document_title: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

question_text: who wrote the boy in the striped pajamas

text: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

text:
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

UK first edition book cover

Author
John Boyne

Country
Ireland

Language
English

Genre
Historical / post modern

Publisher
David Fickling Books

Publication date

5 January 2006

Media type
Print (hard cover & paper back)

Pages
216

ISBN
0-385-60940-X

OCLC
62132588

Dewey Decimal

823.914 22

LC Class
CS 2006/45764

text: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006[1] Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne. Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books, he said that he wrote the entire first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days, barely sleeping until he got to the end.[1] As of March 2010, the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world.[2] In both 2007 and 2008, it was the best selling book of the year in Spain, and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list,[3] as well as in the UK, Ireland, and Australia.[not verified in body] The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Bruno is a 9-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12-year-old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to "Out-With" because of the orders of "The Fury" (Bruno's naïve interpretation of the word 'Führer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out-With (in actuality, Auschwitz)[4] and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out-With, Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining, Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's naïveté is proved, as he never realizes he is living beside a death camp.

text: When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off. Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel, and Shmuel agrees, except that Bruno is fatter. Bruno's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out-With without them.

text: The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel's father. Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes (which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas), and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence. As they search the camp, both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a "march". They are forced to remove their clothing and are led into a gas chamber. In the gas chamber, Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno's best friend for life. Shmuel does not answer, as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed, it becomes dark, and all is chaos.

text: Critics' reviews[edit]

text: Kathryn Hughes, writing in The Guardian, calls the novel "a small wonder of a book". While she comments on "the oddness of Auschwitz security being so lax that a child prisoner could make a weekly date with the commandant's son without anyone noticing", she describes the novel as "something that borders on fable", arguing that "Bruno's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses".[5]

text: Nicholas Tucker, writing in The Independent, calls the novel "a fine addition to a once taboo area of history, at least where children's literature is concerned. It provides an account of a dreadful episode short on actual horror but packed with overtones that remain in the imagination. Plainly and sometimes archly written, it stays just ahead of its readers before delivering its killer punch in the final pages."[6]

text: Ed Wright, writing in The Age of Melbourne, calls the novel "a touching tale of an odd friendship between two boys in horrendous circumstances and a reminder of man's capacity for inhumanity." He felt that "Bruno's friendship with Shmuel is rendered with neat awareness of the paradoxes between children's naive egocentricity, their innate concept of fairness, familial loyalty and obliviousness to the social conventions of discrimination." He concludes by observing that "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is subtitled A Fable and, as in other modern fables such as Antoine de St Exupery's The Little Prince, Boyne uses Bruno to reveal the flaws in an adult world."[7]

text: A.O. Scott, writing in The New York Times, questioned the author and publisher's choice to intentionally keep the Holocaust setting of the book vague in both the dust jacket summary and the early portion of the novel, writing: "Boyne’s reluctance to say as much can certainly be defended, not least on the grounds that the characters in a story about the Holocaust are themselves most likely unaware of the scale and historical importance of their experiences. To recreate those experiences faithfully might require undoing some of the readers’ preconceptions." However Scott felt this undermined the work, saying: "A young reader who knows little or nothing about the mass murder of European Jews by the Nazis will not know much more after reading “The Boy in the Striped Pajamas,” while one who has read other books on the topic — Jerry Spinelli’s “Milkweed,” say, or Anne Frank’s diary — may be irritated by the book’s evasions and euphemisms. There is something awkward about the way Boyne manages to disguise, and then to disclose, the historical context." Scott concludes that "To mold the Holocaust into an allegory, as Boyne does here with perfectly benign intent, is to step away from its reality."[8]

text: Rabbi Benjamin Blech offered a historical criticism, contending that the premise of the book and subsequent film – that there could be a child of Shmuel's age in Auschwitz – was impossible, writing of the book: "Note to the reader: There were no 9-year-old Jewish boys in Auschwitz – the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work."[9] Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is "not just a lie and not just a fairytale, but a profanation". Blech acknowledges the objection that a "fable" need not be factually accurate; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the "myth that those [...] not directly involved can claim innocence", and thus undermines its moral authority. Students who read it, he warns, may believe the camps "weren't that bad" if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age, unaware of "the constant presence of death".[10]

text: Holocaust scholar Henry Gonashk rebuts Blech's historical contention in his book "Hollywood and the Holocaust", writing that "The rabbi found implausible Shmuel's very existence in the camp," but stating that "Blech is factually incorrect. In fact, there were male (though apparently not female) children at Auschwitz. In 1944, for example, according to the Nazis' meticulous records, there were 619 male children at the camp, ranging in age from one month to fourteen years old. Some of the boys sere employed by the Nazis as camp messengers, while others were simply kept around as mascots and curiosities. Probably some of these children were sexually abused by the guards. Of course, thousands of other children at Auschwitz (including all the girls who arrived at the camp) were gassed."[11]


document_title: White blood cell

question_text: what do white blood cells release to attract other white blood cells

root

text: White blood cell

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The name "white blood cell" derives from the physical appearance of a blood sample after centrifugation. White cells are found in the buffy coat, a thin, typically white layer of nucleated cells between the sedimented red blood cells and the blood plasma. The scientific term leukocyte directly reflects its description. It is derived from the Greek roots leuk- meaning "white" and cyt- meaning "cell". The buffy coat may sometimes be green if there are large amounts of neutrophils in the sample, due to the heme-containing enzyme myeloperoxidase that they produce.

tag: p

text: Types[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text: All white blood cells are nucleated, which distinguishes them from the anucleated red blood cells and platelets. Types of leukocytes can be classified in standard ways. Two pairs of broadest categories classify them either by structure (granulocytes or agranulocytes) or by cell lineage (myeloid cells or lymphoid cells). These broadest categories can be further divided into the five main types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.[2] These types are distinguished by their physical and functional characteristics. Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytic. Further subtypes can be classified.

text: Granulocytes are distinguished from agranulocytes by their nucleus shape (lobed versus round, that is, polymorphonuclear versus mononuclear) and by their cytoplasm granules (present or absent, or more precisely, visible on light microscopy or not thus visible). The other dichotomy is by lineage: Myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils) are distinguished from lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) by hematopoietic lineage (cellular differentiation lineage).[6] Lymphocytes can be further classified as T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

text:
Type
Appearance (micrograph)
Appearance (illustration)
Approx. %
in adults
See also:
Blood values
Diameter (μm)[7]
Main targets[4]
Nucleus[4]
Granules[4]
Lifetime[7]

Neutrophil

62%
10–12

Bacteria
Fungi

Multilobed
Fine, faintly pink (H&E stain)
6 hours–few days
(days in spleen and other tissue)

Eosinophil

2.3%
10–12

Larger parasites
Modulate allergic inflammatory responses

Bi-lobed
Full of pink-orange (H&E stain)
8–12 days (circulate for 4–5 hours)

Basophil

0.4%
12–15

Release histamine for inflammatory responses

Bi-lobed or tri-lobed
Large blue
A few hours to a few days

Lymphocyte

30%
Small lymphocytes 7–8

Large lymphocytes 12–15

B cells: releases antibodies and assists activation of T cells
T cells:

CD4+ Th (T helper) cells: activate and regulate T and B cells
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: virus-infected and tumor cells.
γδ T cells: bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses; phagocytosis
Regulatory (suppressor) T cells: Returns the functioning of the immune system to normal operation after infection; prevents autoimmunity

Natural killer cells: virus-infected and tumor cells.

Deeply staining, eccentric
NK-cells and cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cells
Years for memory cells, weeks for all else.

Monocyte

5.3%
15–30[8]
Monocytes migrate from the bloodstream to other tissues and differentiate into tissue resident macrophages, Kupffer cells in the liver.
Kidney shaped
None
Hours to days

tag: table

text: Neutrophil[edit]

text: Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell, constituting 60-70% of the circulating leukocytes,[4] and including two functionally unequal subpopulations: neutrophil-killers and neutrophil-cagers. They defend against bacterial or fungal infection. They are usually first responders to microbial infection; their activity and death in large numbers form pus. They are commonly referred to as polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, although, in the technical sense, PMN refers to all granulocytes. They have a multi-lobed nucleus, which consists of three to five lobes connected by slender strands.[9] This gives the neutrophils the appearance of having multiple nuclei, hence the name polymorphonuclear leukocyte. The cytoplasm may look transparent because of fine granules that are pale lilac when stained. Neutrophils are active in phagocytosing bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds. These cells are not able to renew their lysosomes (used in digesting microbes) and die after having phagocytosed a few pathogens.[10] Neutrophils are the most common cell type seen in the early stages of acute inflammation. The life span of a circulating human neutrophil is about 5.4 days.[11]

text: Eosinophil[edit]

text: Eosinophils compose about 2-4% of the WBC total. This count fluctuates throughout the day, seasonally, and during menstruation. It rises in response to allergies, parasitic infections, collagen diseases, and disease of the spleen and central nervous system. They are rare in the blood, but numerous in the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, and lower urinary tracts.[9]

text: They primarily deal with parasitic infections. Eosinophils are also the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions. The most important causes of eosinophilia include allergies such as asthma, hay fever, and hives; and also parasitic infections. They secrete chemicals that destroy these large parasites, such as hook worms and tapeworms, that are too big for any one WBC to phagocytize. In general, their nucleus is bi-lobed. The lobes are connected by a thin strand.[9] The cytoplasm is full of granules that assume a characteristic pink-orange color with eosin staining.

