document_title: Women's College World Series

question_text: who won the womens college softball world series

text: Women's College World Series

text: Division I[edit]

text: NCAA[edit]

text:
Year
Champion[3]
Title
Series
Score
Runner-up
Tie-3rd
Tie-5th
Tie-7th

1982
UCLA
WCAA
2–0 (8 inn)
Fresno State
NorPac
Cal St. Fullerton
WCAA
Arizona State
WCAA
Nebraska
Big Eight
Western Michigan
MAC
Creighton
Gateway
Oklahoma State
Big Eight

1983
Texas A&M
Southwest
2–0 (12 inn)
Cal State Fullerton
WCAA
UCLA
WCAA
South Carolina
Independent
Louisiana Tech
Southland
Pacific
NorPac
Indiana
Big Ten
Missouri
Big Eight

1984
UCLA
WCAA
1–0 (13 inn)
Texas A&M
Southwest
Northwestern
Big Ten
Nebraska
Big Eight
Adelphi
Atlantic 10
Fresno State
NorPac
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Utah State
High Country

1985
2–1 (9 inn)
Nebraska*
Big Eight
Cal St. Fullerton
PCAA
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Adelphi
Atlantic 10
Northwestern
Big Ten
Louisiana Tech
Southland
Utah
High Country

1986
Cal State Fullerton
PCAA
3–0
Texas A&M
Southwest
California
NorPac
Indiana
Big Ten
Creighton
Gateway
Long Beach State
PCAA
Louisiana Tech
Southland
Northwestern
Big Ten

1987
Texas A&M
Southwest
4–1
UCLA
Pac-10
Cal St. Fullerton
PCAA
Nebraska
Big Eight
Central Michigan
MAC
Fresno State
PCAA
Arizona State
Pac-10
Florida State
Metro

1988
UCLA
Pac-10
3–0
Fresno State
PCAA
Arizona
Pac-10
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Nebraska
Big Eight
Texas A&M
Southwest
Aldelphi
Atlantic 10
Northern Illinois
North Star

1989
1–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Oregon
Pac-10
South Carolina
Metro
Toledo
MAC

1990
2–0
Florida State
Metro
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
Long Beach State
Big West
UNLV
Big West
Arizona
Pac-10
Kent State
MAC

1991
Arizona
Pac-10
5–1
UCLA
Pac-10
Fresno State
Big West
Long Beach State
Big West
Florida State
Metro
Missouri
Big Eight
UNLV
Big West
Utah
WAC

1992
UCLA
Pac-10
2–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Fresno State
Big West
Massachusetts
Atlantic 10
California
Pac-10
Long Beach State
Big West
Florida State
ACC
Kansas
Big Eight

1993
Arizona
Pac-10
1–0
UCLA
Pac-10
Southwestern Louisiana
Sun Belt
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
Cal St. Northridge
WAC
Connecticut
Big East
Florida State
ACC
Long Beach State
Big West

1994
4–0
Cal State Northridge
WAC
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
UCLA
Pac-10
Fresno State
WAC
Utah
WAC
Illinois–Chicago
Mid-Con
Missouri
Big Eight

1995
UCLA**
Pac-10
4–2
Arizona
Pac-10
Iowa
Big Ten
UNLV
Big West
Cal St. Fullerton
Big West
SW Louisiana
Sun Belt
Michigan
Big Ten
Princeton
Ivy

1996
Arizona
Pac-10
6–4
Washington
Pac-10
Iowa
Big Ten
UCLA
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
SW Louisiana
Sun Belt
Michigan
Big Ten
Princeton
Ivy

1997
10–2 (5 inn)
UCLA
Pac-10
Fresno State
WAC
Washington
Pac-10
Iowa
Big Ten
Michigan
Big Ten
Massachusetts
Atlantic 10
South Carolina
SEC

1998
Fresno State
WAC
1–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Oklahoma State
Big 12
Washington
Pac-10
Michigan
Big Ten
Nebraska
Big 12
Massachusetts
Atlantic 10
Texas
Big 12

1999
UCLA
Pac-10
3–2
Washington
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
DePaul
Conference USA
Arizona
Pac-10
Fresno State
WAC
Arizona State
Pac-10
Southern Miss
Conference USA

2000
Oklahoma
Big 12
3–1
UCLA
Pac-10
Arizona
Pac-10
Southern Miss
Conference USA
Alabama
SEC
Washington
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
DePaul
Conference USA

2001
Arizona
Pac-10
1–0
UCLA
Pac-10
LSU
SEC
Stanford
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
Oklahoma
Big 12
Iowa
Big Ten
Michigan
Big Ten

2002
California
Pac-10
6–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Arizona State
Pac-10
Florida State
ACC
Nebraska
Big 12
UCLA
Pac-10
Michigan
Big Ten
Oklahoma
Big 12

2003
UCLA
Pac-10
1–0 (9 inn)
California
Pac-10
Arizona
Pac-10
Texas
Big 12
Oklahoma
Big 12
Washington
Pac-10
Alabama
SEC
LA-Lafayette
Sun Belt

2004
3–1
LSU
SEC
Stanford
Pac-10
Florida State
ACC
Oklahoma
Big 12
Michigan
Big Ten
Washington
Pac-10

2005***
Michigan
Big Ten
0–5
5–2
4–1 (10 inn)
UCLA
Pac-10
Tennessee
SEC
Texas
Big 12
Alabama
SEC
Arizona
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
DePaul
Conference USA

2006
Arizona
Pac-10
8–0
5–0
Northwestern
Big Ten
Tennessee
SEC
UCLA
Pac-10
Arizona State
Pac-10
Texas
Big 12
Alabama
SEC
Oregon State
Pac-10

2007
0–3
1–0 (10 inn)
5–0
Tennessee
SEC
Northwestern
Big Ten
Washington
Pac-10
Baylor
Big 12
DePaul
Big East
Arizona State
Pac-10
Texas A&M
Big 12

2008
Arizona State
Pac-10
3–0
11–0
Texas A&M
Big 12
Alabama
SEC
Florida
SEC
LA-Lafayette
Sun Belt
UCLA
Pac-10
Arizona
Pac-10
Virginia Tech
ACC

2009
Washington
Pac-10
8–0
3–2
Florida
SEC
Alabama
SEC
Georgia
SEC
Arizona
Pac-10
Michigan
Big Ten
Arizona State
Pac-10
Missouri
Big 12

2010
UCLA
Pac-10
6–5 (8 inn)
15–9
Arizona
Pac-10
Georgia
SEC
Tennessee
SEC
Florida
SEC
Hawaii
WAC
Missouri
Big 12
Washington
Pac-10

2011
Arizona State
Pac-10
14–4
7–2
Florida
SEC
Alabama
SEC
Baylor
Big 12
California
Pac-10
Missouri
Big 12
Oklahoma
Big 12
Oklahoma State
Big 12

2012
Alabama
SEC
1–4
8–6
5–4
Oklahoma
Big 12
California
Pac-12
Arizona State
Pac-12
Oregon
Pac-12
LSU
SEC
South Florida
Big East
Tennessee
SEC

2013
Oklahoma
Big 12
5–3 (12 inn)
4–0
Tennessee
SEC
Washington
Pac-12
Texas
Big 12
Michigan
Big Ten
Florida
SEC
Arizona State
Pac-12
Nebraska
Big Ten

2014
Florida
SEC
5–0
6–3
Alabama
SEC
Oregon
Pac-12
Baylor
Big 12
Oklahoma
Big 12
Kentucky
SEC
LA-Lafayette
Sun Belt
Florida State
ACC

2015
3–2
0–1
4–1
Michigan
Big Ten
Auburn
SEC
LSU
SEC
UCLA
Pac-12
Alabama
SEC
Oregon
Pac-12
Tennessee
SEC

2016
Oklahoma
Big 12
3–2
7–11 (8 inn)
2–1
Auburn
SEC
Florida State
ACC
LSU
SEC
Michigan
Big Ten
Georgia
SEC
Alabama
SEC
UCLA
Pac-12

2017
7-5 (17 inn)
5-4
Florida
SEC
Oregon
Pac-12
Washington
Pac-12
LSU
SEC
UCLA
Pac-12
Baylor
Big 12
Texas A&M
SEC

text: * Nebraska's runner-up finish in 1985 was vacated by the NCAA.

text: ** The 1995 title by UCLA and any related records have been vacated by the NCAA due to scholarship violations. Criticism also centered on UCLA player Tanya Harding who was recruited from Queensland, Australia midway through the 1995 season. After UCLA captured the NCAA National Championship, Harding, the MVP of the tournament, returned to her homeland without taking final exams or earning a single college credit. Despite not violating any formal rules in recruiting Harding, the incident generated heated criticism that some foreign athletes were little more than hired guns.[4][5]

text: *** Beginning in 2005, a best-of-three series determines the national championship.

text: AIAW[edit]

text: From 1969–1972, the DGWS (forerunner organization of the AIAW) recognized the WCWS, organized by the Amateur Softball Association, as the collegiate championship tournament. The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973.

text:
Year
Champion[3]
Title Series Game Score(s)
Runner-up

1969
John F. Kennedy College
2–0
Illinois State

1970
0–2
7–6
Southwest Missouri State

1971
6–0
4–0
Iowa State

1972
Arizona State
0–1
8–5 (11 inn)
University of Tokyo–Nihon

1973
0–4
4–3 (16 inn)
Illinois State

1974
Southwest Missouri State
14–7
Northern Colorado

1975
Nebraska Omaha
1–11
6–4
Northern Iowa

1976
Michigan State
3–0
Northern Colorado

1977
Northern Iowa
0–1 (9 inn)
7–0
Arizona

1978
UCLA
3–0
Northern Colorado

1979
Texas Woman's
1–0
1–0
UCLA

1980[a]
Utah State
1–0
2–1
Indiana

1981[b]
1–6
4–3
Cal State Fullerton

1982
Texas A&M
4–1
5–3 (8 inn)
Oklahoma State

text:
Jump up ^ Officially named the "AIAW Division I National Softball Championship."[3]:54
Jump up ^ Officially named the "AIAW College Softball World Series."[3]:58

tag: ol

text: NCAA team titles by school[edit]

text:
School
Number
Year Won

UCLA
11
1982, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2010

Arizona
8
1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2006, 2007

Oklahoma
4
2000, 2013, 2016, 2017

Arizona State
2
2008, 2011

Texas A&M
2
1983, 1987

Florida
2
2014, 2015

Alabama
1
2012

Cal State Fullerton
1
1986

Fresno State
1
1998

Michigan
1
2005

Washington
1
2009

California
1
2002

*UCLA also won the 1995 title, but it has since been vacated by the NCAA; see above.

