document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office

question_text: who was canada's longest serving prime minister

question_tokens: who was canada 's longest serving prime minister

text: Prime ministers[edit]

text: Liberal Party of Canada (10)   Conservative Party of Canada (1)   Historical conservative parties/Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (12)

text:
Prime Minister
Incumbency
Years in power[2]
Number of Mandates
Remarks[3][4][5][6]

  1
King !William Lyon Mackenzie King
7001210000000000000♠21 years, 7002154000000000000♠154 days
1921–1926,
1926–1930,
1935–1948A
3 majority &
3 minority
William Lyon Mackenzie King served for three full terms in majority governments; two full terms in minority governments supported by opposition parties; and one short term under a minority government cut short by the King-Byng Affair after which he was replaced by Arthur Meighen.

  2
Macdonald !Sir John A. MacdonaldB
7001180000000000000♠18 years, 7002359000000000000♠359 days
1867–1873,
1878–1891C D
6 majority
Sir John A. Macdonald served for four full terms in majority governments; his second term in a majority government was cut short by the Pacific Scandal, with Alexander Mackenzie taking over; and one term in a majority government cut short by his death, after which four others served out the end of his final term.

  3
P.E. Trudeau !Pierre Trudeau
7001150000000000000♠15 years, 7002164000000000000♠164 days
1968–1979,
1980–1984E
3 majority &
1 minority
Pierre Trudeau served for three full terms in majority governments and one short term in a minority government. The final months of his last term were served out by John Turner.

  4
Laurier !Sir Wilfrid Laurier
7003556300000000000♠15 years, 86 days
1896–1911
4 majority
Sir Wilfrid Laurier served for four full terms in majority governments. He served the longest uninterrupted term of any prime minister.

  5
Chrétien !Jean Chrétien
7003369000000000000♠10 years, 38 days
1993–2003
3 majority
Jean Chrétien served for three full terms in majority governments. The final six months of his last term were served out by Paul Martin.

6
Harper !Stephen Harper
7003355800000000000♠9 years, 271 days
2006–2015
1 majority &
2 minority
Stephen Harper served for two short terms in minority governments and one full term in majority government.

  7
Mulroney !Brian Mulroney
7003320300000000000♠8 years, 281 days
1984–1993
2 majority
Brian Mulroney served for two full terms in majority governments. The final months of his last term were served out by Kim Campbell.

  8
Borden !Sir Robert Borden
7003319600000000000♠8 years, 274 days
1911–1920
2 majority
Sir Robert Borden served for two full terms in majority governments. The final year and a half of his last term were served out by Arthur Meighen.

  9
St. Laurent !Louis St. Laurent
7003314000000000000♠8 years, 218 days
1948–1957
2 majority
Louis St. Laurent served out the end of William Lyon Mackenzie King's last term after the latter's retirement. He then served for two full terms in majority governments.

  10
Diefenbaker !John Diefenbaker
7003213100000000000♠5 years, 305 days
1957–1963
1 majority &
2 minority
John Diefenbaker served for one full term in a majority government and two short terms in minority governments.

  11
Bennett !R. B. Bennett
7003190300000000000♠5 years, 77 days
1930–1935
1 majority
R. B. Bennett served for one full term in a majority government.

  12
Pearson !Lester B. Pearson
7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days
1963–1968
2 minority
Lester B. Pearson served for two short terms in minority governments. The final months of his last term were served out by Pierre Trudeau.

  13
Mackenzie !Alexander Mackenzie
7003179700000000000♠4 years, 336 days
1873–1878
1 majority
Alexander Mackenzie took over from Sir John A. Macdonald's first block of terms following the Pacific Scandal. He then served for one full term in a majority government.

14
J. Trudeau !Justin Trudeau (incumbent)
7002796000000000000♠2 years, 65 days
2015–present
1 majority
Justin Trudeau is currently serving his first term of office leading a majority government.

  15
Martin !Paul Martin
7002787000000000000♠2 years, 56 days
2003–2006
1 minority
Paul Martin served out the end of Jean Chrétien's last term after the latter's retirement. He then served for one short term in a minority government.

  16
Thompson !Sir John Thompson
7002737000000000000♠2 years, 7 days
1892–1894D
none
Sir John Thompson was the second of four prime ministers to serve out the end of Sir John A. Macdonald's last term after Macdonald's death. He was the second, and currently last prime minister of Canada to die in office. He never won an election of his own.

