document_title: Span of control

question_text: the optimum number of subordinates a manager can supervise is referred to as the

text: Span of control

text: Overview[edit]

text: In the hierarchical business organization of some time in the past it was not uncommon to see average spans of 1-to-4 or even less. That is, one manager supervised four employees on average. In the 1980s corporate leaders flattened many organizational structures causing average spans to move closer to 1-to-10. That was made possible primarily by the development of inexpensive information technology. As information technology was developed capable of easing many middle manager tasks – tasks like collecting, manipulating and presenting operational information – upper managers found they could hire fewer middle managers to do more work managing more subordinates for less money.

text: The current shift to self-directed cross-functional teams and other forms of non-hierarchical structures, have made the concept of span of control less important.

text: Theories about the optimum span of control go back to V. A. Graicunas. In 1933 he used assumptions about mental capacity and attention span to develop a set of practical heuristics. Lyndall Urwick (1956) developed a theory based on geographical dispersion and the need for face to face meetings. In spite of numerous attempts since then, no convincing theories have been presented. This is because the optimum span of control depends on numerous variables including organizational structure, available technology, the functions being performed, and the competencies of the manager as well as staff. An alternative view is proposed by Elliott Jaques (1988) that a manager may have up to as many immediate subordinates that they can know personally in the sense that they can assess personal effectiveness.

text: Factors affecting span of control[edit]

text: These are the factors affecting span of control:

text:
Geographical dispersion, if the branches of a business are widely dispersed, then the manager will find it difficult to supervise each of them, as such the span of control will be smaller.
Capability of workers, if workers are highly capable, need little supervision, and can be left on their own, e.g.: Theory Y type of people, they need not be supervised much as they are motivated and take initiative to work; as such the span of control will be wider.
Capability of boss, an experienced boss with good understanding of the tasks, good knowledge of the workers and good relationships with the workers, will be able to supervise more workers
Value-add of the boss, a boss that is adding value by training and developing new skills in the workers will need a narrow span of control than one who is focused only on performance management (this is the reverse of the capability of workers point above)
Similarity of task, if the tasks that the subordinates are performing are similar, then the span of control can be wider, as the manager can supervise them all at the same time.
Volume of other tasks, if the boss has other responsibilities, such as membership of committees, involvement in other projects, liaising with stakeholders, the number of direct reports will need to be smaller
Required administrative tasks, if the boss is required to have regular face to face meetings, complete appraisal and development plans, discuss remuneration benefits, write job descriptions and employment contracts, explain employment policy changes and other administrative tasks then the span of control is reduced

tag: ol

text: Theoretical considerations[edit]

text: The first to develop a more general theory of management was Henri Fayol, who had gathered empirical experience during his time as general manager of a coal and steel company, the Commentary-Fourchambault Company. He was first to add a managerial perspective to the problem of organizational governance. The rationale for defining a strict hierarchy of communication channels is found in the need for vertical integration of activities, imposed by management's need for control and information.

text: However, exercising control over activities performed by subordinates and monitoring their communication, the nodes at the upper hierarchical levels would be suffering from information overload, since all communication to other branches of the organizational structure would be routed through them. In addition, a larger number of subordinates also requires supervisors to monitor a high number of interactions below their own level, i.e. that information overload and span of control are positively correlated.

text: Graicunas (Gulick and Urwick, 1937) distinguished three types of interactions – direct single relationships, cross-relationships, and direct group relationships – each of them contributing to the total amount of interactions within the organization. According to Graicunas, the number of possible interactions can be computed in the following way. Let n be the number of subordinates reporting to a supervisor. Then, the number of relationships of direct single type the supervisor could possibly engage into is

text: The number of interactions between subordinates (cross relationships) he has to monitor is

text: and the number of direct group relationships is

text: The sum of these three types of interactions is the number of potential relationships of a supervisor. Graicunas showed with these formulas, that each additional subordinate increases the number of potential interactions significantly. It appears natural, that no organization can afford to maintain a control structure of a dimension being required for implementing a scalar chain under the unity of command condition. Therefore, other mechanisms had to be found for dealing with the dilemma of maintaining managerial control, while keeping cost and time at a reasonable level, thus making the span of control a critical figure for the organization. Consequently, for a long time, finding the optimum span of control has been a major challenge to organization design. As Mackenzie (1978, p 121) describes it:

text: ”One could argue that with larger spans, the costs of supervision would tend to be reduced, because a smaller percentage of the members of the organization are supervisors. On the other hand, if the span of control is too large, the supervisor may not have the capacity to supervise effectively such large numbers of immediate subordinates. Thus, there is a possible trade-off to be made in an attempt to balance these possibly opposing tendencies.”

text: Fayol proposed that subordinate employees should be allowed to communicate directly with each other, given that their superiors had agreed upon this procedure. This principle became known under the name of Fayol's bridge.

text: The use of Fayol’s bridge resulted in a number of other aspects needing to be taken into consideration. In order to put this system to work, Taylor’s functional foremanship has to be abandoned, and unity of command needs to be established. At the same time, decision power is distributed to individuals on lower levels in the organization, and only decisions that exceed the pre-defined decision scope of an employee are referred upwards. This, in turn, strengthens the co-equality of authority and responsibility. Since a Fayol bridge is not limited to a certain functional area within the organization, but can span over functional boundaries, e.g. from purchasing to manufacturing, it can be considered as a first attempt to create a horizontal integration of related activities under a certain level of self-management, an early business process.

text: Mackenzie and others (Massie 1965, Pugh et al., 1972) also noted that there is no generally applicable optimum span of control. There are instead several factors influencing the balance between the desired level of control, and the manageability of the organization.

text: Firstly, it depends on the capabilities of the organizational members, managers and workers. It was assumed, that no manager would be capable of supervising more than 5-6 direct subordinates. However, this conclusion built on the assumption, that the superior must actively monitor the work of all subordinates. Later on, this statement was diversified, and Davis (1951) divided managerial work into two categories, one requiring the attention to physical work, the other one requiring mental activity. Depending on the type of supervision, a span of 3-8 subordinates for managers at higher levels was considered adequate, while first level supervisors, i.e. those supervising shop floor personnel could have up to 30 subordinates.

text: The neoclassical theorists have developed a different solution. They assumed that a considerable amount of decisions could be delegated to organizational members at lower organizational levels. This solution would be equivalent to the application of Fayol's bridge combined with the principle of employee initiative that he proposed. As a result, the need for supervision would be reduced from direct control to exception handling. According to this assumption, they considered the opportunity of having access to a supervising manager would be sufficient to satisfy the need for control in standard situations. Peter Drucker (1954) refers to this principle as the span of managerial responsibility.

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: History of KFC

question_text: when did kentucky fried chicken start getting called kfc

root

text: History of KFC

text: Origin[edit]

text: Harland Sanders was born in 1890 and raised on a farm outside Henryville, Indiana.[4] His father died in 1895, and to make ends meet his mother took work at a canning plant.[5] As the eldest child at the age of five, Sanders was left to care for his two siblings.[5] When he turned seven his mother taught him how to cook.[4] After leaving the family home at age 13, Sanders pursued several professions including railroad worker and insurance salesman, with mixed success.[6] In 1930, he took over a Shell filling station on US Route 25 just outside North Corbin, a small city on the edge of the Appalachian Mountains.[5] By June, he had converted a storeroom into a small eating area using his own dining table, serving meals such as steaks and country ham to travelers.[7]

tag: p

text: In 1934, Sanders took over the lease of the Pure Oil filling station on the other side of the road, due to its greater visibility for motorists.[8] He then began to sell fried chicken.[9] To improve his skills, Sanders took an eight-week restaurant-management course at the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration.[10] By 1936, his business had proved successful enough for him to be given the honorary title of Kentucky colonel by Governor Ruby Laffoon.[11] In 1937, Sanders expanded his restaurant to 140 seats, and in 1940 purchased a motel across the street, the Sanders Court & Café.[12]

text: Sanders was dissatisfied with the 35 minutes it took to prepare his chicken in an iron frying pan, but he did not want to deep fry. Although a much faster process, in Sanders' opinion it produced dry and crusty chicken that was unevenly cooked.[13] On the other hand, if he prepared the chicken in advance of an order, there was sometimes waste at the end of the day.[4] In 1939, the first commercial pressure cookers were released onto the market, predominantly designed for steaming vegetables.[14] Sanders bought one and modified it into a pressure fryer, which he then used to prepare chicken.[15] The new method reduced production time to be comparable with deep frying, yet, in Sanders' opinion, retained the quality of pan-fried chicken.[13] In July 1940, Sanders finalized what came to be known as his Original Recipe of 11 herbs and spices.[16] Although he never publicly revealed the recipe, he admitted to the use of salt and pepper, and claimed that the ingredients "stand on everybody's shelf".[12][17]

text: After being recommissioned as a Kentucky colonel in 1950 by Governor Lawrence Wetherby, Sanders began to dress the part, growing a goatee and wearing a black frock coat (later switching to a white suit), a string tie, and referring to himself as "Colonel".[12][18] His associates went along with the title change, "jokingly at first and then in earnest", according to biographer Josh Ozersky.[19]

text: Early franchisees[edit]

text: The Sanders Court & Café generally served travelers, so when the route planned in 1955 for Interstate 75 bypassed Corbin, Sanders sold his properties and traveled the US to market his chicken concept to restaurant owners.[20] Independent restaurant owners would pay four cents on each chicken sold as a franchise fee (later increased to five cents), in exchange for Sanders' "secret blend of herbs and spices", his recipe and method, and the right to advertise using his name and likeness.[4][21] In 1952 he had already successfully franchised his chicken recipe to Pete Harman of South Salt Lake, Utah, the operator of one of the largest restaurants in the city.[22]