text: Basophil[edit]

text: Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing the dilation of blood vessels. Because they are the rarest of the white blood cells (less than 0.5% of the total count) and share physicochemical properties with other blood cells, they are difficult to study.[12] They can be recognized by several coarse, dark violet granules, giving them a blue hue. The nucleus is bi- or tri-lobed, but it is hard to see because of the number of coarse granules that hide it.

text: They excrete two chemicals that aid in the body's defenses: histamine and heparin. Histamine is responsible for widening blood vessels and increasing the flow of blood to injured tissue. It also makes blood vessels more permeable so neutrophils and clotting proteins can get into connective tissue more easily. Heparin is an anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting and promotes the movement of white blood cells into an area. Basophils can also release chemical signals that attract eosinophils and neutrophils to an infection site.[9]

text: Lymphocyte[edit]

text: Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system than in blood. Lymphocytes are distinguished by having a deeply staining nucleus that may be eccentric in location, and a relatively small amount of cytoplasm. Lymphocytes include:

text:
B cells make antibodies that can bind to pathogens, block pathogen invasion, activate the complement system, and enhance pathogen destruction.
T cells:

CD4+ helper T cells: T cells displaying co-receptor CD4 are known as CD4+ T cells. These cells have T-cell receptors and CD4 molecules that, in combination, bind antigenic peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Helper T cells make cytokines and perform other functions that help coordinate the immune response. In HIV infection, these T cells are the main index to identify the individual's immune system integrity.
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: T cells displaying co-receptor CD8 are known as CD8+ T cells. These cells bind antigens presented on MHC I complex of virus-infected or tumour cells and kill them. Nearly all nucleated cells display MHC I.
γδ T cells possess an alternative T cell receptor (different from the αβ TCR found on conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells). Found in tissue more commonly than in blood, γδ T cells share characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells.

Natural killer cells are able to kill cells of the body that do not display MHC class I molecules, or display stress markers such as MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MIC-A). Decreased expression of MHC class I and up-regulation of MIC-A can happen when cells are infected by a virus or become cancerous.

tag: ul

text: Monocyte[edit]

text: Monocytes, the largest type of WBCs, share the "vacuum cleaner" (phagocytosis) function of neutrophils, but are much longer lived as they have an extra role: they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed. This causes an antibody response to be mounted. Monocytes eventually leave the bloodstream and become tissue macrophages, which remove dead cell debris as well as attack microorganisms. Neither dead cell debris nor attacking microorganisms can be dealt with effectively by the neutrophils. Unlike neutrophils, monocytes are able to replace their lysosomal contents and are thought to have a much longer active life. They have the kidney shaped nucleus and are typically agranulated. They also possess abundant cytoplasm.

text: Fixed leucocytes[edit]

text: Some leucocytes migrate into the tissues of the body to take up a permanent residence at that location rather than remaining in the blood. Often these cells have specific names depending upon which tissue they settle in, such as fixed macrophages in the liver, which become known as Kupffer cells. These cells still serve a role in the immune system.

text:
Histiocytes
Dendritic cells (Although these will often migrate to local lymph nodes upon ingesting antigens)
Mast cells
Microglia

text: Disorders[edit]

text: The two commonly used categories of white blood cell disorders divide them quantitatively into those causing excessive numbers (proliferative disorders) and those causing insufficient numbers (leukopenias).[13] Leukocytosis is usually healthy (e.g., fighting an infection), but it also may be dysfunctionally proliferative. WBC proliferative disorders can be classed as myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative. Some are autoimmune, but many are neoplastic.

text: Another way to categorize disorders of white blood cells is qualitatively. There are various disorders in which the number of white blood cells is normal but the cells do not function normally.[14]

text: Neoplasia of WBCs can be benign but is often malignant. Of the various tumors of the blood and lymph, cancers of WBCs can be broadly classified as leukemias and lymphomas, although those categories overlap and are often grouped as a pair.

text: Leucopenias[edit]

text: A range of disorders can cause decreases in white blood cells. This type of white blood cell decreased is usually the neutrophil. In this case the decrease may be called neutropenia or granulocytopenia. Less commonly, a decrease in lymphocytes (called lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia) may be seen.[13]

text: Neutropenia[edit]

text: Neutropenia can be acquired or intrinsic.[15] A decrease in levels of neutrophils on lab tests is due to either decreased production of neutrophils or increased removal from the blood.[13] The following list of causes is not complete.

text:
Medications - chemotherapy, sulfas or other antibiotics, phenothiazenes, benzodiazepines, antithyroids, anticonvulsants, quinine, quinidine, indomethacin, procainamide, thiazides
Radiation
Toxins - alcohol, benzenes
Intrinsic disorders - Fanconi's, Kostmann's, cyclic neutropenia, Chédiak–Higashi
Immune dysfunction - disorders of collagen, AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis
Blood cell dysfunction - megaloblastic anemia, myelodysplasia, marrow failure, marrow replacement, acute leukemia
Any major infection
Miscellaneous - starvation, hypersplenism

text: Symptoms of neutropenia are associated with the underlying cause of the decrease in neutrophils. For example, the most common cause of acquired neutropenia is drug-induced, so an individual may have symptoms of medication overdose or toxicity. Treatment is also aimed at the underlying cause of the neutropenia.[16] One severe consequence of neutropenia is that it can increase the risk of infection.[14]

text: Lymphocytopenia[edit]

text: Defined as total lymphocyte count below 1.0x109/L, the cells most commonly affected are CD4+ T cells. Like neutropenia, lymphocytopenia may be acquired or intrinsic and there are many causes.[14] This is not a complete list.

text:
Inherited immune deficiency - severe combined immunodeficiency, common variable immune deficiency, ataxia-telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, immunodeficiency with short-limbed dwarfism, immunodeficiency with thymoma, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, genetic polymorphism
Blood cell dysfunction - aplastic anemia
Infectious diseases - viral (AIDS, SARS, West Nile encephalitis, hepatitis, herpes, measles, others), bacterial (TB, typhoid, pneumonia, rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, sepsis), parasitic (acute phase of malaria)
Medications - chemotherapy (antilymphocyte globulin therapy, alemtuzumab, glucocorticoids)
Radiation
Major surgery
Miscellaneous - ECMO, kidney or bone marrow transplant, hemodialysis, kidney failure, severe burn, celiac disease, severe acute pancreatitis, sarcoidosis, protein-losing enteropathy, strenuous exercise, carcinoma
Immune dysfunction - arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, myasthenia gravis, systemic vasculitis, Behcet-like syndrome, dermatomyositis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Nutritional/Dietary - alcohol abuse, zinc deficiency

text: Like neutropenia, symptoms and treatment of lymphocytopenia are directed at the underlying cause of the change in cell counts.

text: Proliferative disorders[edit]

text: An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation is called leukocytosis.[13] This increase is most commonly caused by inflammation.[13] There are four major causes: increase of production in bone marrow, increased release from storage in bone marrow, decreased attachment to veins and arteries, decreased uptake by tissues.[13] Leukocytosis may affect one or more cell lines and can be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic, monocytosis, or lymphocytosis.

text: Neutrophilia[edit]

text: Neutrophilia is an increase in the absolute neutrophil count in the peripheral circulation. Normal blood values vary by age.[14] Neutrophilia can be caused by a direct problem with blood cells (primary disease). It can also occur as a consequence of an underlying disease (secondary). Most cases of neutrophilia are secondary to inflammation.[16]

text: Primary causes[16]

text:
Conditions with normally functioning neutrophils – hereditary neutrophilia, chronic idiopathic neutrophilia
Pelger–Huet anomaly
Down syndrome
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Familial cold urticaria
Leukemia (chronic myelogenous (CML)) and other myeloproliferative disorders
Surgical removal of spleen[17]

text: Secondary causes[16]

text:
Infection
Chronic inflammation – especially juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Still's disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, granulomatous infections (for example, tuberculosis), and chronic hepatitis
Cigarette smoking – occurs in 25–50% of chronic smokers and can last up to 5 years after quitting
Stress – exercise, surgery, general stress
Medication induced – corticosteroids (for example, prednisone, β-agonists, lithium)
Cancer – either by growth factors secreted by the tumor or invasion of bone marrow by the cancer
Increased destruction of cells in peripheral circulation can stimulate bone marrow. This can occur in hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

text: Eosinophilia[edit]

text: A normal eosinophil count is considered to be less than 0.65×109/L.[14] Eosinophil counts are higher in newborns and vary with age, time (lower in the morning and higher at night), exercise, environment, and exposure to allergens.[14] Eosinophilia is never a normal lab finding. Efforts should always be made to discover the underlying cause, though the cause may not always be found.[14]

text: Counting and reference ranges[edit]

text: The complete blood cell count is a blood panel that includes the overall WBC count and various subsets such as the absolute neutrophil count. Reference ranges for blood tests specify the typical counts in healthy people.

text: TLC- (Total leucocyte count): Normal TLC in an adult person is 6000-8000WBC/mm^3 of blood.

text: DLC- (Differential leucocyte count): Number/ (%) of different type of leucocyte in per cubic mm. of blood.


document_title: Sonnet

question_text: who used sonnet for the first time in england

text: Sonnet

text: Petrarchan sonnet[edit]

text: The sonnet was created by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School under Emperor Frederick II.[1] Guittone d'Arezzo rediscovered it and brought it to Tuscany where he adapted it to his language when he founded the Siculo-Tuscan School, or Guittonian school of poetry (1235–1294). He wrote almost 250 sonnets.[2] Other Italian poets of the time, including Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Guido Cavalcanti (c. 1250–1300), wrote sonnets, but the most famous early sonneteer was Petrarca (known in English as Petrarch). Other fine examples were written by Michelangelo.

