document_title: Nibelungenlied

question_text: who wrote many of the german epic poems and prose

text: Nibelungenlied

text: Manuscript sources[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The poem in its various written forms was lost by the end of the 16th century, but manuscripts from as early as the 13th century were re-discovered during the 18th century.[2] There are thirty-five known manuscripts of the Nibelungenlied and its variant versions. Eleven of these manuscripts are essentially complete.[3] The oldest version seems to be the one preserved in manuscript "B". Twenty-four manuscripts are in various fragmentary states of completion, including one version in Dutch (manuscript 'T'). The text contains approximately 2,400 stanzas in 39 Aventiuren. The title under which the poem has been known since its discovery is derived from the final line of one of the three main versions, "hie hât daz mære ein ende: daz ist der Nibelunge liet" ("here the story takes an end: this is the lay of the Nibelungs"). Liet here means lay, tale or epic rather than simply song, as it would in Modern German.

text: The manuscripts' sources deviate considerably from one another. Philologists and literary scholars usually designate three main genealogical groups for the entire range of available manuscripts, with two primary versions comprising the oldest known copies: *AB and *C. This categorization derives from the signatures on the *A, *B, and *C manuscripts as well as the wording of the last verse in each source: "daz ist der Nibelunge liet" or "daz ist der Nibelunge nôt". Nineteenth century philologist Karl Lachmann developed this categorisation of the manuscript sources in Der Nibelunge Noth und die Klage nach der ältesten Überlieferung mit Bezeichnung des Unechten und mit den Abweichungen der gemeinen Lesart (Berlin: Reimer, 1826).

text: Authorship[edit]

text: The search for the author of the Nibelungenlied in German studies has a long and intense history.[citation needed] Among the names suggested were Konrad von Fußesbrunnen, Bligger von Steinach and Walther von der Vogelweide; however, none of these hypotheses has wide acceptance, and mainstream scholarship today accepts[weasel words] that the author's name cannot be established.[citation needed]

text: However, the nature of the author more generally, can be and has been addressed. Prevailing scholarly theories[weasel words] strongly suggest[according to whom?] that the written Nibelungenlied is the work of a poet from the area of the Danube between Passau and Vienna, dating from about 1180 to 1210, possibly at the court of Wolfger von Erla, the Bishop of Passau (presiding, 1191–1204).[citation needed] Most scholars[weasel words] consider it likely that the author was a man of literary and ecclesiastical education at the bishop's court, and that the poem's recipients were the clerics and noblemen at the same court.[citation needed]

text: The "Nibelung's lament" (Diu Klage), a sort of appendix to the poem proper, mentions a "Meister Konrad" who was charged by a bishop "Pilgrim" of Passau with the copying of the text.[citation needed] This is taken as a reference to Saint Pilgrim, bishop of Passau from 971–991.[citation needed][relevant? – discuss]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Though the preface to the poem promises both joyous and dark tales ahead, the Nibelungenlied is by and large a very tragic work, and these four opening verses are believed to have been a late addition to the text, composed after the body of the poem had been completed.[citation needed]

text:
Middle High German original
Modern German
Shumway translation

Uns ist in alten mæren wunders vil geseit von helden lobebæren, von grôzer arebeit,
von freuden, hôchgezîten, von weinen und von klagen,
von küener recken strîten muget ir nu wunder hœren sagen

Uns wird in alten Erzählungen viel Wunderbares berichtet, von rühmenswerten Helden, großer Kampfesmühe,
von Freuden, Festen, von Weinen und von Klagen;
von den Kämpfen kühner Helden könnt ihr nun Wunderbares erzählen hören.

Full many a wonder is told us in stories old,
of heroes worthy of praise, of hardships dire,
of joy and feasting, of weeping and of wailing;
of the fighting of bold warriors, now ye may hear wonders told.

text: The original version instead began with the introduction of Kriemhild, the protagonist of the work.

text: The epic is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the story of Siegfried and Kriemhild, the wooing of Brünhild and the death of Siegfried at the hands of Hagen, and Hagen's hiding of the Nibelung treasure in the Rhine (Chapters 1–19). The second part deals with Kriemhild's marriage to Etzel, her plans for revenge, the journey of the Burgundians to the court of Etzel, and their last stand in Etzel's hall (Chapters 20–39).

text: Siegfried and Kriemhild[edit]

text: The first chapter introduces the court of Burgundy. Kriemhild (the virgin sister of King Gunther, and his brothers Gernot and Giselher) has a dream of a falcon that is killed by two eagles. Her mother interprets this to mean that Kriemhild's future husband will die a violent death, and Kriemhild consequently resolves to remain unmarried.

text: The second chapter tells of the background of Siegfried, crown prince of Xanten. His youth is narrated with little room for the adventures later attributed to him. In the third chapter, Siegfried arrives in Worms with the hopes of wooing Kriemhild. Upon his arrival, Hagen von Tronje, one of King Gunther's vassals, tells Gunther about Siegfried's youthful exploits that involved winning a treasure and lands from a pair of brothers, Nibelung and Schilbung, whom Siegfried had killed when he was unable to divide the treasure between them and, almost incidentally, the killing of a dragon. Siegfried leaves his treasure in the charge of a dwarf named Alberich.

text: After killing the dragon, Siegfried then bathed in its blood, which rendered him invulnerable. Unfortunately for Siegfried, a leaf fell onto his back from a linden tree, and the small patch of skin that the leaf covered did not come into contact with the dragon's blood, leaving Siegfried vulnerable in that single spot. In spite of Hagen's threatening stories about his youth, the Burgundians welcome him, but do not allow him to meet the princess. Disappointed, he nonetheless remains in Worms and helps Gunther defeat the invading Saxons.

text: In Chapter 5, Siegfried finally meets Kriemhild. Gunther requests Siegfried to sail with him to the fictional city of Isenstein in Iceland to win the hand of Iceland's Queen, Brünhild. Siegfried agrees, though only if Gunther allows him to marry Gunther's sister, Kriemhild, whom Siegfried pines for. Gunther, Siegfried and a group of Burgundians set sail for Iceland with Siegfried pretending to be Gunther's vassal. Upon their arrival, Brünhild challenges Gunther to a trial of strength with her hand in marriage as a reward. If they lose, however, they will be sentenced to death. She challenges Gunther to three athletic contests, throwing a javelin, tossing a boulder, and a leap. After seeing the boulder and javelin, it becomes apparent to the group that Brünhild is immensely strong and they fear for their lives.

text: Siegfried quietly returns to the boat on which his group had sailed and retrieves his special cloak, which renders him invisible and gives him the strength of 12 men (Chapters 6–8). Siegfried, with his immense strength, invisibly leads Gunther through the trials. Unknowingly deceived, the impressed Brünhild thinks King Gunther, not Siegfried, defeated her and agrees to marry Gunther. Gunther becomes afraid that Brünhild may yet be planning to kill them, so Siegfried goes to Nibelungenland and single-handedly conquers the kingdom. Siegfried makes them his vassals and returns with a thousand of them, himself going ahead as messenger. The group of Burgundians, Gunther and Gunther's new wife-to-be Brünhild return to Worms, where a grand reception awaits them and they marry to much fanfare. Siegfried and Kriemhild are also then married with Gunther's blessings.

text: However, on their wedding night, Brünhild suspects something is amiss with her situation, particularly suspecting Siegfried as a potential cause. Gunther attempts to sleep with her and, with her great strength, she easily ties him up and leaves him that way all night. After he tells Siegfried of this, Siegfried again offers his help, proposing that he slip into their chamber at night with his invisibility cloak and silently beat Brünhild into submission. Gunther agrees but says that Siegfried must not sleep with Brünhild. Siegfried slips into the room according to plan and after a difficult and violent struggle, an invisible Siegfried defeats Brünhild. Siegfried then takes her ring and belt, which are symbols of defloration. Here it is implied that Siegfried sleeps with Brünhild, despite Gunther's request. Afterwards, Brünhild no longer possesses her once-great strength and says she will no longer refuse Gunther. Siegfried gives the ring and belt to his own newly wed, Kriemhild, in Chapter 10.

text: Years later, Brünhild, still feeling as if she had been lied to, goads Gunther into inviting Siegfried and Kriemhild to their kingdom. Brünhild does this because she is still under the impression that Gunther married off his sister to a low-ranking vassal (while Gunther and Siegfried are in reality of equal rank) yet the normal procedures are not being followed between the two ranks combined with her lingering feelings of suspicion. Both Siegfried and Kriemhild come to Worms and all is friendly between the two until, before entering Worms Cathedral, Kriemhild and Brünhild argue over who should have precedence according to their husbands' perceived ranks.

text: Having been earlier deceived about the relationship between Siegfried and Gunther, Brünhild thinks it is obvious that she should go first, through custom of her perceived social rank. Kriemhild, unaware of the deception involved in Brünhild's wooing, insists that they are of equal rank and the dispute escalates. Severely angered, Kriemhild shows Brünhild first the ring and then the belt that Siegfried took from Brünhild on her wedding night, and then calls her Siegfried's kebse (mistress or concubine). Brünhild feels greatly distressed and humiliated, and bursts into tears.

text: The argument between the queens is both a risk for the marriage of Gunther and Brünhild and a potential cause for a lethal rivalry between Gunther and Siegfried, which both Gunther and Siegfried attempt to avoid. Gunther acquits Siegfried of the charges. Despite this, Hagen von Tronje decides to kill Siegfried to protect the honor and reign of his king. Although it is Hagen who does the deed, Gunther – who at first objects to the plot – along with his brothers knows of the plan and quietly assents. Hagen contrives a false military threat to Gunther, and Siegfried, considering Gunther a great friend, volunteers to help Gunther once again.

