document_title: Bone marrow

question_text: what bones produce red blood cells in adults

root

text: Bone marrow

text: Structure[edit]

text: The composition of marrow is dynamic, as the mixture of cellular and non-cellular components (connective tissue) shifts with age and in response to systemic factors. In humans, marrow is colloquially characterized as "red" or "yellow" marrow (Latin: medulla ossium rubra, Latin: medulla ossium flava, respectively) depending on the prevalence of hematopoetic cells vs fat cells.  While the precise mechanisms underlying marrow regulation are not understood,[6] compositional changes occur according to stereotypical patterns.[9] For example, a newborn baby's bones exclusively contain hematopoietically active "red" marrow, and there is a progressive conversion towards "yellow" marrow with age. In adults, red marrow is found mainly in the central skeleton, such as the pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vertebrae and scapulae, and variably found in the proximal epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus. In circumstances of chronic hypoxia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.[10]

tag: p

text: Hematopoietic components[edit]

text: At the cellular level, the main functional component of bone marrow includes the progenitor cells which are destined to mature into blood and lymphoid cells. Marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to the three classes of blood cells that are found in circulation: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).[11]

text:
Cellular constitution of the red bone marrow parenchyma[12]

Group
Cell type
Average fraction
Reference range

Myelopoietic cells
Myeloblasts
0.9%
0.2–1.5

Promyelocytes
3.3%
2.1–4.1

Neutrophilic myelocytes
12.7%
8.2–15.7

Eosinophilic myelocytes
0.8%
0.2–1.3

Neutrophilic metamyelocytes
15.9%
9.6–24.6

Eosinophilic metamyelocytes
1.2%
0.4–2.2

Neutrophilic band cells
12.4%
9.5–15.3

Eosinophilic band cells
0.9%
0.2–2.4

Segmented neutrophils
7.4%
6.0–12.0

Segmented eosinophils
0.5%
0.0–1.3

Segmented basophils and mast cells
0.1%
0.0–0.2

Erythropoietic cells
Pronormoblasts
0.6%
0.2–1.3

Basophilic normoblasts
1.4%
0.5–2.4

Polychromatic normoblasts
21.6%
17.9–29.2

Orthochromatic normoblast
2.0%
0.4–4.6

Other cell types
Megakaryocytes
< 0.1%
0.0-0.4

Plasma cells
1.3%
0.4-3.9

Reticular cells
0.3%
0.0-0.9

Lymphocytes
16.2%
11.1-23.2

Monocytes
0.3%
0.0-0.8

tag: table

text: Stroma[edit]

text: The stroma of the bone marrow includes all tissue not directly involved in the marrow's primary function of hematopoiesis.[6] Stromal cells may be indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, providing a microenvironment that influences the function and differentiation of hematopoeietic cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, which have a significant effect on hematopoiesis. Cell types that constitute the bone marrow stroma include:

text:
fibroblasts (reticular connective tissue)
macrophages, which contribute especially to red blood cell production, as they deliver iron for hemoglobin production.
adipocytes (fat cells)
osteoblasts (synthesize bone)
osteoclasts (resorb bone)
endothelial cells, which form the sinusoids. These derive from endothelial stem cells, which are also present in the bone marrow.[11]

tag: ul

text: Function[edit]

text: Mesenchymal stem cells[edit]

text: The bone marrow stroma contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),[11] also known as marrow stromal cells. These are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. MSCs have been shown to differentiate, in vitro or in vivo, into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, marrow adipocytes and beta-pancreatic islets cells.

text: Bone marrow barrier[edit]

text: The blood vessels of the bone marrow constitute a barrier, inhibiting immature blood cells from leaving the marrow. Only mature blood cells contain the membrane proteins, such as aquaporin and glycophorin, that are required to attach to and pass the blood vessel endothelium.[13] Hematopoietic stem cells may also cross the bone marrow barrier, and may thus be harvested from blood.

text: Lymphatic role[edit]

text: The red bone marrow is a key element of the lymphatic system, being one of the primary lymphoid organs that generate lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells.[14] The bone marrow and thymus constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes. Furthermore, bone marrow performs a valve-like function to prevent the backflow of lymphatic fluid in the lymphatic system.

text: Compartmentalization[edit]

text: Biological compartmentalization is evident within the bone marrow, in that certain cell types tend to aggregate in specific areas. For instance, erythrocytes, macrophages, and their precursors tend to gather around blood vessels, while granulocytes gather at the borders of the bone marrow.[11]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Animal bone marrow has been used in cuisine worldwide for millennia, such as the famed  Milanese Ossobuco.[citation needed]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Disease[edit]

text: The normal bone marrow architecture can be damaged or displaced by aplastic anemia, malignancies such as multiple myeloma, or infections such as tuberculosis, leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells and blood platelets. The bone marrow can also be affected by various forms of leukemia, which attacks its hematologic progenitor cells.[15] Furthermore, exposure to radiation or chemotherapy will kill many of the rapidly dividing cells of the bone marrow, and will therefore result in a depressed immune system. Many of the symptoms of radiation poisoning are due to damage sustained by the bone marrow cells.

text: To diagnose diseases involving the bone marrow, a bone marrow aspiration is sometimes performed. This typically involves using a hollow needle to acquire a sample of red bone marrow from the crest of the ilium under general or local anesthesia.[16]

text: Application of stem cells in therapeutics[edit]

text: Bone marrow derived stem cells have a wide array of application in regenerative medicine.[17]

text: Imaging[edit]

text: Medical imaging may provide a limited amount of information regarding bone marrow. Plain film x-rays pass through soft tissues such as marrow and do not provide visualization, although any changes in the structure of the associated bone may be detected.[18] CT imaging has somewhat better capacity for assessing the marrow cavity of bones, although with low sensitivity and specificity. For example, normal fatty "yellow" marrow in adult long bones is of low density (-30 to -100 Hounsfield units), between subcutaneous fat and soft tissue. Tissue with increased cellular composition, such as normal "red" marrow or cancer cells within the medullary cavity will measure variably higher in density.[19]

text: MRI is more sensitive and specific for assessing bone bone composition. MRI enables assessment of the average molecular composition of soft tissues, and thus provides information regarding the relative fat content of marrow. In adult humans, "yellow" fatty marrow is the dominant tissue in bones, particularly in the (peripheral) appendicular skeleton. Because fat molecules have a high T1-relaxivity, T1-weighted imaging sequences show "yellow" fatty marrow as bright (hyperintense). Furthermore, normal fatty marrow loses signal on fat-saturation sequences, in a similar pattern to subcutaneous fat.