text: The structure of a typical Italian sonnet of the time included two parts that together formed a compact form of "argument". First, the octave (two quatrains), forms the "proposition", which describes a "problem", or "question", followed by a sestet (two tercets), which proposes a "resolution". Typically, the ninth line initiates what is called the "turn", or "volta", which signals the move from proposition to resolution. Even in sonnets that don't strictly follow the problem/resolution structure, the ninth line still often marks a "turn" by signaling a change in the tone, mood, or stance of the poem.

text: Later, the abba, abba pattern became the standard for Italian sonnets. For the sestet there were two different possibilities: cde, cde and cdc, cdc. In time, other variants on this rhyming scheme were introduced, such as cdcdcd. Petrarch typically used an abba, abba pattern for the octave, followed by either cde, cde or cdc, cdc rhymes in the sestet. (The symmetries (abba vs. cdc) of these rhyme schemes have also been rendered in musical structure in the late 20th century composition Scrivo in Vento by Elliott Carter, inspired by Petrarch's Sonnet 212, Beato in Sogno.[3])

text: In English, both the English or Shakespearean sonnet, and the Italian Petrarchan sonnet are traditionally written in iambic pentameter.

text: The first known sonnets in English, written by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, used the Italian, Petrarchan form, as did sonnets by later English poets, including John Milton, Thomas Gray, William Wordsworth and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Early twentieth-century American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay also wrote mostly Petrarchan sonnets.

text: On His Blindness by Milton, gives a sense of the Petrarchan rhyme scheme:

text:
When I consider how my light is spent (a)
 Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, (b)
 And that one talent which is death to hide, (b)
 Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent (a)
To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a)
 My true account, lest he returning chide; (b)
 "Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?" (b)
 I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a)
That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need (c)
 Either man's work or his own gifts; who best (d)
 Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state (e)
Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed (c)
 And post o'er land and ocean without rest; (d)
 They also serve who only stand and wait." (e)

text: Dante's variation[edit]

text: Most Sonnets in Dante's La Vita Nuova are Petrarchan. Chapter VII gives sonnet "O voi che per la via", with two sestets (AABAAB AABAAB) and two quatrains (CDDC CDDC), and Ch. VIII, "Morte villana", with two sestets (AABBBA AABBBA) and two quatrains (CDDC CDDC).

text: Occitan[edit]

text: The sole confirmed surviving sonnet in the Occitan language is confidently dated to 1284, and is conserved only in troubadour manuscript P, an Italian chansonnier of 1310, now XLI.42 in the Biblioteca Laurenziana in Florence.[4] It was written by Paolo Lanfranchi da Pistoia and is addressed to Peter III of Aragon. It employs the rhyme scheme a-b-a-b, a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d-c-d. This poem is historically interesting for its information on north Italian perspectives concerning the War of the Sicilian Vespers, the conflict between the Angevins and Aragonese for Sicily.[4] Peter III and the Aragonese cause was popular in northern Italy at the time and Paolo's sonnet is a celebration of his victory over the Angevins and Capetians in the Aragonese Crusade:

text:
Valenz Senher, rei dels Aragones
a qi prez es honors tut iorn enansa,
remembre vus, Senher, del Rei franzes
qe vus venc a vezer e laiset Fransa
   Ab dos sos fillz es ab aqel d'Artes;
hanc no fes colp d'espaza ni de lansa
e mainz baros menet de lur paes:
jorn de lur vida said n'auran menbransa.
   Nostre Senhier faccia a vus compagna
per qe en ren no vus qal[la] duptar;
tals quida hom qe perda qe gazaingna.
   Seigner es de la terra e de la mar,
per qe lo Rei Engles e sel d'Espangna
ne varran mais, si.ls vorres aiudar.

   Valiant Lord, king of the Aragonese
to whom honour grows every day closer,
remember, Lord, the French king[5]
that has come to find you and has left France
   With his two sons[6] and that one of Artois;[7]
but they have not dealt a blow with sword or lance
and many barons have left their country:
but a day will come when they will have some to remember.
   Our Lord make yourself a company
in order that you might fear nothing;
that one who would appear to lose might win.
   Lord of the land and the sea,
as whom the king of England[8] and that of Spain[9]
are not worth as much, if you wish to help them.

text: An Occitan sonnet, dated to 1321 and assigned to one "William of Almarichi", is found in Jean de Nostredame and cited in Giovanni Mario Crescimbeni's, Istoria della volgar poesia. It congratulates Robert of Naples on his recent victory. Its authenticity is dubious. There are also two poorly regarded sonnets by the Italian Dante de Maiano.

text: In France[edit]

text: In the 16th century, around Ronsard (1524–1585)), Joachim du Bellay (1522–1560) and Jean Antoine de Baïf (1532–1589), there formed a group of radical young noble poets of the court (generally known today as La Pléiade, although use of this term is debated), who began writing in, amongst other forms of poetry, the Petrarchan sonnet cycle (developed around an amorous encounter or an idealized woman). The character of La Pléiade literary program was given in Du Bellay's manifesto, the "Defense and Illustration of the French Language" (1549), which maintained that French (like the Tuscan of Petrarch and Dante) was a worthy language for literary expression and which promulgated a program of linguistic and literary production (including the imitation of Latin and Greek genres) and purification.

text: By the late 17th century poets on increasingly relied on stanza forms incorporating rhymed couplets, and by the 18th century fixed-form poems – and, in particular, the sonnet – were largely avoided. The resulting versification – less constrained by meter and rhyme patterns than Renaissance poetry – more closely mirrored prose.[10]

text: The Romantics were responsible for a return to (and sometimes a modification of) many of the fixed-form poems used during the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as for the creation of new forms. The sonnet however was little used until the Parnassians brought it back into favor,[11] and the sonnet would subsequently find its most significant practitioner in Charles Baudelaire (1821–1867) . The traditional French sonnet form was however significantly modified by Baudelaire, who used 32 different forms of sonnet with non-traditional rhyme patterns to great effect in his Les Fleurs du mal.[12]

text: In English[edit]

text: Renaissance[edit]

text: When English sonnets were introduced by Thomas Wyatt (1503–1542) in the early 16th century, his sonnets and those of his contemporary the Earl of Surrey were chiefly translations from the Italian of Petrarch and the French of Ronsard and others. While Wyatt introduced the sonnet into English, it was Surrey who developed the rhyme scheme – abab cdcd efef gg – which now characterizes the English sonnet. Having previously circulated in manuscripts only, both poets' sonnets were first published in Richard Tottel's Songes and Sonnetts, better known as Tottel's Miscellany (1557).

text: It was, however, Sir Philip Sidney's sequence Astrophel and Stella (1591) that started the English vogue for sonnet sequences. The next two decades saw sonnet sequences by William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel, Fulke Greville, William Drummond of Hawthornden, and many others. These sonnets were all essentially inspired by the Petrarchan tradition, and generally treat of the poet's love for some woman, with the exception of Shakespeare's sequence of 154 sonnets. The form is often named after Shakespeare, not because he was the first to write in this form but because he became its most famous practitioner. The form consists of fourteen lines structured as three quatrains and a couplet. The third quatrain generally introduces an unexpected sharp thematic or imagistic "turn", the volta. In Shakespeare's sonnets, however, the volta usually comes in the couplet, and usually summarizes the theme of the poem or introduces a fresh new look at the theme. With only a rare exception, the meter is iambic pentameter.

text: This example, Shakespeare's "Sonnet 116", illustrates the form (with some typical variances one may expect when reading an Elizabethan-age sonnet with modern eyes):

text:
Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a)
Admit impediments, love is not love (b)*
Which alters when it alteration finds, (a)
Or bends with the remover to remove. (b)*
O no, it is an ever fixèd mark (c)**
That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d)***
It is the star to every wand'ring bark, (c)**
Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken. (d)***
Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks (e)
Within his bending sickle's compass come, (f)*
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, (e)
But bears it out even to the edge of doom: (f)*
If this be error and upon me proved, (g)*
I never writ, nor no man ever loved. (g)*

text:
* PRONUNCIATION/RHYME: Note changes in pronunciation since composition.
** PRONUNCIATION/METER: "Fixed" pronounced as two-syllables, "fix-ed".
*** RHYME/METER: Feminine-rhyme-ending, eleven-syllable alternative.

text: The Prologue to Romeo and Juliet is also a sonnet, as is Romeo and Juliet's first exchange in Act One, Scene Five, lines 104–117, beginning with "If I profane with my unworthiest hand" (104) and ending with "Then move not while my prayer's effect I take" (117).[13] The Epilogue to Henry V is also in the form of a sonnet.

