document_title: Selma (film)

question_text: who played malcolm x in the movie selma

question_tokens: who played malcolm x in the movie selma

text: Selma (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) accepts his Nobel Peace Prize. Four black girls walking down stairs in the Birmingham, Alabama 16th Street Baptist Church are killed by a bomb set by the Ku Klux Klan. Annie Lee Cooper attempts to register to vote in Selma, Alabama but is prevented by the white registrar. King meets with Lyndon B. Johnson and asks for federal legislation to allow black citizens to register to vote unencumbered, and the president responds that he has more important projects.

text: King travels to Selma with Ralph Abernathy, Andrew Young, James Orange, and Diane Nash. James Bevel greets them, and other SCLC activists appear. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover tells Johnson that King is a problem, and suggests they disrupt his marriage. Coretta Scott King has concerns about her husband's upcoming work in Selma. King calls singer Mahalia Jackson to inspire him with a song.

text: King, other SCLC leaders, and black Selma residents march to the registration office to register. After a confrontation in front of the courthouse, a shoving match occurs as the police go into the crowd. Cooper fights back, knocking Sheriff Jim Clark to the ground, leading to the arrest of Cooper, King, and others.

text: Alabama Governor George Wallace speaks out against the movement. Coretta meets with Malcolm X, who says he will drive whites to ally with King by advocating a more extreme position. Wallace and Al Lingo decide to use force at an upcoming night march in Marion, Alabama, using state troopers to assault the marchers. A group of protesters runs into a restaurant to hide, but troopers rush in, beat and shoot Jimmie Lee Jackson. King and Bevel meet with Cager Lee, Jackson's grandfather, at the morgue. King speaks to ask people to continue to fight for their rights. King receives harassing phone calls with a recording of sexual activity implied to be him and another woman leading to an argument with Coretta. King is criticized by members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

text: As the Selma to Montgomery march is about to begin, King talks to Young about canceling it, but Young convinces King to persevere. The marchers, including John Lewis of SNCC, Hosea Williams of SCLC, and Selma activist Amelia Boynton, cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge and approach a line of state troopers who put on gas masks. The troopers order the marchers to turn back, and when they hold their ground the troopers attack with clubs, horses, tear gas, and other weapons. Lewis and Boynton are among those badly injured. The attack is shown on national television as the wounded are treated at Brown Chapel, the movement's headquarter church.

text: Movement attorney Fred Gray asks federal Judge Frank Minis Johnson to let the march go forward. President Johnson demands that King and Wallace stop their actions, and sends John Doar to convince King to postpone the next march. White Americans, including Viola Liuzzo and James Reeb, arrive to join the second march. Marchers cross the bridge again and see the state troopers lined up, but the troopers turn aside to let them pass. King, after praying, turns around and leads the group away, and again comes under sharp criticism from SNCC activists. That evening, Reeb is beaten to death by a white mob on a street in Selma.

text: Judge Johnson allows the march. President Johnson speaks before a Joint Session of Congress to ask for quick passage of a bill to eliminate restrictions on voting, praising the courage of the activists. The march on the highway to Montgomery takes place, and, when the marchers reach Montgomery, King delivers a speech on the steps of the State Capitol.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
David Oyelowo as Martin Luther King, Jr.[8]
Tom Wilkinson as President Lyndon B. Johnson[9]
Carmen Ejogo as Coretta Scott King[10]
Andre Holland as Andrew Young[11]
Tessa Thompson as Diane Nash[12]
Giovanni Ribisi as Lee C. White[13]
Lorraine Toussaint as Amelia Boynton Robinson[14]
Stephan James as John Lewis[15]
Wendell Pierce as Hosea Williams[16]
Common as James Bevel[17]
Alessandro Nivola as John Doar[18]
Lakeith Stanfield as Jimmie Lee Jackson[19]
Cuba Gooding Jr. as Fred Gray[20]
Dylan Baker as J. Edgar Hoover[21]
Tim Roth as George Wallace[22]
Oprah Winfrey as Annie Lee Cooper[23]
Ruben Santiago-Hudson as Bayard Rustin
Niecy Nash as Richie Jean Jackson[24]
Colman Domingo as Ralph Abernathy[25]
Omar Dorsey as James Orange
Ledisi Young as Mahalia Jackson[26]
Trai Byers as James Forman[27]
Kent Faulcon as Sullivan Jackson[24]
John Lavelle as Roy Reed[28]
Henry G. Sanders as Cager Lee
Jeremy Strong as James Reeb[29]
Nigel Thatch as Malcolm X
Charity Jordan as Viola Lee Jackson
Haviland Stillwell as Johnson's Secretary
Tara Ochs as Viola Liuzzo
Martin Sheen[30] as Frank Minis Johnson
Michael Shikany as Archbishop Iakovos
Michael Papajohn as Major John Cloud
Stephen Root as Al Lingo
Stan Houston as Sheriff Jim Clark
E. Roger Mitchell as Frederick D. Reese

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On June 18, 2008, Variety reported that screenwriter Paul Webb had written an original story about Martin Luther King Jr. and Lyndon B. Johnson for Celador's Christian Colson, which would be co-produced with Brad Pitt's Plan B Entertainment.[31] In 2009, Lee Daniels was reportedly in early talks to direct the film, with financing by Pathé. Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner of Plan B joined as co-producers along with participation of Cloud Eight Films.[32] In 2010, reports indicated that The Weinstein Company would join Pathe and Plan B to finance the $22 million film,[33] but by the next month Daniels had signed on with Sony to re-write and direct The Butler.[34] In an interview in August 2010, Daniels said that financing was there for the Selma project, but he had to choose between The Butler and Selma, and chose The Butler.[35]

text: In July 2013, it was said that Ava DuVernay had signed on to direct the film for Pathé UK and Plan B, and that she was revising the script with the original screenwriter, Paul Webb.[36][37] DuVernay estimated that she re-wrote 90 percent of Webb's original script.[38] Those revisions included rewriting King's speeches, because, in 2009, King's estate licensed them to DreamWorks and Warner Bros. for an untitled project to be produced by Steven Spielberg. Subsequent negotiations between those companies and Selma's producers did not lead to an agreement. DuVernay drafted alternative speeches that evoke the historic ones without violating the copyright. She recalled spending hours listening to King's words while hiking the canyons of Los Angeles. While she did not think she would "get anywhere close to just the beauty and that nuance of his speech patterns", she did identify some of King's basic structure, such as a tendency to speak in triplets (saying one thing in three different ways).[39][40] In early 2014, Oprah Winfrey came on board as a producer along with Pitt,[41] and by February 25 Paramount Pictures was in final negotiations for the US and Canadian distribution rights.[42] On April 4, 2014, it was announced that Bradford Young would be the director of photography of the film.[43]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In 2010, Daniels (who was the attached director at the time) confirmed that the lead role of King would be played by British actor David Oyelowo. King was one of four main roles played by British actors (the others roles being those of King's wife, President Johnson, and Alabama Governor Wallace).[38] Actors who had confirmed in 2010 but who did not appear in the 2014 production include Robert De Niro, Hugh Jackman, Cedric the Entertainer, Lenny Kravitz, and Liam Neeson.[8][44][45][46][47]

text: On March 26, 2014, British actor Tom Wilkinson was added to the cast to play US President Lyndon B. Johnson.[9] On April 7, it was announced that British actress Carmen Ejogo would play Dr. King's wife, Coretta Scott King.[10] On April 15, actor and rapper Lakeith Stanfield had reportedly joined the cast to play civil rights protester Jimmie Lee Jackson, who was shot and killed on a nighttime march and whose death led James Bevel to initiate the Selma to Montgomery marches.[19][48] On April 22, Lorraine Toussaint joined the cast to portray Amelia Boynton Robinson, who was very active in the Selma movement before SCLC arrived and was the first African-American woman in Alabama to run for Congress.[14] On April 25, it was announced that R&B singer Ledisi had been added to the cast to play Mahalia Jackson, a singer and friend of King.[26] On May 7, Andre Holland joined the cast to play politician and civil rights activist Andrew Young.[11] On May 8, Tessa Thompson was cast to play the role of Diane Nash, a civil rights activist and founding member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.[12] On May 9, Deadline confirmed the role of rapper and actor Common as James Bevel, the Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.[17] On May 16, Trai Byers was added to the cast to play James Forman, a civil rights leader active in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.[27] And on June 20, Deadline cited the role of Colman Domingo as SCLC activist Ralph Abernathy.[25]