text: Under the pretext of this threat of war, Hagen persuades Kriemhild, who still trusts Hagen, to mark Siegfried's single vulnerable point on his clothing with a cross under the premise of protecting him. Now knowing Siegfried's weakness, the fake campaign is called off and Hagen then uses the cross as a target on a hunting trip, killing Siegfried with a javelin as he is drinking from a brook (Chapter 16). Kriemhild becomes aware of Hagen's deed when, in Hagen's presence, the corpse of Siegfried bleeds at the site of the wound (an old Norse legend held that the corpse of a murdered person would bleed in the presence of the murderer, known as cruentation).[4] This perfidious murder is particularly dishonorable in medieval thought, as throwing a javelin is the manner in which one might slaughter a wild beast, not a knight. We see this in other literature of the period, such as with Parsifal's unwittingly dishonorable crime of combatting and slaying knights with a javelin (transformed into a swan in Wagner's opera).[5] Further dishonoring Siegfried, Hagen steals the hoard from Kriemhild and throws it into the Rhine (Rheingold), to prevent Kriemhild from using it to establish an army of her own.[6]

text: Kriemhild's revenge[edit]

text: Kriemhild swears to take revenge for the murder of her husband and the theft of her treasure. Many years later, King Etzel of the Huns (Attila the Hun) proposes to Kriemhild, she journeys to the land of the Huns, and they are married. For the baptism of their son, she invites her brothers, the Burgundians, to a feast at Etzel's castle in Hungary. Hagen does not want to go, suspecting that it is a trick by Kriemhild in order to take revenge and kill them all, but is taunted until he does. As the Burgundians cross the Danube, this fate is confirmed by Nixes, who predict that all but one monk will die. Hagen tries to drown the monk in order to render the prophecy futile, but he survives.

text: The Burgundians arrive at Etzel's castle and are welcomed by Kriemhild "with lying smiles and graces." But the lord Dietrich of Bern, an ally of Etzel's, advises the Burgundians to keep their weapons with them at all times, which is normally not allowed. The tragedy unfolds as Kriemhild comes before Hagen, reproaching him for her husband Siegfried's death, and demands that he return her Nibelungenschatz. Not only did Hagen humilate her right from arrival by openly carrying Balmung, Siegfried's sword stolen right away from his corpse. He also answers her boldly, admits he killed Siegfried and that he sank the Nibelungen treasure into the Rhine. The culprit, however, blames all these acts on Kriemhild's own behavior.

text: King Etzel then welcomes his wife's brothers warmly. But outside a tense feast in the great hall, a fight breaks out between Huns and Burgundians, and soon there is general mayhem. When word of the fight arrives at the feast, Hagen decapitates the young son of Kriemhild and Etzel before their eyes. The Burgundians take control of the hall, which is besieged by Etzel's warriors. Kriemhild offers her brothers their lives if they hand over Hagen, but they refuse. The battle lasts all day, until the queen orders the hall to be burned with the Burgundians inside.

text: All of the Burgundians are killed except for Hagen and Gunther, who are bound and held prisoner by Dietrich of Bern. Kriemhild has the men brought before her and orders her brother Gunther to be killed. Even after seeing Gunther's head, Hagen refuses to tell the queen what he has done with the Nibelungen treasure. Furious, Kriemhild herself cuts off Hagen's head. Old Hildebrand, the mentor of Dietrich of Bern, is infuriated by the shameful deaths of the Burgundian guests. He hews Kriemhild to pieces with his sword. In a fifteenth-century manuscript, he is said to strike Kriemhild a single clean blow to the waist; she feels no pain, however, and declares that his sword is useless. Hildebrand then drops a ring and commands Kriemhild to pick it up. As she bends down, her body falls into pieces. Dietrich and Etzel and all the people of the court lament the deaths of so many heroes.

text: Historical background[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The historical core of the saga is the defeat of the Burgundians by Flavius Aëtius with the aid of Hunnic mercenaries near Worms ca. AD 436. Other possible influences are the feud between the 6th century Merovingian queens Brunhilda and Fredegunde, as well as the marriage of Attila with the Burgundian princess Ildikó in AD 453, which took place the day before his death.

text: From the evidence of Waltharius, Nibelung is a name for the Franks, although there are other uses of the name in other medieval texts. The first part of the Nibelungenlied deals with Gunther's wooing of Brünhild and the murder of Siegfried, which takes place in Worms. The second part describes the journey of the Nibelungs east across the Danube to Etzelburg, the residence of Attila the Hun (Etzel), and the location of the final catastrophe. The Nibelungenlied arranges these traditional materials in a composition aiming at a High Medieval audience casting the inherited Germanic theme in a critical view of contemporary chivalry. Consequently, Siegfried changes from a dragon killer to a courtly man who will express his love to Kriemhild explicitly only after he has won the friendship of the Burgundian king Gunther and his brothers, Gernot and Giselher. Some situations, which exaggerate the conflict between the Germanic migrations and the chivalrous ethics (such as Gunther's embarrassing wedding night with Brünhild) may be interpreted as irony. The notoriously bloody end that leaves no hope for reconciliation is far removed from the happy ending of typical courtly epics, but is probably part of the original story. The bloody conclusion is also part of the overall critical dimension of the work.

text: Some scholars, particularly Delbrück, consider the historical figure of Arminius (Hermann), who defeated the Roman imperial legions (clad in scale armour) at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, a possible archetype for the dragon-slayer Siegfried.[7]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: An early critic[who?] labeled it a German Iliad, arguing that, like the Greek epic, it goes back to the remotest times and unites the monumental fragments of half-forgotten myths and historical personages into a poem that is essentially national in character.

text: Imagery from the Nibelungenlied was used in many poems, essays, posters and speeches at every stage in the development of German nationalism, from the Befreiungskriege (Wars of Liberation) to the regime of National Socialism (Nazism), to less jingoistic interpretations and references today.

text: For example, the faithfulness among the Burgundian king and his vassals, ranked higher than family bonds or life, is called Nibelungentreue. This expression was used in Germany, prior to World War I to describe the alliance between the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, as well as trying to inspire the army when referring to the Battle of Stalingrad.

text: The word Nibelungen is applied to the followers of Siegfried and finally to the Burgundians which are portrayed in the poem.

text: Today it is very difficult to separate the influence of the Nibelungenlied itself from that of other works of art and propaganda dealing with the Siegfried myths. Often, images which clearly refer to part of this story differ in some way. For example, one famous poster from the 1930s links Siegfried's death with the Dolchstosslegende (the idea that German soldiers were stabbed in the back by the peace treaties of 1918) and shows a Siegfried-like figure stabbed with a dagger, not a spear.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The Nibelungenlied, Thidreks saga and the Völsunga saga served as source materials for Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (English: The Ring of the Nibelung), a series of four music dramas popularly known as the Ring Cycle.

text: In 1924, Austrian director Fritz Lang made a duology of silent fantasy films of the epic: Die Nibelungen: Siegfried and Die Nibelungen: Kriemhilds Rache. Lang and Thea von Harbou wrote the screenplay for the first film; von Harbou has the sole screenwriting credit on the second. Margarete Schön portrayed Kriemhild, Paul Richter portrayed Siegfried, and Hanna Ralph portrayed Brunhild. A two-part remake was made in 1966.

text: The premise of the Nibelungenlied was made into a miniseries called Ring of the Nibelungs (also called Sword of Xanten) in 2004. It adapts the title of the operatic series by Wagner and, like Der Ring des Nibelungen, is in many ways closer to the Norse legends of Sigurd and Brynhild than to the Nibelungenlied itself. Like many adaptations, it deals only with the first half of the epic, ignoring Kriemhild's revenge. On the SciFi Channel, it is broadcast with title Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King (2006).

text: Editions[edit]

text: (in chronological order)

text:
Karl Bartsch, Der Nibelunge Nôt : mit den Abweichungen von der Nibelunge Liet, den Lesarten sämmtlicher Handschriften und einem Wörterbuche, Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1870–1880
Michael S. Batts. Das Nibelungenlied, critical edition, Tübingen: M. Niemeyer 1971. ISBN 3-484-10149-0
Helmut de Boor. Das Nibelungenlied, 22nd revised and expanded edition, ed. Roswitha Wisniewski, Wiesbaden 1988, ISBN 3-7653-0373-9. This edition is based ultimately on that of Bartsch.
Ursula Schulze, Das Nibelungenlied, Düsseldorf / Zürich: Artemis & Winkler 2005. ISBN 3-538-06990-5. Based on manuscript C.
Hermann Reichert, Das Nibelungenlied, Berlin: de Gruyter 2005. VII, ISBN 3-11-018423-0. Edition of manuscript B, normalized text; introduction in German.
Hermann Reichert, Nibelungenlied-Lehrwerk. Sprachlicher Kommentar, mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik, Wörterbuch. Passend zum Text der St. Galler Fassung („B“). Wien: Praesens Verlag 2007. ISBN 978-3-7069-0445-2. Linguistic help for beginners (in German).
Walter Kofler (Ed.), Nibelungenlied und Klage. Redaktion I, Stuttgart: Hirzel 2011. ISBN 978-3-7776-2145-6. Manuscript I.
Walter Kofler (Ed.), Nibelungenlied. Redaktion D, Stuttgart: Hirzel 2012. ISBN 978-3-7776-2297-2. Manuscript D.
Joachim Heinzle (Ed.), Das Nibelungenlied und die Klage. Nach der Handschrift 857 der Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen. Mittelhochdeutscher Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar (Bibliothek des Mittelalters 12), Berlin 2013. Text, translation and commentary, based on manuscript B.

text: Translations and adaptations[edit]

text: English[edit]

text:
Alice Horton, Translator. The Lay of the Nibelungs: Metrically Translated from the Old German Text, G. Bell and Sons, London, 1898. https://archive.org/stream/nibelungslay00hortrich Line by line translation of the "B manuscript". (Deemed the most accurate of the "older translations" in Encyclopedia of literary translation into English: M-Z, Volume 2, edited by Olive Classe, 2000, Taylor & Francis, pp. 999–1000.)
Margaret Armour, Translator. Franz Schoenberner, Introduction. Edy Legrand, Illustrator. The Nibelungenlied, Heritage Press, New York, 1961
A.T. Hatto, The Nibelungenlied, Penguin Classics 1964. English translation and extensive critical and historical appendices.
Robert Lichtenstein. The Nibelungenlied, Translated and introduced by Robert Lichtenstein. (Studies in German Language and Literature Number: 9). Edwin Mellen Press, 1992. ISBN 0-7734-9470-7. ISBN 978-0-7734-9470-1.
Burton Raffel, Das Nibelungenlied, new translation. Foreword by Michael Dirda. Introduction by Edward R. Haymes. Yale University Press 2006. ISBN 978-0-300-11320-4. ISBN 0-300-11320-X
Michael Manning (Illustrator), Erwin Tschofen (Author), Michael Manning's The Nibelungen, sum legio publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-3-9502635-8-9.
Cyril Edwards,The Nibelungenlied. The Lay of the Nibelungs, translated with an introduction and notes. Oxford University Press 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-923854-5.