text: Spenserian[edit]

text: A variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet, named after Edmund Spenser (c.1552–1599), in which the rhyme scheme is abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee. The linked rhymes of his quatrains suggest the linked rhymes of such Italian forms as terza rima. This example is taken from Amoretti:

text:
Happy ye leaves! whenas those lily hands

Happy ye leaves. whenas those lily hands, (a)
Which hold my life in their dead doing might, (b)
Shall handle you, and hold in love's soft bands, (a)
Like captives trembling at the victor's sight. (b)
And happy lines on which, with starry light, (b)
Those lamping eyes will deign sometimes to look,(c)
And read the sorrows of my dying sprite, (b)
Written with tears in heart's close bleeding book. (c)
And happy rhymes! bathed in the sacred brook (c)
Of Helicon, whence she derived is, (d)
When ye behold that angel's blessed look, (c)
My soul's long lacked food, my heaven's bliss. (d)
Leaves, lines, and rhymes seek her to please alone, (e)
Whom if ye please, I care for other none. (e)

text: 17th century[edit]

text: In the 17th century, the sonnet was adapted to other purposes, with John Donne and George Herbert writing religious sonnets (see John Donne's Holy Sonnets), and John Milton using the sonnet as a general meditative poem. Probably Milton's most famous sonnet is "When I Consider How My Light is Spent", titled by a later editor "On His Blindness". Both the Shakespearean and Petrarchan rhyme schemes were popular throughout this period, as well as many variants.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The fashion for the sonnet went out with the Restoration, and hardly any sonnets were written between 1670 and Wordsworth's time. However, sonnets came back strongly with the French Revolution. Wordsworth himself wrote hundreds of sonnets, of which amongst the best-known are "Upon Westminster Bridge", "The world is too much with us" and "London, 1802" addressed to Milton; his sonnets were essentially modelled on Milton's. Keats and Shelley also wrote major sonnets; Keats's sonnets used formal and rhetorical patterns inspired partly by Shakespeare, and Shelley innovated radically, creating his own rhyme scheme for the sonnet "Ozymandias". Sonnets were written throughout the 19th century, but, apart from Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese and the sonnets of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, there were few very successful traditional sonnets. Modern Love (1862) by George Meredith is a collection of fifty 16-line sonnets about the failure of his first marriage.

text: Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote several major sonnets, often in sprung rhythm, such as "The Windhover", and also several sonnet variants such as the 10 1⁄2-line curtal sonnet "Pied Beauty" and the 24-line caudate sonnet "That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire". Hopkin's poetry was, however, not published until 1918.[14] By the end of the 19th century, the sonnet had been adapted into a general-purpose form of great flexibility.

text: In the United States, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote many sonnets, among others the cycle Divina Commedia (Divine Comedy).[15] He used the Petrarchan rhyme scheme. Emma Lazarus also published many sonnets. She is the author of perhaps the best-known American sonnet, "The New Colossus".[16]

text: In Canada during the last decades of the century, the Confederation Poets and especially Archibald Lampman were known for their sonnets, which were mainly on pastoral themes.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: This flexibility was extended even further in the 20th century. Among the major poets of the early Modernist period, Robert Frost, Edna St. Vincent Millay and E. E. Cummings all used the sonnet regularly. William Butler Yeats wrote the major sonnet "Leda and the Swan", which uses half rhymes. Wilfred Owen's sonnet "Anthem for Doomed Youth" is another sonnet of the early 20th century. Spaniard Federico García Lorca also wrote sonnets. W. H. Auden wrote two sonnet sequences and several other sonnets throughout his career, and widened the range of rhyme-schemes used considerably. Auden also wrote one of the first unrhymed sonnets in English, "The Secret Agent" (1928). Robert Lowell wrote five books of unrhymed "American sonnets", including his Pulitzer Prize-winning volume The Dolphin (1973). Half-rhymed, unrhymed, and even unmetrical sonnets have been very popular since 1950; perhaps the best works in the genre are Seamus Heaney's Glanmore Sonnets and Clearances, both of which use half rhymes, and Geoffrey Hill's mid-period sequence "An Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture in England". The 1990s saw something of a formalist revival, however, and several traditional sonnets have been written in the past decade.

text: Other modern poets, including Don Paterson, Joan Brossa, Paul Muldoon used the form. Wendy Cope's poem "Stress" is a sonnet. Elizabeth Bishop's inverted "Sonnet" was one of her last poems. Ted Berrigan's book, The Sonnets, "is conventional almost exclusively in [the] line count)".[17] Paul Muldoon often experiments with 14 lines and sonnet rhymes, though without regular sonnet meter. The advent of the New Formalism movement in the United States has also contributed to contemporary interest in the sonnet. This includes the invention of the "word sonnet", which are fourteen line poems, with one word per line.[18] Frequently allusive and imagistic, they can also be irreverent and playful. The Canadian poet Seymour Mayne published a few collections of word sonnets, and is one of the chief innovators of the form.[19] Contemporary word sonnets combine a variation of styles often considered to be mutually exclusive to separate genres, as demonstrated in works such as "An Ode to Mary".[20] The Greek poet Yannis Livadas in 1993 invented the so-called "fusion sonnet", which first appeared in a poetry collection entitled The Hanging Verses Of Babylon/Οι Κρεμαστοί Στίχοι Της Βαβυλώνας (Melani Books, Athens 2007), ISBN 978-960-8309-78-4.[21]

text: In German[edit]

text: Paulus Melissus (1539–1602) was the first to use the sonnet and the terza rima in German lyric. In his lifetime he was recognized as an author fully versed in Latin love poetry.[22]

text: The Sonnets to Orpheus are a cycle of 55 sonnets written in 1922 by the Bohemian-Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926). It was first published the following year.[23] Rilke, who is "widely recognized as one of the most lyrically intense German-language poets",[24] wrote the cycle in a period of three weeks experiencing what he described a "savage creative storm".[25] Inspired by the news of the death of Wera Ouckama Knoop (1900–1919), a playmate of Rilke's daughter Ruth, he dedicated them as a memorial, or Grab-Mal (literally "grave-marker"), to her memory.[26]

text: In Dutch[edit]

text: In the Netherlands Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft wrote sonnets. A famous example is Mijn lief, mijn lief, mijn lief. Some of his poems were translated by Edmund Gosse.[27] More recent examples include Martinus Nijhoff and Jan Kal.

text: Urdu[edit]

text: In the Indian subcontinent, sonnets have been written in the Assamese, Bengali, Dogri, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Sindhi and Urdu languages.[28] Urdu poets, also influenced by English and other European poets, took to writing sonnets in the Urdu language rather late.[29] Azmatullah Khan (1887–1923) is believed to have introduced this format to Urdu literature in the very early part of the 20th century. The other renowned Urdu poets who wrote sonnets were Akhtar Junagarhi, Akhtar Sheerani, Noon Meem Rashid, Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi, Salaam Machhalishahari and Wazir Agha.[30] This example, a sonnet by Zia Fatehabadi taken from his collection Meri Tasveer,[31] is in the usual English (Shakespearean) sonnet rhyme-scheme.

text:
ڈبکںی
پسِ پردہ کِسی نے میرے ارمانوں کی محفِل کو،
کچھ اِس انداز سے دیکھا، کچھ ایسے طور سے دیکھا،
غُبارِ آہ سے دے کر جلا آئینۂ دل کو،
ہر اِک صورت کو میں نے خوب دیکھا، غور سے دیکھا
نظر آئی نہ وہ صورت ، مجھے جس کی تمنّا تھی
بہت ڈھُونڈا کیا گلشن میں، ویرانے میں، بستی میں
منّور شمعِ مہر و ماہ سے دِن رات دُنیا تھی
مگر چاروں طرف تھا گُھپ اندھیرا میری ہستی میں
دلِ مجبور کو مجروحِ اُلفت کر دیا کِس نے
مرے احساس کی گہرایوں میں ہے چُبھن غم کی
مٹا کر جسم، میری روح کو اپنا لیا کس نے
جوانی بن گئی آما جگہ صدماتِ پیہم کی
حجاباتِ نظر کا سلسلہ توڈ اور آ بھی جا
مجھے اِک بار اپنا جلوۂ رنگیں دکھا بھی جا

“
”

Sonnet 'Dubkani' ڈبکںی by Zia Fatehabadi taken from his book titled Meri Tasveer

tag: div

text: In Russian[edit]

text: Alexander Pushkin's novel in verse Eugene Onegin consists almost entirely of 389 stanzas of iambic tetrameter with the unusual rhyme scheme "AbAbCCddEffEgg", where the uppercase letters represent feminine rhymes while the lowercase letters represent masculine rhymes. This form has come to be known as the "Onegin stanza" or the "Pushkin sonnet."[32]

text: Unlike other traditional forms, such as the Petrarchan sonnet or Shakespearean sonnet, the Onegin stanza does not divide into smaller stanzas of four lines or two in an obvious way. There are many different ways this sonnet can be divided.

text: In post-Pushkin Russian poetry, the form has been utilized by authors as diverse as Mikhail Lermontov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Jurgis Baltrušaitis and Valery Pereleshin, in genres ranging from one-stanza lyrical piece to voluminous autobiography.[citation needed] Nevertheless, the Onegin stanza, being easily recognisable, is strongly identified as belonging to its creator.

text: John Fuller's 1980 "The Illusionists" and Jon Stallworthy's 1987 "The Nutcracker" used this stanza form, and Vikram Seth's 1986 novel The Golden Gate is written wholly in Onegin stanzas.[citation needed]

text: In Polish[edit]

text: The sonnet was introduced into Polish literature in the 16th century by Jan Kochanowski,[33] Mikołaj Sęp-Szarzyński and Sebastian Grabowiecki.[34] Later in 1826 Adam Mickiewicz wrote a series known as Crimean Sonnets, which was translated into English by Edna Worthley Underwood.[35] Sonnets were also written by Adam Asnyk, Jan Kasprowicz and Leopold Staff. Polish poets usually shape their sonnets according to Italian or French practice. The English sonnet is not common. Kasprowicz used a Shelleyan rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc ded ee.[36] Polish sonnets are typically written in either hendecasyllables (5+6 syllables) or Polish alexandrines (7+6 syllables).

