document_title: Winry Rockbell

question_text: who killed winry's parents in fullmetal alchemist

question_tokens: who killed winry 's parents in fullmetal alchemist

text: Winry Rockbell

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Winry's first appearance in the manga is when the Elric brothers return to Resembool in order to ask Winry and Pinako to create another automail for Edward's right arm after it was destroyed by the criminal Scar.[4] Winry is portrayed in the series as kind, optimistic, and sincere, acting as a concerned family member to the Elrics in their company. She had known Edward and Alphonse since childhood. In the story, she was orphaned at a young age when her parents were killed while serving as doctors in the Ishvalan war. She lived with her grandmother in Resembool from then on. Known as an "Automail Otaku", she is fascinated by any and all types of machines, tools, and excels in building and repairing automail. Along with her grandmother, Pinako, also a famous automail engineer, the two run a small shop out of their home. They made and installed Edward's automail arm and leg after he lost his original limbs in a failed human transmutation of his mother.[4] Winry takes it upon herself to make sure that his automail is in top form, and travels to service it when as needed.[5] This dedication is either out of enthusiasm (due to these moments making up most of the moments she gets to be with Edward and Alphonse, as well as getting paid for each) or out of frustration (due to Edward constantly breaking his automail, which she views as precious, and because the repair constantly wastes time). In the first anime series, it is hinted that Winry and Edward share romantic feelings for each other, but this is never confirmed. In the manga and second anime series, Edward is unnaturally flustered by the mere thought of being romantically linked to Winry, while Winry eventually realizes that she loves Edward and has for most of her life.[6] After three all-nighters, she forgets to add a screw to Edward's automail and so it breaks after one of his fights. Winry goes to Central City to fix Edward's automail, feeling guilty (as Edward is in the hospital as well), but quickly overcomes it when she realizes no one else has any idea about the screw.[7] She then spends the night at the house of Maes Hughes.

text: While the Elrics continue their search for the Philosopher's Stone, they decide to go meet their old mentor, Izumi Curtis. Winry gets them to take her to Rush Valley, the automail capital of the world, along the way, much to their dismay. There she meets a pickpocket named Paninya. They become friends because Winry is interested in her automail legs and Winry convinces her to try to earn her money honestly. Winry also meets the family of Dominic, an automail engineer, and when Dominic's daughter-in-law goes into labor, Winry successfully delivers her baby. She asks to be Dominic's apprentice, but is refused both because Dominic doesn't take apprentices and because he has an unexplained past with her grandmother, Pinako, and is terrified of her. He introduces her to another engineer named Garfiel, who happily takes her on.[8] Some time later, Winry returns with the Elrics to Central Headquarters and finds that Hughes was murdered, leaving Winry grieving.[9][10] When the Elrics confront the criminal Scar once again to get closer to the Philosopher's Stone, Winry goes there to try to help them, only to discover during the fight that Scar killed her parents during the Ishvalan War.[11] She points a gun at Scar, but Ed jumps in front of her and pins the gun down, allowing Scar to flee with Al in pursuit. Winry becomes distressed that she couldn't bring herself to shoot, but Ed reassures her that her hands aren't meant to kill, but are meant for saving lives.[12] After Ed delivers her to the custody of others, despite her desire to have him stay, Winry spends the rest of the day with King Bradley. After Scar escapes, Winry returns to Rush Valley, and Ed tells her the next time he makes her cry they will be tears of joy. After this, she realizes she has been in love with him.[13]

text: After the Elrics and Roy Mustang discover Bradley is a Humonculus, Winry and Riza Hawkeye respectively are used as hostages by the military to gain their obedience. Winry later discovers that the Elrics have traveled North, and she heads there as well since Ed's automail is not suited for those conditions; State Alchemist Solf J. Kimblee escorts her there to emphasize her "imprisonment" and gains her trust.[6] After Winry replaces Ed's arm, he tells her he is being forced to capture Scar for the military, but doesn't tell the entire truth. Winry goes with him and Al, but once they capture him, Winry bandages wounds sustained in a fight with Kimblee's chimeras, as she thinks her parents would have done the same.[14] In order to both evade the military so she can no longer be used against the Elrics and secure freedom for her allies, she decides to pretend to be Scar's hostage to cover her group's escape.[15] After staying in Liore for a short time, Winry is taken on a military train back into Resembool in a water tank. When she goes into her house, she tries to change clothes, only to find Ed in her room, and later Greed and Kimblee's chimeras. After everything settles down and his arm is prepared, Ed tells her to leave the country, but she promptly refuses, telling him to give it all he has and not doubt himself.[16] Winry is killed upon the activation of the Gate, her final word being "Ed", but is resurrected along with the rest of the country by Van Hohenheim. The Elrics return afterwards, where she keeps her promise by crying upon seeing their bodies restored and hugging them. Two years after the Elrics return to Resembool, the Elrics leave to research alchemy. Winry sees Ed off and the train station, whereupon he proposes to her in a clumsy, alchemy-based fashion, but she accepts regardless in an equally-awkward manner, much to Ed's amusement. It is shown that they later marry, and both are seen in the epilogue with their son and daughter.[17]

text: In the first anime[edit]

text: Winry's role changes in the first anime. In Rush Valley, Winry meets the Elrics' teacher Izumi Curtis and learns how her stillborn son became the homunculus Wrath.[18] Winry continues traveling with the Elrics until she learns that her parents were killed in the Isbalan massacre by Ed's superior Roy Mustang on military orders. Winry goes to Central to meet Mustang, but is unable to talk to him when she hears from several people that he is highly respected by his friends, including the deceased Maes Hughes.[19] Winry later meets the librarian Sheska who suspected the woman Juliet Douglas, who is in fact the homunculus Sloth, for being responsible for Hughes' death. Both are attacked by Sloth, but the homunculus retreats when Winry recognizes her as Ed and Al's mother.[20] Winry and Sheska go to Resembool to tell the Elrics about Sloth.[21] Ed and Al soon set out to fight the homunculi, but only Al returns as Ed finds himself in a parallel universe.[22] In the movie sequel, Winry learns of Izumi's death. Later, Winry and Sheska set out to find Al who is trying to bring Ed back home. Upon Ed's return, Winry reveals she has prepared a new automail for and attaches them to him. After the Elrics are forced to leave for good, Winry continues working on automail with her grandmother.[23]

text: In other media[edit]

