document_title: Scott Pilgrim

question_text: who does scott pilgrim end up with in the comics

text: Scott Pilgrim

text: Development[edit]

text: Creator Bryan Lee O'Malley was inspired to create the series and eponymous character of Scott Pilgrim after listening to Canadian band Plumtree's 1998 single "Scott Pilgrim", a song then-Plumtree singer Carla Gillis describes as "positive, but...also bitter sweet."[5] In particular, O'Malley was inspired by the lyric, "I’ve liked you for a thousand years."[5]

text: O'Malley wanted to write a shōnen-style comic book series, although he had only read one such series at the time, Ranma 1/2; in the early 2000s, Japanese manga had not yet achieved significant popularity in North America. O'Malley gained inspiration from the book Even a Monkey Can Draw Manga by Koji Aihara and Kentaro Takekuma. In 2002, O'Malley's roommate, who worked in a comic book store, brought the book to him while O'Malley was working on Lost at Sea and was planning Scott Pilgrim. Upon reading the book O'Malley realized that, despite the satirical tone, it could be an effective guide to how the Japanese comic book industry worked.[6] O'Malley said that Ranma 1/2 was the strongest influence and Atsuko Nakajima, the character designer of the Ranma 1/2 anime and other anime, was an influence to a lesser extent.[7] He added that the "exploded page layouts" of Koudelka, a work by Yuji Iwahara, directly influenced the "full-bleed layouts" of Scott Pilgrim.[7] O'Malley said that Osamu Tezuka began influencing his work as he created Volumes 3 and 4. He said, "You can see his influence start to creep in here and there but he’s a larger inspirational figure to me than just his drawing style."[7] In regards to the FLCL anime, O'Malley said that while it was an influence, it was "not as much of a direct influence on Scott Pilgrim as people seem to think."[7]

text: O'Malley used black and white because it was less expensive than creating the series in color, and so O'Malley said that he "embraced the B&W manga aesthetic".[8] When writing the series, O'Malley's first step was developing the direction of the story by creating notes in notebooks, sketchbooks, and computer text files. His second step was to create an outline. His third step was to write a script. His fourth step was to develop thumbnails. His final step was to develop the finished comic book page.[9] To ink, O'Malley usually used brushes, including No. 2 and No. 3 brushes. He mostly used computers to build the screentone; he stated that he encountered difficulty finding screentone in North America. O'Malley himself created most of the Scott Pilgrim material. When production on Volume 6 had begun, O'Malley had hired two assistants. The backgrounds in Volume 6 are more detailed than backgrounds in the previous volumes. O'Malley said that "[m]ost fans don't seem to notice the change".[6]

text: O'Malley stated that he wanted to create a "hybrid" work that received inspiration from American and Japanese comics, and that he "wanted to reach towards the japanese [sic] comics from my own starting point."[6] When asked if he considers Scott Pilgrim to be a manga, O'Malley responded by saying "Um… No, I think I was just thinking about that today. I guess I was just thinking about the whole OEL thing. I think it’s influenced… I like the term 'manga-influenced comics,' but I only like it because no one else likes it."[10]

text: O'Malley said that he expected Scott Pilgrim to sell around 1,000 copies. He did not expect the series to sell millions of copies and to produce a film adaptation. O'Malley cited the United States comics industry and how it differs from the Japanese comics industry; the United States comic book companies specialize in superhero comics and many newer concepts originate from underground comics. The United States also lacks weekly and monthly comic book magazines and American comic companies generally do not have the system of story editors and assistants that Japanese comic companies have.[6]

text: O'Malley said that the most difficult portion of Scott Pilgrim to write was the ending. O'Malley deliberately did not consider constructing the ending until he began writing Volume 5. He intended for Volumes 5 and 6 to reflect one single story, with 5 being the "darkest hour" and 6 being "the redemption arc."[7] O'Malley said "there was a lot of stuff to juggle, a lot of plot lines to tie up, and I just had to try and focus on the stuff that mattered most in the time I had."[7] In addition, he wanted to create an ending that would "compete[...] a little" with the ending of the film version; he was aware of "how BIG the finale was".[7] About the ending, O'Malley said, "I think the stuff with the girls and the relationships works pretty well and the stuff with Gideon and the glow is weaker. But hey, some people love it warts and all, and it’s not like I’m gonna go back and change it."[7]

text: To illustrate his reasoning for eventually ending the Scott Pilgrim series, O'Malley used a quote from famed Belgian comics writer and artist Hergé, creator, writer, and illustrator of the well-regarded The Adventures of Tintin comic book series, from 1929 until his death in 1983. Hergé told his wife, "And right now, my work makes me sick. Tintin is no longer me. And I must make a terrible effort to invent (him)… If Tintin continues to live, it is through a sort of artificial respiration that I must constantly keep up and which is exhausting me." O'Malley said, "If I was still doing Scott Pilgrim in ten years, I would be dead inside."[11] O'Malley said that he did conceive of a continuation centering on Scott and Ramona and involving the other major characters, except for Gideon and the other evil exes of Ramona. He said, "maybe in a few years I’d think about playing with Scott Pilgrim some more"[12] and although "there doesn't need to be more Scott Pilgrim", he agreed that "more would be fun".[13]

text: The cover of the third Japanese Scott Pilgrim volume, which includes content from the original volumes 5 and 6, was based on an illustration from Street Fighter Alpha 2 (Street Fighter Zero 2).[14]

text: O'Malley used the font Swiss 721 Bold Condensed, which was also used in the film. In later books, the regular weight and italic versions of this font were also used. M04 FATAL FURY is the pixel font used in Book 4 and beyond.[15]

text: Plot summary [edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Scott Pilgrim's Precious Little Life (Volume 1)[edit]

text: The series begins by introducing Scott Pilgrim, a 23-year-old Canadian slacker living in Toronto with his roommate Wallace Wells. He is the bass player for a band called Sex Bob-omb, along with his friends Stephen Stills "The Talent" (guitar) and Kim Pine (drums). He has recently started dating a 17-year-old Chinese-Canadian high-schooler, Knives Chau. Though his friends consider this somewhat scandalous due to her age, Scott doesn't see a problem, as all they ever do is talk. One night, Scott begins dreaming about a girl on rollerblades whom he has never met before. He later glimpses her in real life and discovers that she is Ramona Flowers, a girl who has recently come to Toronto from New York after a rumored messy break-up with someone named Gideon. It is revealed that she can travel through an alternate dimension called "subspace" and that the purse she carries at all times is a portal to subspace as well. After Scott attempts to meet with her again, he receives an ominous email from someone named Matthew Patel, but Scott pays it little heed. Sex Bob-omb is preparing for a concert when Matthew Patel descends upon the stage and reveals himself as the first of Ramona's evil exes, who has mystical powers allowing him to summon "demon hipster chicks." Scott defeats him in a musical video-game-style battle, his final attack obliterating Matthew and leaving behind a handful of coins. Scott and Ramona decide to become a couple, provided that Scott agrees to defeat her six other evil-exes. When Scott asks if Gideon is one of them, Ramona's head glows.

text: Scott Pilgrim vs the World (Volume 2)[edit]

text: Scott Pilgrim vs the World opens with a flashback to 7 years before the series begins. Scott and his friend Lisa Miller, high school students in Northern Ontario, want to start a band, but they need a drummer. This problem appears to be solved when Scott notices his classmate Kim's ability to play drums. When Scott finds out that Kim has been kidnapped by students from a rival school, he defeats the kidnappers, including the leader, Simon Lee, by kicking him off the roof, and rescues her. Kim joins Scott and Lisa's band, and dates Scott until they break up when he moves to Toronto. In the present, Wallace tells Scott that actor and professional skateboarder Lucas Lee, Ramona's second evil ex-boyfriend, is filming a new movie in Toronto. Scott awkwardly breaks up with Knives after Wallace threatens to tell Ramona about her. Scott then meets Lucas at his filming location, where Lucas beats Scott up and tells him about the "League of Ramona's Evil Exes" who have organized themselves to come after Scott. Scott defeats Lucas by goading him into skateboarding down a dangerous set of rails, where he ends up going too fast and bursting into coins upon landing. Having discovered Ramona is dating Scott, a furious Knives gives herself a hipster makeover by dyeing her forelock and attacks Ramona at the library. Knives confirms that Scott was cheating on her and Ramona simultaneously, and takes off. Meanwhile, Scott gets a call from Envy Adams, another of his ex-girlfriends, who asks him to open for her band The Clash at Demonhead that weekend. Speaking with Envy reopens Scott's unresolved issues about their breakup. Nevertheless, Sex Bob-omb show up to see Envy's band. The book ends with an epic opening by The Clash at Demonhead, where Ramona identifies the band's bassist as her third evil ex-boyfriend, Todd Ingram.