text: Don Anderson, a sign painter hired by Harman, coined the name "Kentucky Fried Chicken".[23] Sanders adopted the name because it distinguished his product from the deep-fried "Southern fried chicken" product found in restaurants.[24] Harman claimed that in his first year of selling "Kentucky Fried Chicken", his restaurant sales more than tripled, with 75 percent of the increase coming from the sale of fried chicken.[25] In Utah, a product from Kentucky was exotic and evoked imagery of Southern hospitality.[23]

text: As a franchise-led operation, KFC's success depended on the work of the early franchisees, and Harman has been described as the "virtual co-founder" of the chain by Sanders' biographer.[26] Harman trademarked the phrase "It's finger lickin' good", which was eventually adopted as a slogan across the entire chain.[21] In 1957 Harman bundled 14 pieces of chicken, five bread rolls and a pint of gravy into a cardboard bucket, and offered it to families as "a complete meal" for US$3.50 (around US$30 in 2014).[23] He first test-trialled the packaging as a favor to Sanders, who had called on behalf of a Denver franchisee who did not know what to do with 500 cardboard buckets he had bought from a traveling salesman.[23]

text: By 1956, Sanders had six or eight franchisees, including Dave Thomas, who eventually founded the Wendy's restaurant chain.[4][27] Thomas developed the rotating red bucket sign, was an early advocate of the take-out concept that Harman had pioneered, and introduced a bookkeeping form that Sanders rolled out across the entire KFC chain.[21][27][28] Thomas sold his shares in 1968 for US$1 million (around US$7 million in 2013), and became regional manager for all KFC restaurants east of the Mississippi before founding Wendy's in 1969.[27][29]

text: In 1956, Sanders moved the company headquarters from Corbin to Shelbyville, Kentucky, which offered superior transport links through which he could distribute his spices, pressure cookers, take-out cartons and advertising material to franchisees.[4][10]

text: Sale by Sanders and rapid growth[edit]

text: KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger.[30] In 1960 the company had around 200 franchised restaurants; by 1963 this had grown to over 600, making it the largest fast food operation in the United States.[20] In 1963, Sanders met John Y. Brown, Jr, a young Kentucky encyclopaedia salesman, who explained that he was keen to join the company.[31][32] Sanders instead proposed the sale of the company, as business skills did not come naturally to him, and he lacked an obvious or willing heir among his relatives.[31][33][34]

text: Lacking sufficient funds himself, Brown convinced the financier Jack C. Massey to provide 60 percent of the acquisition capital, and provided a major contribution himself, with smaller contributions from franchise holder Pete Harman and company officials Lee Cummings and Harlan Adams.[35] Sanders then began to have doubts about selling the company, as some members of his family were against it.[36][37] The group acquired the company in 1964 for US$2 million (around US$15 million in 2013).[11] The contract included a lifetime salary for Sanders and the agreement that he would be the company's quality controller and trademark.[38]

text: Massey and Brown introduced standardization to the fragmented company.[35] After visiting Pete Harman's operations in Utah, they began to implement the stand-alone take-out model across the entire chain.[35] Franchisees were ordered to delist their own menu items so that they could concentrate on KFC products.[39] The restaurants were re-branded with a distinctive red-and-white striped color pattern and mansard roofs with cupolas.[40] The roll-out of freestanding stores accelerated the company's growth as outlets exclusively selling fried chicken proved to be more appealing to potential franchisees.[21]

text: Despite selling the company, Sanders retained significant moral authority over executives and franchisees, and made his feelings clear when he disagreed with corporate decisions.[4] When Massey moved company headquarters from Kentucky to Nashville, Tennessee, Sanders was quoted as saying, "This ain't no goddam Tennessee Fried Chicken, no matter what some slick, silk-suited son-of-a-bitch says".[41] He believed that the company had reneged on their contract with him when they opened operations in Canada, arguing that the contract had granted him the exclusive rights to operate there.[42] KFC was forced to renegotiate with Sanders regarding the Canadian activities, as he owned $1.5 million worth of stock and was using it to prevent Massey from listing the company publicly until his points of issue were addressed.[43] Brown and Massey claimed that Sanders only had the rights to process chicken in Canada.[42] After they renegotiated the contract to guarantee Sanders exclusive rights over Canada, he sold his stock to them, and the company went public in 1966.[43] After going public, the company bought out its 600 franchisees, and directly operated them itself.[37] Later that year, Massey resigned from day-to-day management of the company (although he remained as chairman), and Brown announced that headquarters would be moved to Louisville, Kentucky.[41]

text: By 1967, KFC had become the sixth largest restaurant chain in the US by sales volume, and 30 percent of sales were take-out.[39][40] Brown felt that the company had to expand quickly, or else emerging rivals such as Church's Chicken would steal the company's lead; 863 outlets were opened in 1968.[37] The company's growth pushed its stock value to "stratospheric" levels, according to Reuters, and in 1969 it was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.[36][44] Meanwhile, KFC entered into ventures with other companies. Brown believed that the Colonel Sanders brand could be used to market anything, and launched the "Kentucky Roast Beef" restaurant chain, and "Colonel Sanders Inns" motels.[45][46] The two ventures quickly failed, although the roast beef chain had 100 outlets by 1970.[4][46] That same year, KFC entered a joint venture with the California-based fish and chips chain H. Salt Esquire, which proved more successful, but was sold off in 1980.[47][48]

text: Massey resigned as chairman of the company in March 1970, and Brown took over his role.[49] The chain had reached 3,000 outlets in 48 different countries by 1970, but expansion was often chaotic and poorly executed.[39] When he was promoted to regional manager, Dave Thomas complained that the company had become too "corporate", sent him "a lot of Mickey Mouse memos" and that Brown lacked motivational skill.[50] A member of KFC senior management described the international strategy as "throwing some mud against the map on the wall, and hoping some of it would stick."[51] The first outlet in Japan was opened after just two weeks preparation, and it proved to be a costly failure, losing $400,000 during its opening month and wasting more chicken than it sold.[51] Operational problems became clear in July 1971, after the company reported its first ever profit loss from the prior six-month period.[52]

text: Heublein and strained relations with Sanders; R.J. Reynolds[edit]

text: Once too large for Sanders to manage, Kentucky Fried Chicken grew to overwhelm John Y. Brown as well.[44] In July 1971, Brown sold the company to the Connecticut-based Heublein, a packaged food and drinks corporation, for US$285 million (around US$1.6 billion in 2013).[53] Brown personally gained around $35 million from the sale.[54] Reuters opined that the takeover probably saved the company from disaster.[44] Heublein planned to increase KFC's volume with its sales and marketing expertise.[55]

text: Meanwhile, Church's Chicken began taking KFC's market share by offering indoor seating and its "Crispy Chicken" product.[56] KFC introduced its own "Extra Crispy Chicken" in 1972.[57] The introduction of barbecue spare ribs in 1973 caused "tremendous" operating problems.[56] After the product was launched there was a shortage of pork, which pushed prices beyond what customers were willing to pay.[58] When management withdrew the product, they realized that fried chicken sales had been decreasing.[56] Meanwhile, Sanders increasingly regretting selling the company, and his relationship with the new owners had soured.[59] He began to complain of the company's declining food quality to the media:

text: The outburst prompted a KFC franchisee in Bowling Green, Kentucky, to unsuccessfully attempt to sue Sanders for libel.[12] In 1973, Heublein attempted to sue Sanders after he opened a restaurant in Shelbyville, Kentucky, under the name of "Claudia Sanders, the Colonel's Lady Dinner House".[61] In retaliation, Sanders attempted to sue Heublein for US$122 million (around US$570 million in 2013) over the alleged misuse of his image in promoting products he had not helped develop, and for hindering his ability to franchise restaurants.[62] A Heublein spokesman described it as a "nuisance suit".[62] In 1975, Heublein settled out of court with Sanders for US$1 million (around US$4 million in 2013), and allowed his restaurant venture to go ahead under the reworked name: "Claudia Sanders Dinner House".[61]

text: Heublein had no previous experience in the operation of fast food outlets.[56] Overconfidence led KFC to fail in such overseas markets as Hong Kong, which the company abandoned in 1975 after two years in operation.[63] Sanders continued to attack Heublein publicly, and in 1976 complained that the company "doesn't know what it's doing" and that it was "downright embarrassing" to have his image associated with such a poor quality product.[64] The 800 company-owned stores had become unprofitable by 1978.[56]

text: Heublein promoted Michael A. Miles to run the chain in 1977 and Miles is credited with saving the ailing company by instituting its back-to-basics formula.[65] Miles refurbished the stores, and introduced indoor seating and drive-thru windows.[56] Electronic tills produced daily customer counts, inventories and profit and loss statements, so that problems could be identified quickly.[56] KFC expanded internationally in the 1970s and 80s, particularly in Japan, Australia and the United Kingdom.[66] Miles also lured Sanders back, and listened to his recommendations for the business.[65] Subsequent changes resulted in 30 months of consecutive per store sales increases by late 1980.[56]

text: Sanders died in 1980 from pneumonia at the age of 90, having continued to travel 200,000–250,000 miles a year up to this time, largely by car, promoting his product.[25][67] By branding himself as "Colonel Sanders", Harland became a prominent figure of American cultural history, and his image remains widely used in KFC advertising.[30]

