document_title: FIFA World Cup

question_text: how many games in each world cup group

question_tokens: how many games in each world cup group

text: FIFA World Cup

text: History

text: Previous international competitions

text: The world's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England,[5] which ended in a 0–0 draw. The first international tournament, the inaugural British Home Championship, took place in 1884.[6] As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century, it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics (however, the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events), and at the 1906 Intercalated Games.[7]

text: After FIFA was founded in 1904, it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906. These were very early days for international football, and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure.[8]

text: At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, football became an official competition. Planned by The Football Association (FA), England's football governing body, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. Great Britain (represented by the England national amateur football team) won the gold medals. They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

text: With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams, Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909. The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs (not national teams) from different nations, each one of which represented an entire nation. The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup,[9] and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy, Germany and Switzerland, but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team. Lipton invited West Auckland, an amateur side from County Durham, to represent England instead. West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title.

text: In 1914, FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a "world football championship for amateurs", and took responsibility for managing the event.[10] This paved the way for the world's first intercontinental football competition, at the 1920 Summer Olympics, contested by Egypt and 13 European teams, and won by Belgium.[11] Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928. Those were also the first two open world championships, as 1924 was the start of FIFA's professional era.

text: World Cups before World War II

text: Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments, FIFA, with President Jules Rimet as the driving force, again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics. On 28 May 1928, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself.[12] With Uruguay now two-time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930, FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament.

text: The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team, but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides. Indeed, no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition. Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium, France, Romania, and Yugoslavia to make the trip. In total, 13 nations took part: seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America.

text: The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930, and were won by France and the USA, who defeated Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0 respectively. The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France.[13] In the final, Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo, and became the first nation to win the World Cup.[14] After the creation of the World Cup, FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players, and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics.[15] Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics, but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup.

text: The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel, and war. Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament. Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both. The 1942 and 1946 competitions, which Germany and Brazil sought to host,[16] were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath.

text: World Cups after World War II

text: The 1950 World Cup, held in Brazil, was the first to include British participants. British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920, partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with, and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football,[17] but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA's invitation.[18] The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay, who had boycotted the previous two World Cups. Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil, in the match called "Maracanazo" (Portuguese: Maracanaço).

text: In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978, 16 teams competed in each tournament, except in 1938, when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying, leaving the tournament with 15 teams, and in 1950, when India, Scotland, and Turkey withdrew, leaving the tournament with 13 teams.[19] Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America, with a small minority from North America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams. Until 1982, the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were: USA, semi-finalists in 1930; Cuba, quarter-finalists in 1938; North Korea, quarter-finalists in 1966; and Mexico, quarter-finalists in 1970.

text: Expansion to 32 teams

text: The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982,[20] and then to 32 in 1998,[21] also allowing more teams from Africa, Asia and North America to take part. Since then, teams from these regions have enjoyed more success, with several having reached the quarter-finals: Mexico, quarter-finalists in 1986; Cameroon, quarter-finalists in 1990; South Korea, finishing in fourth place in 2002; Senegal, along with USA, both quarter-finalists in 2002; Ghana, quarter-finalists in 2010; and Costa Rica, quarter-finalists in 2014. Nevertheless, European and South American teams continue to dominate, e.g., the quarter-finalists in 1994, 1998, 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far.

text: Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[22]

text: Expansion to 48 teams

text: In October 2013, Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union's region a position in the World Cup.[23] In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that: "From a purely sporting perspective, I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously, and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup. It cannot be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup."[24] Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency.[25]

text: Following the magazine's publication, Blatter's would-be opponent for the FIFA Presidency, UEFA President Michel Platini, responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations, increasing the number of participants by eight. Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA, two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football, two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL, and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation.[26] Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup. He said: "[The World Cup is] not based on the quality of the teams because you don't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it's a good compromise. ... It's a political matter so why not have more Africans? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world. If you don't give the possibility to participate, they don't improve."[26]

text: In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48-team World Cup in 2026.[27] On 10 January 2017, FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams.[28]

text: 2015 FIFA corruption case

text: By May 2015, the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case, allegations and criminal charges of bribery, fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights (rigged bids) for FIFA games,[29] with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years. In late May, the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47-count indictment with charges of racketeering, wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people. Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time, particularly on 29 May and 3 December.[30] By the end of May 2015, a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption. At the time, FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016.[31]

text: On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA's then-executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups.[32] On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter.[33] The same day, FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments. Then-secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated, "Due to the situation, I think it's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being."[34] On 28 October 2015, Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini, a potential candidate for presidency, were suspended for 90 days; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media.[35]

text: On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May.[36] An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day.[37]

text: Other FIFA tournaments

text: An equivalent tournament for women's football, the FIFA Women's World Cup, was first held in 1991 in China.[38] The women's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men's, but is growing; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120, more than double that of 1991.[39]

text: Men's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932. Unlike many other sports, the men's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top-level tournament, and since 1992, an under-23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players.[40] Women's football made its Olympic debut in 1996.

text: The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation(s) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup. It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships, along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country.[41]

text: FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football (FIFA U-20 World Cup, FIFA U-17 World Cup, FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup), club football (FIFA Club World Cup), and football variants such as futsal (FIFA Futsal World Cup) and beach soccer (FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup). The latter three do not have a women's version, although a FIFA Women's Club World Cup has been proposed.[42]

text: The FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup is held the year before each Women's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process. The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition.[43]

text: Trophy

text: From 1930 to 1970, the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team. It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde, but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament. In 1970, Brazil's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently. However, the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered, apparently melted down by the thieves.[44]

text: After 1970, a new trophy, known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy, was designed. The experts of FIFA, coming from seven countries, evaluated the 53 presented models, finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga. The new trophy is 36 cm (14.2 in) high, made of solid 18 carat (75%) gold and weighs 6.175 kg (13.6 lb).[45] The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974.[45] The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was: "The lines spring out from the base, rising in spirals, stretching out to receive the world. From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory."[46]

text: This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently. World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished. They are awarded a gold-plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards.[47]

text: Currently, all members (players, coaches, and managers) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy; winners' (gold), runners-up' (silver), and third-place (bronze). In the 2002 edition, fourth-place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea. Before the 1978 tournament, medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third-place match. In November 2007, FIFA announced that all members of World Cup-winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners' medals.[48][49][50]

text: Format

text: Qualification

text: Since the second World Cup in 1934, qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament.[51] They are held within the six FIFA continental zones (Africa, Asia, North and Central America and Caribbean, South America, Oceania, and Europe), overseen by their respective confederations. For each tournament, FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand, generally based on the relative strength of the confederations' teams.

text: The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two-year period. The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations. Usually, one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play-offs. For example, the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth-placed team from the Asian zone entered a play-off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup.[52] From the 1938 World Cup onwards, host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament. This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002, but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward, requiring the champions to qualify. Brazil, winners in 2002, were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches.[53]

text: Final tournament

text: The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation(s). There are two stages: the group stage followed by the knockout stage.[54]

text: In the group stage, teams compete within eight groups of four teams each. Eight teams are seeded, including the hosts, with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and/or performances in recent World Cups, and drawn to separate groups.[55] The other teams are assigned to different "pots", usually based on geographical criteria, and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups. Since 1998, constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation.[56]

text: Each group plays a round-robin tournament, in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group. This means that a total of six matches are played within a group. The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams.[57] The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage. Points are used to rank the teams within a group. Since 1994, three points have been awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss (before, winners received two points).

text: If one considers all possible outcomes (win, draw, loss) for all six matches in a group, there are 729 (= 36) outcome combinations possible. However, 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places. In such case, the ranking among these teams is determined as follows:[58]

text:
Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches
Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches
If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria, their ranking will be determined as follows:
Greatest number of points in head-to-head matches among those teams
Greatest goal difference in head-to-head matches among those teams
Greatest number of goals scored in head-to-head matches among those teams
Fair play points, defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage:
Yellow card: minus 1 point
Indirect red card (as a result of a second yellow card): minus 3 points
Direct red card: minus 4 points
Yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points
If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria, their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots

tag: ol

text: The knockout stage is a single-elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one-off matches, with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary. It begins with the round of 16 (or the second round) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner-up of another group. This is followed by the quarter-finals, the semi-finals, the third-place match (contested by the losing semi-finalists), and the final.[54]

text: On 10 January 2017, FIFA approved a new format, the 48-team World Cup (to accommodate more teams), which consists of 16 groups of three teams each, with two teams qualifying from each group, to form a round of 32 knockout stage, to be implemented by 2026.[59]

text: Hosts

text: Selection process

text: Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA's congress. The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat. The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay, for example, led to only four European nations competing.[60] The next two World Cups were both held in Europe. The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed, as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents. Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup.[61]

text: Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup, to avoid future boycotts or controversy, FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe, which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup. The 2002 FIFA World Cup, hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan, was the first one held in Asia, and the first tournament with multiple hosts.[62] South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010. The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil, the first held in South America since Argentina 1978,[63] and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe.