text: Scott Pilgrim and the Infinite Sadness (Volume 3)[edit]

text: The Infinite Sadness continues the night that The Clash at Demonhead performs. After the venue clears out, Envy invites Scott and his friends backstage. Disgusted by Envy's new personality, Scott blames Todd for changing her and tries to attack him, but is stopped by Todd's psychic vegan powers. A flashback reveals that Envy, formerly known as Natalie V. Adams, was a mousy girl who gradually bloomed into a confident musical talent. She broke up with Scott once their band started to get noticed. A contest is set up by Envy, pitting Scott and Todd against each other in landmark discount store Honest Ed's. Todd's psychic powers end up destroying the store in a bout of existential dread. Scott and Ramona decide to blow off the next battle. Two days later, it's revealed Todd (who once punched a hole in the moon for Envy) is cheating on her with the band's drummer Lynette. When Envy discovers this, (and the fact that Todd had punched a hole in the moon for Ramona first) Todd strikes her with his powers, shocking everyone. Todd and Scott have a battle, which Todd almost wins until the Vegan Police show up and strip him of his powers for violating his vegan diet (by eating gelato and a chicken parmesan). Scott headbutts the powerless Todd, who is reduced to a pile of coins, and receives an extra life in the process. Envy goes solo and leaves town, showing some regret at the bitchy Diva she's become, but leaving her standing with Scott unresolved and him pining for some closure. Scott and Ramona look forward to the future.

text: The Infinite Sadness also features extras, such as guest comics from Josh Lesnick, Alex Ahad, Andy Helms, John Allison, and David McGuire, as well as a map of the major characters illustrating their relations to each other. The title is a reference to the album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness by The Smashing Pumpkins.

text: Scott Pilgrim Gets It Together (Volume 4)[edit]

text: Stephen asks Kim's new roommate Joseph to help Sex Bob-omb record an album. Meanwhile, on Ramona's recommendation, Scott gets a job at the restaurant where Stephen works. Over the next few days, Scott is attacked by a samurai, who escapes via subspace portal, and a female "half-ninja", who is revealed to be Roxie Richter, Ramona's fourth evil ex. Ramona tells Scott that he can move in with her temporarily. Things go downhill when Ramona suspects Scott might be attracted to Lisa and Wallace kicks him out. Scott goes to Lisa's house to spend the night. After waking up from a dream infiltrated by Roxie in an attempt to kill him, Scott cannot remember the previous night, but learns from Lisa that nothing happened between them and that he confessed that he loved Ramona. The samurai is revealed to be Knives's father, who was not keen on Knives dating a white boy. When he attacks Scott again, Scott escapes via another subspace portal and ends up in Ramona's mind, where she is a slave to a shadowy figure. Ramona kicks Scott out of her head, telling him to forget what he saw, but before he can explain his true feelings, he sees that Roxie spent the night at Ramona's and his head begins to glow. Walking away, Scott encounters his dark self (the "NegaScott") and rejects it, rushing back to Ramona to find her being attacked by Mr. Chau. Scott lures him away and gets him to fight against Roxie, because Scott himself is against fighting girls. When Scott realizes that he has been cowardly, he confesses his love for Ramona, earning the Power of Love sword. Scott uses this to defeat Roxie, who warns him about "the twins" before dying. Mr. Chau leaves, having earned respect for Scott. Scott finally moves in with Ramona.

text: The back of Gets it Together features guest art from Steve Manale, Michael Comeau, Philip Bond, and Zander Cannon as well as a back cover illustrated by pixel artist Miguel Sternberg.

text: Scott Pilgrim vs the Universe (Volume 5)[edit]

text: The gang attends a party where Ramona spots her next two evil ex-boyfriends, the twins Kyle and Ken Katayanagi. Scott and Ramona's relationship continues to deteriorate, with Ramona starting to appear bored and Scott stumbling onto signs that she may still be interested in Gideon. Later, Sex Bob-omb prepares for a show despite having had no rehearsals due to Stephen's persistent but fruitless recording with Joseph. While Scott fights a robot created by the twins, Knives tells Ramona that Scott cheated on them at the same time. Scott arranges to "bump into" Kim and Ramona over coffee, during which Kim brings attention to Ramona's head glowing; Ramona herself was unaware of this. Ramona confronts Scott about cheating on Knives with her and tells him he is just another evil ex-boyfriend waiting to happen. Scott then receives word that Kim has been kidnapped by the twins. When Scott confronts them, the twins explain that Ramona cheated on both of them at the same time, and imply Scott is fighting for the wrong girl. As Scott begins to lose the fight, Kim lies and says that Ramona text messaged her, giving Scott the encouragement to defeat the twins simultaneously. However, when Scott returns to Ramona, she tells Scott that she is a bad person and that she "had a good time." Her head begins to glow brighter and brighter until she disappears.

text: The end of Scott Pilgrim vs. The Universe features a section called "Creating Scott Pilgrim for fun and profit." The section includes drawings and comments from Bryan Lee O'Malley detailing the development of the series, including a playlist for the fifth book.

text: A draft version of the plot of Volume 5 focused on the Toronto International Battle of the Bands. This concept was incorporated in the film version.[16]

text: Scott Pilgrim's Finest Hour (Volume 6)[edit]

text: Four months after Ramona's disappearance, Scott has been wasting his life playing video games. In order to reinvigorate Scott to confront Gideon, Wallace sends him on a "wilderness sabbatical" to Kim's home up north. While walking in the woods, Kim tells Scott of the errors in his repressed memory surrounding their breakup; he never saved her from a kidnapping. Upon this revelation, Scott's head starts to glow and NegaScott emerges. Scott becomes determined to defeat him so he can forget his relationship with Ramona and move on, but Kim reminds him he cannot keep running away from his mistakes. Scott remembers Ramona and merges with NegaScott, fully remembering and accepting responsibility for his poor actions in his previous relationships. Scott heads back to Toronto to earn Ramona back.

text: Scott arrives at the newly-opened club, the Chaos Theatre, owned by Gideon, where Envy is making her solo debut. As Envy starts her performance, Gideon attacks Scott. When Scott refuses to join the League of Evil Exes, Gideon steals his Power of Love sword and kills him with it. Scott awakens in a desert, where he encounters Ramona and they reconcile. Scott returns to life thanks to the extra life he obtained from Todd Ingram. Ramona bursts out of his chest to confront Gideon. Gideon explains that the glow is an emotional weapon which seals people inside their own heads, consumed by self-loathing and personal demons. Scott jumps into Ramona's subspace bag and arrives in her head, where he confronts Gideon. Scott's actions encourage Ramona to fully overcome Gideon's influence and oust him from her head. Ramona retrieves the Power of Love sword. When Scott sees Gideon snap at Envy, he comes to understand that he has been no better than Gideon in terms of his past relationships. This realization earns him the Power of Understanding sword. When Gideon tries to turn Scott and Ramona against one another, they defeat him, causing him to explode into 7,777,777 coins, which rain painfully on the watching crowd.

text: Scott and Envy reach closure, and Ramona reveals that her disappearance was merely an unsuccessful wilderness sabbatical. She decides to give her relationship with Scott another shot. In the closing pages, Scott is working with Stephen as co-chef, Stephen reveals that he is gay and in a relationship with Joseph, Scott and Kim start an awful new band, and Knives heads off to college. The last pages show Scott meeting up with Ramona as they affirm their desire to face the challenges of a relationship and walk hand in hand into a subspace door together.