text: When "yellow" fatty marrow becomes replaced by tissue with more cellular composition, this change is apparent as decreased brightness on T1-weighted sequences. Both normal "red" marrow and pathologic marrow lesions (such as cancer) are darker than "yellow" marrow on T1-weight sequences, although can often be distinguished by comparison with the MR signal intensity of adjacent soft tissues. Normal "red" marrow is typically equivalent or brighter than skeletal muscle or intervertebral disc on T1-weighted sequences.[20][9]

text: Fatty marrow change, the inverse of red marrow hyperplasia, can occur with normal aging,[21] though it can also be seen with certain treatments such as radiation therapy. Diffuse marrow T1 hypointensity without contrast enhancement or cortical discontinuity suggests red marrow conversion or myelofibrosis. Falsely normal marrow on T1 can be seen with diffuse multiple myeloma or leukemic infiltration when the water to fat ratio is not sufficiently altered, as may be seen with lower grade tumors or earlier in the disease process.[22]

text: Histology[edit]

text: Bone marrow examination is the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained via biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, anemia, and pancytopenia. The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood, including platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself (drawn from a vein by phlebotomy), it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on hematopoiesis; this is the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.

text: The ratio between myeloid series and erythroid cells is relevant to bone marrow function, and also to diseases of the bone marrow and peripheral blood, such as leukemia and anemia. The normal myeloid-to-erythroid ratio is around 3:1; this ratio may increase in myelogenous leukemias, decrease in polycythemias, and reverse in cases of thalassemia.[23]

text: Donation and transplantation[edit]

text: In a bone marrow transplant, hematopoietic stem cells are removed from a person and infused into another person (allogenic) or into the same person at a later time (autologous). If the donor and recipient are compatible, these infused cells will then travel to the bone marrow and initiate blood cell production. Transplantation from one person to another is conducted for the treatment of severe bone marrow diseases, such as congenital defects, autoimmune diseases or malignancies. The patient's own marrow is first killed off with drugs or radiation, and then the new stem cells are introduced. Before radiation therapy or chemotherapy in cases of cancer, some of the patient's hematopoietic stem cells are sometimes harvested and later infused back when the therapy is finished to restore the immune system.[24]

text: Bone marrow stem cells can be induced to become neural cells to treat neurological illnesses,[7] and can also potentially be used for the treatment of other illnesses, such as inflammatory bowel disease.[8] In 2013, following a clinical trial, scientists proposed that bone marrow transplantation could be used to treat HIV in conjunction with antiretroviral drugs;[25][26] however, it was later found that HIV remained in the bodies of the test subjects.[27]

text: Harvesting[edit]

text: The stem cells are typically harvested directly from the red marrow in the iliac crest, often under general anesthesia. The procedure is minimally invasive and does not require stitches afterwards. Depending on the donor's health and reaction to the procedure, the actual harvesting can be an outpatient procedure, or can require 1–2 days of recovery in the hospital.[28]

text: Another option is to administer certain drugs that stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into circulating blood.[29] An intravenous catheter is inserted into the donor's arm, and the stem cells are then filtered out of the blood. This procedure is similar to that used in blood or platelet donation. In adults, bone marrow may also be taken from the sternum, while the tibia is often used when taking samples from infants.[16] In newborns, stem cells may be retrieved from the umbilical cord.[30]

text: Fossil record[edit]

text: The earliest fossilised evidence of bone marrow was discovered in 2014 in Eusthenopteron, a lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period approximately 370 million years ago.[31] Scientists from Uppsala University and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility used X-ray synchrotron microtomography to study the fossilised interior of the skeleton's humerus, finding organised tubular structures akin to modern vertebrate bone marrow.[31] Eusthenopteron is closely related to the early tetrapods, which ultimately evolved into the land-dwelling mammals and lizards of the present day.[31]


document_title: List of Akufo-Addo government ministers and political appointees

question_text: who is the minister of interior in ghana 2018

text: Ministers[edit]

text:
Current Government

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

President
Nana Addo Danquah Akuffo-Addo[1]
January 7, 2017 –

Vice President
Mahamudu Bawumia[1]
January 7, 2017 –

Sector Ministers[2]Note 1

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Ministry of Trade and Industry
Alan John Kyerematen[3][4][5]Carlos Kingsley Ahenkorah (MP) (Deputy minister)Robert Ahomka-Lindsey (Deputy minister)
January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Finance

Ken Ofori-Atta[6][4][5]Kwaku Kwarteng (Deputy minister)Abena Osei Asare (MP) (Deputy minister)Charles Adu Boahen (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Defence

Dominic Nitiwul[6][4][5]Derrick Oduro (Maj.) (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of The Interior

Ambrose Dery[6][4][5]Henry Quartey (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Energy and Petroleum

John Peter Amewu
Boakye Agyarko (PhD)[6][4][5]
Owuraku Aidoo (Deputy minister)Joseph Cudjoe (Deputy minister)Mohammed Amin Anta (Deputy minister)

August 2018-
January 27, 2017 –August 2018(nominated)(nominated)(nominated)

Office of Attorney General and Ministry of Justice

Gloria Akuffo[6][4][5]Godfred Dame (Deputy minister)Joseph Dindiok Kpemka (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Shirley Ayorkor Botwe (MP)[7][8]Mohammed Habbib Tijani (Deputy minister)Charles Owiredu (Deputy minister)

January 29, 2017 -(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Food and Agriculture

Owusu Afriyie Akoto (PhD)[3][4][5]William Agyapong Quaitoo (Deputy minister)Sagre Bambangi (Deputy minister)George Oduro (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated) - August 29, 2017[9](nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Education

Matthew Opoku Prempeh (PhD)[6][4][5]Yaw Osei Adutwum (PhD) (Deputy minister)Barbara Ayisi Acher (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Health

Kwaku Agyemang-Manu[6][4][5]Kingsley Aboagye Gyedu (MP) (Deputy minister)Tina Mensah (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry Monitoring and Evaluation

Anthony Akoto Osei (PhD)[10][11]William Kwasi Sabi (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Regional Reorganization and Development

Dan Kweku Botwe (MP)[10][11]Martin Agyei-Mensah Korsah (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources

Kwaku Asomah-Cheremeh
John Peter Amewu[10][11]
Benito Owusu Bio (Deputy minister)Barbara Oteng Gyasi (Deputy minister)

August 2018-
February 7, 2017 –August 2018(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources

Joseph Kofi Adda (MP)[10][11]Patrick Boamah (Deputy minister)Michael Yaw Gyato (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Railway Development (Ghana)