  17
Meighen !Arthur Meighen
7000100000000000000♠1 year, 7002260000000000000♠260 days
1920–1921,
1926F
none
Arthur Meighen served out the end of Sir Robert Borden's last term after the latter's retirement. He also briefly took over from William Lyon Mackenzie King's second term following the King-Byng Affair. His party had won more seats than King in the 1925 election, but did not win a majority. King was able to keep governing with the support of the Progressives until defeated in a confidence vote. The Governor-General then appointed Meighen as prime minister, but his government was soon defeated in a confidence vote as well and lost the resultant 1926 federal election.

  18
Abbott !Sir John Abbott
7002527000000000000♠1 year, 161 days
1891–1892
none
Sir John Abbott was the first of four prime ministers to serve out the end of Sir John A. Macdonald's last term after Macdonald's death. Due to health reasons he did not finish the term. He never won an election of his own.

  19
Bowell !Sir Mackenzie Bowell
7002493000000000000♠1 year, 128 days
1894–1896
none
Sir Mackenzie Bowell was the third of four prime ministers to serve out the end of Sir John A. Macdonald's last term after Macdonald's death. He lost the confidence of his cabinet and resigned before the end of the term. He never won an election of his own.

  20
Clark !Joe Clark
7002273000000000000♠273 days
1979–1980
1 minority
Joe Clark served one short term in a minority government.

  21
Campbell !Kim Campbell
7002132000000000000♠132 days
1993
none
Kim Campbell served out the end of Brian Mulroney's last term after the latter's retirement. She never won an election of her own.

  22
Turner !John Turner
7001790000000000000♠79 days
1984
none
John Turner served out the end of Pierre Trudeau's last term after the latter's retirement. He never won an election of his own. He may have been one of two prime ministers who never served as a Member of Parliament or Senator during any point of his tenure as prime minister. Some sources, however, report that he was sworn in as member for Vancouver Quadra a short time before he resigned as prime minister.[7]

  23
Tupper !Sir Charles Tupper
7001680000000000000♠68 days
1896
none
Sir Charles Tupper was the fourth of four prime ministers to serve out the end of Sir John A. Macdonald's last term after Macdonald's death. He never won an election of his own. He was only in power during an election campaign, making him one of two prime ministers, and perhaps the only one, who never served as a Member of Parliament or Senator during any point of his tenure as prime minister.

text: Footnotes[edit]


document_title: Great Zimbabwe

question_text: what feature is found in the hill complex of the great zimbabwe

root

text: Great Zimbabwe

text: Name[edit]

text: Zimbabwe is the Shona name of the ruins, first recorded in 1531 by Vicente Pegado, Captain of the Portuguese Garrison of Sofala. Pegado noted that "The natives of the country call these edifices Symbaoe, which according to their language signifies 'court'".[7]

tag: p

text: The name contains dzimba, the Shona term for "houses". There are two theories for the etymology of the name. The first proposes that the word is derived from Dzimba-dza-mabwe, translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as "large houses of stone" (dzimba = plural of imba, "house"; mabwe = plural of bwe, "stone").[8] A second suggests that Zimbabwe is a contracted form of dzimba-hwe, which means "venerated houses" in the Zezuru dialect of Shona, as usually applied to the houses or graves of chiefs.[9]

text: Description[edit]

text: Settlement[edit]

text: The majority of scholars believe that it was built by members of the Gokomere culture, who were ancestors of modern Shona in Zimbabwe.

text: The Great Zimbabwe area was settled by the fourth century AD. Between the fourth and the seventh centuries, communities of the Gokomere or Ziwa cultures farmed the valley, and mined and worked iron, but built no stone structures.[6][10] These are the earliest Iron Age settlements in the area identified from archaeological diggings.[11]

text: Construction and growth[edit]

text: Construction of the stone buildings started in the 11th century and continued for over 300 years.[2] The ruins at Great Zimbabwe are some of the oldest and largest structures located in Southern Africa, and are the second oldest after nearby Mapungubwe in South Africa. Its most formidable edifice, commonly referred to as the Great Enclosure, has walls as high as 11 m (36 ft) extending approximately 250 m (820 ft), making it the largest ancient structure south of the Sahara Desert. David Beach believes that the city and its state, the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, flourished from 1200 to 1500,[1] although a somewhat earlier date for its demise is implied by a description transmitted in the early 1500s to João de Barros.[12] Its growth has been linked to the decline of Mapungubwe from around 1300, due to climatic change[13] or the greater availability of gold in the hinterland of Great Zimbabwe.[14] At its peak, estimates are that Great Zimbabwe had as many as 18,000 inhabitants.[15] The ruins that survive are built entirely of stone; they span 730 ha (1,800 acres).

