document_title: Dancing on Ice

question_text: when was the last series of dancing on ice

question_tokens: when was the last series of dancing on ice

text: Dancing on Ice

text: Background and history[edit]

text: The series was announced in November 2004 and originally titled Stars on Thin Ice,[1] the show was renamed following the failure of ITV's celebrity oriented 2005 summer schedule. Dancing on Ice is frequently compared to the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing. In 2004, the BBC aired a Strictly special entitled Strictly Ice Dancing at Christmas, which was won by England goalkeeper David Seaman (who was a contestant in series 1 of Dancing on Ice).

text: ITV's show was given a January premiere amidst network doubts about its viability but became a surprise hit in Britain, where it became the third highest rated television show of 2006. It attained an impressive 13 million viewers for the final in March. Britain's best-known ice-skating duo and former Olympic champions Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean help to train the aspiring dancers, and also appear throughout the show with comments and advice. Head Coach Karen Barber also trains the skaters for the live show.[2] From the beginning, Torvill and Dean opened every episode with a performance, with the exception of the second, third and fourth shows of the fourth series, when Torvill performed alone due to Dean's recovery from a shoulder operation. In 2012 they performed less regularly.

text: Schofield previously presented with Holly Willoughby, with commentary from Peter Brackley and voiceovers done by John Sachs. The members of The Ice Panel were originally Karen Barber, Jason Gardiner, Nicky Slater and Robin Cousins, and the fifth judge varied from series to series: Karen Kresge in the first series, Natalia Bestemianova in the second, Ruthie Henshall in the third and fourth and Emma Bunton in the fifth. In series 6, there were only three judges: Gardiner, Cousins and Bunton.

text: During the shows first two series, it ran two supplementary programmes – Dancing on Ice Defrosted, presented by Stephen Mulhern, and Dancing on Ice Exclusive (or Dancing on Ice Extra during series 1) presented by Andi Peters alongside Andrea McLean in series 1 and Ben Shephard in series 2. In mid-2007, it was announced that both shows would not return to accompany the third series as the audience attracted was out of ITV2's target range.[3] As part of ITV's new revamped schedule at the start of 2008, from the third series, the show aired on a Sunday night and featured updated music and new titles as well as redesigned graphics. The series 3 finale was a massive draw, pulling an average 11.7 million viewers (up from 9.6 million the previous year) peaking at 12.6 million viewers over the two-hour slot, up over a million from series 2.[4]

text: The seventh series began on 8 January 2012, with Torvill and Dean as coaches for which they will be paid £250,000 each series.[5] Christine Bleakley was announced as the new co-presenter of the show replacing Holly Willoughby,[6] whilst Katarina Witt and Louie Spence replaced Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner on the judging panel.[7] On 20 November 2012, it was announced that Gardiner was to return to the panel for the 2013 series, replacing Spence.[8][9] The full judging panel for the 2013 series was revealed on 28 December 2012, with former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts joining and Karen Barber returning to the panel after acting as head coach on the show the previous two years; they joined Gardiner and head judge Robin Cousins on the panel.[10]

text: Cancellation and revival[edit]

text: On 21 May 2013, Torvill and Dean announced that they would leave the series after its ninth series in 2014,[11] leading to speculation that the whole show would be axed. On 24 June 2013 it was rumoured that Dancing on Ice may continue after they have left with new coaches,[12] however, on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that the show would end after its ninth series in 2014.[13] On 4 September 2017, ITV confirmed that the show would return in 2018. Torvill and Dean will return to the show as head judges along with Schofield and Willoughby as presenters.[14] On 19 October 2017, Ashley Banjo was confirmed as a judge.[15] Later that month Gardiner confirmed that he would return to the judging panel.[16]

text: Format[edit]

text: Each week the celebrities and their partners perform a live ice dance routine. The four (as of series 8) judges (commonly known as the Ice Panel) judge each performance and give a mark between 0.0 and 10.0 (0.0 to 6.0 between series 1 and 5), depending on the performance. These total scores then create a leaderboard which combines with the public vote in order to determine the two lowest placed couples. As this is the case, the pair with the lowest score from the judges can avoid being in the bottom two if the public vote for them.

text: Once the scores and votes are combined to form the final leaderboard for that week's show, the two/three couples at the bottom compete in a final showdown known as the "Skate Off", where they perform their routine again. Once the couples have performed their routines for the judging panel, the judges decide on who deserves to stay and cast their votes, based on their second performance. The couple with the most votes from the judges receives a place in the following week's show, while the couple with the fewest votes leaves the competition. One couple leaves each week, but in series 7, two couples left in one week, due to numbering issues.

text: A live reunion special was staged one week after the end of each season, with all celebrities talking about their experiences during the season, and answering questions from a live studio audience. Torvil and Dean themselves then made a special in-studio appearance towards the end, thanking the contestants, hosts and judges, and of course, the home viewers for their votes.

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Nine series have been broadcast, as summarised below.

text:
Series
Start
Finish
Couples
Weeks
Winning celebrity
Winning professional
Presenters
Ice panel
Guest judges

1
14 January 2006
4 March 2006
10
8
Gaynor Faye
Daniel Whiston
Phillip Schofield
Holly Willoughby
Robin Cousins
Karen Barber
Nicky Slater
Jason Gardiner
Karen Kresge
N/A

2
20 January 2007
17 March 2007
11
9
Kyran Bracken
Melanie Lambert
Robin Cousins
Karen Barber
Nicky Slater
Jason Gardiner
Natalia Bestemianova

3
13 January 2008
16 March 2008
13
10
Suzanne Shaw
Matt Evers
Robin Cousins
Karen Barber
Nicky Slater
Jason Gardiner
Ruthie Henshall

4
11 January 2009
22 March 2009
11
Ray Quinn
Maria Filippov

5
10 January 2010
28 March 2010
14
12
Hayley Tamaddon
Daniel Whiston
Robin Cousins
Karen Barber
Nicky Slater
Jason Gardiner
Emma Bunton
Michael Ball (week 6)
Angela Rippon (week 7)

6
9 January 2011
27 March 2011
16
Sam Attwater
Brianne Delcourt
Robin Cousins
Jason Gardiner
Emma Bunton
N/A

7
8 January 2012
25 March 2012
15
Matthew Wolfenden
Nina Ulanova
Phillip Schofield
Christine Bleakley
Robin Cousins
Louie Spence
Katarina Witt

8
6 January 2013
10 March 2013
12
10
Beth Tweddle
Daniel Whiston
Robin Cousins
Karen Barber
Jason Gardiner
Ashley Roberts

9
5 January 2014
9 March 2014
14
Ray Quinn
Maria Filippov
Nicky Slater (weeks 6 & 7)

10
January 2018
2018
11
TBA
TBA
TBA
Phillip Schofield
Holly Willoughby
Christopher Dean
Jayne Torvill
Jason Gardiner
Ashley Banjo
TBA

text: Presenters, judges and coaches[edit]

text:
Judge
Series

1
(2006)
2
(2007)
3
(2008)
4
(2009)
5
(2010)
6
(2011)
7
(2012)
8
(2013)
9
(2014)
10
(2018)

Phillip Schofield

Holly Willoughby

Christine Bleakley

Christopher Dean

Jayne Torvill

Robin Cousins

Karen Barber

Nicky Slater

Jason Gardiner

Karen Kresge

Natalia Bestemianova

Ruthie Henshall

Emma Bunton

Louie Spence

Katarina Witt

Ashley Roberts

Ashley Banjo

Michael Ball

Angela Rippon

text: Professionals[edit]

text:
[show]Professional
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Series 4
Series 5
Series 6
Series 7
Series 8
Series 9
Series 10

 Pavel Aubrecht
N/A
Ulrika Jonsson
Samantha Mumba
Jessica Taylor
Sharron Davies
N/A

 Andrew Buchanan
N/A
Anthea Turner
Zaraah Abrahams
N/A

 Victoria Borzenkova
N/A
Tim Vincent
N/A

 Brooke Castile
N/A
Corey Feldman
N/A

 Brianne Delcourt
N/A
Kieron Richardson
Sam Attwater
Sébastien Foucan
Matt Lapinskas
Gareth Gates
TBA

 Matt Evers
Bonnie Langford
Lisa Scott-Lee
Suzanne Shaw
Zoë Salmon
Heather Mills
Denise Welch
Jorgie Porter
Pamela Anderson
Suzanne Shaw
TBA

 Maria Filippov
N/A
Duncan James
Gareth Gates
Ray Quinn
Gary Lucy
Craig McLachlan
Andy Akinwolere
Shayne Ward
Ray Quinn
N/A

 Isabelle Gauthier
N/A
Jeff Brazier
N/A

 Matthew Gonzalez
N/A
Danniella Westbrook
N/A
Charlene Tilton
N/A

 Mark Hanretty
N/A
Nadia Sawalha
Rosemary Conley
Oona King
N/A

 Jodeyne Higgins
N/A
Johnson Beharry
Chico
N/A

 Florentine Houdinière
N/A
Donal MacIntyre
N/A

 Marika Humphreys
Sean Wilson
N/A

 Robin Johnstone
N/A
Gareth Thomas
Joe Pasquale
N/A

 Melanie Lambert
N/A
Kyran Bracken
Michael Underwood
Michael Underwood
Mikey Graham
N/A

 Kristina Lenko
Stefan Booth
Stephen Gately
Greg Rusedski
Graeme Le Saux
N/A

 Andrei Lipanov
N/A
Clare Buckfield
Natalie Pinkham
Gemma Bissix
Sinitta
N/A
Heidi Range
N/A
Bonnie Langford
N/A