text: The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA's Council. This is done under an exhaustive ballot system. The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a "Hosting Agreement" from FIFA, which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid. The bidding association also receives a form, the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy. After this, a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced. The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament. However, there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time, as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, which were awarded to Russia and Qatar, with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament.[64][65]

text: For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups, the final tournament is rotated between confederations, allowing only countries from the chosen confederation (Africa in 2010, South America in 2014) to bid to host the tournament. The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament. However, the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014, so any country, except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments, can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018.[66] This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament, where Brazil was the only official bidder.[67]

text: The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States, Canada and Mexico, marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations.[68] The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held, with 48 teams playing 80 matches. Sixty matches will take place in the US, including all matches from the quarter-finals onward, while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each.[68]

text: Performances

text:
Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland, the exceptions being Brazil, who finished as runners-up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014, and Spain, which reached the second round on home soil in 1982. England (1966) won its only title while playing as a host nation. Uruguay (1930), Italy (1934), Argentina (1978) and
France (1998) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again, while Germany (1974) won their second title on home soil.[69]

text: Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament. Switzerland (quarter-finals 1954), Sweden (runners-up in 1958), Chile (third place in 1962), South Korea (fourth place in 2002), and Mexico (quarter-finals in 1970 and 1986) all have their best results when serving as hosts. So far, South Africa (2010) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round.[70]

text: Attendance

text:
Year

Hosts

Venues/Cities

Totalattendance

Matches

Avg.attendance

Highest attendances †

Number

Venue

Game(s)

1930
 Uruguay
3/1
590,549
18
32,808
93,000
Estadio Centenario, Montevideo
Uruguay 6–1 Yugoslavia, Semi-final

1934
 Italy
8/8
363,000
17
21,353
55,000
Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome
Italy 2–1 Czechoslovakia, Final

1938
 France
10/9
375,700
18
20,872
58,455
Olympique de Colombes, Paris
France 1–3 Italy, Quarter-final

1950
 Brazil
6/6
1,045,246
22
47,511
173,850[71]
Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro
Brazil 1–2 Uruguay, Deciding match

1954
  Switzerland
6/6
768,607
26
29,562
63,000
Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
West Germany 3–2 Hungary, Final

1958
 Sweden
12/12
819,810
35
23,423
50,928
Ullevi Stadium, Gothenburg
Brazil 2–0 Soviet Union, Group stage

1962
 Chile
4/4
893,172
32
27,912
68,679
Estadio Nacional, Santiago
Brazil 4–2 Chile, Semi-final

1966
 England
8/7
1,563,135
32
48,848
98,270
Wembley Stadium, London
England 4–2 West Germany, Final

1970
 Mexico
5/5
1,603,975
32
50,124
108,192
Estadio Azteca, Mexico City
Mexico 1–0 Belgium, Group stage

1974
 West Germany
9/9
1,865,753
38
49,099
83,168
Olympiastadion, West Berlin
West Germany 1–0 Chile, Group stage

1978
 Argentina
6/5
1,545,791
38
40,679
71,712
River Plate Stadium, Buenos Aires
Italy 1–0 Argentina, Group stage

1982
 Spain
17/14
2,109,723
52
40,572
95,500
Camp Nou, Barcelona
Argentina 0–1 Belgium, Opening match

1986
 Mexico
12/11
2,394,031
52
46,039
114,600
Estadio Azteca, Mexico City
Mexico 1–1 Paraguay, Group stageArgentina 3–2 West Germany, Final

1990
 Italy
12/12
2,516,215
52
48,389
74,765
San Siro, Milan
West Germany 4–1 Yugoslavia, Group stage

1994
 United States
9/9
3,587,538
52
68,991
94,194
Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
Brazil 0(3)–(2)0 Italy, Final

1998
 France
10/10
2,785,100
64
43,517
80,000
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
Brazil 0–3 France, Final

2002
 South Korea Japan
10/1010/10
2,705,197
64
42,269
69,029
International Stadium, Yokohama, Japan
Brazil 2–0 Germany, Final

2006
 Germany
12/12
3,359,439
64
52,491
72,000
Olympiastadion, Berlin
Germany 1(4)–(2)1 Argentina, Quarter-final

2010
 South Africa
10/9
3,178,856
64
49,670
84,490
Soccer City, Johannesburg
Spain 1–0 Netherlands, Final

2014
 Brazil
12/12
3,429,873
64
53,592
74,738
Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro
Germany 1–0 Argentina, Final

2018
 Russia
12/11
3,031,768
64
47,371
78,011
Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
Seven matches at the Luzhniki, including France 4–2 Croatia, Final

Overall
40,532,478
900
45,036
171,772
Maracanã Stadium, Rio (1950)

text: The best-attended single match, shown in the last three columns, has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014. Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930, 1938, 1958, 1962, 1970–1982, 1990 and 2006.

text: Source: FIFA[72]

text: Broadcasting and promotion

text:
The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world. The cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion.[1] 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament (a ninth of the entire population of the planet). The 2006 World Cup draw, which decided the distribution of teams into groups, was watched by 300 million viewers.[73] The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's and Adidas. For these companies and many more, being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands. Host countries typically experience a multimillion-dollar revenue increase from the month-long event.
The governing body of the sport, FIFA, generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament.[74]

text: Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo. World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 competition, was the first World Cup mascot.[75] World Cups have also featured official match balls specially designed for each tournament.[76]

text: The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates, the male/female sex ratio of newborns, and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing.[77][78][79]

text: Results

text:
#

Year

Hosts

Champions

Score and Venue

Runners-up

Third place

Score and Venue

Fourth place

Number of Teams

1

1930  Details

 Uruguay

Uruguay

4–2 Estadio Centenario, Montevideo

Argentina

United States

[note 1]

Yugoslavia

13

2

1934  Details

 Italy

Italy

2–1 (a.e.t.) Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome

Czechoslovakia

Germany

3–2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli, Naples

Austria

16

3

1938  Details

 France

Italy

4–2 Stade de Colombes, Paris

Hungary

Brazil

4–2 Parc Lescure, Bordeaux

Sweden

15

1942

Editions not organized because of World War II.

1946

4

1950  Details

 Brazil

Uruguay

[note 2]2–1 Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro

Brazil

Sweden

[note 2]3–1 Pacaembu, São Paulo

Spain

13

5

1954  Details

  Switzerland

West Germany

3–2 Wankdorfstadion, Bern

Hungary

Austria

3–1 Hardturm, Zürich

Uruguay

16

6

1958  Details

 Sweden

Brazil

5–2 Råsundastadion, Solna

Sweden

France

6–3 Ullevi, Gothenburg

West Germany

16

7

1962  Details

 Chile

Brazil

3–1 Estadio Nacional, Santiago

Czechoslovakia

Chile

1–0 Estadio Nacional, Santiago

Yugoslavia

16

8

1966  Details

 England

England

4–2 (a.e.t.) Wembley Stadium, London

West Germany

Portugal

2–1 Wembley Stadium, London

Soviet Union

16

9

1970  Details

 Mexico

Brazil

4–1 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City

Italy

West Germany

1–0 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City

Uruguay

16

10

1974  Details

 West Germany

West Germany

2–1 Olympiastadion, Munich

Netherlands

Poland

1–0 Olympiastadion, Munich

Brazil

16

11

1978  Details

 Argentina

Argentina

3–1 (a.e.t.) Monumental de Núñez, Buenos Aires

Netherlands

Brazil

2–1 Monumental de Núñez, Buenos Aires

Italy

16

12

1982  Details

 Spain

Italy

3–1 Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid

West Germany

Poland

3–2 Estadio José Rico Pérez, Alicante

France

24

13

1986  Details

 Mexico

Argentina

3–2 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City

West Germany

France

4–2 (a.e.t.) Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Puebla

Belgium

24

14

1990  Details

 Italy

West Germany

1–0 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

Argentina

Italy

2–1 Stadio San Nicola, Bari

England

24

15

1994  Details

 United States

Brazil

0–0 (a.e.t.)(3–2 PSO) Rose Bowl, Pasadena

Italy

Sweden

4–0 Rose Bowl, Pasadena

Bulgaria

24

16

1998  Details

 France

France

3–0 Stade de France, Saint-Denis

Brazil

Croatia

2–1 Parc des Princes, Paris

Netherlands

32

17

2002  Details

 South Korea Japan

Brazil

2–0 International Stadium, Yokohama

Germany

Turkey

3–2 Daegu Stadium, Daegu

South Korea

32

18

2006  Details

 Germany

Italy

1–1 (a.e.t.)(5–3 PSO) Olympiastadion, Berlin

France

Germany

3–1 Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion, Stuttgart

Portugal

32

19

2010  Details

 South Africa

Spain

1–0 (a.e.t.) Soccer City, Johannesburg

Netherlands

Germany

3–2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Port Elizabeth

Uruguay

32

20

2014  Details

 Brazil

Germany

1–0 (a.e.t.) Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro

Argentina

Netherlands

3–0 Estádio Nacional, Brasília

Brazil

32

21

2018  Details

 Russia

France

4–2 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow

Croatia

Belgium

2–0 Krestovsky Stadium, Saint Petersburg

England

32

text:
a.e.t.: after extra time
PSO: after penalty shoot-out
TBD: to be determined

text:
Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals. FIFA now recognises the United States as the third-placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth-placed team, using the overall records of the teams in the tournament.[80]