text: Features of the ruins[edit]

text: In 1531, Vicente Pegado, Captain of the Portuguese Garrison of Sofala, described Zimbabwe thus:

text:
“
Among the gold mines of the inland plains between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers there is a fortress built of stones of marvelous size, and there appears to be no mortar joining them.... This edifice is almost surrounded by hills, upon which are others resembling it in the fashioning of stone and the absence of mortar, and one of them is a tower more than 12 fathoms [22 m] high. The natives of the country call these edifices Symbaoe, which according to their language signifies court.[7]
”

tag: table

text: The ruins form three distinct architectural groups. They are known as the Hill Complex, the Valley Complex and the Great Enclosure. The Hill Complex is the oldest, and was occupied from the ninth to thirteenth centuries. The Great Enclosure was occupied from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, and the Valley Complex from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries.[6] Notable features of the Hill Complex include the Eastern Enclosure, in which it is thought the Zimbabwe Birds stood, a high balcony enclosure overlooking the Eastern Enclosure, and a huge boulder in a shape similar to that of the Zimbabwe Bird.[16] The Great Enclosure is composed of an inner wall, encircling a series of structures and a younger outer wall. The Conical Tower, 5.5 m (18 ft) in diameter and 9 m (30 ft) high, was constructed between the two walls.[17] The Valley Complex is divided into the Upper and Lower Valley Ruins, with different periods of occupation.[6]

text: There are different archaeological interpretations of these groupings. It has been suggested that the complexes represent the work of successive kings: some of the new rulers founded a new residence.[1] The focus of power moved from the Hill Complex in the twelfth century, to the Great Enclosure, the Upper Valley and finally the Lower Valley in the early sixteenth century.[6] The alternative "structuralist" interpretation holds that the different complexes had different functions: the Hill Complex as a temple, the Valley complex was for the citizens, and the Great Enclosure was used by the king. Structures that were more elaborate were probably built for the kings, although it has been argued that the dating of finds in the complexes does not support this interpretation.[18]

text: Notable artefacts[edit]

text: The most important artefacts recovered from the Monument are the eight Zimbabwe Birds. These were carved from a micaceous schist (soapstone) on the tops of monoliths the height of a person.[19] Slots in a platform in the Eastern Enclosure of the Hill Complex appear designed to hold the monoliths with the Zimbabwe birds, but as they were not found in situ it cannot be determined which monolith and bird were where.[20] Other artefacts include soapstone figurines (one of which is in the British Museum[21]), pottery, iron gongs, elaborately worked ivory, iron and copper wire, iron hoes, bronze spearheads, copper ingots and crucibles, and gold beads, bracelets, pendants and sheaths.[22][23] Glass beads and porcelain from China and Persia[24] among other foreign artefacts were also found, attesting the international trade linkages of the Kingdom.

text: Trade[edit]

text: Archaeological evidence suggests that Great Zimbabwe became a centre for trading, with artefacts suggesting that the city formed part of a trade network linked to Kilwa[25] and extending as far as China. Copper coins found at Kilwa Kisiwani appear to be of the same pure ore found on the Swahili coast.[26] This international trade was mainly in gold and ivory; some estimates indicate that more than 20 million ounces of gold were extracted from the ground.[27] That international commerce was in addition to the local agricultural trade, in which cattle were especially important.[14] The large cattle herd that supplied the city moved seasonally and was managed by the court.[19] Chinese pottery shards, coins from Arabia, glass beads and other non-local items have been excavated at Zimbabwe. Despite these strong international trade links, there is no evidence to suggest exchange of architectural concepts between Great Zimbabwe and centres such as Kilwa.[28]

text: Decline[edit]