text: There were 5,800 KFC outlets worldwide by 1983, located across 55 different countries.[68] That year, General Cinema Corporation acquired 18 percent of Heublein, who, fearing a hostile takeover, approached R. J. Reynolds, the tobacco firm, to act as a white knight and acquire the company for $1.3 billion.[69] That year, Michael Miles resigned as chairman of KFC to take the role of CEO at Kraft Foods, and Richard Mayer took over his role.[70] Reynolds had to contend with the introduction of Chicken McNuggets across the McDonald's chain in 1983; KFC introduced its own brand of chicken nuggets, called "Kentucky Nuggets" in 1985.[71] In 1984, Reynolds dedicated $168 million for capital expansion at KFC.[72]

text: Acquisition by PepsiCo[edit]

text: In July 1986, Reynolds sold KFC to PepsiCo for a book value of $850 million (around US$1.8 billion in 2013).[73] At the time, PepsiCo had interests in soft drinks and snacks, and also owned the restaurant chains Pizza Hut and Taco Bell. Reynolds divested KFC in order to pay off debt related to its recent purchase of Nabisco and to concentrate on its tobacco and packaged food business.[74] It was anticipated that PepsiCo would bring their merchandising expertise to the company.[74] Dan Koeppel of Adweek believed that the chain had been suffering from corporate neglect, menu stagnation and mixed marketing messages; Nancy Giges of Advertising Age felt that the chain had been "smartly revived" by R. J. Reynolds.[75][76] KFC chairman Richard Mayer was of the opinion that Reynolds had treated their restaurants division as a "hobby".[77]

text: PepsiCo's acquisition was seen by some analysts as a means for the company to increase its soft drinks sales.[76] PepsiCo chairman D. Wayne Calloway denied that soft drink preference was a factor in the KFC takeover.[76] KFC management had previously given franchisees the freedom to sell any soft drinks they wanted, but PepsiCo stated that it hoped it could convince them to stock Pepsi products.[76] Before the takeover, only 1,000 of the 6,500 KFC outlets sold Pepsi Cola, and PepsiCo switched 1,800 company-owned stores to their own soft drinks with immediate effect.[78] The purchase of KFC by PepsiCo led to some fast food competitors switching from Pepsi to Coca-Cola.[79] One of the first to switch was Wendy's, whose chairman, Robert Barney, stated, "[PepsiCo's] interests are now in conflict with Wendy's and we will not support a company that is trying to make our customers its customers."[79] Burger King, which had switched from Coca-Cola to PepsiCo in 1983, returned to Coca-Cola in 1990, citing the growth of the PepsiCo chains as a "large factor" in the switch.[80] By 1998, the majority of KFC franchisees had agreed to stock PepsiCo soft drink products.[81]

text: In November 1987, KFC became the first Western restaurant chain in China, with an outlet in Beijing.[82] In 1989, first quarter sales at KFC rose 30 percent to US$280 million.[83] In July, president and CEO Richard Meyer left KFC in order to become the CEO at Kraft Foods, and was replaced by John Cranor III.[84]

text: International growth and franchisee disputes under John Cranor III[edit]

text: In August 1989, Cranor proposed amendments to the existing 1976 contract for US franchisees: PepsiCo could take over weak franchises, existing restaurants would not be safeguarded against competition from new outlets, and PepsiCo would have the right to increase royalty fees.[85] The contract proved controversial amongst franchisees, who countered with a lawsuit, and the issue was not resolved until 1996.[86] PepsiCo was accused of behaving in an imperious manner towards franchisees, who it believed were holding back the firm's growth, while the franchisees believed they had been the backbone of the company during a succession of indifferent corporate owners.[75]

text: Cranor spent $42 million restructuring the company's operations worldwide.[87] He invested an additional $50 million to refurbish outlets and $20 million on a new computer system to link outlet cash registers to the kitchen, drive-through window, manager's office and company headquarters.[87] Cranor also expanded the chain into non-traditional locations, beginning with a 150 sq ft limited menu kiosk at a General Motors assembly plant in Dayton, Ohio.[87] Between 1986 and 1991, the chain built a further 2,000 outlets to bring its total number to 8,500, and sales grew from $3.5 to $6.2 billion.[87] The chain had to contend with the rise of grilled chicken as Americans became increasingly health conscious.[84] KFC found itself competing against the growing El Pollo Loco restaurant chain, as well as with Burger King, which had just introduced the BK Broiler, a grilled chicken burger.[84] Delays in product development, cramped kitchens and the ongoing franchisee contract dispute prevented the chain from rolling out a grilled product of its own.[75]

text: In March 1991 the KFC name was officially adopted, although the chain was already widely known by that initialism.[88] The change was advised by the Schechter Group brand consultancy agency.[89] Research demonstrated that 80 percent of customers already associated the "KFC" initials with Kentucky Fried Chicken.[89] A spokesman for the chain said that it represented its diversified menu, which was moving away from solely fried products.[90] Kyle Craig, president of KFC US, admitted the change was an attempt to distance the chain from the unhealthy connotations of "fried".[91] In 1994, Milford Prewitt praised the "crafty and well-timed repositioning" in Nation's Restaurant News.[92] On the other hand, a 2005 editorial in Advertising Age stated, "the chain's jettisoning of a venerable name—and distancing from the word fried—was ill-conceived and damaging. It made a clear brand fuzzy."[93]

text: The early 1990s saw successful major products launched throughout the chain, including spicy "Hot Wings" (launched in 1990), popcorn chicken (1992), and, outside the US, the "Zinger", a spicy chicken fillet burger (1993).[94] In 1993, rotisserie style chicken, under the name "Colonel's Rotisserie Gold", was introduced at over 30 percent of US outlets.[95] However, despite a $100 million investment in marketing, the product failed to gain sales traction.[96] The launch of skinless chicken, designed to appeal to health-conscious customers, failed; customers disliked the unfamiliar texture, and the product resulted in increased overheads, which contributed to a 37 percent decline in operating profits in 1991.[97][98]

text: In June 1991, Singapore was chosen for the launch of the first ever KFC breakfast menu.[99] Products included chicken, omelettes and scrambled eggs, sold under the "Colonel's Country Breakfast" banner.[99] Singapore was chosen for the launch due to the growth of the breakfast market in that country.[99]

text: While the US division struggled, becoming the weakest part of PepsiCo's restaurants division, elsewhere sales boomed, with particular success in Japan.[80] By 1992, almost half of company turnover came from outside the US.[100] By 1993, KFC in the Asia Pacific region accounted for 22 percent of all KFC sales.[82] John Cranor announced, "We're looking at almost unlimited opportunity for growth in Asia".[101] By 1993, KFC was the leading Western fast food chain in South Korea, China, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, and was second to McDonald's in most other Asian markets, including Japan and Singapore.[101] Overseas operations often flourished while local management ignored or even defied orders from Louisville headquarters.[102]

text: David Novak appointed President[edit]

text: By 1994, KFC had a total of 9,407 outlets worldwide, including 5,149 outlets in the US, and over 100,000 employees.[103] That year, the chain began to struggle after competitors such as McDonald's introduced value menu offerings.[104] After a disappointing set of quarterly earnings, Cranor left the company in January 1994.[92] In his wake, two executives with marketing backgrounds were charged with reviving the company.[105] Roger Enrico was appointed as the CEO of PepsiCo Worldwide Restaurants, and David C. Novak was appointed President of KFC in North America.[105]

text: In 1995, Novak introduced two successful new products— Crispy Strips (breaded strips of chicken) and the chicken pot pie— the chain's first major new product launches in almost two years.[104] Novak credits an improved, more "open" relationship with franchisees for the introduction of the two new items: Crispy Strips were invented by an Arkansas franchisee, and the pot pie was similarly developed alongside franchisees.[106] Meanwhile, less popular items, such as corn muffins, were removed from the menu.[107] At the same time, Enrico scaled back the increasing competition between KFC and its sister companies, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut; Taco Bell had begun offering its own chicken products, and KFC had attacked Pizza Hut in its marketing.[107]

text: In 1996 the company repaired its relationship with its franchisees by immediately dropping the most contentious of the contract terms that had been proposed by chairman John Cranor five years previously.[108] The 1976 contract was restored, including the 1.5 mile outlet exclusivity zone, while the parent company gained greater control over national advertising.[108] Novak also axed the Colonel's Rotisserie Gold product and introduced a new non-fried item called the Tender Roast.[96] Tender Roast was served by piece, as with the fried chicken, in contrast with the rotisserie product, which had been sold in quarter, half or whole chicken portions.[96] Afterwards, Novak oversaw ten fiscal quarters of consecutive growth at KFC North America.[109] As a result of his success at KFC North America, Novak became President and CEO of the entire KFC organization in 1996.[110]

text: Spin-off as Tricon (later Yum! Brands)[edit]

text: In August 1997, PepsiCo spun off its poorly performing restaurants division as a public company valued at US$4.5 billion (around US$6.5 billion in 2013).[111] Although KFC had been doing well, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell had been under-performing. One PepsiCo executive admitted, "restaurants weren't our schtick".[112][113] The new company, named Tricon Global Restaurants, had 30,000 outlets and annual sales of US$10 billion (around US$14 billion in 2013) at the time, making it second only to McDonald's in global sales.[114]

text: Since the turn of the 21st century, fast food has been criticised for its animal welfare record, its links to obesity and its environmental impact.[115] Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation (2002) and Morgan Spurlock's film Super Size Me (2004) reflected these concerns.[23] Since 2003, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has protested KFC's choice of poultry suppliers worldwide with the Kentucky Fried Cruelty campaign.[116] PETA have held thousands of demonstrations, sometimes in the home towns of KFC executives, and CEO David Novak was soaked in fake blood by a protester.[117] KFC President Gregg Dedrick said PETA mischaracterized KFC as a poultry producer rather than a purchaser of chickens.[118] In 2008, Yum! stated: "[As] a major purchaser of food products, [Yum!] has the opportunity and responsibility to influence the way animals supplied to us are treated. We take that responsibility very seriously, and we are monitoring our suppliers on an ongoing basis."[119]