 Susie Lipanova
N/A
Steve Backley
Todd Carty
Jeremy Sheffield
N/A

 Sylvain Longchambon
N/A
Jennifer Metcalfe
Injured
Samia Ghadie
Jorgie Porter
TBA

 Sergey Malyshev
Tamara Beckwith
N/A
Aggie MacKenzie
N/A

 Molly Moenkhoff
N/A
Bobby Davro
N/A

 Darya Nucci
N/A
Jeremy Edwards
N/A

 Pam O'Connor
David Seaman
Neil Fox
N/A

 Vicky Ogden
N/A
Andy Whyment
Joe Pasquale
Sam Attwater
N/A

 Fred Palascak
N/A
Kay Burley
Zaraah Abrahams
Melinda Messenger
Emily Atack
N/A

 Natalia Pestova
N/A
Phil Gayle
N/A

 Frankie Poultney
N/A
Lee Sharpe
Chris Fountain
Ellery Hanley
Danny Young
Comedy Dave
Mark Rhodes
N/A
David Seaman
N/A

 Colin Ratushniak
N/A
Laura Hamilton
N/A

 Sean Rice
N/A
Angela Rippon
Chemmy Alcott
N/A

 Łukasz Różycki
N/A
Elen Rivas
Laila Morse
N/A
Beth Tweddle
N/A

 Todd Sand
Kelly Holmes
N/A

 Alexandra Schauman
N/A
Dr. Hilary Jones
Dominic Cork
Sam Nixon
N/A
Todd Carty
N/A

 Tamara Sharp
Andi Peters
N/A

 Olga Sharutenko
John Barrowman
N/A
Keith Chegwin
N/A

 Jenna Smith
N/A
Luke Campbell
N/A

 Katie Stainsby
N/A
Vanilla Ice
N/A
Gary Lucy
N/A

 Nina Ulanova
N/A
Steven Arnold
Matthew Wolfenden
N/A
Kyran Bracken
N/A

 Doug Webster
Andrea McLean
N/A

 Daniel Whiston
Gaynor Faye
Emily Symons
Linda Lusardi
Roxanne Pallett
Hayley Tamaddon
Kerry Katona
Jennifer Ellison
Beth Tweddle
Hayley Tamaddon
TBA

 Stuart Widdall
N/A
Coleen Nolan
Tana Ramsay
N/A

 Michael Zenezini
N/A
Chloe Madeley
N/A
Lauren Goodger
N/A

text: Required elements[edit]

text: In some shows, there is an element that the skaters are required to perform as part of their routines. These required elements have included:

text:
Assisted and unassisted jumps
Use of a prop
Forming a spiral position
Flying above the ice, suspended by a harness
A one footed spin
Shadow steps
Classic moves of Torvill and Dean, sometimes with a choice between them
Cross rolls
Toe step sequences
Pair spin
One unique move
Solo skate
Change of edge

text: Main series results[edit]

text: Series 1 (2006)[edit]

text: The first series began on Saturday 14 January 2006 and ended on Saturday 4 March 2006, including ten celebrity skaters. The co-presenters were Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby, while The Ice Panel consisted of one-time World Junior Figure Skating champion Nicky Slater, choreographer Karen Kresge, theatre producer Jason Gardiner, two-time NHK Trophy champion Karen Barber and 1980 Olympic champion Robin Cousins.

text: The contestants for the first series were:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Tamara Beckwith
Socialite
Sergey Malyshev
Eliminated 1st

Andi Peters
TV presenter
Tamara Sharp
Eliminated 2nd

Andrea McLean
TV presenter
Doug Webster
Eliminated 3rd

John Barrowman
Actor & singer
Olga Sharutenko
Eliminated 4th

Sean Wilson
Actor
Marika Humphreys
Eliminated 5th

Kelly Holmes
Olympic middle distance runner
Todd Sand
Eliminated 6th

David Seaman
Retired footballer
Pam O'Connor
Eliminated 7th

Bonnie Langford
Actress
Matt Evers
Third place

Stefan Booth
Actor & singer
Kristina Lenko
Runner-up

Gaynor Faye
Actress
Daniel Whiston
Winner

text: Series 2 (2007)[edit]

text: The second series began on Saturday 20 January 2007. In it, 11 celebrities competed, compared to ten in the first series. The final was held on Saturday 17 March 2007. Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present, while Nicky Slater, Jason Gardiner, Karen Barber and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel. Karen Kresge did not return as a judge for a second series and was replaced by five-time European champion Natalia Bestemianova.

text: The contestants for the second series were:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Neil Fox
TV & radio presenter
Pam O'Connor
Eliminated 1st

Phil Gayle
Journalist & TV presenter
Natalia Pestova
Eliminated 2nd

Ulrika Jonsson
TV presenter
Pavel Aubrecht
Eliminated 3rd

Stephen Gately
Singer (Boyzone)
Kristina Lenko
Eliminated 4th

Kay Burley
TV presenter
Fred Palascak
Eliminated 5th

Lisa Scott-Lee
Singer (Steps)
Matt Evers
Eliminated 6th

Lee Sharpe
Footballer
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 7th

Emily Symons
Actress
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 8th

Duncan James
Singer (Blue)
Maria Filippov
Third place

Clare Buckfield
Actress
Andrei Lipanov
Second place

Kyran Bracken
Rugby player
Melanie Lambert
Winner

text: Series 3 (2008)[edit]

text: The commissioning of the third series of Dancing on Ice was first confirmed by Phillip Schofield at the BAFTA awards.[17] The third series began on 13 January 2008, moving to Sunday nights in the process and ended on 16 March 2008, when Suzanne Shaw was crowned as the winner. Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present, while Nicky Slater, Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel. The third series saw the replacement of judge Natalia Bestemianova by West End star Ruthie Henshall. And for the first time in the history of the series, a contestant withdrew due to injury, and it was TV presenter Michael Underwood who did so.[18]

text: The contestants for the third series were:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Sarah Greene
TV presenter
Fred Palascak
Eliminated 1st

Natalie Pinkham
TV presenter
Andrei Lipanov
Eliminated 2nd

Michael Underwood
TV presenter
Melanie Lambert
Withdrew

Samantha Mumba
Singer
Pavel Aubrecht
Eliminated 3rd

Aggie MacKenzie
TV presenter
Sergey Malyshev
Eliminated 4th

Tim Vincent
TV presenter
Victoria Borzenkova
Eliminated 5th

Steve Backley
Olympic javelin thrower
Susie Lipanova
Eliminated 6th

Linda Lusardi
Model & actress
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 7th

Greg Rusedski
Tennis player
Kristina Lenko
Eliminated 8th

Gareth Gates
Singer
Maria Filippov
Eliminated 9th

Zaraah Abrahams
Actress
Fred Palascak
Third place

Chris Fountain
Actor
Frankie Poultney
Runner-up

Suzanne Shaw
Singer (Hear'Say)
Matt Evers
Winner

text: Series 4 (2009)[edit]

text: The fourth series started on 11 January 2009 and ended on 22 March 2009. Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present as well as Jayne Torvill, Christopher Dean and Karen Barber to mentor the celebrities. Barber, Nicky Slater, Jason Gardiner, Robin Cousins and Ruthie Henshall all returned to The Ice Panel for the fourth series.

text: The contestants for the fourth series were:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Graeme Le Saux
Former footballer
Kristina Lenko
Eliminated 1st
(Men's round)

Gemma Bissix
Actress
Andrei Lipanov
Eliminated 2nd
(Women's round)

Jeremy Edwards
Actor
Darya Nucci
Eliminated 3rd

Michael Underwood
TV presenter
Melanie Lambert
Eliminated 4th

Todd Carty
Actor
Susie Lipanova
Eliminated 5th

Ellery Hanley
Rugby player
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 6th

Melinda Messenger
Model & TV presenter
Fred Palascak
Eliminated 7th

Roxanne Pallett
Actress
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 8th

Zöe Salmon
TV presenter
Matt Evers
Eliminated 9th

Coleen Nolan
Singer & TV presenter
Stuart Widdall
Eliminated 10th

Jessica Taylor
Singer (Liberty X)
Pavel Aubrecht
Third place

Donal MacIntyre
Journalist
Florentine Houdinière
Runner-up

Ray Quinn
Singer & actor
Maria Filippov
Winner

text: Series 5 (2010)[edit]

text: The fifth series began on 10 January 2010 and ended on 28 March 2010. Jayne Torvill, Christopher Dean and Karen Barber returned to train the celebrities, with Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returning as co-presenters. Barber, Nicky Slater, Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned for their fifth series on The Ice Panel. However, Ruthie Henshall did not return for her third series on The Ice Panel and was replaced by singer Emma Bunton. In addition to the main show, there was also a new spin-off show called Dancing on Ice Friday which gives viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities. It was presented by Ben Shephard and former contestant Coleen Nolan and broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV.

text: Cousins did not appear as a judge for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentary commitments for the Winter Olympics, so Barber was temporary head judge during Cousins's absence. Michael Ball took his place on 14 February and Angela Rippon filled in for him on 21 February.

text: The contestants for the fifth series were:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Sinitta
Singer
Andrei Lipanov
Eliminated 1st
(Women's round)

Bobby Davro
Comedian
Molly Moenkhoff
Eliminated 2nd
(Men's round)

Jeremy Sheffield
Actor
Susie Lipanova
Eliminated 3rd

Tana Ramsay
TV presenter
Stuart Widdall
Eliminated 4th

Heather Mills
Businesswoman & activist
Matt Evers
Eliminated 5th

Dr. Hilary Jones
TV presenter
Alexandra Schauman
Eliminated 6th

Sharron Davies
Former Olympic swimmer
Pavel Aubrecht
Eliminated 7th

Emily Atack
Actress
Fred Palascak
Eliminated 8th

Mikey Graham
Singer (Boyzone)
Melanie Lambert
Eliminated 9th

Danny Young
Actor
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 10th

Danniella Westbrook
Actress
Matthew Gonzalez
Eliminated 11th

Kieron Richardson
Actor
Brianne Delcourt
Third place

Gary Lucy
Actor
Maria Filippov
Second place

Hayley Tamaddon
Actress
Daniel Whiston
Winner

text: Series 6 (2011)[edit]

text: The sixth series started on 9 January 2011 and ended on 27 March 2011 with the following 16 celebrities taking part. Although 16 celebrities are confirmed to take part, in a shocking twist, the first two episodes were qualifying rounds, in each of which eight couples skated and two were eliminated, so that only 12 couples reached the competition proper. For the first time, viewers in the Republic of Ireland were able to vote via the TV3 Ireland website.[19] Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill returned to mentor the contestants, with Karen Barber moving from The Ice Panel to the role of head coach. Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned as co-presenters for their sixth series. Jason Gardiner, Robin Cousins and Emma Bunton returned to The Ice Panel, but Nicky Slater did not.