text: AIAW team titles by school[edit]

text:
School
Championships[3]
Years

John F. Kennedy College (Nebraska)
3
1969, 1970, 1971 (all DGWS)

Arizona State
2
1972 (DGWS), 1973

Utah State
2
1980, 1981

Florida State
2
1981, 1982 (both Slow Pitch)

(Southwest) Missouri State
1
1974

Nebraska Omaha
1
1975

Michigan State
1
1976

Northern Iowa
1
1977

UCLA
1
1978

Texas Woman's
1
1979

Texas A&M
1
1982

text: Championships & appearances by school[edit]

text:
Color coded by current conference; table is sortable
Bold indicates team championship

text:
School
Championships[3]
(through 2017)
Title Games
(through 2017)
WCWS Appearances
(through 2017)
WCWS Appearances
(through 2017)

UCLA‡
12
21
29
1978, 1979, 1981, 1982,[a] 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2015, 2016

Arizona
8
14
26
1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010

Arizona State
4
4
18
1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982,[a] 1987, 1999, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013

California
1
3
15
1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 1986, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2011, 2012

Oklahoma
4
5
15
1975, 1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017

Fresno State
1
5
12
1982,[a] 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999

Michigan
1
2
13
1982,[b] 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2016

Texas A&M
3
6
11
1979, 1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 2007, 2008

Washington
1
3
11
1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2013

Northern Colorado
0
3
11
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979

Oklahoma State
0
1
11
1977, 1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 1982,[a] 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2011

South Carolina
0
0
11
1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1989, 1997

Alabama
1
2
11
2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016

(Southwest) Missouri State
1
2
10
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982[b]

Nebraska–Omaha
1
1
10
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979

Nebraska‡
0
0
9
1970, 1971, 1982,[a] 1984, 1987, 1988, 1998, 2002, 2013

Cal State–Fullerton
1
3
8
1980, 1981, 1982,[a] 1983, 1985, 1986 1987, 1995

Illinois State
0
2
8
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1981

Western Illinois
0
0
8
1970, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982[b]

Florida State
0
0
9
1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2016

Florida
2
5
8
2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017

Tennessee
0
2
7
2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015

Missouri
0
0
7
1981, 1983, 1991, 1994, 2009, 2010, 2011

Cal Poly Pomona
0
0
7
1978, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989

Kansas
0
0
7
1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1992

Michigan State
1
1
6
1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1981

Louisiana–Lafayette
0
0
6
1993, 1995, 1996, 2003, 2008, 2014

Oregon
0
0
6
1976, 1980, 1989, 2012, 2014, 2015

Massachusetts
0
0
6
1974, 1978, 1980, 1992, 1997, 1998

Long Beach State
0
0
5
1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993

Northwestern
0
1
5
1984, 1985, 1986, 2006, 2007

Texas
0
0
5
1998, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2013

Utah
0
0
5
1976, 1982,[b] 1985, 1991, 1994

Creighton
0
0
5
1969, 1980, 1981, 1982,[a] 1986

Wayne State (Nebraska)
0
0
5
1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974

Utah State
2
2
4
1978, 1980, 1981, 1984

Northern Iowa
1
2
4
1973, 1975, 1976, 1977

Indiana
0
1
4
1979, 1980, 1983, 1986

DePaul
0
0
4
1999, 2000, 2005, 2007

Iowa
0
0
4
1995, 1996, 1997, 2001

LSU
0
0
5
2001, 2004, 2012, 2015, 2016

Oregon State
0
0
4
1977, 1978, 1979, 2006

Southern Illinois (Carbondale)
0
0
4
1970, 1971, 1977, 1978

South Dakota State
0
0
4
1971, 1972, 1973, 1974

Luther College (Iowa)
0
0
4
1970, 1971, 1972, 1974

John F. Kennedy College (Nebraska)
3
3
3
1969, 1970, 1971

Texas Woman's University
1
1
3
1975, 1978, 1979

Baylor
0
0
3
2007, 2011, 2014

Louisiana Tech
0
0
3
1983, 1985, 1986

Adelphi (New York)
0
0
3
1984, 1985, 1988

UNLV
0
0
3
1990, 1991, 1995

Western Michigan
0
0
3
1980, 1981, 1982[a]

Kearney State College (Nebraska)
0
0
3
1969, 1970, 1971

Minot State (ND)
0
0
3
1970, 1971, 1972

Emporia State (Kansas)
0
0
3
1971, 1972, 1979

Weber State (Utah)
0
0
3
1973, 1974, 1975

North Dakota State
0
0
3
1973, 1974, 1975

Iowa State
0
1
2
1971, 1973

Cal State–Northridge
0
1
2
1993, 1994

Georgia
0
0
3
2009, 2010, 2016

Princeton
0
0
2
1995, 1996

Southern Mississippi
0
0
2
1999, 2000

Stanford
0
0
2
2001, 2004

Central Michigan
0
0
2
1982,[b] 1987

Minnesota–Duluth
0
0
2
1970, 1971

Midland Lutheran (Nebraska)
0
0
2
1970, 1971

New Mexico
0
0
2
1980, 1981

Rutgers
0
0
2
1979, 1981

Concordia (Nebraska)
0
0
2
1970, 1971

Upper Iowa
0
0
2
1970, 1971

Eastern Illinois
0
0
2
1971, 1974

Central Missouri State
0
0
2
1971, 1972

Ball State (Indiana)
0
0
2
1973, 1975

Indiana State
0
0
2
1974, 1976

East Stroudsburg State (PA)
0
0
2
1975, 1976

Northern State (SD)
0
0
2
1975, 1976

Texas–Arlington
0
0
2
1976, 1977

Cal State–Sacramento
0
0
2
1976, 1977

Minnesota
0
0
2
1976, 1978

Auburn
0
0
2
2015, 2016

Connecticut
0
0
1
1993

Hawaii
0
0
1
2010

Illinois–Chicago
0
0
1
1994

Kent State (Ohio)
0
0
1
1990

Kentucky
0
0
1
2014

Northern Illinois
0
0
1
1988

Pacific (CA)
0
0
1
1983

South Florida
0
0
1
2012

Toledo
0
0
1
1989

Virginia Tech
0
0
1
2008

St. Petersburg Junior College (FL)
0
0
1
1969

Black Hills State College (SD)
0
0
1
1969

Midwestern College (Iowa)
0
0
1
1970

Parsons College (Iowa)
0
0
1
1971

Wartburg College (Iowa)
0
0
1
1971

Wisconsin State University–Eau Claire
0
0
1
1971

South Dakota
0
0
1
1971

Southwest Baptist College (MO)
0
0
1
1971

Buena Vista College (Iowa)
0
0
1
1971

Simpson College (Iowa)
0
0
1
1971

University of Tokyo–Nihon
0
1
1
1972

Keene State College (NH)
0
0
1
1972

Purdue University
0
0
1
1972

West Georgia College
0
0
1
1974

Golden West College (CA)
0
0
1
1974

Winona State College (MN)
0
0
1
1974

Nassau Community College (NY)
0
0
1
1974

Oregon College of Education
0
0
1
1975

Northwest Missouri State
0
0
1
1975

Ohio University
0
0
1
1975

Mankato State (MN)
0
0
1
1975

Tarkio College (MO)
0
0
1
1976

Northwestern Oklahoma State
0
0
1
1976

Mayville State College (ND)
0
0
1
1976

West Chester State College (PA)
0
0
1
1977

Springfield College (Mass.)
0
0
1
1977

Portland State (Oregon)
0
0
1
1978

Stephen F. Austin (Texas)
0
0
1
1978

Chapman College (California)
0
0
1
1979

New Mexico State
0
0
1
1981

Ohio State
0
0
1
1982[b]

Rhode Island
0
0
1
1982[b]

U.S. International University (CA)
0
0
1
1982[b]

text: ‡ UCLA's 1995 NCAA championship and Nebraska's 1985 runner-up finish were vacated by the NCAA and are not counted

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h NCAA WCWS participant in 1982, when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l AIAW WCWS participant in 1982, when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name

text: Championships & appearances by conference[edit]

text: This listing excludes results of the pre-NCAA Women's College World Series of 1969 through 1982 (both Division I tournaments in 1982—AIAW and NCAA—were called "Women's College World Series").

text:
Conference
Championships
(Through 2017)
Title Game/Series Appearances
(Through 2017)
WCWS Appearances
(Through 2017)

Pac-12[c 1]
23
36
82

SEC
3
10
40

Big 12
4
5
30

Big Ten
1
3
23

Big West[c 2]
1
4
19

Big Eight[c 3] [c 4]

12

WAC[c 5]
1
2
11

Atlantic 10

6

Southwest[c 6] [c 4]
2
4
5

ACC

9

Conference USA[c 7]

5

Sun Belt

6

CCAA

4

MAC

4

Metro[c 7][c 4]

4

Southland

3

Big East[c 8]

3

Ivy

2

Missouri Valley[c 9]

2

Independent

1

Summit League[c 10]

1

NorPac[c 11] [c 4]

1
3

North Star[c 12] [c 4]