Joe Ghartey[10][11]Kwaku Agyenim Boateng (Deputy minister)Andy Appiah-Kubi (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations

Ignatius Bafuor Awuah (MP)[10][11]Bright Wireko Brobbey (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Transport

Kweku Ofori Asiamah[10][11]Nii Kwartei Titus Glover (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Creative Arts

Catherine Ablema Afeku (MP)[12][13]Ziblim Barri Iddi (PhD) (Deputy minister)

February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Special Development Initiative

Mavis Hawa Koomson (MP)[12][13]

February 10, 2017 –

Senior Minister

Yaw Osafo-Maafo[6][4][5]

January 27, 2017 –

Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
Kwabena Frimpong-Boateng[3][11]Patricia Appiagyei (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

National Security Ministry
Albert Kan-Dapaah[14][4][5]
January 27, 2017 –

Ministry of Youth and Sports
Isaac Kwame Asiamah (MP)[15][13]Pius Enam Hadzide (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
Alima Mahama[6][4][5]Osei Bonsu Amoah (Deputy minister)Collins Ntim (Deputy minister)Kwasi Boateng Agyei (Deputy minister)
January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Works and Housing (Ghana)
Samuel Atta Akyea (MP)[10][11]Freda Prempeh (Deputy minister)Eugene Antwi (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Communication
Ursula Owusu Ekuful (MP)[10][11]George Andah (Deputy minister) Vincent Sowah Odotei (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Information
Kojo Oppong Nkrumah
Mustapha Abdul-Hamid[12][13]Ama Dokuaa Asiamah Agyei (Deputy minister)Perry Curtis Kwabla Okudzeto (Deputy minister)

August 2018-
February 10, 2017 –August 2018
(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Roads and Highways
Kwesi Amoako Atta[10][11]Kwabena Owusu Aduomi (MP) (Deputy minister)Anthony N-Yoh Puowele Karbo (MP) (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection
Otiko Afisa Djaba[10][11]Gifty Twum Ampofo (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Planning
George Yaw Gyan-Baffour (Prof.) (MP)[12][13]
February 10, 2017 –

Ministry of Fisheries And Aquaculture
Elizabeth Afoley Quaye (MP)[12][13]Francis Kingsley Ato Cudjoe (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry for Chieftaincy and Religious Affairs
Kofi Dzamesi[12][13]Paul Essien (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Inner cities and Zongo Development
Abubakar Boniface Siddique (MP)[12][13]
Mustapha Abdul-Hamid

February 10, 2017 –August 2018
August 2018-

Ministry of Business Development
Ibrahim Mohammed Awal[12][13]
February 10, 2017 –

Minister for Parliamentary Affairs
Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (MP)[12][13]
February 10, 2017 –

Ministry of Aviation
Cecilia Dapaah[13]Kwabena O. Darko-Mensah (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministers of State

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Minister of State at the Office of the President in charge of Public Procurement

Sarah Adwoa Safo[16][17]Note 2

April 4, 2017 –

Minister of State at the Ministry of Education in charge of Tertiary Education

Kwesi Yankah (Prof.)[16][17]

April 4, 2017 –

Minister of State at the Ministry of Agriculture

Nurah Gyeile (PhD)[16][17]

April 4, 2017 –

Minister of State at the Office of the President

Bryan Acheampong (MP)[16][17]

April 4, 2017 –

Regional Ministers

Region
Officeholder
Term

Ashanti Region
Simon Osei-Mensah[18][19]Elizabeth Agyeman (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Brong Ahafo Region
Kweku Asomah-Cheremeh[18][19]Evans Opoku (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Central Region
Kwamena Duncan[18][19]Thomas Agyei Baffour (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Eastern Region
Kwakye Darfour (PhD)[18][19]Joseph Tetteh (MP) (Nkansah Sampson)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Greater Accra Region
Ishmael Ashitey[18][19]Elizabeth Kwatsoo Tetteh Sackey (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Northern Region
Salifu Saeed[18][19]Solomon Namliit Boar (MP) (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Upper East Region
[[Alhassan
Samari ]][18][19]Frank Fuseini Adongo (MP) (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Upper West Region
Sulemana Alhassan[18][19]Amidu Ishaq (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Volta Region
Archibald Letsa (PhD)[18][19]Maxwell Blagogee (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Western Region
Kwaku Afriyie (PhD)[18][19]Eugenia Gifty Kusi (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

text: Cabinet Ministers[edit]

text:
Portrait
Portfolio
Incumbent
Term

Ministry of Trade and Industry
Alan Kyeremanten
2017 -

Ministry of Finance
Ken Ofori-Atta
2017 -

Ministry of Defence
Dominic Nitiwul
2017 -

Ministry of The Interior
Ambrose Dery
2017 -

Ministry of Energy
Boakye Agyarko
2017 -

Office of Attorney General and Ministry of Justice
Gloria Akuffo
2017 -

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Shirley Ayorkor Botchway
2017 -

Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Dr. Owusu Afriyie Akoto
2017 -

Ministry of Education
Dr. Matthew Opoku Prempeh
2017 -

Ministry of Health
Kwaku Agyemang-Manu
2017 -

Minister of Monitoring and Evaluation
Dr. Anthony Akoto Osei
2017 -

Ministry of Regional Reorganization and Development
Dan Kweku Botwe
2017 -

Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources
John Peter Amewu
2017 -

Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources
Joseph Kofi Adda
2017 -

Ministry of Railway Development
Joe Ghartey
2017 -

Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations
Ignatius Bafuor Awuah
2017 -

Ministry of Transport
Kweku Ofori Asiamah
2017 -

Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture
Catherine Afeku
2017 -

Ministry of Special Development Initiative
Mavis Hawa Koomson
2017 -

Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development (Ghana)
Elizabeth Afoley Quaye
2017 -

Deputy minister (Ghana)
Owuraku Aidoo

text: Local government administration[edit]

text:
showLocal government administrators

Region
Assembly
Administrative subdivision
Chief Executive
Term

Greater Accra Region

Accra

Metropolitan

Mohammed Adjei Sowah

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Kumasi

Metropolitan

Osei Assibey Antwi

(nominated)

Western Region

Secondi/Takoradi

Metropolitan

Anthony K. K. Sam

(nominated)

Northern Region

Tamale

Metropolitan
Iddrisu Musa
(nominated)

Northern Region

Bole

District

Alele Veronica Herming[20]