text: The contestants for the sixth series are:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Angela Rippon
TV presenter
Sean Rice
Did not qualify
(Qualifying round 1)

Nadia Sawalha
Actress & TV presenter
Mark Hanretty

Craig McLachlan
Actor
Maria Filippov
Did not qualify
(Qualifying round 2)

Elen Rivas
Model
Łukasz Różycki

Steven Arnold
Actor
Nina Ulanova
Eliminated 1st

Dominic Cork
Cricketer
Alexandra Schauman
Eliminated 2nd

Jennifer Metcalfe
Actress
Sylvain Longchambon
Eliminated 3rd

Comedy Dave
Radio DJ
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 4th

Kerry Katona
Singer (Atomic Kitten)
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 5th

Vanilla Ice
Rapper
Katie Stainsby
Eliminated 6th

Denise Welch
Actress & TV presenter
Matt Evers
Eliminated 7th

Jeff Brazier
TV presenter
Isabelle Gauthier
Eliminated 8th

Johnson Beharry
Soldier
Jodeyne Higgins
Eliminated 9th

Chloe Madeley
Model & TV presenter
Michael Zenezini
Third place

Laura Hamilton
TV presenter
Colin Ratushniak
Second place

Sam Attwater
Actor
Brianne Delcourt
Winner

text: Series 7 (2012)[edit]

text: The seventh series started on 8 January 2012.[20] The celebrities were revealed on 3 January 2012.[21] Phillip Schofield returned as presenter and was joined by Christine Bleakley following the departure of Holly Willoughby, with Christopher Dean, Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returning to mentor the celebrities. Robin Cousins was the only judge from series 6 to return, with six consecutive European champion Katarina Witt and choreographer Louie Spence replacing Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner.

text: The contestants for the seventh series are as follows. Singer Chesney Hawkes was originally part of the line-up, but withdrew after sustaining an injury. His replacement was The X Factor contestant Chico Slimani.[22]

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Andy Akinwolere
TV presenter
Maria Filippov
Eliminated 1st

Laila Morse
Actress
Łukasz Różycki
Eliminated 2nd

Mark Rhodes
TV presenter
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 3rd

Corey Feldman
Actor
Brooke Castile
Eliminated 4th

Charlene Tilton
Actress
Matthew Gonzalez
Eliminated 5th

Rosemary Conley
Businesswoman & author
Mark Hanretty
Eliminated 6th

Sébastien Foucan
Freerunner
Brianne Delcourt
Eliminated 7th

Heidi Range
Singer (Sugababes)
Andrei Lipanov
Eliminated 8th

Sam Nixon
TV presenter
Alexandra Schauman
Eliminated 9th

Andy Whyment
Actor
Vicky Ogden
Eliminated 10th

Chemmy Alcott
Alpine ski racer
Sean Rice
Eliminated 11th

Jennifer Ellison
Actress
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 12th

Chico Slimani
Singer
Jodeyne Higgins
Third place

Jorgie Porter
Actress
Matt Evers
Second place

Matthew Wolfenden
Actor
Nina Ulanova
Winner

text: Series 8 (2013)[edit]

text: The eighth series started on 6 January 2013.[23]

text: The line-up was officially announced on 18 December 2012.[24][25] Consisting of twelve couples, series 8 was the shortest series to air, and had the lowest number of couples since series 3 in 2008.

text: Christopher Dean, Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities, with Barber returning to The Ice Panel after two series away. Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present. Head judge Robin Cousins and Barber were joined on The Ice Panel by former judge Jason Gardiner and former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts, who replaced Louie Spence and Katarina Witt.

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Pamela Anderson
Actress
Matt Evers
Eliminated 1st

Lauren Goodger
Reality TV star
Michael Zenezini
Eliminated 2nd

Oona King
Politician
Mark Hanretty
Eliminated 3rd

Anthea Turner
TV presenter
Andrew Buchanan
Eliminated 4th

Shayne Ward
Singer
Maria Filippov
Eliminated 5th

Joe Pasquale
Comedian
Vicky Ogden
Eliminated 6th

Keith Chegwin
TV presenter
Olga Sharutenko
Eliminated 7th

Samia Ghadie
Actress
Sylvain Longchambon
Eliminated 8th

Gareth Thomas
Retired rugby player
Robin Johnstone
Withdrew

Luke Campbell
Boxer
Jenna Smith
Third place

Matt Lapinskas
Actor
Brianne Delcourt
Second Place

Beth Tweddle
Olympic gymnast
Daniel Whiston
Winner

text: Series 9: All-Stars (2014)[edit]

text: The ninth series of Dancing on Ice began airing on 5 January 2014. It was announced on 21 May 2013 by Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill that it would be their last time as coaches, and ITV's Director of Television, Peter Fincham, confirmed that the programme would be cancelled after this.[11] On 24 June 2013, it was reported that Dancing on Ice could continue with new coaches,[12] however, on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that this series will be the show's last series.[13]

text: It was later announced that the ninth series would be an "all-star" series, featuring former winners and other contestants from the eight previous series.[26] The 14-strong line up was revealed on 11 December 2013, included 6 former champions, 6 other top-four finishers, plus Joe Pasquale and Todd Carty.[27][28]

text: Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present. Dean, Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities. Robin Cousins, Jason Gardiner, Barber and Ashley Roberts returned for their respective ninth, eighth, seventh and second series on The Ice Panel. Cousins was absent for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentating the 2014 Winter Olympics, so former judge Nicky Slater returned in his place and Barber was temporary head judge.

text:
Celebrity
Original series
Professional partner
Status

Jorgie Porter
Series 7 – 2nd
Sylvain Longchambon
Eliminated 1st

Joe Pasquale
Series 8 – 7th
Robin Johnstone
Eliminated 2nd

David Seaman
Series 1 – 4th
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 3rd

Gary Lucy
Series 5 – 2nd
Katie Stainsby
Eliminated 4th

Todd Carty
Series 4 – 9th
Alexandra Schauman
Eliminated 5th

Zaraah Abrahams
Series 3 – 3rd
Andrew Buchanan
Eliminated 6th

Bonnie Langford
Series 1 – 3rd
Andrei Lipanov
Eliminated 7th

Gareth Gates
Series 3 – 4th
Brianne Delcourt
Eliminated 8th

Suzanne Shaw
Series 3 – 1st
Matt Evers
Eliminated 9th

Kyran Bracken
Series 2 – 1st
Nina Ulanova
Eliminated 10th

Sam Attwater
Series 6 – 1st
Vicky Ogden
Eliminated 11th

Beth Tweddle
Series 8 – 1st
Łukasz Różycki
Third place

Hayley Tamaddon
Series 5 – 1st
Daniel Whiston
Runner up

Ray Quinn
Series 4 – 1st
Maria Filippov
Winner

text: Series 10 (2018)[edit]

text: On 4 September 2017, it was announced on This Morning that Dancing On Ice would return with Holly and Phillip as presenters, and Torvill and Dean returning in new roles of head judges, also returning is Jason Gardiner and completing the Ice Panel is Diversity star, Ashley Banjo. With the announcement of the new series it was confirmed that the show would have a new set, new graphics and a new logo.[29]

text: The show's new logo was released on the official Twitter account.[30]

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Alex Beresford
Weather forecaster
TBA
Participating

Antony Cotton
Actor
TBA
Participating

Brooke Vincent
Actress
TBA
Participating

Candice Brown
Reality TV star
TBA
Participating

Cheryl Baker
Singer (Bucks Fizz) & TV presenter
TBA
Participating

Donna Air
Actress & TV presenter
TBA
Participating

Jake Quickenden
Singer & reality TV star
TBA
Participating

Kem Cetinay
Reality TV star
TBA
Participating

Max Evans
Rugby union player
TBA
Participating

Monty Panesar
Cricketer
TBA
Participating

Perri Shakes-Drayton
Athlete
TBA
Participating

text: Series averages[edit]

text: All information in this table comes from BARB.[31] including figures from ITV+1 and ITV HD channels

text:
Series
Day
# Ep.
Premiere
Final
Aired
Average Viewers
(in millions)

Date
Premiere Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale Viewers
(in millions)

1
Saturdays
16
14 January 2006
9.83
4 March 2006
11.68
2006
9.12

2
18
20 January 2007
9.08
17 March 2007
9.14
2007
8.00

3
Sundays
20
13 January 2008
9.34
16 March 2008
12.08
2008
8.93

4
22
11 January 2009
8.83
22 March 2009
11.31
2009
8.86

5
23
10 January 2010
9.64
28 March 2010
9.42
2010
8.28

6
9 January 2011
10.23
27 March 2011
9.35
2011
8.15

7
8 January 2012
8.42
25 March 2012
7.01
2012
6.63

8
19
6 January 2013
7.49
10 March 2013
7.36
2013
6.32

9
19
5 January 2014
6.76
9 March 2014
5.98
2014
5.04

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Group
Award
Result
Reference(s)