text: In Czech[edit]

text: The sonnet was introduced into Czech literature at the beginning of the 19th century. The first great Czech sonneteer was Ján Kollár, who wrote a cycle of sonnets named Slávy Dcera (The daughter of Sláva / The daughter of fame[37]). Kollár was Slovak and a supporter of Pan-Slavism, but wrote in Czech, as he disagreed that Slovak should be a separate language. Kollár's magnum opus was planned as a Slavic epic poem as great as Dante's Divine Comedy. It consists of The Prelude written in quantitative hexameters, and sonnets. The number of poems increased in subsequent editions and came up to 645.[38] The greatest Czech romantic poet, Karel Hynek Mácha also wrote many sonnets. In the second half of the 19th century Jaroslav Vrchlický published Sonety samotáře (Sonnets of a Solitudinarian). Another poet, who wrote many sonnets was Josef Svatopluk Machar. He published Čtyři knihy sonetů (The Four Books of Sonnets). In the 20th century Vítězslav Nezval wrote the cycle 100 sonetů zachránkyni věčného studenta Roberta Davida (One Hundred Sonnets for the Woman who Rescued Perpetual Student Robert David). After the Second World War the sonnet was the favourite form of Oldřich Vyhlídal. Czech poets use different metres for sonnets, Kollár and Mácha used decasyllables, Vrchlický iambic pentameter, Antonín Sova free verse, and Jiří Orten the Czech alexandrine. Ondřej Hanus wrote a monograph about Czech Sonnets in the first half of the twentieth century.[39]

text: In Slovenian[edit]

text: In Slovenia the sonnet became a national verse form. The greatest Slovenian poet, France Prešeren,[40] wrote many sonnets. His best known work worldwide is Sonetni venec (A Wreath of Sonnets),[41] which is an example of crown of sonnets. Another work of his is the sequence Sonetje nesreče (Sonnets of Misfortune). In writing sonnets Prešeren was followed by many later poets. After the Second World War sonnets remained very popular. Slovenian poets write both traditional rhymed sonnets and modern ones, unrhymed, in free verse. Among them are Milan Jesih and Aleš Debeljak. The metre for sonnets in Slovenian poetry is iambic pentameter with feminine rhymes, based both on the Italian endecasillabo and German iambic pentameter.


document_title: List of Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce episodes

question_text: when does jake tell abby about the baby

question_tokens: when does jake tell abby about the baby

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"Rule No. 23: Never Lie to the Kids"Adam BrooksMarti NoxonDecember 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)1.04[6]
Abby McCarthy, a self-help author who writes about marriage and childcare, struggles to hide the truth about her marriage as she continues to spend time with divorced moms Phoebe and Lyla. Taking advantage of the separation, Abby goes out to a club and later hooks up with a younger man. Lyla gets back at her ex-husband Dan after having sex with him. During a book signing, Abby breaks down and declares her book a lie, exposing the truth about her marriage.
22"Rule No. 174: Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour"Adam BrooksMarti NoxonDecember 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)0.84[7]
After her breakdown at the book signing, Abby tries to do damage control. While working out the particulars of the divorce with Jake, such as finding a place for him to live, Abby meets with Delia, a divorce attorney and Lyla's business rival. Phoebe tries to pick an idea for her next business venture, deciding upon infant jewelry. Lyla gets payback on Dan after he has her car impounded with tickets, resulting in him asking for full custody.
33"Rule No. 47: Always Take Advantage of "Me" Time"Leslie LibmanLiz Kruger & Craig ShapiroDecember 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)0.70[8]
Abby has the weekend to herself and uses it to come up with book ideas. However, after getting drunk and wrecking Lilly's poster, Abby, Phoebe and Lyla go out to find a new poster. Jake finally settles into his new place and has the kids over for the weekend. When the kids get bored, he calls Max for help and has Becca Riley come over to liven the evening. Lyla sends her nanny to story time at her kids school, but gets reprimanded by the principal.
44"Rule No. 426: Fantasyland: A Great Place to Visit"Robert Duncan McNeillPaul AdelsteinDecember 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)0.77[9]
Abby pursues a relationship with Nate, but has trouble trying to connect with him on a deeper level. At the suggestion of everyone around her, Lyla tries to find methods of de-stressing. She later fights with Phoebe after trying a special massage without warning of what it entails. Max and Ford are honored at the Family Equality Gala, but Max has trouble getting with the program. Phoebe pursues a relationship with a married man as a way of "saving the relationship".

Paul Adelstein does not appear in this episode.
55"Rule No. 21: Leave Childishness to Children"David KatzenbergEd RoeDecember 30, 2014 (2014-12-30)0.87[10]
Abby runs into Will and tries dating him, and begins experiencing some youthfulness as a result. Lyla's mother (Bernadette Peters) visits during the weekend when she has her first dinner with a court-appointed caseworker. Phoebe's relationship with Vika and Merete reaches a new level. Jake has the kids for the weekend, but loses Lilly, who runs out to the same club Abby is at.
66"Rule No 33: When in Doubt, Run Away"Victor Nelli, Jr.Marti Noxon & Ilene RosenzweigJanuary 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)0.87[11]
Phoebe takes Abby, Lyla and Delia to Vegas to promote her infant jewelry line. After being called out by rising author Cleo Stevens, Abby uses the trip to gain some inspiration. Lyla uses the trip to de-stress following an embarrassing dinner with a social worker. Jake and Becca go on a retreat to a visit a shaman to help Jake make a deeper connection in their relationship. Jake stumbles out of the retreat, high, and goes back home, where he and Abby have sex.
77"Rule No. 67: Don't Kill the Princess"Daisy MayerJanine NabersJanuary 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)0.77[12]
Abby holds Lilly's birthday party at the house. She also sets the boundaries for the party, initially forbidding Becca from coming, but yields when the party turns out to be a bust. The party suffers a complication when the girls get drunk and put vodka-laced tampons on. Delia handles the divorce of a wealthy businessman (Matthew Glave), but soon becomes enamored with him, starting a secret affair. Becca breaks up with Jake after finding out about his and Abby's tryst.
88"Rule No. 17: Ask the Answer Lady"Brian DannellyAshley CardiffJanuary 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)0.69[13]
Abby's friend Jo (Alanna Ubach) comes to visit during a very hectic time for Abby. She preps for the proposal of her next book while trying to take care of Charlie as Jake takes a directing job for Blood Sisters. Phoebe preps for her baby jewelry launch event while consorting with Ralf's new girlfriend. Delia's affair with Gordon comes to a head when she reaches an impasse on a condition of his divorce with his ex-wife. After experiencing some discourse, Max and Ford try to reconnect on a date.
99"Rule No. 32: F-You, Rob Frumpkis"Robert Duncan McNeillMarti NoxonJanuary 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)0.91[14]
Abby's pitch leads to an opportunity with Huffington Post in which she goes on ten dates and writes about them, one of them with former flame Will. Looking for a new path in life, Phoebe helps out at a home grown foods farm while eyeing the head farmer, Marco (Brandon Jay McLaren). Delia convinces Courtney to give up Asia in the divorce, but breaks up with Gordon after finding out he slept with Courtney. Jo accompanies Abby on several of her dates, and goes home with one of them, which leads to a fight between her and Abby. Meanwhile, her daughter Zooey flies over to stay with her. Max and Ford settle their issues by reverting to their old arrangement.
1010"Rule No. 3: Don't Stand in the Doorway"Silver TreeLiz Kruger & Craig ShapiroFebruary 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)0.74[15]
Abby's article trends all over Twitter, so much that she is offered a job as senior editor. However, the article also creates problems for Lilly as her name appears on a slut list circulating throughout the school. Delia struggles to let Gordon into her life while Phoebe helps make Marco's business more successful. When Jo tries to settle her financials and send Zooey to school, she finds out that her husband has a second wife.
1111"Rule No. 46: Keep the Holidays Low Key"Robert Duncan McNeillEd RoeFebruary 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)0.83[16]
Abby hosts a Thanksgiving dinner for her friends and boyfriend, but has to add the kids to the mix when Jake gets sick, and Jake soon after when Charlie begs for him to come. Delia deals with her difficult father while Phoebe invites Marco to the Thanksgiving dinner. Meanwhile, Abby and Jo look through a box found in the backyard containing photos and letters of a former tenant.
1212"Rule No. 92: Don't Do the Crime If You Can't Do the Time"Millicent SheltonIlene RosenzweigFebruary 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)0.74[17]
Abby and Jake's divorce is coming to a close, but Abby gets cold feet when Jake starts making strides in his career. After Gordon pulls his business of the law firm, Delia must face her unresolved issues with Gordon to save her job. Phoebe has trouble facing a person from her past while defining the limitations of her relationship with Marco. Jo tries to help Zooey become more social at school while helping out with the school fundraiser.
1313"Rule No. 101: Know When It's Time to Move On"Robert Duncan McNeillMarti NoxonFebruary 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)0.79[18]
Abby and Jake finalize the divorce and go out on a divorce signing date to sign it together. Towards the end of the date, Jake proposes that they don't file the papers, expressing that he still loves her. Delia is offered a partner position at the firm, but upon learning the terms of deal, she demands full equity partnership. Meanwhile, Delia reconciles with Gordon but when confronted with the idea of marriage, becomes apprehensive and breaks up with Gordon. Jo holds a divorce party to celebrate Abby's divorce, while going to therapy with her embattled daughter. After blowing up at Kori at school, Phoebe confides in Abby and Marco what Kori did to her when she was younger. Max and Ford continue their arrangement, but soon find out how complicated it is. Becca tells Jake that she is pregnant.