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Ahafo Ano North

Martina Appiah-Nyantakyi

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Ejisu-Juaben

Beatrice Serwah Derkyi

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Sekyere East

Mary Boatemaa Marfo

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Nkansah Sampson

Catherine Reckling

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Banda

Mary Okone

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Dormaa West

Mary Ameyaa

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Nkoranza North

Gifty Akosa Arthur

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Nkoranza South

Diana Attaa-Kusiwaa

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Sunyani East

Municipal

Evelyn Amma Kumi Richardson[21]

May 5, 2017 -

Brong-Ahafo Region

Tain

Charity Foriwaa Dwommoh

(nominated)

Central Region

Abura/Asebu/Kwamankese

Felicia Aba Hagan

(nominated)

Central Region

Agona West

Municipal

Justina Marigold Assan[22]

May 5, 2017 -

Eastern Region

Ayensuano

Florence Governor

(nominated)

Eastern Region

New Juaben

Comfort Asante

(nominated)

Eastern Region

Suhum

Margaret Darko

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

Ada East

Sarah Dugbakie Pobee

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

Ga East

Janet Tulasu Mensah

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

La Dade Kotopon

Gladys Mann Dedey

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

La Nkwantanang Madina

Jennifer Dede Afagbedzi

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

Ledzokuku-Kwowor

Municipal

Adjeley Twum Gyamrah[23]

May 15, 2017 -

Northern Region

Sagnarigu

Mariama Iddrisu

(nominated)

Northern Region

Savelugu-Nanton

Ayishetu Seidu

(nominated)

Northern Region

Tolon

Amama Ayibu

(nominated)

Upper East Region

Bawku East

Victoria Ayamba

(nominated)

Upper East Region

Nabdam

Agnes Anamoo

(nominated)

Upper East Region

Pusiga

Zubeiru Abdulai

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Daffiama Bussie Issa

Nadi Sanda Imoro

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Nadowli

Katherine Lankono

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Jirapa

Christine Bonbbanye-Amadu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Boateng Adaklu

Josphine Ohene

(nominated)

Volta Region

Afadjato South

Wisdom Semanu Seneadza

(nominated)

Volta Region

Agotime-Ziope

David Dickson Dzorkpe

(nominated)

Volta Region

Akatsi North

Prince Sodoke Amuzu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Akatsi South

Leonelson Adzidogah

(nominated)

Volta Region

Biakoye

Millicent Kabuki Carboo

(nominated)

Volta Region

Central Tongu

Thomas Moore Zonyrah

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ho Central

Nelson Akorli

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ho West

Ernest Victor Apau

(nominated)

Volta Region

Hohoe

Andrews Teddy Ofori

(nominated)

Volta Region

Jasikan

Lawrence Aziale

(nominated)

Volta Region

Kadjebi

Maxwell Kofi Asiedu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Keta

Seth Yormewu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ketu North

Anthony Avorgbedor

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ketu South

Edem Elliot Agbewornu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Kpando

Elvis Kweku Djampoh

(nominated)

Volta Region

Krachi East

Patrick Jilima

(nominated)

Volta Region

Krachi Nchumuru

Appiah Augustine

(nominated)

Volta Region

Krachi West

Douglas Osei Nti

(nominated)

Volta Region

Nkwanta North

Jakayi Jackson

(nominated)

Volta Region

Nkwanta South

John Thasun

(nominated)

Volta Region

North Dayi

Kudjo Edmund Attah

(nominated)

Volta Region

North Tongu

Richard Collins Arku

(nominated)

Volta Region

South Dayi

Elia Boateng

(nominated)

Volta Region

South Tonu

Emmanuel Louis Agama

(nominated)

Western Region

Ahanta West

Henrietta Mary Eyison

(nominated)

Western Region

Juaboso

Martha Kwayie Manu

(nominated)

Western Region

Wasa Amenfi West

Helena Appiah

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Wa

Municipal

Moomin Issahaku Tahiru[24]

May 4, 2017 -

Eastern Region

Akuapem North

Municipal

Denis Edward Aboagye[25]

May 10, 2017 -

text: Parliamentary appointments[edit]

text:
Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Speaker of Parliament
Aaron Mike Oquaye[26]
January 7, 2017 -

First Deputy Speaker of Parliament
Joseph Osei Owusu (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

Majority Leader
Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

Deputy Majority Leader
Sarah Adwoa Safo (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

Majority Chief Whip
Kwasi Ameyaw-Cheremeh (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

text: Government administrative staff[edit]

text:
Administrative staff

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Chief of Staff
Frema Osei-Opare[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Deputy Chief of Staff
Samuel Abu Jinapor[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Secretary to the Cabinet

Mercy Yvonne Debrah-Karikari[28]

February 14, 2017

Executive Secretary to the president
Nana Bediatuo Asante[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of Communications at the Presidency
Eugene Arhin[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Deputy Director of Communications at the Presidency
Fatimatu Abubakari[29]
February 16, 2017 -

National security adviser
Emmanuel Okyere (Brig.-Gen.)[27]
January 7, 2017 -

National security coordinator
Joshua Kyeremeh[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of Research
Victor Newman[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Political assistant to the president and deputy chief of staff
Francis Asenso-Boakye[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of state protocol
Hassan Ahmed[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of Operations
Lord Oblitey Commey[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Personal assistant to the president
Saratu Atta[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Presidential staffer
Clara Napaga Tia Sulemana[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Presidential staffer

Charles Bissue[30]

March 10, 2017 -

text: Heads of Institutions[edit]

text:
Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Director General of National Communications Authority
Joseph Anokye[31]
(appointed)

Director General of Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority
Mr Michael Achagwe Luguj[32]
June 5, 2018-

Executive Secretary of Ghana Free Zones Authority
Michael Okyere Baafi[33]
January 27, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of National Petroleum Authority
Hassan Tampuli[34]
January 27, 2017 -

Managing Director of Tema Oil Refinery
Isaac Osei[35]
January 7, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation
Kofi Koduah Sarpong (PhD)[36]
January 25, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Bulk Oil Storage and Transportation Company Limited
Alfred Obeng Boateng[37]
January 25, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of National Identification Authority
Ken Agyeman Attafuah (Prof.)[38]
January 28, 2017 -

Executive Director of National Service Scheme
Mustapha Ussif[39]
February 6, 2017 -

Deputy Executive Director of National Service Scheme (Operations and Programmes)
Nana Boakye[40]
February 6, 2017 -

Deputy Executive Director of National Service Scheme (Finance and Administration)
Gifty Oware-Aboagye[40]
February 6, 2017 -

Executive Director of the Council for Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Fred Kyei Asamoah[41]
February 6, 2017 -

Commissioner General of Ghana Revenue Authority
Emmanuel Kofi Nti[42]
February 17, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana National Gas Company
Benjamin K. D. Asante (PhD)[43]
February 1, 2017 -