text: In the first 2007 OVA, a drunken Winry confronts Edward about pictures of him and Noah that appeared in a magazine featuring shots and tidbits of the movie. In a second OVA, Edward is shown as a grandfather with three grandchildren with one of them being identical to Winry. In the third OVA, Winry herself does not appear, though Envy takes on her form and is kidnapped by Greed together with Al.[24] Winry has her own character CD named Hagaren Song File - Winry Rockbell (Hagaren Song File - ウィンリィ・ロックベル). Released on June 22, 2009, the CD features tracks based on her character performed by her Japanese voice actress in the first Fullmetal Alchemist anime series, Megumi Toyoguchi.[25] Additionally, in the upcoming live-action of the series, Winry will be portrayed by Tsubasa Honda.[26]

text: Creation and conception[edit]

text: Hiromu Arakawa wanted to introduce Winry in Chapter 3 of the manga due to the lack of female characters in the first two chapters and because of her importance, but her editor told her it was too soon to do it. Arakawa was satisfied with her debut, considering Winry a "buffer" who helps the reader understand the Elric brothers' problems, since, although she finds it hard to talk to them, she is able to understand their feelings. Thus Arakawa thinks Winry has the most difficult position of the three.[27] Winry's occupation in the series was inspired by Arakawa's opinions about how people had to work hard in order to eat.[28] Additionally, the way Winry and her grandmother Pinako welcome the Elrics into their home after the Elrics' mother's death reflected Arakawa's views on how people should react to social problems.[29] When asked in 2006 who her favorite Fullmetal Alchemist characters are, Arakawa found it hard to decide, but at the time she picked Winry along with the Elrics and Riza Hawkeye.[30] Arakawa has also stated that she enjoys drawing Winry immensely.[29]

text: Megumi Toyoguchi voices Winry in the first Fullmetal Alchemist anime series, but Megumi Takamoto voices her in the second. In both English adaptations, Caitlin Glass wound up voicing Winry, even though she never thought to audition for the role. Glass tried out for Al, Rose, Lust, and Hawkeye; it was her audition for the character of Rose and her previous "hyper" voice in the Spiral series that won her the role, after reading only a single line of Winry's dialogue.[31] Glass reprised her role in the second anime series.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In popularity polls from the manga published in Square Enix's Monthly Shōnen Gangan Winry was commonly featured in the top ten, reaching fifth place in 2009.[32][33] In the July 2009 issue from Newtype, Winry ranked ninth in the survey of best anime female characters.[34] In the 2004 Animage Anime Grand Prix poll, Winry was voted as the third most popular female character.[35] Several types of merchandising exploit based on Winry, including action figures, key-chains and patches.[36][37][38]

text: Critical response to Winry's character has generally been positive. Writing for Pop Culture Shock, Lydia Hojnacki listed Winry as a female characters she likes from the Fullmetal Alchemist while commenting on her relation with the Elric brothers.[39] Mania Entertainment's Jarred Pine liked how Winry's character is further developed in the manga than in the first anime, highlighting her first meeting with Riza Hawkeye, writing "It is such a simple scene, but it really speaks volumes about the characters."[40] Her confrontation against Scar in the manga was praised by Sakura Eries from the same site, who was "on the verge of tears".[41] Holly Ellingwood, a writer for Active Anime, also praised the moment, describing it as an "emotional struggle" and noting that "her own actions afterwards are some of the most riveting of these latest chapters".[42] Ellingwood also praised Winry's appearance in the first anime noting that her "enthusiasm for anything and everything mechanical and sheer enthusiasm is a welcome change from the dire episodes preceding her arrival." However, she was saddened that her character did not appear until later episodes as the series' focus moved to the search for the Philosopher's Stone.[43] Similarly, Ben Moscrop from UK Anime Network found the episode in which the Elrics and Winry go to Rush Valley as it helps developing her character regarding her relationship with the Elrics to the point she "really shines through."[44] Anime News Network's Carlo Santos praised how her appearance in the north from Amestris while meeting the Elrics brothers was a "complete game-changer" due to her status as a hostage.[45]


document_title: Cellular respiration

question_text: where does atp production occur in a cell

root

text: Cellular respiration

text: Aerobic respiration

text: Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2

tag: p

text:
Simplified reaction:
C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + heat

ΔG = −2880 kJ per mol of C6H12O6

tag: table

text: The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously.

text: The potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).[2] However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.[2]

text: Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose). However some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.

text: Glycolysis

text: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. In humans, aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, however, two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity (decrease its stability) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:

text: Starting with glucose, 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate. Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase. During energy metabolism, glucose 6-phosphate becomes fructose 6-phosphate. An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate.

text: Glycolysis can be literally translated as "sugar splitting". [3]

text: Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

text: Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO2 is formed.

text: Citric acid cycle

text: This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur. [4] When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2, are created during this cycle.

text: The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes. [4] During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate is modified to become α-ketoglutarate (5 carbons), succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and, finally, oxaloacetate.

text: The net gain of high-energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

text: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.

text: Efficiency of ATP production

text: The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.

text:
Step
coenzyme yield
ATP yield
Source of ATP

Glycolysis preparatory phase

−2
Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis pay-off phase

4
Substrate-level phosphorylation

2 NADH
3 or 5
Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP (instead of usual 2.5) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
2 NADH
5
Oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle

2
Substrate-level phosphorylation

6 NADH
15
Oxidative phosphorylation

2 FADH2
3
Oxidative phosphorylation

Total yield
30 or 32 ATP
From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes.

text: Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient.

text:
Pyruvate is taken up by a specific, low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The phosphate carrier (PiC) mediates the electroneutral exchange (antiport) of phosphate (H2PO4−; Pi) for OH− or symport of phosphate and protons (H+) across the inner membrane, and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force.
The ATP-ADP translocase (also called adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane. The driving force is due to the ATP (−4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (−3), and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient.

tag: ul

text: The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H+ are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules.[2] In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons.[5] Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals.

text: According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose [6], because:

text:
ATP : NADH+H+ and ATP : FADH2 ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2, but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. Unlike in the substrate-level phosphorylation, the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish.

ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H+. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi (antiport with OH− or symport with H+) mediated by ATP–ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H+ / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer, so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H+.
The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H+ / 1 NADH+H+ (4 + 2 + 4) or 6 H+ / 1 FADH2 (2 + 4).

text:
ATP : NADH+H+ coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is

1.5, as for FADH2, if hydrogen atoms (2H++2e−) are transferred from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2.5 in case of malate-aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial NAD+

text: So finally we have, per molecule of glucose

text:
Substrate-level phosphorylation: 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP (directly GTP) from Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

2 NADH+H+ from glycolysis: 2 × 1.5 ATP (if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms) or 2 × 2.5 ATP (malate-aspartate shuttle)
2 NADH+H+ from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle: 8 × 2.5 ATP
2 FADH2 from the Krebs cycle: 2 × 1.5 ATP

text: Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose

text: The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis, because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO2), but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm.[6]

text: Fermentation

text: Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen.

text: Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation. Ethanol, for example, can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline. Glycolytic ATP, however, is created more quickly. For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. For multicellular organisms, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting.

text: Anaerobic respiration

text: Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor (such as oxygen) to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP.

text: Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used. Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean.


document_title: Friends in Low Places

question_text: words to third verse of friends in low places

text: Friends in Low Places

text: Writing[edit]

text: According to Earl Bud Lee, one of the song's co-writers, the idea of the song was born when he and some songwriting friends gathered for lunch one day at Tavern on the Row, a popular Nashville eatery.[2] When the check came, Lee realized he had forgotten his money. He was asked how he was going to pay for the meal, and he replied, "Don't worry. I have friends in low places. I know the cook."[2] Lee and his songwriting partner, Dewayne Blackwell, immediately recognized that the line "friends in low places" had potential, but they didn't act upon it immediately.[2]

text: Some months later, Lee and Blackwell were at a party, celebrating a recent No. 1 hit by another songwriter. They began to talk about the dormant "friends in low places" idea, and "at that very moment, it all started to come together in a song," Lee said.[3] Because nothing else was available, they wrote the song on paper napkins.[3] When the songwriters polished "Friends in Low Places", they contacted Garth Brooks to see if he would record a demo for them.[3]

text: Guitarist James Garver would add the name of the bar in the song, "The Oasis", after an establishment in his hometown of Concordia, Kansas.[4]

text: Song structure[edit]

text: "Friends in Low Places" is in a moderate tempo and the key of A major. The song begins with arpeggios on the chords A, B♭dim7, Bm7, and Eadd9, a pattern which is repeated throughout the verses. The intro was not originally part of the song, but was improvised by session guitarist Mark Casstevens. The author of the intro has been debated since the arpeggio pattern is seen in many of Blackwell's other songs.[5] The chorus uses A-Bm-E twice before ending on an A chord.[6] An electric guitar solo with pedal steel guitar flourishes is played between the first chorus and second verse.

text: "Friends in Low Places" requires an unusually wide vocal range spanning over two octaves to be sung properly. The song spans from a low note of E2 to a high of F♯4.

text: Brooks's demo[edit]

text: Lee and Blackwell had met Brooks when he was a shoe salesman in a Nashville store, looking for his big break. The two struck up a conversation with the struggling musician, and upon learning his background, they gave him some work making demos of their songs. They were impressed with his voice and talent, but there wasn't much else they could do for him.[3]

text: When Blackwell contacted Brooks to make the "Friends in Low Places" demo, Brooks explained to Blackwell that he was newly signed to Capitol Records, and that his first single and first album were already scheduled.

text: The demo of "Friends in Low Places" was recorded at Windwalker Studios, in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. Musicians on the demo were John Beland (of The Flying Burrito Brothers) on acoustic and electric guitars, along with session aces Steve Turner on drums, and bassist Larry Paxton. Frank Green was the recording engineer. The actual master recording of "Friends in Low Places" borrowed quite a lot from the original demo, copying Beland's now famous acoustic guitar intro.

text: After recording the demo (the last he would ever make),[7] Brooks thanked Lee and Blackwell for all of their help. He then expressed his liking for the song, wishing aloud that he had heard it several weeks earlier, when he was recording his new album.[3]

text: Shopping the song to other artists[edit]

text: Brooks provided the following background information on the song in the CD booklet liner notes from The Hits:

text: ""Friends in Low Places" was the last demo session I ever did as a singer. The demo was for Bud Lee and Dewayne Blackwell. I sang the session out in Hendersonville, and for the next two weeks the chorus to this song kept running through my head. I knew it would be a year and a half before the release of No Fences because Garth Brooks was just getting ready to be released. I asked Bud Lee and Dewayne if I could hold on to it and, without a blink of an eye, they both said yes. Putting that kind of faith into an unknown artist is unheard of. Thanks Dewayne and Bud for believing in me." [8]

text: While Brooks claimed in the liner notes that "Friends in Low Places" was held for him, Mark Chesnutt also recorded it.[3] His version appears on his 1990 debut album Too Cold at Home (released only a month after No Fences), and was the B-side to his late-1991 single "Broken Promise Land".[9]

text: Recording[edit]

text: After the success of Brooks's eponymous debut album, he contacted the writers of "Friends in Low Places" to ask if the song was still available, and they said it was.[3] In keeping with the raucous theme, a large contingent of backing vocalists accompanied Brooks as the chorus was repeated until a fadeout. Among the members of the group were Brooks's then-wife, Sandy, and both songwriters, Blackwell and Lee.[7] At one point near the end of the song, one of the musicians opens a beer can, which is picked up by a microphone. When the album was being mastered, the sound of the beer can was originally mistaken for an audio glitch. Later on, one of the crowd members shouts "Push, Marie!" in reference to Garver, who was in the hospital while his wife was giving birth.[5]

text: Recognizing the song's potential, producer Allen Reynolds, in consultation with Capitol Nashville president Jimmy Bowen, decided that Brooks's rendition was going to be the first single from his new album, No Fences.[10] In July 1990, Brooks's mother, Colleen Carroll, inadvertently leaked the unreleased song to an Oklahoma radio station, setting off a frenzy and forcing the single and album to be rush-released.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: "Friends in Low Places" first entered the Hot Country Songs on August 18, 1990. It took only eight weeks to reach No. 1, where it remained there for four weeks until it was knocked off by "You Lie" performed by Reba McEntire. It was also one of the biggest hits of the year.[12]

text: By then, the song was already causing a stir. Brooks told a reporter from USA Today in October 1990, when the song was still at its chart peak, that he had received letters from high school students saying that they wanted to use "Friends in Low Places" as their "class song," only to have it opposed by their principals because the song is about escaping into drinking. Brooks agreed with the principals, saying, "We've had a lot of fun with that song, but it's nothing to base your values on."[13]

text: In April 1991, Brooks's recording won the 1990 Academy of Country Music award for Single of the Year, and on October 2, 1991, it won the same honor from the Country Music Association.