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)141"Rule No. 58: Avoid the Douchemobile"Adam BrooksMarti NoxonDecember 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)0.70[19]
Abby and Jake are secretly hooking up with each other while at the time she has a meeting with an online magazine called SheShe. In her meeting with the people from SheShe, Abby goes on to tell how divorce can be fun but one of the editors Barbara (Retta) who is also divorced disagrees. Delia gets engaged to Gordon. Kori puts out a restraining order against Phoebe after Phoebe attacked her. To retaliate Phoebe wants to make public all she went through with Kori when she was younger. Jo asks Abby if she and Zooey can move in permanently. Becca tells Jake that she has decided to keep the baby and not have an abortion. Will gets mad when he figures out that Abby and Jake are sleeping with each other.
152"Rule No. 77: Don't Blow The Bubble"Brian DannellyCarol BarbeeDecember 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)0.62[20]
After walking in on Abby and Jake making out, Zooey promises to not tell anyone what she saw. The two continue to keep their relationship a secret from everyone else. One of the SheShe people tell Abby that she is the sexy face of divorce and needs go to events such as fashion shows. Jo prepares for the opening of her vegan bakery, Rize, and has a problem when her chef, Scott uses butter in one of the pastries. The two talk and then she decides to sell both vegan food and non vegan food, and says that if anyone has a problem with it, there are plenty of other vegan restaurants in Los Angeles. Delia meets with a wedding planner, Jo finds a new place to live, and Phoebe and Marco break up.
163"Rule No. 8: Timing Is Everything"Randy ZiskMarti Noxon and Lisa EdelsteinDecember 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)0.59[21]
Abby goes on a date with a TV doctor, Dr. Harris. Everyone plans for Delia and Gordon's engagement party. Jo decides to take some time off from seeing Abby. Jake tells Becca that he is back together with Abby but he hasn't told her yet about Becca's pregnancy. Delia asks Gordon's mom to help plan the wedding. Abby gets angry at Jake when she finds out that he went a month without telling her about Becca.
174"Rule No. 65: You Can Go Home Again"Robert Duncan McNeillPaul AdelsteinDecember 22, 2015 (2015-12-22)0.57[22]
After sending the kids away, Abby and Jake spend the weekend together completely alone at home to evaluate their relationship. When Delia and Gordon go house hunting they find out that they have different tastes and don't want the same things. Jo finds out that Zooey gets along well with her step-mother. Zooey then returns from visiting her father and step-mother in Kentucky. After spending the weekend together Abby and Jake both come to the same agonizing conclusion about their relationship. Even though they still love each other, their insecurities will prevent them from being a couple again.
185"Rule No. 72: It's Never Too Late to Be a Mean Girl"Millicent SheltonAdam MilchDecember 29, 2015 (2015-12-29)0.68[23]
A 1990s-themed prom is thrown for Phoebe to celebrate her getting her GED. Abby goes on a second date with Dr. Harris. Frumpkis comes to Los Angeles to spend time with Zooey. After seeing a totally reformed Rob Frumpkis, Jo discovers that she wants him back.
196"Rule No. 25: Beware the Second Chance"J. Miller TobinIlene RosenzweigJanuary 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)0.60[24]
While in New York trying to sell her 'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce' book to a publisher, Abby runs into Dr. Harris. TMZ has learned about Becca's pregnancy and is going to announce it to the public. Jo finally meets Frumpkis' new wife Charlene, Phoebe takes a class on Gender Studies.
207"Rule No. 14: No...Means No"Michael B. SilverJanine NabersJanuary 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)0.76[25]
Abby gets a visit from her parents George (Barry Bostwick) and Dina (Lesley Ann Warren). Abby and Becca talk. Jo is in risk of losing her bakery because of her custody battle with her ex so she has to prove that she got the bakery through inheritance. Her family also comes to town. Jo and Phoebe try out the dating scene with Jo online dating and Phoebe dating her college professor. Delia is getting cold feet and gets close to her boss, Albert. Jake leaves for Latvia to direct a movie there for a few months.
218"Rule No. 79: Labels Are For Canned Goods"Silver TreeAshley CardiffJanuary 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)0.65[26]
Abby and Barbara attend SplitCon, a convention for people who are broken up from relationships. Frumpkis ask Jo if Charlene can work at the store and be co-manager since he owns half of the store, much to her chagrin. The two fight on how to run the store. Delia tells her boss that she has to stop seeing him. Someone at the convention gets Abby to have her own line of merchandise. Phoebe's new beau(Niall Matter) introduces her to the LA art scene. Jo catches Charlene fooling around with Scott. Jo tells Frumpkis to leave the store alone until the judge decides who gets it. Abby confess to one of the guys at SheShe that she tried to reconcile with Jake. Someone sends Delia incriminating photos of her affair with Albert.
229"Rule No. 81: There's No Crying in Porn"Robert Duncan McNeillMarti Noxon & Vicki IovineJanuary 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)0.74[27]
Abby runs into Carl, the professional gigolo she met while in Las Vegas, who is currently in L.A. entertaining a client. Jo warns Charlene not to do anything nuts around Zooey or she's going after her. Delia worries about Gordon finding about her affair with Albert. She goes to Albert to talk about it and there she finds out that he is a serial cheater. A baby-shower for Becca is thrown by her friends at Abby's house. Phoebe meets J.D., an extremely shy artist, and is intrigued by both his work and him.
2310"Rule No. 36: If You Can't Stand the Heat, You're Cooked"Uta BriesewitzAdam MilchFebruary 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)0.69[28]
Abby's editor wants her to finish her book sooner, and to include details about her dates with Dr. Harris. Phoebe introduces J.D. to Ralph, who then helps put on an exhibit and auction for J.D.'s art. The girls question Abby about her taking care of Becca. Abby hosts a party at her house with disastrous results: Dr. Harris arrives, meeting Charlie and finding out that Becca is staying in the guest house, Delia gets embarrassed by Gordon's rude behavior, and Jo and Scott consummate their feelings for each other. Becca goes into labor with Abby at her side. Abby faints when she sees that the baby boy is black.
2411"Rule No. 118: Let Her Eat Cake"Andy WolkIlene RozenwwigFebruary 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)0.64[29]
Abby has been admitted to the hospital after she passed out. During her checkup the doctor tells her that she doesn't look too good and prescribes her with fluids, to eat a sandwich, and rest. Abby tells the kids that Jake is not the father of Becca's baby. Lily asks if she can still see the baby and maybe babysit for Becca sometime. Things get awkward between Jo and Scott at work so they talk about the night before. J.D. insults Phoebe in front of an art dealer. Delia gets surprised with a bachelorette party. At the party Abby gets drunk, out of control and outs Delia and Albert's affair to everyone. Albert tells Delia to marry him instead but tells him no, they're through.
2512"Rule No. 876: Everything Does Not Happen For a Reason"Robert Duncan McNeilAshley Cardiff & Janine NabersFebruary 16, 2016 (2016-02-016)0.64[30]
Delia's wedding day has arrived, and Abby says she's not going. Abby rushes to finish her book. Zooey tells Jo that Charlene left Frumpkis, and that she is worried about her dad's drinking problem. Jo, Phoebe, and Barbara stop by Abby's to check on her and drag her to the wedding. Before heading to the church, Gordon receives a package for him that has the pictures of Delia and Albert together. Abby's editor says her book is gibberish and wants her to re-write it. Gordon confronts Delia and has her go through the wedding as a punishment. Once the wedding is finished, Gordon leaves Delia once they walk out of the church.
2613"Rule No. 59: Happily Ever After Is An Oxymoron"Marti NoxonMarti NoxonFebruary 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)0.76[31]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) After Gordon walked out on Delia after the wedding, they try to make sure that people won't notice that he is missing during the reception. Delia lies and tells everyone that Gordon got sick and can't attend. Abby's editor Kat, reveals to her that Carl released the names of the women he has been with in an article. Abby tells her that she never paid to sleep with him, just paid to talk to him. In the article Carl says a whole bunch of stuff that Abby told him about her personal life. Jake returns from Latvia and visits Becca. Becca asks Jake to take care of the baby so she can rest. J.D. accidentally let it slip to a drunk Frumpkis that Gordon left Delia for what she did to him. Frumpkis then goes to the microphone and blurts out the real reason why Gordon left and that he is not sick. Jake takes the baby to pick up Lily from the reception and hears about Abby and goes to find her. Jake and Abby talk about their lives and Abby tells Jake about Carl. Together they both tell Lily about Carl. Barbra tells Abby that her brand has helped her. J.D. and Phoebe got married the day before. Kat wants Abby to write a tell all or she's finished. Abby refuses to write it and fires Kat. When Jake takes the baby home, they find out that Becca isn't there.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)271"Rule No. 43: When One Door Opens, There's An Icy Draft"Robert Duncan McNeilMarti Noxon & Emily FoxJanuary 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)0.44[32]
Jake has been stuck with Becca's baby Christopher for days, he's tired and suggests surrendering the baby at a fire station. Abby intervenes and offers to take care of him so that Jake can rest. Abby is called into work and Delia says she will baby-sit while she is gone. While in her meeting with her boss she is fired by Mitchell who wants "to go in a different direction." He has Barbara write Abby's article. Delia wants to move to New York for a fresh start. Abby discovers she is having hot flashes when she mistakes it for the baby having a fever. Jake is able to get the baby off their hands after getting in touch with Becca who fled to Florida. Abby thinks that Becca isn't ready to be a mother, and suggest that she and Jake raise Christopher because they work well together. Jake insists that neither he or she wants to raise any more kids.
282"Rule No. 137: Move Your Car"Brian DannellyAdam Milch & Vince CalandraJanuary 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)0.37[33]
Since Abby no longer has a job she doesn't know what to do now. Barbara is having a hard time writing Abby's article, she doesn't quite get the criticism of the article, plus her writing style is the opposite of what SheShe is looking for. Charlie starts playing baseball and Abby becomes one of those crazy baseball moms when Charlie gets benched. Scott's sex addiction gets the best of Jo and she breaks up with him. After a talk with Barbara she goes to make up with him but it's too late when she arrives to his empty trailer and sees that he's gone. Delia is ready to fight when she realizes that Albert tricked her into taking a clingy client. Phoebe is having some financial troubles due to her no longer getting alimony payments from Ralph. She wants to make things work with J.D., and has to sacrifice no longer buying the luxurious things she's accustom to.
293"Rule No. 188: Mind Your Side of the Plate"Michael B. SilverLisa EdelsteinJanuary 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)0.40[34]
Abby and Barbara spend the night out on the town where Barbara gets ideas for her column. The two get into it when Abby attacks her about her weight, Barbara answers right back and calls her a skinny bitch. They eventually apologize for their behavior. Abby fantasies about Charlie's baseball coach, Mike Brady when she's writing her book. Phoebe and JD takes her kids camping, Jo deals with Scott's departure.
304"Rule No. 225: What Happens in Bakersfield Stays in Bakersfield"Steven TsuchidaIlene RosenzweigFebruary 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)0.40[35]
Charlie's baseball team travels to Bakersfield for a tournament and Abby tries to make friends with the other moms. Delia, Jo and Phoebe head to Palm Springs where Delia runs into Gordon. All the baseball moms get carried away with heckling the umpire. Abby takes it too far, making the ump angry which later leads to Mike being thrown out from the game for his dispute with the ump. He blames Abby for it. Later that night the two end up fondling in the hotel's laundry room but he stops before things go any further because he doesn't want to go over the line. Jo has Frumpkis watch the store while she's gone and spies on him via a video surveillance app. He "broke" out of rehab which concerns her. While talking to her on the phone he sees the camera in the corner of the store and chastises her for spying on him. Gordon agrees to have breakfast with Delia but it doesn't happen since she gets arrested for a CUI (Cycling Under the Influence). Gordon bails her out, they talk where he says that he still loves her but he will never trust her again. He also doesn't want to see her again.
315"Rule No. 99: Cook Naked"Kat CoiroJanine NabersFebruary 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)0.42[36]
Abby hosts a party for Charlie's baseball team as a way to spend time with Mike. With everybody outside, the two use the laundry room to fool around, but Linda accidentally walks in on them. Barbara looks to get her kitchen remolded, and Phoebe introduces her to someone (Malcolm-Jamal Warner) to give her ideas, although Barbara is unimpressed with his slick style and high-end catalog of appliances. Phoebe continues to spend hours on end with Gemma. Zooey finds new strength in being assertive in a way to be noticeable to Ethan. However, all that comes crashing down after finding her dad collapsed at home with an empty liquor bottle by his side. Frumpkis is taken to the hospital, where he admits the true extent of his alcoholism to Jo, who tells him that he has to get clean for real this time.
326"Rule #No. 218: There's No Crying in Baseball"Andy WolkMatthew ShireFebruary 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)0.28[37]
Abby is processing that Mike is still living with his ex. She also tries to make it through Charlie's last baseball game of the season without creating any conflict. Lily and Zooey fight over Ethan which leads to Zooey bullying Lily. Standing up for their daughters, Abby and Jo end up fighting with themselves. Barbara steps in to up break up the fights. Phoebe worries about the art direction J.D. is going in after seeing the painting he painted for Gemma. When Jo tells Zooey that her behavior was not acceptable, Zooey quickly tells her mom that she learned that behavior from her. Delia's new client isn't helping her get her former reputation back at the firm. Mike comes over to tell Abby that he now has his own place, and with this they go up to her bedroom to have sex.
337"Rule No. 91: Run Toward What Scares You"Robert Duncan McNeillAdam Milch & Emily FoxFebruary 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)0.29[38]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)341"Rule No. 776: The Cat is Always on the Roof"Robert Duncan McNeillEmily FoxAugust 17, 2017 (2017-08-17)0.37[39]
352"Rule #No. 10: Just Survive"Scott WilliamsIlene RosenzweigAugust 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)0.36[40]
363"Rule No. 706: Let Them Eat Cupcakes"Tanya WexlerJanine Nabers & Emmylou DiazAugust 31, 2017 (2017-08-31)0.37[41]
374"Rule No. 49: Let It Shine"Terrell CleggMatthew ShireSeptember 7, 2017 (2017-09-07)0.42[42]
385"Rule No. 930: Plan for New Plans"Jude WengMatthew Scott HunterSeptember 14, 2017 (2017-09-14)0.42[43]
396"Rule No. 155: Go with the Magician"Jonathan FrakesAdam MilchSeptember 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)0.32[44]

