[13]

text: Chinese as a second language[edit]

text: Taiwan has long been and, with the growing popularity of learning Chinese, a destination for learning the language.

text: See: List of Chinese language schools in Taiwan

text: English cram schools[edit]

text: There is a large industry (cram schools) of teaching English that recruits teachers from English speaking countries. Many students go to cram schools in the evenings and on weekends, in an effort to increase their test scores.

text: Students[edit]

text: In 2015, there were 40,000 students from Mainland China studying in Taiwan, in which 34,114 of them were short-term exchange students.[14]


document_title: Bicarbonate

question_text: compound formed in solution from the negative ion of an acid and the positive ion of a base

text: Bicarbonate

text: Chemical properties[edit]

text:
The bicarbonate ion (hydrogencarbonate ion) is an anion with the empirical formula HCO−
3 and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens. It is isoelectronic with nitric acid HNO
3. The bicarbonate ion carries a negative one formal charge and is the conjugate base of carbonic acid H
2CO
3; at the same time, it is the conjugate acid of CO2−
3, the carbonate ion, as shown by these equilibrium reactions:

text: A bicarbonate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound. Many bicarbonates are soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure; in particular, sodium bicarbonate contributes to total dissolved solids, a common parameter for assessing water quality.[citation needed]

text: Physiological role[edit]

text:
Bicarbonate (HCO−
3) is alkaline, and a vital component of the pH buffering system[3] of the human body (maintaining acid–base homeostasis). 70–75% of CO2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can quickly turn into bicarbonate.

text: With carbonic acid as the central intermediate species, bicarbonate – in conjunction with water, hydrogen ions, and carbon dioxide – forms this buffering system, which is maintained at the volatile equilibrium[3] required to provide prompt resistance to pH changes in both the acidic and basic directions. This is especially important for protecting tissues of the central nervous system, where pH changes too far outside of the normal range in either direction could prove disastrous (see acidosis or alkalosis).

text: Bicarbonate also acts to regulate pH in the small intestine. It is released from the pancreas in response to the hormone secretin to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach.[6]

text: Bicarbonate in the environment[edit]

text: Bicarbonate is the dominant form of dissolved inorganic carbon in sea water,[7] and in most fresh waters. As such it is an important sink in the carbon cycle.

text: In freshwater ecology, strong photosynthetic activity by freshwater plants in daylight releases gaseous oxygen into the water and at the same time produces bicarbonate ions. These shift the pH upward until in certain circumstances the degree of alkalinity can become toxic to some organisms or can make other chemical constituents such as ammonia toxic. In darkness, when no photosynthesis occurs, respiration processes release carbon dioxide, and no new bicarbonate ions are produced, resulting in a rapid fall in pH.

text: Other uses[edit]

text: The most common salt of the bicarbonate ion is sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, which is commonly known as baking soda. When heated or exposed to an acid such as acetic acid (vinegar), sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide. This is used as a leavening agent in baking.

text: The flow of bicarbonate ions from rocks weathered by the carbonic acid in rainwater is an important part of the carbon cycle.

text: Bicarbonate also serves much in the digestive system. It raises the internal pH of the stomach, after highly acidic digestive juices have finished in their digestion of food. Ammonium bicarbonate is used in digestive biscuit manufacture.

text: Diagnostics[edit]

text: In diagnostic medicine, the blood value of bicarbonate is one of several indicators of the state of acid–base physiology in the body. It is measured, along with carbon dioxide, chloride, potassium, and sodium, to assess electrolyte levels in an electrolyte panel test (which has Current Procedural Terminology, CPT, code 80051).

text: The parameter standard bicarbonate concentration (SBCe) is the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a PaCO2 of 40 mmHg (5.33 kPa), full oxygen saturation and 36 °C.[8]

text: Bicarbonate compounds[edit]

text:
Sodium bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate
Caesium bicarbonate
Magnesium bicarbonate
Calcium bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate
Carbonic acid