text: It made the top 40 on the UK Singles Chart in 1995 as a double-sided reissue hit with "The Dance". The song also appeared on Brooks's 1994 compilation The Hits. In 2003, the song was listed No. 6 on CMT 100 Greatest Songs of Country Music broadcast.[14] and the No. 1 spot on the network's 40 Greatest Drinking Songs: Morning After.[15]

text: Starting in 2008, "Friends in Low Places" became the traditional sing-along song during the sixth inning at Kansas City Royals home games at Kauffman Stadium. Garth Brooks has recorded dozens of different introductions to be played on the Jumbotron display before the start of the song.

text: In a 2009 essay on Brooks, Chuck Klosterman reflected on the song's success. Brooks, he argued, had filled a void in popular culture left by Bruce Springsteen during the 1990s:

text: ...[H]e made songs that satisfied all the same needs as Bruce's did, except with a little less sincerity and a little better understanding of who his audience was. "Friends in Low Places" was as effective as pop music ever gets: It's a depressing song that makes you feel better. Singing along with that song was like drunkenly laughing at a rich person and knowing that you were right ... It's a song that makes me want to get drunk out of spite. Garth told stories about blue-collar people who felt good about what their bad life symbolized ...[16]

text: The "third verse"[edit]

text: The original version of "Friends in Low Places" has two verses. In 1991, Brooks added a "third verse" to the song in live performances. His spiel leading to the new verse claimed that he thought the song's original verse didn't reflect how he would really act in that situation. It is basically a rewrite of the second verse, with only the last few lines changed, culminating in "Just wait til I finish this glass / Then sweet little lady, I'll head back to the bar / And you can kiss my ass".[17]

text: 25th anniversary version[edit]

text: In September 2015, it was announced a new version of "Friends in Low Places" would be released on Brooks's 25th anniversary No Fences album. The song would feature George Strait, Jason Aldean, Florida Georgia Line, and Keith Urban singing along with Brooks. The 25th anniversary edition of the album was scrapped over royalty disputes,[18] but the song appeared on Brooks' 2016 The Ultimate Collection[19] box set.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: US promotional 7" single Capitol Nashville, 1990

text:
"Friends in Low Places" (Edit) 3:45 7PRO-79216
"Friends in Low Places" (LP Version) 4:18 7PRO-79239

tag: ol

text: US promotional CD single Capitol Nashville DPRO-79217, 1990

text:
"Friends in Low Places" (Edit) 3:45
"Friends in Low Places" (LP Version) 4:18

text: US 7" single Capitol Nashville NR-44647, 1990

text:
"Friends in Low Places" (Edited) 3:45
"Nobody Gets Off in This Town" 2:17

text: US 7" single (live) Liberty S7-57883, 1992

text:
"Friends in Low Places" (Live Version) 7:00
"Thunder Rolls" (Live Version) 4:45

text: US promotional CD single (live) Liberty DPRO-79365, 1992

text: UK 7" single Capitol CL 609, 1991

text: UK CD single Capitol CDCL 609, 1991

text:
"Friends in Low Places"
"Not Counting You"
"Much Too Young (To Feel This Damn Old)"

text: The Netherlands CD single Capitol, 1995

text:
"Friends in Low Places"
"The Dance"
"The River" (Live acoustic version)

text: Chart positions[edit]

text: "Friends in Low Places" entered the charts on August 18, 1990. It reached number one on October 6 and remained there for four consecutive weeks until it was knocked off by "You Lie" by Reba McEntire.[20]

text:
Chart (1990)
Peak
position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[21]
1

Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[22]
89

Irish Singles Chart[23]
3

Scottish Singles Chart[24]
31

UK Singles Chart[25]
36

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[26]
1

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1990)
Position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[27]
4

US Country Songs (Billboard)[28]
28


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2003

question_text: what was the number one song in august 2003

text: Chart history

text:
Key

The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 2003 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.

text:
Issue date

Song

Artist(s)

Reference

January 4

"Lose Yourself"

Eminem

[11]

January 11

[12]

January 18

[13]

January 25

[14]

February 1

"Bump, Bump, Bump"

B2K featuring P. Diddy

[15]

February 8

"All I Have"

Jennifer Lopez featuring LL Cool J

[16]

February 15

[17]

February 22

[18]

March 1

[19]

March 8

"In da Club"

50 Cent

[20]

March 15

[21]

March 22

[22]

March 29

[23]

April 5

[24]

April 12

[25]

April 19

[26]

April 26

[27]

May 3

[28]

May 10

"Get Busy"

Sean Paul

[29]

May 17

[30]

May 24

[31]

May 31

"21 Questions"

50 Cent featuring Nate Dogg

[32]

June 7

[33]

June 14

[34]

June 21

[35]

June 28

"This Is the Night"

Clay Aiken

[8]

July 5

[36]

July 12

"Crazy in Love"

Beyoncé featuring Jay-Z

[37]

July 19

[38]

July 26

[39]

August 2

[40]

August 9

[41]

August 16

[42]

August 23

[43]

August 30

[44]

September 6

"Shake Ya Tailfeather"

Nelly, P. Diddy and Murphy Lee

[45]

September 13

[46]

September 20

[47]

September 27

[48]

October 4

"Baby Boy"

Beyoncé featuring Sean Paul

[49]

October 11

[50]

October 18

[51]

October 25

[52]

November 1

[53]

November 8

[54]

November 15

[55]

November 22

[56]

November 29

[57]

December 6

"Stand Up"

Ludacris featuring Shawnna

[58]

December 13

"Hey Ya!"