text: Modern German[edit]

text:
Das Nibelungenlied. Zweisprachig, parallel text, edited and translated by Helmut de Boor. Sammlung Dieterich, 4th edition, Leipzig 1992, ISBN 3-7350-0104-1.
Das Nibelungenlied. Mhd./Nhd., parallel text based on the edition of Karl Bartsch andHelmut de Boor, translated with commentary by Siegfried Grosse. Reclam Universal-Bibliothek. Band 644. Reclam, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-15-000644-9.
Albrecht Behmel. Das Nibelungenlied, translation, Ibidem Verlag, 2nd edition, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 978-3-89821-145-1


document_title: Ribosome biogenesis

question_text: where does the formation of ribosomal subunits occur

root

text: Ribosome biogenesis

text: Ribosomes[edit]

text: Ribosomes are the macromolecular machines that are responsible for mRNA translation into proteins. The eukaryotic ribosome, also called the 80S ribosome, is made up of two subunits – the large 60S subunit (which contains the 25S (in plants) or 28S (in mammals), 5.8S, and 5S rRNA) and a small 40S subunit (which contains the 18S rRNA and 33 R proteins) as well as 46 ribosomal proteins. The ribosomal proteins are encoded by ribosomal genes or rDNA.

tag: p

text: Prokaryotes[edit]

text: There are 52 genes that encode the ribosomal proteins, and they can be found in 20 operons within prokaryotic DNA. Regulation of ribosome synthesis hinges on the regulation of the rRNA itself.

text:
First, a reduction in aminoacyl-tRNA will cause the prokaryotic cell to respond by lowering transcription and translation. This occurs through a series of steps, beginning with stringent factors binding to ribosomes and catalyzing the reaction:
GTP + ATP --> pppGpp + AMP

text: The γ-phosphate is then removed and ppGpp will bind to and inhibit RNA polymerase. This binding causes a reduction in rRNA transcription. A reduced amount of rRNA means that ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) will be translated but will not have an rRNA to bind to. Instead, they will negatively feedback and bind to their own mRNA, repressing r-protein synthesis. Note that r-proteins preferentially bind to its complementary rRNA if it is present, rather than mRNA.

text: The ribosome operons also include the genes for RNA polymerase and elongation factors (used in RNA translation). Regulation of all of these genes at once illustrate the coupling between transcription and translation in prokaryotes.

text: Eukaryotes[edit]

text: Ribosomal protein synthesis in eukaryotes is a major metabolic activity. It occurs, like most protein synthesis, in the cytoplasm just outside the nucleus. Individual ribosomal proteins are synthesized and imported into the nucleus through nuclear pores. See nuclear import for more about the movement of the ribosomal proteins into the nucleus.

text: The rRNA is transcribed, at a high speed, in the nucleolus, which contains all 45S rRNA genes. The only exception is the 5S rRNA which is transcribed outside the nucleolus. After transcription, the rRNAs associate with the ribosomal proteins, forming the two types of ribosomal subunits (large and small). These will later assemble in the cytosol to make a functioning ribosome. See nuclear export for more about the movement of the ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus.[4]

text: Processing[edit]

text: Eukaryotic cells co-transcribe three of the mature rRNA species though a series of steps. The maturation process of the rRNAs and the process of recruiting the r-proteins happen in precursor ribosomal particles, sometimes called pre-ribosomes, and takes place in the nucleolus, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm. The yeast, S. cerevisiae is the eukaryotic model organism for the study of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis starts in the nucleolus. There, the 18S, 5.8S, and 25S subunits of the rRNA are cotranscribed from ribosomal genes as a polycistronic transcript by RNA polymerase I,[2] and is called 35S pre-RNA.[1]

text: Transcription of polymerase I starts with a Pol I initiation complex that binds to the rDNA promoter. The formation of this complex requires the help of an upstream activating factor or UAF that associates with TATA-box binding protein and the core factor (CF). Together the two transcription factors allow the RNA pol I complex to bind with the polymerase I initiation factor, Rrn3. As the pol I transcript is produced, approximately 75 small nucleolar ribonucleoparticles (snoRNPs) facilitate the co-transcriptional covalent modifications of >100 rRNA residues. These snoRNPs control 2’-O-ribose methylation of nucleotides and also assist in the creation of pseudouridines.[1] At the 5’ end of rRNA transcripts, small subunit ribosomal proteins (Rps) and non-ribosomal factors assemble with the pre-RNA transcripts to create ball-like knobs. These knobs are the first pre-ribosomal particles in the small (40S) ribosomal subunit pathway.[1] The rRNA transcript is cleaved at the A2 site, and this separates the early 40S pre-ribosome from the remaining pre-rRNA that will combine with large subunit ribosomal proteins (Rpl) and other non-ribosomal factors to create the pre-60S ribosomal particles.[1]

text: 40S subunit[edit]

text: The transcriptional assembly of the 40S subunit precursor, sometimes referred to as the small subunit processome (SSU) or 90S particle happens in a hierarchical fashion – essentially a stepwise incorporation of the UTP-A, UTP-B, and UTP-C subcomplexes. These subcomplexes are made up of over 30 non ribosomal protein factors, the U3 snoRNP particle, a few Rps proteins, and the 35S pre-rRNA. Their exact role, though has not been discovered.[2] The composition of the pre-40S particle changes drastically once cleavage at the U3 snoRNPA dependent sites (sites A0, A1, and A2) are made. This cleavage event creates the 20S pre-rRNA and causes ribosomal factors to dissociate from the pre-40S particle. At this point in the ribosome biogenesis process, the 40S pre-ribosome already shows the “head” and “body” structures of the mature 40S subunit. The 40S pre-ribosome is transported out of the nucleolus and into the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic 40S pre-ribosome now contains ribosomal proteins, the 20s rRNA and a few non-ribosomal factors. The final formation of the 40S subunit “beak” structure occurs after a phosphorylation and dephosphorylation event involving the Enp1-Ltv1-Rps3 complex and the kinase, Hrr25. Cleavage of the 20S pre-rRNA at the D-site creates the mature 18s rRNA. This cleavage event is dependent on several non-ribosomal factors such as Nob1, Rio1, Rio2, Tsr1 and Fap7.[1]

text: 60S subunit[edit]

text: The maturation of the pre-60S subunit into a mature 60S subunit requires many biogenesis factors that associate and disassociate. In addition, some assembly factors associate with the 60S subunit while others only interact with it transiently. As an overall trend, the maturation of the pre-60S subunit is marked a gradual decrease in complexity. The subunit matures as it moves from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm and gradually the number of trans-acting factors are reduced.[2] The maturation of the 60S subunit requires the help of about 80 factors. Eight of these factors are directly involved with the processing of the 27S A3 pre-rRNA, which actually completes the formation of the mature 5’end of the 5.8S rRNA. The A3 factors bind to distant sites on the pre-RNA as well as to each other. Subsequently, they bring areas of rRNA close together and promote the processing of pre-rRNA and the recruitment of ribosomal proteins. Three AAA-type ATPases work to strip the factors from the maturing 60S pre-ribosome. One of the ATPases is a dynein-like Rea1 protein made up of 6 different ATPase domains that form a ring structure. The ring structure is attached to a flexible tail that happens to have a MIDAS (Metal ion-dependentant adhesion site) tip. The Rea1 interacts with the 60S pre-ribosome via its ring while two substrates, Ytm1 and Rsa1, interact with Rea1 through its MIDAS tip. The role of these substrates has not yet been defined. Both though, along with their interactions, are removed in the maturation process of the 60S pre-ribosome. The other two ATPases, Rix7 and Drg1 also function to remove assembly factors from the maturing 60S subunit. Helicases and GTPases are also involved in the removal of assembly factors and the rearrangement of RNA to form the completed 60S subunit. Once in the cytoplasm (see nuclear export), the 60S subunit further undergoes processing in order to be functional. The rest of the large subunit ribosomal particles associate with the 60S unit and the remaining non-ribosomal assembly factors disassociate. The release of the biogenesis factors is mediated mostly by GTPases such as Lsg1 and ATPases such as Drg1. The precise sequence of these events remains unclear. The pathway of 60S cytoplasmic maturation remains incomplete as far as current knowledge is concerned.[2]

text: Nuclear export[edit]

text: In order for the pre-ribosomal units to fully mature, they must be exported to the cytoplasm. To effectively move from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm, the pre-ribosomes interact with export receptors to move through the hydrophobic central channel of the nuclear pore complex.[2] The karyopherin Crm1 is the receptor for both ribosomal subunits and mediates export in a Ran-GTP dependent fashion. It recognizes molecules that have leucine-rich nuclear export signals. The Crm1 is pulled to the large 60S subunit by the help of an adapter protein called Nmd3. The adapter protein for the 40S unit is unknown. In addition to Crm1, other factors play a role in nuclear export of pre-ribosomes. A general mRNA export receptor, called Mex67, as well as a HEAT-repeating-containing protein, Rrp12, facilitate the export of both subunits. These factors are non-essential proteins and help to optimize the export of the pre-ribosomes since they are large molecules.[2]

text: Quality control[edit]

text: Because ribosomes are so complex, a certain number of ribosomes are assembled incorrectly and could potentially waste cellular energy and resources when synthesizing non-functional proteins. To prevent this, cells have an active surveillance system to recognize damaged or defective ribosomes and target them for degradation. The surveillance mechanism is in place to detect nonfunctional pre-ribosomes as well as nonfunctional mature ribosomes. In addition, the surveillance system brings the necessary degradation equipment and actually degrades the nonfunctional ribosomes.[1] Pre-ribosomes that build up in the nucleus are destroyed by the exosome, which is a multisubunit complex with exonuclease activity. If perhaps defective ribosomal subunits do make it to the cytoplasm, there is an additional surveillance system in place to target their degradation in the cytoplasm. Certain mutations in residues of the large ribosome subunit will actually result in RNA decay and thus degradation of the unit. Because the amount of defects that are possible in ribosome assembly are so extensive, it is still unknown as to how the surveillance system detects all defects, but it has been postulated that instead of targeting specific defects, the surveillance system recognizes the consequences of those defects – such as assembly delays. Meaning, if there is a disruption in the assembly or maturation of a mature ribosome, the surveillance system will act as if the subunit is defective.[2]

text: Human disease[edit]

text: Mutations in ribosome biogenesis are linked to several human ribosomopathy genetic diseases, including inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, which are characterized by a predisposition to cancer and a reduced number of blood cells. Ribosomal dysregulation may also play a role in cancer.