text: On May 28, Stephan James was confirmed portraying the role of SNCC activist John Lewis in the film.[15] On May 29, Wendell Pierce joined the film to play civil rights leader Hosea Williams.[16] On May 30, Cuba Gooding Jr. was set to play civil rights attorney and activist Fred Gray.[20] On June 3, British actor Tim Roth signed on to play Alabama governor George Wallace.[22] On June 4, Niecy Nash joined the cast to play Richie Jean Jackson, wife of Dr. Sullivan Jackson played by Kent Faulcon, while John Lavelle joined to play Roy Reed, a reporter covering the march for The New York Times.[24][28] On June 10, it was announced that the film's producer, Oprah Winfrey, would also portray Annie Lee Cooper, a 54-year-old woman who tried to register to vote and was denied by Sheriff Clark—whom she then punched in the jaw and knocked down.[23] Jeremy Strong joined the cast to play James Reeb, a white Unitarian Universalist minister from Boston and murdered civil rights activist.[29] On June 12, it was reported that Giovanni Ribisi joined the cast to play Lee C. White, an adviser to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson on strategies regarding the Civil Rights Movement.[13] Alessandro Nivola also joined to play John Doar, a civil rights activist and attorney general for civil rights for the Department of Justice in the 1960s.[18] Dylan Baker was added to the cast to play FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover , who carried out extensive investigations of King and his associates, on July 17.[21]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began May 20, 2014, around Atlanta, Georgia.[49][50] Filming took place around Marietta Square[51] and Rockdale County Courthouse in Conyers. The Conyers scene involved a portrayal of federal judge Frank Minis Johnson, who ruled that the third and final march could go forward.[52] In Newton County, Georgia, filming took place at Flat Road, Airport Road, Gregory Road, Conyers, Brown, Ivy and Emory Streets, exteriors on Lee Street, outside shots of the old Newton County Courthouse, also shots of the Covington Square, and an interior night shoot at the Townhouse Café on Washington St.[53] In Alabama, scenes were shot in Selma, centering on the Bloody Sunday march to the Edmund Pettus Bridge, and at Montgomery, Alabama, where, in 1965, King led civil rights demonstrators down Dexter Avenue toward the Alabama State Capitol at the conclusion of the third march from Selma.[54]

text: Music[edit]

text: Jason Moran composed the music for the film, marking his debut in the field.[55] Common (who plays James Bevel) and John Legend released the accompanying track "Glory" in December 2014, ahead of the film's theatrical release. A protest anthem, "Glory" references the 2014 Ferguson protests and earned a Golden Globe for Best Original Song[56][57] as well as an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[58]

text: Release[edit]

text: Selma premiered in Grauman's Egyptian Theatre at AFI Fest on November 11, 2014, in Los Angeles[59] for which it received a standing ovation.[60] The film opened in limited release in the United States on December 25, 2014, including Los Angeles, New York City, and Atlanta,[61] before its wide opening on January 9, 2015.[62]

text: The film was screened in the Berlinale Special Galas section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2015.[63] It was released by Pathé February 6, 2015 in the United Kingdom. Paramount Pictures gave the film a limited re-release in the US on March 20, 2015 to honor the march's 50th anniversary.[64] Selma was released on Blu-ray and DVD on May 5, 2015.[65]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 99% based on 229 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Fueled by a gripping performance from David Oyelowo, Selma draws inspiration and dramatic power from the life and death of Martin Luther King, Jr. -- but doesn't ignore how far we remain from the ideals his work embodied."[66] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 89 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[67] According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a rare grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale.[68]

text: Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun Times praised the film as "an important history lesson that never feels like a lecture. Once school is back in session, every junior high school class in America should take a field trip to see this movie."[69] Joe Morgenstern, writing for The Wall Street Journal, wrote: "At its best, Ava DuVernay's biographical film honors Dr. King's legacy by dramatizing the racist brutality that spurred him and his colleagues to action."[70] A. O. Scott of The New York Times praised the acting, directing, writing, and cinematography, and wrote: "Even if you think you know what's coming, Selma hums with suspense and surprise. Packed with incident and overflowing with fascinating characters, it is a triumph of efficient, emphatic cinematic storytelling."[71]

text:
Unlike most biopics about heroic men who shaped our history or helped bring about change (such as 2013's Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom or The Butler), Selma doesn’t feel like freeze-dried hagiography.
“
”

Rene Rodriguez, writing in the Miami Herald[72]

tag: div

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote: "DuVernay's look at Martin Luther King's 1965 voting-rights march against racial injustice stings with relevance to the here and now. Oyelowo's stirring, soulful performance as King deserves superlatives."[73] David Denby, writing for The New Yorker, wrote: "This is cinema, more rhetorical, spectacular, and stirring than cable-TV drama."[74] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film four out of five stars, and wrote: "With Selma, director Ava DuVernay has created a stirring, often thrilling, uncannily timely drama that works on several levels at once ... she presents [Martin Luther King, Jr.] as a dynamic figure of human-scale contradictions, flaws and supremely shrewd political skills."[75]

text: Praise was not unanimous. Glen Ford, editor of Black Agenda Report, criticized the film as a product of the "conservative Black political worldview" of producer and star Oprah Winfrey, writing that it "insults Black SNCC civil rights heroes" but protects "the white, rich Kennedys".[76] Writing about why Selma was not nominated for more Academy Awards, Adolph Reed Jr., political science professor at the University of Pennsylvania, opined that "now it's the black (haute) bourgeoisie that suffers injustice on behalf of the black masses."[77]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film won and was nominated for several awards in 2014–15. In addition, Selma was listed on many critics' top ten lists.[78]

text:
1st – Sasha Stone, Awards Daily (tied with Boyhood and Gone Girl)
1st – James Rocchi, TheWrap
1st – Adam Chitwood, Collider.com
2nd – Christopher Orr, The Atlantic
2nd – Lisa Kennedy, The Denver Post
2nd – Wesley Morris, Grantland
2nd – David Edelstein, New York
3rd – Jocelyn Noveck, Associated Press
3rd – Lou Lumenick, New York Post
3rd – Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News
3rd – William Bibbiani, CraveOnline
3rd – Mark Olsen, Los Angeles Times
3rd – Gregory Ellwood, HitFix
4th – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
4th – Owen Gleiberman, BBC
4th – Betsy Sharkey, Los Angeles Times (tied with The Imitation Game)
4th – Drew McWeeny, HitFix
4th – Inkoo Kang, TheWrap
5th – Chris Nashawaty, Entertainment Weekly
5th – A. O. Scott, The New York Times
5th – Elizabeth Weitzman, New York Daily News
5th – William Gross, Austin Chronicle
6th – Marlow Stern, The Daily Beast
6th – Bob Mondello, NPR
6th – Glenn Kenny, RogerEbert.com
6th – Keith Phipps, The Dissolve
7th – Rafer Guzmán, Newsday
7th – Anne Thompson, Indiewire
7th – Peter Hartlaub, San Francisco Chronicle
7th – People
7th – Erik Davis, Movies.com
7th – Ann Hornaday, The Washington Post
8th – Leba Hertz, San Francisco Chronicle
8th – Tasha Robinson, The Dissolve
8th – Justin Chang, Variety
9th – Todd McCarthy, The Hollywood Reporter
9th – Scott Foundas, Variety
10th – Alison Willmore, BuzzFeed
10th – Tom Brook, BBC
10th – Alonso Duralde, TheWrap
Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – David Denby, The New Yorker
Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Claudia Puig, USA Today
Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Calvin Wilson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Carrie Rickey, CarrieRickey.com
Best of 2014 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Manohla Dargis, The New York Times
Best of 2014 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Dana Stevens, Slate

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: The historical accuracy of Selma's story has been the subject of controversy about the degree to which artistic license should be used in historical fiction.[79][80] The film was criticized by some for the omission of various individuals or groups historically associated with the Selma marches, while others challenged how particular historical figures in the script were represented.