text: Causes for the decline and ultimate abandonment of the site around 1450 have been suggested as due to a decline in trade compared to sites further north, the exhaustion of the gold mines, political instability and famine and water shortages induced by climatic change.[14][29] The Mutapa state arose in the fifteenth century from the northward expansion of the Great Zimbabwe tradition,[30] having been founded by Nyatsimba Mutota from Great Zimbabwe after he was sent to find new sources of salt in the north;[31] (this supports the belief that Great Zimbabwe's decline was due to a shortage of resources). Great Zimbabwe also predates the Khami and Nyanga cultures.[32]

text: History of research and origins of the ruins[edit]

text: From Portuguese traders to Karl Mauch[edit]

text: The first European visit may have been made by the Portuguese traveler António Fernandes in 1513-1515, who crossed twice and reported in detail the region of present-day Zimbabwe (including the Shona kingdoms) and also fortified centers in stone without mortar. However, passing en route a few kilometres north and about 56 km (35 mi) south of the site, he did not make a reference to Great Zimbabwe.[33][34] Portuguese traders heard about the remains of the ancient city in the early 16th century, and records survive of interviews and notes made by some of them, linking Great Zimbabwe to gold production and long-distance trade.[35] Two of those accounts mention an inscription above the entrance to Great Zimbabwe, written in characters not known to the Arab merchants who had seen it.[12][36]

text: In 1506, the explorer Diogo de Alcáçova described the edifices in a letter to the then King of Portugal, writing that they were part of the larger kingdom of Ucalanga (presumably Karanga, a dialect of the Shona people spoken mainly in Masvingo and Midlands provinces of Zimbabwe).[37] João de Barros left another such description of Great Zimbabwe in 1538, as recounted to him by Moorish traders who had visited the area and possessed knowledge of the hinterland. He indicates that the edifices were locally known as Symbaoe, which meant "royal court" in the vernacular.[38] As to the actual identity of the builders of Great Zimbabwe, de Barros writes:

text:
“
When and by whom, these edifices were raised, as the people of the land are ignorant of the art of writing, there is no record, but they say they are the work of the devil, for in comparison with their power and knowledge it does not seem possible to them that they should be the work of man.[39]
”

text: Additionally, with regard to the purpose of the Great Zimbabwe ruins, de Barros asserted that: "in the opinion of the Moors who saw it [Great Zimbabwe] it is very ancient and was built to keep possessions of the mines, which are very old, and no gold has been extracted from them for years, because of the wars... it would seem that some prince who has possession of these mines ordered it to be built as a sign thereof, which he afterwards lost in the course of time and through their being so remote from his kingdom...".[38]

text: De Barros further remarked that Symbaoe "is guarded by a nobleman, who has charge of it, after the manner of a chief alcaide, and they call this officer Symbacayo . . . and there are always some of Benomotapa's wives therein of whom Symbacayo takes care." Thus, Great Zimbabwe appears to have still been inhabited as recently as the early 16th century.[38]

text: Karl Mauch and the Queen of Sheba[edit]

text: The ruins were rediscovered during a hunting trip in 1867 by Adam Render, a German-American hunter, prospector and trader in southern Africa,[40] who in 1871 showed the ruins to Karl Mauch, a German explorer and geographer of Africa. Karl Mauch recorded the ruins 3 September 1871, and immediately speculated about a possible Biblical association with King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, an explanation which had been suggested by earlier writers such as the Portuguese João dos Santos. Mauch went so far as to favour a legend that the structures were built to replicate the palace of the Queen of Sheba in Jerusalem,[41] and claimed a wooden lintel at the site must be Lebanese cedar, brought by Phoenicians.[42] The Sheba legend, as promoted by Mauch, became so pervasive in the white settler community as to cause the later scholar J. Theodore Bent to say

text: The names of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba were on everybody's lips, and have become so distasteful to us that we never expect to hear them again without an involuntary shudder[43]

text: Carl Peters and Theodore Bent[edit]

text: Carl Peters collected a ceramic ushabti in 1903. Flinders Petrie examined it and identified a cartouche on its chest as belonging to the 18th Dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III and suggested that it was a statuette of the king and cited it as proof of commercial ties between rulers in the area and the ancient Egyptians during the New Kingdom (c. 1550 BC–1077 BC), if not a relic of an old Egyptian station near the local gold mines.[44] Johann Heinrich Schäfer later appraised the statuette, and argued that it belonged to a well-known group of forgeries. After having received the ushabti, Felix von Luschan suggested that it was of more recent origin than the New Kingdom. He asserted that the figurine instead appeared to date to the subsequent Ptolemaic era (c. 323 BC–30 BC), when Alexandria-based Greek merchants would export Egyptian antiquities and pseudo-antiquities to southern Africa.[45]