text: On June 3, 2010, O'Malley announced that he had hidden the word "hipster" on Ramona's t-shirt in one panel to mark the day he finished drawing the series. This panel is on page 161 in a flashback involving Ramona and Gideon.[17]

text: Publications [edit]

text: The main graphic novel series is:

text:
#
Title
ISBN
Release date
Notes

1
Scott Pilgrim's Precious Little Life
ISBN 978-1-932664-08-9ISBN 978-1-62010-000-4 (Color Hardcover)
August 18, 2004August 8, 2012 (Color Hardcover)

2
Scott Pilgrim vs. The World
ISBN 978-1-932664-12-6ISBN 978-1-62010-001-1 (Color Hardcover)
June 15, 2005November 7, 2012 (Color Hardcover)

3
Scott Pilgrim & The Infinite Sadness
ISBN 978-1-932664-22-5ISBN 978-1-62010-002-8 (Color Hardcover)
May 24, 2006May 22, 2013 (Color Hardcover)

4
Scott Pilgrim Gets It Together
ISBN 978-1-932664-49-2ISBN 978-1-620100-03-5 (Color Hardcover)
November 14, 2007[18]November 13, 2013 (Color Hardcover)
The format of the series' spine art is changed (original Oni Press print).

5
Scott Pilgrim vs. The Universe
ISBN 978-1-934964-10-1 ISBN 978-1-620100-04-2 (Color Hardcover)
February 4, 2009August 13, 2014 (Color Hardcover)
The first printing of Volume 5 features a shiny cover.

6
Scott Pilgrim's Finest Hour
ISBN 978-1-934964-38-5 ISBN 978-1-620100-05-9 (Color Hardcover)
July 20, 2010May 5, 2015 (Color Hardcover)

text: Other appearances:

text:
Comics Festival (40-page anthology including a one-page Scott Pilgrim comic; released on Free Comic Book Day 2005)
PENG (72-page one-shot comic book by Corey Lewis where Scott Pilgrim appears in one panel; released in 2005)
Free Scott Pilgrim No. 1 FCBD 2006 Edition (32-page comic book featuring a 17-page original Scott Pilgrim story; released on Free Comic Book Day 2006) This story is available for free online at the Scott Pilgrim Website
Comics Festival 2007! (40-page anthology including a half-page Scott Pilgrim comic and a 4-page Wonderful World of Kim Pine comic; released on Free Comic Book Day 2007)
Scott Pilgrim: Full Colour Odds & Ends 2008 (collects Free Scott Pilgrim #1 – newly coloured by Dean Trippe, Wonderful World of Kim Pine four-page story, Now Magazine Best of Toronto two-page strip in black-and-white, the Comics Fest 07 sushi strip, and various watercolours, pin-ups, and advertisements)

text: All of these ancillary stories are available to read on the Scott Pilgrim Website. A collector's box containing all six volumes and a fold-in poster was released in North America on November 3, 2010.[19]

text: Scott Pilgrim's Precious Little Life was re-released in color in August 2012, with the others being released on an irregular schedule, the last in May 2015. The hardcover color editions contain bonus content such as original sketches and creator notes.

text: Critical reception [edit]

text: Publishers Weekly ranked the third volume, Scott Pilgrim & The Infinite Sadness, as one of the best comic books of 2006 in a critics' poll.[20]

text: Scott Pilgrim was ranked 85th on Wizard magazine's 2008 list of the "200 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time".[21]

text:
In 2007, O'Malley was interviewed by The A.V. Club for the fourth volume. Written by Jason Heller, the article states that Gets It Together is "his best to date." The article goes on to praise O'Malley's consistent bold stylistic choices, saying that he "has raised the bar, art-wise: His deceptively basic style is suddenly deeper, richer, and more mature, while his eye for dynamics and graphic economy has gotten even keener."[22]
In 2011 Scott Pilgrim was ranked 69th in IGN's list of the top 100 comic book heroes.[23]

text: Japanese comics author Kentaro Takekuma said in an interview that the structure and style of Scott Pilgrim initially did not match the structure and style of Japanese comics, but when he read the battle scenes "it feels very much like a Japanese manga, especially in how you structured the panels. It develops into a very strange, neither American nor Japanese atmosphere."[6] Comics author Koji Aihara added that "I did feel the inspiration from Japanese manga, but it did not strike me as a ripoff of manga style, but a very unique way of expression, I found it a very interesting work. I appreciated you using your own style of expression. Also, I thought your use of solid blacks was very skilled and attractive."[6]

text: Awards[edit]

text: In 2005, O'Malley won the Doug Wright Award for Best Emerging Talent for the first volume of Scott Pilgrim[24] and was nominated for three Harvey Awards (Best New Talent, Best Cartoonist and Best Graphic Album of Original Work).[25]

text: In 2006, O'Malley was awarded Outstanding Canadian Comic Book Cartoonist (Writer/Artist) in the Joe Shuster Awards.[26] He was previously nominated in the same category in 2005.[27]

text: O'Malley was nominated for a 2006 Eisner Award in the category Best Writer/Artist—Humor, for Scott Pilgrim Vs. The World, but lost to Kyle Baker. O'Malley and Scott Pilgrim were also nominated for two 2006 Eagle Awards, and nominated for a second Wright Award (for Scott Pilgrim Vs. The World).[citation needed]

text: In 2007, O'Malley won the Harvey Award. The series was also awarded a spot in Entertainment Weekly's 2007 A-List.[citation needed]

text: In 2010, O'Malley won his first Eisner Award in the "Best Humor Publication" category for Scott Pilgrim Vs. The Universe.[28]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: The film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was released on August 13, 2010. It is based on all six volumes of the graphic novel series, despite the different ending due to the sixth volume having been released after the film finished shooting. The film is directed by Edgar Wright and stars Michael Cera and Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Scott and Ramona, respectively.

text: The film was a critical success, but did not fare well commercially in theaters. However, its commercial fortunes improved after being released on Blu-ray and DVD.[citation needed] The DVD includes extras including bloopers, outtakes, deleted scenes, storyboards (which include the ending provided by the comics), and trailers. The 2-disc edition includes soundtracks, animation (when Scott dates Kim), and a making-of.

text: Scott Pilgrim vs. The Animation[edit]

text:
At the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con, Alison Pill (who plays Kim Pine in the movie), revealed that her character's past relationship with Scott will be explored in other media. "There will be a little something-something that will air on Adult Swim," she said.[29]
Creator Bryan Lee O'Malley elaborated by stating "It's gonna be like a series of short animations (to promote the movie).  One of them will be the Volume 2 high school stuff with Kim and Lisa Miller.  I don't know how long it will be but the rough they showed me was like 5 minutes.  The stars of the movie will do the voices for the cartoons."[30] Michael Cera and Alison Pill reprise their roles of Scott Pilgrim and Kim Pine from the movie, whilst Mae Whitman and Jason Schwartzman, who play Roxanne Richter and Gideon Graves in the movie, provide voices for Lisa Miller and Simon Lee respectively. The animated short, entitled Scott Pilgrim vs. the Animation, was produced by Titmouse Inc. and aired on Adult Swim on August 12, 2010, later being released on their website.[31][32]
The short is based on the flashback from the second graphic novel, elaborating on Scott's adventures in high school. The animation features the songs "Post Acid" and "Beach Demon" by Wavves, though it is replaced with the film's soundtrack in the version included on the DVD/Blu-ray release of the film.