1

WCAA[c 13] [c 4]
3
3
6

text:
Jump up ^ UCLA's 1995 WCWS participation & title were vacated by the NCAA, and are not included in these figures; see above. The Pac-12, which adopted its current name on July 1, 2011, retains all historical records from its years as the Pac-10. The conference had adopted the "Pac-10" name in 1978, but did not begin sponsoring women's sports until the 1986–87 school year.
Jump up ^ The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association until July 1988. Totals include all appearances by conference members under both names, but includes only appearances after the conference began sponsoring women's sports in 1984–85.
Jump up ^ Nebraska's 1985 WCWS participation & title game appearance were vacated by the NCAA, and are not included in these totals. The Big Eight merged with four teams from the Southwest Conference to form the Big 12 in 1996.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Conference is now defunct.
Jump up ^ The Western Athletic Conference (WAC) did not sponsor women's sports until the 1990–91 academic year, after absorbing the High Country Athletic Conference (HCAC), a parallel women's-only conference. The WAC maintains all historic records from the HCAC; totals include Utah State's 1984 and Utah's 1985 appearances while in the HCAC.
Jump up ^ Texas A&M won two titles, made four title game appearances and five WCWS appearances while they were still members of the Southwest Conference. This conference is now defunct. Texas A&M was a charter member of the Big 12 in 1996, but left for the Southeastern Conference in July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Following the breakup of the Metro in 1991 by Florida State, South Carolina, Cincinnati, and Memphis, the Metro and its breakaway Great Midwest Conference reunified in 1995 as Conference USA.
Jump up ^ Although the charter of the original Big East Conference was inherited by the American Athletic Conference following the 2013 Big East split, the current Big East Conference maintains all athletic records of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors.
Jump up ^ Records include those of the former Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference when it was originally a women's-only conference parallel to the MVC. In 1985, after the MVC stopped sponsoring football, the Gateway took on football as its only men's sport. In 1992, the women's portion of the Gateway merged into the MVC, which maintains all historic records of Gateway women's sports. The football side of the conference maintained the Gateway charter, first as the Gateway Football Conference and now the Missouri Valley Football Conference.
Jump up ^ The Mid-Continent Conference adopted its current name of The Summit League in June 2007.
Jump up ^ The NorPac, in full the Northern Pacific Conference, was a women's-only conference that operated from 1982 to 1986. The conference disbanded when the then-Pac-10, home to five of the final seven NorPac members, began sponsoring women's sports in 1986–87. The remaining two schools, which were members of the PCAA for men's sports, moved their women's sports to that conference.
Jump up ^ The North Star Conference was a women's-only conference that merged into the Mid-Continent Conference, now The Summit League, in 1992. The Summit maintains all historic records of North Star sports.
Jump up ^ The WCAA, in full the Western Collegiate Athletic Association, was a women's-only conference that operated from 1981 to 1986. Its final five members were all members of the conference known at the time as the Pac-10, and moved their women's sports to that league.


document_title: Unintended pregnancy

question_text: what is the proportion of unplanned pregnancies in the us

root

text: Unintended pregnancy

text: Intention[edit]

text: An intended pregnancy is one that is consciously desired at the time of conception.[5] A pregnancy is intended if either partner intended or desired a pregnancy to occur, though the other partner may not want a pregnancy either at all or at that time, or he/she may be ambivalent to a pregnancy.[5]

tag: p

text: Feelings towards a pregnancy can change during the course of a pregnancy. For instance, a change of circumstances might lead to the continued pregnancy being unwanted and perhaps a desire to terminate an initially intended pregnancy. On the other hand, an initially unintended pregnancy might later be welcomed.

text: Couples often desire to control not just the number of children, but also the timing.[9][10]

text: Causes[edit]

text:
Not using contraception or family planning services.[6]
Using contraception inconsistently or incorrectly.[6]
Contraceptive failure (the method was used correctly, but did not work.)[6] Contraceptive failure accounts for a relatively small fraction of unintended pregnancies when modern highly effective contraceptives are used.[11] A condom breaking during intercourse or using a condom with a hole in it can lead to malfunctioning contraceptives.

tag: ul

text: Reasons contraceptives might not have been used or been used incorrectly include:

text:
Coercion. Rape, or even forced pregnancy, which sometimes happens in the context of domestic violence. Unintended pregnancies are more likely to be associated with abuse than intended pregnancies.[12] This may also include birth control sabotage, which is the manipulation of someone's use of birth control to undermine efforts to prevent pregnancy.
Lack of knowledge about sex and reproduction, including erroneous beliefs.
Lack of knowledge or experience with the contraceptive or lack of motivation to use it correctly.
Lack of planning or ambivalence about whether to have a child.
Lack of over-the-counter availability of contraceptives.
Inability or unwillingness to attend healthcare appointments to obtain contraceptives.
A mistaken belief that the woman is infertile, e.g. post-menopausal, previous diagnosis of infertility

text: Facts[edit]

text: Live births: Unless the fetus dies in utero, the result of an unintended pregnancy is an unintended birth. According to one study, over one-third of living people in the US under 31 years of age (born since 1982) were the result of unintended pregnancies, a rate that has remained largely unchanged to date.[13][14]

text: Pregnancy has risks and potential complications. On average, unintended pregnancies result in poorer outcomes for the mother and for the child, if birth occurs. Unintended pregnancy usually precludes pre-conception counseling and pre-conception care, and sometimes delays initiation of prenatal care.[15] The great majority of abortions result from unintended pregnancies.

text: Results of unintended pregnancy include:

text:
Prenatal care initiated later, and less adequate.[5] Adversely affects health of woman and of child and less preparation for parenthood.[5] Delay from unintended pregnancy is in addition to that from other risk factors for delay.[5] Unwanted pregnancies have more delay than mistimed.[5]
Unintended pregnancies preclude chance to resolve sexually transmitted diseases (STD) before pregnancy.[5] Untreated STD in pregnant woman can result in premature delivery, infection in newborn or infant death.[5]
Preclude use of genetic testing to help make decisions about whether to become pregnant.
Women with an unintended pregnancy are more likely to suffer depression during or after pregnancy.[15][16]
Poorer maternal mental health[15]
Increased risk of physical violence during pregnancy.[15]
Reduced likelihood of breastfeeding, resulting in less healthy children.[15]
Lower mother-child relationship quality.[15] (see also Maternal bond)
More likely that mother smokes tobacco (about 30% more likely in the US) or drinks during pregnancy,[5] which results in poorer health outcomes and additional costs for welfare system.[5] (see also Fetal alcohol syndrome, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder)
Greater relationship instability[17]
More likely to delay initiation of prenatal care[17]

text: Children whose births were unintended are:

text:
Greater likelihood of low birth weight, particularly for unwanted pregnancies.[5][18] This may be through increased risk of preterm delivery.[5] In the US, eliminating all unwanted pregnancies would reduce rate of low birth weight by 7% for blacks, and 4% for whites, helping to decrease the large disparity in rates for whites vs. blacks.[5]
Greater infant mortality.[5][18] If all sexually active couples in the US had routinely used effective contraception in 1980, there would have been 1 million fewer abortions, 340,000 fewer live births that were unintended at conception, 5,000 fewer infant deaths, and the infant mortality rate would have been 10% lower.[5]
Likely to be less mentally and physically healthy during childhood.[19]
At higher risk of child abuse and neglect.[5][20]
Less likely to succeed in school,[21]
More likely to live in poverty and need public assistance.[21]
More likely to have delinquent and criminal behavior.[21] (see also Legalized abortion and crime effect)
Significantly lower test scores[17]
Less likely to have a close relationship with their mother.[17]

text: Unintended pregnancies lead to higher rates of maternal morbidity, and threaten the economic viability of families.[18]

text: Women with unintended pregnancies have less education and participate less in the workforce than women whose pregnancies are intended.[21]

text: Induced abortions[edit]

text: Abortion, the voluntary termination of pregnancy, is one of the primary consequences of unintended pregnancy.[5] A large proportion of induced abortions worldwide are due to unwanted or mistimed pregnancy.[22][23] Unintended pregnancies result in about 42 million induced abortions per year worldwide.[6] In the United States, over 92% of abortions are the result of unintended pregnancy.[21]

text: Abortion carries few health risks when performed in accordance with modern medical technique.[5][24][25] It is safer for the pregnant woman than childbirth.[5][26][27] However where safe abortions are not available, abortion can contribute significantly to maternal mortality[28] and morbidity.[24]

text: While decisions about abortion may cause some individuals psychological distress,[29] some find a reduction in distress after abortion.[5][30] There is no evidence of widespread psychological harm from abortion.[5][31][32] Unwanted pregnancy and births resulting from these pregnancies are also psychologically distressing, so considerations of psychological impact of abortion should be in comparison to potential harm from these stressors.[33][34]

text: Some find abortion morally objectionable.[5] This could be due to religious beliefs, one's own personal beliefs or the context of the situation.

text: Adoption[edit]

text: Unintended pregnancies often result in an adoption of the infant, where the biological parents (or birth parents) transfer their privileges and responsibilities to the adoptive parents. There are two forms of adoptions: open adoptions and closed adoptions. Open adoption allows birth parents to know and have contact with the adoptive parents and the adopted child.[35] In a closed adoption, there is no contact between the birth parents and adoptive parents. Information identifying the adoptive parents and the birth parents is not shared. However, non-identifying information (i.e. background and medical information) about the birth parents, will be shared with the adoptive parents.[36] Birth parents choose adoption when parenting is not possible and they don’t want to endure an abortion.[37] In the United States alone, 135,000 children are adopted each year[38] which represents about of all live births. According to the 2010 census, there were 1,527,020 adopted children in the United States, representing 2.5 percent of all U.S. children.[39]

text: Maternal deaths[edit]

text: Over the six years between 1995 and 2000 there were an estimated 338 million pregnancies that were unintended and unwanted worldwide (28% of the total 1.2 billion pregnancies during that period).[40] These unwanted pregnancies resulted in nearly 700,000 maternal deaths (approximately one-fifth of maternal deaths during that period). More than one-third of the deaths were from problems associated with pregnancy or childbirth, but the majority (64%) were from complications from unsafe or unsanitary abortion.[40] Most of the deaths occurred in less developed parts of the world, where family planning and reproductive health services were less available.[40]

text: In cultures that practice honor killing, unintended pregnancy may increase the woman's chance of being killed.[citation needed]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Prevention includes comprehensive sexual education, availability of family planning services, abstinence and increased access to a range of effective birth control methods. Most unintended pregnancies result from not using contraception, and many result from using contraceptives inconsistently or incorrectly. Though, increased rates of sexual activity are also a factor.[41]

text: Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (such as IUD and contraceptive implants) decreases the chance of unintended pregnancy by decreasing the chance of incorrect use. Method failure is relatively rare with modern, highly effective contraceptives, and is much more of an issue when such methods are unavailable or not used. (See comparison of contraceptive methods).