document_title: Little Rock Nine

question_text: who escorted the little rock nine to school

text: Little Rock Nine

text: The Blossom Plan

text: One of the plans created during attempts to desegregate the schools of Little Rock was by school superintendent Virgil Blossom. The initial approach proposed substantial integration beginning quickly and extending to all grades within a matter of many years.[3] This original proposal was scrapped and replaced with one that more closely met a set of minimum standards worked out in attorney Richard B. McCulloch's brief.[4] This finalized plan would start in September 1957 and would integrate one high school, Little Rock Central. The second phase of the plan would take place in 1960 and would open up a few junior high schools to a few black children. The final stage would involve limited desegregation of the city's grade schools at an unspecified time, possibly as late as 1963.[4]

text: This plan was met with varied reactions from the NAACP branch of Little Rock. Militant members like the Bateses opposed the plan on the grounds that it was "vague, indefinite, slow-moving and indicative of an intent to stall further on public integration."[5] Despite this view, the majority accepted the plan; most felt that Blossom and the school board should have the chance to prove themselves, that the plan was reasonable, and that the white community would accept it.

text: This view was short lived, however. Changes were made to the plan, the most detrimental being a new transfer system that would allow students to move out of the attendance zone to which they were assigned.[5] The unaltered Blossom Plan had gerrymandered school districts to guarantee a black majority at Horace Mann High and a white majority at Hall High.[5] This meant that, even though black students lived closer to Central, they would be placed in Horace Mann thus confirming the intention of the school board to limit the impact of desegregation.[5] The altered plan gave white students the choice of not attending Horace Mann, but didn't give black students the option of attending Hall. This new Blossom Plan did not sit well with the NAACP and after failed negotiations with the school board; the NAACP filed a lawsuit on February 8, 1956.

text: This lawsuit, along with a number of other factors contributed to the Little Rock School Crisis of 1957.

text: National Guard blockade

text: Several segregationist councils threatened to hold protests at Central High and physically block the black students from entering the school. Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard to support the segregationists on September 4, 1957. The sight of a line of soldiers blocking out the students made national headlines and polarized the nation. Regarding the accompanying crowd, one of the nine students, Elizabeth Eckford, recalled:

text: They moved closer and closer. ... Somebody started yelling. ... I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the crowd—someone who maybe could help. I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat on me.[6]

text: On September 9, the Little Rock School District issued a statement condemning the governor's deployment of soldiers to the school, and called for a citywide prayer service on September 12. Even President Dwight Eisenhower attempted to de-escalate the situation by summoning Faubus for a meeting, warning him not to defy the Supreme Court's ruling.[7]

text: Armed escort

text: Woodrow Wilson Mann, the mayor of Little Rock, asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration and protect the nine students. On September 24, the President ordered the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army—without its black soldiers, who rejoined the division a month later—to Little Rock and federalized the entire 10,000-member Arkansas National Guard, taking it out of the hands of Faubus.[8]

text: A tense year

text: By the end of September 1957, the nine were admitted to Little Rock Central High under the protection of the 101st Airborne Division (and later the Arkansas National Guard), but they were still subjected to a year of physical and verbal abuse (being spat on and called names) by many of the white students. Melba Pattillo had acid thrown into her eyes[9] and also recalled in her book, Warriors Don't Cry, an incident in which a group of white girls trapped her in a stall in the girls' washroom and attempted to burn her by dropping pieces of flaming paper on her from above. Another one of the students, Minnijean Brown, was verbally confronted and abused. She said

text: I was one of the kids 'approved' by the school officials. We were told we would have to take a lot and were warned not to fight back if anything happened. One girl ran up to me and said, 'I'm so glad you're here. Won't you go to lunch with me today?' I never saw her again.[10]

text: Minnijean Brown was also taunted by members of a group of white male students in December 1957 in the school cafeteria during lunch. She dropped her lunch, a bowl of chili, onto the boys and was suspended for six days. Two months later, after more confrontation, Brown was suspended for the rest of the school year. She transferred to New Lincoln High School in New York City.[2] As depicted in the 1981 made-for-TV docudrama Crisis at Central High, and as mentioned by Melba Pattillo Beals in Warriors Don't Cry, white students were punished only when their offense was "both egregious and witnessed by an adult".[11] The drama was based on a book by Elizabeth Huckaby, a vice-principal during the crisis.

text: "The Lost Year"

text: In the summer of 1958, as the school year was drawing to a close, Faubus decided to petition the decision by the Federal District Court in order to postpone the desegregation of public high schools in Little Rock.[12] In the Cooper v. Aaron case, the Little Rock School District, under the leadership of Orval Faubus, fought for a two and a half year delay on de-segregation, which would have meant that black students would only be permitted into public high schools in January 1961.[13] Faubus argued that if the schools remained integrated there would be an increase in violence. However, in August 1958, the Federal Courts ruled against the delay of de-segregation, which incited Faubus to call together an Extraordinary Session of the State Legislature on August 26 in order to enact his segregation bills.[14]

text: Claiming that Little Rock had to assert their rights and freedom against the federal decision, in September 1958, Faubus signed acts that enabled him and the Little Rock School District to close all public schools.[15] Thus, with this bill signed, on Monday September 15, Faubus ordered the closure of all four public high schools, preventing both black and white students from attending school.[16] Despite Faubus's decree, the town's population had the chance of refuting the bill since the school-closing law necessitated a referendum. The referendum, which would either condone or condemn Faubus's law, was to take place within thirty days.[16] A week before the referendum, which was scheduled to take place on September 27, Faubus addressed the citizens of Little Rock in an attempt to secure their votes. Faubus urged the population to vote against integration since he was planning on leasing the public school buildings to private schools, and, in doing so, would educate the white and black students separately.[17] Faubus was successful in his appeal and won the referendum. This year came to be known as the "Lost Year."

text: Faubus's victory led to a series of consequences that affected Little Rock society. Faubus's intention to open private schools was denied[clarification needed] the same day the referendum took place, which caused some citizens of Little Rock to turn on the black community. The black community became a target for hate crimes since people blamed them for the closing of the schools.[18] Daisy Bates, head of the NAACP chapter in Little Rock, was a primary victim to these crimes, in addition to the black students enrolled at Little Rock Central High School and their families.[19]

text: The town's teachers were also placed in a difficult position. They were forced to swear loyalty to Faubus's bills.[16] Even though Faubus's idea of private schools never played out, the teachers were still expected to attend school every day and prepare for the possibility of their students' return.[20] The teachers were completely under Faubus's control and the many months that the school stayed empty only served as a cause for uncertainty in their professional futures.[21]

text: In May 1959, after the firing of forty-four teachers and administrative staff from the four high schools, three segregationist board members were replaced with three moderate ones. The new board members reinstated the forty-four staff members to their positions.[22] The new board of directors then began an attempt to reopen the schools, much to Faubus's dismay. In order to avoid any further complications, the public high schools were scheduled to open earlier than usual, on August 12, 1959.[22]

text: Although the Lost Year had come to a close, the black students who returned to the high schools were not welcomed by the other students. Rather, the black students had a difficult time getting past mobs to enter the school, and, once inside, they were often subject to physical and emotional abuse.[23] The students were back at school and everything would eventually resume normal function, but the Lost Year would be a pretext for new hatred towards the black students in the public high school.

text: Motivations

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Faubus's opposition to desegregation was likely both politically and racially motivated.[24] Although Faubus had indicated that he would consider bringing Arkansas into compliance with the high court's decision in 1956, desegregation was opposed by his own southern Democratic Party, which dominated all Southern politics at the time. Faubus risked losing political support in the upcoming 1958 Democratic gubernatorial primary if he showed support for integration.[25]

text: Most histories of the crisis conclude that Faubus, facing pressure as he campaigned for a third term, decided to appease racist elements in the state by calling out the National Guard to prevent the black students from entering Central High. Former associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court James D. Johnson claimed to have hoaxed Governor Faubus into calling out the National Guard, supposedly to prevent a white mob from stopping the integration of Little Rock Central High School: "There wasn't any caravan. But we made Orval believe it. We said. 'They're lining up. They're coming in droves.' ... The only weapon we had was to leave the impression that the sky was going to fall." He later claimed that Faubus asked him to raise a mob to justify his actions.[26]

text: Harry Ashmore, the editor of the Arkansas Gazette, won a 1958 Pulitzer Prize for his editorials on the crisis. Ashmore portrayed the fight over Central High as a crisis manufactured by Faubus; in his interpretation, Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to keep black children out of Central High School because he was frustrated by the success his political opponents were having in using segregationist rhetoric to stir white voters.[27]

text: Congressman Brooks Hays, who tried to mediate between the federal government and Faubus, was later defeated by a last minute write-in candidate, Dale Alford, a member of the Little Rock School Board who had the backing of Faubus's allies.[28] A few years later, despite the incident with the "Little Rock Nine", Faubus ran as a moderate segregationist against Dale Alford, who was challenging Faubus for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1962.

text: Legacy

text:
External video

 Booknotes interview with Melba Patillo Beals on Warriors Don't Cry, November 27, 1994, C-SPAN

text: Little Rock Central High School still functions as part of the Little Rock School District, and is now a National Historic Site that houses a Civil Rights Museum, administered in partnership with the National Park Service, to commemorate the events of 1957.[29] The Daisy Bates House, home to Daisy Bates, then the president of the Arkansas NAACP and a focal point for the students, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001 for its role in the episode.[30]

text: In 1958, Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén published "Little Rock", a bilingual composition in English and Spanish denouncing the racial segregation in the United States.[31]

text: Melba Pattillo Beals wrote a memoir titled Warriors Don't Cry, published in the mid-1990s.

text: Two made-for-television movies have depicted the events of the crisis: the 1981 CBS movie Crisis at Central High, and the 1993 Disney Channel movie The Ernest Green Story.

text: In 1996, seven of the Little Rock Nine appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show. They came face to face with a few of the white students who had tormented them as well as one student who had befriended them.