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the series, also titled Scott Pilgrim vs. The World, was announced during San Diego Comic Con 2009 and was developed by Ubisoft Montreal, released alongside the film. The game is a four-player side-scroller influenced by 8-bit and 16-bit video games, with players able to play as Scott Pilgrim, Ramona Flowers, Kim Pine and Stephen Stills (Knives Chau and Wallace Wells were added later as downloadable characters).[33] After the player completes the game with Scott, Ramona, Stephen Stills, and Kim, they unlock NegaScott. Mr. Chau (Knives Chau's father), is also an unlockable assist character. The game features music by chiptune punk band Anamanaguchi[34] and art direction by Paul Robertson.[35]

text: The game was released on PlayStation Network on August 10, 2010 and Xbox Live Arcade on August 25, 2010.[36]

text: On December 30, 2014, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game was delisted from the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network. This follows the earlier delistings of the video games Uno and Marvel vs. Capcom Origins. The game was delisted due to the licenses running out.  The developer, however, continues to attempt to re-release the game.[37]

text: Mobile comic[edit]

text: A mobile adaptation of the comic book was produced by HarperCollins and Robot Comics.[38] The app uses movement, sound and vibration to create an original reading experience and includes extra material hidden in the scenes of the comic. It is available for iPhone, iPod touch, iPad and Android.


document_title: How to Train Your Dragon (film)

question_text: who played astrid in how to train your dragon

root

text: How to Train Your Dragon (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Isle of Berk is a remote Viking village, from which dragons periodically steal livestock. Hiccup, the awkward fifteen-year-old son of the village chieftain, Stoick the Vast, is too small to fight the dragons and instead fashions mechanical devices under his apprenticeship with Gobber the blacksmith, though his inventions often backfire. During one attack, Hiccup believes he has shot down a Night Fury, an extremely rare and dangerous dragon. Hiccup later finds it in the forest trapped in his bolas, but finds that he cannot bring himself to kill the dragon and instead sets it free.

tag: p

text: Stoick assembles a fleet to find the dragons' nest, leaving Hiccup in a dragon-fighting class taught by Gobber. Hiccup returns to the forest to find the Night Fury still there, and realizes it is unable to fly properly because of its crippled caudal fin. Hiccup gradually tames the dragon and gives it the name "Toothless", for its retractable teeth. Hiccup makes a harness and prosthetic fin that allows him to guide the dragon in free flight. By studying Toothless's behavior, Hiccup becomes proficient in subduing the captive dragons during training. Stoick's fleet arrives home unsuccessful, but he is cheered by Hiccup's unexpected success.

text: Astrid, a tough Viking girl on whom Hiccup has a crush, discovers Hiccup is training Toothless, but Hiccup takes her for a ride to demonstrate his relationship with the dragon before she can tell the village. Toothless unexpectedly takes the pair to the dragons' nest where they discover a gargantuan dragon named the Red Death,2 which eats the smaller dragons unless they bring it stolen livestock.

text: Back at the village, Hiccup subdues a captive dragon in his final training test in front of his father instead of killing it, but Stoick inadvertently angers the dragon into attacking. Toothless attempts to protect Hiccup in the ensuing panic but is instead captured by the Vikings. Hiccup accidentally reveals to Stoick that Toothless is capable of locating the dragons' nest. Stoick disowns his son and sets off for the nest with Toothless chained to the lead ship as a guide.

text: The Vikings expel most of the dragons but are overwhelmed by the Red Death until Hiccup, Astrid and their fellow pupils fly in riding the training dragons from the academy and provide cover fire. Hiccup almost drowns trying to break Toothless free from a sinking ship but Stoick saves them both and then reconciles with his son. Toothless and Hiccup destroy the Red Death but Hiccup is injured in the fight. Hiccup regains consciousness on Berk where his lower left leg has been replaced by a prosthesis, and the Vikings and the dragons now live in harmony.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text: Jay Baruchel as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III: companion of Toothless, a Night Fury.

tag: ul

text: Gerard Butler as Stoick the Vast, the chieftain of the Viking tribe and Hiccup's father. A fierce, immensely strong and utterly fearless, warrior.

text: Craig Ferguson as Gobber the Belch: blacksmith, a close friend of Stoick's, and training master of the young warriors. He is the mediator between Hiccup and Stoick. He is missing his right foot and his left hand, the latter of which he has replaced with a variety of specialized prosthetics.[3]

text: America Ferrera as Astrid Hofferson, Hiccup's fellow student.

text: Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Fishlegs Ingerman: an enthusiastic youth, knowledgeable in dragon lore narrated role-playing game terms.[4]

text:
Jonah Hill as Snotlout Jorgenson, one of Hiccup's dragon-training classmates. Snotlout is brash, overconfident, and fairly unintelligent, but reliable.
T. J. Miller and Kristen Wiig as Tuffnut and Ruffnut Thorston, a pair of quarrelsome twins.
David Tennant as Spitelout. A Viking who is not named in the film, he appears to be Stoick's second-in-command and Snotlout's father. Tennant has previously narrated a series of Hiccup adventures on audio book.[5]
Robin Atkin Downes as Ack
Philip McGrade as Starkard
Kieron Elliot as Hoark the Haggard
Ashley Jensen as Phlegma the Fierce

text: Production[edit]

text: The book series by Cressida Cowell began coming to attention to the executives at DreamWorks Animation in 2004. Coming off her success in Over the Hedge, producer Bonnie Arnold shortly became interested in the newly acquired property. She kept focusing on the project as time went on, and when DreamWorks Animation co-president of production Bill Damaschke asked her what she wanted to work on next, she chose “How to Train Your Dragon”.[6]

text: In initial development, the plot followed the original novel closely, but about halfway through production Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois, the writer-directors of Disney's Lilo & Stitch, took over as co-directors and it was altered. The original plot was described as, "heavily loyal to the book", but was regarded as being too "sweet" and "whimsical" as well as geared towards a too-young demographic, according to Baruchel.[7] In the novel, Hiccup's dragon, Toothless, is a Common or Garden Dragon, a small breed. In the film, Toothless is a Night Fury, the rarest of all dragons, and is large enough to serve as a flying mount for both Hiccup and Astrid. The filmmakers hired cinematographer Roger Deakins (known for frequently collaborating with the Coen brothers) as a visual consultant to help them with lighting and overall look of the film and to "add a live-action feel".[7] Extensive research was done to depict both flight, as the directors knew they would be the biggest draw of the film's 3D effects, and fire, given animation could break away from the limitations seen in live-action films, where propane flames are usual due to being easier to extinguish. The dragons' design made sure to create animals that were comical and also innovative compared to other dragon fiction. Toothless in particular tried to combine various dragon traits in a black panther-inspired design, that also had large ears and eyes to convey emotion better.[8]

text: The directors made sure to cash in the improvisation abilities of the secondary cast—Christopher Mintz-Plasse, Jonah Hill, Kristen Wiig and T.J Miller—by frequently bringing them together in the recording sessions.[2]

text: Music[edit]

text: John Powell returned to DreamWorks Animation to score How to Train Your Dragon, making it his sixth collaboration with the studio, following his previous score for Kung Fu Panda (which he scored with Hans Zimmer). Powell composed an orchestral score, combining bombastic brass with loud percussion and soothing strings, while also using exotic, Scottish and Irish tones with instruments like the penny whistle and bagpipes. Additionally, Icelandic singer Jónsi wrote and performed the song "Sticks & Stones" for the film. The score was released by Varèse Sarabande on March 23, 2010.

text: Overall, the score was well received by film score critics. Powell earned his first Academy Award nomination for his work on the film, ultimately losing to Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross for their score for The Social Network.

