document_title: Cheerleading

question_text: who initiated an organized cheer for the university of minnesota game

question_tokens: who initiated an organized cheer for the university of minnesota game

text: Cheerleading

text: History

text: Before organized cheerleading

text: Cheerleading began during the late 18th century with the rebellion of male students.[3] After the American Revolutionary War, students experienced harsh treatment from teachers. In response to faculty's abuse, college students violently acted out. The undergraduates began to riot, burn down buildings located on their college campuses, and assault faculty members. As a more subtle way to gain independence, however, students invented and organized their own extracurricular activities outside their professors' control. This brought about American sports, beginning first with collegiate teams.[4]

text: In the 1860s, students from Great Britain began to cheer and chant in unison for their favorite athletes at sporting events. Soon, that gesture of support crossed overseas to America.[5]

text: On November 6, 1869, the United States witnessed its first intercollegiate football game. It took place between Princeton and Rutgers University, and marked the day the original "Sis Boom Rah!" cheer was shouted out by student fans.[6][7]

text: Beginning of organized cheer

text: Organized cheerleading started as an all-male activity.[8] As early as 1877, Princeton University had a "Princeton Cheer", documented in the February 22, 1877, March 12, 1880, and November 4, 1881, issues of The Daily Princetonian.[9][10][11] This cheer was yelled from the stands by students attending games, as well as by the athletes themselves. The cheer, "Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Tiger! S-s-s-t! Boom! A-h-h-h!" remains in use with slight modifications today, where it is now referred to as the "Locomotive".[12]

text: Princeton class of 1882 graduate Thomas Peebles moved to Minnesota in 1884. He transplanted the idea of organized crowds cheering at football games to the University of Minnesota.[13][14] The term "Cheer Leader" had been used as early as 1897, with Princeton's football officials having named three students as Cheer Leaders: Thomas, Easton, and Guerin from Princeton's classes of 1897, 1898, and 1899, respectively, on October 26, 1897. These students would cheer for the team also at football practices, and special cheering sections were designated in the stands for the games themselves for both the home and visiting teams.[15][16]

text: It was not until 1898 that University of Minnesota student Johnny Campbell directed a crowd in cheering "Rah, Rah, Rah! Ski-u-mah, Hoo-Rah! Hoo-Rah! Varsity! Varsity! Varsity, Minn-e-So-Tah!", making Campbell the very first cheerleader.

text: November 2, 1898 is the official birth date of organized cheerleading. Soon after, the University of Minnesota organized a "yell leader" squad of six male students, who still use Campbell's original cheer today.[17] In 1903, the first cheerleading fraternity, Gamma Sigma, was founded.[18]

text: Female participation

text: In 1923, at the University of Minnesota, women were permitted to participate in cheerleading.[6][19] However, it took time for other schools to follow. In the late 1920s, many school manuals and newspapers that were published still referred to cheerleaders as "chap," "fellow," and "man".[20] Women cheerleaders were overlooked until the 1940s. In the 1940s, collegiate men were drafted for World War II, creating the opportunity for more women to make their way onto sporting event sidelines.[21] As noted by Kieran Scott in Ultimate Cheerleading: "Girls really took over for the first time."[22] An overview written on behalf of cheerleading in 1955 explained that in larger schools, "occasionally boys as well as girls are included,", and in smaller schools, "boys can usually find their place in the athletic program, and cheerleading is likely to remain solely a feminine occupation."[23] During the 1950s, cheerleading in America also increased in popularity. By the 1960s, some began to consider cheerleading a feminine extracurricular for boys, and by the 1970s, girls primarily cheered at public school games.[24] However, this did not stop its growth. Cheerleading could be found at almost every school level across the country, even pee wee and youth leagues began to appear.[25][26]

text: In 1975, it was estimated by a man named Randy Neil that over 500,000 students actively participated in American cheerleading from grade school to the collegiate level. He also approximated that ninety-five percent of cheerleaders within America were female.[27] Since 1973, cheerleaders have started to attend female basketball and other all-female sports as well.[5]

text: As of 2005, overall statistics show around 97% of all modern cheerleading participants are female, although at the collegiate level, cheerleading is co-ed with about 50% of participants being male.[28]

text: Cheerleading firsts

text: In 1948, Lawrence "Herkie" Herkimer, of Dallas, Texas, a former cheerleader at Southern Methodist University, formed the National Cheerleaders Association (NCA) in order to hold clinics for cheerleading. In 1949, The NCA held its first clinic in Huntsville, Texas, with 52 girls in attendance.[28] Herkimer contributed many firsts to cheerleading: the founding of the Cheerleader & Danz Team cheerleading uniform supply company, inventing the herkie jump (where one leg is bent towards the ground as if kneeling and the other is out to the side as high as it will stretch in toe-touch position),[29] and creating the "Spirit Stick".[18] By the 1960s, college cheerleaders began hosting workshops across the nation, teaching fundamental cheer skills to high-school-age girls. In 1965, Fred Gastoff invented the vinyl pom-pom, which was introduced into competitions by the International Cheerleading Foundation (ICF, now the World Cheerleading Association, or WCA). Organized cheerleading competitions began to pop up with the first ranking of the "Top Ten College Cheerleading Squads" and "Cheerleader All America" awards given out by the ICF in 1967. In 1978, America was introduced to competitive cheerleading by the first broadcast of Collegiate Cheerleading Championships on CBS.[17][18]

text: Professional cheerleading

text: In the 1950s, the formation of professional cheerleading started. The first recorded cheer squad in National Football League (NFL) history was for the Baltimore Colts.[5][30] Professional cheerleaders put a new perspective on American cheerleading. Women were selected for two reasons: visual sex appeal, and the ability to dance. Women were exclusively chosen because men were the targeted marketing group.[31] The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders soon gained the spotlight with their revealing outfits and sophisticated dance moves, debuting in the 1972–1973 season, but were first widely seen in Super Bowl X (1976). These pro squads of the 1970s established cheerleaders as "American icons of wholesome sex appeal."[19] By 1981, a total of seventeen Nation Football League teams had their own cheerleaders. The only teams without NFL cheerleaders at this time were New Orleans, New York, Detroit, Cleveland, Denver, Minnesota, Pittsburg, San Francisco, and San Diego. Professional cheerleading eventually spread to soccer and basketball teams as well.[31]

text: Advancements and traditions of cheerleading

text: The 1980s saw the beginning of modern cheerleading, adding difficult stunt sequences and gymnastics into routines. All-star teams popped up, and with them, the creation of the United States All-Star Federation (USASF). ESPN first broadcast the National High School Cheerleading Competition nationwide in 1983. Cheerleading organizations such as the American Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Advisors (AACCA), founded in 1987, started applying universal safety standards to decrease the number of injuries and prevent dangerous stunts, pyramids, and tumbling passes from being included in the cheerleading routines.[33] In 2003, the National Council for Spirit Safety and Education (NCSSE) was formed to offer safety training for youth, school, all-star, and college coaches. The NCAA requires college cheer coaches to successfully complete a nationally recognized safety-training program. The NCSSE or AACCA certification programs are both recognized by the NCAA.[citation needed]

text: Even with its athletic and competitive development, cheerleading at the school level has retained its ties to its spirit leading traditions. Cheerleaders are quite often seen as ambassadors for their schools, and leaders among the student body. At the college level, cheerleaders are often invited to help at university fundraisers and events.[34]

text: Cheerleading is very closely associated with American football and basketball. Sports such as association football (soccer), ice hockey, volleyball, baseball, and wrestling will sometimes sponsor cheerleading squads. The ICC Twenty20 Cricket World Cup in South Africa in 2007 was the first international cricket event to have cheerleaders. The Florida Marlins were the first Major League Baseball team to have a cheerleading team. Debuting in 2003, the "Marlin Mermaids" gained national exposure, and have influenced other MLB teams to develop their own cheer/dance squads.[citation needed]

text: Evolution

text: Competitive cheerleading is scored subjectively based on components including, but not limited to, the cheer itself, dance/choreography, pyramids, stunting, and tumbling. In order to prevent injuries, there are certain rules that cheerleading teams have to follow according to their level (high school, all-star, or college). According to the Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine, there are two purposes of cheerleading - to cheer on the sidelines for other athletes, and to be a "highly skilled competing athlete."[citation needed]

text: Along with this evolution to the sport's structure, there have been significant advancements made to the typical cheerleading uniform. What began as the classic sweater and mid-calf pleated skirt uniform has now come to incorporate materials that allow for stretch and flexibility. Uniform changes are a result of the changing culture from the 1930s to modern day.

text: Cheerleading may seem like a light-hearted activity to some, but injuries that can come from practice or a competition can be severe if the athlete is not properly trained. There have been many catastrophic injuries from cheer, especially from tumbling and stunting. Because of the lack of studies on injuries in competitive cheerleading, many injuries that happen could be avoided. Most studies in sports medicine pertaining to cheerleading are focused on whether it is a sport or not.[3]

text: Types of teams in the United States today

text: School-sponsored

text: Most American middle schools, high schools, and colleges have organized cheerleading squads. Many colleges offer cheerleading scholarships for students. A cheerleading team may compete locally, regionally, or nationally, as well as cheer for sporting events and encourage audience participation. Cheerleading is quickly becoming a year-round activity, starting with tryouts during the spring semester of the preceding school year. Teams may attend organized summer cheerleading camps and practices to improve skills and create routines for competition.