text: In the United States, women who have an unintended pregnancy are more likely to have subsequent unplanned pregnancies.[16] Providing family planning and contraceptive services as part of prenatal, postpartum and post abortion care can help reduce recurrence of unintended pregnancy.

text: Providing contraceptives and family planning services at low or no cost to the user helps prevent unintended pregnancies. Many of those at risk of unintended pregnancy have little income, so even though contraceptives are highly cost-effective,[42] up front cost can be a barrier. Subsidized family planning services improve the health of the population and saves money for governments and health insurers by reducing medical,[15] education and other costs to society.

text: Providing modern contraceptives to the 201 million women at risk of unintended pregnancy in developing countries who do not have access to contraception would cost an estimated US$3.9 billion per year.[43] This expenditure would prevent an estimated 52 million unintended pregnancies annually, preventing 1.5 million maternal and child deaths annually, and reduce induced abortions by 64% (25 million per year).[43] Reduced illness related to pregnancy would preserve 27 million healthy life years, at a cost of $144 per year of healthy life.[43]

text: It is theorized that reducing unintended pregnancies could help break the cycle of poverty.[44]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: Note: Numbers and rates are for detected pregnancies. A large proportion of pregnancies miscarry before the woman is aware of the pregnancy.

text: Incidence[edit]

text: The global rate of unintended pregnancy was 55 per 1,000 women aged 15–44 in 2008, of which 26 per 1,000 ended in abortion.[45] The rate of intended pregnancy was 79 per 1,000.[45] The estimated 208 million pregnancies in 2008 resulted in 102 million intended births, 41 million induced abortions, 33 million unintended births, and 31 million miscarriages.[45]

text: Globally, the proportion of married women practicing contraception increased from 54% in 1990 to 63% in 2003.[45] The global rate of unintended pregnancy declined from 69 per 1,000 women in 1995.[45] The decline was greatest in the more developed world.[45]

text: Worldwide, 38% of pregnancies were unintended in 1999 (some 80 million unintended pregnancies in 1999).[6][7] In developed world an estimated 49% of pregnancies were unintended, 36% in the developing world.[7]

text: By country/region[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Britain[edit]

text: According to a 2013 study approximately 16% of British pregnancies are unplanned, 29% are ambivalent, and are 55% planned.[46]

text: France[edit]

text: In France, 33% of pregnancies are unintended. Of women at risk for unintended pregnancy, only 3% do not use contraception, and 20% use intrauterine devices (IUDs).[47]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: One study from Sweden (2008-2010) showed that the prevalence of unintended pregnancies was 23.2%[48]. One study conducted in Uppsala (2012-2013) found that 12% of pregnancies were fairly or very unplanned[49].

text: Russia[edit]

text: According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired".[50]

text: United States of America[edit]

text: The United States rate of unintended pregnancies is higher than the world average, and much higher than that in other industrialized nations.[51] Almost half (49%) of U.S. pregnancies are unintended, more than 3 million unintended pregnancies per year.[11][42]

text: A 2011 study by the Guttmacher Institute based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other sources determined that the average U.S. rate of unintended pregnancies was 51 per 1,000 women ages 15 to 44 in 2006. Most states' rates were between 40 and 65 unintended pregnancies per 1,000 women. The state with the highest rate of unintended pregnancies was Mississippi, 69 per 1,000 women, followed by California, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Hawaii and Nevada (66 to 67 per 1,000). New Hampshire had the lowest rate, 36 per 1,000 women, followed by Maine, North Dakota, Vermont and West Virginia (37 to 39 per 1,000 women).[52][53]

text: Over 92% of abortions are the result of unintended pregnancy,[21] unintended pregnancies result in about 800,000 abortions/year.[6] In 2001, 44% of unintended pregnancies resulted in births, and 42% resulted in induced abortion and the rest in miscarriage.[51] It is estimated that more than half of US women have had an unintended pregnancy by age 45.[54] The U.S. states with the highest levels of abortions performed were Delaware, New York and New Jersey, with rates of 40, 38 and 31 per 1,000 women, respectively. High rates were also seen in the states of Maryland, California, Florida, Nevada and Connecticut with rates of 25 to 29 per 1,000 women. The state with the lowest abortion rate was Wyoming, which had less than 1 per 1,000 women, followed by Mississippi, Kentucky, South Dakota, Idaho and Missouri with rates of 5 to 6 abortions per 1,000 women.[55][56]

text: History[edit]

text: US birth rates declined in the 1970s. Factors that are likely to have led to this decline include: The introduction of the birth control pill in 1960, and its subsequent rapid increase in popularity; the completion of legalization of contraceptives in the 1960s and early 1970s; the introduction of federal funding for family planning in the 1960s and Title X in 1970; increased career and educational gains for women and its consequence of increased opportunity costs; and the legalization of abortion, which was completed in 1973. The decline in the birth rate was associated with reductions in the number of children put up for adoption and reduction in the rate of neonaticide.

text:
It is unclear to what extent legalization of abortion may have increased the availability of the procedure.[5] It is estimated that before legalization about 1 million abortions were performed annually.[5] Before legalization, abortion was probably one of the most common criminal activities.[5] Before legalization, an estimated 1,000 to 10,000 women died each year from complications of poorly performed abortions.[5] Legalization was followed by a decrease in pregnancy related deaths in young women, as well as decrease in hospital admissions for incomplete or septic abortions, conditions more common than induced abortion.[5]
The infanticide rate during the first hour of life dropped from 1.41 per 100,000 during 1963 to 1972 to 0.44 per 100,000 for 1974 to 1983; the rate during the first month of life also declined, whereas the rate for older infants rose during this time.[57]

text: The rate of unintended pregnancy declined significantly from 1987 until 1994, due to increased contraceptive use.[58][59] Since then until 2001 the rate has remained relatively unchanged.[59]

text:
Unintended pregnancies and births in the United States[58]
Rate per 1000 women.

Year
Unintended pregnancies
Unintended births

1981
54.2[58]
25[58]

1987
53.5[58]
27[58]

1994
44.7[58]
21[58]

2001
48[60]
23

2008
51[60]
27

tag: table

text: The proportion of births that were unintended at the time of conception decreased during the 1970s and early 1980s. Between 1982 and 1988 the proportion of births that were unintended began increasing.[5] In 1990 about 44% of births were unintended at time of conception.[5] The fraction of births that were unintended at the time of conception was even higher among lower class women (almost 60%), never-married women (73%) and unmarried teens (86%).[5]

text: Among lower-class women, the rate of unintended pregnancy and unintended birth rose from 1994 to 2001, while it declined for the more affluent women (those more than 200% of federal poverty level).[59] (Unintended pregnancy rose almost 30% and unintended births rose 50% for those below federal poverty level.) Contraceptive use had been increasing for years, but stopped in the 1990s, and began to decline among lower class women.[61] Cuts in federal and state family planning programs may account for the decreased use of contraceptives and increase in unintended pregnancies.[61]

text: Costs and potential savings[edit]

text: The public cost of unintended pregnancy is estimated to be about 11 billion dollars per year in short-term medical costs.[21] This includes costs of births, one year of infant medical care and costs of fetal loss.[21] Preventing unintended pregnancy would save the public over 5 billion dollars per year in short-term medical costs.[21] Savings in long-term costs and in other areas would be much larger.[21] By another estimate, the direct medical costs of unintended pregnancies, not including infant medical care, was $5 billion in 2002.[62] The Brookings Institution conducted a research and their results show that taxpayers spend more than $12 billion each year on unintended pregnancies. They also find that, if all unintended pregnancies were prevented, the resulting savings on medical spending alone would equal more than three-quarters of the federal FY 2010 appropriation for the Head Start and Early Head Start programs and would be roughly equivalent to the amount that the federal government spends each year on the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF).[63]

text: Teens[edit]

text: Of the 800,000 teen pregnancies per year,[64] over 80% were unintended in 2001.[6] One-third of teen pregnancies result in abortion.[64] In 2002, about 9% of women at risk for unintended pregnancy were teenagers,[47] but about 20% of the unintended pregnancies in the United States are to teenagers.[65] A somewhat larger proportion of unintended births are reported as mistimed, rather than unwanted, for teens compared to women in general (79% mistimed for teens vs. 69% among all women in 1998).[66]

text: In 2011, a total of 329,797 babies were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a live birth rate of 31.3 per 1,000 women in this age group.1 This is a record low for U.S. teens in this age group and a drop of 8% from 2010. Birth rates fell 11% for women aged 15–17 years, and 7% for women aged 18–19 years. While reasons for the declines are not clear, teens seem to be less sexually active, and more of those who are sexually active seem to be using birth control than in previous years.[67]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: In the US it is estimated that 52% of unintended pregnancies result from couples not using contraception in the month the woman got pregnant, and 43% result from inconsistent or incorrect contraceptive use; only 5% result from contraceptive failure, according to a report from the Guttmacher Institute.[6] Contraceptive use saved an estimated $19 billion in direct medical costs from unintended pregnancies in 2002.[62]