^ Jump up to: a b There was no official World Cup final match in 1950.[81] The tournament winner was decided by a final round-robin group contested by four teams (Uruguay, Brazil, Sweden, and Spain). Coincidentally, one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other, with Uruguay's 2–1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup.[82] Likewise, the game between the lowest ranked teams, played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil, can be considered equal to a 3rd place match, with Sweden's 3–1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third.

text: In all, 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup.[83] Of these, eight national teams have won the World Cup, and they have added stars to their badges, with each star representing a World Cup victory. (Uruguay, however, choose to display four stars on their badge, representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950).

text: With five titles, Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup (21) to date.[84] Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third (1970), fourth (1994) and fifth (2002) time. Italy (1934 and 1938) and Brazil (1958 and 1962) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles. West Germany (1982–1990) and Brazil (1994–2002) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals. Germany has made the most top-four finishes (13), medals (12), as well as the most finals (8).

text: Teams reaching the top four

text:
Teams reaching the top four

Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third place
Fourth place
Top 4 Finishes
Top 3 Finishes
Top 2 Finishes

 Brazil

5 (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002)

2 (1950*, 1998)

2 (1938, 1978)

2 (1974, 2014*)

11
9
7

 Germany^

4 (1954, 1974*, 1990, 2014)

4 (1966, 1982, 1986, 2002)

4 (1934, 1970, 2006*, 2010)

1 (1958)

13
12
8

 Italy

4 (1934*, 1938, 1982, 2006)

2 (1970, 1994)

1 (1990*)

1 (1978)

8
7
6

 Argentina

2 (1978*, 1986)

3 (1930, 1990, 2014)

5
5
5

 France

2 (1998*, 2018)

1 (2006)

2 (1958, 1986)

1 (1982)

6
5
3

 Uruguay

2 (1930*, 1950)

3 (1954, 1970, 2010)

5
2
2

 England

1 (1966*)

2 (1990, 2018)

3
1
1

 Spain

1 (2010)

1 (1950)

2
1
1

 Netherlands

3 (1974, 1978, 2010)

1 (2014)

1 (1998)

5
4
3

 Hungary

2 (1938, 1954)

2
2
2

 Czechoslovakia#

2 (1934, 1962)

2
2
2

 Sweden

1 (1958*)

2 (1950, 1994)

1 (1938)

4
3
1

 Croatia

1 (2018)

1 (1998)

2
2
1

 Poland

2 (1974, 1982)

2
2

 Austria

1 (1954)

1 (1934)

2
1

 Portugal

1 (1966)

1 (2006)

2
1

 Belgium

1 (2018)

1 (1986)

2
1

 United States

1 (1930)

1
1

 Chile

1 (1962*)

1
1

 Turkey

1 (2002)

1
1

 Yugoslavia#

2 (1930, 1962)

2

 Soviet Union#

1 (1966)

1

 Bulgaria

1 (1994)

1

 South Korea

1 (2002*)

1

text: Best performances by continental zones

text: To date, the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA (Europe) and CONMEBOL (South America) confederations. European nations have won twelve titles, while South American have won nine. Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition: United States (North, Central America and Caribbean) in 1930 and South Korea (Asia) in 2002. The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter-finals: Cameroon in 1990, Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010. Only one Oceanian qualifier, Australia in 2006, has advanced to the second round.[85]

text: Brazil, Argentina, Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation; Brazil came out victorious in Europe (1958), North America (1970 and 1994) and Asia (2002). Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986, while Spain won in Africa in 2010. In 2014, Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas. Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent, and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation. Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively, while Italy's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010, Germany in 2014 and France in 2018. Currently, it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents (Europe) is ahead of the other (South America) by more than one championship.

text:
Total times teams qualified by confederation

Confederation

AFC

CAF

CONCACAF

CONMEBOL

OFC

UEFA

Total

Teams
37
44
42
85
4
245
457

Top 16
6
9
14
35
1
91
156

Top 8
2
3
5
34
0
100
144

Top 4
1
0
1
22
0
60
84

Top 2
0
0
0
14
0
28
42

1st
0
0
0
9
0
12
21

2nd
0
0
0
5
0
16
21

3rd
0
0
1
3
0
17
21

4th
1
0
0
5
0
15
21

text: Awards

text: At the end of each World Cup, awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament. There are currently six awards:[86]

text:
The Golden Ball for the best player, determined by a vote of media members (first awarded in 1982); the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively;[87]
The Golden Boot (sometimes called the Golden Shoe) for the top goalscorer (first awarded in 1982, but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930); most recently, the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively;[88]
The Golden Glove Award (formerly the Yashin Award) for the best goalkeeper, decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group (first awarded in 1994);[89]
The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year, decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group (first awarded in 2006);[90]
The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play, according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee (first awarded in 1978);[90]
The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup, determined by a poll of the general public (first awarded in 1994);[90]

text: An All-Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998.

text: Records and statistics

text: Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups; Mexico's Antonio Carbajal (1950–1966) and Rafael Márquez (2002-2018); and Germany's Lothar Matthäus (1982–1998) all played in five tournaments.[91] Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall, with 25 appearances.[92] Brazil's Djalma Santos (1954–1962), West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer (1966–1974) and Germany's Philipp Lahm (2006–2014) are the only players to be named to three Finals All-Star Teams.[93]

text: Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) is the all-time top scorer at the finals, with 16 goals. He broke Ronaldo of Brazil's record of 15 goals (1998–2006) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil. West Germany's Gerd Müller (1970–1974) is third, with 14 goals.[94] The fourth placed goalscorer, France's Just Fontaine, holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament.[95]

text: In November 2007, FIFA announced that all members of World Cup-winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners' medals.[48] This made Brazil's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners' medals (1958, 1962, and 1970, although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury),[96] with 20 other players who have won two winners' medals. Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals (winners', runner- ups', and third-place); five players were from West Germany's squad of 1966–1974 including Franz Beckenbauer, Jürgen Grabowski, Horst-Dieter Höttges, Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath (1966–1974), Italy's Franco Baresi (1982, 1990, 1994) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) with four consecutive medals.[97]

text: Brazil's Mário Zagallo, West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach. Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach.[98] Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach,[99] and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018, after having won in 1998 as captain.[100] Italy's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups (1934 and 1938).[101] All World Cup-winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory.[102]

text: Among the national teams, Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches (109), Germany appeared in the most finals (8), semi-finals (13), quarter-finals (16), while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups (21), has the most wins (73) and has scored the most goals (229).[103][104] The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup, in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final.[105]

text: Top goalscorers

text:
Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments

Rank

Nation

Player

Goals scored

1

Miroslav Klose

16

2

Ronaldo

15

3

Gerd Müller

14

4

Just Fontaine

13

5

Pelé

12

6

Jürgen Klinsmann

11

Sándor Kocsis

11

text: All-time table for champions

text:
Position

Name of Team

Participations

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

AvgPts

Trophies

1

 Brazil

21

109

73

18

18

229

105

124

237

2.17

5

2

 Germany[106]

19

109

67

20

22

226

125

101

221

2.03

4

3

 Italy

18

83

45

21

17

128

77

51

156

1.88

4

4

 Argentina

17

81

43

15

23

137

93

44

144

1.78

2

5

 France

15

66

34

13

19

120

77

43

115

1.74

2

6

 England

15

69

29

21

19

91

64

27

108

1.59

1

7

 Spain

15

63

30

15

18

99

72

27

105

1.67

1

8

 Uruguay

13

56

24

12

20

87

74

13

84

1.50

2


document_title: Foot

question_text: where is the instep of the foot located

question_tokens: where is the instep of the foot located

root

text: Foot

text: Etymology

text:
The word "foot", in the sense of meaning the "terminal part of the leg of a vertebrate animal" comes from "Old English fot "foot," from Proto-Germanic *fot (source also of Old Frisian fot, Old Saxon fot, Old Norse fotr, Danish fod, Swedish fot, Dutch voet, Old High German fuoz, German Fuß, Gothic fotus "foot"), from PIE root *ped- "foot." [1]
The "[p]lural form feet is an instance of i-mutation." [1]

tag: p

text: Structure

text: The human foot is a strong and complex mechanical structure containing 26 bones, 33 joints (20 of which are actively articulated), and more than a hundred muscles, tendons, and ligaments.[2] The joints of the foot are the ankle and subtalar joint and the interphalangeal articulations of the foot. An anthropometric study of 1197 North American adult Caucasian males (mean age 35.5 years) found that a man's foot length was 26.3 cm with a standard deviation of 1.2 cm.[3]

text: The foot can be subdivided into the hindfoot, the midfoot, and the forefoot:

text: The hindfoot is composed of the talus (or ankle bone) and the calcaneus (or heel bone). The two long bones of the lower leg, the tibia and fibula, are connected to the top of the talus to form the ankle. Connected to the talus at the subtalar joint, the calcaneus, the largest bone of the foot, is cushioned underneath by a layer of fat.[2]

text: The five irregular bones of the midfoot, the cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones, form the arches of the foot which serves as a shock absorber. The midfoot is connected to the hind- and fore-foot by muscles and the plantar fascia.[2]

text: The forefoot is composed of five toes and the corresponding five proximal long bones forming the metatarsus. Similar to the fingers of the hand, the bones of the toes are called phalanges and the big toe has two phalanges while the other four toes have three phalanges each. The joints between the phalanges are called interphalangeal and those between the metatarsus and phalanges are called metatarsophalangeal (MTP).[2]

text: Both the midfoot and forefoot constitute the dorsum (the area facing upwards while standing) and the planum (the area facing downwards while standing).