text: Tricon was renamed Yum! Brands in May 2002.[120] In that year, the chain had to contend with Burger King's launch of the Chicken Whopper, as well as fried chicken offerings from the Domino's and Papa John's pizza chains.[98][121] Within three months, the Chicken Whopper became Burger King's most successful launch of all time, with sales of 50 million.[98] In September 2002, KFC sales were down 10 percent against the previous year.[121] From 2002 to 2005, KFC experienced three years of weak sales, when underinvestment in product development left the brand looking "tired and poorly positioned", according to Restaurant Research, an independent consultancy.[113] A roast chicken product line introduced in 2004 proved unsuccessful, and the worldwide avian flu scare of 2005 temporarily decreased sales by as much as 40 percent.[122][123] KFC responded in March 2005 by adding a cheap, small chicken burger to the menu called the "Snacker".[113] It proved to be one of the chain's most successful product launches to date, with over 100 million in sales.[124] In international markets, KFC introduced the "Boxmaster", a meal-sized wrap in a box. KFC also began a makeover of the US brand image, bringing back the full "Kentucky Fried Chicken" name at some outlets and returning portraits of Colonel Sanders to prominence.[113]

text: In 2009, KFC International launched the Krusher (Krushem in some markets) line of frozen beverages. The product was an attempt to introduce a between-meals snack to KFC, and was marketed towards teenagers.[125] In April 2010, the Double Down sandwich was launched.[126] Criticised as an unhealthy product, it featured two pieces of fried chicken in lieu of a conventional bread bun.[126] It has proved to be a success for the company, with 15 million Double Downs sold worldwide between March 2011 and March 2013.[127] In September 2012, the Chicken Little sandwich returned in the US.[128]

text: By December 2013, there were 18,875 KFC outlets in 118 countries and territories around the world.[1][129] KFC is the second largest restaurant chain in the world by sales after McDonald's.[130]

text: In April 2014, Yum! announced that first quarter KFC sales had risen by 11 percent in China, following a 15 percent fall in 2013.[131]

text: In July 2014, Chinese authorities closed down the Shanghai operations of the OSI Group, amidst allegations that it had supplied KFC with expired meat.[132] Yum! immediately terminated its contract with the supplier, and stated that the revelation had led to a significant decline in sales.[133]


document_title: Minnesota Twins

question_text: what does the c stand for on the twins hat

text: Minnesota Twins

text: Team history[edit]

text: Washington Nationals/Senators: 1901–1960[edit]

text: The Washington Senators spent the first decade of their existence finishing near the bottom of the American League standings. Their fortunes began to improve with the arrival of 19-year-old pitcher, Walter Johnson, in 1907. Johnson blossomed in 1911 with 25 victories, although the Senators still finished the season in seventh place.[21] In 1912, the Senators improved dramatically, as their pitching staff led the league in team earned run average and in strikeouts. Johnson won 33 games while teammate Bob Groom added another 24 wins to help the Senators finish the season in second place.[22] The Senators continued to perform respectably in 1913 with Johnson posting a career-high 35 victories, as the team once again finished in second place.[23] The Senators then fell into another period of decline for the next decade. After a string of mediocre seasons, a rejuvenated Johnson rebounded in 1924 to win 23 games with the help of his catcher, Muddy Ruel, as the Senators won the American League pennant for the first time in the history of the franchise.[24]

text: The Senators faced John McGraw's heavily favored New York Giants in the 1924 World Series.[25] The two teams traded wins back and forth until the series reached the seventh and deciding game. The Senators trailed the Giants 3 to 1 in the eighth inning of Game 7, when Bucky Harris hit a routine ground ball to third which hit a pebble and took a bad hop over Giants third baseman Freddie Lindstrom. Two runners scored on the play, tying the score at three.[26] An aging Walter Johnson then came in to pitch the ninth inning, and held the Giants scoreless into extra innings. In the bottom of the twelfth inning with Ruel at bat, he hit a high, foul ball directly over home plate.[27] The Giants' catcher, Hank Gowdy, dropped his protective mask to field the ball but, failing to toss the mask aside, stumbled over it and dropped the ball, thus giving Ruel another chance to bat.[27] On the next pitch, Ruel hit a double and proceeded to score the winning run when Earl McNeely hit a ground ball that took another bad hop over Lindstrom's head.[26][27] This would mark the only World Series triumph for the franchise during their 60-year tenure in Washington.

text: The following season they repeated as American League champions but ultimately lost the 1925 World Series to the Pittsburgh Pirates. After Walter Johnson's retirement in 1927, he was hired as manager of the Senators. After enduring a few losing seasons, the team returned to contention in 1930. In 1933, Senators owner Clark Griffith returned to the formula that worked for him nine years prior: 26-year-old shortstop Joe Cronin became player-manager. The Senators posted a 99–53 record and cruised to the pennant seven games ahead of the New York Yankees, but in the 1933 World Series the Giants exacted their revenge winning in five games. Following the loss, the Senators sank all the way to seventh place in 1934 and attendance began to fall. Despite the return of Harris as manager from 1935–42 and again from 1950–54, Washington was mostly a losing ball club for the next 25 years contending for the pennant only during World War II. Washington came to be known as "first in war, first in peace, and last in the American League",[28] with their hard luck being crucial to the plot of the musical and film Damn Yankees. Cecil Travis, Buddy Myer (1935 A.L. batting champion), Roy Sievers, Mickey Vernon (batting champion in 1946 and 1953), and Eddie Yost were notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team's lack of success.[29][30] In 1954, the Senators signed future Hall of Fame member Harmon Killebrew. By 1959 he was the Senators’ regular third baseman and led the league with 42 home runs earning him a starting spot on the American League All-Star team.

text: After Griffith's death in 1955, his nephew and adopted son Calvin took over the team presidency. Calvin sold Griffith Stadium to the city of Washington and leased it back leading to speculation that the team was planning to move as the Boston Braves, St. Louis Browns and Philadelphia Athletics had all done in the early 1950s. By 1957, after an early flirtation with San Francisco (where the New York Giants would eventually move after that season ended), Griffith began courting Minneapolis–St. Paul, a prolonged process that resulted in his rejecting the Twin Cities' first offer[31] before agreeing to relocate. The American League opposed the move at first, but in 1960 a deal was reached: The Senators would move and would be replaced with an expansion Senators team for 1961. Thus, the old Washington Senators became the Minnesota Twins.

text: Team nickname[edit]

text: The Washington franchise was known as both "Senators" and "Nationals" at various times, and sometimes at the same time.  In 1905, the team changed its official name to the "Washington Nationals."[32] The name "Nationals" appeared on uniforms for only two seasons, and was then replaced with the "W" logo for the next 52 years. The media often shortened the nickname to "Nats." Many fans and newspapers (especially out-of-town papers) persisted in using the "Senators" nickname, because of potential confusion caused by an American League team using the "Nationals" name. Over time, "Nationals" faded as a nickname, and "Senators" became dominant. Baseball guides listed the club's nickname as "Nationals or Senators", acknowledging the dual-nickname situation.

text: The team name was officially changed to Washington Senators around the time of Clark Griffith's death. It was not until 1959 that the word "Senators" first appeared on team shirts. "Nats" continued to be used by space-saving headline writers, even for the 1961 expansion team, which was never officially known as "Nationals."

text: The current "Nationals" and "Nats" names were revived in 2005, when the Montreal Expos relocated to Washington to become the Nationals.

text: Minnesota Twins: 1961 to present[edit]

text: The name "Twins" was derived from the popular name of the region, the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul). The NBA's Minneapolis Lakers had relocated to Los Angeles in 1960 due to poor attendance which was believed to have been caused in part by the reluctance of fans in St. Paul to support the team.[33] Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other, so his desire was to name the team the "Twin Cities Twins",[33] however MLB objected. Griffith therefore named the team the Minnesota Twins. However, the team was allowed to keep its original "TC" (for Twin Cities) insignia for its caps. The team's logo shows two men, one in a Minneapolis Millers uniform and one in a St. Paul Saints uniform, shaking hands across the Mississippi River within an outline of the state of Minnesota. The "TC" remained on the Twins' caps until 1987, when they adopted new uniforms. By this time, the team felt it was established enough to put an "M" on its cap without having St. Paul fans think it stood for Minneapolis. The "TC" logo was moved to a sleeve on the jerseys, and occasionally appeared as an alternate cap design.[34] Both the "TC" and "Minnie & Paul" logos remain the team's primary insignia. As of 2010, the "TC" logo has been reinstated on the cap as their logo.[35]

text: The Twins were eagerly greeted in Minnesota when they arrived in 1961. They brought a nucleus of talented players: Harmon Killebrew, Bob Allison, Camilo Pascual, Zoilo Versalles, Jim Kaat, Earl Battey, and Lenny Green. Tony Oliva, who would go on to win American League batting championships in 1964, 1965 and 1971, made his major league debut in 1962.  That year, the Twins won 91 games, the most by the franchise since 1933. Behind Mudcat Grant's 21 victories, Versalles' A.L. MVP season and Oliva's batting title, the Twins won 102 games and the American League Pennant in 1965, but they were defeated in the World Series by the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games (behind the Series MVP, Sandy Koufax, who compiled a 2–1 record, including winning the seventh game).[36]

text: Heading into the final weekend of the 1967 season, when Rod Carew was named the A.L. Rookie of the Year, the Twins, Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and Detroit Tigers all had a shot at clinching the American League championship. The Twins and the Red Sox started the weekend tied for 1st place and played against each other in Boston for the final three games of the season. The Red Sox won two out of the three games, seizing their first pennant since 1946 with a 92–70 record. The Twins and Tigers both finished one game back, with 91–71 records, while the White Sox finished three games back, at 89–73. In 1969, the new manager of the Twins, Billy Martin, pushed aggressive base running all-around, and Carew set the all-time Major League record by stealing home seven times in addition to winning the first of seven A.L. batting championships.[37] With Killebrew slugging 49 homers and winning the AL MVP Award, these 1969 Twins won the very first American League Western Division Championship, but they lost three straight games to the Baltimore Orioles, winners of 109 games, in the first American League Championship Series. The Orioles would go on to be upset by the New York Mets in the World Series. Martin was fired after the season, in part due to an August 1969 fight in Detroit with 20-game winner Dave Boswell and outfielder Bob Allison, in an alley outside the Lindell A.C. bar. Bill Rigney led the Twins to a repeat division title in 1970, behind the star pitching of Jim Perry (24-12), the A.L. Cy Young Award winner, while the Orioles again won the Eastern Division Championship behind the star pitching of Jim Palmer. Once again, the Orioles won the A.L. Championship Series in a three-game sweep,[38] and this time they would win the World Series.