text: Release[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon had its United States premiere on March 21, 2010, at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Universal City, California.[9] It was theatrically released on March 26, 2010, in the United States.[10] The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, and released to 186 North American IMAX theatres, and approximately 80 IMAX theatres outside North America.[10]

text: Competition for 3D screens[edit]

text: A month before the release, DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg protested Warner Bros.' decision to convert Clash of the Titans from 2D to 3D, then to release it one week after How to Train Your Dragon.[11] Entertainment reporter Kim Masters described the 3D release schedule around March 2010 as a "traffic jam", and speculated that the lack of 3D screen availability could hurt Katzenberg's prospects despite his support of the 3D format.[12]

text: In March 2010, theater industry executives accused Paramount of using high-pressure tactics to coerce theaters to screen How to Train Your Dragon rather than the competing 3D releases, Clash of the Titans and Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland. As theater multiplexes often had just one 3D screen, theaters were unable to accommodate more than one 3D presentation at a time.[13]

text: Box-office[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon topped the North American box office with $43.7 million in its first weekend of release.[14] The film grossed $217,581,231 in the United States and Canada and $277,297,528 in foreign countries with a worldwide total of $494,878,759.[1] How to Train Your Dragon is DreamWorks Animation's highest-grossing film in the American and Canadian box office other than the Shrek films.[15] It is the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of 2010 with $494.8 million, behind Toy Story 3 with $1,063.2 million, Shrek Forever After with $752.6 million, Tangled with $576.6 million, and Despicable Me with $543.1 million and the 10th-highest-grossing movie of 2010.[16] As of 2018, the How to Train Your Dragon series has grossed over $1 billion worldwide.[17]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: How To Train Your Dragon received critical acclaim upon its release. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 98% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 200 reviews from professional critics, with an overall rating average of 7.9 out of 10.[18] The site's general consensus is that, "Boasting dazzling animation, a script with surprising dramatic depth, and thrilling 3-D sequences, How to Train Your Dragon soars."[18] By "Tomatometer" score, the film is DreamWorks Animation's highest-rated film. On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 0–100 reviews from film critics, the film has a rating score of 74 based on 33 reviews, indicating 'Generally favorable reviews.'[19] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave How to Train Your Dragon was A on an A+ to F scale.[20]

text: Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 stars out of 4, stating that: "It devotes a great deal of time to aerial battles between tamed dragons and evil ones, and not much to character or story development. But it's bright, good-looking, and has high energy".[21] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "It's a thrilling action-adventure saga with exhilarating 3-D animation, a clever comedy with witty dialogue, a coming-of-age tale with surprising depth and a sweetly poignant tale of friendship between man and animal."[22] Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film, giving it three out of four stars and in his print review wrote, "[The film] works enough miracles of 3-D animation to charm your socks off."[23] Roger Moore of The Orlando Sentinel, who gave the film 2½ stars out of 4, wrote a mixed review describing the film as a "more coming-of-age dramedy or 'everything about your world view is wrong' message movie than it is a comedy, and that seems like a waste of a funny book, some very funny actors and some darned witty animation."[24] Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film 2/4 stars labeling the film as, "Avatar for simpletons. But that title is already taken, by Avatar".[25] Contrarily, Brett Michel of The Boston Phoenix stated that the film was better than Avatar. A. O. Scott of At The Movies felt the characters and the story were not strong points, but loved the cinematography and said, "that swooping and soaring, they are worth the price of a ticket, so go see it."[26] Village Voice film critic Ella Taylor gave a more negative review of the film, describing it as an "adequate but unremarkable animated tale".[27] Film critic James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film and its story, giving it 3.5 out of 4 stars he wrote, "Technically proficient and featuring a witty, intelligent, surprisingly insightful script, How to Train Your Dragon comes close to the level of Pixar's recent output while easily exceeding the juvenilia DreamWorks has released in the last nine years."[28] Entertainment Weekly film critic Owen Gleiberman praised the film giving it an A- and wrote, "How to Train Your Dragon rouses you in conventional ways, but it's also the rare animated film that uses 3-D for its breathtaking spatial and emotional possibilities."[29] ViewLondon's Mathew Turner gave the film 4/5 stars, calling it, "beautifully animated and superbly written", and praised the voice cast, humor, and action. Matt Risley of Variety gave the film a perfect score of 5/5 stars, hailing it as, "undoubtedly Dreamworks' best film yet, and quite probably the best dragon movie ever made".

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Name
Outcome

Academy Awards[30]
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois
Nominated

Academy Award for Best Original Score
John Powell

Alliance of Women Film Journalists[31]
Best Animated Feature

Best Animated Female
America Ferrera (Astrid)
Won

Annie Awards[32][33]
Annie Award for Best Animated Feature
Bonnie Arnold
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois

Annie Award for Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Brett Miller

Jason Mayer
Nominated

Annie Award for Best Character Animation in a Feature Production
Gabe Hordos
Won

Jakob Hjort Jensen
Nominated

David Torres

Annie Award for Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Nico Marlet
Won

Annie Award for Best Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois

Annie Award for Best Music in an Animated Feature Production
John Powell

Annie Award for Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Pierre-Olivier Vincent

Annie Award for Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Tom Owens

Alessandro Carloni
Nominated

Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Jay Baruchel (Hiccup)
Won

Gerard Butler (Stoick)
Nominated

Annie Award for Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production
William Davies
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois
Won

British Academy Film Awards[34]
BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film

Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Film Music
John Powell

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards[35]
Best Animated Film
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois

Critics' Choice Awards[36]
Best Animated Feature Film

Genesis Awards[37]
Best Feature Film

Won

Golden Globe Awards[38]
Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film

Nominated

Golden Reel Awards[39]
Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film

Won

International Film Music Critics Association[40][41]
Film Score of the Year
John Powell

Best Original Score for an Animated Feature
John Powell

Film Music Composition of the Year
John Powell – "Forbidden Friendship"
Nominated

John Powell – "Test Drive"

Kids' Choice Awards[42]
Favorite Animated Movie

Online Film Critics Society Awards[43]
Best Animated Feature
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois

People's Choice Awards[44]
Favorite Family Movie

Satellite Awards[45]
Motion Picture (Animated or Mixed)

Saturn Awards[46]
Saturn Award for Best Music
John Powell

Saturn Award for Best Production Design
Kathy Altieri

Saturn Award for Best Animated Film
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois

Teen Choice Awards[47]
Choice Animated Movie

Toronto Film Critics Association[48]
Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film

Won

Venice Film Festival[49]
Most Creative 3D Film of the Year
Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois
Tied with James Cameron for Avatar

Visual Effects Society[50]
Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Simon Otto
Craig Ring
Bonnie Arnold

Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Gabe Hordos
Cassidy Curtis
Mariette Marinus
Brent Watkins

Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Andy Hayes
Laurent Kermel
Jason Mayer
Brett Miller

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[51]
Best Animated Feature
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois
Nominated

World Soundtrack Academy[52]
World Soundtrack Award for Soundtrack Composer of the Year
John Powell

World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film
Jón Þór Birgisson

tag: table

text: Home media[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon was released on single-disc DVD, two-disc double DVD pack and Blu-ray/DVD combo pack in Canada and the United States on Friday, October 15, 2010. Among the features available in the two-disc DVD edition is an original sequel short film, Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon. As of July 18, 2012, units sold for the DVD stand at more than 6.5 million copies and has grossed $121,663,692.[53]

text: Samsung signed a deal with DreamWorks to gain exclusive distribution rights to a Blu-ray 3D version of the film. The exclusive agreement ended on September 11, 2011, when How to Train Your Dragon - 3D was released in a two-disc Blu-ray combo pack.

text: It was re-released by Paramount Home Entertainment on Blu-ray and DVD on May 27, 2014.[54]

text: Expanded franchise[edit]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: A sequel, How to Train Your Dragon 2, was confirmed on April 27, 2010.[55] The film was directed and written by Dean DeBlois, the co-director of the first film. Bonnie Arnold, the producer of the first film, also returned.[56] The film was released on June 13, 2014 by 20th Century Fox, to critical acclaim.[57][58] The entire original voice cast—Baruchel, Butler, Ferguson, Ferrera, Hill, Mintz-Plasse, Miller,and Wiig—returned for the sequel[59] with the addition of Cate Blanchett, Djimon Hounsou, and Kit Harington.

text: A third film, How to Train Your Dragon 3, is in development. The film will also be directed and written by DeBlois, produced by Bonnie Arnold, and exec-produced by Chris Sanders, with all the main cast set to return. Cate Blanchett and Djimon Hounsou will also reprise their roles as Valka and Drago respectively from the second film.[60][61] It is scheduled to be released on March 1, 2019 by Universal Pictures.[62]

text: Short films[edit]

text: Four post-movie short films were released: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011), and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014).[citation needed]

text: Television series[edit]

text: A television series based on the film premiered on Cartoon Network in Autumn 2012. Jay Baruchel, America Ferrera, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, and T. J. Miller reprise their roles as Hiccup, Astrid, Fishlegs, and Tuffnut. The series follows Hiccup and his friends as they learn more about dragons, discover new ones, teach others to feel comfortable around them, adapt traditions within the village to fit their new friends and battle against enemies as they explore new worlds. Hiccup has been made head of Berk Dragon Academy.[63]

text: Video games[edit]

text: An action adventure video game released by Activision, called How to Train Your Dragon, was released for the Wii, Xbox 360, PS3 and Nintendo DS gaming consoles. It is loosely based on the film and was released on March 23, 2010.