text: Student cheerleaders compete with recreational-style routine at competitions year-round. Teams practice intensely for competition and perform a routine no longer than 2 minutes and 30 seconds. Like other school-level athletes, teams compete to win league titles, and move on to bigger competitions with the hopes of reaching a national competition. The advantages to a school squad versus an all-star squad is cheering at various sporting events.

text: The tryout process can sometimes take place over a multiple day period. The cheerleading coach will arrange for a cheerleading clinic, during which basic materials are taught or reviewed before the final day of tryouts. The clinic gives returning cheerleaders and new cheerleaders an equal chance of becoming familiar with the material. Skills that are necessary to be a cheerleader include jumps, tumbling, motions, and dance ability. Tryouts often take place during the spring, so that the coach has the squad chosen in time to attend summer camp as a team.[citation needed]

text: Middle school

text: Middle school cheerleading evolved shortly after high school squads were created. In middle school, cheerleading squads serve the same purpose, and follow the same rules as high school squads. Squads cheer for basketball teams, football teams, and other sports teams in their school. Squads also perform at pep rallies and compete against other local schools from the area. Cheerleading in middle school sometimes can be a two-season activity: fall and winter. However, many middle school cheer squads will go year-round like high school squads. Middle school cheerleaders use the same cheerleading movements as their older counterparts, yet they perform less extreme stunts. These stunts range from preps, thigh stands, and extensions, to harder one-legged stunts.

text: High school

text: In high school, there are usually two squads per school: varsity and a junior varsity. High school cheerleading contains aspects of school spirit as well as competition. These squads have become part of a year-round cycle. Starting with tryouts in the spring, year-round practice, cheering on teams in the fall and winter, and participating in cheerleading competitions. Most squads practice at least three days a week for about two hours each practice during the summer. Many teams also attend separate tumbling sessions outside of practice. During the school year, cheerleading is usually practiced five- to six-days-a-week. During competition season, it often becomes seven days with practice twice a day sometimes. The school spirit aspect of cheerleading involves cheering, supporting, and "pumping up" the crowd at football games, basketball games, and even at wrestling meets. Along with this, they perform at pep rallies, and bring school spirit to other students. In May 2009, the National Federation of State High School Associations released the results of their first true high school participation study. They estimated that the number of high school cheerleaders from public high schools is around 394,700.[35]

text: There are different cheerleading organizations that put on competitions; some of the major ones include state and regional competitions. Many high schools will often host cheerleading competitions, bringing in IHSA judges. The regional competitions are qualifiers for national competitions, such as the UCA (Universal Cheerleaders Association) in Orlando, Florida every year.[36] The competition aspect of cheerleading can be very enduring; styles and rules change every year, making it important and difficult to find the newest and hottest routines.[37] Most teams have a professional choreographer that choreographs their routine in order to ensure they are not breaking rules or regulations. For a list of rules, visit AACCA (American Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Administrators). All high school coaches are required to attend an IHSA rules meeting at the beginning of the season. This ensures their knowledge of changed rules and their compliance with these rules.

text: College

text: Most American universities have a cheerleading squad to cheer for football, basketball, volleyball, and soccer. Most college squads tend to be large coed although in recent years; all-girl and small coed college squads have increased rapidly.

text: College squads perform more difficult stunts which include pyramids, as well as flipping and twisting basket tosses.

text: Youth league/athletic association

text: Organizations that sponsor youth cheer teams usually sponsor either youth league football or basketball teams as well. This allows for the two, under the same sponsor, to be intermingled. Both teams have the same mascot name and the cheerleaders will perform at their football or basketball games. Examples of such sponsors include Pop Warner and Pasco Police Athletic League (PPAL). The YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) is also a well-known sponsor for youth cheerleading leagues.[38]

text: All-star

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text: During the early 1980s, cheerleading squads not associated with a school or sports leagues, whose main objective was competition, began to emerge. The first organization to call themselves all-stars and go to competitions were the Q94 Rockers from Richmond, Virginia, founded in 1982.[39] All-star teams competing prior to 1987 were placed into the same divisions as teams that represented schools and sports leagues. In 1986, the National Cheerleaders Association (NCA) addressed this situation by creating a separate division for teams lacking a sponsoring school or athletic association, calling it the All-Star Division and debuting it at their 1987 competitions. As the popularity of this type of team grew, more and more of them were formed, attending competitions sponsored by many different organizations and companies, each using its own set of rules, regulations, and divisions. This situation became a concern to gym owners because the inconsistencies caused coaches to keep their routines in a constant state of flux, detracting from time that could be better utilized for developing skills and providing personal attention to their athletes. More importantly, because the various companies were constantly vying for a competitive edge, safety standards had become more and more lax. In some cases, unqualified coaches and inexperienced squads were attempting dangerous stunts as a result of these expanded sets of rules.[40]

text: The USASF was formed in 2003 by the competition companies to act as the national governing body for all star cheerleading and to create a standard set of rules and judging standards to be followed by all competitions sanctioned by the Federation, ultimately leading to the Cheerleading Worlds. The USASF hosted the first Cheerleading Worlds on April 24, 2004.[40] In 2009, the first All-Level Worlds was held. It included teams from all levels, with each winner continuing to the online championships, where teams from across the nation competed to win the Worlds Title. At the same time, cheerleading coaches from all over the country organized themselves for the same rule making purpose, calling themselves the National All Star Cheerleading Coaches Congress (NACCC). In 2005, the NACCC was absorbed by the USASF to become their rule making body.[39] In late 2006, the USASF facilitated the creation of the International All-Star Federation (IASF).

text: As of 2012[update], all-star cheerleading as sanctioned by the USASF involves a squad of 6–36 females and/or males. The squad prepares year-round for many different competition appearances, but they only actually perform for up to 2½ minutes during their team's routines. The numbers of competitions a team participates in varies from team to team, but generally, most teams tend to participate in eight to twelve competitions a year. These competitions include locals, which are normally taken place in school gymnasiums or local venues, nationals, hosted in big venues all around the U.S. with national champions, and the Cheerleading Worlds, taken place at Disney World in Orlando, Florida. During a competition routine, a squad performs carefully choreographed stunting, tumbling, jumping, and dancing to their own custom music. Teams create their routines to an eight-count system and apply that to the music so that the team members execute the elements with precise timing and synchronization.

text: There are many different organizations that host their own state and national competitions. Some major companies include: Universal Spirit, AmeriCheer, Cheersport, Planet Spirit, Eastern Cheer and Dance Association, and The JAM Brands. This means that many gyms within the same area could be state and national champions for the same year and never have competed against each other. Currently, there is no system in place that awards only one state or national title.

text: Judges at the competition watch closely for illegal moves from the group or any individual member. Here, an illegal move is something that is not allowed in that division due to difficulty and/or safety restrictions. They look out for deductions, or things that go wrong, such as a dropped stunt. They also look for touch downs in tumbling for deductions. More generally, judges look at the difficulty and execution of jumps, stunts and tumbling, synchronization, creativity, the sharpness of the motions, showmanship, and overall routine execution.

text: All-star cheerleaders are placed into divisions, which are grouped based upon age, size of the team, gender of participants, and ability level. The age levels vary from under 4 year of age to 18 years and over. The divisions used by the USASF/IASF are currently Tiny, Mini, Youth, Junior, Junior International, Junior Coed, Senior, Senior Coed, Special Needs, and Open International. It originally began with "all girl" teams and later co-ed teams began to gain popularity. That being said, the all-girl squad remains the most prevalent.[41]

text: If a team places high enough at selected USASF/IASF sanctioned national competitions, they could be included in the Cheerleading Worlds and compete against teams from all over the world, as well as receive money for placing.[2] Each team receives a bid from another cheerleading company and goes in the name of that company. One must get a bid from a company in order to compete at the Cheerleading Worlds. For example, a team could get a bid from Cheersport, and they compete as a team representing that company. Cheerleading companies give out three types of bids to go to Cheerleading Worlds, Full Paid Bid, Partial Bid, or an Un-paid bid. The Cheerleading Worlds are only for teams that are level 5 and up.

text: Professional

text: Professional cheerleaders and dancers cheer for sports such as football, basketball, baseball, wrestling, or hockey. There are only a small handful of professional cheerleading leagues around the world; some professional leagues include the NBA Cheerleading League, the NFL Cheerleading League, the CFL Cheerleading League, the MLS Cheerleading League, the MLB Cheerleading League, and the NHL Ice Dancers. Although professional cheerleading leagues exist in multiple countries, there are no Olympic teams.[citation needed]

text: In addition to cheering at games and competing, professional cheerleaders also, as teams, can often do a lot of philanthropy and charity work, modeling, motivational speaking, television performances, and advertising.[42][unreliable source?]