Coordinator for the National Youth Authority
Emmanuel Asigiri[44]
February 23, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive of the National Youth Authority

Bright Kwabena Acheampong[45]

April 18, 2017 -

Chief Executive of the Forestry Commission

Kwadwo Owusu Afriyie[46]

February 23, 2017-

Director General of Ghana Health Service

Nsiah Asare (PhD)[46]

February 23, 2017-

Chief Executive Officer of Microfinance and Small Loans Center

Stephen Amoah[46]

February 23, 2017-

Deputy Executive Secretary of Microfinance and Small Loans Center

Maame Afia Akoto[47]

March 8, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Oil Company Limited

Kwame Osei-Prempeh[46]

February 23, 2017-

Chief Executive Officer of Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority

Kwasi Agyemang Busia[48]

February 28, 2017-

Chief Executive Officer of Public Procurement Authority

Agyenim Boateng Agyei[49]

March 9, 2017 -

Director General of National Disaster Management Organisation

Eric Nana Agyeman-Prempeh[50]

March 10, 2017 -

Deputy Director General of National Disaster Management Organisation

Abu Ramadan[51]

March 10, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Food and Drugs Authority

Delese Mimi Darko[52]

March 7, 2017 -

Director of Ghana Standards Authority

Addai-Mensah Otchere (PhD)[53]

March 7, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Export Import Bank

Lawrence Agyinsam[54]

March 11, 2017 -

President of Creative Arts Council

Mark Okraku Mantey[55]

March 1, 2017 -

Director of Creative Arts Council

Gyankroma Akufo-Addo[55]

March 1, 2017 -

Secretary of Creative Arts Council

Bibi Bright[55]

March 1, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Forestry Commission

Kwadwo Owusu Afriyie[56]

March 14, 2017 -

Deputy Commissioner of National Commission for Civic Education

Kathleen Addy[57]

March 15, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Tourism Development Company

Kwadwo Odame Antwi[58]

January 24, 2017 -

Director General of Social Security and National Insurance Trust

John Ofori-Tenkorang (PhD)[59]

March 29, 2017 -

Director General of the Ghana Prisons Service

Patrick Darko Missah (DOP)[60]

March 28, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive Officer of Youth Employment Agency (Operations)

Ibrahim Bashiru[61]

February 16, 2017 -

Comptroller General of Ghana Immigration Service

Kwame Asuah Takyi[62]

March 1, 2017 -

Managing Director of Ghana Water Company Limited

Clifford Braimah (PhD)[63]

March 27, 2017 -

Managing Director of Intercity State Transport Company

Nana Akomea[64]

(nominated)

Deputy Chief Executive Officer of National Lotteries Authority

Yaw Amoakohene Baafi[65]

April 24, 2017 -

Director General of National Sports Authority

Robert Sarfo Mensah[66]

April 25, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of State Enterprises Commission

Stephen Asamoah-Boateng[67]

April 24, 2017 -

Director General of Ghana Education Service

Kwasi Opoku-Amankwa (Prof.)[68]

April 20, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Export Promotion Authority

Gifty Kekeli Klenam[69]

May 3, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive Officer Ghana Export Promotion Authority

Eric Amoako Twum[70]

May 3, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive Officer Ghana Export Promotion Authority

Akilu Sayibu[70]

May 3, 2017 -

Executive Director of National Board for Small Scale Industries

Kosi Antwiwaa Yankey[71]

May 4, 2017 -

Managing Director of State Housing Company

Kwabena Ampofo Appiah[72]

May 10, 2017 -

Deputy Managing Director of State Housing Company

Roni Kwasi Nicol[72]

May 10, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Cylinder Manufacturing Company

Frances Essiam[73]

April 25, 2017 -

Controller and Accountant General

Eugene Asante Ofosuhene[74]

(appointed)

Director of Budget at Ministry of Finance

Eva Mends[75]

(appointed)

Chief Budget Analyst at Ministry of Finance

David Klotey Collison[75]

(appointed)

Director of Public Investment Division and Financial Sector Division of the Ministry of Finance

Sampson Akligoh[75]

(appointed)

Chief Executive Officer of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital

Felix Anyah[76]

(appointed)

District Assembly Common Fund administrator

Irene Naa Torshie Addo[77]

(appointed)

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Shippers Authority

Benonita Bismarck[78]

(appointed)

Chief Executive Officer of Public Sector Reforms

Thomas Kusi Boafo[79]

(appointed)

Director General of Ghana AIDS Commission

Mokowaa Blay Adu[80]

April 25, 2017 -

text: Ambassadorial roles[edit]

text:
Host country
Officeholder
Term

Canada

Ayikoi Otoo[81]

(nominated)

Germany

Gina Blay[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

United States of America

Baffour Adjei Bawuah (PhD)[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

United Kingdom

Papa Owusu-Ankomah[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

France

Anna Bossman[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

China

Edward Boateng[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

Nigeria

Rashid Bawa[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

Kingdom of Morocco

Stephen Mahamudu Yakubu[82]

June 3, 2017 -

Côte d'Ivoire

Frederick Daniel Laryea[82]

June 3, 2017 -

Republic of Equatorial Guinea

Esther Dzifa Ofori[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Zambia

Margaret Ekua Prah[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Federative Republic of Brazil

Prof. Abena Pokua Busia[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Italy

Paulina Patience Abagaye[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of South Africa

George Ayisi-Boateng[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Burkina Faso

Naa Bolinaa Saaka[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of India

Mike Nii Nortey Oquaye jnr[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Sheikh T.B Damba[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Federal Democratic of Ethiopia

William Azuma Awinador Kanyirigi[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Turkey

Salma Frances Mancell-Egala[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Arab Republic of Egypt

Paul Okoh[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Malta

Mercy Bampo Addo[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Togo

Kwasi Owusu-Yeboa[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

The Netherlands

Sophia Horner-Sam[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

The Kingdom of Denmark

Amerley Ollennu Awua-Asamoa[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Namibia

Elizabeth Salamatu Forgor[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Cuba

Napoleon Abdulai[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Mali

Gen. Francis Adu-Amanfoh[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Vatican

Joseph Kojo Akudibilah[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Ambassador-at-large

Dr. Edward Nasigiri Mahama[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Ambassador-at-large

Rasheed Seidu Inusa[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

text: Council of State[edit]

text:
Officeholder
Term

Stanley Nii Adjiri Blankson[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Sam Okudzeto[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Nana Otuo Siriboe II[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Nana Kofi Obiri Egyir II[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Alberta Cudjoe[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Aminu Amadu[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Margaret Amoakohene[86] (PhD)