2006
National Television Awards
Most Popular Entertainment Programme
Nominated

2007
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

2008
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

2008
TV Quick Awards
Best Talent Show
Nominated

2009
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

2009
TV Quick Awards
Best Talent Show
Nominated

2009
RTS Craft & Design Award
Best Costume Design
Won

2009
RTS Craft & Design Award
Best Multicamera Work
Nominated

2010
RTS Craft & Design Award
Best Costume Design
Nominated

2011
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

2011
RTS Craft & Design Award
Best Costume Design
Nominated

2012
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

2013
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated
[32]

2014
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

2014
TRIC Awards
TRIC Special Award
Won

text: Guest singers[edit]

text:
Series 2 – Week 6: Take That with "Shine" and "Patience"[33]
Series 3 – Week 3: Westlife with "World of Our Own" and "Us Against The World"[34]
Series 3 – Week 9: Leona Lewis with "Footprints in the Sand" and "Better in Time"[35]
Series 4 – Week 5: Bette Midler with "From a Distance"
Series 4 – Week 7: Will Young with "Let It Go"
Series 4 – Week 10: Girls Aloud with "Untouchable"
Series 5 – Week 2: The Saturdays with "Ego"
Series 5 – Week 5: Mumford & Sons with "The Cave"
Series 5 – Week 5: Pixie Lott with "Use Somebody" and "Cry Me Out"[36][37]
Series 5 – Week 8: Katherine Jenkins and Andrew Lloyd Webber with "Love Never Dies"
Series 5 – Week 11: Alexandra Burke with "All Night Long"
Series 6 – Qualifying Week 2: Ellie Goulding with "Your Song"
Series 6 – Week 5: Rumer with "What the World Needs Now Is Love"
Series 6 – Week 7: Nicole Scherzinger with "Don't Hold Your Breath"
Series 6 – Week 8 & 10: The Overtones (house band for week 10)
Series 7 – Week 2: Pixie Lott with "Kiss the Stars"
Series 7 – Week 4: Christina Perri with "Jar of Hearts"
Series 7 – Week 5: One Direction with "What Makes You Beautiful" and "One Thing"
Series 7 – Week 10: Marcus Collins with "Seven Nation Army"
Series 8 – Week 3: Little Mix with "Change Your Life"
Series 8 – Week 7: Olly Murs with "Army of Two"
Series 8 – Week 8: Jools Holland and Rumer
Series 9 – Week 4: Rebecca Ferguson with "In My Life" (with Torvill and Dean) and "All That I've Got" (with professional skaters)
Series 9 – Semi-final: Kodaline with "High Hopes"

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Like many other reality TV shows, Dancing on Ice has had a number of supplementary shows. The first was Dancing on Ice Defrosted. It was presented by Stephen Mulhern and aired on ITV2 immediately after the main ITV show and again after the results show. The show featured opinions from celebrity guests and past contestants as well as from Torvill and Dean, the judges, presenters and competitors. Judge Nicky Slater also offered in-depth analysis of various performances using the latest video technology that the judges use to judge performances.

text: The second spin-off show was originally called Dancing on Ice Extra and was presented by Andi Peters and Andrea McLean, both competitors in the first series. Midway through the first series Paul O'Grady left ITV to join Channel 4 meaning that ITV had no show to put on air at 5 pm. The format of Dancing on Ice Defrosted was modified so that it could be broadcast every weekday. Due to Andrea's maternity leave during the second series she did not return to present the show and therefore Ben Shephard joined the show as the anchor presenter, and, unlike during the previous, series Andi Peters was now a roving reporter around the studio. For its second run the show was renamed Dancing on Ice Exclusive.

text: Neither of these first two spin-off shows returned in 2008 nor 2009.

text: In 2010 it was announced that a new spin-off show would accompany Dancing on Ice, named Dancing on Ice Friday, presented by Ben Shephard and Coleen Nolan.

text: Champion of Champions (2007)[edit]

text: This took place on Saturday 24 March 2007 and featured finalists from both Series 1 and Series 2. All six celebrities did one routine each, scored by the judges, and then voted on by the public. The two couples finishing first after the public voted skated again in the skate off to decide the winner. The skaters that did not reach the skate off – 3rd to 6th – were announced "in no particular order", so ranks may not be accurate.

text:
Place
Celebrity
Partner
Position on Dancing on Ice
Score

1st
Kyran Bracken
Melanie Lambert
Series 2 winner
6.0+6.0+5.5+6.0+6.0= 29.5

2nd
Clare Buckfield
Andrei Lipanov
Series 2 runner-up
5.5+5.5+4.5+5.0+5.5=26.0

3rd
Bonnie Langford
Matt Evers
Series 1 third place (final)
5.0+5.5+5.5+5.5+5.0=26.5

4th
Duncan James
Maria Filippov
Series 2 third place (final)
4.5+5.5+5.5+5.5+5.0=26.0

5th
Gaynor Faye
Daniel Whiston
Series 1 winner
5.0+5.5+5.0+5.0+5.0=25.5

6th
Stefan Booth
Kristina Lenko
Series 1 runner-up
4.5+5.0+4.0+4.5+4.5= 22.5

text: Dancing on Ice at Christmas (2008)[edit]

text: For Christmas 2008, Torvill and Dean went head to head with Jayne Torvill having a team of three female celebrities, and Christopher Dean having a team of three male celebrities. The judges were the usual line-up of Robin Cousins, Ruthie Henshall, Jason Gardiner, Karen Barber and Nicky Slater. Holly Willoughby and Phillip Schofield presented the 90-minute programme.

text:
Place
Celebrity
Partner
Position on Dancing on Ice
Score

1st
Suzanne Shaw
Matt Evers
Series 3 winner
6.0+6.0+6.0+6.0+6.0= 30.0

2nd
Chris Fountain
Frankie Poultney
Series 3 runner-up
6.0+6.0+5.0+5.5+5.5=28.0

3rd
Kyran Bracken
Melanie Lambert
Series 2 winner
5.5+5.5+5.0+5.5+5.5=27.0

4th
Clare Buckfield
Pavel Aubrecht
Series 2 runner-up
5.5+5.5+4.5+5.0+5.5=26.0

5th
Duncan James
Maria Filippov
Series 2 third place
5.0+5.0+5.0+5.0+4.5=24.5

6th
Zaraah Abrahams
Fred Palascak
Series 3 third place
5.0+4.5+4.5+5.0+5.0= 24.0

text: Team Torvill scored 80 points to Team Dean's 79.5 and won the show by also receiving the majority of the audience votes.

text: Suzanne Shaw received the perfect score of 30 for the third time in a row. In her last two appearances on the show she has picked up the trophy.

text: Dancing on Ice: Make Me a Star (2008)[edit]

text: A 30-minute prime time spin-off to Dancing on Ice premiered on 26 January 2008 and ran for a few episodes, presented solely by Holly Willoughby. This both showed some exclusive footage of the celebrities training for the Sunday night main show and followed Torvill and Dean on the search for a member of the public to perform on the Dancing on Ice final in 2009.[38]

text: Shows:

text:
Kyran Bracken skated with his new partner (they have been on Holiday on Ice)
David Seaman and Melanie Lambert showed what to expect on the Tour
Clare Buckfield and Andrei Lipanov did a new performance of "Reach"

text: Dancing on Ice: Ice Star (2009)[edit]

text: This was shown after the announcement of the bottom two had been made but before the skate off. It showed Torvill and Dean's search for an entertainment act on ice, with auditions from all kinds of ice skaters. The winner skated live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final and join Torvill and Dean on tour.

text: From a shortlist of 20 acts, Torvill and Dean invited only 4 back to give another performance in the Dancing on Ice studio. The final 4 were:

text:
Hannah and Daniel – Child pairs skaters
Nick Rigby – Figure skater
The Oxford Freestylers – Stunt and trick performers
The Elody – Skating girlband

text: The best skater to slip through the net was Grimsby born Daniel Bennett who initially impressed Christopher Dean on his first audition. Controversially however Jane Torvil denied him entry after his cataclismic fall on the quarter finals just metres away from the legendary skating duo.

text: The Oxford Freestylers won and performed live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final.

text: Dancing on Ice Goes Gold (2012)[edit]

text: An Olympic special aired on 22 July 2012, before the London 2012 Summer Olympics. It featured medal-winning Olympic athletes.

text: The one-off special featured the judges from series 7, with Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returning as presenters. Torvill & Dean unveiled a new and specially-crafted performance. Head judge, Robin Cousins also performed a solo routine for first time in twelve years.

text:
Olympian
Sport
Medals
Professional partner
Judges scores
Status

Steve Williams OBE
Rowing
Gold, Coxless Four (Athens 2004, Beijing 2008)
Katie Stainsby
9.5, 9.5, 10.0 = 29.0
Gold (Winner)

Olga Korbut
Gymnastics
4 Gold & 2 Silver (Munich 1972, Montreal 1976)
Matthew Gonzalez
10.0, 9.0, 9.5 = 28.5
Silver (2nd place)

Pippa Wilson MBE
Sailing
Gold, Yngling sailing (Beijing 2008)
Mark Hanretty
9.0, 9.5, 9.5 = 28.0
Bronze (3rd place)

Gail Emms MBE
Badminton
Silver, Mixed Doubles (Athens 2004)
Łukasz Różycki
9.0, 9.0, 9.5 = 27.5
Eliminated

Colin Jackson CBE
Hurdling, Sprinting
Silver, 110m Hurdles (Seoul Olympics 1988)
Frankie Poultney
9.0, 8.5, 9.0 = 26.5
Eliminated

Jamie Baulch
Sprinting
Silver, 4 × 400 m relay (Atlanta 1996)
Maria Filippov
8.5, 8.5, 9.0 = 26.0
Eliminated

Tessa Sanderson CBE
Javelin
Gold (LA 1984)
Yannick Bonheur
7.5, 7.5, 8.0 = 23.0
Eliminated

text: The judges scores were added to the studio audiences votes to decide the winner. No public vote took place, as the programme was recorded earlier in the year.