text: J. Theodore Bent undertook a season at Zimbabwe with Cecil Rhodes's patronage and funding from the Royal Geographical Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science. This, and other excavations undertaken for Rhodes, resulted in a book publication that introduced the ruins to English readers. Bent had no formal archaeological training, but had travelled very widely in Arabia, Greece and Asia Minor. He was aided by the expert cartographer and surveyor E. W. M. Swan, who also visited and surveyed a host of related stone ruins nearby. Bent stated in the first edition of his book The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland (1892) that the ruins revealed either the Phoenicians or the Arabs as builders, and he favoured the possibility of great antiquity for the fortress. By the third edition of his book (1902) he was more specific, with his primary theory being "a Semitic race and of Arabian origin" of "strongly commercial" traders living within a client African city.

text: Other theories on the origin of the ruins, among both white settlers and academics, took a common view that the original buildings were probably not made by local Bantu peoples.[46] Bent indulged these theories alongside his Arab theory, to the point where his more tenuous theories had become somewhat discredited by the 1910s.

text: The Lemba[edit]

text: The construction of Great Zimbabwe is also claimed by the Lemba. Members of this ethnic group speak the Bantu languages spoken by their geographic neighbours and resemble them physically, but they have some religious practices and beliefs similar to those in Judaism and Islam, which they claim were transmitted by oral tradition.[47]They have a tradition of ancient Jewish or South Arabian descent through their male line,[48][49] which is supported by recent DNA studies,[50] and female ancestry derived from the Karanga subgroup of the Shona.[51]

text: The Lemba claim was also reported by a William Bolts (in 1777, to the Austrian Habsburg authorities), and by an A.A. Anderson (writing about his travels north of the Limpopo River in the 19th century). Both explorers were told that the stone edifices and the gold mines were constructed by a people known as the BaLemba.[52]

text: David Randall-MacIver and medieval origin[edit]

text: The first scientific archaeological excavations at the site were undertaken by David Randall-MacIver for the British Association in 1905–1906. In Medieval Rhodesia, he wrote of the existence in the site of objects that were of Bantu origin.[53][54] More importantly he suggested a wholly medieval date for the walled fortifications and temple. This claim was not immediately accepted, partly due to the relatively short and undermanned period of excavation he was able to undertake.

text: Gertrude Caton-Thompson[edit]

text: In mid 1929 Gertrude Caton-Thompson concluded, after a twelve-day visit of a three-person team and the digging of several trenches, that the site was indeed created by Bantu. She had first sunk three test pits into what had been refuse heaps on the upper terraces of the hill complex, producing a mix of unremarkable pottery and ironwork. She then moved to the Conical Tower, and tried to dig under the tower, arguing that the ground there would be undisturbed, but nothing was revealed. Some further test trenches were then put down outside the lower Great Enclosure and in the Valley Ruins, which unearthed domestic ironwork, glass beads, and a gold bracelet. Caton-Thompson immediately announced her Bantu origin theory to a meeting of the British Association in Johannesburg.[55]

text: Examination of all the existing evidence, gathered from every quarter, still can produce not one single item that is not in accordance with the claim of Bantu origin and medieval date[43]

text: Caton-Thompson's claim was not immediately favoured, although it had strong support among some scientific archaeologists due to her modern methods. Her most important contribution was in helping to confirm the theory of a medieval origin for the masonry work of circa the 14th-15th century. By 1931, she had modified her Bantu theory somewhat, allowing for a possible Arabian influence for the towers through the imitation of buildings or art seen at the coastal Arabian trading cities.