text: The instep is the arched part of the top of the foot between the toes and the ankle.

text: Bones

text:
tibia, fibula
tarsus (7): talus, calcaneus, cuneiformes (3), cuboid, and navicular
metatarsus (5): first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bone
phalanges (14)

tag: ul

text: There can be many sesamoid bones near the metatarsophalangeal joints, although they are only regularly present in the distal portion of the first metatarsal bone.[4]

text: Arches

text: The human foot has two longitudinal arches and a transverse arch maintained by the interlocking shapes of the foot bones, strong ligaments, and pulling muscles during activity. The slight mobility of these arches when weight is applied to and removed from the foot makes walking and running more economical in terms of energy. As can be examined in a footprint, the medial longitudinal arch curves above the ground. This arch stretches from the heel bone over the "keystone" ankle bone to the three medial metatarsals. In contrast, the lateral longitudinal arch is very low. With the cuboid serving as its keystone, it redistributes part of the weight to the calcaneus and the distal end of the fifth metatarsal. The two longitudinal arches serve as pillars for the transverse arch which run obliquely across the tarsometatarsal joints. Excessive strain on the tendons and ligaments of the feet can result in fallen arches or flat feet.[5]

text: Muscles

text: The muscles acting on the foot can be classified into extrinsic muscles, those originating on the anterior or posterior aspect of the lower leg, and intrinsic muscles, originating on the dorsal (top) or plantar (base) aspects of the foot.

text: Extrinsic

text:
All muscles originating on the lower leg except the popliteus muscle are attached to the bones of the foot. The tibia and fibula and the interosseous membrane separate these muscles into anterior and posterior groups, in their turn subdivided into subgroups and layers.
[6]

text: Anterior group

text:
Extensor group: tibialis anterior originates on the proximal half of the tibia and the interosseous membrane and is inserted near the tarsometatarsal joint of the first digit. In the non-weight-bearing leg tibialis anterior flexes the foot dorsally and lift its medial edge (supination). In the weight-bearing leg it brings the leg towards the back of the foot, like in rapid walking. Extensor digitorum longus arises on the lateral tibial condyle and along the fibula to be inserted on the second to fifth digits and proximally on the fifth metatarsal. The extensor digitorum longus acts similar to the tibialis anterior except that it also dorsiflexes the digits. Extensor hallucis longus originates medially on the fibula and is inserted on the first digit. As the name implies it dorsiflexes the big toe and also acts on the ankle in the unstressed leg. In the weight-bearing leg it acts similar to the tibialis anterior.
[7]

text:
Peroneal group: peroneus longus arises on the proximal aspect of the fibula and peroneus brevis below it on the same bone. Together, their tendons pass behind the lateral malleolus. Distally, peroneus longus crosses the plantar side of the foot to reach its insertion on the first tarsometatarsal joint, while peroneus brevis reaches the proximal part of the fifth metatarsal. These two muscles are the strongest pronators and aid in plantar flexion. Longus also acts like a bowstring that braces the transverse arch of the foot.
[8]

text: Posterior group

text: The superficial layer of posterior leg muscles is formed by the triceps surae and the plantaris. The triceps surae consists of the soleus and the two heads of the gastrocnemius. The heads of gastrocnemius arise on the femur, proximal to the condyles, and soleus arises on the proximal dorsal parts of the tibia and fibula. The tendons of these muscles merge to be inserted onto the calcaneus as the Achilles tendon. Plantaris originates on the femur proximal to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and its long tendon is embedded medially into the Achilles tendon. The triceps surae is the primary plantar flexor and its strength becomes most obvious during ballet dancing. It is fully activated only with the knee extended because the gastrocnemius is shortened during knee flexion. During walking it not only lifts the heel, but also flexes the knee, assisted by the plantaris.[9]

text:
In the deep layer of posterior muscles tibialis posterior arises proximally on the back of the interosseous membrane and adjoining bones and divides into two parts in the sole of the foot to attach to the tarsus. In the non-weight-bearing leg, it produces plantar flexion and supination, and, in the weight-bearing leg, it proximates the heel to the calf. flexor hallucis longus arises on the back of the fibula (i.e. on the lateral side), and its relatively thick muscle belly extends distally down to the flexor retinaculum where it passes over to the medial side to stretch across the sole to the distal phalanx of the first digit. The popliteus is also part of this group, but, with its oblique course across the back of the knee, does not act on the foot.
[10]

text: Intrinsic

text:
On the back (top) of the foot, the tendons of extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis lie deep to the system of long extrinsic extensor tendons. They both arise on the calcaneus and extend into the dorsal aponeurosis of digits one to four, just beyond the penultimate joints. They act to dorsiflex the digits.
[11]

text: Similar to the intrinsic muscles of the hand, there are three groups of muscles in the sole of foot, those of the first and last digits, and a central group:

text:
Muscles of the big toe: abductor hallucis stretches medially along the border of the sole, from the calcaneus to the first digit. Below its tendon, the tendons of the long flexors pass through the tarsal canal. It is an abductor and a weak flexor, and also helps maintain the arch of the foot. flexor hallucis brevis arises on the medial cuneiform bone and related ligaments and tendons. An important plantar flexor, it is crucial for ballet dancing. Both these muscles are inserted with two heads proximally and distally to the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Adductor hallucis is part of this group, though it originally formed a separate system (see contrahens.) It has two heads, the oblique head originating obliquely across the central part of the midfoot, and the transverse head originating near the metatarsophalangeal joints of digits five to three. Both heads are inserted into the lateral sesamoid bone of the first digit. Adductor hallucis acts as a tensor of the plantar arches and also adducts the big toe and then might plantar flex the proximal phalanx.
[12]

text:
Muscles of the little toe: Stretching laterally from the calcaneus to the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit, abductor digiti minimi form the lateral margin of the foot and is the largest of the muscles of the fifth digit. Arising from the base of the fifth metatarsal, flexor digiti minimi is inserted together with abductor on the first phalanx. Often absent, opponens digiti minimi originates near the cuboid bone and is inserted on the fifth metatarsal bone. These three muscles act to support the arch of the foot and to plantar flex the fifth digit.
[13]

text:
Central muscle group: The four lumbricals arise on the medial side of the tendons of flexor digitorum longus and are inserted on the medial margins of the proximal phalanges. Quadratus plantae originates with two slips from the lateral and medial margins of the calcaneus and inserts into the lateral margin of the flexor digitorum tendon. It is also known as flexor accessorius. Flexor digitorum brevis arise inferiorly on the calcaneus and its three tendons are inserted into the middle phalanges of digits two to four (sometimes also the fifth digit). These tendons divide before their insertions and the tendons of flexor digitorum longus pass through these divisions. Flexor digitorum brevis flexes the middle phalanges. It is occasionally absent. Between the toes, the dorsal and plantar interossei stretch from the metatarsals to the proximal phalanges of digits two to five. The plantar interossei adducts and the dorsal interossei abducts these digits and are also plantar flexors at the metatarsophalangeal joints.
[14]

text: Clinical significance

text: Due to their position and function, feet are exposed to a variety of potential infections and injuries, including athlete's foot, bunions, ingrown toenails, Morton's neuroma, plantar fasciitis, plantar warts and stress fractures. In addition, there are several genetic disorders that can affect the shape and function of the feet, including a club foot or flat feet.

text: This leaves humans more vulnerable to medical problems that are caused by poor leg and foot alignments. Also, the wearing of shoes, sneakers and boots can impede proper alignment and movement within the ankle and foot. For example, High-heeled footwear are known to throw off the natural weight balance (this can also affect the lower back). For the sake of posture, flat soles with no heels are advised.

text: A doctor who specializes in the treatment of the feet practices podiatry and is called a podiatrist. A pedorthist specializes in the use and modification of footwear to treat problems related to the lower limbs.

text: Fractures of the foot include:

text:
Lisfranc fracture – in which one or all of the metatarsals are displaced from the tarsus[15]
Jones fracture – a fracture of the fifth metatarsal
March fracture – a fracture of the distal third of one of the metatarsals occurring because of recurrent stress
Calcaneal fracture

text: Foot sweat is the major cause of foot odor. Sweat itself is odorless, but it creates a beneficial environment for certain bacteria to grow and produce bad-smelling substances.

text: Pronation

text: In anatomy, pronation is a rotational movement of the forearm (at the radioulnar joint) or foot (at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints). Pronation of the foot refers to how the body distributes weight as it cycles through the gait. During the gait cycle the foot can pronate in many different ways based on rearfoot and forefoot function. Types of pronation include neutral pronation,  underpronation (supination), and overpronation.