text: Most controversy in the media centered around the film's portrayal of President Johnson and his relationship with King. To people such as LBJ Presidential Library director Mark Updegrove[81] and Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Johnson was seen as a champion of civil rights legislation and a proactive partner of King, and they accused the film of falsely depicting Johnson as a reluctant or obstructionist political actor that had the FBI monitor and harass King.[82][83] Having served as Johnson's top domestic policy assistant (including on issues of civil rights) and as U.S. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, Califano questioned whether the writer and director felt "free to fill the screen with falsehoods, immune from any responsibility to the dead, just because they thought it made for a better story".[84] Historian David E. Kaiser complains that the film's depiction of Johnson as obstructing Dr. King's civil rights efforts—when, in fact, LBJ helped get important legislation passed—advances a false narrative that American whites are "... hopelessly infected by racism and that black people could and should depend only on themselves."[85]

text: Andrew Young—SCLC activist and official, and later U.S. congressman, ambassador to the United Nations, and mayor of Atlanta—told The Washington Post that the depiction of the relationship between Johnson and King "was the only thing I would question in the movie. Everything else, they got 100 percent right".[86] According to Young, the two were always mutually respectful, and King respected Johnson's political problems.[86] On television, Young pointed out that it was US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy who had signed the order that allowed the FBI to monitor King and other SCLC members and that it happened before Johnson took office.[87]

text: Some Jews who marched with King at Selma wrote that the film omits any mention of the Jews who contributed signifcantly to the civil rights movement, particularly Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, who appeared in news photos at the front of the march with King.[88][89][90]

text: Director DuVernay and US Representative John Lewis (whom the film portrays as a young man) responded separately that the film Selma is a work of art about the people of Selma, not a documentary. DuVernay said in an interview that she did not see herself as "a custodian of anyone's legacy".[91] In response to criticisms that she rewrote history to portray her own agenda, DuVernay said that the movie is "not a documentary. I'm not a historian. I'm a storyteller."[92] Lewis wrote in an op-ed for The Los Angeles Times: "We do not demand completeness of other historical dramas, so why is it required of this film?"[93]


document_title: Age of candidacy

question_text: how old do you have to be to be prime minister australia

root

text: Age of candidacy

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Many youth rights groups view current age of candidacy requirements as unjustified age discrimination.[2] Occasionally people who are younger than the minimum age will run for an office in protest of the requirement or because they don't know that the requirement exists. On extremely rare occasions, young people have been elected to offices they do not qualify for and have been deemed ineligible to assume the office.

tag: p

text: In 1934, Rush Holt of West Virginia was elected to the Senate of the United States at the age of 29. Since the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30, Holt was forced to wait until his 30th birthday, six months after the start of the session, before being sworn in.[3]

text: In 1954, Richard Fulton won election to the Tennessee Senate. Shortly after being sworn in, Fulton was ousted from office because he was only 27 years old at the time. The Tennessee State Constitution required that senators be at least 30.[4] Rather than hold a new election, the previous incumbent, Clifford Allen, was allowed to resume his office for another term. Fulton went on to win the next State Senate election in 1956 and was later elected to the US House of Representatives where he served for 10 years.

text: In South Carolina, two Senators aged 24 were elected, but were too young according to the State Constitution: Mike Laughlin in 1969 and Bryan Dorn (later a US Congressman) in 1941. They were seated anyway.[5]

text: On several occasions, the Socialist Workers Party (USA) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for. In 1972, Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate, although she was only 31 at the time. Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old, Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified.[6] Despite this handicap, Jenness still received 83,380 votes.[7] In 2004, the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party's vice-presidential candidate, although she was only 28 at the time. Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age.[8]

text: Reform efforts[edit]

text: In the United States, many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states. In 1994, South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 30 to 18. In 1998, however, they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21. In 2002, Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18.

text: During the early 2000s, the British Youth Council and other groups successfully campaigned to lower age of candidacy requirements in the United Kingdom.[9] The age of candidacy was reduced from 21 to 18 in England, Wales and Scotland on 1 January 2007,[10] when section 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 entered into force.[11]

text: In various countries[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia a person must be aged 18 or over to stand for election to public office at federal, state or local government level.

text: The youngest ever member of the House of Representatives was 20-year-old Wyatt Roy elected in the 2010 federal election after the Electoral Act 1918 was amended (in 1973) to reduce the age of candidacy for that office from 21 to 18.[citation needed]

text: Austria[edit]

text: In Austria, a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the European Parliament or National Council.[12] The Diets of regional Länder are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for candidacy in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land.[13] In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: Any Belgian who has reached the age of 21 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives, can become a member of the Senate, or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments.[citation needed] This is regulated in the Constitution and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions.

text: Belize[edit]

text: According to the Constitution of Belize, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the House of Representatives and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House. A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the Senate and must be at least 30 to be President or Vice-President of the Senate. As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed Prime Minister, the Prime Minister must be at least 18 years old. A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council.[14]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: The Brazilian Constitution (Article 14, Section 3 (VI)) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected President, Vice-President or Senator; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor; 21 for Federal or State Deputy, Mayor or Vice-Mayor; and 18 for city Councilman.[15]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada (other than Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, the Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan) a person must be aged 19 or over (18 in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, the Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan) to stand for election to public office. However, to be appointed to the Senate, one must be at least 30 years of age, must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which he or she is appointed, and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000, above his or her debts and liabilities.[citation needed]

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile the minimum age required to be elected President of the Republic is 35 years on the day of the election. Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years, and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years. For senators it is 35 years (between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years) and for deputies it is 21 years (between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years).[16]

text: China[edit]

text: In China the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45.[17]

text: Cyprus[edit]

text: In Cyprus the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years.

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In the Czech Republic, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected in local elections. A person must be at least 21 years old to be elected to the lower house of the Czech Parliament or to the European Parliament and 40 years old to be a member of the upper house (Senate) of the Parliament[18] or the President of the Czech Republic.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: In Denmark, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.

text: Estonia[edit]

text: In Estonia, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections, and 21 years or older in parliamentary elections. The minimum age for the President of Estonia is 40.[19]

text: France[edit]

text: In France, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the lower house of Parliament, and 24 years or older for the Senate. The minimum age for the President of France is 18.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in national, regional or local elections. The only exception is the Landtag election in Hesse where a minimum age of 21 is required.[20] The minimum age for the President is 40.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election. A person must be at least 40 to be candidate in the Chief Executive election, and also at least 40 to be candidate in the election for the President of the Legislative Council from among the members of the Legislative Council.

text: India[edit]

text: In India a person must be at least:

text:
35 to be the President or Vice President, Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of the States as specified in the Constitution of India
30 to be a member of Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament of India) and a Vidhan Parishad (the upper house of a State Legislature, in those states where the legislature is bicameral.)
25 to be the Prime Minister, Lok Sabha Speaker, Union Minister, Chief Minister, Vidhan Sabha Speaker, Minister in the State Governments. Additionally, to be a member of Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament of India) and a Vidhan Sabha (the lower house a State Legislature in the States of India.)
21 to be the Mayor, Chairman, Head and a Member (Members are variously called Corporators/Councillors/Ward Members according to the type of their respective local bodies) of a Nagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation), Nagar Palika (Municipal Council), Nagar Panchayat (Town Committee), Gram Sabha (Village Council) and Gram Panchayat (Village Committee) respectively.

tag: ul

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia a person must be at least:

text:
35 to be President or Vice President as specified in the Constitution of Indonesia
30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
25 to be Regent, Vice Regent, Mayor, or Deputy Mayor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament, as specified in the 2008 Election Act

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the Knesset (Basic Law: The Knesset section 6(a)) or a municipality. When the Prime Minister was directly elected, one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for Prime Minister. Every Israeli Citizen (including minors) can be appointed as a Government Minister, or elected as President of Israel, but the latter role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic, 40 to be a Senator, and 25 to be a Deputy, as specified in the 1947 Constitution of Italy. 18 years of age is sufficient, however, to be elected member of the Council of Regions, Provinces, and Municipalities (Communes).

text: Iran[edit]

text: In Iran a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president.[21]

text: Iraq[edit]

text: The Iraqi constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president[22] and 35 years old to be Prime Minister.[23] The Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 states that a person must be 30 years old to run for the House of Representatives.[24] There are proposals by various MP's to amend the Law and reduce the age from 30 to 25.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the President to be at least 35 and members of the Oireachtas (legislature) to be 21.[25][26] Members of the European Parliament for Ireland must also be 21.[26][27] Members of local authorities must be 18, reduced from 21 in 1973.[26][28] The 1922–37 Constitution of the Irish Free State required TDs (members of the Dáil, lower house) to be 21,[29] whereas Senators had to be 35 (reduced to 30 in 1928).[30] The Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 proposes to lower the presidential age limit to 21.[31] However, this proposal was rejected by 73% of the voters.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan a person must be at least:[32]

text:
25 to be the Member of parliament of the House of Representatives with Japanese nationality, to be the Member of metropolitan, prefecture, city, town, or village with valid vote rights, or to be the Mayor
30 to be the Governor, or to be the Member of parliament of the House of Councillors with Japanese nationality. See also House of Peers (Japan).