text: Post-1945 research[edit]

text: Since the 1950s, there has been consensus among archaeologists as to the African origins of Great Zimbabwe.[56][57] Artefacts and radiocarbon dating indicate settlement in at least the fifth century, with continuous settlement of Great Zimbabwe between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries[58] and the bulk of the finds from the fifteenth century.[59] The radiocarbon evidence is a suite of 28 measurements, for which all but the first four, from the early days of the use of that method and now viewed as inaccurate, support the twelfth to fifteenth centuries chronology.[58][60] In the 1970s, a beam that produced some of the anomalous dates in 1952 was reanalysed and gave a fourteenth-century date.[61] Dated finds such as Chinese, Persian and Syrian artefacts also support the twelfth and fifteenth century dates.[62]

text: Gokomere[edit]

text: Archaeologists generally agree that the builders probably spoke one of the Shona languages,[63][64] based upon evidence of pottery,[65][66] oral traditions[59][67] and anthropology[1] and were probably descended from the Gokomere culture.[60] The Gokomere culture, an eastern Bantu subgroup, existed in the area from around 500 AD and flourished from 200 AD to about 800 AD. Archaeological evidence indicates that it constitutes an early phase of the Great Zimbabwe culture.[6][59][68][69] The Gokomere culture likely gave rise to both the modern Mashona people,[70] an ethnic cluster comprising distinct sub-ethnic groups such as the local Karanga clan[citation needed] and the Rozwi culture, which originated as several Shona states.[71] Gokomere-descended groups such as the Shona probably contributed the African component of the ancestry of the Lemba. Gokomere peoples were probably also related to certain nearby early Bantu groups like the Mapungubwe civilisation of neighbouring North eastern South Africa, which is believed to have been an early Venda-speaking culture, and to the nearby Sotho.

text: Recent research[edit]

text: More recent archaeological work has been carried out by Peter Garlake, who has produced the comprehensive descriptions of the site,[72][73][74] David Beach[1][75][76] and Thomas Huffman,[59][77] who have worked on the chronology and development of Great Zimbabwe and Gilbert Pwiti, who has published extensively on trade links.[14][30][78] Today, the most recent consensus appears to attribute the construction of Great Zimbabwe to the Shona people.[79][80] Some evidence also suggests an early influence from the probably Venda speaking peoples of Mapungubwe.[60]

text: Damage to the ruins[edit]

text: Damage to the ruins has taken place throughout the last century. The removal of gold and artefacts in amateurist diggings by early colonial antiquarians caused widespread damage,[35] notably diggings by Richard Nicklin Hall.[43] More extensive damage was caused by the mining of some of the ruins for gold.[35] Reconstruction attempts since 1980 caused further damage, leading to alienation of the local communities from the site.[81][82]

text: Political implications[edit]

text: Martin Hall writes that the history of Iron Age research south of the Zambezi shows the prevalent influence of colonial ideologies, both in the earliest speculations about the nature of the African past and in the adaptations that have been made to contemporary archaeological methodologies.[83] Preben Kaarsholm writes that both colonial and black nationalist groups invoked Great Zimbabwe's past to support their vision of the country's present, through the media of popular history and of fiction. Examples of such popular history include Alexander Wilmot's Monomotapa (Rhodesia) and Ken Mufuka's Dzimbahwe: Life and Politics in the Golden Age; examples from fiction include Wilbur Smith's The Sunbird and Stanlake Samkange's Year of the Uprising.[35]

text: When white colonialists like Cecil Rhodes first saw the ruins, they saw them as a sign of the great riches that the area would yield to its new masters.[35] Gertrude Caton-Thompson recognised that the builders were indigenous Africans, but she characterised the site as the "product of an infantile mind" built by a subjugated society.[84][85][86] Pikirayi and Kaarsholm suggest that this presentation of Great Zimbabwe was partly intended to encourage settlement and investment in the area.[35][87] The official line in Rhodesia during the 1960s and 1970s was that the structures were built by non-blacks. Archaeologists who disputed the official statement were censored by the government.[88] According to Paul Sinclair, interviewed for None But Ourselves:[4]

text: I was the archaeologist stationed at Great Zimbabwe. I was told by the then-director of the Museums and Monuments organisation to be extremely careful about talking to the press about the origins of the [Great] Zimbabwe state. I was told that the museum service was in a difficult situation, that the government was pressurising them to withhold the correct information. Censorship of guidebooks, museum displays, school textbooks, radio programmes, newspapers and films was a daily occurrence. Once a member of the Museum Board of Trustees threatened me with losing my job if I said publicly that blacks had built Zimbabwe. He said it was okay to say the yellow people had built it, but I wasn't allowed to mention radio carbon dates... It was the first time since Germany in the thirties that archaeology has been so directly censored.