February 27, 2017 -

Sahanun Moqtar[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Georgina Kusi[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Sule Yiremiah[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Joseph Boateng Danquah[86]Note 3 (Lt. General, retd)

February 27, 2017 -

Nana Owusu-Nsiah[86]Note 4

February 27, 2017 -

Paa Kofi Ansong[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Togbe Afede XIV[86]Note 5

February 27, 2017 -

Georgina Theodora Wood[87]

June 8, 2017 -

text: Other political appointments[edit]

text:
Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Special Independent prosecutor of government
Martin Amidu[88]
January 11, 2018 -

Chief of Defense Staff
Obed Akwa (Lt. General)[89][90]
March 5, 2017 -

Chief of Army Staff

William Azure Ayamdo (Major General)[90]

March 5, 2017 -

Chief of Air Staff

Maxwell Mantsebi-Tei Nagai (Air Vice Marshal)[91]

January, 2016 -

Chief of Naval Staff

Peter Kofi Faidoo (Rear Admiral)[92]

January, 2016 -

Inspector General of Police of the Ghana Police Service
David Asante-Apeatu[90][93]
March 5, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Ghana Infrastructural Investment Fund

Christopher Ameyaw Akumfi (Prof.)[94]

March 10, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Millennium Development Authority

Yaa Ntiamoah Badu (Prof.)[95]

March 13, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Ghana Cocoa Board

Hackman Owusu-Agyeman[96]

March 28, 2017 -

Board Chairman of National Hajj Secretariat

Ibrahim Cudjoe Quaye[97]

February 11, 2017 -

Government representative on Board of National Media Commission

Kenneth Agyei Kuranchie[98]

(nominated)

Governor of the Bank of Ghana

Ernest Kwamina Yedu Addison (PhD)[99][100]

April 3, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Frederick Worsemao Armah Blay[101]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Kofi Koduah Sarpong (PhD)[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Kwabena Kwakye[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

John S. Nabila (Prof.)[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Yaw Kyei[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Nana Adjoa Hackman[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Ogyeahohoo Yaw Gyebi[102]

May 11, 2017-

Director of communications of Ghana Gas Company Limited

Ernest Owusu-Bempah[103]

(nominated)

Chief Justice of Ghana

Sophia Akuffo[104]

(nominated)

Chairman of Ghana Oil Company Board of Directors

Kwamena Bartels[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Patrick Akpe Kwame Akorli[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Thomas Kofi Manu[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Kwame Osei-Prempeh[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Beaucerc Ato Williams[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Beatrix Agyeman Prempeh[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Robert Owusu Amankwah[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Rhoderline Baafour[105]

(appointed)

Board Chairman of National Information Technology Agency

Mohammed-Sani Abdulai (PhD)

August, 2017-


document_title: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington

question_text: what was mr. smith's first name in mr. smith goes to washington

question_tokens: what was mr. smith 's first name in mr. smith goes to washington

text: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington

text: Plot[edit]

text: The governor of an unnamed western state, Hubert "Happy" Hopper (Guy Kibbee), has to pick a replacement for recently deceased U.S. Senator Sam Foley. His corrupt political boss, Jim Taylor (Edward Arnold), pressures Hopper to choose his handpicked stooge, while popular committees want a reformer, Henry Hill. The governor's children want him to select Jefferson Smith (James Stewart), the head of the Boy Rangers. Unable to make up his mind between Taylor's stooge and the reformer, Hopper decides to flip a coin. When it lands on edge – and next to a newspaper story on one of Smith's accomplishments – he chooses Smith, calculating that his wholesome image will please the people while his naïveté will make him easy to manipulate.

text: Junior Senator Smith is taken under the wing of the publicly esteemed, but secretly crooked, Senator Joseph Paine (Claude Rains), who was Smith's late father's friend. Smith develops an immediate attraction to the senator's daughter, Susan (Astrid Allwyn). At Senator Paine's home, Smith has a conversation with Susan, fidgeting and bumbling, entranced by the young socialite. Smith's naïve and honest nature allows the unforgiving Washington press to take advantage of him, quickly tarnishing Smith's reputation with ridiculous front page pictures and headlines branding him a bumpkin.

text: To keep Smith busy, Paine suggests he propose a bill. With the help of his secretary, Clarissa Saunders (Jean Arthur), who was the aide to Smith's predecessor and had been around Washington and politics for years, Smith comes up with a bill to authorize a federal government loan to buy some land in his home state for a national boys' camp, to be paid back by youngsters across America. Donations pour in immediately. However, the proposed campsite is already part of a dam-building graft scheme included in an appropriations bill framed by the Taylor political machine and supported by Senator Paine.

text: Unwilling to crucify the worshipful Smith so that their graft plan will go through, Paine tells Taylor he wants out, but Taylor reminds him that Paine is in power primarily through Taylor's influence. Through Paine, the machine in his state accuses Smith of trying to profit from his bill by producing fraudulent evidence that Smith already owns the land in question. Smith is too shocked by Paine's betrayal to defend himself, and runs away.

text: Saunders, who looked down on Smith at first, but has come to believe in him, talks him into launching a filibuster to postpone the appropriations bill and prove his innocence on the Senate floor just before the vote to expel him. In his last chance to prove his innocence, he talks non-stop for about 24 hours, reaffirming the American ideals of freedom and disclosing the true motives of the dam scheme. Yet none of the Senators are convinced.

text: The constituents try to rally around him, but the entrenched opposition is too powerful, and all attempts are crushed. Owing to the influence of Taylor's machine, newspapers and radio stations in Smith's home state, on Taylor's orders, refuse to report what Smith has to say and even distort the facts against the senator. An effort by the Boy Rangers to spread the news in support of Smith results in vicious attacks on the children by Taylor's minions.