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, a person must be at least 40 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be the member of the National Assembly or to be Mayor or Governor.[33]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: In Malaysia, any citizen 21 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected to the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri. Minimum age for the Senator is 30 by constitution.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, a person must be at least 35 to be President, 25 to be a Senator, or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy, as specified in the 1917 Constitution of Mexico.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand the minimum age to be Prime Minister of New Zealand is 18 years old. Citizens and permanent residents who are enrolled as an elector are eligible to be a candidate for election as a Member of Parliament.[citation needed]

text: Nigeria[edit]

text: In Nigeria, a person must be at least 40 years of age to be elected President or Vice President, 35 to be a Senator or State Governor, and 30 to be a Representative in parliament.

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, any adult can become a candidate and be elected in any public election, from the calendar year that he or she turns 18 years.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: In Pakistan, a person must be at least 45 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be a member of the provincial assembly or national assembly.[citation needed]

text: Philippines[edit]

text:
Ages of candidacy in the Philippines

Type of candidate
Minimum age

President and Vice President
40

Senator
35

Regional governor
35

Member of the House of Representatives
25

Provincial-level elected official
23

City-level elected official
21

Municipal-level elected official
21

Member of the regional legislative assembly
21

Barangay-level elected official
18

Member of youth councils
18-24

text: Poland[edit]

text:
Ages of candidacy in Poland

Type of candidate
Minimum age

President
35

Senator
30

Mayor/Wójt
25

Poseł
21

Member of the European Parliament
21

Councillor
18

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Ages of candidacy in Portugal

Type of candidate
Minimum age
References

President
35
[34]

Parliament
18
[35]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore a person must be at least 45 years old to run for president.[36]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Section 47, Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that "Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly", defaulting to Section 46 which "provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years" in National Assembly elections; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In Switzerland, any citizen aged 18 or over can become a candidate and be elected in any federal election.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand the minimum age to be elected to the National Assembly is 35 years.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary elections as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. In 2017, it was further lowered to 18, the same as the voting age.[37]

text: The Prime Minister of Turkey has to be a member of the parliament, hence it has the same requirements as parliamentary eligibility. The age of candidacy for the President is 18. Due to new laws being voted in as said Prime Minister is related to parliament and in order to be in parliament you have to be 18 and the government of Turkey said that 18 will be the age for when you can run for prime minister.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, a person must be aged 18 or over in Northern Ireland, England, and Wales, and 16 or over in Scotland to stand in elections to all parliaments, assemblies, and councils at the European, UK, devolved, or local level. This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office; the main example is that of an elected mayor, whether of London or a local authority. There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office. Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll. This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President, 30 or over to be a Senator, and 25 or over to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.[38] Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18).

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: In Venezuela, a person must be at least 30 to be President or Vice President,[39] 21 to be a deputy for the National Assembly [40] and 25 to be the Governor of a state.[41]

text: Comparison chart[edit]

text:
Country
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Upper house
Lower house
References

Armenia
40
-
25
-
25
[42][43]

Australia
-
-
18
18
18

Austria
35
-

18
[44]

Belgium
-
-

21
21

Belize
-
-
18
18
18
[45]

Brazil
35
35

35
21
[46]

Canada
-
-

30

Chile
35

35
21
[47]

China
45
45

Cyprus
35

Czech Republic
40

40
21
[48]

Denmark
-
-
18
-
18

Estonia
40

-
21
[49]

France
18

24
18

Germany
40

18
18
[50]

Hong Kong

21

India
35
35
25
30
25

Indonesia
35
35

21
21

Israel

30
-
21

Italy
50

40
25

Iran
21

[51]

Iraq
40

35
-
30
[52][53][54]

Ireland
35

30
21
[55][26][26][56][26][57][58]

Japan

30
25
[59]

South Korea
40

25
[60]

Malaysia

30
21

Mexico
35

25
21

Netherlands
-
-
18
18
18

New Zealand
-
-
18

Nigeria
40
40

35
30

Norway
-
-
18
-
18

Pakistan
40

25
25

Philippines
40
40

35
25

Poland
35
-

30
21

Portugal
35

-
18
[61][62]

Singapore
45

South Africa

18

Switzerland

18

Thailand

35

Turkey
40

30

30
[63]

United Kingdom
-
-

18

United States
35
35
-
30
25
[64]

Venezuela
30
30

-
21


document_title: List of Akufo-Addo government ministers and political appointees

question_text: who is the current health minister of ghana

text: Ministers[edit]

text:
Current Government

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

President
Nana Addo Danquah Akuffo-Addo[1]
January 7, 2017 –

Vice President
Mahamudu Bawumia[1]
January 7, 2017 –

Sector Ministers[2]Note 1

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Ministry of Trade and Industry
Alan John Kyerematen[3][4][5]Carlos Kingsley Ahenkorah (MP) (Deputy minister)Robert Ahomka-Lindsey (Deputy minister)
January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Finance

Ken Ofori-Atta[6][4][5]Kwaku Kwarteng (Deputy minister)Abena Osei Asare (MP) (Deputy minister)Charles Adu Boahen (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Defence

Dominic Nitiwul[6][4][5]Derrick Oduro (Maj.) (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of The Interior

Ambrose Dery[6][4][5]Henry Quartey (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Energy and Petroleum

John Peter Amewu
Boakye Agyarko (PhD)[6][4][5]
Owuraku Aidoo (Deputy minister)Joseph Cudjoe (Deputy minister)Mohammed Amin Anta (Deputy minister)

August 2018-
January 27, 2017 –August 2018(nominated)(nominated)(nominated)

Office of Attorney General and Ministry of Justice

Gloria Akuffo[6][4][5]Godfred Dame (Deputy minister)Joseph Dindiok Kpemka (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Shirley Ayorkor Botwe (MP)[7][8]Mohammed Habbib Tijani (Deputy minister)Charles Owiredu (Deputy minister)

January 29, 2017 -(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Food and Agriculture

Owusu Afriyie Akoto (PhD)[3][4][5]William Agyapong Quaitoo (Deputy minister)Sagre Bambangi (Deputy minister)George Oduro (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated) - August 29, 2017[9](nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Education

Matthew Opoku Prempeh (PhD)[6][4][5]Yaw Osei Adutwum (PhD) (Deputy minister)Barbara Ayisi Acher (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Health

Kwaku Agyemang-Manu[6][4][5]Kingsley Aboagye Gyedu (MP) (Deputy minister)Tina Mensah (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry Monitoring and Evaluation

Anthony Akoto Osei (PhD)[10][11]William Kwasi Sabi (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Regional Reorganization and Development

Dan Kweku Botwe (MP)[10][11]Martin Agyei-Mensah Korsah (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources

Kwaku Asomah-Cheremeh
John Peter Amewu[10][11]
Benito Owusu Bio (Deputy minister)Barbara Oteng Gyasi (Deputy minister)

August 2018-
February 7, 2017 –August 2018(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources

Joseph Kofi Adda (MP)[10][11]Patrick Boamah (Deputy minister)Michael Yaw Gyato (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Railway Development (Ghana)

Joe Ghartey[10][11]Kwaku Agyenim Boateng (Deputy minister)Andy Appiah-Kubi (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations

Ignatius Bafuor Awuah (MP)[10][11]Bright Wireko Brobbey (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Transport

Kweku Ofori Asiamah[10][11]Nii Kwartei Titus Glover (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Creative Arts

Catherine Ablema Afeku (MP)[12][13]Ziblim Barri Iddi (PhD) (Deputy minister)

February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Special Development Initiative

Mavis Hawa Koomson (MP)[12][13]

February 10, 2017 –

Senior Minister

Yaw Osafo-Maafo[6][4][5]