OutKast

[59]

December 20

[60]

December 27

[61]


document_title: Home Alone 2: Lost in New York

question_text: who played hotel manager in home alone 2

text: Home Alone 2: Lost in New York

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Chicago, the McCallister family is preparing for a Christmas vacation in Miami. On the night before their departure, the entire family gathers at Peter and Kate's home, where their youngest son, Kevin, sees Florida as contradictory to Christmas, on his opinion of the lack of Christmas trees in Florida. During the school Christmas pageant, Kevin's older brother Buzz humiliates him during his solo, causing Kevin to retaliate, thereby ruining the performance. While Buzz fakes an apology to Kevin in front of the McCallisters (who are convinced it is sincere), Kevin refuses to apologize to Buzz and storms to the third floor of the house. Prior to the pageant, Peter has unknowingly caused the alarm clock to reset; consequently, the family once again oversleeps. In the confusion they have to rush to reach the airport on time, Kevin falls behind everyone else, and mistakenly boards a flight bound for New York City while trying to replace the batteries for a Talkboy, carrying Peter's bag containing his wallet and a large amount of money; upon arrival in Miami, Kate realizes that Kevin is missing again. In New York, Kevin tours the city and meets a homeless woman tending to pigeons at Central Park, where he runs off. Kevin goes to the Plaza Hotel, where he tantalizes the staff into checking in with Peter's credit card.[5]

text: On Christmas Eve, Kevin tours the city in a limousine and visits a toy store where he meets its philanthropic owner, Mr. Duncan. Kevin learns that the proceeds from the store's Christmas sales will be donated to a children's hospital. Kevin donates $20 to the hospital. As a token of appreciation, Mr. Duncan offers Kevin a pair of ceramic turtledoves as a gift, instructing him to give one to another person as a sign of eternal friendship. After running into Harry and Marv, who have recently escaped from prison and are now called "The Sticky Bandits", Kevin retreats to the Plaza Hotel. The hotel's concierge, Mr. Hector, confronts Kevin about the credit card, which has been reported stolen. Kevin flees after evading Mr. Hector, but is captured by Harry and Marv. The duo discuss plans for breaking into the toy store that night. Kevin manages to escape by pinching a woman in front of him, which results in the woman attacking the duo. [5]

text: Kevin's family travels to New York after tracking the whereabouts of the stolen credit card, and Kate searches the city for Kevin. Meanwhile, Kevin goes to his uncle Rob's townhouse, only to find the house vacant and undergoing renovations, while Rob and his family are in Paris. At Central Park, he encounters and befriends the pigeon lady. They go to Carnegie Hall, where an orchestra is performing. The pigeon lady explains how her life collapsed and how she dealt with it by taking care of the pigeons in the park. Kevin gives the pigeon lady some advice and promises that he will be her friend.[5]

text: Kevin, after remembering what the bandits said, returns to the townhouse, and rigs it with numerous booby traps. Kevin arrives at the toy store during Harry and Marv's robbery and throws a brick through the window, setting off the store's alarm. Kevin then lures the duo to the townhouse, where he springs the traps and Harry and Marv suffer various injuries. When the duo chase Kevin around the townhouse, he escapes and calls the police. Harry and Marv catch him and take him down to Central Park to kill him, but the pigeon lady sneaks in and throws birdseed on the duo, and the pigeons storm in to incapacitate them. Kevin sets off fireworks he had bought earlier to signal the police. The police arrive and arrest the bandits. At the toy store, Mr. Duncan finds a note from Kevin attached to the brick, explaining about what happened.[5]

text: Kate, still searching for Kevin on foot, remembers his fondness for Christmas trees. After observing Kevin making a wish at the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, Kate meets him there, and they reconcile. On Christmas Day, a truckload of gifts arrive at the McCallisters' hotel room from the toy store. Kevin and Buzz reconcile, and Buzz allows him to open up the first present. Kevin goes to Central Park to give the pigeon lady the second turtledove. At the Plaza, Buzz receives the bill for Kevin's stay from Cedric and shows it to Peter. Peter suddenly calls out, "Kevin, you spent $967 on room service?!" at which point Kevin runs off.[5]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister
Joe Pesci as Harry Lime
Daniel Stern as Marv Merchants

text: The McCallister family[edit]

text:
Catherine O'Hara as Kate McCallister
John Heard as Peter McCallister
Devin Ratray as Buzz McCallister, Kevin's brother who gets him into trouble
Kieran Culkin (Macaulay Culkin's younger brother) as Fuller McCallister
Gerry Bamman as Frank McCallister, Kevin's uncle
Hillary Wolf as Megan McCallister
Maureen Elisabeth Shay (who replaces Angela Goethals) as Linnie McCallister
Mike Maronna as Jeff McCallister
Terrie Snell as Leslie McCallister, Kevin's aunt
Jedidiah Cohen as Rod McCallister
Senta Moses as Tracy McCallister
Daiana Campeanu as Sondra McCallister
Anna Slotky as Brooke McCallister

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Brenda Fricker as the Pigeon Lady
Tim Curry as Mr. Hector the concierge
Eddie Bracken as Mr. E.F. Duncan
Rob Schneider as Cedric the bellhop
Dana Ivey as Hester Stone the desk clerk
Ralph Foody as Johnny
Rip Taylor, Jaye P. Morgan, and Jimmie Walker as themselves
Ally Sheedy as New York ticket agent
Chris Columbus as Duncan's Toy Chest patron
Donald Trump as himself
Clare Hoak as Susie
Leigh Zimmerman as Fashion Model
Steve Sivak as Chours Director

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Numerous video games based on Home Alone 2 were released by THQ for such systems as the Sega Genesis, the Nintendo Entertainment System, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy and personal computers, mostly in late 1992. A separate hand-held game was released by Tiger Electronics. Numerous board games were also released, some based around play cards, while another was a close emulation of the classic Mouse Trap.[6][7]

text: The Talkboy cassette recorder was produced as a tie-in for the movie by Tiger Electronics (currently under Hasbro) based on specifications provided by John Hughes and the movie studio, and sold particularly well after the film was released on home video.[8]

text: American Airlines again had product placement in the film with the McCallisters making their trip on the airline's two Boeing 767-200s. In the first film, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 was used. For the release of the first two films on home video, the airline became a sponsor.[clarification needed].