text: Although all hope seems lost, the senators begin to pay attention as Smith approaches utter exhaustion. Paine has one last card up his sleeve: he brings in bins of letters and telegrams from Smith's home state, purportedly from average people demanding his expulsion. Nearly broken by the news, Smith finds a small ray of hope in a friendly smile from the President of the Senate (Harry Carey). Smith vows to press on until people believe him, but immediately collapses in a faint. Overcome with guilt, Paine leaves the Senate chamber and attempts to commit suicide by gunshot, but is stopped by onlooking senators. He then bursts back into the Senate chamber, shouting a confession to the whole scheme; Paine further insists that he should be expelled from the Senate and affirms Smith's innocence, to the delight of Clarissa. The President of the Senate observes the ensuing chaos with amusement.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jean Arthur as Clarissa Saunders
James Stewart as Jefferson "Jeff" Smith
Claude Rains as Senator Joseph Harrison "Joe" Paine
Edward Arnold as Jim Taylor
Guy Kibbee as Governor Hubert "Happy" Hopper
Thomas Mitchell as "Diz" Moore
Eugene Pallette as Chick McGann
Beulah Bondi as Ma Smith
H. B. Warner as Senate Majority Leader
Harry Carey as President of the Senate
Astrid Allwyn as Susan Paine
Ruth Donnelly as Mrs. Hopper
Grant Mitchell as Senator MacPherson
Porter Hall as Senator Monroe
Pierre Watkin as Senate Minority Leader
Charles Lane as "Nosey", reporter
William Demarest as Bill Griffith
Dick Elliott as Carl Cook
The Hopper Boys:
Billy Watson
Delmar Watson
John Russell
Harry Watson
Gary Watson
Baby Dumpling (Larry Simms)
H. V. Kaltenborn as himself

Uncredited

Russell Simpson as Kenneth Allen
Dick Jones as Richard "Dickie" Jones, Senate Page Boy
Nick Copeland	as Senate Reporter
Anne Cornwall as Senate Reporter
Gino Corrado as Barber
Maurice Costello as Diggs - Newsman
Alec Craig as Speaker
Beatrice Curtis as Paine's Secretary
Lew Davis	as Senate Clerk
Dulcie Day as Senate Reporter
Wally Dean as Paine's Friend
Vernon Dent as Senate Reporter
Harry Depp as Hat Salesman / Secretary
Robert Middlemass as 2nd Radio Announcer
Gladys Gale as Committee Woman
Stanley Andrews as Senator Hodges
Harlan Briggs as Mr. Edwards, howling citizen

text: Cast notes:

text: Among the unbilled veteran character actors seen in the film are Guy Kibbee's brother, Milton Kibbee, who has a bit as a reporter; Lafe McKee; and Matt McHugh of the McHugh acting family. Also in the film in minor roles are Dub Taylor and Jack Carson, later well-known actors. Silent film star Hank Mann played a photographer.

text: Production[edit]

text: Columbia Pictures originally purchased Lewis R. Foster's unpublished story, variously called "The Gentleman from Montana" and "The Gentleman from Wyoming", as a vehicle for Ralph Bellamy, but once Frank Capra came on board as director – after Rouben Mamoulian had expressed interest – the film was to be a sequel to his Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, called Mr. Deeds Goes to Washington, with Gary Cooper reprising his role as Longfellow Deeds.[N 1] Because Cooper was unavailable, Capra then "saw it immediately as a vehicle for Jimmy Stewart and Jean Arthur",[7] and Stewart was borrowed from MGM.[4] Capra said of Stewart: "I knew he would make a hell of a Mr. Smith ... He looked like the country kid, the idealist. It was very close to him."[8]

text: Although a youth group is featured in the story, the Boy Scouts of America refused to allow their name to be used in the film and instead the fanciful "Boy Rangers" was used.[4]

text: In January 1938, both Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Paramount Pictures submitted Foster's story to the censors at the Hays Office, likely indicating that both studios had an interest in the project before Columbia purchased it. Joseph Breen, the head of that office, warned the studios: "[W]e would urge most earnestly that you take serious counsel before embarking on the production of any motion picture based on this story. It looks to us like one that might well be loaded with dynamite, both for the motion picture industry, and for the country at large." Breen specifically objected to "the generally unflattering portrayal of our system of Government, which might well lead to such a picture being considered, both here, and more particularly abroad, as a covert attack on the Democratic form of government", and warned that the film should make clear that "the Senate is made up of a group of fine, upstanding citizens, who labor long and tirelessly for the best interests of the nation ..."

text: Later, after the screenplay had been written and submitted, Breen reversed course, saying of the film, "It is a grand yarn that will do a great deal of good for all those who see it and, in my judgment, it is particularly fortunate that this kind of story is to be made at this time. Out of all Senator Jeff's difficulties there has been evolved the importance of a democracy and there is splendidly emphasized the rich and glorious heritage which is ours and which comes when you have a government 'of the people, by the people, and for the people'".[4]

text: The film was in production from April 3, 1939, to July 7 of that year.[9] Some location shooting took place in Washington, D.C., at Union Station and at the United States Capitol, as well as other locations for background use.[10][11]

text: In the studio, to ensure authenticity, an elaborate set was created, consisting of Senate committee rooms, cloak rooms, and hotel suites, as well as specific Washington, D.C., monuments, all based on a trip Capra and his crew made to the capital. Even the Press Club of Washington was reproduced in minute detail,[4][12] but the major effort went into a faithful reproduction of the Senate Chamber on the Columbia lot. James D. Preston, a former superintendent of the Senate gallery, acted as technical director for the Senate set, as well as advising on political protocol. The production also utilized the "New York street set" on the Warner Bros. lot, using 1,000 extras when that scene was shot.[4]

text: The ending of the film was apparently changed at some point, as the original program describes Stewart and Arthur returning to Smith's hometown, where they are met by a big parade, with the implication that they are married and starting a family.[4] In addition, the Taylor political machine is shown being crushed; Smith, riding a motorcycle, visits Senator Paine and forgives him; and a visit to Smith's mother is included. Some of this footage can be seen in the film's trailer.[13]

text: Impact[edit]

text: The film premiered in Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., on October 17, 1939, sponsored by the National Press Club, an event to which 4,000 guests were invited, including 45 senators.[8] Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was attacked by the Washington press, and politicians in the U.S. Congress, as anti-American and pro-Communist for its portrayal of corruption in the American government.[14] While Capra claims in his autobiography that some senators walked out of the premiere, contemporary press accounts are unclear about whether this occurred or not, or whether senators yelled back at the screen during the film.[15]

text: It is known that Alben W. Barkley, a Democrat and the Senate Majority Leader, called the film "silly and stupid", and said it "makes the Senate look like a bunch of crooks".[16] He also remarked that the film was "a grotesque distortion" of the Senate, "as grotesque as anything ever seen! Imagine the Vice President of the United States winking at a pretty girl in the gallery in order to encourage a filibuster!" Barkley thought the film "... showed the Senate as the biggest aggregation of nincompoops on record!"[16]

text: Pete Harrison, a respected journalist and publisher of the motion picture trade journal Harrison's Reports, suggested that the Senate pass a bill allowing theater owners to refuse to show films that "were not in the best interest of our country". That did not happen, but one of the ways that some senators attempted to retaliate for the damage they felt the film had done to the reputation of their institution was by pushing the passage of the Neely Anti-Block Booking Bill, which eventually led to the breakup of the studio-owned theater chains in the late 1940s. Columbia responded by distributing a program which put forward the film’s patriotism and support of democracy and publicized the film’s many positive reviews.[17]