January 27, 2017 –

Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
Kwabena Frimpong-Boateng[3][11]Patricia Appiagyei (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

National Security Ministry
Albert Kan-Dapaah[14][4][5]
January 27, 2017 –

Ministry of Youth and Sports
Isaac Kwame Asiamah (MP)[15][13]Pius Enam Hadzide (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
Alima Mahama[6][4][5]Osei Bonsu Amoah (Deputy minister)Collins Ntim (Deputy minister)Kwasi Boateng Agyei (Deputy minister)
January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Works and Housing (Ghana)
Samuel Atta Akyea (MP)[10][11]Freda Prempeh (Deputy minister)Eugene Antwi (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Communication
Ursula Owusu Ekuful (MP)[10][11]George Andah (Deputy minister) Vincent Sowah Odotei (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Information
Kojo Oppong Nkrumah
Mustapha Abdul-Hamid[12][13]Ama Dokuaa Asiamah Agyei (Deputy minister)Perry Curtis Kwabla Okudzeto (Deputy minister)

August 2018-
February 10, 2017 –August 2018
(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Roads and Highways
Kwesi Amoako Atta[10][11]Kwabena Owusu Aduomi (MP) (Deputy minister)Anthony N-Yoh Puowele Karbo (MP) (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection
Otiko Afisa Djaba[10][11]Gifty Twum Ampofo (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Planning
George Yaw Gyan-Baffour (Prof.) (MP)[12][13]
February 10, 2017 –

Ministry of Fisheries And Aquaculture
Elizabeth Afoley Quaye (MP)[12][13]Francis Kingsley Ato Cudjoe (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry for Chieftaincy and Religious Affairs
Kofi Dzamesi[12][13]Paul Essien (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Inner cities and Zongo Development
Abubakar Boniface Siddique (MP)[12][13]
Mustapha Abdul-Hamid

February 10, 2017 –August 2018
August 2018-

Ministry of Business Development
Ibrahim Mohammed Awal[12][13]
February 10, 2017 –

Minister for Parliamentary Affairs
Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (MP)[12][13]
February 10, 2017 –

Ministry of Aviation
Cecilia Dapaah[13]Kwabena O. Darko-Mensah (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministers of State

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Minister of State at the Office of the President in charge of Public Procurement

Sarah Adwoa Safo[16][17]Note 2

April 4, 2017 –

Minister of State at the Ministry of Education in charge of Tertiary Education

Kwesi Yankah (Prof.)[16][17]

April 4, 2017 –

Minister of State at the Ministry of Agriculture

Nurah Gyeile (PhD)[16][17]

April 4, 2017 –

Minister of State at the Office of the President

Bryan Acheampong (MP)[16][17]

April 4, 2017 –

Regional Ministers

Region
Officeholder
Term

Ashanti Region
Simon Osei-Mensah[18][19]Elizabeth Agyeman (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Brong Ahafo Region
Kweku Asomah-Cheremeh[18][19]Evans Opoku (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Central Region
Kwamena Duncan[18][19]Thomas Agyei Baffour (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Eastern Region
Kwakye Darfour (PhD)[18][19]Joseph Tetteh (MP) (Nkansah Sampson)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Greater Accra Region
Ishmael Ashitey[18][19]Elizabeth Kwatsoo Tetteh Sackey (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Northern Region
Salifu Saeed[18][19]Solomon Namliit Boar (MP) (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Upper East Region
[[Alhassan
Samari ]][18][19]Frank Fuseini Adongo (MP) (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Upper West Region
Sulemana Alhassan[18][19]Amidu Ishaq (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Volta Region
Archibald Letsa (PhD)[18][19]Maxwell Blagogee (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Western Region
Kwaku Afriyie (PhD)[18][19]Eugenia Gifty Kusi (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

text: Cabinet Ministers[edit]

text:
Portrait
Portfolio
Incumbent
Term

Ministry of Trade and Industry
Alan Kyeremanten
2017 -

Ministry of Finance
Ken Ofori-Atta
2017 -

Ministry of Defence
Dominic Nitiwul
2017 -

Ministry of The Interior
Ambrose Dery
2017 -

Ministry of Energy
Boakye Agyarko
2017 -

Office of Attorney General and Ministry of Justice
Gloria Akuffo
2017 -

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Shirley Ayorkor Botchway
2017 -

Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Dr. Owusu Afriyie Akoto
2017 -

Ministry of Education
Dr. Matthew Opoku Prempeh
2017 -

Ministry of Health
Kwaku Agyemang-Manu
2017 -

Minister of Monitoring and Evaluation
Dr. Anthony Akoto Osei
2017 -

Ministry of Regional Reorganization and Development
Dan Kweku Botwe
2017 -

Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources
John Peter Amewu
2017 -

Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources
Joseph Kofi Adda
2017 -

Ministry of Railway Development
Joe Ghartey
2017 -

Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations
Ignatius Bafuor Awuah
2017 -

Ministry of Transport
Kweku Ofori Asiamah
2017 -

Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture
Catherine Afeku
2017 -

Ministry of Special Development Initiative
Mavis Hawa Koomson
2017 -

Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development (Ghana)
Elizabeth Afoley Quaye
2017 -

Deputy minister (Ghana)
Owuraku Aidoo

text: Local government administration[edit]

text:
showLocal government administrators

Region
Assembly
Administrative subdivision
Chief Executive
Term

Greater Accra Region

Accra

Metropolitan

Mohammed Adjei Sowah

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Kumasi

Metropolitan

Osei Assibey Antwi

(nominated)

Western Region

Secondi/Takoradi

Metropolitan

Anthony K. K. Sam

(nominated)

Northern Region

Tamale

Metropolitan
Iddrisu Musa
(nominated)

Northern Region

Bole

District

Alele Veronica Herming[20]

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Ahafo Ano North

Martina Appiah-Nyantakyi

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Ejisu-Juaben

Beatrice Serwah Derkyi

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Sekyere East

Mary Boatemaa Marfo

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Nkansah Sampson

Catherine Reckling

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Banda

Mary Okone

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Dormaa West

Mary Ameyaa

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Nkoranza North

Gifty Akosa Arthur

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Nkoranza South

Diana Attaa-Kusiwaa

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Sunyani East

Municipal

Evelyn Amma Kumi Richardson[21]

May 5, 2017 -

Brong-Ahafo Region

Tain

Charity Foriwaa Dwommoh

(nominated)

Central Region

Abura/Asebu/Kwamankese

Felicia Aba Hagan

(nominated)

Central Region

Agona West

Municipal

Justina Marigold Assan[22]

May 5, 2017 -

Eastern Region

Ayensuano

Florence Governor

(nominated)

Eastern Region

New Juaben

Comfort Asante

(nominated)

Eastern Region

Suhum

Margaret Darko

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

Ada East

Sarah Dugbakie Pobee

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

Ga East

Janet Tulasu Mensah

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

La Dade Kotopon

Gladys Mann Dedey

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

La Nkwantanang Madina

Jennifer Dede Afagbedzi

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

Ledzokuku-Kwowor

Municipal

Adjeley Twum Gyamrah[23]

May 15, 2017 -

Northern Region

Sagnarigu

Mariama Iddrisu

(nominated)

Northern Region

Savelugu-Nanton

Ayishetu Seidu

(nominated)

Northern Region

Tolon

Amama Ayibu

(nominated)

Upper East Region

Bawku East

Victoria Ayamba

(nominated)

Upper East Region

Nabdam

Agnes Anamoo

(nominated)

Upper East Region

Pusiga

Zubeiru Abdulai

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Daffiama Bussie Issa

Nadi Sanda Imoro

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Nadowli

Katherine Lankono

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Jirapa

Christine Bonbbanye-Amadu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Boateng Adaklu

Josphine Ohene

(nominated)

Volta Region

Afadjato South

Wisdom Semanu Seneadza

(nominated)

Volta Region

Agotime-Ziope

David Dickson Dzorkpe

(nominated)

Volta Region

Akatsi North

Prince Sodoke Amuzu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Akatsi South

Leonelson Adzidogah

(nominated)

Volta Region

Biakoye

Millicent Kabuki Carboo

(nominated)

Volta Region

Central Tongu

Thomas Moore Zonyrah

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ho Central

Nelson Akorli

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ho West

Ernest Victor Apau

(nominated)