text: Coca-Cola products make several appearances in the film, including in scenes when Kevin rides a limousine and when Kevin's cousin Fuller wakes up at the Plaza Hotel. Notably, Pepsi products appeared in the first Home Alone film instead.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Home Alone 2 opened to $31.1 million from 2,222 theaters, averaging $14,008 per site.[9] While it started off better than Home Alone, the final box office gross was much less.[10] $173.6 million was taken in the United States and a total of $359 million worldwide.[3] The film was released in the United Kingdom on December 11, 1992, and topped the country's box office that weekend.[11]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 27% based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7/10 and an audience score of 61%.[12] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[13]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two out of four stars and stated that "cartoon violence is only funny in cartoons. Most of the live-action attempts to duplicate animation have failed, because when flesh-and-blood figures hit the pavement, we can almost hear the bones crunch, and it isn't funny."[14]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first released on VHS and Laserdisc on July 27, 1993. It was re-released in 1997 along with Home Alone on VHS. It was later released on DVD on October 5, 1999 as a basic package, with no special features other than theatrical trailers for the film and its predecessor and successor. The film was released on Blu-ray in 2009 with no special features, and was released alongside Home Alone in a collection pack the following year. The film was reissued again on DVD and Blu-ray in 2013 and 2015. After the September 11 attacks of 2001, a scene of Kevin visiting the observation deck of the original World Trade Center was edited out of the film.[15]

text: Social Media[edit]

text: Achieving cult status, the film has been parodied on multiple social media websites with both fan-fiction and parodies.

text: Music[edit]

text: John Williams returned from the first installment to score Home Alone 2. While the film featured the first film's theme song "Somewhere in My Memory", it also contained its own theme entitled "Christmas Star". Two soundtrack albums of the film were released on November 20, 1992, with one featuring Williams' score and the other featuring contemporary Christmas songs featured in the film. Ten years later, a 2-disc Deluxe Edition of the film score soundtrack was released.

text: Original Score[edit]

text:
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – Original Score

Film score by John Williams

Released
November 20, 1992

Genre
Classical

Length
63:20

Label
Arista Records, 20th Century Fox Records

John Williams chronology

Far and Away
(1992)Far and Away1992
Home Alone 2
(1992)
Jurassic Park
(1993)Jurassic Park1993

Home Alone chronology

Home Alone
(1990) Home Alone1990
Home Alone 2
(1992) Home Alone 21992
Home Alone 3
(1997) Home Alone 31997

text: Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – Original Score is a 1992 soundtrack composed by John Williams, who also scored the first installment in the franchise. While the soundtrack is mostly a repeat of the first film's material,[16] there are a few new prominent themes such as "Christmas Star" and "Plaza Hotel and Duncan's Toy Store". Ultimately, the soundtrack fell out of print.

text:
"Somewhere in My Memory" (3:49)
"Home Alone" (2:01)
"We Overslept Again" (2:46)
"Christmas Star" (3:18)
"Arrival in New York" (1:41)
"Plaza Hotel and Duncan's Toy Store" (3:45)
"Concierge and Race to the Room" (2:04)
"Star of Bethlehem" (3:28)
"The Thieves Return" (4:35)
"Appearance of Pigeon Lady" (3:19)
"Christmas at Carnegie Hall" ("O Come All Ye Faithful" / "O Little Town of Bethlehem" / "Silent Night") (5:02)
"Into the Park" (3:49)
"Haunted Brownstone" (3:01)
"Christmas Star and Preparing the Trap" (4:17)
"To the Plaza Presto" (3:22)
"Reunion at Rockefeller Center" (2:36)
"Kevin's Booby Traps" (3:41)
"Finale" (3:55)
"Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas" (2:51)

text: Original Soundtrack Album[edit]

text:
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – Original Soundtrack Album / Home Alone Christmas

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
November 20, 1992 (Original)
September 16, 1997 (HAC)

Genre
Christmas, pop, rock and roll, R&B

Length
39:26

Label
Arista Records (Original)
Sony BMG (HAC)

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
 [17]

text: Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – Original Soundtrack Album is a 1992 soundtrack album that contains music from or inspired by Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York. The album eventually was discontinued and later re-released as Home Alone Christmas in 1997 by Sony BMG with an alternate track listing. Both versions feature tracks of John Williams' score, though the tracks are of different songs between the original album and its re-release.

text:
"All Alone on Christmas" (4:14) (Darlene Love)
"A Holly Jolly Christmas" (2:14) (Alan Jackson)
"Somewhere in My Memory" (3:58) (Bette Midler, composed by John Williams, lyrics by Leslie Bricusse)
"My Christmas Tree" (2:35) (Home Alone Children's Choir, composed by Alan Menken, lyrics by Jack Feldman)
"Sleigh Ride" (3:44) (TLC)
"Silver Bells" (4:15) (Atlantic Starr)
"Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas" (2:40) (John Williams)
"Jingle Bell Rock" (2:09) (Bobby Helms)
"Cool Jerk (Christmas Mix)" (2:39) (The Capitols)
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" (2:14) (Johnny Mathis)
"Christmas Star" (3:16) (John Williams)
"O Come All Ye Faithful" (3:26) (Lisa Fischer)

text:
"All Alone on Christmas" (Darlene Love)
"A Holly Jolly Christmas" (Alan Jackson)
"My Christmas Tree" (The Fox Albert Choir)
"Somewhere in My Memory" (John Williams)
"Silver Bells" (Atlantic Starr)
"Sleigh Ride" (TLC)
"Christmas All Over Again" (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers)
"Please Come Home for Christmas" (Southside Johnny Lyon)
"Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas" (John Williams)
"Carol of the Bells" (John Williams)
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (Mel Torme)
"O Come All Ye Faithful" (Lisa Fischer)

text: The Deluxe Edition[edit]

text:
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – The Deluxe Edition

Soundtrack album by John Williams

Released
November 15, 2002

Genre
Classical

Length
1:39:49

Label
Varèse Sarabande

text: On the film's tenth anniversary, Varèse Sarabande released a two-disc special edition soundtrack entitled Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – The Deluxe Edition. The soundtrack contains John Williams' cues found on the previous releases as well as additional compositions that were left out from the final film. This release is also known for resolving a mastering error that caused the music to be inaccurately pitched.[18][19]

text:
Home Alone (Main Title) (2:07)
This Year's Wish (1:47)
We Overslept Again / Holiday Flight (3:19)
Separate Vacations*(1:58)
Arrival in New York**(2:59)
The Thieves Return (3:28)
Plaza Hotel (3:04)
Concierge (1:31)
Distant Goodnights (Christmas Star) (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (2:05)
A Day in the City (:59)
Duncan's Toy Store (2:41)
Turtle Doves (1:29)
To the Plaza, Presto (3:27)
Race to the Room / Hot Pursuit (4:08)
Haunted Brownstone (3:02)
Appearance of the Pigeon Lady (3:21)
Christmas at Carnegie Hall (5:15) O Come, All Ye Faithful / O Little Town of Bethlehem / Silent Night

text:
Christmas Star - Preparing the Trap (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (4:22)
Another Christmas in the Trenches (2:33)
Running Through Town (1:16)
Luring the Thieves*(4:02)
Kevin's Booby Traps (7:23)
Down the Rope / Into the Park (5:06)
Reunion at Rockefeller Center / It's Christmas (5:21)
Finale (2:00)
We Wish You a Merry Christmas (Traditional) and Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (2:51)
End Title (1:32)
Holiday Flight (alternate) (2:32)
Suite from "Angels with Filthy Souls II" (:56)
Somewhere in My Memory (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (3:57)
Star of Bethlehem (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (3:32)
Christmas Star (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (3:23)
Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas (orchestra) (2:23)

text: Novelization[edit]

text: Home Alone 2 was novelized by Todd Strasser and published by Scholastic in 1992 to coincide with the film. It has an ISBN of 0-590-45717-9. An audiobook version was also released read by Tim Curry (who played the concierge in the film).