text: President Bill Clinton honored the Little Rock Nine in November 1999 when he presented them each with a Congressional Gold Medal. The medal is the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress.[32] It is given to those who have provided outstanding service to the country. To receive the Congressional Gold Medal, recipients must be co-sponsored by two-thirds of both the House and Senate.

text: In 2007, the United States Mint made available a commemorative silver dollar to "recognize and pay tribute to the strength, the determination and the courage displayed by African-American high school students in the fall of 1957." The obverse depicts students accompanied by a soldier, with nine stars symbolizing the Little Rock Nine. The reverse depicts an image of Little Rock Central High School, c. 1957. Proceeds from the coin sales are to be used to improve the National Historic Site.

text: On December 9, 2008, the Little Rock Nine were invited to attend the inauguration of President-elect Barack Obama, the first African-American to be elected President of the United States.[33]

text: On February 9, 2010, Marquette University honored the group by presenting them with the Père Marquette Discovery Award, the university's highest honor, one that had previously been given to Mother Teresa, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Karl Rahner, and the Apollo 11 astronauts, among other notables.


document_title: List of highest individual scores in ODIs

question_text: list of highest individual score in odi cricket

text: One Day International (ODI) cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) as well as the top six Associate and Affiliate members.[1] Unlike Test matches, ODIs consist of one innings per team, having a limit in the number of overs.

text: The limit of overs is currently 50 overs per innings, although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs.[2] ODI cricket is List-A cricket, so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List-A records. The earliest match now recognized as an ODI was played between England and Australia in January 1971;[3] since then there have been over 3,000 ODIs played by 26 teams. The frequency of matches has steadily increased, partly because of the increase in the number of ODI-playing countries, and partly as the cricket boards of those nations seek to maximise their revenue.[4]

text: Before breaking the 200 mark, the highest ODI score was 194 jointly held by Pakistani Saeed Anwar and Zimbabwean Charles Coventry. In One Day Internationals, the first man to score a double century was Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar, who scored 200 not out against South Africa at Captain Roop Singh Stadium in Gwalior, India. Rohit Sharma is the only player in history to score 3 double centuries.[5] The following table lists scores of 180 or higher.

text: Highest ODI individual scores[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Score
4s
6s
Strike rate
Innings
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date
Result

1
Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma
264
33
9
152.60
1
 India
 Sri Lanka
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
13 November 2014
Won[6]

2
Guptill, MartinMartin Guptill
237*
24
11
145.39
1
 New Zealand
 West Indies
Westpac Stadium, Wellington
21 March 2015
Won[7]

3
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag
219
25
7
146.97
1
 India
 West Indies
Holkar Cricket Stadium, Indore
8 December 2011
Won[8]

4
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle
215
10
16
146.25
1
 West Indies
 Zimbabwe
Manuka Oval, Canberra
24 February 2015
Won[9]

5
Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma
209
12
16
132.28
1
 India
 Australia
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
2 November 2013
Won[10]

6
Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma
208*
13
12
135.94
1
 India
 Sri Lanka
PCA IS Bindra Stadium, Mohali
13 December 2017
Won[11]

7
Tendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar
200*
25
3
136.05
1
 India
 South Africa
Captain Roop Singh Stadium, Gwalior
24 February 2010
Won[12]

8
Charles Coventry
194*
16
7
124.36
1
 Zimbabwe
 Bangladesh
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
16 August 2009
Lost[13]

8
Saeed Anwar
194
22
5
132.88
1
 Pakistan
 India
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
21 May 1997
Won[14]

10
Vivian Richards
189*
21
5
111.18
1
 West Indies
 England
Old Trafford Cricket Ground, Manchester
31 May 1984
Won[15]

10
Martin Guptill
189*
19
2
121.94
1
 New Zealand
 England
Rose Bowl, Southampton
2 June 2013
Won[16]

10
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
189
21
4
117.39
1
 Sri Lanka
 India
Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium, Sharjah
29 October 2000
Won[17]

13
Kirsten, GaryGary Kirsten
188*
13
4
118.24
1
 South Africa
 United Arab Emirates
Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi
16 February 1996
Won[18]

14
Sachin Tendulkar
186*
20
3
124.00
1
 India
 New Zealand
Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad
8 November 1999
Won[19]

15
Watson, ShaneShane Watson
185*
15
15
192.71
2
 Australia
 Bangladesh
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
11 April 2011
Won[20]

15
du Plessis, FafFaf du Plessis
185
16
3
131.20
1
 South Africa
 Sri Lanka
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
7 February 2017
Won[21]

17
Dhoni, MSMS Dhoni
183*
15
10
126.21
2
 India
 Sri Lanka
Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur
31 October 2005
Won[22]

17
Ganguly, SouravSourav Ganguly
183
17
7
115.82
1
 India
 Sri Lanka
County Ground, Taunton
26 May 1999
Won[23]

17
Kohli, ViratVirat Kohli
183
22
1
123.65
2
 India
 Pakistan
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
18 March 2012
Won[24]

20
Taylor, RossRoss Taylor
181*
17
6
123.12
2
 New Zealand
 England
University of Otago Oval, Dunedin
7 March 2018
Won[25]

20
Hayden, MatthewMatthew Hayden
181*
11
10
109.03
1
 Australia
 New Zealand
Seddon Park, Hamilton
20 February 2007
Lost[26]

20
Richards, VivViv Richards
181
16
7
144.80
1
 West Indies
 Sri Lanka
National Stadium, Karachi, Karachi
13 October 1987
Won[27]

21
Roy, JasonJason Roy
180
16
5
119.20
2
 England
 Australia
MCG, Melbourne, Melbourne
14 January 2018
Won[28]

text: * indicates not out


document_title: NCAA Football (series)

question_text: when did the last ncaa football game come out

question_tokens: when did the last ncaa football game come out

text: NCAA Football (series)

text: Yearly releases (1993–2013)[edit]

text: Bill Walsh College Football[edit]

text:
Bill Walsh College Football

Developer(s)
Visual Concepts

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
Super NES, Sega Genesis, Sega CD

Release
June 1993

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer

text: Bill Walsh College Football was released in June 1993 on 4th generation video game consoles, such as the Sega Genesis.

text: Bill Walsh College Football featured the top 24 college football teams from 1992 and 24 of the all-time greatest teams since 1978. While no actual players were named and no official team logos used, colleges were listed by city and players identified by number. Play modes include exhibition, playoffs, and all-time playoffs. Sixty-eight classic college plays were available, including the triple option, student body, and wishbone.

text: Other options and features include automatic or manual-pass catch mode, audibles, reverse angle replay, onside kicks, four weather conditions (fair, windy, rain, and snow), three different quarter lengths (5, 10, and 15 minutes), and a hurry-up offense.

text: The Bill Walsh endorsement was meant to parallel John Madden's endorsement of NFL Football.

text: Bill Walsh College Football '95[edit]

text:
Bill Walsh College Football '95

Developer(s)
High Score Productions

Publisher(s)
Electronic Arts

Platform(s)
Sega Genesis

Release
June 1, 1994

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer

text: Bill Walsh College Football '95 was the second installment of the college football franchise and the first to have a year.

text: The game featured 36 Division I-A teams, a windowless passing mode, customizable seasons from one to sixteen weeks, and complete statistical tracking throughout the season. Players could choose either a playoff system or bowl games with fictional names: Maple Bowl, Palm Bowl, Pecan Bowl, and Redwood Bowl.

text: Bill Walsh College Football 95 also provided 36 new plays and formations including the Wishbone, Veer, Tee Offense, and 4-4 D.

text: College Football USA 96[edit]

text:
College Football USA 96

Developer(s)
High Score Productions

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
Sega Genesis

Release
July 15, 1995

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer

text: The series was renamed College Football USA 96, and was the first version to feature all (108 at the time) Division l-A teams. It was also the first in the series to feature real bowl games (Orange, Sugar, Fiesta, and Rose). Players could play an entire 11-game season (or shorter if desired) before advancing to one of the bowl games.

text: There were 400 plays from which to choose, and a new passing mode allowed players to select from five receivers on every play. Other new features and options included the following: four-player mode, three different game lengths, substitutions, injuries, audibles, fake snaps, spins, hurdles, dives, blocked kicks, interceptions, and laterals

text: College Football USA 96 would mark the first and only time that the Southwest Conference would appear in a video game.[3] It also marked the only time that the University of Pacific Tigers would appear in a video game, as they dropped their football program after the 1995 season to save money.

text: The game was well received by critics. GamePro called it "the most authentic and in-depth Genesis college football cart yet", citing the challenging A.I., the huge selection of teams, and the many new features and gameplay elements brought to the series.[4] The two sports reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave it scores of 8.5 and 8 out of 10. They likewise praised the selection of teams and the new gameplay elements, and remarked that the game "brings another level in football gaming."[5]

text: College Football USA 97[edit]

text:
College Football USA 97

Developer(s)
High Score Productions

Publisher(s)
EA Sports (Genesis)
Black Pearl Software (SNES)

Platform(s)
Super NES, Sega Genesis

Release
Genesis

NA: June 1, 1996

SNES

NA: December 1996

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer

text: College Football USA 97 was the fourth installment of the series. The game featured University of Nebraska quarterback Tommie Frazier on the cover.

text: The game added a new "create player" feature (up to 28 players) and custom schedules, new animations and all 111 Division I-A teams. Players could also compete in a customized Tournament with support for up to 16 players in a single-elimination or round robin format.

text: Players were also able to adjust penalties, set weather type, enter user records, perform substitutions, set audibles, toggle injuries, and change game length, as well as difficulty level. Authentic playbooks (with plays like the Wishbone), a USA Today/CNN Coaches Poll, and the Sears National Championship Trophy were also available.

text: Reviews for this installment were still positive, but reviewers generally commented that the additions and improvements from College Football USA '96 are too subtle, and advised gamers who already owned the previous installment to carefully consider how important the new features are to them before purchasing.[6][7][8] Electronic Gaming Monthly's sports reviewers both gave it 7 out of 10,[7] and Next Generation gave it 3 out of 5 stars.[8]

text: NCAA Football 98[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 98

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation, Microsoft Windows

Release
PlayStation

NA: July 31, 1997

Windows

NA: September 30, 1997

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer

text: NCAA Football 98 was released on July 31, 1997. The game featured University of Florida quarterback and Heisman Trophy winner Danny Wuerffel on the cover.