text: Associations, federations, and organizations

text: Americheer:[43] Americheer was founded in 1987 by Elizabeth Rossetti. It is the parent company to Ameridance and Eastern Cheer and Dance Association. In 2005, Americheer became one of the founding members of the NLCC. This means that Americheer events offer bids to The U.S. Finals: The Final Destination. AmeriCheer InterNational Championship competition is held every March at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida.

text: International Cheer Union (ICU):[44] Established on April 26, 2004, the ICU is recognized by the SportAccord as the world governing body of cheerleading and the authority on all matters with relation to it. Including participation from its 105-member national federations reaching 3.5 million athletes globally, the ICU continues to serve as the unified voice for those dedicated to cheerleading's positive development around the world.

text: Following a positive vote by the SportAccord General Assembly on May 31, 2013, in Saint Petersburg, the International Cheer Union (ICU) became SportAccord's 109th member, and SportAccord's 93rd international sports federation to join the international sports family. In accordance with the SportAccord statutes, the ICU is recognized as the world governing body of cheerleading and the authority on all matters related to it.

text: As of the 2016–17 season, the ICU has introduced a Junior aged team (12-16) to compete at the Cheerleading Worlds, because cheerleading is now in provisional status to become a sport in the Olympics. For cheerleading to one day be in the Olympics, there must be a junior and senior team that competes at the world championships. The first junior cheerleading team that was selected to become the junior national team was Eastside Middle School, located in Mount Washington Kentucky and will represent the United States in the inaugural junior division at the world championships.[45]

text: The ICU holds training seminars for judges and coaches, global events and the World Cheerleading Championships. The ICU is also fully applied to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is compliant under the code set by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

text: International Federation of Cheerleading (IFC):[46] Established on July 5, 1998, the International Federation of Cheerleading (IFC) is a non-profit federation based in Tokyo, Japan, and is the world governing body of cheerleading. The IFC objectives are to promote cheerleading worldwide, to spread knowledge of cheerleading, and to develop friendly relations among the member associations and federations.

text: National Cheerleaders Association:[47] The NCA was founded in 1948 by Lawrence Herkimer. Every year, the NCA hosts the NCA High School Cheerleading Nationals and the NCA All-Star Cheerleading Nationals in Dallas, Texas. They also host the NCA/NDA Collegiate Cheer & Dance Championship in Daytona Beach, Florida.

text: United Spirit Association:[48] In 1950, Robert Olmstead directed his first summer training camp, and USA later sprouted from this. USA's focus is on the game day experience as a way to enhance audience entertainment. This focus led to the first American football half-time shows to reach adolescences from around the world and expose them to American style cheerleading. USA has choreographed material for professional and competitive cheerleaders alike. USA provides competitions for cheerleading squads without prior qualifications needed in order to participate. The organization also allows the opportunity for cheerleaders to become an All-American, participate in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, and partake in London's New Year's Day Parade and other special events much like UCA and NCA allow participants to do.

text: Universal Cheerleaders Association:[49] Universal Cheerleaders Association was founded in 1974 by Jeff Webb. Since 1980, UCA has hosted the National High School Cheerleading Championship in Walt Disney World Resort. They also host the National All-Star Cheerleading Championship, and the College Cheerleading National Championship at Walt Disney World Resort. To qualify for these events, all teams must submit a video. All of these events air on ESPN.

text: Competitions and companies

text: Asian Thailand Cheerleading Invitational (ATCI):[50] Organised by the Cheerleading Association of Thailand (CAT) in accordance with the rules and regulations of the International Federation of Cheerleading (IFC). The ATCI is held every year since 2009. At the ATCI, many teams from all over Thailand compete, joining them are many invited neighbouring nations who also send cheer squads.

text: Cheerleading Asia International Open Championships (CAIOC): Hosted by the Foundation of Japan Cheerleading Association (FJCA) in accordance with the rules and regulations of the IFC. The CAIOC has been a yearly event since 2007. Every year, many teams from all over Asia converge in Tokyo to compete.[51]

text: Cheerleading World Championships (CWC):[52] Organised by the IFC. The IFC is a non-profit organisation founded in 1998 and based in Tokyo, Japan. The CWC has been held every two years since 2001, and to date, the competition has been held in Japan, the United Kingdom, Finland, Germany, and Hong Kong. The 6th CWC was held at the Hong Kong Coliseum on November 26–27, 2011.[53]

text: ICU World Championships:[54] The International Cheer Union currently encompasses 105 National Federations from countries across the globe. Every year, the ICU host the World Cheerleading Championship. Unlike the USASF Worlds, this competition uses Level 6/ Collegiate style rules. Countries assemble and send only one team to represent them.

text: National Cheerleading Championships (NCC):[55] The NCC is the annual IFC-sanctioned national cheerleading competition in Indonesia organised by the Indonesian Cheerleading Community (ICC).[56] Since NCC 2010, the event is now open to international competition, representing a significant step forward for the ICC. Teams from many countries such as Japan, Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore participated in the ground breaking event.

text: NLCC Final Destination:[57] Nation's Leading Cheer Companies is a multi brand company, partnered with other companies such as: Americheer/Ameridance, American Cheer & Dance Academy, Eastern Cheer & Dance Association, and Spirit Unlimited. Every year, starting in 2006, the NLCC hosts The US Finals: The Final Destination of Cheerleading and Dance. Every team that attends must qualify and receive a bid at a partner company's competition. In May 2008, the NLCC and The JAM Brands announced a partnership to produce The U.S. Finals - Final Destination. There are nine Final Destination locations across the country. After the regional events, videos of all the teams that competed are sent to a new panel of judges and rescored to rank teams against those against whom they may never have had a chance to compete.

text: Pan-American Cheerleading Championships (PCC):[58] The PCC was held for the first time in 2009 in the city of Latacunga, Ecuador and is the continental championship organised by the Pan-American Federation of Cheerleading (PFC). The PFC, operating under the umbrella of the IFC, is the non-profit continental body of cheerleading whose aim it is to promote and develop cheerleading in the Americas. The PCC is a biennial event, and was held for the second time in Lima, Peru, in November 2010.

text: The JAM Brands:[59] The JAM Brands, headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, provides products and services for the cheerleading and dance industry. It is made up of approximately 12 different brands that produce everything from competitions to camps to uniforms to merchandise and apparel. JAMfest, the original brand of The JAM Brands, has been around since 1996 and was founded by Aaron Flaker and Emmitt Tyler. Dan Kessler has since become a co-owner of The JAM Brands along with Flaker and Tyler.

text: USASF/IASF Worlds:[60][61] Many United States cheerleading organizations form and register the not-for-profit entity the United States All Star Federation (USASF) and also the International All Star Federation (IASF) to support international club cheerleading and the World Cheerleading Club Championships. The first World Cheerleading Championships, or Cheerleading Worlds, were hosted by the USASF/IASF at the Walt Disney World Resort and taped for an ESPN global broadcast in 2004. This competition is only for All-Star/Club cheer. Only levels Junior 5, Senior 5, Senior Open 5, International 5, International Open 5, International 6, and International Open 6 may attend. Teams must receive a bid from a partner company to attend.

text: Varsity:[62] Partnered with the UCA, Varsity created the National High School Cheerleading Championship in 1980. Varsity All-Star owns or partners with many of the largest cheerleading events in the country.

text: Title IX sports status

text: There is a large debate on whether or not cheerleading should be considered a sport for Title IX (a portion of the United States Education Amendments of 1972 forbidding discrimination under any education program on the basis of sex) purposes. Supporters consider cheerleading, as a whole, a sport, citing the heavy use of athletic talents[63][64] while critics see it as a physical activity because a "sport" implies a competition among all squads and not all squads compete, along with subjectivity of competitions where—as with gymnastics, diving, and figure skating—scores are assessed based on human judgment and not an objective goal or measurement of time.[65][66][67]

text: On January 27, 2009, in a lawsuit involving an accidental injury sustained during a cheerleading practice, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that cheerleading is a full-contact sport in that state, not allowing any participants to be sued for accidental injury.[68][69] In contrast, on July 21, 2010, in a lawsuit involving whether college cheerleading qualified as a sport for purposes of Title IX, a federal court, citing a current lack of program development and organization, ruled that it is not a sport at all.[70]

text: Dangers of cheerleading

text: Cheerleading carries the highest rate of catastrophic injuries in sports.[71] The risks of cheerleading were highlighted when Kristi Yamaoka, a cheerleader for Southern Illinois University, suffered a fractured vertebra when she hit her head after falling from a human pyramid.[72][73] She also suffered from a concussion, and a bruised lung.[74] The fall occurred when Yamaoka lost her balance during a basketball game between Southern Illinois University and Bradley University at the Savvis Center in St. Louis on March 5, 2006.[74] The fall gained "national attention",[74] because Yamaoka continued to perform from a stretcher as she was moved away from the game.[74] Yamaoka has since made a full recovery.[citation needed]