text: School of Dragons, a 3D free-to-play MMO, was released on July 17, 2013, at the San Diego Comic-Con.[64][65] The game is available for PC, Android and iOS.[66]

text: Arena show[edit]

text: How To Train Your Dragon Arena Spectacular is an arena show adaptation of the first film featuring 24 animatronic dragons, acrobats and projections. It premiered on March 2, 2012, in Melbourne, Australia.[67]


document_title: Mars rover

question_text: what was the name of the first rover to land on mars

text: Mars rover

text: Missions[edit]

text: Seven rovers have been dispatched to Mars:

text:
Mars 2, Prop-M rover, 1971, Mars 2 landing failed taking Prop-M with it. The Mars 2 and 3 spacecraft from the USSR had identical 4.5 kg Prop-M rovers. They were to move on skis while connected to the landers with cables.[5]
 Mars 3, Prop-M rover, 1971, lost when Mars 3 lander stopped communicating about 20 seconds after landing.[5]
 Sojourner rover, Mars Pathfinder, landed successfully on July 4, 1997. Communications were lost on September 27, 1997.
 Beagle 2, Planetary Undersurface Tool, lost with Beagle 2 on deployment from Mars Express in 2003.[6] A compressed spring mechanism was designed to allow movement across the surface at a rate of 1 cm per 5 seconds[6] and to burrow into the ground and collect a subsurface sample in a cavity in its tip.
 Spirit  (MER-A), Mars Exploration Rover, launched on June 10, 2003 at 13:58:47 EDT[7] and landed successfully on January 4, 2004. Nearly 6 years after the original mission limit, Spirit had covered a total distance of 7.73 km (4.80 mi) but its wheels became trapped in sand.[8] Around January 26, 2010, NASA conceded defeat in its efforts to free the rover and stated that it would now function as a stationary science platform.[9] The last communication received from the rover was on March 22, 2010, and NASA ceased attempts to re-establish communication on May 25, 2011.[10]
 Opportunity (MER-B), Mars Exploration Rover, launched on July 7, 2003 at 23:18:15 EDT[7] and landed successfully on January 25, 2004.  Opportunity surpassed the previous record for longevity of a surface mission to Mars as of May 20, 2010 and surpassed the previous record for distance traveled off-Earth as of July 28, 2014 by covering a total distance of 40.25 km (25.01 mi).[11][12][13][14] Opportunity is still operational and mobile as of July 15, 2018.
 Curiosity, Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), by NASA, was launched November 26, 2011 at 10:02 EST[15][16] and landed in the Aeolis Palus plain near Aeolis Mons (informally "Mount Sharp")[17][18][19][20] in Gale Crater on August 6, 2012, 05:31 UTC.[21][22][23] The Curiosity rover is still operational as of July 15, 2018.

text: Planned[edit]

text:
ExoMars rover (European Effort)
Mars 2020 (NASA Project)

text: Examples of instruments[edit]

text: Examples Landed instrumentation (Rovers)

text:
Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (MPF + MER + MSL)
CheMin (MSL)
Chemistry and Camera complex (MSL)
Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (MSL)
Hazcam (MER + MSL)
MarsDial (MER + MSL) HHGHHHHOLMNBVCDRTYUIK
Materials Adherence Experiment (MPF)
MIMOS II (MER)
Mini-TES (MER)
Mars Hand Lens Imager (MSL)
Navcam  (MER + MSL)
Pancam (MER)
Rock Abrasion Tool (MER)
Radiation assessment detector (MSL)
Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (MSL)
Sample Analysis at Mars (MSL)

text: Locations of Mars rovers, in context[edit]

text: Concepts[edit]

text: Mars rovers in development include:

text:
ExoMars, by the ESA. Planned Mars launch 2018.[24] The rover will use stained glass to prevent UV from changing image colors, allowing for true color images of the surface of Mars.[25]
Chinese Mars Rover, has been planned for a pre-2020 launch, as part of a sample-return mission.[26]
MESR (Mars Exploration Science Rover), REX (Robot EXplorer), and MRPTA (Micro-Rover Platform with Tooling Arm) have a target destination of Mars, planned by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).[27]
Mars 2020, a NASA rover based on the current rover Curiosity and planned to launch in 2020.
2020 Chinese Mars Mission, would include an orbiter, lander and small rover.

text: One experimental design, not proposed for any actual mission, is:

text: Mars Tumbleweed Rover, a wind-propelled rover.[28]

text: More recently, 2018, a  kind of cushion-air rover  has been proposed  for Mars, [29], which in contrast with traditional hovercrafts doesn't uses blowers   to pressurize de gas in the chamber  but rather  uses a  stored highly pressurized CO2   obtained from a  freezing process which doesn't requires  mechanical compression. [30]

text: Many Mars Design Reference Mission include rovers as do some Mars sample return  (see MAX-C)

text: Cancelled or stale rover mission designs/proposals[edit]

text:
Astrobiology Field Laboratory, proposed in the 2000-2010 period as a follow on to MSL.[31]
Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C), cancelled 2011[32][33]
Mars Surveyor 2001 rover, [34]

text: NASA Mars rover goals (circa 2010s)[edit]

text: NASA distinguishes between "mission" objectives and "science" objectives. Mission objectives are related to progress in space technology and development processes. Science objectives are met by the instruments during their mission in space.

text:
The details of rover science vary according to equipment carried. The primary goal of the Spirit and Opportunity rovers is to discover
"the history of water on Mars".[35]
(The presence of usable water would greatly reduce manned mission cost.)

text: The four science goals of NASA's long-term Mars Exploration Program are:

text:
Determine whether life ever arose on Mars
Characterize the climate of Mars
Characterize the geology of Mars
Prepare for human exploration of Mars[36]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Mars Rovers

Sojourner rover on Mars.

Sojourner rover atop Pathfinder lander.

Comparison: Mars Sojourner rover, MER, MSL.

Comparison: MER, Sojourner rover, MSL.

Comparison: MER, Sojourner rover, MSL.

Concept: Manned Mars rover.

Martian sunset viewed by the Spirit rover (May 2005).


document_title: Interthalamic adhesion

question_text: what is the intermediate mass of the brain

text: Interthalamic adhesion

text:
Interthalamic adhesion

Dissection showing the ventricles of the brain. (Interthalamic adhesion labeled as Massa Intermedia at center right.)

Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle.

Details

Part of
thalamus

Identifiers

Latin
Adhaesio interthalamica

NeuroNames
hier-284

NeuroLex ID
Interthalamic adhesion

Dorlands
/Elsevier
a_15/12112692

TA
A14.1.08.103

FMA
74869

Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]

text: The interthalamic adhesion (also known as the massa intermedia or middle commissure) is a flattened band of tissue that connects both parts of the thalamus at their medial surfaces. The medial surfaces form the upper part of the lateral wall to the third ventricle.

text: In mammals other than humans, it is a large structure. In humans it is only about one centimetre long, though In females it is larger by about 50%.[1]Sometimes it is in two parts and 20% to 30% of the time it is absent.

text: In 1889, a Portuguese anatomist by the name of Macedo examined 215 brains, showing that male humans are approximately twice as likely to lack an interthalamic adhesion as are female humans. He anecdotally attributed the finding to a "prevailing feature of people deprived of [the interthalamic adhesion] is to present in their psychical acts a remarkable precipitation, joined to a certain dysharmony between internal and external feelings".[2] Its absence is seen to be inconsequential.