text: This was the first game in the series to feature a multi-season Dynasty Mode, allowing players to take control of a team for four seasons and recruit players to fill out roster vacancies at the completion of each season. Additionally, it was EA's first college football game to carry the name and logo of the NCAA. Its ability to use the NCAA's brands in the game were the result of a licensing deal intended primarily for EA's NCAA March Madness basketball games (first released in February 1998) and its incorporation of the Men's Division I Basketball Championship.[3]

text: NCAA Football 99[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 99

Developer(s)
EA Sports

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation, Microsoft Windows

Release
PlayStation

NA: August 1, 1998

Windows

NA: August 31, 1998

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer

text: NCAA Football 99 was the sixth edition of the game. The game featured University of Michigan cornerback and Heisman Trophy winner Charles Woodson on the cover. Its tagline read Desire+Pride=Victory!.

text: The game featured all 112 Division I-A teams at the time and also featured 3D, polygon-rendered players for the first time in the franchise's history. Additional features included the ability to create players, edit player names, sixty fight songs and crowd chants. Over eighty historical teams were added to the game, as well. The Heisman Memorial Trophy replaces the 'EA Sports MVP" trophy and other awards are given out. Recruiting is simple and done in a serpentine draft system. The Rose Bowl, Cotton Bowl, Fiesta Bowl and Sugar Bowl are now playable, and the other Bowls played have EA Sports as the sponsor. Created players from this game can be imported to the title Madden NFL 99. It featured no commentary by booth announcers; instead a PA announcer provides the commentary. Unlike the current games in this franchise, NCAA 99 featured an optional 16 team playoff at the end of the season in dynasty mode.

text: PC Gamer US nominated NCAA Football 99 as the best sports game of 1998, although it lost to NBA Live 99. They wrote that NCAA Football 99 "turned out to be the year's finest pigskin offering, despite a healthy challenge from EA Sports' own Madden NFL 99."[9]

text: NCAA Football 2000[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 2000

Developer(s)
EA Sports

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation

Release
June 30, 1999

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer

text: NCAA Football 2000, released only for the PlayStation, featured University of Texas running back and Heisman Trophy winner Ricky Williams being tackled by a Texas A&M University defense on the cover.

text: The game included all 114 Division I-A schools and 26 from Division I-AA. It also featured new 3D polygon-rendered players, which are fully displayed in multiple camera angles during gameplay.

text: Other notable additions include coaching tips, 23 bowls (up from four), the ability to edit new plays, and the official Heisman Trophy award.

text: NCAA Football 2001[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 2001

Developer(s)
EA Sports

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation

Release
July 25, 2000

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer

text: NCAA Football 2001, released only for the PlayStation, featured University of Alabama running back Shaun Alexander on the cover.

text: This version included Create-a-player, Create-a-school, Custom League (up to eight teams, double round-robin, plus playoff), Custom Tournament (up to 16 teams, double elimination), as well as fully customizable Season/Dynasty schedules. This was also the final installment which offered a playoff at the end of the season in dynasty mode (24 teams).

text: NCAA Football 2002[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 2002

Developer(s)
EA Sports

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation 2

Release
July 23, 2001

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer

text: NCAA Football 2002, released only for the PlayStation 2, featured Florida State quarterback and Heisman Trophy winner Chris Weinke on the cover.

text: This was the first version released for PlayStation 2; it lacked features (such as Custom League, Custom Tournament, and Create-a-school) that were present in the previous PlayStation edition (2001).

text: The game featured a new Campus Cards rewards system, which allowed players to unlock special features in the game such as historical teams or special stadiums.

text: NCAA Football 2003[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 2003

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube

Release
July 20, 2002

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer

text: NCAA Football 2003, released for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox, featured University of Oregon quarterback Joey Harrington on the cover.

text: New features in this version included over 200 licensed fight songs, 3D cheerleaders and 144 different schools.

text: Dynasty mode was enhanced with the ability to redshirt a player and schedule non-conference games before each season. Trophies and awards, modeled after real-life college football awards, was another feature new to this version. Players could win trophies by playing games and could add them to a personal collection which is shown off in a trophy room. These awards include the Heisman, Coach of the Year and Bowl-specific trophies. The game featured 23 different rivalry trophies that were created to represent their real-life counterparts.

text: Create-A-School mode returned in this edition of the game after being absent from the previous year. The game also featured a customizable interface for the first time. A player could choose his or her favorite team and the game interface would be based around that team's fight song, mascot, logos and school colors.

text: NCAA Football 2004[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 2004

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube

Release
July 16, 2003

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer, online

text: NCAA Football 2004, released for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox, featured University of Southern California quarterback and Heisman Trophy winner Carson Palmer on the cover.

text: This edition featured the return of gameplay modes seen in previous versions such as Dynasty Mode.

text: The College Classics mode was introduced in this version and allowed players to replay classic games in college football history. New tackling animations and more realistic zone defenses were also included.

text: NCAA Football 2005[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 2005

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube

Release
July 15, 2004

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer, multiplayer online

text: NCAA Football 2005, the last game in the series to have the full year on the cover and released for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox, featured University of Pittsburgh wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald on the cover.

text: This version introduced more fan interaction in the game. The home team's defense can incite the crowd to make noise, making it difficult for the offense to hear the quarterback's audibles. This feature, dubbed "home field advantage", allowed stadium influence and energy to swing a game's momentum if strong enough. The game ranked the "Top 25 Toughest Places to Play", which included famous stadiums such as Florida's "Swamp" and LSU's "Death Valley", where this feature would be felt more strongly.

text: The new "Match-Up Stick" feature allowed players to match up more experienced and skilled players on younger, less-talented ones to exploit matchup problems.

text: All Division I-A schools were included in the game along with more than 70 I-AA schools. Signature fan celebrations, such as the "Gator Chomp" and "Texas Hook 'Em Horns" were included.

text: NCAA Football 06[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 06

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation 2, Xbox

Release
July 12, 2005

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer, multiplayer online

text: NCAA Football 2006 has features that include the Dynasty mode, wherein the player act as a team's head coach, both on and off the field. Aside from weekly games, the player also controls recruiting freshman for the next year's season; new to the 2006 version is in-season recruiting.

text: Another new feature in the 2006 game is the Race for the Heisman mode, in which the player takes on the role of a single player attempting to win the Heisman Trophy. Race for the Heisman begins with the user selecting which position they want their character to be. The player then completes a workout for college scouts and you are offered scholarships to three different schools. The quality of football programs that offer scholarships depends on how well the player did in the workout. The player can either choose to accept one of the scholarships or walk on at any Division I school. After selecting what school to play for the player is automatically placed in the starting line up. Year after year the player's attributes increase depending on the previous seasons performance with the ultimate goal of winning the Heisman trophy.

text: Desmond Howard, a Heisman-winning player from the University of Michigan, is on the cover. This is a slight break in tradition as the NCAA Football series traditionally featured an NFL rookie on the cover of the game, with an action shot of him wearing his college jersey from the previous year. The game was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox.

text: NCAA Football 07[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 07

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation 2, Xbox, Xbox 360, PSP

Release
July 18, 2006

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer, multiplayer online

text: NCAA Football 07 was released on July 18, 2006, and was the series' first release on both the Xbox 360 and PSP. University of Southern California running back and Heisman Trophy winner Reggie Bush is featured on the game's cover.[1] FCS teams were not featured on next gen consoles, but were available still on previous gen consoles.

text: This version of the game utilized a feature called Turn the Tide, which consisted of a momentum meter on the score graphic at the top or bottom of the screen. A boost in momentum for a team would increase the performance of all players and boost their attributes by a varying amount.

text: This version also included spring drills, an update to the Race for the Heisman mode called Campus Legend (which plays more like NFL Superstar mode in Madden), ESPN integration, and a spring game in Dynasty and Campus Legend modes.

text: NCAA Football 08[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 08

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PS2, PS3, Xbox, Xbox 360

Release
July 17, 2007

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer, multiplayer online

text: NCAA Football 08 was released on July 17, 2007. The cover athlete is Boise State University quarterback Jared Zabransky.

text: Some of the new features for this version include Leadership Control, which allows players who perform well to "lead by example" and control the action on the field and increase their sphere of influence by improving their players' personal ratings on each big play. The game also features a new and deeper recruiting system and an all-new Campus Legend mode. This was the first version of the game released on the PlayStation 3.

text: NCAA Football 09[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 09

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon, EA Canada

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PS2, PS3, PSP, Xbox 360, Wii

Release
July 15, 2008 (approximate)

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer, multiplayer online

text: NCAA Football 09 was released July 15, 2008. It was released on all next generation consoles, including, for the first and only time, the Wii.[10] The covers featured the following college football figures:

text:
PlayStation 2 — DeSean Jackson, wide receiver/return specialist, California
PlayStation 3 — Matt Ryan, quarterback, Boston College
PSP — Owen Schmitt, fullback, West Virginia
Wii — Sparty, mascot, Michigan State
Xbox 360 — Darren McFadden, running back, Arkansas

tag: ul

text: NCAA Football 10[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 10

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon, EA Canada

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PS2, PS3, PSP, Xbox 360

Release
July 14, 2009

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer, multiplayer online

text: NCAA Football 10 was released on July 14, 2009. The covers feature the following former college players:

text:
PlayStation 2 — Brian Orakpo, defensive end/linebacker, Texas
PlayStation 3 — Brian Johnson, quarterback, Utah
PSP — Mark Sanchez, quarterback, USC
Xbox 360 — Michael Crabtree, wide receiver, Texas Tech

text: NCAA Football 11[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 11

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon, EA Canada

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PS2, PS3, Xbox 360, iOS

Release
July 13, 2010

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer, multiplayer online

text: NCAA Football 11 was released on July 13, 2010. It was released on all next generation consoles, with the exception of the Wii. The cover athlete for all three versions is former Florida quarterback Tim Tebow.

text: This was the last version of the game released for the PlayStation 2, and the only version released for iOS.[citation needed]

text: NCAA Football 12[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 12

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon, EA Canada

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PS3, Xbox 360

Release
July 12, 2011

Genre(s)
Sports

Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer, multiplayer online

text: NCAA Football 12 was released on July 12, 2011 on PS3 and Xbox 360. The cover athlete was Mark Ingram Jr. of the University of Alabama.