text: This suppression of archaeology culminated in the departure from the country of prominent archaeologists of Great Zimbabwe, including Peter Garlake, Senior Inspector of Monuments for Rhodesia, and Roger Summers of the National Museum.[89]

text: To black nationalist groups, Great Zimbabwe became an important symbol of achievement by Africans: reclaiming its history was a major aim for those seeking majority rule. In 1980 the new internationally recognised independent country was renamed for the site, and its famous soapstone bird carvings were retained from the Rhodesian flag and Coat of Arms as a national symbol and depicted in the new Zimbabwean flag. After the creation of the modern state of Zimbabwe in 1980, Great Zimbabwe has been employed to mirror and legitimise shifting policies of the ruling regime. At first it was argued that it represented a form of pre-colonial "African socialism" and later the focus shifted to stressing the natural evolution of an accumulation of wealth and power within a ruling elite.[90] An example of the former is Ken Mufuka's booklet,[91] although the work has been heavily criticised.[35][92]

text: Some of the carvings had been taken from Great Zimbabwe around 1890 and sold to Cecil Rhodes, who was intrigued and had copies made which he gave to friends. Most of the carvings have now been returned to Zimbabwe, but one remains at Rhodes' old home, Groote Schuur, in Cape Town.

text: The Great Zimbabwe University[edit]

text: In the early 21st century, the government of Zimbabwe endorsed the creation of a university in the vicinity of the ruins. This university is an arts and culture based university which draws from the rich history of the monuments. It was created to preserve the rich history of this country which was facing a dark future due to globalisation. The university main site is near the monuments with other campuses in the City centre and Mashava. The campuses include Herbet Chitepo Law School, Robert Mugabe School of Education, Gary Magadzire School of Agriculture and Natural Science, Simon Muzenda School of Arts, and Munhumutapa School of Commerce.

text: Image gallery[edit]

text:
The Hill Complex

The Conical Tower

The Great Enclosure

The Great Enclosure (close)

The Great Enclosure (far)

The Hill Complex from the Valley

Wooden lintel in doorway

Passageway in the Great Enclosure

tag: ul


document_title: Thick as a Brick

question_text: who wrote the lyrics to thick as a brick

text: Thick as a Brick

text: Background[edit]

text: Jethro Tull's frontman and songwriter Ian Anderson was surprised when critics called the band's previous album, Aqualung (1971), a "concept album". He rejected this, thinking it was simply a collection of songs, so in response decided to "come up with something that really is the mother of all concept albums".[2] Taking the surreal English humor of Monty Python as an influence, he began to write a piece that would combine complex music with a sense of humour, with the idea it would poke light-hearted fun at the band, the audience, and the music critics.[2] He also intended to satirise the progressive rock genre that was popular at the time.[3]

text: Anderson has also said  that "the album was a spoof to the albums of Yes and Emerson, Lake & Palmer, much like what the movie Airplane! had been to Airport"[4] and later remarked that it was a "bit of a satire about the whole concept of grand rock-based concept albums".[5] Although Anderson wrote all the music and lyrics, he co-credited the writing to a fictional schoolboy named Gerald Bostock. The humour was subtle enough that some fans believed that Bostock was real.[2] Reviewing the 40th anniversary reissue, Noel Murray suggested that many listeners of the original album "missed the joke".[6]

text: Recording[edit]

text: The group ran through two weeks of rehearsals using The Rolling Stones' basement studio in Bermondsey.[7] They had not intended to record a single continuous piece;[8] the band came up with individual song segments, then decided to write short pieces of music to link them together.[9]

text: Recording started in December 1971 at Morgan Studios, London.[7] Unlike previous albums, where Anderson had generally written songs in advance, only the initial section of the album had been worked out when the band went into the studio. The remainder of the suite was written during the recording sessions.[10] To compensate for a lack of material, Anderson got up early each morning to prepare music for the rest of the band to learn during that day's session.[11] The lyrics were written first, with the music constructed to fit around them.[12] Anderson recalls the album took about two weeks to record and another two or three for overdubs and mixing.[7] The final work spanned the entire length of an LP record, split over two sides.[8]

text: The group remembered the recording being a happy process, with a strong feeling of camaraderie and fun, with numerous practical jokes. They were fans of Python, and this style of humour influenced the lyrics and overall concept.[13] Guitarist Martin Barre recalls the whole band coming up with various ideas for the music.[5] Some parts were recorded in a single take with every member having an input, including significant contributions from keyboardist John Evan.[14][15]