text: The interthalamic adhesion contains nerve cells and nerve fibers; a few of the latter may cross the middle line, but most of them pass toward the middle line and then curve laterally on the same side. It is still uncertain whether the interthalamic adhesion contains fibers that cross the mid-line and for this reason it is inappropriate to call it a commissure.

text: The interthalamic adhesion is notably enlarged in patients with the type II Arnold-Chiari malformation.[3]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Thalamus

Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere.Medial view.Deep dissection. WRONG INFORMATION - NEED REVIEW


document_title: List of FA Community Shield matches

question_text: who has won the charity shield the most

question_tokens: who has won the charity shield the most

text: List of FA Community Shield matches

text: Results[edit]

text:
Key

(R)
Replay

§
Title was shared after match finished in a draw

Match decided by a penalty shootout after full time[C]

Team was established for this match only

text:
FA Community Shield winners

Year
Winner(s)
Score
Runner-up
Venue
Attendance
Ref(s)

1908
Manchester United
1–1
Queens Park Rangers
Stamford Bridge
6,000
[24]

1908 (R)
Manchester United
4–0
Queens Park Rangers
Stamford Bridge
50,000
[25]

1909
Newcastle United
2–0
Northampton Town
Stamford Bridge
7,000
[26]

1910
Brighton and Hove Albion
1–0
Aston Villa
Stamford Bridge
13,000
[27]

1911
Manchester United
8–4
Swindon Town
Stamford Bridge
10,000
[28]

1912
Blackburn Rovers
2–1
Queens Park Rangers
White Hart Lane
7,100
[29]

1913
English Professionals XI
7–2
English Amateurs XI
The Den (original)
15,000[D]
[8]

1920
West Bromwich Albion
2–0
Tottenham Hotspur
White Hart Lane
38,168
[9]

1921
Tottenham Hotspur
2–0
Burnley
White Hart Lane
18,000
[10]

1922
Huddersfield Town
1–0
Liverpool
Old Trafford
20,000
[30]

1923
English Professionals XI
2–0
English Amateurs XI
Stamford Bridge
11,000
[31]

1924
English Professionals XI
3–1
English Amateurs XI
Highbury Stadium
10,000
[32]

1925
English Amateurs XI
6–1
English Professionals XI
White Hart Lane
5,000[D]
[33]

1926
English Amateurs XI
6–3
English Professionals XI
Maine Road
1,500
[34]

1927
Cardiff City
2–1
Corinthian
Stamford Bridge
16,500
[35]

1928
Everton
2–1
Blackburn Rovers
Old Trafford
4,000
[36][37]

1929
English Professionals XI
3–0
English Amateurs XI
The Den (original)
6,000
[38]

1930
Arsenal
2–1
Sheffield Wednesday
Stamford Bridge
18,000
[39]

1931
Arsenal
1–0
West Bromwich Albion
Villa Park
21,276
[40]

1932
Everton
5–3
Newcastle United
St James' Park
10,000
[41]

1933
Arsenal
3–0
Everton
Goodison Park
20,000
[42]

1934
Arsenal
4–0
Manchester City
Highbury Stadium
10,888
[43]

1935
Sheffield Wednesday
1–0
Arsenal
Highbury Stadium
15,000[D]
[44]

1936
Sunderland
2–1
Arsenal
Roker Park
15,000
[45]

1937
Manchester City
2–0
Sunderland
Maine Road
14,000
[46]

1938
Arsenal
2–1
Preston North End
Highbury Stadium
7,233
[47]

1948
Arsenal
4–3
Manchester United
Highbury Stadium
31,000
[48]

1949
Portsmouth
Wolverhampton Wanderers
1–1§
—
Highbury Stadium
35,140
[49]

1950
England World Cup XI
4–2
FA Canadian Touring Team
Stamford Bridge
38,468
[50]

1951
Tottenham Hotspur
2–1
Newcastle United
White Hart Lane
27,760
[51]

1952
Manchester United
4–2
Newcastle United
Old Trafford
11,381
[52]

1953
Arsenal
3–1
Blackpool
Highbury Stadium
39,853
[53]

1954
West Bromwich Albion
Wolverhampton Wanderers
4–4§
—
Molineux Stadium
45,035
[54]

1955
Chelsea
3–0
Newcastle United
Stamford Bridge
12,802
[55]

1956
Manchester United
1–0
Manchester City
Maine Road
30,495
[56]

1957
Manchester United
4–0
Aston Villa
Old Trafford
27,923
[57]

1958
Bolton Wanderers
4–1
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Burnden Park
36,029
[58]

1959
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–1
Nottingham Forest
Molineux Stadium
32,329
[59]