text: Dancing on Ice Friday[edit]

text: A brand new spin-off show for the 2010 series of Dancing On Ice, appropriately called Dancing on Ice Friday, gave viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities over the last week. It was presented by television presenter Ben Shephard and former contestant and Loose Women star Coleen Nolan. The show was broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV throughout the duration of the main shows season. STV who broadcast the main show did not broadcast this on the Friday evening but after repeating the previous week's main show on the following Saturday afternoon.

text: Due to poor ratings, Dancing on Ice Friday was axed prior to the 2011 series.

text: Studio set and ice rink[edit]

text: The show has been based in the George Lucas Stage at Elstree Studios since it began in 2006, with the exception of 2011, when the show was broadcast from Shepperton Studios. The original set was axed in 2011 following the move to Shepperton Studios, it was replaced by a much more modern design. The ice rink measures 30 × 15 m.

text: There are several areas of the studio; The Tunnel, this is to the left of the rink and is where the couples enter the rink. The Ice Cave, this is situated at the back of the rink and where Phillip stands to interview the couples and the Judges and Contestants Area, this to the right of the rink and is where the judging panel are based, and where Christine stands to speak to them and the couples.

text: Dancing on Ice: The Tour[edit]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text:
A DVD, featuring highlights from Series 1, and a CD, containing music from Series 1, were released shortly after it ended. A highlights DVD for Series 2 was released on 2 April 2007 and a Series 3 highlights DVD was released on 7 April 2008. There is a Series 4 DVD in The Series 1–5 Boxset; you can`t buy it by itself. The Series 5 Highlights DVD was released on 12 April 2010 and the Live Tour 2010 DVD was released on 29 November 2010. A compilation boxset of highlights of Series 1–5 has also been released.
The Live Tours are also filmed at a different location each year by Live Nation UK Ltd who own the rights to the tours and released on DVD by Universal Media. The Live 25th Bolero Anniversary Tour DVD was released in November 2009.


document_title: Lucas Scott

question_text: when does lucas come back to one tree hill

root

text: Lucas Scott

text: Character development[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Chad Michael Murray was the first person to be cast for One Tree Hill.[5] The producers were originally unsure as to who Murray would play. Series creator Mark Schwahn wanted him to play the character of Nathan Scott since Murray had played a bad guy several times before, and he felt it was only natural to give him this role.[5] Murray, however, wanted to portray Lucas due to a connection he felt with the character. He felt that he could inhabit the character as the two share several similarities. Murray's mother left him when he was young, and Lucas was abandoned by his father. Murray's passion for the role led the producers to cast him as Lucas.[5] Murray had turned down the lead role of Ryan Atwood in The O.C. to accept the role as Lucas Scott.[6]

tag: p

text: Personality and wardrobe[edit]

text: Schwahn said that in designing the show, he created Lucas as "this underdog kid from the wrong side of the tracks" who crosses over to the pretty and popular; he wanted to show what the life of such a person would be like in a basketball atmosphere.[7]

text: For Murray, in addition to their shared abandonment issues, Lucas's love for literature also appealed to him. Murray had become a fan of the genre during high school, and felt it changed his way of seeing things; it made him rethink his own actions. Lucas has been described as "caught between being charming and a nerd, a hermit and confident". Murray said of the character, "He's very introverted." He described Lucas as an observer, someone who likes to watch people and try to figure out who they really are, as opposed to who they think they are, another aspect similar to Murray's own personality.[3]

text: Murray never played much basketball before the show, and was more into football while in high school. Because of this, a basketball coach was hired for Murray in order to improve his basketball skills.[3] To go along with the character's personality, a "sedate" wardrobe was designed. Schwahn said of Lucas's wardrobe, "...He was a Levi's guy. He was, you know, he wore a lot of, like, plain T-shirts and things because we just wanted him to represent the everyman."[7] Despite having the character start out this way, the series eventually let his wardrobe evolve. Starting from the fourth season on, he was given some "wilder stuff". Schwahn clarified, "You know, he can [now] rock something from Sean John, which normally would have been Nathan's department." He said the style of the characters really does evolve on the show, especially with the four-year timeline jump.[7] "Diesel is so wonderful on [Murray]. Diesel jeans. It's an Italian company. A lot of times, Italian designers cut much more slimly...for a really lean physique," stated One Tree Hill's costume designer, Carol Cutshall. "Also, this year, they've had nice long sleeves and nice long shirts and really slim clothing and that looks best on [Murray]. He doesn't need to be swallowed up. He's got his own style as a person. It's not just up to me. I try to bring in what I think is going to fit him best."[8] With the timeline jump, Lucas's main brands become Diesel, Guess menswear, and Juicy Couture for men.[8]

text: Regarding the character's romantic life, Schwahn designed a love triangle between Lucas and the two girls, Peyton Sawyer and Brooke Davis, which created an intense fan base rivalry. While describing Lucas and Peyton as soulmates and a "meant to be" pairing,[9] he described Brooke and Lucas as "also genuine" and as having a great dynamic.[10] He acknowledged that the fan bases are large and "very passionate" about their pairings. "There is a huge fanbase dedicated to Brooke and Lucas, and sometimes [those people] feel a bit betrayed, just as the fanbase dedicated to Peyton and Lucas felt betrayed [in Season 2, and parts of Season 3]," said Schwahn. "That tells me that we've done things correctly – that's the strength of a love triangle."[11]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Overview[edit]

text: Lucas Scott is the son of Dan Scott and Karen Roe, and the nephew of Keith Scott; he has a younger half brother, Nathan Scott, on his father's side and a younger half-sister, Lily Roe Scott, on his mother's side (she is also his cousin through Keith). He was raised by his mother after his father abandoned them to marry Deb Lee, Nathan's mother. His uncle Keith, who always had feelings for Karen, took over the father figure role. Lucas grew up in Tree Hill, a small North Carolina town along with his best friend and later sister-in-law, Haley James Scott. He shares romantic bonds with Peyton Sawyer and Brooke Davis, is interested in basketball and literature, and suffers from the genetic heart disease hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

text: Early seasons[edit]

text: At the beginning of the first season, 16-year-old Lucas Scott is recruited by coach Whitey Durham to play for the Ravens basketball team after most of the players are suspended for drunk-driving. He soon has troubles with his half-brother Nathan, who is also the Ravens captain, because Nathan wants to remain the star of the team and feels threatened by Lucas's arrival.[12] Encouraged by Dan, who also wants Lucas off the team, Nathan and his teammates make life difficult for Lucas, on one occasion kidnapping him and throwing him into a ditch. Nevertheless, Lucas is determined to stay on the team (although he removes the name "Scott" from his jersey). He is attracted to and shares a deep emotional connection with Peyton (Nathan's girlfriend). Disgusted by Nathan's behavior towards his brother, she eventually breaks up with him. Nathan retaliates by pursuing Lucas's best friend Haley, who agrees to tutor Nathan in return for him leaving Lucas alone. Lucas and Peyton fall in love, but Peyton is initially scared of a romance with Lucas (not wanting to be "serious" with him).[13][14] Lucas is devastated and starts seeing Peyton's best friend, Brooke, at the same moment Peyton realizes she has made a mistake in turning Lucas away.[14] He soon cheats on Brooke with Peyton, though sex is never involved in the betrayal.[15] On the night that Lucas and Peyton are about to tell Brooke about their affair, Lucas and Keith are involved in a car accident, and, for the first time in the series, Dan calls Lucas his son so that Lucas can get immediate treatment.[16] Lucas wakes up from a short coma and wants to be with Peyton, but Peyton ends their affair for Brooke's sake after Brooke finds out about their tryst.[17] Lucas's feelings towards Dan are challenged when he learns that Dan wanted joint custody of Lucas, but Karen refused. He also finds himself in Dan's position when Brooke claims to be pregnant, although this turns out to be false as Brooke was lying to seek her revenge on Lucas for breaking her heart. His friendship with Peyton is broken once she learns he had a one-night stand with new resident Nicki not long after she ended their affair.[18] However, his relationship with Nathan improves as Lucas realizes that he got a better deal than Nathan, who is damaged as a result of being raised by Dan. Wanting a fresh start, Lucas decides to leave town with Keith. Lucas and Nathan have a final conversation where Nathan calls Lucas his brother and Lucas says, "I'll miss you, little brother." Before leaving with Keith, he goes to say goodbye to Haley and discovers that she and Nathan have married.[19]

text: In Season 2, Lucas and Keith return to Tree Hill after Dan has a heart attack.[20] Lucas tries to make up for his behavior with Peyton and Brooke and becomes friends with both of them. He also starts seeing a new girl named Anna Taggaro, but they break up amicably when Anna accepts that she is a lesbian.[21][22] Lucas realizes that he has romantic feelings for Brooke and begins to focus on building on a relationship with her, even though she is seeing Anna's brother Felix.[23] Lucas discovers that he has inherited Dan's heart condition, but does not tell anyone except Dan.[24] After discovering that Keith's new girlfriend Jules was actually hired by Dan to break Keith's heart, Lucas agrees to move in with Dan if he leaves Keith alone and pays for Lucas's heart medication. This sets Lucas at odds with his mother, as she cannot believe that Lucas would want to live with Dan rather than her.[24] It also causes a new rift between Lucas and Nathan, as Nathan feels that Lucas is replacing him and is bitter about Haley's departure to go on tour singing. Lucas and Karen are reconciled when she learns half of the reason he is staying with Dan, which is to protect Keith. This plan to protect his uncle fails when Jules leaves Keith at the altar and Keith leaves town after discovering that Lucas and Karen knew that she was hired by Dan.[25] Lucas discovers Deb's painkiller addiction and decides to avenge all of Dan's victims. He finds a stash of cash and an incriminating ledger in the attic at Dan's dealership and plans to expose Dan's illegal dealings, but ultimately fails as Dan has also incriminated Deb.[25] Dan then reveals that the whole thing was a set-up to test Lucas's loyalty, which Lucas failed. As a result, he loses Dan's college fund for him (which Dan had been saving since Lucas was a baby) and even his heart medication. Nathan also ends his friendship with Lucas after discovering that Lucas had planned to bring Dan down and visited Haley behind his back in an attempt to patch up her and Nathan's marriage. Lucas does, however, kiss Brooke in the season finale and confesses that he wants to be with her, but she still leaves for California to spend the summer with her parents. Ultimately, it is just Lucas and a broken-hearted Peyton (after boyfriend Jake left her) for the summer and the last shot is of the two of them sharing a meaningful hug on the beach.[26]