text: An individual who neutrally pronates initially strikes the ground on the lateral side of the heel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to the metatarsus, the foot will roll in a medial direction, such that the weight is distributed evenly across the metatarsus. In this stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track directly over the hallux.

text: This rolling inwards motion as the foot progresses from heel to toe is the way that the body naturally absorbs shock. Neutral pronation is the most ideal, efficient type of gait when using a heel strike gait; in a forefoot strike, the body absorbs shock instead via flexation of the foot.

text: As with a neutral pronator, an individual who overpronates initially strikes the ground on the lateral side of the heel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to the metatarsus, however, the foot will roll too far in a medial direction, such that the weight is distributed unevenly across the metatarsus, with excessive weight borne on the hallux. In this stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track inwards.

text: An overpronator does not absorb shock efficiently. Imagine someone jumping onto a diving board, but the board is so flimsy that when it is struck, it bends and allows the person to plunge straight down into the water instead of back into the air. Similarly, an overpronator's arches will collapse, or the ankles will roll inwards (or a combination of the two) as they cycle through the gait. An individual whose bone structure involves external rotation at the hip, knee, or ankle will be more likely to overpronate than one whose bone structure has internal rotation or central alignment. An individual who overpronates tends to wear down their running shoes on the medial (inside) side of the shoe towards the toe area.[16]

text: When choosing a running or walking shoe, a person with overpronation can choose shoes that have good inside support—usually by strong material at the inside sole and arch of the shoe.  It is usually visible.  The inside support area is marked by strong greyish material to support the weight when a person lands on the outside foot and then roll onto the inside foot.

text: An individual who underpronates also initially strikes the ground on the lateral side of the heel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to the metatarsus, the foot will not roll far enough in a medial direction. The weight is distributed unevenly across the metatarsus, with excessive weight borne on the fifth metatarsal, towards the lateral side of the foot. In this stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track laterally of the hallux.

text: Like an overpronator, an underpronator does not absorb shock efficiently – but for the opposite reason. The underpronated foot is like a diving board that, instead of failing to spring someone in the air because it is too flimsy, fails to do so because it is too rigid. There is virtually no give. An underpronator's arches or ankles don't experience much motion as they cycle through the gait. An individual whose bone structure involves internal rotation at the hip, knee, or ankle will be more likely to underpronate than one whose bone structure has external rotation or central alignment. Usually – but not always – those who are bow-legged tend to underpronate.[citation needed] An individual who underpronates tends to wear down their running shoes on the lateral (outside) side of the shoe towards the rear of the shoe in the heel area.[17]

text: Society and culture

text: Humans usually wear shoes or similar footwear for protection from hazards when walking outside. There are a number of contexts where it is considered inappropriate to wear shoes. Some people consider it rude to wear shoes into a house and a Māori Marae should only be entered with bare feet.

text: Foot fetishism is the most common form of sexual fetish.[18][19]

text: Other animals

text: A paw is the soft foot of a mammal, generally a quadruped, that has claws or nails (e.g., a cat or dog's paw). A hard foot is called a hoof. Depending on style of locomotion, animals can be classified as plantigrade (sole walking), digitigrade (toe walking), or unguligrade (nail walking).

text: The metatarsals are the bones that make up the main part of the foot in humans, and part of the leg in large animals or paw in smaller animals. The number of metatarsals are directly related to the mode of locomotion with many larger animals having their digits reduced to two (elk, cow, sheep) or one (horse). The metatarsal bones of feet and paws are tightly grouped compared to, most notably, the human hand where the thumb metacarpal diverges from the rest of the metacarpus.[20]

text: Metaphorical and cultural usage

text:
The word "foot" is used to refer to a "...linear measure was in Old English (the exact length has varied over time), this being considered the length of a man's foot; a unit of measure used widely and anciently. In this sense the plural is often foot. The current inch and foot are implied from measurements in 12c." [1]
The word "foot" also has a musical meaning; a "...metrical foot (late Old English, translating Latin pes, Greek pous in the same sense) is commonly taken to represent one rise and one fall of a foot: keeping time according to some, dancing according to others."[1]

text:
The word "foot" was used in Middle English to mean "a person" (c. 1200).[1]
The expression "...to put one's best foot foremost first recorded 1849 (Shakespeare has the better foot before, 1596)".[1] The expression to "...put one's foot in (one's) mouth "say something stupid" was first used in 1942.[1] The expression "put (one's) foot in something" meaning to "make a mess of it" was used in 1823.[1]

text: The word "footloose" was first used in the 1690s, meaning "free to move the feet, unshackled"; the more "figurative sense of "free to act as one pleases" was first used in 1873.[1] Like "footloose", "flat-footed" at first had its obvious literal meaning (in 1600, it meant "with flat feet") but by 1912 it meant "unprepared" (U.S. baseball slang).[1]


document_title: Crop rotation

question_text: what crops were discovered that could replenish the nutrients of the soil

text: Crop rotation

text: History[edit]

text: Agriculturalists have long recognized that suitable rotations – such as planting spring crops for livestock in place of grains for human consumption – make it possible to restore or to maintain a productive soil. Middle Eastern farmers practiced crop rotation in 6000 BC without understanding the chemistry, alternately planting legumes and cereals[citation needed]. In the Bible, chapter 25 of the Book of Leviticus instructs the Israelites to observe a "Sabbath of the Land". Every seventh year they would not till, prune or even control insects.[1]

text: Two-field system[edit]

text: Under a two-field rotation, half the land was planted in a year, while the other half lay fallow. Then, in the next year, the two fields were reversed. From the times of Charlemagne (died 814), farmers in Europe transitioned from a two-field crop rotation to a three-field crop rotation.

text: Three-field system[edit]

text: From the end of the Middle Ages until the 20th century, Europe's farmers practised three-field rotation, dividing available lands into three parts. One section was planted in the autumn with rye or winter wheat, followed by spring oats or barley; the second section grew crops such as peas, lentils, or beans; and the third field was left fallow. The three fields were rotated in this manner so that every three years, a field would rest and be fallow. Under the two-field system, if one has a total of 600 acres (2.4 km2) of fertile land, one would only plant 300 acres. Under the new three-field rotation system, one would plant (and therefore harvest) 400 acres. But the additional crops had a more significant effect than mere quantitative productivity. Since the spring crops were mostly legumes, they increased the overall nutrition of the people of Northern Europe.

text: Four-field rotation[edit]

text: Farmers in the region of Waasland (in present-day northern Belgium) pioneered a four-field rotation in the early 16th century, and the British agriculturist Charles Townshend (1674-1738) popularised this system in the 18th century. The sequence of four crops (wheat, turnips, barley and clover), included a fodder crop and a grazing crop, allowing livestock to be bred year-round. The four-field crop rotation became a key development in the British Agricultural Revolution. The rotation between arable and ley is sometimes called ley farming.

text: Modern developments[edit]

text: George Washington Carver (1860s - 1943) studied crop-rotation methods in the United States, teaching southern farmers to rotate soil-depleting crops like cotton with soil-enriching crops like peanuts and peas.

text: In the Green Revolution of the mid-20th century the traditional practice of crop rotation gave way in some parts of the world to the practice of supplementing the chemical inputs to the soil through topdressing with fertilizers, adding (for example) ammonium nitrate or urea and restoring soil pH with lime. Such practices aimed to increase yields, to prepare soil for specialist crops, and to reduce waste and inefficiency by simplifying planting and harvesting.

text: Crop choice[edit]

text: A preliminary assessment of crop interrelationships can be found in how each crop: (1) contributes to soil organic matter (SOM) content, (2) provides for pest management, (3) manages deficient or excess nutrients, and (4) how it contributes to or controls for soil erosion.[2]

text: Crop choice is often related to the goal the farmer is looking to achieve with the rotation, which could be weed management, increasing available nitrogen in the soil, controlling for erosion, or increasing soil structure and biomass, to name a few.[3] When discussing crop rotations, crops are classified in different ways depending on what quality is being assessed: by family, by nutrient needs/benefits, and/or by profitability (i.e. cash crop versus cover crop).[4] For example, giving adequate attention to plant family is essential to mitigating pests and pathogens. However, many farmers have success managing rotations by planning sequencing and cover crops around desirable cash crops.[5] The following is a simplified classification based on crop quality and purpose.

text: Row crops[edit]

text: Many crops which are critical for the market, like vegetables, are row crops (that is, grown in tight rows).[4] While often the most profitable for farmers, these crops are more taxing on the soil[4] Row crops typically have low biomass and shallow roots: this means the plant contributes low residue to the surrounding soil and has limited effects on structure.[6] With much of the soil around the plant exposed to disruption by rainfall and traffic, fields with row crops experience faster break down of organic matter by microbes, leaving fewer nutrients for future plants.[6]

text: In short, while these crops may be profitable for the farm, they are nutrient depleting. Crop rotation practices exist to strike a balance between short-term profitability and long-term productivity.[5]

text: Legumes[edit]

text: A great advantage of crop rotation comes from the interrelationship of nitrogen fixing-crops with nitrogen demanding crops. Legumes, like alfalfa and clover, collect available nitrogen from the soil in nodules on their root structure.[7] When the plant is harvested, the biomass of uncollected roots breaks down, making the stored nitrogen available to future crops. Legumes are also a valued green manure: a crop that collects nutrients and fixes them at soil depths accessible to future crops.[8]

text: In addition, legumes have heavy tap roots that burrow deep into the ground, lifting soil for better tilth and absorption of water.