text: NCAA Football 13[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 13

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation 3, Xbox 360

Release
July 10, 2012

Genre(s)
American football simulation

Mode(s)
Single-player
Multiplayer or singleplayer on-line

text: NCAA Football 13 was released on July 10, 2012. The game's cover features Heisman Trophy winner Robert Griffin III of Baylor, along with another Heisman winner (Barry Sanders from Oklahoma State), who was decided by fan voting. Sanders was picked over Marcus Allen, Doug Flutie, Desmond Howard, Charlie Ward, Andre Ware, Eddie George, and Herschel Walker during the voting process.

text: NCAA Football 14[edit]

text:
NCAA Football 14

Developer(s)
EA Tiburon

Publisher(s)
EA Sports

Platform(s)
PlayStation 3, Xbox 360

Release
July 9, 2013

Genre(s)
American football simulation

Mode(s)
Single-player
Multiplayer or singleplayer on-line

text: NCAA Football 14, the final installment in the series, was released on July 9, 2013. The game's cover features former Michigan quarterback Denard Robinson, who was decided by fan voting. Robinson was picked over Eddie Lacy, Kenjon Barner, Jarvis Jones, EJ Manuel, Ryan Swope, John Simon, and Tyler Eifert during the voting process.

text: Future of the series[edit]

text: Due to recent legal disputes between the association, Electronic Arts, college athletes, and others regarding the usage of college athletes' likenesses in video games (which is currently barred by the NCAA because of the concept of sport amateurism), they would not renew their licensing deal with EA. However, the expiration of the license only affects the use of the NCAA's trademarks in the games; teams and other events are licensed from schools individually or through organizations such as the Collegiate Licensing Company—who announced on the same day that they would extend its own licensing deal with EA through 2017. As such, EA ensured that with these existing deals in place, it would still be able to produce future versions of the franchise without the NCAA license (as it did prior to 1997); EA Sports' executive vice president Andrew Wilson announced that the next edition of the franchise was already in development, and would "[still] feature the college teams, leagues, and all the innovation fans expect from EA Sports."[1][3][11]

text: However, after the SEC, Big Ten, and Pac-12 conferences announced that they would not license their trademarks to EA, the company announced on September 26, 2013 that it would not make a college football game for 2014.[2][12]

text: Player names[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2013)

text: Players' real names and exact likenesses are not used in the game. While the Madden NFL series uses real player names and likenesses, those players are compensated for the use of their image. Due to NCAA restrictions on the amateur status of athletes, names are not allowed. Additionally, current college players cannot be used as cover athletes. Instead, each cover features a player whose college eligibility ended the season before the game's release, wearing his former college uniform. The only two exceptions have been the Wii version of NCAA Football 09, which featured Sparty, the mascot of Michigan State University, on the cover, and NCAA Football 06 when Desmond Howard was featured on the cover striking the Heisman Trophy pose during his career at Michigan, despite not having played for Michigan for more than 15 years.

text: Although EA Sports does not claim that the players in the game represent real life players, the jersey number, position, height, weight, home state, and ethnicity are aligned with the real players. Fans of any particular team are sure to recognize their favorite players (for example, in NCAA Football 14, Florida State QB #5 would correspond to Jameis Winston). Actual usage of a player's real name would be in violation of the NCAA's policy regarding student athletes. Amateur "roster makers" will often manually associate player names and will upload a roster file to the built-in roster sharing system. As of NCAA Football 09, EA has put in the EA Locker feature which allows remote roster sharing online through either Xbox Live or PlayStation Network depending on the console. In certain game modes, real players are given fake names. For instance, in NCAA Football 14, Ohio State QB Braxton Miller is referred to as Matthew Carrington.

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: Prior to the release of NCAA Football 06, the only music featured in the game were fight songs of most FBS and FCS colleges featured in the game. These would play at random, however the user-selected "favorite team" would always have their fight song played first whenever the game was first started.

text: NCAA Football 06 was the first and only entry in the series to include licensed music to keep the series in uniform with other EA Sports releases of the time, such as Madden NFL and the NHL series.

text: NCAA Football 07 returned to the fight song only format. NCAA Football 08 added a cinematic theme song to the main menu, with fight songs playing during Dynasty Mode.

text: NCAA Football 09 allows a new custom stadium sounds feature allowing users to edit what sounds are heard at specific stadiums during events within the game, such as a touchdown, field goal, or timeout. Fans of the teams can now create an authentic experience in each stadium by using copyrighted songs that EA is not allowed to put into the game.

text: NCAA Football 10 plays Tick Tick Boom by The Hives in the introduction only.

text: NCAA Football 11 uses the music that is used in ESPN College Football coverage.


document_title: Dude Perfect

question_text: who has won the most dude perfect battles

text: Dude Perfect

text: History[edit]

text: Early years and formation[edit]

text: They originally had Tyler as the main person while Garrett, Cory and Coby were also in the group. The twins then asked Cody if he wanted to join. The group was betting on sandwiches via basketball shots in their backyard, which were eventually recorded on camera, and a video of trick shots at Toney's ranch called "Backyard Edition" was eventually released on YouTube.[4] Within a week, the video received 100,000 views. When asked about the name, Toney stated,[5]

text: Our camera guy, Sean (inspired by Kawdel Ainsworth), set the camera down on a ledge. When he turned on the camera, Tyler was already in the frame and he just said "dude, perfect" and said that he barely had to move the camera. When we went back to edit the video, we heard that the twins (Coby and Cory) had the mindset to brand this and called it Dude Perfect.

text: Afterwards, a trick shot video from the Christian summer camp Sky Ranch was released, which now has over 18 million views.[6] For every 100,000 views the video received, Dude Perfect pledged to sponsor a child from Compassion International.[4] Afterwards, ESPN's E:60 contacted the group for a segment, and on the third floor of Texas A&M's Kyle Field, Toney converted a shot, which traveled 3.9 seconds, a world record at the time. The shot prompted television appearances on ESPN's First Take, Pardon the Interruption, Around the Horn and SportsNation.

text: Introduction of Panda mascot[edit]

text: Eventually, Dude Perfect introduced the Panda mascot, who "developed a cult following at A&M basketball games" when taunting players of the opposing team.[5] The Panda has even competed in a few Battles, winning one of them; "Go-Kart Battle".

text: Popular follower increase[edit]

text: Later, the group received professional endorsements and requests, which began with then-Sacramento Kings player Tyreke Evans, in an effort to promote Evans' run for Rookie of the Year.[7] Dude Perfect also worked with quarterback Aaron Rodgers, NBA star Chris Paul, Australian bowler Jason Belmonte, actor Paul Rudd, singer Tim McGraw, Seattle Seahawks coach Pete Carroll and quarterback Russell Wilson, Golfer Jamie Sadlowski, Ryan Swope, Volleyball Star Morgan Beck, and Heisman Trophy winner quarterback Johnny Manziel[8][9] at Kyle Field,[10] Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill,[11] the U. S. Olympic team,[12] NASCAR drivers Ricky Stenhouse Jr., Travis Pastrana, James Buescher, Dale Earnhardt Jr. and IndyCar Series driver James Hinchcliffe at Texas Motor Speedway,[13] New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr.,[14] New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees,[15] the Seattle Seahawks, and St Louis Rams players Greg Zuerlein, John Hekker, and Jacob McQuaide.[16] The group also worked with A&M wideout Travis Labhart, and later they collaborated with the hockey team Dallas Stars' forward duo Tyler Seguin and Jamie Benn. They also have shot videos with fellow trick shot maestros Brodie Smith and Florian "Venom" Kohler, and YouTube singer Luke Conard. The group has also interviewed National Basketball Association stars including, but not limited to: LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Kevin Love, Kevin Durant, James Harden, Carmelo Anthony, and Chris Paul, in their period as the United States men's national basketball team. Recently the Dude Perfect team traveled to the United Kingdom to film a video with players of Manchester City F.C. and Arsenal F.C. such as, Raheem Sterling, Kevin De Bruyne, Calum Chambers, and Mathieu Flamini.[17]

text: Launch of mobile app, draft, television show[edit]

text: In 2011, Dude Perfect launched a mobile game for iOS and Android, self-titled Dude Perfect.[18][19] Additionally, Cory Cotton authored a nationally published book titled Go Big in which he shares the secrets the group has learned along the way building a business in a world largely influenced by social media.

text: In June 2015, the group was selected by the Harlem Globetrotters in their annual player draft.[20] In September 2015, the group was approved for a television series entitled The Dude Perfect Show on CMT, which began airing during the first half of 2016.[21]

text: Season 2 of The Dude Perfect Show was picked up by Nickelodeon and premiered on July 22, 2017.[22][23]

text: Channel series[edit]

text: Regular videos[edit]

text: Regular videos from Dude Perfect consist of the extreme sports genre. They are mostly stunt-based trick shots based on American football techniques and maneuvers, but also consists of go-karts, Nerf shots, contraptions, and more.

text: Stereotypes[edit]

text: "Stereotypes" is a satirical series where the group acts out the usual stereotypes of different subjects, such as pick-up basketball, softball, fishing, golf, driving (which guest-starred NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt Jr.), and Madden NFL video game players. In "Editor Edition" the cameramen and editors of Dude Perfect, Chad and Tim, did a Stereotypes clip on the Dudes. One constant running gag in each of the series' videos is the "Rage Monster" stereotype, where Tyler portrays a guy who goes on an angry rampage over innocent incidents, mainly against Cody.

text: Contests[edit]

text: Battles[edit]

text: "Battles" is a "last man standing" competition where the members compete in a tournament-style battle, usually for a trophy. Tyler is the most successful person during battles following up with Garrett. Garrett had a running gag before each battle when he proclaimed, "I'm gonna make a bold prediction, he ain't winning" in reference to Coby who had never won a battle at the time, although he did win a team battle, "Archery Kart", with his brother Cory. Coby finally gained his first victory after a total of 28 battles, when he defeated Garrett in the final round. The video ended with Coby receiving a procession, and giving a speech.

text: Team battles are 2 on 2 events with one judge. The motto is "they're less about winning and more about not losing". The winning team does not receive a prize, however the losing team receives a punishment. Some punishments include paint angels, drinking blended cold hot pockets and getting taped to a column.