text: After winning the division again in 1970, the team entered an eight-year dry spell, finishing around the .500 mark. Killebrew departed after 1974. Owner Calvin Griffith faced financial difficulty with the start of free agency, costing the Twins the services of Lyman Bostock and Larry Hisle, who left as free agents after the 1977 season, and Carew, who was traded after the 1978 season.[39] In 1975, Carew won his fourth consecutive AL batting title,[40] having already joined Ty Cobb as the only players to lead the major leagues in batting average for three consecutive seasons. In 1977, Carew batted .388, which was the highest in baseball since Boston's Ted Williams hit .406 in 1941; he won the 1977 AL MVP Award. He won another batting title in 1978, hitting .333.[40]

text: In 1982, the Twins moved into the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, which they shared with the Minnesota Vikings. After a 16-54 start, the Twins were on the verge on becoming the worst team in MLB history. They turned the season around somewhat, but still lost 102 games which is the second-worst record in Twins history (beaten only by the 2016 team, who lost 103 games), despite the .301 average, 23 homers and 92 RBI from rookie Kent Hrbek.[41] In 1984, Griffith sold the Twins to multi-billionaire banker/financier Carl Pohlad. The Metrodome hosted the 1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. After several losing seasons, the 1987 team, led by Hrbek, Gary Gaetti, Frank Viola (A.L. Cy Young winner in 1988), Bert Blyleven, Jeff Reardon, Tom Brunansky, Dan Gladden, and rising star Kirby Puckett, returned to the World Series after defeating the favored Detroit Tigers in the ALCS, 4 games to 1. Tom Kelly managed the Twins to World Series victories over the St. Louis Cardinals in 1987[42][43] and the Atlanta Braves in 1991.[44] The 1988 Twins were the first team in American League history to draw more than 3 million fans.[45] On July 17, 1990, the Twins became the only team in major league history to pull off two triple plays in the same game.  Twins' pitcher and Minnesota native Jack Morris was the star of the series in 1991, going 2–0 in his three starts with a 1.17 ERA.[46] 1991 also marked the first time that any team that finished in last place in their division would advance to the World Series the following season; both the Twins and the Braves did this in 1991.[47]  Contributors to the 1991 Twins' improvement from 74 wins to 95 included Chuck Knoblauch, the A.L. Rookie of the Year; Scott Erickson, 20-game winner; new closer Rick Aguilera and new designated hitter Chili Davis.

text: The World Series in 1991 is regarded by many as one of the classics of all time. In this Series, four games were won during the teams' final at-bat, and three of these were in extra innings. The Atlanta Braves won all three of their games in Atlanta, and the Twins won all four of their games in Minnesota. The sixth game was a legendary one for Puckett, who tripled in a run, made a sensational leaping catch against the wall, and finally in the 11th inning hit the game-winning home run. The seventh game was tied 0–0 after the regulation nine innings, and marked only the second time that the seventh game of the World Series had ever gone into extra innings. The Twins won on a walk-off RBI single by Gene Larkin in the bottom of the 10th inning, after Morris had pitched ten shutout innings against the Braves.[48] The seventh game of the 1991 World Series is widely regarded as one of the greatest games in the history of professional baseball.[49][50][51]

text: After a winning season in 1992 but falling short of Oakland in the division, the Twins fell into a years-long stretch of mediocrity, posting a losing record each season for the next eight: 71–91 in 1993, 50–63 in 1994, 56–88 in 1995, 78–84 in 1996, 68–94 in 1997, 70–92 in 1998, 63–97 in 1999 and 69–93 in 2000. From 1994 to 1997, a long sequence of retirements and injuries hurt the team badly, and Tom Kelly spent the remainder of his managerial career attempting to rebuild the Twins. In 1997, owner Carl Pohlad almost sold the Twins to North Carolina businessman Don Beaver, who would have moved the team to the Piedmont Triad area.[52][53]

text: Puckett after the 1995 season was forced to retire at age 35 due to loss of vision in one eye from a central retinal vein occlusion.[54] The 1989 A.L. batting champion, he retired as the Twins' all-time leader in career hits, runs, doubles, and total bases. At the time of his retirement, his .318 career batting average was the highest by any right-handed American League batter since Joe DiMaggio. Puckett was the fourth baseball player during the 20th century to record 1,000 hits in his first five full calendar years in Major League Baseball, and was the second to record 2,000 hits during his first 10 full calendar years. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2001, his first year of eligibility.

text: The Twins dominated the Central Division in the first decade of the new century, winning the division in six of those ten years ('02, '03, '04, '06, '09 and '10), and nearly winning it in '08 as well.  From 2001 to 2006, the Twins compiled the longest streak of consecutive winning seasons since moving to Minnesota.

text: Threatened with closure by league contraction,[55] the 2002 team battled back to reach the American League Championship Series before being eliminated 4–1 by that year's World Series champion Anaheim Angels.  The Twins have not won a playoff series since the 2002 series against the Athletics, this despite the team winning several division championships in the decade.

text: In 2006, the Twins won the division on the last day of the regular season (the only day all season they held sole possession of first place) but lost to the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS. Ozzie Guillén coined a nickname for this squad, calling the Twins "little piranhas".[56] The Twins players embraced the label, and in response, the Twins Front office started a "Piranha Night", with piranha finger puppets given out to the first 10,000 fans. Scoreboard operators sometimes played an animated sequence of piranhas munching under that caption in situations where the Twins were scoring runs playing "small ball", and the stadium vendors sold T-shirts and hats advertising "The Little Piranhas".

text: The Twins also had the AL MVP in Justin Morneau,[57] the AL batting champion in Joe Mauer,[56] and the AL Cy Young Award winner in Johan Santana.[58]

text: In 2008, the Twins finished the regular season tied with the White Sox on top of the AL Central, forcing a one-game playoff in Chicago to determine the division champion.[59] The Twins lost that game and missed the playoffs. The game location was determined by rule of a coin flip that was conducted in mid-September. This rule was changed for the start of the 2009 season, making the site for any tiebreaker game to be determined by the winner of the regular season head-to-head record between the teams involved.[60]

text: After a year where the Twins played .500 baseball for most of the season, the team won 17 of their last 21 games to tie the Detroit Tigers for the lead in the Central Division.[61] The Twins were able to use the play-in game rule to their advantage when they won the AL Central at the end of the regular season by way of a 6–5 tiebreaker game that concluded with a 12th-inning walk-off hit by Alexi Casilla to right field, that scored Carlos Gómez.[62] However, they failed to advance to the American League Championship Series as they lost the American League Divisional Series in three straight games to the eventual World Series champion New York Yankees.[63] That year, Joe Mauer became only the second catcher in 33 years to win the AL MVP award.[64] Iván Rodríguez won for the Texas Rangers in 1999, previous to that, the last catcher to win an AL MVP was the New York Yankees Thurman Munson in 1976.[65]

text: In their inaugural season played at Target Field, the Twins finished the regular season with a record of 94-68, clinching the AL Central Division title for the 6th time in 9 years under manager Ron Gardenhire. New regular players included rookie Danny Valencia at third base, designated hitter Jim Thome,[66] closer Matt Capps,[67] infielder J. J. Hardy,[68] and infielder Orlando Hudson.[69] In relief pitching roles were late additions Brian Fuentes and Randy Flores. On July 7, the team suffered a major blow when Justin Morneau sustained a concussion, which knocked him out for the rest of the season. In the divisional series, the Twins lost to the Yankees in a three-game sweep for the second consecutive year.[70] Following the season, Ron Gardenhire received AL Manager of the Year honors after finishing as a runner up in several prior years.[71]

text: After repeating as AL Central champions in 2010, the Twins entered 2011 with no players on the disabled list, and the team seemed poised for another strong season. During the off-season, the team signed Japanese shortstop Tsuyoshi Nishioka to fill a hole in the middle infield, re-signed Jim Thome, who was in pursuit of career home run number 600, and also re-signed Carl Pavano. However, the season was largely derailed by an extensive list of injuries. Nishioka's broken leg in a collision at second base[72] led the way and was followed by DL stints from Kevin Slowey, Joe Mauer, Jason Repko, Thome, Delmon Young (two stints on the DL), José Mijares, Glen Perkins, Joe Nathan, Francisco Liriano, Jason Kubel, Denard Span (two stints), Justin Morneau, Scott Baker, and Alexi Casilla. The team's low point was arguably on May 1 when the team started 7 players who were batting below .235 in a game against Kansas City.[73] From that day forward, the Twins made a strong push to get as close as five games back of the division lead by the All-Star break. However, the team struggled down the stretch and fell back out of contention. The team failed to reach the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and experienced their first losing season in four years. Despite an AL-worst 63-99 record, the team drew over 3 million fans for the second consecutive year.[74]