text: Grasses and cereals[edit]

text: Cereal and grasses are frequent cover crops because of the many advantages they supply to soil quality and structure. The dense and far-reaching root systems give ample structure to surrounding soil and provide significant biomass for soil organic matter.

text: Grasses and cereals are key in weed management as they compete with undesired plants for soil space and nutrients.

text: Green manure[edit]

text: Green manure is a crop that is mixed into the soil. Both nitrogen-fixing legumes and nutrient scavengers, like grasses, can be used as green manure.[7] Green manure of legumes is an excellent source of nitrogen, especially for organic systems, however, legume biomass doesn't contribute to lasting soil organic matter like grasses do.[7]

text: Planning a rotation[edit]

text: There are numerous factors that must be taken into consideration when planning a crop rotation. Planning an effective rotation requires weighing fixed and fluctuating production circumstances: market, farm size, labor supply, climate, soil type, growing practices, etc.[9] Moreover, a crop rotation must consider in what condition one crop will leave the soil for the succeeding crop and how one crop can be seeded with another crop.[9] For example, a nitrogen-fixing crop, like a legume, should always precede a nitrogen depleting one; similarly, a low residue crop (i.e. a crop with low biomass) should be offset with a high biomass cover crop, like a mixture of grasses and legumes.[2]

text: There is no limit to the number of crops that can be used in a rotation, or the amount of time a rotation takes to complete.[6] Decisions about rotations are made years prior, seasons prior, or even at the very last minute when an opportunity to increase profits or soil quality presents itself.[5] In short, there is no singular formula for rotation, but many considerations to take into account.

text: Implementation[edit]

text: Crop rotation systems may be enriched by the influences of other practices such as the addition of livestock and manure,[10] intercropping or multiple cropping, and organic management low in pesticides and synthetic fertilizers.

text: Incorporation of livestock[edit]

text: Introducing livestock makes the most efficient use of critical sod and cover crops; livestock (through manure) are able to distribute the nutrients in these crops throughout the soil rather than removing nutrients from the farm through the sale of hay.[6]

text: In Sub-Saharan Africa, as animal husbandry becomes less of a nomadic practice many herders have begun integrating crop production into their practice. This is known as mixed farming, or the practice of crop cultivation with the incorporation of raising cattle, sheep and/or goats by the same economic entity, is increasingly common. This interaction between the animal, the land and the crops are being done on a small scale all across this region. Crop residues provide animal feed, while the animals provide manure for replenishing crop nutrients and draft power. Both processes are extremely important in this region of the world as it is expensive and logistically unfeasible to transport in synthetic fertilizers and large-scale machinery. As an additional benefit, the cattle, sheep and/or goat provide milk and can act as a cash crop in the times of economic hardship.[11]

text: Organic farming[edit]

text: Crop rotation is a required practice in order for a farm to receive organic certification in the United States.[12] The “Crop Rotation Practice Standard” for the National Organic Program under the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, section §205.205, states that:

text: Farmers are required to implement a crop rotation that maintains or builds soil organic matter, works to control pests, manages and conserves nutrients, and protects against erosion. Producers of perennial crops that aren’t rotated may utilize other practices, such as cover crops, to maintain soil health.[6]

text: In addition to lowering the need for inputs by controlling for pests and weeds and increasing available nutrients, crop rotation helps organic growers increase the amount of biodiversity on their farms.[6] Biodiversity is also a requirement of organic certification, however, there are no rules in place to regulate or reinforce this standard.[6] Increasing the biodiversity of crops has beneficial effects on the surrounding ecosystem and can host a greater diversity of fauna, insects, and beneficial microorganism in the soil.<[6] Some studies point to increased nutrient availability from crop rotation under organic systems compared to conventional practices as organic practices are less likely to inhibit of beneficial microbes in soil organic matter.[13]

text: While multiple cropping and intercropping benefit from many of the same principals as crop rotation, they do not satisfy the requirement under the NOP.[6]

text: Intercropping[edit]

text: Multiple cropping systems, such as intercropping or companion planting, offer more diversity and complexity within the same season or rotation, for example the three sisters. An example of companion planting is the inter-planting of corn with pole beans and vining squash or pumpkins. In this system, the beans provide nitrogen; the corn provides support for the beans and a "screen" against squash vine borer; the vining squash provides a weed suppressive canopy and a discouragement corn-hungry raccoons.[3]

text: Double-cropping is common where two crops, typically of different species, are grown sequentially in the same growing season, or where one crop (e.g. vegetable) is grown continuously with a cover crop (e.g. wheat).[2] This is advantageous for small farms, who often cannot afford to leave cover crops to replenish the soil for extended periods of time, as larger farms can.[5] When multiple cropping is implemented on small farms, these systems can maximize benefits of crop rotation on available land resources.[5]

text: Benefits[edit]

text: Agronomists describe the benefits to yield in rotated crops as "The Rotation Effect". There are many found benefits of rotation systems: however, there is no specific scientific basis for the sometimes 10-25% yield increase in a crop grown in rotation versus monoculture. The factors related to the increase are simply described as alleviation of the negative factors of monoculture cropping systems. Explanations due to improved nutrition; pest, pathogen, and weed stress reduction; and improved soil structure have been found in some cases to be correlated, but causation has not been determined for the majority of cropping systems.

text: Other benefits of rotation cropping systems include production cost advantages. Overall financial risks are more widely distributed over more diverse production of crops and/or livestock. Less reliance is placed on purchased inputs and over time crops can maintain production goals with fewer inputs. This in tandem with greater short and long term yields makes rotation a powerful tool for improving agricultural systems.

text: Soil organic matter[edit]

text: The use of different species in rotation allows for increased soil organic matter (SOM), greater soil structure, and improvement of the chemical and biological soil environment for crops. With more SOM, water infiltration and retention improves, providing increased drought tolerance and decreased erosion.

text: Soil organic matter is a mix of decaying material from biomass with active microorganisms. Crop rotation, by nature, increases exposure to biomass from sod, green manure, and a various other plant debris. The reduced need for intensive tillage under crop rotation allows biomass aggregation to lead to greater nutrient retention and utilization, decreasing the need for added nutrients.[4] With tillage, disruption and oxidation of soil creates a less conducive environment for diversity and proliferation of microorganisms in the soil. These microorganisms are what make nutrients available to plants. So, where "active" soil organic matter is a key to productive soil, soil with low microbial activity provides significantly fewer nutrients to plants; this is true even though the quantity of biomass left in the soil may be the same.

text: Soil microorganisms also decrease pathogen and pest activity through competition. In addition, plants produce root exudates and other chemicals which manipulate their soil environment as well as their weed environment. Thus rotation allows increased yields from nutrient availability but also alleviation of allelopathy and competitive weed environments.[citation needed]

text: Carbon sequestration[edit]

text: Studies have shown that crop rotations greatly increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content, the main constituent of soil organic matter.[14] Carbon, along with hydrogen and oxygen, is a macronutrient for plants. Highly diverse rotations spanning long periods of time have shown to be even more effective in increasing SOC, while soil disturbances (e.g. from tillage) are responsible for exponential decline in SOC levels.[14] In Brazil, conversion to no-till methods combined with intensive crop rotations has been shown an SOC sequestration rate of 0.41 tonnes per hectare per year.[15]

text: In addition to enhancing crop productivity, sequestration of atmospheric carbon has great implications in reducing rates of climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the air.

text: Nitrogen fixing[edit]

text: Rotating crops adds nutrients to the soil. Legumes, plants of the family Fabaceae, for instance, have nodules on their roots which contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. During a process called nodulation, the rhizobia bacteria use nutrients and water provided by the plant to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is then converted into an organic compound that the plant can use as its nitrogen source.[16] It therefore makes good sense agriculturally to alternate them with cereals (family Poaceae) and other plants that require nitrates. How much nitrogen made available to the plants depends on factors such as the kind of legume, the effectiveness of rhizobia bacteria, soil conditions, and the availability of elements necessary for plant food.[17]

text: Pathogen and pest control[edit]

text: Crop rotation is also used to control pests and diseases that can become established in the soil over time. The changing of crops in a sequence decreases the population level of pests by (1) interrupting pest life cycles and (2) interrupting pest habitat.[5] Plants within the same taxonomic family tend to have similar pests and pathogens. By regularly changing crops and keeping the soil occupied by cover crops instead of lying fallow, pest cycles can be broken or limited, especially cycles that benefit from overwintering in residue.[18] For example, root-knot nematode is a serious problem for some plants in warm climates and sandy soils, where it slowly builds up to high levels in the soil, and can severely damage plant productivity by cutting off circulation from the plant roots. Growing a crop that is not a host for root-knot nematode for one season greatly reduces the level of the nematode in the soil, thus making it possible to grow a susceptible crop the following season without needing soil fumigation.