text: As in the novelization of the first film the McCallisters live in Oak Park, Illinois and the crooks are named as Harry Lime and Marv Merchants.

text: In the beginning of the novelization, a prologue, which ends up being Marv's nightmare in prison, he and Harry sneak away from the cops and return to Kevin's house to seek revenge on Kevin. Kevin bolts into the garage with Marv and Harry in hot pursuit. Harry and Marv end up triggering extra traps that Kevin had set up in the garage. Kevin watches as Marv ends up triggering a trap where a running lawnmower falls on his head (This was a trap featured in Home Alone 3).

text: Sequels[edit]

text: A second sequel, Home Alone 3, followed in 1997. Two additional television movie sequels, Taking Back the House and The Holiday Heist, would follow in 2002 and 2012, respectively.


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1996

question_text: what was the number one song on october 27 1996

text: Chart history

text:
Key

The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 1996 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.

text:
Issue Date

Song

Artist(s)

Reference

January 6

"One Sweet Day"

Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men

[1]

January 13

[2]

January 20

[3]

January 27

[4]

February 3

[5]

February 10

[6]

February 17

[7]

February 24

[8]

March 2

[9]

March 9

[10]

March 16

[11]

March 23

"Because You Loved Me"

Céline Dion

[12]

March 30

[13]

April 6

[14]

April 13

[15]

April 20

[16]

April 27

[17]

May 4

"Always Be My Baby"

Mariah Carey

[18]

May 11

[19]

May 18

"Tha Crossroads"

Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

[20]

May 25

[21]

June 1

[22]

June 8

[23]

June 15

[24]

June 22

[25]

June 29

[26]

July 6

[27]

July 13

"How Do U Want It" / "California Love"

2Pac featuring K-Ci & JoJo / featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman

[28]

July 20

[29]

July 27

"You're Makin' Me High" / "Let It Flow"

Toni Braxton

[30]

August 3

"Macarena" (Bayside Boys Mix)

Los Del Rio

[31]

August 10

[32]

August 17

[33]

August 24

[34]

August 31

[35]

September 7

[36]

September 14

[37]

September 21

[38]

September 28

[39]

October 5

[40]

October 12

[41]

October 19

[42]

October 26

[43]

November 2

[44]

November 9

"No Diggity"

Blackstreet featuring Dr. Dre

[45]

November 16

[46]

November 23

[47]

November 30

[48]

December 7

"Un-Break My Heart"

Toni Braxton

[49]

December 14

[50]

December 21

[51]

December 28

[52]


document_title: Digboi

question_text: the occurrence of oil in assam discovered by

text: Digboi

text: Etymology[edit]

text:
" Barely seven years after Edwin L. Drake drilled the world's first oil well in 1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA, history registered another exploration of the black liquid gold, in the largest continent.
More than a century ago, history was made in a remote corner of Assam in the midst of the dense and malaria infested jungles, by a band of intrepid pioneers searching for black gold. In 1867 Italian Engineers, commissioned by the Assam Railways and Trading Company, to build a railway line from Dibrugarh to Margherita (Headquarters of Assam Railways and Trading Company) accidentally discovered oil at Digboi around 10 miles from Margherita.
‘Dig boy, dig’, shouted the English engineer, Mr W L Lake, elephants emerging out of the dense forest with oil stains on their feet".[2]
This is possibly the most distilled – though fanciful – version of the legend explaining the siting and naming of Digboi. Two events separated by seven years have become fused, but although neither is likely to be provable, such evidence that does exist appears sufficiently detailed to be credible. Various web sites offer variations on the elephant’s foot story, a consensus of which would be that engineers extending the Dibru-Sadiya railway line to Ledo for the Assam Railways and Trading Company (AR&TC) in 1882 were using elephants for haulage and noticed that the mud on one pachyderm’s feet smelled of oil. Retracing the trail of footprints, they found oil seeping to the surface. One of the engineers, the Englishman Willie Leova Lake, was an ‘oil enthusiast’ and persuaded the company to drill a well. Oil India Ltd makes no reference to elephants’ feet in its company history,[3] although on its previous web site the company  noted that Lake had noticed "the oil seepages around Borbhil". Once the project had been approved, Lake assembled equipment, boilers, and local labour, and engaged elephants to haul the machinery to the site. The first well was started in September 1889, but an encouraging first strike at 178 feet (54 m) turned out to be a small pocket, and drilling recommenced. This continued until November 1890 when the well was completed at a total depth of 662 feet (202 m), and it was during this extended period of drilling that Oil India's old web site placed the legend of Lake exhorting one or more of his labourers to "Dig, boy!"

text: Digboi as an oil town[edit]

text: It is said that the town gets its name from the phrase "dig-boy-dig," which is what the English told the labourers as they dug for crude oil. The town's history begins in 1867 when a small group of men from the Assam Railway and Trading Co. found their elephants' legs soaked in black mud, that smelt somewhat like oil. The men began exploring more, and in 1889, the English started a small oil installation. India (and Asia) obtained its first refinery in Digboi in the year 1901. Assam Oil Company was formed in 1899 to look after the running of the oil business in this area. The Digboi oil field produced close to 7,000 barrels per day (1,100 m3/d) of crude oil at its peak, which was during World War II. The field was pushed to produce the maximum amount of oil with little regard to reservoir management; as a result, production started to drop almost immediately after the war. The current production from the Digboi fields is about 240 barrels per day (38 m3/d). Over 1,000 wells have been drilled at Digboi – the first well in 1889 had stuck oil at 178 feet (54 m). In 1989, the Department of Posts, India came out with a stamp commemorating 100 years of the Digboi fields.