text: In 2006, publicly funded family planning services (Title X, Medicaid, and state funds) helped women avoid 1.94 million unintended pregnancies, thus preventing about 860,000 unintended births and 810,000 abortions.[68] Without publicly funded family planning services, the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions in the United States would be nearly two-thirds higher among women overall and among teens; the number of unintended pregnancies among lower class women would nearly double[68] The services provided at publicly funded clinics saved the federal and state governments an estimated $5.1 billion in 2008 in short term medical costs.[68] Nationally, every $1.00 invested in helping women avoid unintended pregnancy saved $3.74 in Medicaid expenditures that otherwise would have been needed.[68]

text: Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States would be particularly desirable since abortion is such a politically divisive issue.[5]

text: The CDC encourages men and women to formulate a reproductive life plan, to help them in avoiding unintended pregnancies and to improve the health of women and reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes.[69]

text: In the period from 2001 to 2008, there were notable increases in the use of long-acting methods among younger women, while the pill and condom are most common, the more effective methods, such as intrauterine devices and implants, are recommended for young women and women without children.[60]

text: Rape[edit]

text: Rape is defined as sexual intercourse that is forced on a person without his or her permission. It may involve physical force, the threat of force, or it may be done against someone who is unable to give consent. Sexual intercourse may be vaginal, anal, or oral, and may involve the use of a body part or an object.[70]

text: A longitudinal study in 1996 of over 4000 women in the United States followed for 3 years found that the rape-related pregnancy rate was 5.0% among victims aged 12–45 years. Applying that rate to rapes committed in the United States would indicate that there are over 32,000 pregnancies in the United States as a result of rape each year.[71]

text: History[edit]

text: Early ways of preventing unwanted pregnancy included withdrawal and various alternatives to intercourse; they are difficult to use correctly and, while much better than no method, have high failure rates compared to modern methods.[9][72] Various devices and medications thought to have spermicidal, contraceptive, abortifacient or similar properties were also used.

text: Abortions have been induced to prevent unwanted births since antiquity,[5] abortion methods are described in some of the earliest medical texts.[72] The degree of safety of early methods relative to the risks of child birth is unclear.[72]

text: Infanticide (‘customary neonaticide’) or abandonment (sometimes in the form of exposure) are other traditional ways of dealing with babies that were not wanted or that a family could not support.[72] Opinions on the morality or desirability of the practices have changed through history.

text: Where modern contraceptives are not available, abortion has sometimes been used as a major way of preventing birth. For instance in much of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics in the 1980s, desired family size was small, but modern contraceptive methods were not readily available, so many couples relied on abortion, which was legal, safe, and readily accessible, to regulate births.[9] In many cases, as contraceptives became more available the rate of unintended pregnancy and abortion dropped rapidly during the 1990s.[9]

text: In the 19th and 20th centuries, the desired number of pregnancies has declined as reductions in infant and childhood mortality have increased the probability that children will reach adulthood. Other factors, such as level of education and economic opportunities for women, have also led to reductions in the desired number of children.[9] As the desired number of children decreases, couples spend more of their reproductive lives trying to avoid unintended pregnancies.[9]


document_title: Mr. Moose

question_text: who dropped ping pong balls on captain kangaroo

text: Mr. Moose

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Mr. Moose was a puppet character on the children's television show Captain Kangaroo.

text: He would tell riddles and knock-knock jokes that would result in hundreds of ping pong balls falling from above, and hitting the Captain on the head. Mr. Moose was created and played by Cosmo Allegretti, who also created and played Mr. Bunny Rabbit, Dancing Bear, and the Captain's painter and handyman Dennis.[1]

text: In other media[edit]

text: In the animated television series Family Guy episode "Hell Comes to Quahog", after Joe sends a ping pong ball out a window, Peter persuades Mr. Moose to say "Knock, knock", then answers "Ping pong balls!", and ping pong balls fall on top of Peter.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ "Cosmo Allegretti". IMDb.com. Internet Movie Database.


document_title: Eli Lilly and Company

question_text: what is the name of the eli lilly insulin variant

question_tokens: what is the name of the eli lilly insulin variant

text: Eli Lilly and Company

text: History[edit]

text: Company founder[edit]

text: The company's founder was Colonel Eli Lilly, a pharmaceutical chemist and Union army veteran of the American Civil War.[8] Lilly served as the company president until his death in 1898.[9] A stylized version of his signature still appears in the company's logo.[8]

text: In 1869, after working for drugstores in Greencastle and Indianapolis, Indiana, Lilly became a partner in a Paris, Illinois, drugstore with James W. Binford.[10] Although the drugstore was profitable, Lilly was more interested in medicinal manufacturing than running a pharmacy. He began formulating plans to create a company of his own. Lilly left the partnership with Binford in 1873 and returned to Indianapolis. Lilly opened a drug manufacturing operation called Johnston and Lilly with John F. Johnston as his partner in 1874, but dissolved the failing partnership on March 27, 1876. Lilly used his share of the assets, which amounted to an estimated $400 in merchandise (several pieces of equipment and a few gallons of unmixed chemicals) and about $1,000 in cash, to open his own pharmaceutical manufacturing business in Indianapolis in May 1876.[11][12] His new business venture became Eli Lilly and Company.

text: Early days: 1870-1900[edit]

text: On May 10, 1876, Lilly opened his own laboratory in a rented, two-story brick building (now demolished) at 15 West Pearl Street in Indianapolis, where he began to manufacture medicinal drugs. The sign outside, above the shop's door, read: "Eli Lilly, Chemist."[8][13][14] Lilly began his manufacturing venture with $1,400 ($31,163 in 2015 chained dollars) in working capital and three employees: Albert Hall (chief compounder), Caroline Kruger (bottler and product finisher), and Lilly's fourteen-year-old son, Josiah (J. K.), who had quit school to work with his father as an apprentice.[15][12]

text: One of the first medicines that Lilly began to produce was quinine, a drug used to treat malaria. The result was a "ten fold" increase in sales.[16] At the end of 1876, his first year of business, sales reached $4,470 ($99,499 in 2015 chained dollars).[16] At the end of 1877 sales reached $11,318 ($251,932 in 2015 chained dollars),[17] and by 1879 they had grown to $48,000 ($1,221,086 in 2015 chained dollars).[16] Lilly hired his brother, James, as his first full-time salesman in 1878. James and the subsequent sales team marketed the company's drugs nationally.[18]

text: The company outgrew its first location on Pearl Street, where it remained from 1876 to 1878, and moved to larger quarters at 36 South Meridian Street. In 1881 Lilly purchased a complex of buildings on property at McCarty and Alabama Streets and moved the company to its new headquarters in Indianapolis's south-side industrial area. Lilly later purchased additional facilities for research and production.[19][20]

text: Lilly committed himself to producing high-quality prescription drugs, in contrast to the common and often ineffective patent medicines. From its facilities in Indianapolis the company manufactured and sold "ethical drugs" for use by the medical profession. Lilly's medicines included labels that disclosed product ingredients.[8] Lilly's first innovation was gelatin-coating for pills and capsules. The company’s other early innovations included fruit flavorings and sugarcoated pills, which made the medicines easier to swallow.[15]

text: In 1881, Lilly formally incorporated the business as Eli Lilly and Company, elected a board of directors, and issued stock to family members and close associates.[18] Colonel Lilly's only son, Josiah (J. K.), a pharmaceutical chemist, graduated from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1882, and joined the family business as a superintendent of its laboratory after college. J. K. became company president in 1898.[21] In 1883 the company contracted to mix and sell Succus Alteran, its first widely successful product and one its best sellers. The product was marketed as a "blood purifier" and as a treatment for syphilis, some types of rheumatism, and skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis.[20][22] Sales from this product provided funds for Lilly to expand its manufacturing and research facilities.[17] By the late 1880s Colonel Lilly was one of the Indianapolis area's leading businessmen, whose company had more than one-hundred employees and had $200,000 ($5,276,296 in 2015 chained dollars) in annual sales.[10]

text: As the Lilly company grew, other businesses set up operations near the plant on Indianapolis's near south side. The area developed into one of the city's major business and industrial hubs. Lilly's production, manufacturing, research, and administrative operations in Indianapolis eventually occupied a complex of more than two dozen buildings covering a fifteen-block area, as well as production plants along Kentucky Avenue.[23]

text: Around 1890, Colonel Lilly turned over the day-to-day management of the business to his son, J. K., who ran the company for thirty-four years. Although the 1890s were a tumultuous decade economically, the company flourished and came out stronger than ever.[10][24] In 1894 Lilly purchased a manufacturing plant to be used solely for creating capsules. The company also made several technological advances in the manufacturing process, including automating its capsule production. Over the next few years the company annually created tens of millions of capsules and pills.[25]

text: Until the turn of the century Lilly operated in Indianapolis and the surrounding area as many other pharmaceutical businesses did—manufacturing and selling "sugar-coated pills, fluid extracts, elixirs, and syrups."[22] The company used plants for its raw materials and produced its products by hand. One historian noted, "Although the Indianapolis firm was more careful in making and promoting drugs than the patent medicine men of the era, the company remained ambivalent about scientific research."[22]

text: In addition to Colonel Lilly, his brother, James, and son, Josiah (J. K.), the growing company employed other Lilly family. Colonel Lilly's cousin, Evan Lilly, was hired as a bookkeeper.[24] As young boys, Lilly's grandsons, Eli and Josiah Jr. (Joe), ran errands and performed other odd jobs. Eli and Joe joined the family business after college. Eventually, each grandson served as company president and chairman of the board.[26]

text: Josiah (J. K.), Colonel Lilly's son and Eli and Joe's father, inherited the company after Colonel Lilly died and became its president in 1898.[9] At the time of Colonel Lilly's death the company had a product line of 2,005 items and annual sales of more than $300,000 ($8,547,600 in 2015 chained dollars).[27] Colonel Lilly was a pioneer in the modern pharmaceutical industry, with many of his early innovations later becoming standard practice. His ethical reforms in a trade that was marked by outlandish claims of miracle medicines began a period of rapid advancement in the development of medicinal drugs.[28] J. K. Lilly continued to advocate for federal regulation on medicines.[29] Under J. K.'s leadership, the company introduced scientific management concepts, organized the company's research department, increased its sales force, and began international distribution of its products.[30] In addition J. K. oversaw a large expansion of the company. By 1905 the company reached sales of $1 million ($26,381,481 in 2015 chained dollars).[9]