text: This principle is of particular use in organic farming, where pest control must be achieved without synthetic pesticides.[10]

text: Weed management[edit]

text: Integrating certain crops, especially cover crops, into crop rotations is of particular value to weed management. These crops crowd out weed through competition. In addition, the sod and compost from cover crops and green manure slows the growth of what weeds are still able to make it through the soil, giving the crops further competitive advantage. By removing slowing the growth and proliferation of weeds while cover crops are cultivated, farmers greatly reduce the presence of weeds for future crops, including shallow rooted and row crops, which are less resistant to weeds. Cover crops are, therefore, considered conservation crops because they protect otherwise fallow land from becoming overrun with weeds.[18]

text: This system has advantages over other common practices for weeds management, such as tillage. Tillage is meant to inhibit growth of weeds by overturning the soil; however, this has a countering effect of exposing weed seeds that may have gotten buried and burying valuable crop seeds. Under crop rotation, the number of viable seeds in the soil is reduced through the reduction of the weed population.

text: In addition to their negative impact on crop quality and yield, weeds can slow down the harvesting process. Weeds make farmers less efficient when harvesting, because weeds like bindweeds, and knotgrass, can become tangled in the equipment, resulting in a stop-and-go type of harvest.[19]

text: Preventing soil erosion[edit]

text: Crop rotation can significantly reduce the amount of soil lost from erosion by water. In areas that are highly susceptible to erosion, farm management practices such as zero and reduced tillage can be supplemented with specific crop rotation methods to reduce raindrop impact, sediment detachment, sediment transport, surface runoff, and soil loss.[20]

text: Protection against soil loss is maximized with rotation methods that leave the greatest mass of crop stubble (plant residue left after harvest) on top of the soil. Stubble cover in contact with the soil minimizes erosion from water by reducing overland flow velocity, stream power, and thus the ability of the water to detach and transport sediment.[21] Soil Erosion and Cill prevent the disruption and detachment of soil aggregates that cause macropores to block, infiltration to decline, and runoff to increase.[22] This significantly improves the resilience of soils when subjected to periods of erosion and stress.

text: When a forage crop breaks down, binding products are formed that act like an adhesive on the soil, which makes particles stick together, and form aggregates.[23] The formation of soil aggregates is important for erosion control, as they are better able to resist raindrop impact, and water erosion. Soil aggregates also reduce wind erosion, because they are larger particles, and are more resistant to abrasion through tillage practices.[24]

text: The effect of crop rotation on erosion control varies by climate. In regions under relatively consistent climate conditions, where annual rainfall and temperature levels are assumed, rigid crop rotations can produce sufficient plant growth and soil cover. In regions where climate conditions are less predictable, and unexpected periods of rain and drought may occur, a more flexible approach for soil cover by crop rotation is necessary. An opportunity cropping system promotes adequate soil cover under these erratic climate conditions.[25] In an opportunity cropping system, crops are grown when soil water is adequate and there is a reliable sowing window. This form of cropping system is likely to produce better soil cover than a rigid crop rotation because crops are only sown under optimal conditions, whereas rigid systems are not necessarily sown in the best conditions available.[26]

text: Crop rotations also affect the timing and length of when a field is subject to fallow.[27] This is very important because depending on a particular region's climate, a field could be the most vulnerable to erosion when it is under fallow. Efficient fallow management is an essential part of reducing erosion in a crop rotation system. Zero tillage is a fundamental management practice that promotes crop stubble retention under longer unplanned fallows when crops cannot be planted.[25] Such management practices that succeed in retaining suitable soil cover in areas under fallow will ultimately reduce soil loss. In a recent study that lasted a decade, it was found that a common winter cover crop after potato harvest such as fall rye can reduce soil run-off by as much as 43%, and this is typically the most nutritional soil.[28]

text: Biodiversity[edit]

text: Increasing the biodiversity of crops has beneficial effects on the surrounding ecosystem and can host a greater diversity of fauna, insects, and beneficial microorganisms in the soil.[6] Some studies point to increased nutrient availability from crop rotation under organic systems compared to conventional practices as organic practices are less likely to inhibit of beneficial microbes in soil organic matter, such as arbuscular mycorrhizae, which increase nutrient uptake in plants.[13] Increasing biodiversity also increases the resilience of agro-ecological systems.[4]

text: Farm productivity[edit]

text: Crop rotation contributes to increased yields through improved soil nutrition. By requiring planting and harvesting of different crops at different times, more land can be farmed with the same amount of machinery and labour.

text: Risk management[edit]

text: Different crops in the rotation can reduce the risks of adverse weather for the individual farmer.[29][30]

text: Challenges[edit]

text: While crop rotation requires a great deal of planning, crop choice must respond to a number of fixed conditions (soil type, topography, climate, and irrigation) in addition to conditions that may change dramatically from year to the next (weather, market, labor supply).[5] In this way, it is unwise to plan crops years in advance. Improper implementation of a crop rotation plan may lead to imbalances in the soil nutrient composition or a buildup of pathogens affecting a critical crop.[5] The consequences of faulty rotation may take years to become apparent even to experienced soil scientists and can take just as long to correct.[5]

text: Many challenges exist within the practices associated with crop rotation. For example, green manure from legumes can lead to an invasion of snails or slugs and the decay from green manure can occasionally suppress the growth of other crops.[8]


document_title: Lisa Robin Kelly

question_text: why did they change actors for lori in that 70s show

text: Lisa Robin Kelly

text: Early life[edit]

text: Kelly was born and raised in Southington, Connecticut.[2][3] Her parents were Thomas Carl Kelly and Linda Diane (née Grimm) Kelly.[1]

text: Career[edit]

text: Kelly made her debut in the 1992 Married... with Children episode "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore". She appeared again in 1997 in episodes of Silk Stalkings and on Charmed in 1999, as well as in direct-to-video and television films such as Amityville Dollhouse, Late Last Night, and Jawbreaker.

text: Kelly played Laurie Forman, the older sister of Eric Forman, on That '70s Show. She abruptly left the show midway through the third season, and her character was written out of the show to "attend beauty school". She returned to the show in the fifth season for four episodes but was replaced with Christina Moore in the sixth season. In an interview with ABC News, she admitted that "with That '70s Show I was guilty of a drinking problem, and I ran", blaming her alcoholism on the loss of a baby.[4]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: In August 2010, Kelly was arrested in North Carolina on a charge of driving under the influence.[5] In November 2010, she pleaded guilty and was fined and sentenced to 12 months of unsupervised probation.[6]

text: On March 31, 2012, Kelly was arrested on a felony charge of corporal injury upon a spouse and was released on $50,000 bail. The charge was based on a complaint filed by her ex-boyfriend, John Michas.[7][8] She later made public statements saying that she was the one who had been assaulted and denied Michas' claim that she assaulted him.[8][9] The Los Angeles County District Attorney declined to file charges.[10]

text: In November 2012, police in Mooresville, North Carolina arrested the 42-year-old Kelly and her 61-year-old husband, Robert Joseph Gilliam, after responding to a disturbance at their home. Both were charged with assault and released on bond.[11][12] She later filed for divorce and a restraining order against Gilliam.[13]

text: On June 23, 2013, Kelly was arrested for a suspected DUI when law enforcement responded to a call about a parked car blocking a lane of traffic on the I-5 freeway. She subsequently failed a field-sobriety test.[14]

text: Death[edit]

text: Days after checking into Pax Rehab House in Altadena, California, Kelly died in her sleep at the facility on August 15, 2013, aged 43.[1] On January 3, 2014, the Los Angeles Department of Coroner concluded that her death was due to an accidental unspecified oral "multiple drug intoxication".[15][16][17][18] In June 2014, Kelly's estranged husband filed a lawsuit against the rehabilitation center where she was being treated and subsequently died, claiming negligence.[13][19]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1994
Relentless IV: Ashes to Ashes
Sherrie

1995
Payback
Teenage Girl

1996
Amityville Dollhouse
Dana

1997
Performance Anxiety[20]

1998
Survivor, TheThe Survivor[20]

1999
Kill the Man
Nan

1999
Jawbreaker
Cheerleader #2

1999
Clubland
Carla

2005
Food Chain: A Hollywood Scarytale, TheThe Food Chain: A Hollywood Scarytale[20]

2012
SUX2BME[21]

tag: table

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1992
Married... with Children
Carol
Episode: "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore"