text: In Season 3, after the summer, Lucas remains at odds with Dan, who accuses Lucas of starting the fire at the dealership that nearly killed him. Dan tries to strangle Lucas on the basketball court, but Peyton, having learned the truth from Lucas, tells Dan that Lucas actually saved him from the fire. Lucas also protects the true arsonist: Deb. Lucas and Nathan continue to argue over Nathan's treatment of the returned Haley and have a public fight after Lucas accuses Nathan of being just like Dan. Lucas struggles to pay for his heart medication and steals money from his mother, which Haley sees, forcing Lucas to tell her about his condition. He begins a non-exclusive relationship with Brooke and uses Rachel Gatina to make her jealous, but a series of events leads Brooke to sleep with Chris Keller, tearing them apart.[27] Later, he forgives her after she gives him the 82 letters she wrote to him during her vacation but did not send. He and Nathan gradually become friends again. Keith returns, and he and Karen finally get together and become engaged. Keith also plans to adopt Lucas. Tragedy strikes when Lucas's former friend Jimmy Edwards brings a gun to school and fires it, accidentally hitting Peyton and causing a lockdown ("With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept"). Lucas saves Peyton and is devastated by Jimmy and Keith's eventual deaths. After seeing the effect of Keith's death on his mother, Lucas decides to finally tell Whitey, Nathan, and Karen about his heart condition and quits basketball. He goes on a university tour with his mother and realizes that he wants to become a writer. He is also Nathan's best man for his second wedding to Haley. He and Brooke break up for good during the wedding when Brooke learns that Lucas kissed Peyton back during the school shooting.

text: In Season 4, Lucas tries to get Brooke back, but she rejects him, feeling that the passion is no longer there. One day, he hurries to save Peyton from Internet stalker "Psycho Derek", and becomes considerably closer to her afterward. He also helps Karen, who is pregnant with Keith's baby, and plans on going to the University of North Carolina when he graduates so that he can be close to home in case she needs him. Dan also helps Karen with her pregnancy, wanting to make amends for Keith's death. After talking with Dan, Karen persuades Whitey to let Lucas play 15 minutes a game, so as not to let him miss out on something he loves. Brooke and Lucas try dating each other again, but realize that it is not what they truly want and is not what is meant to be, prompting Peyton to confess her feelings for Lucas. Lucas then discovers that Nathan is planning to throw the state championship game because of his debts. Lucas plans to prevent this and deliberately fails to take his heart medication in order to play better, but Nathan is inspired by learning that he is going to have a son and they win, with Lucas making the winning shot. During the celebration, Lucas, after receiving Brooke's blessing, sees Peyton and tells her that she is the girl he has been meant for. The two then share a long-awaited kiss. They become a couple at the after-party, but their happiness is short-lived when Haley gets hit by a car and Lucas tries to tell the paramedics what happened, only to suffer a heart attack. As he is in the hospital, Lucas dreams that he is visited by Keith, who shows Lucas what life would have been like if he had been a lesser person. In the end, Lucas realizes that he has to go back to his life because he never told Peyton that he loves her. Lucas wakes up and begins a relationship with Peyton. After the failed attempt of prom in Tree Hill High, the group go on a rescue mission to save Mouth who has become stranded in Honeygrove. They all then crash the local Prom, where he and Peyton have sex with each other for the first time. He begins to investigate Keith's death, as the Keith in his dream suggested that Jimmy did not kill him, but he also starts getting closer to Dan, who tells Karen he wants a bigger part in Lucas's life. Lucas discovers the truth about Dan thanks to witness Abby Brown. He attacks Dan after walking in on him and Karen kissing and tells Karen that Dan killed Keith, but Dan convinces Karen that Lucas is delusional and needs help. Lucas then steals Deb's gun and confronts Dan in front of Karen, having set him up by sending him a message from "Abby". Karen collapses and Lucas fires a warning shot at Dan, telling him not to touch her. Karen is rushed to hospital with eclampsia and has an emergency c-section. Lucas is given a half-sister, who is named Lily Roe Scott when Karen regains consciousness. Later, Dan turns himself in for Keith's murder. Lucas graduates and gets, as a reward, his book (An Unkindness of Ravens) from his mother. That same day, he becomes an uncle with the birth of Nathan and Haley's son, James Lucas Scott, partly named after him. Lucas is named the godfather of James and announces that he will be assisting Whitey as Nathan's college basketball coach.

text: Missing years[edit]

text: One year from Season 4, Lucas becomes the head coach of the Cobras, his college basketball team, and leads them to victory in the championships. Thinking about his future, he goes to see Peyton and asks her to marry him. She declines, feeling that it is too soon. As he is about to leave LA, his novel is picked up by a fresh new editor, Lindsey Strauss. It is a moment when his greatest dream came true. He is about to call Peyton, but decides against it, and instead calls Brooke. They spend a crazy evening together, and, in the end, he kisses her because he feels lonely. Although Brooke still loves him at the time, she pushes him away, remembering Peyton. Soon after, he is scheduled to have a book signing in LA where Peyton is living and working. Having missed her, he calls her and invites her to come to the signing. Peyton comes, but witnesses Lindsey giving Lucas a congratulatory kiss and, assuming they are in a relationship, leaves, thinking there is no hope for her and Lucas. Lucas thinks that Peyton did not bother to come, and consequently begins dating Lindsey.[28]

text: Final seasons[edit]

text: In Season 5, four years after high school graduation, Lucas, now 22, suffers from writer's block and is under pressure from his editor/girlfriend Lindsey. He also tries to help Haley with her son, James Lucas Scott.[28] When Peyton comes back home, she reveals to him that she did come to the signing, and then inspires him by repeating his quote: "Your art matters".[29] When he tells Peyton that the bartender she is flirting with at the Clothes Over Bros store opening is not good enough for her, it becomes obvious that, despite his relationship with Lindsey, he still loves Peyton.[30] After remembering the night he proposed, he goes straight to her house, though she is not there.[31] When Peyton begins to antagonize Lindsey, he goes to confront her, but things escalate into a verbal fight about their break up.[32] A little bit later, after Peyton confesses her feelings and kisses him, he kisses her back, passionately, but later proposes to Lindsey,[33] leading Peyton to tell him that she will bury her feelings so that he can be happy.[34] He then wins his first game as the Ravens coach, although the female counterparts miss it because they were locked in the library.[35] He soon has to go to Dan's parole and speak up in order to have him stay locked up. He decides to have Nathan as his best man and then fuses his bachelor party with Lindsey's.[36] He also gives Haley his new book, and she tells him not to marry Lindsey after reading it.[37] Lucas proceeds with the wedding, but Lindsey stops him after realizing his book is about Peyton. She leaves him, and when he chases after her, he sees Lindsey's bags packed. After a confrontation, she leaves him, saying, "People always leave, Luke. You know that." (A reference to one of Peyton's famous lines, also featured in his first book.)[38] Lucas flees to stay with his mother and Andy after the failed wedding. Andy convinces Lucas to go after Lindsey, prompting him to go to her and tell her that one day she will come back to him.[39] She comes back to Tree Hill for Jamie's 5th birthday, but tells Lucas that it was really over.[40] He then helps Brooke cope with having baby Angie around. After Lindsey calls him to tell him she is seeing someone, he blows up after an opposing player gets away with attempting to injure Quentin Fields, drawing himself a 10-game suspension.[41][42] He becomes heavily drunk and tells Peyton he hates her when she comes to his aid.[43] He later apologizes to her after being confronted by Haley. He tells her that it was hard to let her go, hard to see her and that it remains difficult for him, making apparent his love for Peyton. Lindsey comes by to tell him his book is over and he can e-mail her the dedication. When he does, she reveals by phone that she still loves him. He then decides to go to Las Vegas and calls someone to get married. Brooke, Peyton, and Lindsey are all shown answering the phone, and the viewers are left hanging as to whom he decides to propose to.[44]

text: In the first episode of the sixth season, the audience discovers that Peyton was on the receiving end of Lucas's phone call. He waits to see if she actually arrives, and moments later, he finds her through the crowd, making her way toward him with bags packed. They share passionate kisses, Peyton glowing with happiness, and then board the plane on their way to Las Vegas. When they get there, they spend the night in a kinky Vegas hotel room. The next day, they go to the wedding chapel, but the tackiness of the place convinces them that this was the wrong decision. Instead, Peyton takes Lucas to the hotel room where he first proposed to her and they do it all over again, but this time Peyton says "yes" before he has even asked the question. With the upcoming release of his new book, Lucas travels to New York to meet with Lindsey, and eventually tells her about his engagement to Peyton. He soon starts his book tour, but it fails fast and is canceled, so he returns home to Peyton. After the two resolve problems and fears of moving in together, Lucas is offered a movie deal by Julian Baker. Julian asks Lucas questions about Peyton before she gets there, and after she runs into Julian near the bathroom, it is revealed that he is her ex-boyfriend.[45] For three weeks, Peyton fails to tell Lucas about Julian, and Lucas is angry when he discovers their past on his own.[46] Although he is initially angry, they patch things up, and Peyton convinces Lucas to continue taking a part in the making of the film, despite his reluctance to work with Julian. The film is to be shot in Tree Hill, North Carolina. He also learns Peyton is expecting their first child. Though they initially have problems with Peyton's pregnancy, the fact that she may die if the baby is born,[47] the two are eventually married by the lake where they first met, and have their reception at Tric. They soon have a healthy daughter, Sawyer Brooke Scott, which Peyton names after her best friend Brooke (similar to the naming of James Lucas Scott), and the two ride off into the sunset.