text: Some celebrities have competed in Battles as well. Paul Rudd competed in "Dizzy Sports Battle 2", as part of a promotion for the movie Ant-Man. Liam Hemsworth and Jeff Goldblum competed in "Drone Racing Battle", as part of a promotion for Independence Day: Resurgence. Luke Bryan competed in "Archery Kart Team Battle".

text: Face-Off[edit]

text: Face-Off videos are featured on the Whistle Sports Network YouTube channel. In these Face-Off videos, the Dude Perfect members draw two people to Face-Off in a contest and a sideline announcer to commentate. The commentator is usually portrayed in a comedic sense, with an outlandish outfit and personality. Tyler is most often chosen to play this role, having been selected 10 times. At first, the winner received a replica WWE Championship belt, referred to on-air as the "WWC (Winner Winner Championship Dinner) Belt", but eventually a customized Dude Perfect Face-Off Championship belt was created, debuting in the Office Golf Face-Off. However, the WWC is still occasionally presented along with the customized belt.

text: Coby is the most successful member of the group in regards to Face-Offs; he has competed in 7 Face-Offs and won 6 of them. By contrast, Cory is the least successful, being winless in his 7 Face-Offs.

text:
Dude Perfect Face-Offs

No.
Contest
Winner
Score
Loser
Commentator(s)

1
Table Tennis
Coby
20 – 17
Cory
Tyler

2
Golf
Cody
-3 – E
Garrett
Tyler

3
Hockey Shootout
Garrett
2 – 1
Coby
Cody

4
Darts
Cody
3 – 0
Cory
Tyler

5
Football
Coby
10 – 9
Cody
Tyler

6
Super Smash Bros (3DS)
Coby
2 – 0
Cory
Tyler

7
The Most Dangerous Game
Toby
2 – 0
Tyler
Coby & Cory

8
Field Goal Kicking
Garrett
4 – 1
Coby
Tyler

9
Roller Skating Tennis
Coby
2 – 1
Garrett
Tyler

10
Turkey Bowling
Garrett
27 – 21
Tyler
Coby

11
Hockey
Tim
2 – 1
Tyler
Cory

12
Office Golf
Cody
840 – 50
Cory
Tyler

13
Gingerbread House
Tyler and Cody
1 – 0
Coby and Cory
Garrett

14
Home Run Derby
Garrett
6 - 5
Cory
Tyler

15
Basketball Shootout
Coby
17 - 15
Cory
Tyler

Best Record: Cody, 3–1 (0.75) and Coby, 6-2 (0.75)

text: †Toby, who at the time was an intern cameraman, put his name in the drawing and got selected to compete in the faceoff.

text: Record[edit]

text: In 2009, the group set the world record for the longest basketball shot after shooting from the third deck of Kyle Field. The record was jeopardized by Legendary Shots, who made a shot from Birmingham, Alabama's Vulcan statue, but in October 2010, Dude Perfect extended their record with a "cross-tower" shot, which was 216 feet (66 m) high, and the basket was 150 ft (46 m) away from the tower's base.[24] In March 2011, Dude Perfect unofficially[a] extended the record with a shot from the top of NRG Stadium, which lasted 5.3 seconds.[5][25] In January 2014, the group successfully attempted a shot from the 561 ft (171 m)-high Reunion Tower, with Jones and Hilbert holding the basket at the base of the tower.[26]

text: Legitimacy[edit]

text: Despite their success, questions arose over the legitimacy of the group's tricks; Good Morning America hosted a segment about the tricks and whether they were real,[27] though experts contacted by GMA stated they were unable to find evidence of the tricks being fake.[1] Regarding the doubts, Jones stated, "We love it when people claim it's fake because it makes the shots seem even more ridiculously impossible; and we get more publicity and hits on YouTube so we love the mystery of knowing whether it's real or fake."[4] Tyler Toney, Coby and Cory Cotton stated that it takes multiple attempts when filming before successfully converting the final shots.[2]

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: Charleston Bump

question_text: how far is the gulfstream from charleston sc

text: Charleston Bump

text: This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (August 2016)

text: The Charleston Bump is a deepwater rocky ocean bottom feature approximately 90 miles (140 km) southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. The Bump, rising from the Blake Plateau, lies in the path of the Gulf Stream and deflects the Gulf Stream offshore away from the coast of the eastern United States. This deflection amplifies downstream eddies and gyres and enhances upwelling of nutrient rich waters onto the continental shelf. These nutrient inputs support an ecosystem of plankton, fish, and other sea life. Large populations of wreckfish can be found in the cave systems in this area.


document_title: List of most streamed artists on Spotify

question_text: who has most monthly listeners on spotify 2018

text: Most streamed artists[edit]

text: Monthly streams[edit]

text:
Rank
Artist
Monthly listeners
(rounded to the nearest million)
Country
Ref(s)

1.
Drake
49
 CAN
[1]

2.
J Balvin
47
 COL
[2]

3.
Post Malone
44
 USA
[3]

4.
Dua Lipa
43
 GBR
[4]

5.
Calvin Harris
[5]

6.
Ed Sheeran
40
[6]

7.
David Guetta
38
 FRA
[7]

8.
Sia
37
 AUS
[8]

9.
Marshmello
36
 USA
[9]

10.
Khalid
[10]

11.
Bad Bunny
35
 PRI
[11]

12.
Selena Gomez
 USA
[12]

13.
Ariana Grande
34
[13]

14.
Kanye West
[14]

15.
Demi Lovato
[15]

16.
Cardi B
33
[16]

17.
Shawn Mendes
 CAN
[17]

18.
Maroon 5
 USA
[18]

19.
Camila Cabello
32
 CUB /
 USA
[19]

20.
Kendrick Lamar
31
 USA
[20]

As of June 16, 2018

text: All-time Top 200 streams[edit]

text: This list enumerates the streams artists' song accrued on the Spotify Global Top 200, which is less than the artist's total streams.[21]

text:
Rank
Artist
Total streams
(billions)
Country

1.
Drake
11.2
 CAN

2.
Ed Sheeran
8.7
 GBR

3.
Justin Bieber
8.6
 CAN

4.
The Weeknd
5.7

5.
Post Malone
5.2
 USA

6.
J Balvin
5.0
 COL

7.
The Chainsmokers
 USA

8.
Kendrick Lamar
4.5

9.
Rihanna
4.4
 BAR

10.
Daddy Yankee
4.2
 PRI

11.
Ozuna
4.1

12.
Calvin Harris
3.9
 GBR

13.
Selena Gomez
3.5
 USA

14.
Sia
3.3
 AUS

15.
Ariana Grande
3.2
 USA

16.
Future

17.
Bad Bunny
 PRI

18.
Nicki Minaj
 USA

19.
Major Lazer
3.1
 USA /
 TTO /
 JAM

20.
Khalid
3.0
 USA

As of June 16, 2018

text: Most followers[edit]

text:
Rank
Artist
Followers
(millions)
Country
Ref(s)

1.
Ed Sheeran
26.2
 GBR
[6]

2.
Rihanna
23.7
 BAR
[22]

3.
Justin Bieber
22.7
 CAN
[23]

4.
Drake
21.5
[1]

5.
Eminem
17.3
 USA
[24]

6.
Ariana Grande
15.4
[25]

7.
David Guetta
14.2
 FRA
[7]

8.
Beyoncé
13.7
 USA
[26]

9.
Bruno Mars
13.6
[27]

10.
Taylor Swift
12.9
[28]

11.
Coldplay
12.3
 GBR
[29]

12.
Calvin Harris
11.7
[5]

13.
Shakira
11.6
 COL
[30]

14.
Maroon 5
11.2
 USA
[31]

15.
Nicki Minaj
11.0
[32]

16.
The Weeknd
10.9
 CAN
[33]

17.
Katy Perry
10.2
 USA
[34]

18.
Selena Gomez
10.1
[35]

19.
Maluma
 COL
[36]

20.
Imagine Dragons
9.9
 USA
[37]

As of June 16, 2018

text: Peak position on chart[edit]

text: Timeline of artists who have held the peak position each month as the most streamed artist since September 2015, when the feature was first made public.[38]

text: Indicates most streamed artist of the year

text:
Year
Month
Artist
Ref(s)

2015
September
The Weeknd
[41]

October

November

December
Justin Bieber
[46]

2016
January

February

March

April
Rihanna
[47]

May
Drake
[48]

June

July

August

September

October

November

December
The Weeknd
[50]

2017
January

February
Ed Sheeran
[54]

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

2018
January
Ed Sheeran

February

March
Drake
[55]

April

May

text: Most streamed artists by year[edit]

text: Spotify's most streamed artist of 2017 was Ed Sheeran with 6.3 billion streams that year. This was his second year topping the list.[56]

text:
Rank
Chg
Artist
Country

1.

Ed Sheeran
 GBR

2.

Drake
 CAN

3.

The Weeknd

4.

Kendrick Lamar
 USA

5.

The Chainsmokers

text: Spotify's most streamed artist of 2016 was Drake with 4.7 billion streams that year. He topped the list for a second year in a row.[57]

text:
Rank
Chg
Artist
Country

1.

Drake
 CAN

2.

Justin Bieber

3.

Rihanna
 BAR

4.

Twenty One Pilots
 USA

5.

Kanye West

text: Spotify's most streamed artist of 2015 was Drake with 1.8 billion streams that year.[58]

text:
Rank
Chg
Artist
Country

1.

Drake
 CAN

2.

Ed Sheeran
 GBR

3.

The Weeknd
 CAN

4.

Maroon 5
 USA

5.

Kanye West

text: Spotify's most streamed artist of 2014 was Ed Sheeran with 860 million streams that year.[59]

text:
Rank
Chg
Artist
Country

1.

Ed Sheeran
 GBR

2.

Eminem
 USA

3.

Coldplay
 GBR

4.

Calvin Harris

5.

Katy Perry
 USA

text: Spotify's most streamed artists of 2013 were Macklemore & Ryan Lewis.[60]

text:
Rank
Artist
Country

1.
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis
 USA

2.
Avicii
 SWE

3.
Daft Punk
 FRA

4.
Eminem
 USA

5.
Imagine Dragons

6.
Jay-Z

7.
Bruno Mars

8.
Rihanna
 BAR

9.
Calvin Harris
 GBR

10.
Drake
 CAN