text: Other objections were voiced as well. Joseph P. Kennedy, the American Ambassador to Great Britain, wrote to Capra and Columbia head Harry Cohn to say that he feared the film would damage "America’s prestige in Europe", and because of this urged that it be withdrawn from European release. Capra and Cohn responded, citing the film’s review, which mollified Kennedy to the extent that he never followed up, although he privately still had doubts about the film.[18]

text: The film was banned in Hitler's Germany, Mussolini's Italy, Franco's Spain and Stalin's USSR.[19] According to Capra, the film was also dubbed in certain European countries to alter the message of the film so it conformed with official ideology.[19]

text: When a ban on American films was imposed in German occupied France in 1942, some theaters chose to show Mr. Smith Goes to Washington as the last movie before the ban went into effect. One theater owner in Paris reportedly screened the film nonstop for 30 days after the ban was announced.[20]

text: The critical response to the film was more measured than the reaction by politicians, domestic and foreign. The critic for The New York Times, for instance, Frank S. Nugent, wrote that "[Capra] is operating, of course, under the protection of that unwritten clause in the Bill of Rights entitling every voting citizen to at least one free swing at the Senate. Mr. Capra’s swing is from the floor and in the best of humor; if it fails to rock the august body to its heels – from laughter as much as from injured dignity – it won’t be his fault but the Senate's, and we should really begin to worry about the upper house."[21]

text: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington has been called one of the quintessential whistleblower films in American history. Dr. James Murtagh and Dr. Jeffrey Wigand cited this film as a seminal event in U.S. history at the first "Whistleblower Week in Washington" (May 13–19, 2007).[22][23]

text: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington has often been listed as among Capra’s best, but it has been noted that it "marked a turning point in Capra’s vision of the world, from nervous optimism to a darker, more pessimistic tone. Beginning with American Madness (1932), such Capra films as Lady for a Day (1933), It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), and You Can’t Take It With You (1938) had trumpeted their belief in the decency of the common man. In Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, however, the decent common man is surrounded by a venal, petty and thuggish group of crooks. Everyone in the film – except for Jefferson Smith and his tiny cadre of believers – is either in the pay of the political machine run by Edward Arnold’s James Taylor or complicit in Taylor’s corruption through their silence, and they all sit by as innocent people, including children, are brutalized and intimidated, rights are violated, and the government is brought to a halt".[24]

text: Nevertheless, Smith’s filibuster and the tacit encouragement of the Senate President are both emblematic of the director's belief in the difference that one individual can make. This theme would be expanded further in Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and other films.

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was nominated for 11 Academy Awards but won only one.[25]

text:
Award
Result
Winner

Outstanding Production
Nominated
Columbia Pictures (Frank Capra)  Winner was David O. Selznick - Gone with the Wind

Best Director
Nominated
Frank Capra  Winner was Victor Fleming - Gone with the Wind

Best Actor
Nominated
James Stewart  Winner was Robert Donat - Goodbye, Mr. Chips

Best Writing, Screenplay
Nominated
Sidney Buchman  Winner was Sidney Howard - Gone with the Wind

Best Writing, Original Story
Won
Lewis R. Foster

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Claude Rains*

Harry Carey*  *Winner was Thomas Mitchell - Stagecoach

Best Art Direction
Nominated
Lionel Banks  Winner was Lyle R. Wheeler - Gone with the Wind

Best Film Editing
Nominated
Gene Havlick, Al Clark  Winner was Hal C. Kern, James E. Newcom - Gone with the Wind

Best Music, Scoring
Nominated
Dimitri Tiomkin  Winner was Herbert Stothart - The Wizard of Oz

Best Sound Recording
Nominated
John P. Livadary  Winner was Bernard B. Brown - When Tomorrow Comes

text: Other honors[edit]

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Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was named as one of the best films of 1939 by The New York Times and Film Daily, and was nominated for Best Film by the National Board of Review.
James Stewart won the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor.
In 1989, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[26]

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1998 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies #29
2003 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:
Jefferson Smith, Hero #11
Senator Joseph Paine, Villain - Nominated
2006 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers #5
2007 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) #26

text: Remakes[edit]

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In 1949, Columbia planned, but never actually produced, a sequel to Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, called Mr. Smith Starts a Riot. They also considered doing a gender-reversed remake in 1952, with Jane Wyman playing the lead role.[4]
A television series of the same name, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, ran on ABC during the 1962–1963 season, starring Fess Parker, Sandra Warner and Red Foley.
Producer Frank Capra, Jr. remade the film as part of Tom Laughlin's Billy Jack series, Billy Jack Goes to Washington (1977).[27][28]
The film was also loosely remade as The Distinguished Gentleman (1992), starring Eddie Murphy.[29]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The March 10, 1940 broadcast of Jack Benny's NBC radio show featured a parody entitled "Mr. Benny Goes to Washington."[30]
The short-lived NBC political drama Mister Sterling (2003) was described as "a Mr. Smith Goes to Washington for the 21st century", with the show centering on an idealistic young senator from California, coming to grips with Washington and appointed by a scheming, underhanded governor.[4]
The VHS release of Ernest Rides Again featured the opening Saturday Night Live-based short "Mr. Bill Goes to Washington", a spoof of Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.
The Simpsons episode "Beyond Blunderdome" includes a parodistic, fake remake of Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, authored by a fictional Mel Gibson with Homer Simpson's help. The fictional remake follows the same plot of the original (save for being set in the 21st century) until the final iconic "filibuster scene", replaced with a stock action scene in which a nearly exhausted Mr. Smith suddenly stands up and viciously slaughters every single senator, impaling Senator Payne with an American flag, destroying the Senate and beheading the President of the United States, mockingly quoting Marilyn Monroe's "Happy Birthday, Mr. President".
The Simpsons episode "Mr. Lisa Goes to Washington" is inspired by, and contains several references to Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. The episode deals with Lisa Simpson's disillusionment with Washington government, following her winning a trip to Washington as a prize in an essay contest.
The Simpsons episode "Mr. Spritz Goes to Washington" is also inspired by this film. In it, the Simpsons help Krusty the Clown get elected to Congress in exchange for his help in passing a bill that would move the airport flight path away from their neighborhood. Once in Washington, they find their plans blocked by a corrupt and lazy Congress, until Walter Mondale (who is now a janitor) shows them the tricks to get their bill passed.