1994
Silk Stalkings
Gina Nelson
Episode: "Killer Cop"

1994
Renegade
Debbie
Episode: "Sheriff Reno"

1994
Cries Unheard: The Donna Yaklich Story
Charlie Greenwell's Girlfriend
Television film

1995
Platypus Man
Brandi
Episode: "NYPD Nude"

1995
ABC Afterschool Special
Ashley
Episode: "Fast Forward"

1995
Sisters
Kristy
Episode: "Deceit"

1995
Murphy Brown
Student
Episode: "The Feminine Critique"

1995
Spring Fling![20]

Television film

1995
Terror in the Shadows[20]

Television film

1996
X-Files, TheThe X-Files
Terri Roberts
Episode: "Syzygy"

1996
Hope and Gloria
Debbee
Episode: "Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Funicular"

1996
Days of Our Lives
Jill Stevens

1996
Suddenly[20]

Television film

1997
Married... with Children
Heather Talrico
Episode: "Breaking Up is Easy to Do: Part 1"

1997
Jenny
Real World Actress
Episode: "A Girl's Gotta Live in the Real World"

1997
Alone[20]

Television film

1998
Poltergeist: The Legacy
Janine Kinsey
Episode: "Hell Hath No Fury"

1998
Fantasy Island
Regina
Episode: "Pilot"

1998
Buddy Faro
Rita Nardo
Episode: "Ain't That a Kick in the Head"

1998
Net, TheThe Net
Lucy
Episode: "Lucy's Life"

1998
Young Hearts Unlimited[20]

Television film

1998–2003
That '70s Show
Laurie Forman
Recurring role, 50 episodes

1999
Charmed
Daisy
Episode: "Love Hurts"

1999
Late Last Night
Tristan
Television film

2002
Alikes[20]

Television film


document_title: U.S. state temperature extremes

question_text: what is the coldest temperature recorded in new york state

text: U.S. state temperature extremes

text: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries. [1]

text:
State
Record high
temperature
Date
Place(s)
Record low
temperature
Date
Place(s)

Alabama
110 °F / 44 °C
000000001925-09-05-0000September 5, 1925
Centreville
−27 °F / −33 °C
000000001966-01-30-0000January 30, 1966
New Market

Alaska
100 °F / 38 °C
000000001915-06-27-0000June 27, 1915
Fort Yukon
−80 °F / −62 °C
000000001971-01-23-0000January 23, 1971
Prospect Creek

Arizona
128 °F / 53 °C
000000001994-06-29-0000June 29, 1994
Lake Havasu City
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001971-01-07-0000January 7, 1971
McNary

Arkansas
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-08-10-0000August 10, 1936
Ozark
−29 °F / −34 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Gravette

California
134 °F / 57 °C
000000001913-07-10-0000July 10, 1913
Furnace Creek
−45 °F / −43 °C
000000001937-01-20-0000January 20, 1937
Boca

Colorado
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001954-07-11-0000July 11, 1954
Sedgwick
−61 °F / −52 °C
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1, 1985
Maybell

Connecticut
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001995-07-15-0000July 15, 1995
Danbury
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001943-02-16-0000February 16, 1943
Norfolk[2]

Delaware
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001930-07-21-0000July 21, 1930
Millsboro
−17 °F / −27 °C
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
Millsboro

District of Columbia
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001930-07-20-0000July 20, 1930
Washington
−15 °F / −26 °C
000000001899-02-11-0000February 11, 1899
Washington

Florida
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001931-06-29-0000June 29, 1931
Monticello
−2 °F / −19 °C
000000001899-02-13-0000February 13, 1899
Tallahassee

Georgia
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001983-08-20-0000August 20, 1983*
Greenville
−17 °F / −27 °C
000000001940-01-27-0000January 27, 1940
Chatsworth

Hawaii
98 °F / 37 °C
000000001957-07-14-0000July 14, 1957
Puunene*[3]
15 °F / -9 °C
000000001975-01-05-0000January 5, 1975
Mauna Kea Observatories[3]

Idaho
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001934-07-28-0000July 28, 1934
Orofino
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001943-01-18-0000January 18, 1943
Island Park

Illinois
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001954-07-14-0000July 14, 1954
East Saint Louis
−36 °F / −38 °C
000000001999-01-05-0000January 5, 1999
Congerville

Indiana
116 °F / 47 °C
000000001936-07-14-0000July 14, 1936
Collegeville
−36 °F / −38 °C
000000001994-01-19-0000January 19, 1994
New Whiteland

Iowa
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001934-07-20-0000July 20, 1934
Keokuk
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001996-02-03-0000February 3, 1996*
Elkader

Kansas
121 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-24-0000July 24, 1936*
Alton
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Lebanon

Kentucky
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001930-07-28-0000July 28, 1930
Greensburg
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001994-01-19-0000January 19, 1994
Shelbyville

Louisiana
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001936-08-10-0000August 10, 1936
Plain Dealing
−16 °F / −27 °C
000000001899-02-13-0000February 13, 1899
Minden

Maine
105 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-10-0000July 10, 1911*
North Bridgton
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000002009-01-16-0000January 16, 2009
Clayton Lake

Maryland
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Cumberland
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001912-01-13-0000January 13, 1912
Oakland

Massachusetts
107 °F / 42 °C
000000001975-08-02-0000August 2, 1975
New Bedford
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984
Chester[2]

Michigan
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-13-0000July 13, 1936
Mio
−51 °F / −46 °C
000000001934-02-09-0000February 9, 1934
Vanderbilt

Minnesota
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001917-07-29-0000July 29, 1917
Beardsley
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001996-02-02-0000February 2, 1996
Tower

Mississippi
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001930-07-29-0000July 29, 1930
Holly Springs
−19 °F / −28 °C
000000001966-01-30-0000January 30, 1966
Corinth

Missouri
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001954-07-14-0000July 14, 1954*
Warsaw
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Warsaw

Montana
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001937-07-05-0000July 5, 1937
Medicine Lake
−70 °F / −57 °C
000000001954-01-20-0000January 20, 1954
Lincoln (Rogers Pass)

Nebraska
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001936-07-24-0000July 24, 1936*
Minden
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001989-12-22-0000December 22, 1989*
Oshkosh

Nevada
125 °F / 52 °C
000000001994-06-29-0000June 29, 1994
Laughlin
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001937-01-08-0000January 8, 1937
San Jacinto

New Hampshire
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-04-0000July 4, 1911
Nashua
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001885-01-22-0000January 22, 1885
Randolph

New Jersey
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936
Runyon
−34 °F / −37 °C
000000001904-01-05-0000January 5, 1904
River Vale

New Mexico
122 °F / 50 °C
000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001951-02-01-0000February 1, 1951
Gavilan

New York
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001926-07-22-0000July 22, 1926
Troy
−52 °F / −47 °C
000000001979-02-18-0000February 18, 1979*
Old Forge

North Carolina
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001983-08-21-0000August 21, 1983
Fayetteville
−34 °F / −37 °C
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985
Burnsville

North Dakota
121 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-06-0000July 6, 1936
Steele
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001936-02-15-0000February 15, 1936
Parshall

Ohio
113 °F / 45 °C
000000001934-07-21-0000July 21, 1934
Gallipolis
−39 °F / −39 °C
000000001899-02-10-0000February 10, 1899
Milligan

Oklahoma
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-08-12-0000August 12, 1936*
Altus
−31 °F / −35 °C
000000002011-02-10-0000February 10, 2011
Nowata

Oregon
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001939-07-27-0000July 27, 1939
Umatilla[2]
−54 °F / −48 °C
000000001933-02-10-0000February 10, 1933*
Seneca

Pennsylvania
111 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Phoenixville
−42 °F / −41 °C
000000001904-01-05-0000January 5, 1904
Smethport

Rhode Island
104 °F / 40 °C
000000001975-08-02-0000August 2, 1975
Providence
−28 °F / −33 °C
000000001942-01-17-0000January 17, 1942
Richmond

South Carolina
113 °F / 45 °C
000000002012-06-30-0000June 30, 2012*
Camden
−22 °F / −30 °C
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985
Landrum[2]

South Dakota
120 °F / 49 °C
000000002006-07-15-0000July 15, 2006*
Fort Pierre*
−58 °F / −50 °C
000000001936-02-17-0000February 17, 1936
McIntosh

Tennessee
113 °F / 45 °C
000000001933-08-09-0000August 9, 1933*
Perryville
−32 °F / −36 °C
000000001917-12-30-0000December 30, 1917
Mountain City

Texas
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001994-06-28-0000June 28, 1994*
Monahans
−23 °F / −31 °C
000000001933-02-08-0000February 8, 1933*
Seminole

Utah
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001985-07-05-0000July 5, 1985
Saint George
−69 °F / −56 °C
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1, 1985
Peter Sinks[4]

Vermont
105 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-04-0000July 4, 1911
Vernon[2]
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001933-12-30-0000December 30, 1933
Bloomfield

Virginia
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001954-07-15-0000July 15, 1954
Balcony Falls
−30 °F / −34 °C
000000001985-01-22-0000January 22, 1985
Pembroke

Washington
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001961-08-05-0000August 5, 1961*
Burbank
−48 °F / −44 °C
000000001968-12-30-0000December 30, 1968
Mazama

West Virginia
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Martinsburg
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001917-12-30-0000December 30, 1917
Lewisburg

Wisconsin
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001936-07-13-0000July 13, 1936
Wisconsin Dells
−55 °F / −48 °C
000000001996-02-04-0000February 4, 1996
Couderay

Wyoming
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001983-08-08-0000August 8, 1983
Basin
−63 °F / −53 °C
000000001933-02-09-0000February 9, 1933
Moran[2]

text: *Also on earlier date or dates in that state

text: See Also[edit]

text: Canadian provincial and territorial temperature extremes