text: Just before and after World War I, the Lilly company experienced rapid change.[22] Expansion of Lilly's manufacturing facilities at the McCarty Street plant improved production capacity with a new Science Building (Building 14), opened in 1911, and a new capsule plant (Building 15) in 1913.[31] The company also began constructions of the Lilly Biological Laboratories, a research and manufacturing plant on 150 acres near Greenfield, Indiana, in 1913.[32][33]

text: In addition to development of new medicines, the company achieved several technological advances, including automation of its production facilities. Lilly was also an innovator in pill capsule manufacturing. It was among the first manufacturers to insert medications into empty gelatin capsules, which provided a more exact dosage.[8] Lilly manufactured capsules for its own needs and sold its excess capacity to others.[34] A 1917 Scientific American article claimed the Lilly operation in Indianapolis was "the largest capsule factory in the world" and was "capable of producing 2.5 million capsules a day".[34] One of Lilly's innovations was fruit flavoring for medicines and sugar-coated pills to make their medicines easier to swallow.[15] Over the next few years the company began to create tens of millions of capsules and pills annually.[25]

text: Other advances improved plant efficiency and eliminated production errors. Eli Lilly, grandson of the company founder, introduced a method for blueprinting manufacturing tickets in 1909.[35] This process, which created multiples copies of a drug formula, helped eliminate manufacturing and transcription errors.[34] In the 1920s Eli introduced the new concept of straight-line production, where raw materials entered at one end of the facility and the finished product came out the other end, in the company’s manufacturing process. Under Eli’s supervision, the design for Building 22, a new 5-floor plant that opened in Indianapolis in 1926, implemented the straight-line concept to improve production efficiency and lower production costs.[36][37] One historian noted, "It was probably the most sophisticated production system in the American pharmaceutical industry."[37] This more efficient manufacturing process also allowed the company to hire a regular workforce. Instead of recalling workers at peak times and laying them off when production demand fell, Lilly's regular workforce produced less-costly medicines in off-peak times using the same manufacturing facilities.[26]

text: During the 1920s the introduction of new products also brought the company financial success.[22] In 1919 Josiah hired biochemist George Henry Alexander Clowes as director of biochemical research. In 1921 three University of Toronto scientists, J. J. R. Macleod, Frederick G. Banting, and Charles H. Best, were working on the development of insulin for treatment of diabetes.[38] Clowes and Eli Lilly met with the researchers in 1922 to negotiate an agreement with the University of Toronto scientists to mass-produce insulin.[39] The collaboration led to the first successful large-scale production of insulin.[40] In 1923 Lilly began selling Iletin (Insulin, Lilly), their tradename for the first commercially available insulin product in the U.S for the treatment of diabetes.[41] Banting and Macleod won a Nobel Prize in 1923 for their research. Insulin, "the most important drug" in the company’s history, did "more than any other" to make Lilly "one of the major pharmaceutical manufacturers in the world."[38]

text: The success of insulin enabled the company to attract well-respected scientists and, with them, make more medical advances. By its fiftieth anniversary in 1926 sales reached $9 million and the company produced more than 2,800 different items.[26] In 1928 Lilly introduced Liver Extract 343 for the treatment of pernicious anemia, a blood disorder, in a joint venture with two Harvard University scientists, George R. Minot and William P. Murphy. In 1930 Lilly introduced Liver Extract No. 55 in collaboration with George Whipple, a University of Rochester scientist.[42] Minot, Murphy, and Whipple won the 1934 Nobel Prize in medicine for their research.[43]

text: Despite the economic challenges of the Great Depression, Lilly's sales rose to $13 million in 1932.[44] That same year Eli Lilly, the eldest grandson of Col. Lilly, was named as the company's president to succeed his father, who remained as chairman of the board until 1948. Eli joined the family business in 1909.[9] In his early years at the company Eli was especially interested in improving production efficiency and introduced a number of labor-saving devices. He also introduced scientific management principles and implemented cost-savings measures that modernized the company.[45] In addition Eli was involved in expanding the company’s research efforts and collaborations with university researchers.[46]

text: In 1934, the firm opened two new facilities on the McCarty Street complex: a replica of Lilly’s 1876 laboratory and the new Lilly Research Laboratories, "one of the most fully equipped facilities in the world."[47] In the 1930s the company also continued expansion overseas.[48] In 1934, Eli Lilly and Company Limited, the company's first overseas subsidiary was established in England, with headquarters in London and a manufacturing plant in Basingstoke.[44][48]

text: Expansion: 1940-1970[edit]

text: World War II brought production at Lilly to a new high with the manufacturing of Merthiolate and penicillin. During the war Lilly also cooperated with the American Red Cross to process blood plasma and by war's end the company had dried over two million pints of blood, "about 20 percent of the United States' total".[49] Merthiolate, first introduced in 1930, was an "anticeptic and germicide" that became a U.S. army "standard issue" during World War II.[50][51] In the early 1940s Lilly became one of the companies mass-producing penicillin.[52]

text: International operations expanded even further during World War II.[48] Eli Lilly International Corp. was formed in 1943 as a subsidiary to encourage business trade abroad. By 1948 Lilly employees worked in thirty-five countries, most of them as sales representatives in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.[48]

text: At the end of World War II the company continued to grow. In 1945 Lilly began a major expansion effort that would include two manufacturing operations in Indianapolis. The company purchased the massive Curtiss-Wright propeller plant on South Kentucky Avenue, west of the company's McCarty Street operation. When renovation was completed in mid-1947, the Kentucky Avenue location manufactured antibiotics and capsules and housed the company’s shipping department.[53] By 1948 Lilly employed nearly 7,000 people.[13]

text: Eli Lilly, who had served as the company's president since 1932, retired from active management of the company in 1948, became chairman of the board, and relinquished the presidency to his brother, Josiah K. Lilly, Jr. (Joe).[54] During Eli's sixteen-year presidency sales rose from $13 million in 1932 to $117 million in 1948. Joe joined the company in 1914 and concentrated on the company's personnel and marketing efforts.[27] He served as company president from 1948 to 1953, then became chairman of the board and remained in that capacity until his death in 1966.[55] In 1952 the company offered its first public shares of stock.[56] In 1953 Eugene N. Beesley was named the company's new president, the first non-family member to run the company.

text: Over the next several decades Lilly continued to develop and introduce new drugs to the marketplace. In the 1950s Lilly introduced two new antibiotics: vancomycin and erythromycin. In addition Lilly was heavily involved in production and distribution of Jonas Salk's poliomyelitis (polio) vaccine. In 1954 the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) contracted with five pharmaceutical companies to produce Salk's polio vaccine for clinical trials. These included Lilly as well as Parke, Davis and Company, Cutter Laboratories, Wyeth Laboratories, and Pitman-Moore Company.[57] Lilly's selection to produce the vaccine was, in part, due to its previous experience in collaborations with university researchers.[58] Lilly manufactured 60 percent of the Salk vaccine in 1955.

text: During the mid-twentieth century Lilly continued to expand its production facilities outside of Indianapolis. In 1950 Lilly began Tippecanoe Laboratories in Lafayette, Indiana,[59] and increased antibiotic production with its patent on erythromycin. In 1954 Lilly formed Elanco Products Company for the production of veterinary pharmaceuticals. In 1969, the company opened a new plant in Clinton, Indiana.[59]

text: After a company reorganization and transition to non-family management in 1953, Lilly continued to expand its global presence. In the 1960s Lilly operated thirteen affiliate companies outside the United States.[60] In 1962, with an acquisition from Distillers Company, the company established a major factory in Liverpool, England. In 1968, Lilly built its first research facility, the Lilly Research Centre Limited, outside the United States near London, England.

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, Eli Lilly and Company saw a flurry of drug production: an antibiotic, Keflex, in 1971; a heart drug, Dobutrex, in 1977; Ceclor, which would become the world's top selling oral antibiotic, in 1979; a leukemia drug, Eldisine; an antiarthritic, Oraflex; and an analgesic, Darvon. When generic drugs flooded the marketplace after the expiration of patents for drugs discovered in the 1950s and 1960s, Lilly diversified into other areas, most notably agricultural chemicals, animal-health products, cosmetics, and medical instruments.

text: In 1971, the company became a component of the S&P 500 Index.

text: To further diversify its product line, Lilly made an uncharacteristic, but ultimately profitable move in 1971, when it bought cosmetic manufacturer Elizabeth Arden, Inc. for $38 million. Although the subsidiary continued to lose money for five years after Lilly acquired it, executive management changes at Arden helped turn it into a financial success. By 1982 the subsidiary's "sales were up 90 percent from 1978, with profits doubling to nearly $30 million." Sixteen years after its acquisition, Lilly sold Arden to Fabergé in 1987 for $657 million.[61]

text: In 1977, Lilly ventured into medical instruments with the acquisition of IVAC Corporation, which manufactures vital signs and intravenous fluid infusion monitoring systems.[62] Lilly also purchased Cardiac Pacemakers Incorporated, a manufacturer of heart pacemakers in 1977. In 1980, Lilly acquired Physio-Control Corporation. Other acquisitions included Advance Cardiovasular Systems Incorporated in 1984, Hybritech in 1986, and Devices for Vascular Intervention, Incorporated in 1989. Lilly acquired Pacific Biotech in 1990 and Origin Medsystems and Heart Rhythm Technologies, Incorporated in 1992. In the early 1990s, Lilly combined these medical equipment companies into a Medical Devices and Diagnostics Division that "contributed about 20 percent" of Lilly’s annual revenues.[citation needed]

text: In 1989, a joint agri-chemical venture between Elanco Products Company and Dow Chemical created DowElanco. In 1997, Lilly sold its 40% share in the company to Dow Chemical for $1.2 billion and the name was changed to Dow AgroSciences.[63]

text: In 1994, Lilly acquired PCS Systems, a drug delivery business for Health Maintenance Organizations, and later added two similar organizations to its holdings.[64] Lilly purchased PCS, which was the largest U.S. prescription drug benefits manager at the time, for $4 billion.[65]

text: In 1991, Vaughn Bryson was named CEO of Eli Lilly. During his 20-month tenure, the company reported its first quarterly loss as a publicly traded company.[66] In 1993 Randall L. Tobias, a vice-chairman of AT&T Corporation and Lilly board member, was named Lilly's chairman, president, and CEO after "product and competitive pressures" had "steadily eroded Lilly's stock price since early 1992."[67] Tobias was the first president and CEO recruited from outside of the company. Under Tobias's leadership the company "cut costs and narrowed its mission".[68] Lilly sold companies in its Medical Device and Diagnostics Division, expanded international sales, made new acquisitions, and funded additional research and product development. Sidney Taurel, former chief operating officer of Lilly, was named CEO in 1998, replacing Tobias. Taurel was named chairman in January 1999. In 2000 Lilly reported $10.86 billion in net sales.