text: Michael Cuddyer served as the Twins representative at the All-Star game, his first appearance.[75] Bert Blyleven's number was retired during the season and he was also inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during the month of July.[76] On August 10, Nathan recorded his 255th save, passing Rick Aguilera for first place on the franchise's all-time saves list.[77] On August 15, Thome hit 599th and 600th home run at Comerica Park to become the eighth player in Major League history to hit 600 home runs, joining Babe Ruth, Willie Mays, Hank Aaron, Barry Bonds, Sammy Sosa, Ken Griffey, Jr., and Alex Rodriguez.[78]

text: The team started the 2012 season with a league worst 10-24 record.[79] In late May and early June, the team embarked on a hot streak, winning ten out of thirteen games.[80][81] By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.[82] On July 16, the Twins defeated the Baltimore Orioles 19-7, the most runs scored in the short history of Target Field.[83][84] By the end of August, the Twins were more than 20 games below .500, and last in the American League.[85] On August 29, it was announced that the Twins would host the 2014 All-Star Game.[86] In 2013, the Twins finished in 4th place in the AL Central, with a record of 66-96.[87] In 2014, the team finished with a 70-92 record, last in the division and accumulated the second fewest wins in the American League.[88] As a result, Ron Gardenhire was fired on September 29, 2014.[89] On November 3, 2014 Paul Molitor was announced by the team as the 13th manager in Twins history.

text: In 2015, the team had a winning season (83-79), following four consecutive seasons of 90 or more losses.

text: In 2016, the Minnesota Twins finished last in the AL Central, with a 59-103 record. Brian Dozier set his career high in home runs with 43, which was tied for second in baseball, and leading all 2nd basemen. Tyler Duffey led all Twins starters with 9 wins throughout the season, while fellow reliever Brandon Kintzler led the team with 17 saves. Rising stars Miguel Sano, Max Kepler, and Byron Buxton combined to have 263 total hits, 52 home runs, 167 RBIs, and a batting average of .232 throughout the season. The Twins signed star Korean slugger Byung Ho Park to a 4-year/$12 million contract, where he hit a .191 batting average, with 12 home runs, and 24 RBIs before being sent down to Rochester for the remainder of the season.[90]

text: Threatened contraction or relocation of the team[edit]

text: The quirks of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, including the turf floor and the white roof, gave the Twins a significant home-field advantage that played into their winning the World Series in both 1987 and 1991, at least in the opinion of their opponents, as the Twins went 12–1 in postseason home games during those two seasons.[91] These were the first two World Series in professional baseball history in which a team won the championship by winning all four home games.[92] (The feat has since been repeated once, by the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2001.) Nevertheless, the Twins argued that the Metrodome was obsolete and that the lack of a dedicated baseball-only ballpark limited team revenue and made it difficult to sustain a top-notch, competitive team (the Twins had been sharing tenancy in stadiums with the NFL's Minnesota Vikings since 1961). The team was rumored to contemplate moving to such places as New Jersey, Las Vegas, Portland, Oregon, the Greensboro/Winston-Salem, North Carolina, area, and elsewhere in search of a more financially competitive market. In 2002, the team was nearly disbanded when Major League Baseball selected the Twins and the Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals franchise) for elimination due to their financial weakness relative to other franchises in the league. The impetus for league contraction diminished after a court decision forced the Twins to play out their lease on the Metrodome. However, Twins owner Carl Pohlad continued his efforts to relocate, pursuing litigation against the Metropolitan Stadium Commission and obtaining a state court ruling that his team was not obligated to play in the Metrodome after the 2006 season. This cleared the way for the Twins to either be relocated or disbanded prior to the 2007 season if a new deal was not reached.

text: Target Field[edit]

text: In response to the threatened loss of the Twins, the Minnesota private and public sector negotiated and approved a financing package for a replacement stadium— a baseball-only outdoor, natural turf ballpark in the Warehouse District of downtown Minneapolis— owned by a new entity known as the Minnesota Ballpark Authority.[93] Target Field was constructed at a cost of $544.4 million (including site acquisition and infrastructure), utilizing the proceeds of a $392 million public bond offering based on a 0.15% sales tax in Hennepin County and private financing of $185 million provided by the Pohlad family.[94][95]  As part of the deal, the Twins also signed a 30-year lease of the new stadium, effectively guaranteeing the continuation of the team in Minnesota for a long time to come. Construction of the new field began in 2007, and was completed in December 2009, in time for the 2010 season. Commissioner Bud Selig, who earlier had threatened to disband the team, observed that without the new stadium the Twins could not have committed to sign their star player, catcher Joe Mauer, to an 8-year, $184 million contract extension. The first regular season game in Target Field was played against the Boston Red Sox on April 12, 2010, with Mauer driving in two runs and going 3-for-5 to help the Twins defeat the Red Sox, 5–2.[96]

text: On May 18, 2011, Target Field was named "The Best Place To Shop" by Street and Smith's SportsBusiness Journal at the magazine's 2011 Sports Business Awards Ceremony in New York City.[97] It was also named "The Best Sports Stadium in North America" by ESPN The Magazine in a ranking that included over 120 different stadiums, ballparks and arenas from around North America.[98]

text: In July 2014, Target Field hosted the 85th Major League Baseball All-Star Game and the Home Run Derby.

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Minnesota Twins rostervte

Active roster

Inactive roster

Coaches/Other

Pitchers
Starting rotation

17 José Berríos
44 Kyle Gibson
59 Stephen Gonsalves
12 Jake Odorizzi
53 Kohl Stewart
Bullpen

67 Alan Busenitz
32 Oliver Drake
39 Trevor Hildenberger
68 Matt Magill
65 Trevor May
58 Gabriel Moya
43 Addison Reed
55 Taylor Rogers

Catchers

23 Mitch Garver
Infielders

16 Ehire Adrianza
64 Willians Astudillo
31 Tyler Austin
24 Logan Forsythe
 7 Joe Mauer
11 Jorge Polanco
22 Miguel Sanó
Outfielders

60 Jake Cave
36 Robbie Grossman
26 Max Kepler
20 Eddie Rosario

Pitchers

19 Matt Belisle
27 John Curtiss
-- Chase De Jong
21 Tyler Duffey
52 Zack Littell
49 Adalberto Mejía
77 Fernando Romero
54 Ervin Santana
50 Aaron Slegers
71 Lewis Thorpe
Catchers

46 Bobby Wilson
Infielders

99 Logan Morrison
Outfielders

25 Byron Buxton
51 Johnny Field
 8 Zack Granite

Manager

 4 Paul Molitor
Coaches

41 Garvin Alston (pitching)
75 Nate Dammann (bullpen catcher)
13 Gene Glynn (third base)
18 Eddie Guardado (bullpen)
63 Rudy Hernandez (assistant hitting)
30 Jeff Pickler (major league coach)
76 Ben Richardson (bullpen catcher)
33 James Rowson (hitting)
37 Jeff Smith (first base)
 9 Derek Shelton (bench)
60-day disabled list

15 Jason Castro
35 Michael Pineda

25 active, 15 inactive
 7- or 10-day disabled list
 Suspended list
# Personal leave
Roster and coaches updated August 24, 2018
Transactions
• Depth chart

→ All MLB rosters

tag: table

text: Minnesota Twins all-time roster: A complete list of players who played in at least one game for the Twins franchise.

text: Minor league affiliates[edit]

text:
Level

Team

League

Location

AAA

Rochester Red Wings

International League

Rochester, New York

AA

Chattanooga Lookouts

Southern League

Chattanooga, Tennessee

Advanced A

Fort Myers Miracle

Florida State League

Fort Myers, Florida

A

Cedar Rapids Kernels

Midwest League

Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Rookie

Elizabethton Twins

Appalachian League

Elizabethton, Tennessee

GCL Twins

Gulf Coast League

Fort Myers, Florida

DSL Twins

Dominican Summer League

Dominican Republic

text: Achievements[edit]

text: Baseball Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Minnesota Twins Hall of Famers

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Washington Senators

Stan CoveleskiJoe CroninEd Delahanty

Rick FerrellLefty GomezGoose Goslin

Clark GriffithBucky HarrisWhitey HerzogWalter Johnson

Heinie ManushSam RiceAl Simmons

George SislerTris SpeakerEarly Wynn

Minnesota Twins

Bert Blyleven

Rod CarewSteve Carlton

Harmon KillebrewPaul Molitor

Jack MorrisKirby Puckett

Jim ThomeDave Winfield

Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Twins or Senators cap insignia.

text: Molitor and Winfield, St. Paul natives and University of Minnesota graduates,[99] came to the team late in their careers and were warmly received as "hometown heroes", but were elected to the Hall on the basis of their tenures with other teams. Both swatted their 3,000th hit with the Twins.[100][101]

text: Cronin, Goslin, Griffith, Harris, Johnson, Killebrew and Wynn are listed on the Washington Hall of Stars display at Nationals Park (previously they were listed at Robert F. Kennedy Stadium). So are Ossie Bluege, George Case, Joe Judge, George Selkirk, Roy Sievers, Cecil Travis, Mickey Vernon and Eddie Yost.[102]

text: Ford C. Frick Award recipients[edit]

text:
Minnesota Twins Ford C. Frick Award recipients

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Herb Carneal

Russ Hodges

Arch McDonald

Chuck Thompson

Bob Wolff

Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Twins or Senators.

text: Team captains[edit]

text: 3 Harmon Killebrew 1961–74

tag: ul

text: Twins Hall of Fame[edit]

text:
Key

Year

Year inducted

Bold

Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame

Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a Twin

Bold

Recipient of the Hall of Fame's Ford C. Frick Award

text:
Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame

Year

No.