1960
Burnley
Wolverhampton Wanderers
2–2§
—
Turf Moor
19,873
[60]

1961
Tottenham Hotspur
3–2
FA Select XI
White Hart Lane
36,593
[13]

1962
Tottenham Hotspur
5–1
Ipswich Town
Portman Road
20,067
[61]

1963
Everton
4–0
Manchester United
Goodison Park
54,844
[62]

1964
Liverpool
West Ham United
2–2§
—
Anfield
38,858
[63]

1965
Liverpool
Manchester United
2–2§
—
Old Trafford
48,502
[64]

1966
Liverpool
1–0
Everton
Goodison Park
63,329
[65]

1967
Manchester United
Tottenham Hotspur
3–3§
—
Old Trafford
54,106
[66]

1968
Manchester City
6–1
West Bromwich Albion
Maine Road
35,510
[67]

1969
Leeds United
2–1
Manchester City
Elland Road
39,835
[68]

1970
Everton
2–1
Chelsea
Stamford Bridge
43,547
[69]

1971
Leicester City
1–0
Liverpool
Filbert Street
25,104
[70]

1972
Manchester City
1–0
Aston Villa
Villa Park
34,859
[71]

1973
Burnley
1–0
Manchester City
Maine Road
23,988
[72]

1974
Liverpool
1–1[E]
Leeds United
Wembley Stadium (original)
67,000
[73]

1975
Derby County
2–0
West Ham United
Wembley Stadium (original)
59,000
[74]

1976
Liverpool
1–0
Southampton
Wembley Stadium (original)
76,500
[75]

1977
Liverpool
Manchester United
0–0§
—
Wembley Stadium (original)
82,000
[76]

1978
Nottingham Forest
5–0
Ipswich Town
Wembley Stadium (original)
68,000
[77]

1979
Liverpool
3–1
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,800
[78]

1980
Liverpool
1–0
West Ham United
Wembley Stadium (original)
90,000
[79]

1981
Aston Villa
Tottenham Hotspur
2–2§
—
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,500
[80]

1982
Liverpool
1–0
Tottenham Hotspur
Wembley Stadium (original)
82,500
[81]

1983
Manchester United
2–0
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,000
[82]

1984
Everton
1–0
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000
[83]

1985
Everton
2–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
82,000
[84]

1986
Everton
Liverpool
1–1§
—
Wembley Stadium (original)
88,231
[85]

1987
Everton
1–0
Coventry City
Wembley Stadium (original)
88,000
[86]

1988
Liverpool
2–1
Wimbledon
Wembley Stadium (original)
54,887
[87]

1989
Liverpool
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
63,149
[88]

1990
Liverpool
Manchester United
1–1§
—
Wembley Stadium (original)
66,558
[89]

1991
Arsenal
Tottenham Hotspur
0–0§
—
Wembley Stadium (original)
65,483
[90]

1992
Leeds United
4–3
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
61,291
[91]

1993
Manchester United
1–1[F]
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
66,519
[92]

1994
Manchester United
2–0
Blackburn Rovers
Wembley Stadium (original)
60,402
[93]

1995
Everton
1–0
Blackburn Rovers
Wembley Stadium (original)
40,149
[94]

1996
Manchester United
4–0
Newcastle United
Wembley Stadium (original)
73,214
[95]

1997
Manchester United
1–1[G]
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (original)
73,636
[96]

1998
Arsenal
3–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
67,342
[97]

1999
Arsenal
2–1
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
70,185
[98][99]

2000
Chelsea
2–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
65,148
[100][101]

2001
Liverpool
2–1
Manchester United
Millennium Stadium
70,227
[102][103]

2002
Arsenal
1–0
Liverpool
Millennium Stadium
67,337
[104]

2003
Manchester United
1–1[H]
Arsenal
Millennium Stadium
59,923
[105][106]

2004
Arsenal
3–1
Manchester United
Millennium Stadium
63,317
[107]

2005
Chelsea
2–1
Arsenal
Millennium Stadium
58,014
[108]

2006
Liverpool
2–1
Chelsea
Millennium Stadium
56,275
[109]

2007
Manchester United
1–1[I]
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (new)
80,731
[110]

2008
Manchester United
0–0[J]
Portsmouth
Wembley Stadium (new)
84,808
[111]

2009
Chelsea
2–2[K]
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (new)
85,896
[112]

2010
Manchester United
3–1
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (new)
84,623
[113]

2011
Manchester United
3–2
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (new)
77,169
[114]

2012
Manchester City
3–2
Chelsea
Villa Park[L]
36,394
[115]

2013
Manchester United
2–0
Wigan Athletic
Wembley Stadium (new)
80,235
[116]

2014
Arsenal
3–0
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (new)
71,523
[117]

2015
Arsenal
1–0
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (new)
85,437
[118]

2016
Manchester United
2–1
Leicester City
Wembley Stadium (new)
85,437
[15]

2017
Arsenal
1–1[M]
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (new)
83,325
[21]

text: Results by club[edit]

text: Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence, or were established only for the purpose of playing in these matches.

text:
FA Community Shield winners by club

Club
Wins
Last final won
Runners-up
Last final lost
Total appearances

Manchester United
21
2016
9
2009
30

Arsenal
15
2017
7
2005
22

Liverpool
15
2006
6
2002
21

Everton
9
1995
2
1966
11

Tottenham Hotspur
7
1991
2
1982
9

Chelsea
4
2009
8
2017
12

Manchester City
4
2012
6
2014
10

English Professionals XI
4
1929
2
1926
6

Wolverhampton Wanderers
4
1960
1
1958
5

English Amateurs XI
2
1926
4
1929
6

West Bromwich Albion
2
1954
2
1968
4

Burnley
2
1973
1
1921
3

Leeds United
2
1992
1
1974
3

Newcastle United
1
1909
5
1996
6

Aston Villa
1
1981
3
1972
4

Blackburn Rovers
1
1912
3
1995
4

West Ham United
1
1964
2
1980
3

Leicester City
1
1971
1
2016
2

Nottingham Forest
1
1978
1
1959
2

Portsmouth
1
1949
1
2008
2

Sheffield Wednesday
1
1935
1
1930
2

Sunderland
1
1936
1
1937
2

Bolton Wanderers
1
1958
0
&
—

1

Brighton and Hove Albion
1
1910
0
&
—

1

Cardiff City
1
1927
0
&
—

1

Derby County
1
1975
0
&
—

1

English World Cup XI
1
1950
0
&
—

1

Huddersfield Town
1
1922
0
&
—

1

Ipswich Town
0
&
—

2
1978
2

Queens Park Rangers
0
&
—

2
1912
2

Blackpool
0
&
—

1
1953
1

Corinthian
0
&
—

1
1927
1

Coventry City
0
&
—

1
1987
1

English FA Canadian Touring XI
0
&
—

1
1950
1

FA Select XI
0
&
—

1
1961
1

Northampton Town
0
&
—

1
1909
1

Preston North End
0
&
—

1
1938
1

Southampton
0
&
—

1
1976
1

Swindon Town
0
&
—

1
1911
1

Wigan Athletic
0
&
—

1
2013
1

Wimbledon
0
&
—

1
1988
1

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ From 2001–2006, the Millennium Stadium was the venue for Shield matches while the new Wembley Stadium was being constructed.[4] In 2012, the match was held at Villa Park because Wembley was hosting the Olympic football tournament.[5]
Jump up ^ Manchester United won 17 titles outright and shared 4 titles.[15]
Jump up ^ If the match finishes in a draw after 90 minutes, no extra time is played and the teams proceed directly to a penalty shootout.[22][23]
^ Jump up to: a b c This attendance figure is not exact and is only an approximation.
Jump up ^ Liverpool won the 1974 match 6–5 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 1993 match 5–4 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 1997 match 4–2 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2003 match 4–3 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2007 match 3–0 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2008 match 3–1 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Chelsea won the 2009 match 4–1 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Villa Park replaced Wembley Stadium as the venue for the 2012 Community Shield match due to the latter's hosting of the Olympic football tournament at the time.[5]
Jump up ^ Arsenal won the 2017 match 4–1 in a penalty shootout.

tag: ol


document_title: Skip-Bo

question_text: how many skip bo cards in a deck

question_tokens: how many skip bo cards in a deck

text: Skip-Bo

text: Card and deck styles[edit]

text: The deck consists of 162 cards, twelve each of the numbers 1 through 12 and eighteen "SKIP-BO" wild cards which may be played as any number.  Alternatively, the 162 cards could be three regular decks of playing cards, including the jokers, with ace to queen corresponding to 1 to 12 and the kings and jokers corresponding to the SKIP-BO cards.  Before 1980, the commercial game consisted of four decks of regular playing cards with eight SKIP-BO cards replacing the standard two jokers in each deck. In addition, the aces, twos and threes in the fourth deck were marked SKIP-BO. The remainder of the fourth deck was discarded.

text: Game play[edit]

text: Two to four people can play at a time as individuals, or, six or more players in teams (no more than three partnerships). The object of the game is to be the first player or team to play out their entire stock pile(s). The player with the middle age goes first. Each player is dealt 30 cards for their pile with only the top card visible, and a hand of five cards, and the remaining cards are placed face down to create a common draw pile. The shared play area allows up to four build piles, which must be started using either a "1" card or a Skip-Bo, and each player also has up to four personal discard piles. Each turn the active player draws until they have five cards in hand, though there are cases of not drawing more cards to equal five cards, instead doing a draw of a certain number of cards. They must play either the next card in sequential order or a wild Skip-Bo card, using either cards in hand, the top card of their stock pile, or the top card of any of their four discard piles. If the player can play all five cards from their hand, they draw five more and continue playing. When no more plays are available, the player discards one card to either an empty discard pile or on top of an existing one and play passes to the next player. When a build pile reaches 12, it is removed from the board and that space becomes empty for another pile to be started; play continues until one player has played their final start card.

text: Scoring[edit]

text: For single rounds, whoever goes out first is the winner.

text: If multiple games are going to be played, either track the number of wins for each player or a point system may be used.

text: For the points scoring, the winning player receives 25 points for winning plus 5 points for each card in his/her opponents' stock piles. The first player to reach 500 points wins.

text: Partnerships[edit]

text: Another option for game play is to pair up players as partners. Game play remains the same except:

text:
Each partnership has two stock piles and two sets of four discard piles (eight discard piles total) regardless of the number of individuals per partnership
The active player can use their partner's stock and discard piles in addition to their own stock and discard piles
The active player's partner(s) must remain silent[1]

text: Mobile version[edit]

text:
Skip-Bo was released in the iTunes App Store on September 7, 2013 and later released for Android. The game was developed by Magmic and licensed through Mattel.[citation needed]
Various electronic handheld versions of Skip-Bo have been released over the years.[2]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: William Henry Storey designed a card game "Starturn" which was published by Chad Valley in 1935.[citation needed] Two packs, 44 black and 52 red, are used in a game primarily for two players although there were versions for three or four players. Black cards are divided equally between the players, placed face down with only the top card visible, as the Stack. Five red cards are dealt to each player, made up to five on each pass, and the rest placed as the draw Pack. The aim is to make up to four Build piles starting at 1 through to 15, using cards from the player's Stack where possible. Each player must discard one card at the end of each pass (except when all cards in the hand have been used on Build piles) on to one of four discard piles in front of each player, from which cards may be used (strictly, top card first) in forming Build piles. Completed Build piles are shuffled into the Pack as soon as completed. The first player to use up all his/her Stack cards is the winner. Although the cards are of different design, the rules of Skip-bo are almost exactly the same.[citation needed]