text: Today, though the crude production is not high, Digboi has the distinction of being India's oldest continuously producing oilfield. Digboi refinery, now a division of Indian Oil Corporation, had a capacity of about 0.65 MMTPA as of 2003.

text: Digboi is now Headquarter of Assam Oil Division of Indian Oil Corporation Limited. The Earliest recorded to the existence of oil in India is found in the memories and dispatches of the Army Officers who penetrated the jungles of Upper Assam since 1825. Lt. R. Wilcox, Major A. White, Capt. Francis Jenkins, Capt. P.S. Hanney—they all saw at different times petroleum exuding from banks of the Dihing River. Mr. C.A. Bruce (1828) and Mr. H.B. Medicott (1865) of the Geological Survey of India also saw oil while prospecting for coal in Upper Assam.

text: Mr. Goodenough of McKillop, Stewart & Co. Calcutta was the first in India to start a systematic programme of drilling for oil in November 1866, at Nahorpung about 30 miles (48 km) south east of Dibgoi, just seven years after the world's first commercial oil well was drilled in 1859, by Col Edwin L Drake in Pennsylvania, USA. This hand dug well—the first oil well in India—was drilled up to 102 feet (31 m) and proved dry. However the second well struck oil at Makum near Tinsukia, about 14 miles (23 km) from Digboi.

text: In 1939, there was a major labour union strike in the Refinery. The Gandhi Movement of Congress for Indian Independence struggle; backed by labour rights and equality status was headed by Sardar Amar Singh Marwah. The break of the World War II coincided with the Digboi labour strike resulted in harsh steps taken by the British Administrative offices to crush the strike. The Viceroy and the Governor had intervened to bring a settlement adopting sturdy steps were take to crush the union by shooting down of the president of the labour union to be followed by issuing orders of Quit Digboi, Quit Lakhimpur and finally Quit Assam to the leaders of the labour union.

text: Digboi Refinery[edit]

text: The Digboi Refinery modernization project was taken up in large scale in order to overcome the technological obsolescence of the old refinery. Subsequently, a number of other major projects were undertaken by Assam Oil Division to further revamp and modernise Digboi Refinery.Digboi refinery has been awarded the ISO-14001 and OHSMC certificate.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Digboi is located at 27°22'48.0"N 95°37'48.0"E.[4] It has an average elevation of 165 metres (541 ft).It is situated 510 km north east of Guwahati.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of  2011[update] India census,[5] Digboi has population of 21,736 of which 10,964 are males while 10,772 are females. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 1745 which is 8.03 % of total population of Digboi.  Committee, Female Sex Ratio is of 982 against state average of 958. Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Digboi is around 981 compared to Assam state average of 962. Literacy rate of Digboi city is 92.08 % higher than state average of 72.19 %. In Digboi, Male literacy is around 95.09 % while female literacy rate is 89.02 %.

text: Digboi Oil Town was considered as a separate census town in 2011 India census.[5] The population is largely heterogeneous. Assamese, Bengali, Nepali, Bihari, Marwari communities form the majority. People from various tribes such as the tea-tribes (brought in by the colonial planters as indentured labourers from the Chhotanagpur plateau region), Bodos, Mishings etc. have also made it their home.

text: Culture & economy[edit]

text: As being a small part of the diverse state Assam. It is flooded with assamese culture and heritage. As being colonised by British and rising of industrial era the place have seen adverse changes. Workers, labourers were brought in. Digboi township accounted for diverse group of people that entered in search of livelihood. But the outskirts were still agriculture based. Assam being rich in fertility, tea is produced throughout the place bringing a bright opportunity to the people and the place itself. Yet small people here portrait the picture of the nation itself.

text: How to reach Digboi[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015)

text:
The nearest airport is the Mohanbari Airport, Dibrugarh and the  nearest railway junction is the Tinsukia Junction. One can get flight to Dibrugarh from Delhi and Kolkata on daily basis. Also Dibrugarh-New Delhi Rajdhani express runs daily from Dibrugarh via New Tinsukia Junction. There are also proper roadways which link the Digboi Oil town to some other towns like Duliajan, Makum etc.
Digboi has got a railway station and it connects well with Guwahati.
Digboi can be reached by public transport bus and mini-vans as well. Various companies run bus between Digboi and other neighbouring towns and Guwahati. Rickshaw is the main mode of transport within the city.

text: Places of interest[edit]

text:
Digboi Oil Centenary Museum
Digboi War Cemetery
Digboi 18 hole Golf Course
Digboi Oil Field
Digboi Centenary Park
Digboi Bar

text: Politics[edit]

text:
Digboi is part of Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency) which is represented by Mr Rameswar Teli of Bharatiya Janata Party.It lies in the Digboi Constituency of the State Assembly where it is represented by Mr. Suren Phukan of Bharatiya Janata Party.
[6]


document_title: Intermembrane space

question_text: what is the function of intermembrane space in chloroplast

text: Intermembrane space

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The intermembrane space (IMS) is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. The main function of mitochondrial intermembrane space is oxidative phosphorylation.

text: Channel proteins called porins in the outer membrane allow free movement of ions and small molecules into the intermembrane space. This does not mean that it is essentially continuous with the cytosol in terms of the solutes relevant for the functioning of these organelles. Enzymes destined for the mitochondrial matrix or the stroma can pass through the intermembrane space via transport through [1]s. These are known as translocase of the outer mitochondria membrane (TOM) and translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane (TIM) in mitochondria and translocase of the outer chloroplast membrane (TOC) and translocase of the inner chloroplast membrane (TIC) in chloroplasts. It tends to have a low pH because of the proton gradient which results when protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during electron transport. The structures responsible for this are coenzyme Q, NADH coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex (complex I), succinate-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex (complex II), and coenzyme Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex (complex III).

text: Intermembrane space of mitochondria[edit]

text: Because of channels in the outer membrane of the mitochondria, the content of the intermembrane space happens to be similar to that of the content of the cytoplasm. ATP consists of adenosine — composed of an adenine ring and a ribose sugar — and three phosphate groups (triphosphate)

text: Intermembrane space of chloroplast[edit]

text: The intermembrane space of the chloroplast is exceedingly small, from 10-20 nm thick. Unlike the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, the intermembrane space of the chloroplast does not seem to have any obvious function.

text: Cell anatomy

text: Articles lacking sources from December 2009All articles lacking sources