Name

Position(s)

Tenure

2000
3
Harmon Killebrew
1B
1961–74

29
Rod Carew
2B
1967–78

6
Tony Oliva
RF/DH
1962–76

14
Kent Hrbek
1B
1981–94

34
Kirby Puckett
CF
1984–95

—
Calvin Griffith
President and Owner
1961–83

2001
—
Herb Carneal
Radio Broadcaster
1962–2007

36
Jim Kaat
P
1961–73

2002
28
Bert Blyleven
P
1970–761985–88

10
Tom Kelly
Manager
1986–2001

2003
4
Bob Allison
OF
1961–70

—
Bob Casey
Public Address Announcer
1961–2004

2004
10
Earl Battey
C
1961–67

2005
16
Frank Viola
P
1982–89

—
Carl Pohlad
Owner
1984–2009

2006
2
Zoilo Versalles
SS
1961–67

2007
8
Gary Gaetti
3B
1981–90

—
Jim Rantz
Director of Minor Leagues
1986–2012

2008
38
Rick Aguilera
P
1989–951996–99

2009[103]
22, 23, 59
Brad Radke
P
1995–2006

—
George Brophy
Front office executive
1961–85

2010[104]
7
Greg Gagne
SS
1983–92

2011[105]
31
Jim Perry
P
1963–72

2012[106]
17
Camilo Pascual
P
1961–66

2013[107]
18
Eddie Guardado
P
1993–2003, 2008

—
Tom Mee
Media Relations Director
1961-91

2016
—
John Gordon
Radio Broadcaster
1987-2011

48
Torii Hunter
CF/RF
1997–2007, 2015

2017
5
Michael Cuddyer
RF
2001–11

—
Andy MacPhail
General Manager
1985–94

2018
57
Johan Santana
P
2000–2007

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text: The Metrodome's upper deck in center and right fields was partly covered by a curtain containing banners of various titles won, and retired numbers. There was no acknowledgment of the Twins' prior championships in Washington and several Senator Hall of Famers, such as Walter Johnson, played in the days prior to numbers being used on uniforms. However Killebrew played seven seasons as a Senator, including two full seasons as a regular prior to the move to Minnesota in 1961.

text: Prior to the addition of the banners, the Twins acknowledged their retired numbers on the Metrodome's outfield fence. Harmon Killebrew's #3 was the first to be displayed, as it was the only one the team had retired when they moved in. It was joined by Rod Carew's #29 in 1987, Tony Oliva's #6 in 1991, Kent Hrbek's #14 in 1995, and Kirby Puckett's #34 in 1997 before the Twins began hanging the banners to reduce capacity. The championships, meanwhile were marked on the "Baggie" in right field.

text:
HarmonKillebrewLF-1B-3BRetired May 4, 1975
TonyOlivaRF-DH-CoachRetired July 14, 1991
TomKellyManagerRetired September 8, 2012
KentHrbek1BRetired August 13, 1995
BertBlylevenPRetired July 16, 2011
RodCarew1B-2BRetired July 19, 1987
KirbyPuckettCFRetired May 25, 1997
JackieRobinsonAll MLBHonored April 15, 1997

text: In the Metrodome, the numbers ran in that order from left to right. In Target Field, they run from right to left, presumably to allow space for additional numbers in the future. The retired numbers also serve as entry points at Target Field, The center field gate is Gate No. 3, honoring Killebrew, the left field gate is Gate No. 6, honoring Oliva, the home plate gate is Gate No. 14, for Hrbek, the right field gate serves as Gate No. 29, in tribute to Carew, and the plaza gate is known as Gate No. 34, honoring Puckett.

text: The numbers that have been retired hang within Target Field in front of the tower that serves as the Twins' executive offices in left field foul territory. The championships banners have been replaced by small pennants that fly on masts at the back of the left field upper deck. Those pennants, along with the flags flying in the plaza behind right field, serve as a visual cue for the players, suggesting the wind direction and speed.

text: Jackie Robinson's number, 42, was retired by Major League Baseball on April 15, 1997 and formally honored by the Twins on May 23, 1997.[108] Robinson's number was positioned to the left of the Twins numbers in both venues.

text:
Player
Jersey
Position
Date retired

Harmon Killebrew
3
LF-1B-3B: 1954–60 (WAS)LF-1B-3B: 1961–74 (MIN)
May 4, 1975

Rod Carew
29
1B-2B: 1967–78 (MIN)
July 19, 1987

Tony Oliva
6
RF-DH: 1962–76 (MIN)Coach: 1976–78 (MIN)Coach: 1985–91 (MIN)
July 14, 1991

Kent Hrbek
14
1B: 1981–94 (MIN)
August 13, 1995

Jackie Robinson
42
Retired by MLB
April 15, 1997

Kirby Puckett
34
CF: 1984–95 (MIN)
May 25, 1997

Bert Blyleven
28
P: 1970–76 (MIN)P: 1985–88 (MIN)
July 16, 2011

Tom Kelly
10
Manager: 1986–2001 (MIN)
September 8, 2012

text: Awards[edit]

text: Team records[edit]

text: Team seasons[edit]

text:
Year
Regular Season
Postseason
Result

Wins
Losses
Win %
Finish
Attendance
Attendance per Game
Record
Win %

2001
85
77
.525
2nd – AL Central
1,782,929
22,011
0–0
.000

2002
94
67
.584
1st – AL Central
1,924,473
23,906
4–6
.400
Won ALDS vs Oakland Athletics, 3–2  Lost ALCS to Anaheim Angels, 1–4

2003
90
72
.556
1st – AL Central
1,946,011
24,025
1–3
.250
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 1–3

2004
92
70
.568
1st – AL Central
1,911,490
23,599
1–3
.250
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 1–3

2005
83
79
.512
3rd – AL Central
2,034,243
25,114
0–0
.000

2006
96
66
.593
1st – AL Central
2,285,018
28,210
0–3
.000
Lost ALDS to Oakland Athletics, 0–3

2007
79
83
.488
3rd – AL Central
2,296,347
28,349
0–0
.000

2008
88
75
.540
2nd – AL Central
2,302,611
28,427
0–0
.000

2009
87
76
.534
1st – AL Central
2,416,237
29,466
0–3
.000
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 0–3

2010
94
68
.580
1st – AL Central
3,223,640
39,798
0–3
.000
Lost ALDS to New York Yankees, 0–3

2011
63
99
.389
5th – AL Central
3,168,107
39,112
0–0
.000

2012
66
96
.407
5th – AL Central
2,776,354
34,275
0–0
.000

2013
66
96
.407
4th – AL Central
2,477,644
30,588
0–0
.000

2014
70
92
.432
5th – AL Central
2,250,606
27,785
0–0
.000

2015
83
79
.521
2nd – AL Central
2,220,054
27,408
0–0
.000

2016
59
103
.364
5th – AL Central
1,963,912
24,246
0–0
.000

2017
85
77
.525
2nd – AL Central
2,051,279
25,324
0–1
.000
Lost AL Wild Card Game (Yankees)

2018
48
53
.475
2nd – AL Central
1,202,731
25,056
0–0
.000

Total as Twins
4549
4647
.495
 –
 –
 –
25–39
.391
2 World Series Championships

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: In 2007, the Twins took the rights to the broadcasts in-house and created the Twins Radio Network (TRN). With that new network in place the Twins secured a new Metro Affiliate flagship radio station in KSTP (AM 1500). It replaced WCCO (AM 830), which held broadcast rights for the Twins since the team moved to Minneapolis in 1961. For 2013, the Twins moved to FM radio on KTWN-FM 96.3 K-Twin, which is owned by the Pohlad family. The original radio voices of the Twins in 1961 were Ray Scott, Halsey Hall and Bob Wolff. After the first season, Herb Carneal replaced Wolff. Twins TV and radio broadcasts were originally sponsored by the Hamm's Brewing Company. In 2009, Treasure Island Resort & Casino became the first ever naming rights partner for the Twins Radio Network, making the commercial name of TRN the Treasure Island Baseball Network.[111] In 2017, it was announced that WCCO would become the flagship station the Twins again starting in 2018, thus returning the team back to its original station after 11 years.[112]

text: Cory Provus is the current radio play by play announcer,[113] taking over in 2012 for longtime Twins voice John Gordon who retired following the 2011 season.[114] Former Twins OF Dan Gladden serves as color commentator.[115]

text: TRN broadcasts are originated from the studios at Minnesota News Network and Minnesota Farm Networks. Kris Atteberry hosts the pre-game show, the "Lineup Card" and the "Post-game Download" from those studios except when filling in for Provus or Gladden when they are on vacation.