Volta Region

Hohoe

Andrews Teddy Ofori

(nominated)

Volta Region

Jasikan

Lawrence Aziale

(nominated)

Volta Region

Kadjebi

Maxwell Kofi Asiedu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Keta

Seth Yormewu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ketu North

Anthony Avorgbedor

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ketu South

Edem Elliot Agbewornu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Kpando

Elvis Kweku Djampoh

(nominated)

Volta Region

Krachi East

Patrick Jilima

(nominated)

Volta Region

Krachi Nchumuru

Appiah Augustine

(nominated)

Volta Region

Krachi West

Douglas Osei Nti

(nominated)

Volta Region

Nkwanta North

Jakayi Jackson

(nominated)

Volta Region

Nkwanta South

John Thasun

(nominated)

Volta Region

North Dayi

Kudjo Edmund Attah

(nominated)

Volta Region

North Tongu

Richard Collins Arku

(nominated)

Volta Region

South Dayi

Elia Boateng

(nominated)

Volta Region

South Tonu

Emmanuel Louis Agama

(nominated)

Western Region

Ahanta West

Henrietta Mary Eyison

(nominated)

Western Region

Juaboso

Martha Kwayie Manu

(nominated)

Western Region

Wasa Amenfi West

Helena Appiah

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Wa

Municipal

Moomin Issahaku Tahiru[24]

May 4, 2017 -

Eastern Region

Akuapem North

Municipal

Denis Edward Aboagye[25]

May 10, 2017 -

text: Parliamentary appointments[edit]

text:
Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Speaker of Parliament
Aaron Mike Oquaye[26]
January 7, 2017 -

First Deputy Speaker of Parliament
Joseph Osei Owusu (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

Majority Leader
Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

Deputy Majority Leader
Sarah Adwoa Safo (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

Majority Chief Whip
Kwasi Ameyaw-Cheremeh (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

text: Government administrative staff[edit]

text:
Administrative staff

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Chief of Staff
Frema Osei-Opare[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Deputy Chief of Staff
Samuel Abu Jinapor[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Secretary to the Cabinet

Mercy Yvonne Debrah-Karikari[28]

February 14, 2017

Executive Secretary to the president
Nana Bediatuo Asante[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of Communications at the Presidency
Eugene Arhin[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Deputy Director of Communications at the Presidency
Fatimatu Abubakari[29]
February 16, 2017 -

National security adviser
Emmanuel Okyere (Brig.-Gen.)[27]
January 7, 2017 -

National security coordinator
Joshua Kyeremeh[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of Research
Victor Newman[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Political assistant to the president and deputy chief of staff
Francis Asenso-Boakye[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of state protocol
Hassan Ahmed[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of Operations
Lord Oblitey Commey[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Personal assistant to the president
Saratu Atta[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Presidential staffer
Clara Napaga Tia Sulemana[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Presidential staffer

Charles Bissue[30]

March 10, 2017 -

text: Heads of Institutions[edit]

text:
Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Director General of National Communications Authority
Joseph Anokye[31]
(appointed)

Director General of Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority
Mr Michael Achagwe Luguj[32]
June 5, 2018-

Executive Secretary of Ghana Free Zones Authority
Michael Okyere Baafi[33]
January 27, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of National Petroleum Authority
Hassan Tampuli[34]
January 27, 2017 -

Managing Director of Tema Oil Refinery
Isaac Osei[35]
January 7, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation
Kofi Koduah Sarpong (PhD)[36]
January 25, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Bulk Oil Storage and Transportation Company Limited
Alfred Obeng Boateng[37]
January 25, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of National Identification Authority
Ken Agyeman Attafuah (Prof.)[38]
January 28, 2017 -

Executive Director of National Service Scheme
Mustapha Ussif[39]
February 6, 2017 -

Deputy Executive Director of National Service Scheme (Operations and Programmes)
[[ 	Gifty Oware-Aboagye |Gifty Oware-Aboagye]][40]
February 6, 2017 -

Deputy Executive Director of National Service Scheme (Finance and Administration)
Gifty Oware-Aboagye[40]
February 6, 2017 -

Executive Director of the Council for Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Fred Kyei Asamoah[41]
February 6, 2017 -

Commissioner General of Ghana Revenue Authority
Emmanuel Kofi Nti[42]
February 17, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana National Gas Company
Benjamin K. D. Asante (PhD)[43]
February 1, 2017 -

Coordinator for the National Youth Authority
Emmanuel Asigiri[44]
February 23, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive of the National Youth Authority

Bright Kwabena Acheampong[45]

April 18, 2017 -

Chief Executive of the Forestry Commission

Kwadwo Owusu Afriyie[46]

February 23, 2017-

Director General of Ghana Health Service

Nsiah Asare (PhD)[46]

February 23, 2017-

Chief Executive Officer of Microfinance and Small Loans Center

Stephen Amoah[46]

February 23, 2017-

Deputy Executive Secretary of Microfinance and Small Loans Center

Maame Afia Akoto[47]

March 8, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Oil Company Limited

Kwame Osei-Prempeh[46]

February 23, 2017-

Chief Executive Officer of Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority

Kwasi Agyemang Busia[48]

February 28, 2017-

Chief Executive Officer of Public Procurement Authority

Agyenim Boateng Agyei[49]

March 9, 2017 -

Director General of National Disaster Management Organisation

Eric Nana Agyeman-Prempeh[50]

March 10, 2017 -

Deputy Director General of National Disaster Management Organisation

Abu Ramadan[51]

March 10, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Food and Drugs Authority

Delese Mimi Darko[52]

March 7, 2017 -

Director of Ghana Standards Authority

Addai-Mensah Otchere (PhD)[53]

March 7, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Export Import Bank

Lawrence Agyinsam[54]

March 11, 2017 -

President of Creative Arts Council

Mark Okraku Mantey[55]

March 1, 2017 -

Director of Creative Arts Council

Gyankroma Akufo-Addo[55]

March 1, 2017 -

Secretary of Creative Arts Council

Bibi Bright[55]

March 1, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Forestry Commission

Kwadwo Owusu Afriyie[56]

March 14, 2017 -

Deputy Commissioner of National Commission for Civic Education

Kathleen Addy[57]

March 15, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Tourism Development Company

Kwadwo Odame Antwi[58]

January 24, 2017 -

Director General of Social Security and National Insurance Trust

John Ofori-Tenkorang (PhD)[59]

March 29, 2017 -

Director General of the Ghana Prisons Service

Patrick Darko Missah (DOP)[60]

March 28, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive Officer of Youth Employment Agency (Operations)

Ibrahim Bashiru[61]

February 16, 2017 -

Comptroller General of Ghana Immigration Service

Kwame Asuah Takyi[62]

March 1, 2017 -

Managing Director of Ghana Water Company Limited

Clifford Braimah (PhD)[63]

March 27, 2017 -

Managing Director of Intercity State Transport Company

Nana Akomea[64]

(nominated)

Deputy Chief Executive Officer of National Lotteries Authority

Yaw Amoakohene Baafi[65]

April 24, 2017 -

Director General of National Sports Authority

Robert Sarfo Mensah[66]

April 25, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of State Enterprises Commission

Stephen Asamoah-Boateng[67]

April 24, 2017 -

Director General of Ghana Education Service

Kwasi Opoku-Amankwa (Prof.)[68]

April 20, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Export Promotion Authority

Gifty Kekeli Klenam[69]

May 3, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive Officer Ghana Export Promotion Authority

Eric Amoako Twum[70]

May 3, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive Officer Ghana Export Promotion Authority

Akilu Sayibu[70]

May 3, 2017 -

Executive Director of National Board for Small Scale Industries

Kosi Antwiwaa Yankey[71]

May 4, 2017 -

Managing Director of State Housing Company

Kwabena Ampofo Appiah[72]

May 10, 2017 -

Deputy Managing Director of State Housing Company

Roni Kwasi Nicol[72]

May 10, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Cylinder Manufacturing Company

Frances Essiam[73]

April 25, 2017 -

Controller and Accountant General

Eugene Asante Ofosuhene[74]

(appointed)

Director of Budget at Ministry of Finance

Eva Mends[75]

(appointed)

Chief Budget Analyst at Ministry of Finance

David Klotey Collison[75]

(appointed)