text: The accident caused the Missouri Valley Conference to ban its member schools from allowing cheerleaders to be "launched or tossed and from taking part in formations higher than two levels" for one week during a women's basketball conference tournament, and also resulted in a recommendation by the NCAA that conferences and tournaments do not allow pyramids two and one half levels high or higher, and a stunt known as basket tosses, during the rest of the men's and women's basketball season.[75] On July 11, 2006, the bans were made permanent by the AACCA rules committee:

text: The committee unanimously voted for sweeping revisions to cheerleading safety rules, the most major of which restricts specific upper-level skills during basketball games. Basket tosses, 2½ high pyramids, one-arm stunts, stunts that involve twisting or flipping, and twisting tumbling skills may only be performed during halftime and post-game on a matted surface and are prohibited during game play or time-outs.[75]

text: Another major cheerleading accident was the death of Lauren Chang. Chang died on April 14, 2008 after competing in a competition where her teammate had kicked her so hard in the chest that her lungs collapsed.[76]

text: Of the United States' 2.9 million female high school athletes, only 3% are cheerleaders, yet cheerleading accounts for nearly 65% of all catastrophic injuries in girls' high school athletics.[77] The NCAA does not recognize cheerleading as a collegiate sport; there are no solid numbers on college cheerleading, yet when it comes to injuries, 67% of female athlete injuries at the college level are due to cheerleading mishaps.[citation needed] Another study found that between 1982 and 2007, there were 103 fatal, disabling, or serious injuries recorded among female high school athletes, with the vast majority (67) occurring in cheerleading.[78]

text: In the early 2000s, cheerleading was considered[by whom?] one of the most dangerous school activities. The main source of injuries comes from stunting, also known as pyramids. These stunts are performed at games and pep rallies, as well as competitions. Sometimes competition routines are focused solely around the use of difficult and risky stunts. These stunts usually include a flyer (the person on top), along with one or two bases (the people on the bottom), and one or two spotters in the front and back on the bottom. The most common cheerleading related injury is a concussion. 96% of those concussions are stunt related.[71] Others injuries are: sprained ankles, sprained wrists, back injuries, head injuries (sometimes concussions), broken arms, elbow injuries, knee injuries, broken noses, and broken collarbones.[79][80] Sometimes, however, injuries can be as serious as whiplash, broken necks, broken vertebrae, and death.[citation needed]

text: The journal Pediatrics has reportedly said that the number of cheerleaders suffering from broken bones, concussions, and sprains has increased by over 100 percent between the years of 1990 and 2002, and that in 2001, there were 25,000 hospital visits reported for cheerleading injuries dealing with the shoulder, ankle, head, and neck.[81] Meanwhile, in the USA, cheerleading accounted for 65.1% of all major physical injuries to high school females, and to 66.7% of major injuries to college students due to physical activity from 1982 to 2007, with 22,900 minors being admitted to hospital with cheerleading-related injuries in 2002.[82][83]

text: In October 2009, the American Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Advisors (AACCA), a subsidiary of Varsity Brands, released a study that analyzed the data from emergency room visits of all high school athletes. The study asserted that contrary to many perceptions, cheerleading injuries are in line with female sports.[84]

text: Cheerleading (for both girls and boys) was one of the sports studied in the Pediatric Injury Prevention, Education and Research Program of the Colorado School of Public Health in 2009/10–2012/13.[85] Data on cheerleading injuries is included in the report for 2012–13.[86]

text: In popular culture

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The revamped and provocative Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders of the 1970s—and the many imitators that followed—firmly established the cheerleader as an American icon of wholesome sex appeal. In response, a new subgenre of exploitation films suddenly sprang up with titles such as The Cheerleaders (1972), The Swinging Cheerleaders (1974), Revenge of the Cheerleaders (1975), The Pom Pom Girls (1976), Satan's Cheerleaders (1977), Cheerleaders Beach Party (1978), Cheerleaders's Wild Weekend (1979), and Gimme an 'F' (1984). In addition to R-rated sex comedies and horror films, cheerleaders became a staple of the adult film industry, starting with Debbie Does Dallas (1978) and its four sequels.

text: On television, the made-for-TV movie The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders (which aired January 14, 1979) starring Jane Seymour was a highly rated success, spawning the 1980 sequel The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders II.

text: The Dallas squad was in high demand during the late 1970s with frequent appearances on network specials, awards shows, variety programs, commercials, the game show Family Feud and TV series such as The Love Boat. The sci-fi sitcom Mork & Mindy also based a 1979 episode around the Denver Broncos cheerleaders with Mork (Robin Williams) trying out for the squad.

text: The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom (1993) is a TV movie which dramatized the true story of Wanda Holloway, the Texas mother whose obsession with her daughter's cheerleading career made headline news. Another lurid TV movie based on a true story, Fab Five: The Texas Cheerleader Scandal was produced in 2008.

text: Cheerleading's increasing popularity in recent decades has made it a prominent feature in high-school themed movies and television shows. The 2000 film Bring It On, about a San Diego high school cheerleading squad called "The Toros", starred real-life former cheerleader Kirsten Dunst. Bring It On was a surprise hit and earned nearly $70 million domestically. It spawned five direct-to-video sequels: Bring It On Again (2003), Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006), Bring It On: In It to Win It (2007), and Bring It On: Fight to the Finish (2009). The first Bring It On was followed by the cheerleader caper-comedy, Sugar & Spice (2001) and a string of campy horror/action films such as Cheerleader Ninjas (2002), Cheerleader Autopsy, Cheerleader Massacre (both 2003), Chainsaw Cheerleaders, and Ninja Cheerleaders (both 2008).

text: In 2006, Hayden Panettiere, star of Bring It On: All or Nothing, took another cheerleading role as Claire Bennet, the cheerleader with an accelerated healing factor on NBC's hit sci-fi TV series Heroes, launching cheerleading back into the limelight of pop culture. Claire was the main focus of the show's first story arc, featuring the popular catchphrase, "Save the cheerleader, save the world". Her prominent, protagonist role in Heroes was supported by a strong fan-base and provided a positive image for high school cheerleading.

text: In 2009, Panettiere starred again as a cheerleader, this time as Beth Cooper in the film adaptation of the novel I Love You, Beth Cooper.

text: In 2006, the reality show Cheerleader Nation was featured on the Lifetime television channel. Cheerleader Nation is a 60-minute television series based on the Paul Laurence Dunbar High School cheerleading team's ups and downs on the way to nationals, of which they are the three-time champions. The show also believes that cheerleading is tough. The show takes place in Lexington, Kentucky.

text: The 2007 series Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team shows the process of getting on the pro squad of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders. Everything from initial tryouts to workout routines and the difficulties involved is shown.

text: Fired Up!, a teen comedy about cheerleading camp, was released by Screen Gems in 2009. In the supernatural horror-comedy Jennifer's Body (2009), Megan Fox plays a demonically possessed high school cheerleader. Also that year, Universal Pictures signed music video and film director Bille Woodruff (Barbershop, Honey) to direct the fifth film in the Bring It On series titled Bring It On: Fight to the Finish. The film stars Christina Milian (who previously played cheerleaders in Love Don't Cost a Thing and Man of the House) and Rachelle Brook Smith, and was released directly to DVD and Blu-ray on September 1, 2009.

text: The television series Glee (2009-2015) featured Dianna Agron as Quinn Fabray, the captain of her high school cheerleading squad, the Cheerios. Quinn becomes pregnant, leading to her expulsion from the squad, but two of the other Cheerios, Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce also feature heavily in the show. In "The Power of Madonna" Kurt Hummel joins the Cheerios along with Mercedes Jones.

text: The CW Television Network created the short-lived Hellcats series (2010–11). This drama was about the ups and downs of being a college cheerleader. It starred Aly Michalka as Marty (a former gymnast forced to become a cheerleader after her academic scholarship is canceled) and Ashley Tisdale from High School Musical.

text: More recent films include the teen sex-comedy #1 Cheerleader Camp (2010) and the horror-comedy All Cheerleaders Die (2013), a remake of an earlier 2001 film of the same name.

text: Nintendo has released a pair of video games in Japan for the Nintendo DS, Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan and its sequel Moero! Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii that star teams of male cheer squads, or Ouendan that practice a form of cheerleading. Each of the games' most difficult modes replaces the male characters with female cheer squads that dress in western cheerleading uniforms. The games task the cheer squads with assisting people in desperate need of help by cheering them on and giving them the motivation to succeed. There are also a All Star Cheerleader and We Cheer for the Wii in which one does routines at competitions with the Wiimote & Nunchuck. All Star Cheerleader is also available for Nintendo DS.