text: On April 1, 2007, Herb Carneal, the radio voice of the Twins for all but one year of their existence, died at his home in Minnetonka, Minnesota after a long battle with a list of illnesses. Carneal is in the broadcasters wing of the Baseball Hall of Fame.[116]

text: The television rights are held by Fox Sports North[117] with Dick Bremer as the play-by-play announcer and former Twin, 2011 National Baseball Hall of Fame inductee,[118] Bert Blyleven as color analyst. They are sometimes joined by Roy Smalley and Jack Morris.[119]

text: Bob Casey was the Twins first public-address announcer starting in 1961 and continuing until his death in 2005. He was well known for his unique delivery and his signature announcements of "No smoking in the Metrodome, either go outside or quit!" (or "go back to Boston", etc.), "Batting 3rd, the center-fielder, No. 34, Kirby Puckett!!!" and asking fans not to 'throw anything or anybody' onto the field.[120]

text: Community activities[edit]

text: Minnesota Twins Community Fund – Play Ball! Minnesota[121]

text: Team and franchise traditions[edit]

text: Fans wave a Homer Hanky to rally the team during play-offs and other crucial games. The Homer Hanky was created by Terrie Robbins of the Star Tribune newspaper in the Twin Cities in 1987. It was her idea to originally give away 60,000 inaugural Homer Hankies. That year, over 2.3 million Homer Hankies were distributed.[122]

text: The party atmosphere of the Twins clubhouse after a win is well-known,[123] the team's players unwinding with loud rock music (usually the choice of the winning pitcher) and video games.[123]

text: The club has several hazing rituals, such as requiring the most junior relief pitcher on the team to carry water and snacks to the bullpen in a brightly colored small child's backpack (Barbie in 2005, SpongeBob SquarePants in 2006, Hello Kitty in 2007, Disney Princess and Tinkerbell in 2009, Chewbacca and Darth Vader in 2010),[123] and many of its players, both past and present, are notorious pranksters.[123] For example, Bert Blyleven earned the nickname "The Frying Dutchman" for his ability to pull the "hotfoot" – which entails crawling under the bench in the dugout and lighting a teammate's shoelaces on fire.[124][125]


document_title: Price–sales ratio

question_text: what is p s ratio in stock market

question_tokens: what is p s ratio in stock market

text: Price–sales ratio

text: Price–sales ratio, P/S ratio, or PSR, is a valuation metric for stocks. It is calculated by dividing the company's market cap by the revenue in the most recent year; or, equivalently, divide the per-share stock price by the per-share revenue. Also, justified p/s is calculated as (profit margin × payout × (1 + g)/(r − g)).

text: Unless otherwise stated, P/S is "trailing twelve months" (TTM), the reported sales for the four previous quarters, although of course longer time periods can be examined.

text: The smaller this ratio (i.e. less than 1.0) is usually thought to be a better investment since the investor is paying less for each unit of sales. However, sales do not reveal the whole picture, as the company may be unprofitable with a low P/S ratio. Because of the limitations, this ratio is usually used only for unprofitable companies, since they don't have a price–earnings ratio (P/E ratio).[1] The metric can be used to determine the value of a stock relative to its past performance. It may also be used to determine relative valuation of a sector or the market as a whole.

text: PSRs vary greatly from sector to sector, so they are most useful in comparing similar stocks within a sector or sub-sector.

text: Comparing P/S ratios carries the implicit assumption that all firms in the comparison have an identical capital structure. This is always a problematic assumption, but even more so when the assumption is made between industries, since industries often have vastly different typical capital structures (for example, a utility vs. a technology company). This is the reason why P/S ratios across industries vary widely.


document_title: United States presidential approval rating

question_text: who has had the lowest approval rating as president

text: President Donald Trump[edit]

text: Most recent polls for President Donald Trump:[2][3]

text:
Polling group
Date
Approval
Disapproval
Unsure
Net +/-
Sample size [4]
Population [4]

Gallup Poll[a][5]
October 7-9, 2017
36%
58%
6%
-22%
≈1,500
All Adults

Rasmussen Reports[b][6]
October 5-9, 2017
43%
56%
1 %
-13%
≈1,500
Likely Voters

Investor's Business Daily/TIPP
Sept 29 - Oct 8, 2017
33%
61%
6%
-28%
887
All Adults

Ipsos/Reuters[7]
October 1-5, 2017
36%
59%
5%
-23%
1,516
All Adults

CNN[c][8]
September 26-28, 2017
37%
56%
7%
-19%
1,037
All Adults

Fox News[d][9]
September 24-26, 2017
42%
53%
5%
-11%
1,017
Registered Voters

Quinnipiac University
September 21-26, 2017
36%
57%
7%
-21%
1,412
Registered Voters

CBS News[e][10]
September 21-24, 2017
35%
55%
10%
-20%
1,202
All Adults

ABC News/Washington Post[f][11]
September 18-21, 2017
39%
57%
4%
-18%
1,002
All Adults

Monmouth University[12]
September 15-19, 2017
40%
49%
11%
-9%
1,009
All Adults

NBC News/Wall Street Journal[g][13]
September 14-18, 2017
43%
52%
5%
-9%
900
All Adults

Marist College
September 11-13, 2017
39%
50%
12%
-11%
1,224
All Adults

Public Policy Polling[14]
August 18-21, 2017
40%
53%
7%
-13%
887
Registered Voters

Pew Research Center[15]
August 8-21, 2017
36%
63%
1%
-27%
4,971
All Adults

GW Battleground[h]
August 13-17, 2017
42%
53%
4%
-11%
1,000
Registered Voters

Bloomberg News[i][16]
July 8-12, 2017
40%
56%
4%
-16%
1,001
All Adults

text: President Barack Obama[edit]

text: Last polls for President Barack Obama:[17][18][19][20][21][22]

text:
Polling group
Date
Approval
Disapproval
Unsure
Sample size

Gallup Poll[j]
January 17–19, 2017
59%
37%
4%
≈1,500

Rasmussen Reports[k]
January 15–17, 2017
62%
38%
0%
≈1,500

Fox News[l]
January 15–17, 2017
57%
39%
7%
1,006

CBS News[m]
January 13–16, 2017
62%
36%
2%
1,257

ABC News/The Washington Post
January 12–15, 2017
60%
38%
2%
1,005

CNN/ORC
January 12–15, 2017
60%
39%
1%
1,000

Monmouth University
January 12–15, 2017
58%
38%
6%
801

NBC/The Wall Street Journal[n]
January 12–15, 2017
56%
40%
4%
1,000

Quinnipiac University
January 5–9, 2017
55%
39%
5%
899

Pew Research Center
January 4–9, 2017
55%
40%
5%
1,502

Suffolk University/USA Today
December 14–18, 2016
54%
41%
5%
1,000

Bloomberg Politics[o]
December 2–5, 2016
54%
42%
4%
999

text: Historical comparison[edit]

text: Historical Gallup Poll approval highs and lows for each president since 1937:[23][24][25][p]

text:
Order
President
Highest Approval
Lowest Approval
High –
Low
Highest Disapproval
Highest Margin
Lowest Margin
Final poll
Approval
Average[23]
Polls
per year

45[26]
Trump
46 (01/24/17, 01/25/17)
34 (09/01/17)[q]
12
61 (08/13/17, 08/31/17, 09/01/17)
1 (01/24/17)
−27 (09/01/17)

39.1

44[27][28]
Obama
69 (01/24/09)
38 (09/05/14)[r]
31
57 (10/10/14)
56 (01/23-24/09)
−18 (10/10/14)
59 (01/19/17)
47.9
348.4

43[29]
Bush (G.W.)
90 (9/21/01)
25 (10/05/08, 10/12/08, 11/02/08)
65
71 (10/10/08)
83 (09/22/01)
−46 (10/12/08)
34 (01/11/09)
49.4
33.7

42[30]
Clinton
73 (12/19/98)
37 (06/06/93)
36
54 (09/07/94)
45 (12/17/00)
−14 (09/07/94)
66 (01/14/01)
55.1
28.5

41[31]
Bush (G.H.W.)
89 (02/28/91)
29 (08/02/92, 10/13/92)
60
60 (07/31/92)
82 (03/03/91)
−30 (08/02/92, 10/13/92)
56 (01/11/93)
60.9
39.5

40[32]
Reagan
71 (01/30/86)
35 (01/31/83)
36
56 (01/28/83)
52 (01/30/86)
−21(01/31/83)
63 (12/29/88)
52.8
37.0

39[33]
Carter
74 (03/15/77)
28 (06/26/79, 10/02/79)
46
59 (06/26/79)
66 (03/15/77)
−31 (06/26/79)
34 (12/08/80)
45.5
22.7

38[34]
Ford
70 (08/13/74)
36 (03/25/75)
34
46 (04/15/75, 11/18/75)
26 (08/13/74)
−7 (02/25/75, 03/25/75, 04/15/75)
53 (12/13/76)
47.2
14.7

37[35]
Nixon
66 (01/23/73)
22 (01/02/74)
44
66 (08/05/74)
57 (03/17/69)
−42 (08/05/74)
24 (08/05/74)
49.1
17.7

36[36]
Johnson
79 (03/05/64)
34 (08/12/68)
45
52 (08/12/68)
75 (12/10/63)
−18 (08/12/68)
49 (01/06/69)
55.1
15.3

35[37]
Kennedy
83 (03/05/62)
56 (09/10/63)
27
30 (09/12/63, 11/08/63)
78 (03/05/62)
27 (09/10/63)
58 (11/13/63)
70.1
13.7

34[38]
Eisenhower
77 (11/22/55, 12/19/56)
47 (03/25/58)
30
36 (03/25/58)
66 (04/02/53, 12/19/56)
12 (03/25/58)
59 (12/13/60)
65.0
14.4

33[39]
Truman
87 (08/22/45)
22 (11/16/51, 02/14/52)
65
67 (01/06/52)
85(08/22/45)
−43 (01/04/52)
32 (12/16/52)
45.4
8.4

32[40]
Franklin D. Roosevelt
83 (01/08/42)
48 (08/18/39)
35
46 (05/22/38, 05/29/38, 11/07/38)
73 (01/23/42)

65 (12/15/43)
63

text: Graphs[edit]

text:
Gallup Poll graphs of approval ratings for Presidents of the United States:

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harry S. Truman

Dwight D. Eisenhower

John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson

Richard Nixon

Gerald Ford

Jimmy Carter

Ronald Reagan

George H. W. Bush

Bill Clinton

George W. Bush

Barack Obama

Donald Trump