text: In 1998, Eli Lilly formed a joint venture with Icos Corporation (ICOS), a Bothell, Washington-based biotechnology company, to develop and commercialize Cialis, a product for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. In October 2006, Lilly announced its intention to acquire Icos for $2.1 billion, or $32 per share.[69] After its initial attempt to acquire Icos failed under pressure from large institutional shareholders, Lilly revised its offer to $34 per share. Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS), a proxy advisory firm, advised Icos shareholders to reject the proposal as undervalued,[70][71] but the buyout was approved by Icos shareholders and Lilly completed its acquisition of the company on January 29, 2007.[72][73] Lilly closed Icos manufacturing operations, terminated nearly 500 Icos employees, and left 127 employees working at the biologics facility.[74] In December 2007, CMC Biopharmaceuticals A/S (CMC), a Copenhagen, Denmark-based provider of contract biomanufacturing services, bought the Bothell-based biologics facility from Lilly and retained the existing 127 employees.[71][74][75]

text: In January 2009, the largest criminal fine in U.S. history, totaling $1.415 billion was imposed on Lilly for illegal marketing of its best-selling product, the atypical antipsychotic medication, Zyprexa.[76]

text: In January 2011, Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly and Company announced their global agreement for the joint development and marketing of new APIs for diabetes therapy. Lilly could receive more than one billion dollars for their work on the project, while Boehringer Ingelheim could receive more than $800 million from development of the new drugs.[77] Oral anti-diabetic of Boehringer Ingelheim–Linagliptin and BI 10773–and two insulin analogs of Lilly–LY2605541 and LY2963016–were in phase II and III of clinical developmentat that time.[78]

text: In April 2014, Lilly announced plans to buy Swiss drugmaker Novartis AG's animal health business for $5.4 billion in cash to strengthen and diversify its Elanco unit. Lilly said it planned to fund the deal with about $3.4 billion of cash on hand and $2 billion of loans.[79] As a condition of the acquisition, the Sentinel heartworm treatment would be divested to Virbac in order to avoid a monopoly in a subsector of the heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) treatment market.[80]

text: In March 2015, the company announced it would join Hanmi Pharmaceutical in developing and commercialising Hanmi's phase I Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor HM71224 in a deal which could yield $690 million.[81] A day later the company announced another deal with Innovent Biologics to co-develop and commercialise at least three of Innovents treatments over the next decade, in a deal which could generate up to $456 million. As part of the deal the company will contribute its c-Met monoclonal antibody whilst Innovent will contribute a monoclonal antibody which targets CD-20. The second compound from Innovent is a preclinical immuno-oncology molecule.[82] The following week the company announced it would restart its collaboration with Pfizer surrounding the Phase III trial of Tanezumab. Pfizer is expected to receive an upfront sum of $200 million from the company.[83] In April 2015, the company engaged CBRE Group to sell its biomanufacturing facility in Vacaville, California.[84] The facility resides on a 52 acres (0.21 km2) campus and is one of the largest biopharmaceutical manufacturing centers in the United States.[84]

text: In January 2017, Elanco Animal Health, a subsidiary of the company completed the acquisition of Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc's (a subsidiary of Boehringer Ingelheim) US feline, canine and rabies vaccines portfolio.[85]

text: In March 2017, the company acquired CoLucid Pharmaceuticals for $960 million, specifically gaining the late clinical-stage migraine therapy candidate, lasmiditan.[86][87]

text: Acquisition history[edit]

text: The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers, acquisitions and historical predecessors:

text:
Eli Lilly and Company

Eli Lilly and Company

Eli Lilly and Company
(Founded 1876)

Distillers Company
(Acq 1962)

Elizabeth Arden, Inc.
(Acq 1971, Sold 1987 to Fabergé)

IVAC Corporation
(Acq 1977)

Cardiac Pacemakers Incorporated
(Acq 1977)

Physio-Control Corporation
(Acq 1980)

Advance Cardiovasular Systems Incorporated
(Acq 1984)

Hybritech
(Acq 1986)

Devices for Vascular Intervention Incorporated
(Acq 1986)

Pacific Biotech
(Acq 1990)

Origin Medsystems
(Acq 1992)

Heart Rhythm Technologies, Incorporated
(Acq 1992)

PCS System
(Acq 1994)

Icos Corporation
(Acq 2007)

Hypnion, Inc[88]
(Acq 2007)

ImClone Systems[89]
(Acq 2008)

SGX Pharmaceuticals, Inc[90]
(Acq 2008)

Avid Radiopharmaceuticals[91]
(Acq 2010)

Alnara Pharmaceuticals[92]
(Acq 2010)

CoLucid Pharmaceuticals
(Acq 2017)

Elanco Products Company

Novartis
(Animal Health Div Acq 2014)

Lohmann SE[93]
(Animal Health Div Acq 2014)

ChemGen Corp[94]
(Acq 2012)

Janssen Pharmaceutica[95]
(Animal Health Div Acq 2011)

Pfizer[96]
(Animal Health Div Acq 2010)

Ivy Animal Health[97]
(Acq 2007)

DowElanco
(Established 1989 as joint venture
with Dow Chemical. Sold stake 1999)

Elanco[98]
(Established 1954 as a division
of Eli Lilly and Company)

text: Collaborative research[edit]

text: Eli Lilly and Company has a long history of collaboration with research scientists. In 1886 Ernest G. Eberhardt, a chemist, joined the company as its first full-time research scientist.[99] Lilly also hired two botanists, Walter H. Evans and John S. Wright, to join its early research efforts.[17][100] After World War I the company’s expanded production facilities and introduction of new management methods set the stage for Lilly's next crucial phase—its "aggressive entry into scientific research and development."[13] The first big step came in 1919 when Josiah Lilly hired biochemist George Henry Alexander Clowes as director of biochemical research.[101] Clowes had extensive medical research expertise and links to the scientific research community, which led to the company's collaborations with researchers in the U.S. and elsewhere.[102] Clowes's first major collaboration with researchers who developed insulin at the University of Toronto significantly impacted the company’s future.[102] Lilly’s success with insulin production secured the company's position as a leading research-based pharmaceutical manufacturer, allowing it to attract and hire more research scientists and to collaborate with other universities in additional medical research.[103] In 1934 the company built a new research laboratory in Indianapolis.[38] As part of its research and product development process Lilly also conducted clinical studies at Indianapolis City Hospital (Wishard Memorial Hospital). Lilly continues to conduct clinical studies to test medications before their introduction to the market.[104] In 1949 Eli Lilly actually went into partnership with the United States Army Reserve setting up a local Strategic Intelligence Research and Analysis (SIRA)Unit to allow employees to research company data for the Scientific Logistics and Eurasian fields of study (source: declassified Defense Intelligence Agency document MDR -0191-2008 dated 17 Sep 2012). In 1998 the company dedicated new laboratories for clinical research at the Indiana University Medical Center in Indianapolis.

text: Publicly funded research[edit]

text: In addition to internal research and development activities, Lilly is also involved in publicly funded research projects with other industrial and academic partners. One example in the area of non-clinical safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox, a collaboration with pharmaceutical companies, research organizations, and the European Commission to improve the safety of drugs.[105][106] In 2008 this consortium, which included Lilly S.A. (Switzerland), secured a €8 million budget for a 40-month project that was coordinated by the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), an organization who represents the research-based pharmaceutical industry and biotech companies operating in Europe.[106][107][108] In 2008 Lilly's activities included research projects within the framework of the Innovative Medicines Initiative, a public-private research initiative in Europe that is a joint effort of the EFPIA and the European Commission.[109][110][111]

text: Pharmaceutical brands[edit]

text: The company's most important products introduced prior to World War II included insulin, which Lilly marketed as Iletin (Insulin, Lilly), Amytal, Merthiolate, ephedrine, and liver extracts.[51] Introduced in 1923, Iletin (Insulin, Lilly) was Lilly's first commercial insulin product. In 2002 the company was the leading producer of products for those with diabetes.[citation needed]

text: During World War II Lilly produced penicillins and other antibiotics. In addition to penicillin, other wartime production included "antimalarials," blood plasma, encephalitis vaccine, typhus and influenza vaccine, gas gangrene antitoxin, Merthiolate, and Iletin (Insulin, Lilly).[112]

text: Among the company's more recent pharmaceutical developments are cephalosporin, erythromycin, and Prozac (fluoxetine), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for the treatment of clinical depression. Ceclor, introduced in the 1970s, was an oral cephalosporin antibiotic. Prozac, introduced in the 1980s, quickly became the company's best-selling product for treatment of depression, but Lilly lost its U.S. patent protection for this product in 2001. Among other distinctions, Lilly is the world's largest manufacturer and distributor of medications used in a broad range of psychiatric and mental health-related conditions, including clinical depression, generalized anxiety disorder, narcotic addiction, insomnia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and others.[citation needed]

text: Cialis[edit]