text: Cheerleading in Canada

text: Cheerleading in Canada is rising in popularity among the youth in co-curricular programs. Cheerleading has grown from the sidelines to a competitive activity throughout the world and in particular Canada. Cheerleading has a few streams in Canadian sports culture. It is available at the middle-school, high-school, collegiate, and best known for all-star. There are multiple regional, provincial, and national championship opportunities for all athletes participating in cheerleading. Canada does not have provincial teams, just a national program referred to as CCU or Team Canada. Their first year as a national team was in 2009 when they represented Canada at the International Cheer Union World Cheerleading Championships International Cheer Union (ICU).[87]

text: Canada as a competition

text: There is no official governing body for Canadian cheerleading. The rules and guidelines for cheerleading used in Canada are the ones set out by the USASF. However, there are many organizations in Canada that put on competitions and have separate and individual rules and scoresheets for each competition. Cheer Evolution is the largest cheerleading and dance organization for Canada. They hold many competitions as well as provide a competition for bids to Worlds. There are other organizations such as the Ontario Cheerleading Federation (Ontario), Power Cheerleading Association (Ontario), Kicks Athletics (Quebec), and the International Cheer Alliance (Vancouver). There are over forty recognized competitive gym clubs with numerous teams that compete at competitions across Canada.[88]

text: Canada at the World Championships of Cheerleading (USASF/ICU)

text: There are two world championship competitions that Canada participates in. There is the ICU World Championships where the national teams compete against each other and then there are the club team world championships. These club teams are referred to as "all-star" teams who compete at the USASF World Championships of Cheerleading. This is where teams must have earned a bid from their own country to attend. National team members who compete at the ICU Worlds can also compete with their "all-star club" teams.[89] Although athletes can compete in both International Cheer Union (ICU) and USASF, crossovers between teams at each individual competition are not permitted. Teams compete against the other teams from their countries on the first day of competition and the top three teams from each country in each division continue to finals. At the end of finals, the top team scoring the highest for their country earns the "Nations Cup". Canada has multiple teams across their country that compete in the USASF Cheerleading Worlds Championship.[90]

text: The International Cheer Union (ICU) is built of 103 countries that compete against each other in four divisions; Coed Premier, All-girl Premier, Coed Elite, and All-girl Elite. Canada has a national team ran by the Canadian Cheer Union (CCU). Their Coed Elite Level 5 Team and their All-girl Elite Level 5 team are 4-time world champions. They are found from all over the country. In 2013, they added two more teams to their roster. A new division that will compete head-to-head with the United States: in both the All-girl and Coed Premier Level 6 divisions. Members tryout and are selected on the basis of their skills and potential to succeed. Athletes are selected from all over. Canada's national program has grown to be one of the most successful programs.[91]

text: Cheerleading in the United Kingdom

text: Notable former cheerleaders


document_title: Naismith College Coach of the Year

question_text: who is the ncaa coach of the year

question_tokens: who is the ncaa coach of the year

root

text: Naismith College Coach of the Year

text: Key[edit]

text:
*
Denotes coaches inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Coach (#)
Denotes the number of times the coach has won the award at that point

tag: table

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Men's Coach
College
Women's Coach
College

1986–87
Knight, BobBob Knight*
Indiana
Summitt, PatPat Summitt*
Tennessee

1987–88
Brown, LarryLarry Brown*
Kansas
Barmore, LeonLeon Barmore*
Louisiana Tech

1988–89
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski*
Duke
Summitt, PatPat Summitt* (2)
Tennessee

1989–90
Cremins, BobbyBobby Cremins
Georgia Tech
VanDerveer, TaraTara VanDerveer*
Stanford

1990–91
Ayers, RandyRandy Ayers
Ohio State
Ryan, DebbieDebbie Ryan
Virginia

1991–92
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski* (2)
Duke
Weller, ChrisChris Weller
Maryland

1992–93
Smith, DeanDean Smith*
North Carolina
Stringer, C. VivianC. Vivian Stringer*
Iowa

1993–94
Richardson, NolanNolan Richardson*
Arkansas
Summitt, PatPat Summitt* (3)
Tennessee

1994–95
Harrick, JimJim Harrick
UCLA
Auriemma, GenoGeno Auriemma*
Connecticut

1995–96
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari*
Massachusetts
Landers, AndyAndy Landers
Georgia

1996–97
Williams, RoyRoy Williams*
Kansas
Auriemma, GenoGeno Auriemma* (2)
Connecticut

1997–98
Guthridge, BillBill Guthridge
North Carolina
Summitt, PatPat Summitt* (4)
Tennessee

1998–99
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski* (3)
Duke
Peck, CarolynCarolyn Peck
Purdue

1999–2000
Montgomery, MikeMike Montgomery
Stanford
Auriemma, GenoGeno Auriemma* (3)
Connecticut

2000–01
Barnes, RodRod Barnes
Mississippi
McGraw, MuffetMuffet McGraw*
Notre Dame

2001–02
Howland, BenBen Howland
Pittsburgh
Auriemma, GenoGeno Auriemma* (4)
Connecticut

2002–03
Smith, TubbyTubby Smith
Kentucky
Goestenkors, GailGail Goestenkors
Duke

2003–04
Martelli, PhilPhil Martelli
Saint Joseph's
Summitt, PatPat Summitt* (5)
Tennessee

2004–05
Weber, BruceBruce Weber
Illinois
Chatman, PokeyPokey Chatman
LSU

2005–06
Wright, JayJay Wright
Villanova
Hatchell, SylviaSylvia Hatchell*
North Carolina

2006–07
Bennett, TonyTony Bennett
Washington State
Goestenkors, GailGail Goestenkors (2)
Duke

2007–08
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari* (2)
Memphis
Auriemma, GenoGeno Auriemma* (5)
Connecticut

2008–09
Dixon, JamieJamie Dixon
Pittsburgh
Auriemma, GenoGeno Auriemma* (6)
Connecticut

2009–10
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim*
Syracuse
Yori, ConnieConnie Yori
Nebraska

2010–11
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
San Diego State
VanDerveer, TaraTara VanDerveer* (2)
Stanford

2011–12
Self, BillBill Self*
Kansas
Mulkey, KimKim Mulkey
Baylor

2012–13
Larrañaga, JimJim Larrañaga
Miami (FL)
McGraw, MuffetMuffet McGraw* (2)
Notre Dame

2013–14
Marshall, GreggGregg Marshall
Wichita State
McGraw, MuffetMuffet McGraw* (3)
Notre Dame

2014–15
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari* (3)
Kentucky
Banghart, CourtneyCourtney Banghart
Princeton

2015–16
Wright, JayJay Wright (2)
Villanova
Auriemma, GenoGeno Auriemma* (7)
Connecticut

2016–17
Few, MarkMark Few
Gonzaga
Auriemma, GenoGeno Auriemma* (8)
Connecticut

2017–18
Bennett, TonyTony Bennett (2)
Virginia
Schaefer, VicVic Schaefer
Mississippi State


document_title: Mission San Francisco Solano (California)

question_text: who lived at the san francisco solano mission

text: History[edit]

text: Fr. José Altimira age 33, arrived from Barcelona, Spain to serve at Mission San Francisco de Asís. The mission was not thriving because of its climate and had established a medical asistencia ("sub-mission") in San Rafael to help the mission’s ill neophytes (baptized Native Americans) recover their health. California Governor Luis Argüello was interested in blocking the Russians at Bodega Bay and Fort Ross from moving further inland. Together they developed and presented to the party church authorities and the territory (legislature) a plan for moving Mission San Francisco de Asís and the San Rafael asistencia to a new location north of the Bay. The legislature approved but the church authorities did not respond (they had forwarded the plan to their superiors in Mexico).[10] Under the old Spanish regime, founding a new mission required the approval of both New Spain's Bishop and the King’s Viceroy.[11]

tag: p

text: Beginning in 1823, while waiting for a response from the church authorities, Fr. Altimira, with military escorts, began exploring north of the Bay for a suitable mission site. On July 4, 1823, the soldiers placed a large redwood cross on the place in the Sonoma Valley where they expected the new Mission San Francisco de Assis to be established. Then they celebrated Mass to consecrate the location. They then returned south to begin gathering men and materials to begin construction.[12]

text: The area around the selected site was not empty. It was near the northeast corner of the territory of the Coast Miwok,[13] Southern Pomo to the northwest, Wappo to the northeast, Suisunes and Ptwin peoples to the east.[14][15] A detachment of soldiers from the Presidio of San Francisco would be provided to protect the Mission and guard the neophytes.[16]

text: Altimira with soldiers and neophytes primarily from Mission San Francisco de Asís returned to the Sonoma area near the end of August. Altimira decided there was a better place to build on the other side of the valley. Just after starting he received a letter from Father-President Sarria who refused Altimira permission to continue building. Fr. Altimira obeyed and the month of September saw continuing negotiations between California’s civil and religious leaders. On September 30 an agreement was reached: a new mission could be built and Fr. Altimira would be its minister, but Mission San Francisco de Asís would not be closed and the San Rafael asistencia had already been designated as a full mission (Mission San Rafael Arcángel).[17]

text: Beginning in October 1823 Fr. Altimira had the opportunity to build his new mission at the location he chose but since Mission San Francisco de Asís would remain open this Mission needed a different patron saint. Altimira chose San Francisco Solano, a 17th-century Franciscan missionary to South America.[18] His company of soldiers and neophytes set about building all the facilities needed in a California mission. His annual report for 1823 listed no baptisms, one marriage, one funeral, a population of 482 Indians (all transferred from other missions) and 1341 animals.[19] The work had started too late in the year for anything to be planted and harvested.