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [45][5]Directed byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)401"Rule No. 73: Step and Repeat"Robert Duncan McNeilEmily FoxJune 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)0.42[46]
412"Rule No. 149: Don't Eat the Yellow Snow"Robert Duncan McNeilIlene RosenzweigJune 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)0.45[47]
423"Rule No. 97: It Takes Two to Stab Yourself in the Butt"TBATBAJune 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)0.44[48]
434"Rule No. 63: It's a Marathon, Not a Sprint"TBATBAJuly 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)0.42[49]
445"Rule No. 303: Burn That S... to the Ground"TBATBAJuly 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)0.49[50]
456"Rule No. 1: Keep the Toast Short"TBATBAJuly 19, 2018 (2018-07-19)TBD


document_title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)

question_text: who kills the governor in the walking dead tv show

text: The Governor (The Walking Dead)

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Comic book series[edit]

text: Aside from simply "The Governor," the character's name appeared to be Philip Blake; however, with the release of the novel The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor, it was revealed that his actual name was Brian Blake, and Philip was revealed to be his deceased brother.[2]

text: When the dead began to rise, Brian and Philip gathered a small group, which included Brian's niece Penny, and the group were constantly on the run when unsecured locations were breached; the planned community called the Wiltshire Estates, where Rick's group coincidentally stayed, was one of these. Eventually, Brian's group came upon Woodbury, Georgia, a ravaged town being led by a group of National Guardsmen under Major Gene Gavin, who used fear to assert his authority. After becoming the last of his group, Brian rallied the townspeople against Gavin and the Guardsmen and afterward declared himself "Governor" of the four blocks making up the settlement. Initially appearing to be a fair and strong leader, he became increasingly more ruthless and power-hungry. He kept the zombified Penny tied up in his apartment, feeding her severed body parts of those who displeased him.[3]

text: Following Woodbury's capture and the murder of stranded refugees from Atlanta, The Governor is met by Rick Grimes, when Grimes' band of survivors explores the town.[volume & issue needed] After initially acting hospitable, The Governor turns on the group.[volume & issue needed] Attempting to find the location of Rick's prison refuge in order to collect supplies for Woodbury, The Governor proceeds to cut off Rick's hand, torture Glenn, and rape and torture Michonne.[4] To learn the location of the prison, the Governor allows the survivors to escape the premises with the help of one of his guards, Caesar Martinez.[volume & issue needed] However, Michonne stays behind and finds her way to The Governor's apartment, where she brutally tortures him, severing his right arm, fingernails, penis, and left eye.[volume & issue needed] When Michonne rejoins the group and they ask her if The Governor is still alive, Michonne is uncertain.[5]

text: The Governor survives with the help of Bob Stookey, a citizen who had medical experience, and is eventually able to find the prison.[volume & issue needed] The Governor uses Rick's murder of Martinez to rally Woodbury's townspeople against the prison's inhabitants.[6] Things do not go according to plan, however, as Rick's group puts up a tenacious defense that forces Woodbury's humiliating retreat.[volume & issue needed] After a failed attempt to gain his way into the prison, by using Tyreese as a hostage and subsequently decapitating Tyreese with Michonne's katana, The Governor crushes the fences with a tank.[volume & issue needed] A bloody massacre ensues, leading to a high death toll and ultimately making the prison less secure and less habitable.[volume & issue needed]

text: Tensions steadily rise within The Governor's group, as their remaining ammunition is limited, and a handful of Woodbury residents' moral consciences come into play, especially regarding the killing of defenseless or young members of the prison group.[volume & issue needed] Both factors lead to the remnants of The Governor's army turning on him, and to Lilly's killing him, throwing his corpse to the zombies, and making a last-ditch attempt to fortify the prison.[7]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Before the outbreak, Philip and Brian Blake were raised by an abusive father. As an adult, Philip worked an office job with a boss he didn't get along with, was married, and had a daughter named Penny. Eighteen months before the outbreak, Philip lost his wife in a car accident. During the early days of the outbreak, Philip and Penny survived and found a community in Woodbury. Penny was bitten, however, and turned into a zombie. Unable to accept her death, Philip locked her up in a private room in his office. When the community was leaderless, they picked Philip to lead and began calling him "The Governor", a nickname which stuck. Determined not to lose the community, he executed any outsider groups he saw as a threat. He allowed some smaller groups to move into Woodbury if he deemed them to be an asset and not a threat to his leadership, but still took precautions and had them monitored by his lieutenants until he deemed them trustworthy. At some point during the first and second season The Governor encounters a dying Merle Dixon, whom The Governor enlisted, along with Caesar Martinez and Milton Mamet, as his lieutenant and advisers. He also tasks Milton, a scientist, with researching a means to reverse the virus in the hopes of saving Penny. The Governor was also known to have had affairs with many of the Woodbury women.

text: Personality[edit]

text: The Governor is charming and charismatic, but also murderous, violent, sociopathic, power-hungry, completely sadistic, and horrifically ruthless. He sees himself the community's only hope for survival, and is thus willing to imprison, abuse and/or kill anyone he sees as a threat to his authority; for him, torture and mass murder are a means to an end. One example of this is when he and his men massacre a group of National Guardsmen, take their supplies. Later, he is proven to be completely cruel, heartless, and aggressive, willingly decapitating Hershel Greene with not even a single shred of remorse or mercy, even when Rick offers to make peace between the two factions, and ordering his men to kill Rick and his survivor group after mercilessly killing a little girl when she was bitten by a walker and dying.