text: In 2003, Eli Lilly introduced Cialis (tadalafil), a competitor to Pfizer's blockbuster Viagra for erectile dysfunction. Cialis maintains an active period of 36 hours, causing it sometimes to be dubbed the "weekend pill". Cialis was developed in a partnership with biotechnology company Icos Corporation. On December 18, 2006, Lilly bought Icos in order to gain full control of the product.[113]

text: Cymbalta[edit]

text: Another Lilly manufactured anti-depressant, Cymbalta, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used predominantly in the treatment of major depressive disorders and generalized anxiety disorder, ranks with Prozac as one of the most financially successful pharmaceuticals in industry history. It is also used in the treatment of fibromyalgia, neuropathy, chronic pain and osteoarthritis.[citation needed]

text: Gemzar[edit]

text: In 1996, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Gemzar for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Gemzar is commonly used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, usually in coordination with 5-FU chemotherapy and radiology. Gemzar also is routinely used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.[citation needed]

text: Methadone[edit]

text: Eli Lilly was the first distributor of methadone, an analgesic used frequently in the treatment of heroin, opium and other opioid and narcotic drug addictions.[citation needed]

text: Prozac[edit]

text: Prozac was one of the first therapies in its class to treat clinical depression by blocking the uptake of serotonin within the human brain. It is prescribed to more than fifty-four million people worldwide.[citation needed] Prozac was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1987 for use in treating depression. In 2001 Lilly lost its U.S. patent protection for Prozac and in January 2002 the U.S. Supreme Court rejected Lilly's final appeal, a decision that allows other companies to make generic versions of the drug. Prozac has given rise to a number of comparably functioning therapies for the treatment of clinical depression and other central nervous system disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorders.[citation needed]

text: Prozac in popular culture[edit]

text: Because of its wide appeal as a popular anti-depressant, references to Prozac have appeared in books, movies, and music. Prozac Nation (1994), an autobiographical book by Elizabeth Wurtzel, was turned into a film of the same name in 2001 and starred Christina Ricci. Listening to Prozac (1993), by Peter Kramer, was a generally analytical look at Prozac and its uses, not only to treat disorders but to diagnose them as well. Talking Back to Prozac (1994), by psychiatrist Peter Breggin, focuses on Prozac's side effects. Rapper Jay-Z referenced Prozac in the song, "Nigga What, Nigga Who" (1998). In HBO's fictional series, The Sopranos, Tony Soprano's use of Prozac is periodically referenced.[citation needed]

text: Secobarbital[edit]

text: Eli Lilly has manufactured Secobarbital, a barbiturate derivative with anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative and hypnotic properties. Lilly marketed Secobarbital under the brand name Seconal. Secobarbital is indicated for the treatment of epilepsy, temporary insomnia and as a pre-operative medication to produce anaesthesia and anxiolysis in short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures which are minimally painful. With the onset of new therapies for the treatment of these conditions, Secobarbital has been less utilized, and Lilly ceased manufacturing it in 2001.[citation needed]

text: Secobarbital overdoses[edit]

text: Secobarbital gained considerable attention during the 1970s, when it gained wide popularity as a recreational drug. On September 18, 1970, rock guitarist legend Jimi Hendrix died from a secobarbital overdose. On June 22, 1969, secobarbital overdose was the cause of death of actress Judy Garland. The drug was a central part of the plot of the hugely popular novel Valley of the Dolls (1966) by Jacqueline Susann in which three highly successful Hollywood women each fall victim, in various ways, to the drug. The novel was later released as a film by the same name.[citation needed]

text: Thimerosal[edit]

text: Eli Lilly has developed the vaccine preservative thiomersal (also called merthiolate and thimerosal). Thiomersal is effective by causing susceptible bacteria to autolyze. Launched in 1930, merthiolate was a mercury-based antiseptic and germicide that "had been formulated at the University of Maryland with support of a Lilly research fellowship."[51]

text: Zyprexa[edit]

text: Zyprexa (Olanzapine) (for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as well as off-label uses) Released in 1996, (see criminal prosecution section) it was the company's best selling drug through 2010, when the patent expired.[114]

text: Leadership[edit]

text: After three generations of Lilly family leadership under company founder, Col. Eli Lilly, his son, Josiah K. Lilly Sr., and two grandsons, Eli Lilly Jr. and Josiah K. Lilly Jr., the company announced a reorganization in 1944 that prepared the way for future expansion and the eventual separation of company management from its ownership.[115] The large, complex corporation was divided into smaller groups headed by vice presidents and in 1953 Eugene N. Beesley was named the first non-family member to become the company’s president.[60]

text: Although Lilly family members continued to serve as chairman of the board until 1969, Beesley's appointment began the transition to non-family management.[60] In 1972 Richard D. Wood became Lilly's president and CEO after the retirement of Burton E. Beck.[116] In 1991 Vaughn Bryson became president and Wood became board chairman.[117] During Bryson's 20-month tenure as Lilly's president and CEO, the company reported its first quarterly loss as a publicly traded company.[66]

text: Randall L. Tobias, a vice chairman of AT&T Corporation, was named chairman, president, and CEO in June 1993. Tobias, a Lilly board member since 1986, was recruited from outside the company's executive ranks to replace Lilly's president, Vaughn Bryson, and board chairman, Richard Wood.[66] Tobias later became the U.S. director of Foreign Assistance and administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), with the rank of ambassador.[118]

text: Sidney Taurel, former chief operating officer of Lilly, was named CEO in July 1998 to replace Tobias, who retired. Taurel became chairman of the board in January 1999.[119] Taurel retired as CEO on March 31, 2008, but remained as chairman of the board until December 31, 2008. John C. Lechleiter was elected as Lilly’s CEO and president, effective April 1, 2008. Lechleiter had served as Lilly's president and chief operating officer since October 2005.[120] In July 2016 Dave Ricks, who also had a long career at Lily, was appointed CEO.[121]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In 2006, Fortune magazine named Eli Lilly and Company one of the top 100 companies in the United States for which to work. Also in 2006, Barron's Magazine named the company among the top 500 best managed companies in the U.S.

text: In 2012, Working Mothers magazine named Lilly one of the "100 Best Companies for Working Mothers" for the eighteenth consecutive year. Working Mother reported that in 2012 forty-eight percent of Lilly’s U.S. employees and thirty-four percent of its U.S. managers and executives were women.[122][123]

text: Community service[edit]

text: The Lilly family as well as Eli Lilly and Company has a long history of community service. Around 1890 Col. Lilly turned over operation of the family business to his son, Josiah, who ran the company for the next several decades.[17] Col. Lilly remained active in civic affairs and assisted a number of local organizations, including the Commercial Club of Indianapolis, which later became the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce,[124] and the Charity Organization Society, a forerunner to the Family Services Association of Central Indiana, an organization supported by United Way.[17][125] Josiah’s sons, Eli and Joe, were also philanthropists who supported numerous cultural and educational organizations.[126]

text: It was Josiah Sr. who continued his father's civic mindedness and began the company tradition of sending aid to disaster victims.[9] Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the company sent much needed medicine to support recovery efforts and provided relief after the 1936 Johnstown Flood.[9]

text: In 1917, Lilly Field Hospital 32, named in Josiah’s honor, was equipped in Indianapolis and moved overseas to Contrexville, France, during World War I, where it remained in operation until 1919.[9] Throughout World War II, Lilly manufactured more than two hundred products for military use, including aviator survival kits and seasickness medications for the D-Day invasion.[44] In addition Lilly dried more than two million pints of blood plasma by the war’s end.[49]

text: Lilly Endowment[edit]

text: In 1937, Josiah K. Lilly Sr. and his two sons, Eli and Joe, founded the Lilly Endowment, a private charitable foundation, with gifts of Lilly stock.[127]

text: Eli Lilly and Company Foundation[edit]

text: The Eli Lilly and Company Foundation, which is separate from the Lilly Endowment, operates as a tax-exempt private charitable foundation that the company established in 1968. The Foundation is funded through Lilly’s corporate profits.[128]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Eli Lilly has been involved in several controversies, including political and medical ethics controversies. Eli Lilly is now the sole manufacturer of BGH having purchased the rights to manufacture the drug from Monsanto.

text: Prozac[edit]

text: A landmark study found that fluoxetine (Prozac) was more likely to increase overall suicidal behavior. 14.7% of the patients (n = 44) on fluoxetine had suicidal events, compared to 6.3% in the psychotherapy group and 8.4% from the combined treatment group.[129] Eli Lilly, the manufacturer, and the lead researcher did not make these findings obvious.[130] Several internal documents, which were released by the British Medical Journal, indicated a link between use of Prozac and suicidal or violent behavior. The FDA has warned that Prozac and similar antidepressants could cause agitation, panic attacks and aggression.[131] These documents revealed that Eli Lilly knew about this as early as 1984, years before the drug was FDA-approved.[132]

text: NAFTA Suit[edit]

text: In September 2013, Eli Lilly sued Canada for violating its obligations to foreign investors under the North American Free Trade Agreement by allowing its courts to invalidate patents for two of its drugs. The company sought damages in the amount of $500 million for lost potential profits.[133]

text: Criminal prosecution[edit]

text: In 2009, four sales representatives for Eli Lilly filed separate qui tam lawsuits against the company for illegally marketing olanzapine (branded Zyprexa), an antipsychotic medication, for uses not approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Eli Lilly pleaded guilty to actively promoting Zyprexa for off-label uses, particularly for the treatment of dementia in the elderly. The $1.415 billion penalty included an $800 million civil settlement and a $515 million criminal fine. The U.S. Justice Department said the criminal fine of $515 million was the largest ever in a health care case, and the largest criminal fine for an individual corporation ever imposed in a U.S. criminal prosecution of any kind.[134][135] "That was a blemish for us," John C. Lechleiter, CEO of Lilly, told The New York Times. "We don’t ever want that to happen again. We put measures in place to assure that not only do we have the right intentions in integrity and compliance, but we have systems in place to support that."[136] In an internal email, Lechleiter had stated "we must seize the opportunity to expand our work with Zyprexa in this same child-adolescent population" (for off-label use.)[137]