text: On April 4, 1824, Passion Sunday, Father Altimira proudly dedicated his church. It was a crude, temporary structure but it symbolized development at the Mission. The church was built of whitewashed boards but was well furnished and decorated. Many of the articles were gifts from the Russians at Fort Ross. It also held a canvas painting of San Francisco Solano which had been donated by the Father-President. Furthermore, the Mission had been promised a relic of the patron saint to put in the altar.[20]

text: The Mission continued to develop until an argument arose about the sharing of the bountiful 1826 harvest Indians, not living at the Mission, were unhappy with the amount allocated for their work and burned some of the wooden buildings in protest. Fr. Altimira with a few faithful neophytes fled to Mission San Rafael Arcángel.[21]

text: Fr. Buenaventura Fortuni, an aging Spanish Franciscan who had been working at Mission San José, was assigned to replace Altimira.[22] Fr. Fortuni quickly reestablished order and morale and the work of building the mission restarted. He arranged the main buildings to form a large, square enclosure.

text: In 1830 Fr. Fortuni, having labored alone at this mission for 3 1/2 years, felt the need to transfer to another mission where the work load could be shared.[23] He was 58 years old when he was replaced by Fr. José Gutiérrez, a Franciscan friar from South America. The Mexican government had in 1826 required that all the Spanish friars who would not pledge loyalty to Mexico leave. Fr. Fortuni had been exempted from this rule but all new churchmen would be required to take the pledge.[22]

text: Fr. Gutierrez continued to build and increased the agricultural effort.[24] By 1832 the mission had 27 rooms in the convento or priest's quarters, with a great adobe church at the east end, and a wooden storehouse (the original mission chapel) at the west end. Completing this enclosure were workshops where the Indians were taught to be craftsmen and created the items needed to help the mission be self-sufficient. Along the back of the courtyard were the living quarters and workrooms for the young Indian girls. In addition to the quadrangle, there were orchards, gardens, vineyards, fields of grain, a gristmill, houses for the soldiers and Indian families, a jail, a cemetery and an infirmary.[25]

text: The most successful year of this mission's short life span (11 years) was 1832. In his annual report for that year, Fr. Gutierrez recorded the following: 127 baptisms, 34 marriages, and 70 deaths; a total of 996 neophytes (coming from 35 area villages[26]); the livestock inventory included 6,000 sheep and goats, 900 horses, 13 mules, 50 pigs and 3,500 head of cattle. Crops were measured in fanegas, or Spanish bushels, a variable measure of volume generally between 50 and 60 liters. In 1832 the mission produced 800 fanegas of wheat, 1025 fanegas of barley, 52 fanegas of peas, 300 fanegas of corn, 32 fanegas of beans, and 2 fanegas of garbanzos.[27]

text: In 1833 the Mexican Congress decided to close all of the missions in Alta California with the passage of the Mexican secularization act of 1833. Governor Figueroa issued a regulation (Reglamento Provisional para la secularization de las Misiones) on August 9, 1834, outlining the requirements for the distribution of property (land, cattle, and equipment) to each mission’s neophytes.[28] Among the provisions were that "5. To each head of a family and to all over 20 years old, will be given from the Mission lands a lot not over 400 nor less than 100 varas square" (28 to 7 acres). Plus "6. ...pro rata...one-half of the livestock" and "7. ... half or less of the existing chattels, tools, and seed...".[29]

text: Mission San Francisco Solano officially ceased to exist on November 3, 1834, when it was designated a First Class Parish. The Spanish missionaries were to be replaced by parish priests - the first was Fr. Lorenzo Quijas who had earlier been assigned to Sonoma and San Rafael.[30]In,

text: Lieutenant (teniente) Mariano Vallejo, Commandant of the Presidio of San Francisco, was named administrator (comisionado) to oversee the closing of the Mission under the Reglamento.[31] Fr. Quijas moved back to San Rafael in July, 1835, after many disputes with Guadalupe Antonio Ortega, Vallejo's majordomo, to whom Vallejo had delegated the work of secularization. Ortega (sometimes call Sergeant Ortega[32]) was “uneducated, coarse and licentious".[33] Right after returning to San Rafael, Padre Quijas wrote a letter to Commissary Perfect Garcia Diego, his superior, complaining about the situation in Sonoma and specifically the "...abominable deeds of Ortega...." Quijas then gives names of witnesses to be called against Ortega.[34] Upon receipt of the letter Fr. Diego forward it to Governor José Figueroa demanding some action against Ortega. The Governor was critically ill and died at the end of the following month. No action was taken.[35] It wasn't until the summer of 1837, because of new scandals and unsatisfactory accounts, that Ortega was removed.[36]

text: After Fr. Quijas left, the neophyte population decreased rapidly (most returning to their home villages - taking their movable property with them, or moving to ranchos {including Vallejo's Petaluma Adobe} to work, or staying in Sonoma as servants).[37] Some former Mission Indians reportedly received their allotted land and cattle from the Mission (none of these small plots of land were permanently recorded.)[38] In August 1839, the government sent William Edward Petty Hartnell as Visitador General de Misiones to check compliance with the Reglamento but Vallejo avoided responding - claiming he did not have time because of military affairs. No effective review of the secularization of the Sonoma mission was even completed.[39]

text: The mission buildings rapidly fell into disrepair. The town of Sonoma was growing and building materials were in great demand. Roof tiles, timbers, and adobe bricks were salvaged from the mission buildings. After the settlers had cannibalized the old buildings, nature began recycling the remnants.[14]

text: In 1841, Mariano Vallejo ordered a small adobe chapel to be built on the location of the first wooden mission chapel. It became the church of the parish and replaced the large mission church which was rapidly deteriorating. It stood on the west end of the Convento so is often thought to be the church of the old mission.[40]

text: During 1863 President Abraham Lincoln transferred ownership of all the mission churches in California to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1881, the Sonoma church property was sold to a local businessman and a new parish church was built across town. At one time, the old adobe chapel was used as a warehouse. The Convento may have been used as a winery.[14]

text: In 1903, the two remaining mission buildings were purchased by California Historic Landmarks League and became part of the California Park System in 1906. By 1913, both had been reconstructed. After the 1940s, the former church and Convento were remodeled along more authentic lines suited to exhibits devoted exclusively to mission history.[14]

text: Dedicated in 1999, the Sonoma Mission Indian Memorial honors the more than 800 native people (including over 200 children) who died while living and working at the Mission between 1824 and 1839. Their Christian names, as recorded by the priests in the Mission’s records, are inscribed on this granite memorial.[41] European diseases such as measles and smallpox, for which Native Americans had no inherited resistance, with the overcrowded and unhealthful living conditions at all California missions (especially for women and children) contributed to the high death rate.[42]

text: California Historic Landmark[edit]

text: On June 1, 1932, Mission San Francisco Solano was designated California Historical Landmark #3.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Interior of Vallejo's Chapel

Indian Memorial

Mission Solano State Landmark Plaque

tag: ul


document_title: Sing (2016 American film)

question_text: who does the voice of nina on sing

question_tokens: who does the voice of nina on sing

text: Sing (2016 American film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a world of anthropomorphic animals, koala Buster Moon owns a theater, having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child. Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith, he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000. But Buster's assistant, Miss Crawly, accidentally appends two extra zeroes, and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster's office into the city streets.

text: Animals from all around the city gather for auditions. Those selected include: housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita; street musician mouse Mike; mobster's son gorilla Johnny; punk-rock porcupine Ash; a trio of frogs; and a camel named Pete. Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright, while Ash's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest. Rosita is paired with another contestant, an exuberant pig named Gunter, for a dance routine. Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 (money he does not have), he remains optimistic. Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie's grandmother, former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman, to persuade her to sponsor the prize money. She is hesitant to contribute, but agrees to see a private screening of the show.

text: Encouraged by her grandfather, Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance, but becomes his stage hand instead. When the frogs quit, and Pete is injured, Meena is added as an act. The performers' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals: Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter, after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray. After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment, Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song, Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe." Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices. When he tries to do both, he does not show up for the planned pickup in time, and his father and his gang are arrested. Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright, and Mike, certain that the prize money is as good as his, buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse, and then swindles a group of bears in a card game at a nightclub.

text: The day of the screening, the bears interrupt the show, demanding the money from Mike, who in turn, points to Buster. The bears open the chest containing the prize money, but it is nowhere near $100,000. The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight, flooding the theater, which then comes crashing down. With the lot repossessed by Judith, Buster, who had been living in his theater's office desk, takes up residence at Eddie's place (his parents' pool house). Although the contestants (besides Mike, who saw Buster as a fraud) visit him and try to cheer him up, Buster is too despondent to listen to them. He tries to start over by opening a car wash, using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster's theater.