text: For Season 7, Mark Schwahn, the series' creator, said Lucas and Peyton are traveling the world; they are spending time with Karen and her husband Andy, and Lucas is writing a new book.[48] In the season opener, Jamie celebrates his seventh birthday, his second without his uncle. Lucas sends Jamie the basketball which was given to him by Keith on Lucas's seventh birthday. In the card, Lucas says he and Peyton miss Jamie every day.[49] In the later half of the season, Jamie asks Nathan about his relationship with Lucas. Nathan tells him that although they were not close when they were younger they became more like real brothers as they got older. He said, "Having a brother is a lot like having a best friend, he helped make me the man I am today."[50]

text: On August 30, 2011, it was confirmed that Chad Michael Murray would be returning to the series' final season as Lucas. He returns to Tree Hill as Haley reaches out to him for help regarding Nathan's disappearance.[51][52]

text: Lucas returned to Tree Hill during season nine, per the request of Haley. She asks him to take the kids out of town to live with him and Peyton until she can find Nathan and bring him home.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Lucas has been popular among teenagers and young adults, especially among female fans of the series.[1][2][3][4] He has been described as having "a romantic heart",[53] and his love life has been heavily debated among fans. "If you're a huge fan of One Tree Hill, chances are you've had a debate at some point about who Lucas Scott should ultimately settle down with," stated Don Williams of BuddyTV.com. "[ These shippers ] can be an extremely rabid bunch. There are some fans who want Lucas with Peyton, others who'd like to see him go back to Brooke, and even a few who think that Lindsey was his perfect match."[54] Described as this generation's Joey and Pacey, "the overly dramatic couple you could not help but root for,"[55] Lucas and Peyton emerged as one of the show's supercouples.[56][57][58][59] Their departure received significant media attention and was picked as one of the "12 most essential episodes of One Tree Hill" in 2009 by fans at starnewsonline.com.[60]

text: Regarding Murray's portrayal of the character, Paul Cooke of DVDActive.com said, "Murray does a fine job as a brooding Lucas."[61] Kelsey Zukowsk of 2snaps.tv said, "Chad Michael Murray as Lucas plays one of the deeper roles... [He] does far better as Lucas, the one who seems to be motivated by truth and what is right, than any movie role I have seen him in."[62] Television Without Pity, on the other hand, stated, "Chad Michael Murray is almost too pretty, looks good pouting on promo posters and modeling sponsored fashions, and can only muster one and a half emotions convincingly."[63]


document_title: Abundance of the chemical elements

question_text: what is the most abundent element on earth

text: Abundance of the chemical elements

text: Universe[edit]

text:
Ten most common elements in the Milky Way Galaxy estimated spectroscopically[3]

Z
Element
Mass fraction (ppm)

1
Hydrogen
739,000

2
Helium
240,000

8
Oxygen
10,400

6
Carbon
4,600

10
Neon
1,340

26
Iron
1,090

7
Nitrogen
960

14
Silicon
650

12
Magnesium
580

16
Sulfur
440

text: The elements – that is, ordinary (baryonic) matter made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are only a small part of the content of the Universe. Cosmological observations suggest that only 4.6% of the universe's energy (including the mass contributed by energy, E = mc² ↔ m = E / c²) comprises the visible baryonic matter that constitutes stars, planets, and living beings. The rest is thought to be made up of dark energy (68%) and dark matter (27%).[4] These are forms of matter and energy believed to exist on the basis of scientific theory and observational deductions, but they have not been directly observed and their nature is not well understood.

text: Most standard (baryonic) matter is found in intergalactic gas, stars, and interstellar clouds, in the form of atoms or ions (plasma), although it can be found in degenerate forms in extreme astrophysical settings, such as the high densities inside white dwarfs and neutron stars.

text: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe; helium is second.  However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. All others are substantially less common.

text: The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological model, since they were mostly produced shortly (i.e., within a few hundred seconds) after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, inside of stars.

text: Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 74% and 24% of all baryonic matter in the universe respectively. Despite comprising only a very small fraction of the universe, the remaining "heavy elements" can greatly influence astronomical phenomena. Only about 2% (by mass) of the Milky Way galaxy's disk is composed of heavy elements.

text: These other elements are generated by stellar processes.[5][6][7] In astronomy, a "metal" is any element other than hydrogen or helium. This distinction is significant because hydrogen and helium are the only elements that were produced in significant quantities in the Big Bang.  Thus, the metallicity of a galaxy or other object is an indication of stellar activity, after the Big Bang.

text: In general, elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovae. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with increasing atomic number.

text: Solar system[edit]

text:
Most abundant nuclides in the Solar System[8]

Nuclide

A

Mass fraction in parts per million

Atom fraction in parts per million

Hydrogen-1
1
705,700
909,964

Helium-4
4
275,200
88,714

Oxygen-16
16
9,592
477

Carbon-12
12
3,032
326

Nitrogen-14
14
1,105
102

Neon-20
20
1,548
100

Other nuclides:
3,879
149

Silicon-28
28
653
30

Magnesium-24
24
513
28

Iron-56
56
1,169
27

Sulfur-32
32
396
16

Helium-3
3
35
15

Hydrogen-2
2
23
15

Neon-22
22
208
12

Magnesium-26
26
79
4

Carbon-13
13
37
4

Magnesium-25
25
69
4

Aluminium-27
27
58
3

Argon-36
36
77
3

Calcium-40
40
60
2

Sodium-23
23
33
2

Iron-54
54
72
2

Silicon-29
29
34
2

Nickel-58
58
49
1

Silicon-30
30
23
1

Iron-57
57
28
1

text:
The following graph (note log scale) shows abundance of elements in the Solar System. The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass.[3]
Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. Since physical laws and processes are uniform throughout the universe, however, it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements.

text: The abundance of elements is in keeping with their origin from the Big Bang and nucleosynthesis in a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, while the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays).

text: Beginning with carbon, elements have been produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). The effect of odd-numbered chemical elements generally being more rare in the universe was empirically noticed in 1914, and is known as the Oddo-Harkins rule.

text: Relation to nuclear binding energy[edit]

text:
Loose correlations have been observed between estimated elemental abundances in the universe and the nuclear binding energy curve.  Roughly speaking, the relative stability of various atomic nuclides has exerted a strong influence on the relative abundance of elements formed in the Big Bang, and during the development of the universe thereafter.
[9]
See the article about nucleosynthesis for the explanation on how certain nuclear fusion processes in stars (such as carbon burning, etc.) create the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.

text:
A further observed peculiarity is the jagged alternation between relative abundance and scarcity of adjacent atomic numbers in the elemental abundance curve, and a similar pattern of energy levels in the nuclear binding energy curve. This alternation is caused by the higher relative binding energy (corresponding to relative stability) of even atomic numbers compared with odd atomic numbers and is explained by the Pauli Exclusion Principle.[10]
The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), also called Weizsäcker's formula or the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula, gives a theoretical explanation of the overall shape of the curve of nuclear binding energy.[11]

text: Earth[edit]

text: The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system. In turn, the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements.

text: The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98×1024 kg. In bulk, by mass, it is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements.[12]

text: The bulk composition of the Earth by elemental-mass is roughly similar to the gross composition of the solar system, with the major differences being that Earth is missing a great deal of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons. The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic-fraction), mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure.

text:
Estimated abundances of chemical elements in the Earth.[13] The right two columns give the fraction of the mass in parts per million (ppm) and the fraction by number of atoms in parts per billion (ppb).
show

Atomic Number

Name

Symbol

Mass fraction (ppm)

Atomic fraction (ppb)[13]

8
oxygen
O
297000
482,000,000

12
magnesium
Mg
154000
164,000,000

14
silicon
Si
161000
150,000,000

26
iron
Fe
319000
148,000,000

13
aluminum
Al
15900
15,300,000

20
calcium
Ca
17100
11,100,000

28
nickel
Ni
18220
8,010,000

1
hydrogen
H
260
6,700,000

16
sulfur
S
6350
5,150,000

24
chromium
Cr
4700
2,300,000

11
sodium
Na
1800
2,000,000

6
carbon
C
730
1,600,000

15
phosphorus
P
1210
1,020,000

25
manganese
Mn
1700
800,000

22
titanium
Ti
810
440,000

27
cobalt
Co
880
390,000

19
potassium
K
160
110,000

17
chlorine
Cl
76
56,000

23
vanadium
V
105
53,600

7
nitrogen
N
25
46,000

29
copper
Cu
60
25,000

30
zinc
Zn
40
16,000

9
fluorine
F
10
14,000

21
scandium
Sc
11
6,300

3
lithium
Li
1.10
4,100

38
strontium
Sr
13
3,900

32
germanium
Ge
7.00
2,500

40
zirconium
Zr
7.10
2,000

31
gallium
Ga
3.00
1,000

34
selenium
Se
2.70
890

56
barium
Ba
4.50
850

39
yttrium
Y
2.90
850

33
arsenic
As
1.70
590

5
boron
B
0.20
480

42
molybdenum
Mo
1.70
460

44
ruthenium
Ru
1.30
330

78
platinum
Pt
1.90
250

46
palladium
Pd
1.00
240

58
cerium
Ce
1.13
210

60
neodymium
Nd
0.84
150

4
beryllium
Be
0.05
140

41
niobium
Nb
0.44
120

76
osmium
Os
0.90
120

77
iridium
Ir
0.90
120

37
rubidium
Rb
0.40
120

35
bromine
Br
0.30
97

57
lanthanum
La
0.44
82

66
dysprosium
Dy
0.46
74

64
gadolinium
Gd
0.37
61

52
tellurium
Te
0.30
61

45
rhodium
Rh
0.24
61

50
tin
Sn
0.25
55

62
samarium
Sm
0.27
47

68
erbium
Er
0.30
47

70
ytterbium
Yb
0.30
45

59
praseodymium
Pr
0.17
31

82
lead
Pb
0.23
29

72
hafnium
Hf
0.19
28

74
tungsten
W
0.17
24

79
gold
Au
0.16
21

48
cadmium
Cd
0.08
18

63
europium
Eu
0.10
17

67
holmium
Ho
0.10
16

47
silver
Ag
0.05
12

65
terbium
Tb
0.07
11

51
antimony
Sb
0.05
11

75
rhenium
Re
0.08
10

53
iodine
I
0.05
10

69
thulium
Tm
0.05
7

55
cesium
Cs
0.04
7

71
lutetium
Lu
0.05
7

90
thorium
Th
0.06
6

73
tantalum
Ta
0.03
4

80
mercury
Hg
0.02
3

92
uranium
U
0.02
2

49
indium
In
0.01
2

81
thallium
Tl
0.01
2

83
bismuth
Bi
0.01
1

text: Crust[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is approximately: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminum 8.2%, iron 5.6%, calcium 4.2%, sodium 2.5%, magnesium 2.4%, potassium 2.0%, and titanium 0.61%. Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a complete list, see abundance of elements in Earth's crust.