Director of Public Investment Division and Financial Sector Division of the Ministry of Finance

Sampson Akligoh[75]

(appointed)

Chief Executive Officer of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital

Felix Anyah[76]

(appointed)

District Assembly Common Fund administrator

Irene Naa Torshie Addo[77]

(appointed)

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Shippers Authority

Benonita Bismarck[78]

(appointed)

Chief Executive Officer of Public Sector Reforms

Thomas Kusi Boafo[79]

(appointed)

Director General of Ghana AIDS Commission

Mokowaa Blay Adu[80]

April 25, 2017 -

text: Ambassadorial roles[edit]

text:
Host country
Officeholder
Term

Canada

Ayikoi Otoo[81]

(nominated)

Germany

Gina Blay[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

United States of America

Baffour Adjei Bawuah (PhD)[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

United Kingdom

Papa Owusu-Ankomah[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

France

Anna Bossman[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

China

Edward Boateng[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

Nigeria

Rashid Bawa[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

Kingdom of Morocco

Stephen Mahamudu Yakubu[82]

June 3, 2017 -

Côte d'Ivoire

Frederick Daniel Laryea[82]

June 3, 2017 -

Republic of Equatorial Guinea

Esther Dzifa Ofori[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Zambia

Margaret Ekua Prah[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Federative Republic of Brazil

Prof. Abena Pokua Busia[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Italy

Paulina Patience Abagaye[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of South Africa

George Ayisi-Boateng[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Burkina Faso

Naa Bolinaa Saaka[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of India

Mike Nii Nortey Oquaye jnr[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Sheikh T.B Damba[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Federal Democratic of Ethiopia

William Azuma Awinador Kanyirigi[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Turkey

Salma Frances Mancell-Egala[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Arab Republic of Egypt

Paul Okoh[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Malta

Mercy Bampo Addo[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Togo

Kwasi Owusu-Yeboa[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

The Netherlands

Sophia Horner-Sam[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

The Kingdom of Denmark

Amerley Ollennu Awua-Asamoa[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Namibia

Elizabeth Salamatu Forgor[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Cuba

Napoleon Abdulai[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Mali

Gen. Francis Adu-Amanfoh[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Vatican

Joseph Kojo Akudibilah[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Ambassador-at-large

Dr. Edward Nasigiri Mahama[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Ambassador-at-large

Rasheed Seidu Inusa[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

text: Council of State[edit]

text:
Officeholder
Term

Stanley Nii Adjiri Blankson[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Sam Okudzeto[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Nana Otuo Siriboe II[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Nana Kofi Obiri Egyir II[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Alberta Cudjoe[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Aminu Amadu[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Margaret Amoakohene[86] (PhD)

February 27, 2017 -

Sahanun Moqtar[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Georgina Kusi[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Sule Yiremiah[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Joseph Boateng Danquah[86]Note 3 (Lt. General, retd)

February 27, 2017 -

Nana Owusu-Nsiah[86]Note 4

February 27, 2017 -

Paa Kofi Ansong[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Togbe Afede XIV[86]Note 5

February 27, 2017 -

Georgina Theodora Wood[87]

June 8, 2017 -

text: Other political appointments[edit]

text:
Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Special Independent prosecutor of government
Martin Amidu[88]
January 11, 2018 -

Chief of Defense Staff
Obed Akwa (Lt. General)[89][90]
March 5, 2017 -

Chief of Army Staff

William Azure Ayamdo (Major General)[90]

March 5, 2017 -

Chief of Air Staff

Maxwell Mantsebi-Tei Nagai (Air Vice Marshal)[91]

January, 2016 -

Chief of Naval Staff

Peter Kofi Faidoo (Rear Admiral)[92]

January, 2016 -

Inspector General of Police of the Ghana Police Service
David Asante-Apeatu[90][93]
March 5, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Ghana Infrastructural Investment Fund

Christopher Ameyaw Akumfi (Prof.)[94]

March 10, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Millennium Development Authority

Yaa Ntiamoah Badu (Prof.)[95]

March 13, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Ghana Cocoa Board

Hackman Owusu-Agyeman[96]

March 28, 2017 -

Board Chairman of National Hajj Secretariat

Ibrahim Cudjoe Quaye[97]

February 11, 2017 -

Government representative on Board of National Media Commission

Kenneth Agyei Kuranchie[98]

(nominated)

Governor of the Bank of Ghana

Ernest Kwamina Yedu Addison (PhD)[99][100]

April 3, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Frederick Worsemao Armah Blay[101]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Kofi Koduah Sarpong (PhD)[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Kwabena Kwakye[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

John S. Nabila (Prof.)[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Yaw Kyei[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Nana Adjoa Hackman[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Ogyeahohoo Yaw Gyebi[102]

May 11, 2017-

Director of communications of Ghana Gas Company Limited

Ernest Owusu-Bempah[103]

(nominated)

Chief Justice of Ghana

Sophia Akuffo[104]

(nominated)

Chairman of Ghana Oil Company Board of Directors

Kwamena Bartels[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Patrick Akpe Kwame Akorli[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Thomas Kofi Manu[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Kwame Osei-Prempeh[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Beaucerc Ato Williams[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Beatrix Agyeman Prempeh[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Robert Owusu Amankwah[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Rhoderline Baafour[105]

(appointed)

Board Chairman of National Information Technology Agency

Mohammed-Sani Abdulai (PhD)

August, 2017-


document_title: Maritime flag

question_text: signal flag displayed by a vessel about to leave port

text: Maritime flag

text: Types of flag[edit]

text: Ensigns[edit]

text: Ensigns are usually required to be flown when entering and leaving harbour, when sailing through foreign waters, and when the ship is signalled to do so by a warship. Warships usually fly their ensigns between the morning colours ceremony and sunset when moored or at anchor, at all times when underway, and at all times when engaged in battle—the "battle ensign". When engaged in battle a warship often flies multiple battle ensigns. This tradition dates from the era of sailing vessels. Tradition dictated that if a ship lowered its ensign it was deemed to have surrendered. Masts were targets of gunfire, and the second and subsequent ensigns were flown in order to keep the ensign flying even after a mast hit.

text: Jacks[edit]

text: Jacks are additional national flags flown by warships (and certain other vessels) at the head of the ship. These are usually flown while not underway and when the ship is dressed on special occasions. Jacks in the Royal Navy must be run up when the first line is ashore when coming alongside.

text: Distinguishing marks[edit]

text: On 16 January 1899, commissioned ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey were authorized to fly their own flag to distinguish them from ships of the United States Navy, with which they shared a common ensign. Although they continued to fly the same ensign as U.S. Navy ships, ships of the Survey flew the Coast and Geodetic Survey flag as a "distinguishing mark" until the newly created National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) took over control of the Survey's ships in 1970. Since then, commissioned ships of NOAA, which also fly the same national ensign as U.S. Navy ships, have flown the flag of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as a distinguishing mark.

text: Similarly, all ships of the United States Lighthouse Service flew the U.S. Lighthouse Service flag until the service merged into the United States Coast Guard on 1 July 1939,[1] and ships of the United States Bureau of Fisheries flew the Bureau of Fisheries flag until the bureau was merged into the United States Fish and Wildlife Service on 30 June 1940.

text: Rank flags[edit]

text: The rank flag or distinguishing flag is the flag flown by a superior officer on his flagship or headquarters (hence the term flagship). The origins of this are from the era before radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony, when orders were given by flag signals. The flag denotes the ship which must be watched for signals designating orders. Such flags are also flown when leaders of the government (presidents, prime ministers or defense secretaries) are aboard Navy ships, showing the ship to hold the headquarters of highest level of authority for the Armed Forces. Today, with the progress in communications, this flag indicates the obligation of the other Naval vessels to pay the relevant honours (Manning the rails, firing cannon salute, attention, etc.) according to nautical etiquette. In a group of naval ships all commanded by superior officers, only the commander of the group or the officer of the highest rank can fly his flag.