text: When Meena goes to the theater's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah," Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money. They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena's family members. As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off," more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news. Johnny's rendition of Elton John's "I'm Still Standing" impresses his father, who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him. Despite an interruption by Judith, Ash sings her original rock song "Set It All Free." Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra's "My Way." Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder's "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing," which literally brings down the house. The show becomes a success and impresses Nana, who was in the audience. Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon, an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition.[3][5]
Reese Witherspoon as Rosita, a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman, and mother to their 25 piglets.[5]
Seth MacFarlane as Mike, a white mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice and an arrogant attitude.[5]
Scarlett Johansson as Ash, a teenage porcupine and punk rocker who takes part in an alternative-rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance.[1][5]
John C. Reilly as Eddie Noodleman, a sheep and Buster's friend who doubts the future of the theater.[5][6]
Tori Kelly as Meena, a teenage elephant with an exquisite voice and severe stage fright.[5]
Taron Egerton as Johnny, a teenage gorilla who wants to sing, though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps.[5]
Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman, a sheep and Eddie's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days.[7][8]

Jennifer Hudson[1] as Young Nana

Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly, an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster's administrative assistant.[1]
Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy, a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business.[1]
Nick Kroll as Gunter, a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show.[9][7]
Beck Bennett as Lance, a porcupine and Ash's boyfriend.[1]
Jay Pharoah[7] as Meena's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright.
Nick Offerman[7] as Norman, a pig and Rosita's husband.
Leslie Jones as Meena's mother
Rhea Perlman as Judith,[1][10] a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay.
Laraine Newman as Meena's grandmother
Adam Buxton as Stan, a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy's gang.
Brad Morris as a Baboon, whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances.
Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog, who documents Buster's singing competition.
Oscar, Leo, Caspar, and Asa Jennings as Piglets.

text: Production[edit]

text: In January 2014, it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment, about "courage, competition and carrying a tune,"[11] which was originally titled Lunch,[12] and then retitled as Sing.[5]

text: On January 14, 2015, Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film's lead voice role.[3] Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film.[3] On June 17, 2015, it was confirmed that McConaughey's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie, a sheep and Buster's best friend.[6] In November 2015, it was announced that Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film.[5]

text: The film features 65 pop songs, the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film's $75 million budget.[13] The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21, 2016.

text: Release[edit]

text: The almost complete[15] film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11, 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival.[16] Universal Studios released the film on December 21, 2016.[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sing was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 21, 2017. It includes three short films: Gunter Babysits, Love at First Sight, and Eddie's Life Coach.[18]

text:
In Gunter Babysits, Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter.
In Love at First Sight, Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman.
In Eddie's Life Coach, Eddie's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry "The Winner" Wishman.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Sing grossed $270.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $364 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $634.3 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[2] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film, making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016.[19]

text: In North America, the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin's Creed, and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release.[20] The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews.[21] It went on to gross $35.3 million in its opening weekend (a six-day total of $75.5 million), finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, which was in its second week.[22] Sing holds the record for being the highest-grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office, besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ($241.4 million in 2002).[23]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Sing received positive reviews from critics. On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 73% based on 157 reviews; the average rating is 6.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sing delivers colorfully animated, cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm-hearted – albeit familiar – storyline that lives up to its title."[24] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[26]

text: Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and wrote, "In a year full of talking-animal hits, Sing isn't quite as strong a number. It's a tale that might not be particularly thought-provoking but sure is toe-tapping."[27] In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Katie Walsh called Sing, "a cute movie with genuinely funny moments (keep an eye out for the koala car wash), and some great tunes to boot."[28] The Arizona Republic's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said, "Sing is like an album with a good song here and there, but too much filler and not enough hits."[29] Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2/5, stating that "Garth Jennings's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it's following a completely unoriginal formula, and yet carries on regardless."[30] While Peter Debruge of Variety, who also saw the film during the same festival, did not find the subplots to have any "profound life lessons," he overall praised Jennings' direction, the cast's voice performances and the film's silliness.[31]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards
February 6, 2017
Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up
Sing
Nominated
[32]

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production
Joby Talbot
[33]

Golden Globe Awards
January 8, 2017
Best Animated Feature Film
Sing
[34]

Best Original Song
"Faith" – Ryan Tedder, Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Song – Animated Film
[35][36]

Best Soundtrack Album
Sing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Outstanding Music Supervision – Film
Jojo Villanueva
Won

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Favorite Animated Movie
Sing
Nominated
[37]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Reese Witherspoon

Most Wanted Pet

Favorite Soundtrack
Sing

Saturn Awards
June 28, 2017
Best Animated Film
Nominated
[38]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a Sing 2, slated for December 25, 2020.[39]


document_title: List of The Fosters episodes

question_text: when does the second part of season 5 of the fosters come out

text: List of The Fosters episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
21
June 3, 2013 (2013-06-03)
March 24, 2014 (2014-03-24)

2
21
June 16, 2014 (2014-06-16)
March 23, 2015 (2015-03-23)

3
20
June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)

4
20
June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)
April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)

5
22[5]
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)
June 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Timothy Busfield
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
June 3, 2013 (2013-06-03)
1.42[6]

2
2
"Consequently"
Timothy Busfield
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
June 10, 2013 (2013-06-10)
1.70[7]

3
3
"Hostile Acts"
Melanie Mayron
David Ehrman
June 17, 2013 (2013-06-17)
1.25[8]

4
4
"Quinceañera"
Joanna Kerns
Joanna Johnson
June 24, 2013 (2013-06-24)
1.89[9]

5
5
"The Morning After"
Bethany Rooney
Paul Sciarrotta
July 1, 2013 (2013-07-01)
1.78[10]

6
6
"Saturday"
Norman Buckley
Marissa Jo Cerar
July 8, 2013 (2013-07-08)
1.77[11]

7
7
"The Fallout"
Jeff Melman
Story by : Zoila Amelia Galeano
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
July 15, 2013 (2013-07-15)
1.79[12]

8
8
"Clean"
Millicent Shelton
Story by : David Ehrman & Paul Sciarrotta
Teleplay by : David Ehrman
July 22, 2013 (2013-07-22)
1.89[13]

9
9
"Vigil"
David Paymer
Joanna Johnson
July 29, 2013 (2013-07-29)
1.87[14]

10
10
"I Do"
James Hayman
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 5, 2013 (2013-08-05)
2.07[15]

11
11
"The Honeymoon"
James Hayman
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
January 13, 2014 (2014-01-13)
1.92[16]

12
12
"House and Home"
Martha Mitchell
Joanna Johnson
January 20, 2014 (2014-01-20)
2.14[17]

13
13
"Things Unsaid"
Joanna Kerns
Marissa Jo Cerar
January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)
1.88[18]

14
14
"Family Day"
Elodie Keene
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)
1.80[19]

15
15
"Padre"
Millicent Shelton
Story by : Tamara P. Carter
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
February 10, 2014 (2014-02-10)
1.83[20]

16
16
"Us Against The World"
Lee Rose
Kelly Fullerton
February 17, 2014 (2014-02-17)
1.68[21]

17
17
"Kids in the Hall"
Michael Grossman
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
February 24, 2014 (2014-02-24)
1.48[22]

18
18
"Escapes and Reversals"
Melanie Mayron
Story by : Joanna Johnson
Teleplay by : Thomas Higgins
March 3, 2014 (2014-03-03)
1.51[23]

19
19
"Don't Let Go"
Zetna Fuentes
Story by : Marissa Jo Cerar & Zoila Amelia Galeano
Teleplay by : Kelly Fullerton & Marissa Jo Cerar
March 10, 2014 (2014-03-10)
1.21[24]

20
20
"Metropolis"
Martha Mitchell
Joanna Johnson
March 17, 2014 (2014-03-17)
1.20[25]

21
21
"Adoption Day"
Norman Buckley
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
March 24, 2014 (2014-03-24)
1.29[26]

text: Season 2 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"Things Unknown"
Norman Buckley
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
June 16, 2014 (2014-06-16)
1.47[27]

23
2
"Take Me Out"
Elodie Keene
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
June 23, 2014 (2014-06-23)
1.45[28]

24
3
"Play"
Martha Mitchell
Thomas Higgins
June 30, 2014 (2014-06-30)
1.37[29]

25
4
"Say Something"
Zetna Fuentes
Kathleen McGhee-Anderson
July 7, 2014 (2014-07-07)
1.42[30]

26
5
"Truth Be Told"
Ron Lagomarsino
Kelly Fullerton
July 14, 2014 (2014-07-14)
1.61[31]

27
6
"Mother"
Lee Rose
Joanna Johnson
July 21, 2014 (2014-07-21)
1.51[32]

28
7
"The Longest Day"
Nzingha Stewart
Marissa Jo Cerar
July 28, 2014 (2014-07-28)
1.44[33]