text: The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust— the part that is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation.

text: Many of the elements shown in the graph are classified into (partially overlapping) categories:

text:
rock-forming elements (major elements in green field, and minor elements in light green field);
rare earth elements (lanthanides, La-Lu, and Y; labeled in blue);
major industrial metals (global production >~3×107 kg/year; labeled in red);
precious metals (labeled in purple);
the nine rarest "metals" — the six platinum group elements plus Au, Re, and Te (a metalloid) — in the yellow field. These are rare in the crust from being soluble in iron and thus concentrated in the Earth's core.

tag: ol

text: Note that there are two breaks where the unstable (radioactive) elements technetium (atomic number: 43) and promethium (atomic number: 61) would be. These elements are surrounded by stable elements, yet both have relatively short half lives (~ 4 million years and ~ 18 years respectively). These are thus extremely rare, since any primordial initial fractions of these in pre-Solar System materials have long since decayed and disappeared. These two elements are now only produced naturally through the spontaneous fission of very heavy radioactive elements (for example, uranium, thorium, or the trace amounts of plutonium that exist in uranium ores), or by the interaction of certain other elements with cosmic rays. Both technetium and promethium have been identified spectroscopically in the atmospheres of stars, where they are produced by ongoing nucleosynthetic processes.

text: There are also breaks in the abundance graph where the six noble gases would be, since they are not chemically bound in the Earth's crust, and they are only generated by decay chains from radioactive elements in the crust, and are therefore extremely rare there.

text: The eight naturally occurring very rare, highly radioactive elements (polonium, astatine, francium, radium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, and plutonium) are not included, since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed away eons ago, and their quantity today is negligible and is only produced from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium.

text: Oxygen and silicon are notably the most common elements in the crust. On Earth and in rocky planets in general, silicon and oxygen are far more common than their cosmic abundance. The reason is that they combine with each other to form silicate minerals. In this way, they are the lightest of all of the two-percent "astronomical metals" (i.e., non-hydrogen and helium elements) to form a solid that is refractory to the Sun's heat, and thus cannot boil away into space. All elements lighter than oxygen have been removed from the crust in this way.

text: Rare-earth elements[edit]

text: "Rare" earth elements is a historical misnomer. The persistence of the term reflects unfamiliarity rather than true rarity. The more abundant rare earth elements are similarly concentrated in the crust compared to commonplace industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, or lead. The two least abundant rare earth elements (thulium and lutetium) are nearly 200 times more common than gold. However, in contrast to the ordinary base and precious metals, rare earth elements have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of rare earth elements comes from only a handful of sources. Furthermore, the rare earth metals are all quite chemically similar to each other, and they are thus quite difficult to separate into quantities of the pure elements.

text: Differences in abundances of individual rare earth elements in the upper continental crust of the Earth represent the superposition of two effects, one nuclear and one geochemical. First, the rare earth elements with even atomic numbers (58Ce, 60Nd, ...) have greater cosmic and terrestrial abundances than the adjacent rare earth elements with odd atomic numbers (57La, 59Pr, ...). Second, the lighter rare earth elements are more incompatible (because they have larger ionic radii) and therefore more strongly concentrated in the continental crust than the heavier rare earth elements. In most rare earth ore deposits, the first four rare earth elements – lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium – constitute 80% to 99% of the total amount of rare earth metal that can be found in the ore.

text: Mantle[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the eight most abundant elements in the Earth's mantle (see main article above) is approximately: oxygen 45%, magnesium 23%, silicon 22%, iron 5.8%, calcium 2.3%, aluminum 2.2%, sodium 0.3%, potassium 0.3%.

text: The mantle differs in elemental composition from the crust in having a great deal more magnesium and significantly more iron, while having much less aluminum and sodium.

text: Core[edit]

text: Due to mass segregation, the core of the Earth is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.[12]

text: Ocean[edit]

text: The most abundant elements in the ocean by proportion of mass in percent are oxygen (85.84), hydrogen (10.82), chlorine (1.94), sodium (1.08), magnesium (0.1292), sulfur (0.091), calcium (0.04), potassium (0.04), bromine (0.0067), carbon (0.0028), and boron  (0.00043).

text: Atmosphere[edit]

text: The order of elements by volume-fraction (which is approximately molecular mole-fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%),[14] argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components.   Sulfur, phosphorus, and all other elements are present in significantly lower proportions.

text: According to the abundance curve graph (above right), argon, a significant if not major component of the atmosphere, does not appear in the crust at all. This is because the atmosphere has a far smaller mass than the crust, so argon remaining in the crust contributes little to mass-fraction there, while at the same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant.

text: Urban soils[edit]

text: For a complete list of the abundance of elements in urban soils, see Abundances of the elements (data page)#Urban soils.

text: Human body[edit]

text:
Elemental abundance in the human body
show

Element
Proportion (by mass)

Oxygen
65

Carbon
18

Hydrogen
10

Nitrogen
3

Calcium
1.5

Phosphorus
1.2

Potassium
0.2

Sulfur
0.2

Chlorine
0.2

Sodium
0.1

Magnesium
0.05

Iron
< 0.05

Cobalt
< 0.05

Copper
< 0.05

Zinc
< 0.05

Iodine
< 0.05

Selenium
< 0.01

text: By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (H2O), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.75% is made up of the next five elements: potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, and magnesium. Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals. Boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body.[15]

text: Below is a periodic table highlighting nutritional elements.[16]

text:
Nutritional elements in the periodic table

H

He

Li
Be

B
C
N
O
F
Ne

Na
Mg

Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar

K
Ca
Sc

Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr

Rb
Sr
Y

Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe

Cs
Ba
La
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn

Fr
Ra
Ac
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

*
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

**
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr

text:
The four basic organic elements

  Quantity elements

  Essential trace elements

  Deemed essential trace element by U.S., not by European Union

  Suggested function from deprivation effects or active metabolic handling, but no clearly-identified biochemical function in humans

  Limited circumstantial evidence for trace benefits or biological action in mammals

  No evidence for biological action in mammals, but essential in some lower organisms.(In the case of lanthanum, the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to the extreme similarity of the lanthanides. Thus Ce, Pr, and Nd may be substituted for La without ill effects for organisms using La, and the smaller Sm, Eu, and Gd may also be similarly substituted but cause slower growth.)


document_title: List of countries by iron ore production

question_text: where is most of the world's iron mined

question_tokens: where is most of the world 's iron mined

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
Country
Usable iron ore production
(thousand tonnes)
Year

 World
2,280,000
2015

1
 Australia
817,000
2015

2
 Brazil
397,000
2015

3
 China
375,000 (estimate)
2015

4
 India
156,000
2015

5
 Russia
101,000
2015

6
 South Africa
73,000
2015

7
 Ukraine
67,000
2015

8
 United States
46,000
2015

9
 Canada
46,000
2015

10
 Iran
27,000
2015

11
 Sweden
25,000
2015

12
 Kazakhstan
21,000
2015

13
 Mexico
18,840
2013

14
 Chile
17,109
2013

15
 Venezuela
16,800
2013

16
 Mauritania
13,400
2013

17
 Sierra Leone
11,895
2013

18
 Malaysia
11,588
2013

19
 Peru
10,126
2013

20
 Turkey
8,589
2013

21
 Mongolia
6,736
2013

22
 Liberia
5,103
2013

23
 Vietnam
4,708
2013

24
 Indonesia
4,000
2013

25
 Norway
3,409
2013

26
 Egypt
3,320
2013

27
 New Zealand
3,157
2013

28
 North Korea
3,054
2013

29
 Austria
2,320
2013

30
 Greece
2,221
2013

31
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2,122
2013

32
 Laos
1,459
2013

33
 Algeria
1,067
2013

34
 Philippines
1,057
2013

35
 Colombia
710
2013

36
 South Korea
663
2013

37
 Thailand
334
2013

38
 Morocco
301
2013

39
 Tunisia
244
2013

40
 Pakistan
193
2013

41
 Azerbaijan
141
2013

other countries
147
2013

text: Pig iron production[edit]

text: This is a list of countries by pig iron production.

text:
Iron ore production (million metric tons):

Rank
Country
1980
2013
2015

 World
506
1,168
1,180

1
 China
38
709
710

2
 Japan
87
84
84

3
 India
8.5
50
54

4
 Russia
n/a
50
51

5
 South Korea
5.6
41
47

6
 Brazil
13
26
30

7
 Germany
36
27
28

8
 United States
62
30
26

9
 Ukraine
n/a
29
25

10
 United Kingdom
6.2
9.4
9

other countries
246
91
101