text: Appearances in the television series[edit]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The Governor first appears in "Walk with Me", season 3, episode 3, having forcibly taken Andrea and Michonne from the woods after Merle discovers them near a downed military helicopter. Woodbury, under The Governor's rule, is a functioning community that even bears some resemblance to the world before the virus struck. The townspeople are unaware that the Governor and his men massacred a platoon of National Guardsmen to get their supplies. In the episode "Killer Within", The Governor befriends Andrea, and he reveals some of his past to her, including his real name. In the episode "Say the Word", it is shown that The Governor has a zombified daughter named Penny, whom he keeps hidden, feeds body parts to, and grooms affectionately while playing the lullaby "Bye, Baby Bunting". The Governor allows Michonne to leave town, but she is unable to convince Andrea to leave with her. The Governor leads Andrea to a gathering for the townsfolk: a sparring match between Merle and Martinez surrounded by chained, toothless walkers. The spectacle shocks Andrea, who describes it as "barbaric", but the Governor insists it is "fun", and it teaches the residents to not be afraid. In the episode "Hounded", the Governor and Andrea begin a sexual relationship.

text: He sends Merle to find and kill Michonne, and although Merle fails to kill her, he returns with two captives, Glenn Rhee and Maggie Greene. In the episode "When the Dead Come Knocking", the Governor interrogates Maggie and eventually sexually assaults her, and leaves Glenn to be brutalized by Merle. When he threatens to shoot Glenn, Maggie gives The Governor the information about the prison and their group. In the mid-season finale "Made to Suffer", during Rick Grimes' foray into Woodbury to rescue Glenn and Maggie, Michonne kills Penny. Enraged, the Governor attacks Michonne, and in self-defense she stabs him in the hand and the right eye with a glass shard. The Governor calls a town meeting, where he claims the town has been attacked by terrorists brought by Merle, and he brings forth Merle's brother Daryl Dixon in chains. The Governor orders them to fight to the death, and the town calls for their blood as a way to force the two brothers to fight each other.

text: In the mid-season premiere "The Suicide King", the fight between Merle and Daryl is broken up when the prison group attacks, allowing the brothers to escape. The Governor withdraws to his apartment, and the town is in a state of unrest after the attack. Andrea confronts him about her friends' presence in town, and then goes out to calm and inspire the townspeople. In the episode "Home", The Governor asks Milton Mamet where his loyalties lie, and asks him to keep tabs on Andrea. The Governor and his men then attack the prison; Rick Grimes' group runs for cover, and gunfire erupts on both sides. When a herd of walkers charge through town, the Governor gleefully sprays machine gun fire in the air and then drives off as the survivors struggle with the walkers.

text: In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", the Governor proceeds to rally Woodbury against the prison survivors, labeling them terrorists and raiders. Andrea wants to leave to negotiate peace with the prison group, but the Governor discourages her, implying that she will not be welcomed back if she leaves. When Milton tells the Governor that Andrea asked him to help her sneak out, the Governor tells him to go with her. The Governor welcomes Tyreese, Sasha, Allen, and Ben to Woodbury, after Rick kicked them out of the prison. Andrea returns to Woodbury and warily resumes her place at the Governor's side. In the episode "Arrow on the Doorpost", encouraged by Andrea, the Governor meets with Rick in a secluded grain silo to offer him peace in exchange for turning over Michonne, giving him two days to think about it. The Governor returns to Woodbury and secretly orders Martinez to set an ambush at the barn, to kill all of Rick's group and bring Michonne to Woodbury so The Governor can torture her. In the episode "Prey", Andrea flees for the prison, and the Governor hunts her down personally, bringing her back to Woodbury and strapping her in the dentist's chair that he meant to use on Michonne. In the episode "This Sorrowful Life", Merle kidnaps Michonne at Rick's suggestion to turn her over to the Governor, but lets her go and instead lures walkers to the Governor's meeting place to ambush the Woodbury army. Then, the Governor maims, shoots, and kills Merle, leaving his body to reanimate as a walker, which Daryl later kills, out of pure anger, remorse, and pain.

text: In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", the Governor brutally beats Milton up after learning that he burned the walkers that the Governor had been corralling; he then orders him to kill Andrea. Milton tries in vain to kill the Governor, but the Governor stabs him and locks him in with Andrea, so that Milton will reanimate and kill Andrea. The Governor then leads his army into the prison to kill Rick's entire group, but Tyreese and Sasha wants nothing to do with it, and stay behind at Woodbury. Rick and the others have set a trap at the prison, expecting the Woodbury army's arrival. Ambushed and outgunned by Maggie and Glenn, the Governor's army flees the prison in terror. The Governor stops the fast-fleeing convoy, and, in response to their protests against returning to the prison, he opens fire and slaughters them all, sparing only Martinez and Shumpert, his two primary henchmen. Only Karen escapes his rampage (by playing dead under a corpse). The Governor, Martinez, and Shumpert are last seen driving off as Rick and Tyreese bring everyone from Woodbury to the prison, and leave Woodbury to be overrun.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: "Live Bait" reveals that, just after massacring his own people, the Governor sets up camp with Martinez and Shumpert. Martinez and Shumpert abandon him after he does nothing to protect himself from a walker, believing him to have lost his nerve. The next day the Governor drives back to Woodbury, which is overrun with walkers, and burns down the entire town. After several months alone, intentionally trying to let the walkers kill him, he finally collapses on the street. He looks up to see a young girl, about the same age as Penny, in the window of a nearby apartment building; he pulls himself back to his feet and investigates. He finds the Chambler family residing inside, consisting of sisters Lilly and Tara, their father David, and Lilly's daughter Meghan. Lilly and Tara initially hold the Governor at gunpoint, but they later confiscate his pistol and allow him to stay in an apartment across the hallway. After hearing about how the Governor has survived the last few months, they ask him his name. He tells them that it is "Brian Heriot", a name he saw painted on the side of a barn while staggering aimlessly through the countryside. He runs some errands for the family, and risks his life to get David two oxygen tanks from a walker-infested nursing home. When David dies and reanimates, the Governor saves the rest of the family by bashing in David's head with one of the oxygen tanks. After he buries David, he burns his photo of his wife and Penny. That night, he goes to the Chamblers to say goodbye, but Lilly insists that he stay. He and Lilly become lovers, and he saves Meghan when she falls into a pit of walkers, killing them with his bare hands. Moments later, he encounters Martinez and his group.

text: In the episode "Dead Weight", Martinez takes in the Governor, accepting his new facade as "Brian", and the girls and lets them join their camp. Among the camp are brothers Pete and Mitch Dolgen, who have a working tank. When it becomes clear that Martinez may not be able to keep them safe, the Governor kills him by throwing him into a pit of walkers. Pete takes command, but the Governor later kills him as well after he displays an inability to kill a group of other survivors to take their belongings. The Governor plans to rally the camp and use the tank in a second attack on the prison.

text: In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", the Governor encounters Michonne and Hershel Greene, and takes them hostage, intending to use them as leverage over Rick. The Governor then rallies the camp to take over the prison. Upon arriving at the prison with his army and tank, the Governor tells Rick that he is going to give their group a chance to leave without anyone getting killed. Rick says that they can co-exist peacefully, but the Governor calls him a liar and beheads Hershel. During the ensuing gunfight, Lilly arrives in time to see him murder Hershel. She is carrying Meghan, who has been bitten by a walker. He dispassionately shoots Meghan to prevent her from becoming a walker before ordering his people to kill everyone in the prison. The Governor uses the tank to roll over the fences and goes into the fight himself, only to be tackled by Rick. The two of them fight, and the Governor eventually pins Rick and brutally beats him before beginning to choke him to death. At that moment, Michonne stabs the Governor and leaves him to die. Lilly then shoots him in the head, killing him.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In the mid-season premiere "What Happened and What's Going On", the Governor appears, along with Beth Greene, Bob Stookey, Martin, and Lizzie and Mika Samuels, during Tyreese's hallucinations after Tyreese is bitten by a walker. While Beth, Bob, and the girls comfort Tyreese, the Governor taunts him about his past actions and inability to do what is "necessary". The Governor, especially, criticizes Tyreese's choices, particularly in forgiving Carol for murdering Karen. The Governor reminds Tyreese that he promised to do what it took to earn his keep, but he failed to adapt. However, Tyreese stands up and confronts him. However The Governor "pushes" Tyreese to the ground while still pressing his point. Tyreese ultimately dies in peace, and the vision of the Governor fades away.

text: Casting and development[edit]

text: On television, the character is portrayed by British actor David Morrissey. Glen Mazzara, when asked about the character's direction for season 3 of the show, described The Governor as a narcissist, who sees himself as the future savior of civilization and is willing to resort to the most extreme of measures to achieve his ultimate goal.[8]

text: Despite making few appearances, The Governor's daughter, Penny, plays a key role in his mentality and actions. He secretly cares for the undead Penny in his apartment, as revealed in the episode "Say the Word", brushing her hair and singing to her, and tells Michonne that she does not need to suffer, implying that he believes Penny is still alive and is "under the grip of a terrible, terrible illness".[9]

text: The Governor's eye patch in the television series was placed on the opposite side from that of his comic book counterpart.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 2009, the Governor was ranked as IGN's 86th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time[1] and was ranked #28 on TV Guide's list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. David Morrissey has been well received for his performance as the Governor, and was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 39th Saturn Awards.