29
8
"Girls Reunited"
Daisy Mayer
Story by : Joanna Johnson
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 4, 2014 (2014-08-04)
1.38[34]

30
9
"Leaky Faucets"
Lee Rose
Story by : Cristian Martinez
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 11, 2014 (2014-08-11)
1.35[35]

31
10
"Someone's Little Sister"
Norman Buckley
Joanna Johnson
August 18, 2014 (2014-08-18)
1.48[36]

32
11
"Christmas Past"
Norman Buckley
Joanna Johnson
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
1.93[37]

33
12
"Over Under"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
1.45[38]

34
13
"Stay"
Elodie Keene
Marissa Jo Cerar
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
1.20[39]

35
14
"Mother Nature"
Martha Mitchell
Thomas Higgins
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
1.26[40]

36
15
"Light of Day"
Ron Lagomarsino
Wade Solomon & Megan Lynn
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
1.24[41]

37
16
"If You Only Knew"
Aprill Winney
Kelly Fullerton
February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)
1.28[42]

38
17
"The Silence She Keeps"
Melanie Mayron
Cristian Martinez & Dan Richter
February 23, 2015 (2015-02-23)
1.25[43]

39
18
"Now Hear This"
Rob Morrow
Thomas Higgins
March 2, 2015 (2015-03-02)
1.23[44]

40
19
"Justify the Means"
Jay Karas
Joanna Johnson
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
1.14[45]

41
20
"Not that Kind of Girl"
Lee Rose
Story by : Kris Q. Rehl
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
1.32[46]

42
21
"The End of the Beginning"
Zetna Fuentes
Joanna Johnson and Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
March 23, 2015 (2015-03-23)
1.45[47]

text: Season 3 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

43
1
"Wreckage"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)
1.26[48]

44
2
"Father's Day"
Aprill Winney
Joanna Johnson
June 15, 2015 (2015-06-15)
0.97[49]

45
3
"Déjà Vu"
Charlie Stratton
Thomas Higgins
June 22, 2015 (2015-06-22)
1.00[50]

46
4
"More Than Words"
Daisy Mayer
Marissa Jo Cerar
June 29, 2015 (2015-06-29)
1.18[51]

47
5
"Going South"
Elodie Keene
Michael MacLennan
July 6, 2015 (2015-07-06)
1.30[52]

48
6
"It's My Party"
Kees Van Oostrum
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
July 13, 2015 (2015-07-13)
1.30[53]

49
7
"Faith, Hope, Love"
Jann Turner
Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl
July 20, 2015 (2015-07-20)
1.33[54]

50
8
"Daughters"
Chandra Wilson
Elle Johnson
August 3, 2015 (2015-08-03)
1.23[55]

51
9
"Idyllwild"
Joanna Johnson
Joanna Johnson
August 10, 2015 (2015-08-10)
1.06[56]

52
10
"Lucky"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 17, 2015 (2015-08-17)
1.24[57]

53
11
"First Impressions"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
1.05[58]

54
12
"Mixed Messages"
Rich Newey
Thomas Higgins
February 1, 2016 (2016-02-01)
0.79[59]

55
13
"If and When"
Elodie Keene
Anne Meredith
February 8, 2016 (2016-02-08)
0.84[60]

56
14
"Under Water"
Ron Lagomarsino
Joanna Johnson
February 15, 2016 (2016-02-15)
0.81[61]

57
15
"Minor Offenses"
Rob Morrow
Michael MacLennan
February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)
0.79[62]

58
16
"EQ"
Anne Renton
Anne Meredith
February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)
0.67[63]

59
17
"Sixteen"
Elodie Keene
Marissa Jo Cerar
March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)
0.84[64]

60
18
"Rehearsal"
Norman Buckley
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
March 14, 2016 (2016-03-14)
0.73[65]

61
19
"The Show"
Bradley Bredeweg
Story by : Joanna Johnson
Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)
0.80[66]

62
20
"Kingdom Come"
Joanna Johnson
Story by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
Teleplay by : Joanna Johnson
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)
0.77[67]

text: Season 4 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

63
1
"Potential Energy"
Rob Morrow
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)
0.91[68]

64
2
"Safe"
Rob Morrow
Joanna Johnson
June 27, 2016 (2016-06-27)
1.05[69]

65
3
"Trust"
Elodie Keene
Anne Meredith
July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11)
0.80[70]

66
4
"Now for Then"
Silas Howard
Constance M. Burge
July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18)
0.82[71]

67
5
"Forty"
Velvet Andrews Smith
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25)
0.84[72]

68
6
"Justify"
Kelli Williams
Cristian Martinez
August 1, 2016 (2016-08-01)
0.93[73]

69
7
"Highs and Lows"
Chandra Wilson
Kris Q. Rehl
August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08)
0.80[74]

70
8
"Girl Code"
Aprill Winney
Story by : Dan Richter
Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
August 15, 2016 (2016-08-15)
0.88[75]

71
9
"New York"
Joanna Johnson
Joanna Johnson
August 22, 2016 (2016-08-22)
0.88[76]

72
10
"Collateral Damage"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 29, 2016 (2016-08-29)
0.99[77]

73
11
"Insult to Injury"
Rob Morrow
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
0.92[78]

74
12
"Dream a Little Dream"
Rob Morrow
Joanna Johnson
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
0.67[79]

75
13
"Cruel and Unusual"
Norman Buckley
Anne Meredith
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
0.76[80]

76
14
"Doors and Windows"
Susan Flannery
Constance M. Burge
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
0.73[81]

77
15
"Sex Ed"
Michael Medico
Kris Q. Rehl
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)
0.66[82]

78
16
"The Long Haul"
Bradley Bredeweg
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
0.71[83]

79
17
"Diamond in the Rough"
Lily Mariye
Cristian Martinez
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)
0.69[84]

80
18
"Dirty Laundry"
Laura Nisbet Peters
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)
0.69[85]

81
19
"Who Knows"
Joanna Johnson
Joanna Johnson
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
0.62[86]

82
20
"Until Tomorrow"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)
0.72[87]

text: Season 5 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

83
1
"Resist"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)
0.87[88]

84
2
"Exterminate Her"
Danny Nucci
Joanna Johnson
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
0.69[89]

85
3
"Contact"
Aprill Winney
Anne Meredith
July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)
0.76[90]

86
4
"Too Fast, Too Furious"
Tate Donovan
Cristian Martinez
August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)
0.66[91]

87
5
"Telling"
Anne Renton
Kris Q. Rehl
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
0.69[92]

88
6
"Welcome to the Jungler"
Kelli Williams
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)
0.61[93]

89
7
"Chasing Waterfalls"
Chandra Wilson
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)
0.58[94]

90
8
"Engaged"
Kees Van Oostrum
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)
0.58[95]

91
9
"Prom"
Joanna Johnson
Joanna Johnson
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
0.74[96]

92
10
"Sanctuary"
Rob Morrow
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
0.52[97]

93
11
"Invisible"
Laura Nisbet Peters
Story by : Kimberly Ndombe
Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
0.70[98]

94
12
"#IWasMadeinAmerica"
Lee Rose
Anne Meredith
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
0.62[99]

95
13
"Line in the Sand"
Cheryl Dunye
Dan Richter
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)
0.56[100]

96
14
"Scars"
Kelli Williams
Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
0.57[101]

97
15
"Mother's Day"
Bradley Bredeweg
Joanna Johnson
February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)
0.52[102]

98
16
"Giving Up the Ghost"
Michael Medico
Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
0.54[103]

99
17
"Makeover"
Laura Nisbet Peters
Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
0.50[104]

100
18
"Just Say Yes"
Joanna Johnson
Joanna Johnson
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
0.53[105]

101
19
"Many Roads"
Peter Paige
Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige
March 13, 2018
0.48[105]

102
20
TBA
TBA
TBA
June 4, 2018 (2018-06-04)
TBD

103
21
TBA
TBA
TBA
June 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)
TBD

104
22
TBA
TBA
TBA
June 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)
TBD

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: The Fosters: Girls United[edit]

text: At the start of the second part of the first season of The Fosters, a five-episode web series called The Fosters: Girls United was confirmed by ABC Family. It stars Maia Mitchell, Daffany Clark, Cherinda Kincherlow, Annamarie Kenoyer, Alicia Sixtos, Hayley Kiyoko, and Angela Gibbs. Girls United premiered on ABC Family's official YouTube account on February 3, 2014.[106] Each episode runs approximately 5 minutes long.

text:
No.
Title
Originally posted

1
"Run Baby Run"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

Gabi goes missing and Girls United counselor, Michelle, calls a meeting to ask if the girls know anything about where she may have run off to.

2
"Stab in the Back"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

The girls discuss who of them can be pregnant.

3
"Got Your Back"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

Callie and Kiara share some mutual secrets. Callie also discovers that Becka harms herself with a knife.

4
"Scorpion Kings"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

Gabi's father visits the Girls United home for some information about Gabi.

5
"United We Stand"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

Gabi comes back and reveals she went away because she has HIV.