text:
In the Royal Navy, admirals fly rectangular rank flags: an Admiral of the Fleet flies a Union Flag, while an admiral flies the St George's Cross. The flags of vice-admirals and rear-admirals have one and two additional red balls respectively. Commodores fly a Broad Pennant which is a short swallow-tailed pennant based on the St George's Cross, with a red ball at the canton (upper quarter next to the staff).
In the United States Navy as well as in some other countries, admirals fly rectangular flags with stars according to rank. Line officer flags are blue with white stars, while staff officer flags are white with blue stars.
In the Hellenic Navy (Greek Navy) Admirals fly blue square flags bearing a white cross (similar to the Hellenic Navy Jack) with four six-point stars (one in each of the squares formed by the cross); Vice-Admirals fly the same flag but with three stars; Rear Admirals two stars; and Commodores one star. Captains, when commanding a flotilla or squadron, fly a burgee (square swallow-tailed flag) with the colours of Hellenic Navy Jack. When a rank flag is flown the commissioning pennant is displaced downward.

text: Pennants[edit]

text: The pennant, historically called a pennon, is a long narrow flag, conveying different meanings depending on its design and use. Examples:

text:
A commissioning pennant, or masthead, which a warship flies from its masthead and indicates the commission of the captain of the ship (and thus of the ship itself). In the Royal Navy, the commissioning pennant is a small St George's Cross with a long tapering plain white fly. In the United States Navy, it is red above white, with seven white stars in the blue hoist. The commissioning pennant may be displaced by various rank flags, namely the flags or pennants of admirals or commodores, and the personal flags of heads of state and members of royal families. In former centuries, masthead pennants were of a length similar to that of the ships that wore them, but nowadays very long pennants tend only to be seen when a ship is paying off.
A church pennant, as used by the Royal Navy, Royal Netherlands Navy and Commonwealth Navies, is a broad pennant flown on ships and at establishments (bases) during religious services, and has the George Cross and Dutch flag incorporated; chosen after the English Dutch Wars where both sides stopped for Church on a Sunday.
A Senior Officer Present Afloat pennant using the NATO signal flag for "Starboard" is green on the hoist and fly with a white field between.
A Gin Pennant means that the wardroom is inviting officers from ships in company to drinks. The origins of the Gin Pennant are uncertain, but it seems to have been used since the 1940s and probably earlier. Originally it was a small green triangular pennant measuring approximately 18 by 9 inches (460 by 230 mm), defaced with a white wine glass, nowadays the gin pennant is a Starboard pennant defaced with a wine or cocktail glass. Its colour, size and position when hoisted were all significant as the aim was for the pennant to be as inconspicuous as possible, thereby having fewer ships sight it and subsequently accept the invitation for drinks. The Gin Pennant is still in regular use by Commonwealth Navies, such as the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Within the RAN it is common practice, whilst in port, for junior officers of one ship to attempt to raise the Gin Pennant on the halyard of another ship, thereby forcing that ship to put on free drinks for the officers of the ship that managed to raise the pennant. If, however the junior officers are caught raising the pennant, then it is their ship that must put on free drinks within their Wardroom. Usually this practice is restricted to Commonwealth Navies; however, prior to increased force protection, RAN officers have successfully raised the Gin Pennant on a number of units in the USN.[citation needed]

text: House flag[edit]

text: Merchant ships often fly a flag identifying which company owns the vessel. This was formerly flown from the mainmast but is now usually flown from the jackstaff.

text: Private signal[edit]

text: Private signals are custom designed flags used to symbolize and identify the owner of a boat.

text: Yacht club burgee[edit]

text: Members belonging to a yacht club or sailing organization may fly their club's unique burgee both while underway and at anchor (however, not while racing). Sailing vessels may fly the burgee from the main masthead or from a lanyard under the starboard spreader on the mast.[2] Power boats fly the burgee off a short staff on the bow.

text: Unit citations[edit]

text: Warships of various navies may be awarded a unit citation, for which a burgee (tapering flag with swallow-tail fly) is flown when in port.

text:
Ships of the United States Navy:

Presidential Unit Citation - yellow with blue stripe on top and red stripe at the bottom.
Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation - green with four yellow stripes divided by two blue and one red stripes at the centre.
Navy Unit Commendation - symmetrical colouring from the centre: green, red, yellow, blue.

Ships of the Royal Australian Navy may have:

Unit Citation for Gallantry - burgee with narrow white band surrounding green field surmounted by a silver star.
Meritorious Unit Citation - design as above with yellow field.

text: Signal flags[edit]

text: There is a system of International maritime signal flags for each letter of the alphabet, and pennants for the numerals. Each flag (except the R flag) has an additional meaning when flown individually, and they take other meanings in certain combinations.

text: Courtesy flag[edit]

text: A courtesy flag (or courtesy ensign) is flown by a visiting ship in foreign waters as a token of respect. It is often a small (that is, smaller than the ship's own national ensign) national maritime flag of the host country, although there are countries (such as Malta) where the national, rather than the maritime flag is correct. The flag is customarily worn at the foremasthead of multi-masted vessels, the dockside yardarm or crosstree of the mast of single-masted vessels, while the house flag would be outboard. It may be flown from the jackstaff of vessels without masts.

text:
A courtesy Turkish flag is raised aboard the destroyer USS Truxtun (DDG 103) as the ship transits the Bosphorus strait

Superyacht Ariane NI in Toulon harbour, flying her British ensign and a French courtesy flag

The frigate Hermione moored in New York in 2015, flying the Betsy Ross flag and the Serapis flag, two early US flags and ensigns.

HMS Boadicea flying a courtesy Imperial Russian Navy Ensign during an official visit to Kronstadt in June 1914

text: Flag etiquette[edit]

text: The position of honour on a ship is the quarterdeck at the stern of the ship, and thus ensigns are traditionally flown either from an ensign staff at the ship's stern, or from a gaff rigged over the stern.

text: The usual rule[citation needed] that no flag should be flown higher than the national flag does not apply on board a ship: a flag flown at the stern is always in a superior position to a flag flown elsewhere on the ship, even if the latter is higher up.

text: The priority of hoisting locations depends on the rig of the vessel. With sloops, ketches and schooners the starboard yardarm or spreader of the highest or main mast is the second most honoured position. (That is, after the ensign at the stern.) Next after the starboard spreader is the port spreader. House flags (those defining the owner) are usually flown from the mainmast truck. When a club burgee is flown, it will normally be hoisted to the truck of the most forward mast. On a sloop, then, not having a foremast, the house flag could be moved to the port spreader if the starboard spreader was in use, and a burgee was being flown. On a ketch, the house flag would be moved to the mizzen.

text: When in port, the ensign should always be flown from the staff at the stern. This is traditional, because in former times the gaff was then lowered along with the mizzen sail. The only ensign ever flown from the starboard spreader or yardarm is that of a nation being visited. This is known as a courtesy hoisting of a courtesy Flag.

text: At sea, it used to be that the ensign was flown from the mizzen gaff. When Bermudian sails came into general use, some skippers started to fly the ensign from two-thirds the way up the main-sail leech. Many consider this an affectation with the past. Others have taken to flying the ensign from a backstay. These are not good locations because the flag does not fly out well when hoisted raked forward.

text: The Canadian Heritage web page states:

text:
“
whenever possible, the proper place for a vessel to display the national colours is at the stern, except that when at sea, the flag may be flown from a gaff; when in harbour the flag should be hoisted at 0800 hours and lowered at sunset.
”

text: Another recent custom has been to fly a burgee and/or a cruising or power squadron flag from the starboard spreader. This custom has arisen because many sailboats today place a racing flag or wind indicator at the masthead.

text: Motor boats without masts should always fly the ensign from an ensign staff at the stern. Conventionally, courtesy flags are flown from the jackstaff at the bow. This seems to some landsmen as being a reversal of priorities. However, a boat is steered by the stern and this gives it pride of place.

text: Nautical etiquette requires that merchant vessels dip their ensigns in salute to passing warships, which acknowledge the salute by dipping their ensigns in return. Contrary to popular belief the United States Navy does dip the Stars and Stripes in acknowledgement of salutes rendered to it. Merchant vessels traditionally fly the ensign of the nation in whose territorial waters they are sailing at the starboard yard-arm. This is known as a courtesy flag, as for yachts.

text: The flying of two ensigns of two different countries, one above the other, on the same staff is a sign that the vessel concerned has been captured or has surrendered during wartime. The ensign flying in the inferior, or lower, position is that of the country the ship has been captured from: conversely, the ensign flying in the superior, or upper position, is that of the country that has captured the ship.

text: Dressing overall[edit]

text: As a sign of celebration, ships in harbour may be 'dressed overall'.