text: Musical style[edit]

text: Thick as a Brick was viewed by some critics as Jethro Tull's first progressive rock album.[16] The album has a variety of musical themes, time signature changes and tempo shifts – all of which were features of the progressive rock scene.[17] Although the finished album runs as one continuous piece, it is made up of a medley of individual songs that run into each other, none of which individually lasts more than a couple of minutes.[18] Parts of the suite blend classical and folk music into the typical rock music framework.[19]

text: The album prominently features flute, acoustic and electric guitars and Hammond organ, which had been used previously,[13] but the instrumentation includes harpsichord, xylophone, timpani, violin, lute, trumpet, saxophone, and a string section—all uncommon in the band's earlier blues-inspired rock.[17] Anderson later said that the lyrics were partly derived from experiences his own childhood, though the overall theme was showing Bostock's attempt to make sense of life from his point of view.[20]

text: Cover[edit]

text: The original LP cover was designed as a spoof of a 12x16-inch (305x406 mm) 12-page small-town English newspaper, entitled The St. Cleve Chronicle and Linwell Advertiser, with articles, competitions and advertisements lampooning the typical parochial and amateurish journalism of the local English press.[21] The band's record company, Chrysalis Records, complained that the sleeve would be too expensive to produce, but Anderson countered that if a real newspaper could be produced, a parody of one would also be practical.[22]

text: The mock newspaper, dated 7 January 1972, also includes the entire lyrics to "Thick as a Brick" (printed on page 7), which is presented as a poem written by Bostock,[17] whose disqualification from a poetry contest is the focus of the front-page story. This article claims that although Bostock initially won the contest, the judges' decision was repealed after protests and threats concerning the offensive nature of the poem, along with the boy's suspected psychological instability.[23] The front cover includes a piece where Bostock is accused without foundation of being the father of his 14-year-old friend Julia's child.[24] The inside of the paper features a mock review by "Julian Stone-Mason BA", a pseudonym of Anderson's.[25]

text: The contents of the newspaper were written mostly by Anderson, bassist Jeffrey Hammond and keyboardist John Evan.[22] While some of the pieces were obviously silly, such as "Magistrate Fines himself", there was a lengthy story entitled "Do Not See Me Rabbit" about a pilot in the Battle of Britain being shot down by a Me-109 fighter.[26] The overall layout was designed by Chrysalis' Roy Eldridge, who had previously worked as a journalist.[22] Most of the characters in the newspaper were members of the band, their management, road crew, or colleagues; for instance, recording engineer Robin Black played a local roller-skating champion.[27] Anderson recalls that the cover took longer to produce than the music.[22]

text: The satirical newspaper was heavily abridged for conventional CD booklets, but the 25th Anniversary Special Edition CD cover is closer to the original, and the 40th anniversary boxed version contains most of the content from the original newspaper.[28]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: Following the album's release, the band set out on tour, playing the entire piece with some extra musical additions that extended performances to over an hour.[29] At the start of the show, men wearing capes appeared onstage and began sweeping the floor, counting the audience and studying the venue; after a few minutes, some of them revealed themselves to be members of the band and began to play.[30] During some shows, the entire band stopped mid-performance when a telephone rang on stage, which Anderson would answer, before carrying on performing. News and weather reports were read halfway through the show, and a man in a scuba diver outfit came onstage. The tour's humour caused problems in Japan, where audiences responded to the changes with bewilderment.[29] Barre recalls these first live performances being "a terrible experience" as there was a lot of complex music with a variety of time signature changes to remember.[31]

text: Anderson performed the entire album live on tour in 2012, the first complete performances since the original tour.[32] In August 2014, Anderson released the CD/DVD/Blu-ray Thick as a Brick - Live in Iceland.[33] The concert was recorded in Reykjavík, Iceland, on 22 June 2012 and featured complete Thick as a Brick and Thick as a Brick 2 performances by the Ian Anderson Touring Band. Some of the humour and stage antics were maintained, especially the telephone ringing in the middle of the song, replaced by a cell phone and a Skype call.[34]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic [35]Robert ChristgauC− [36]Musichound Rock: The Essential Album Guide [37]Record Collector [38]The Rolling Stone Album Guide (1979) [39]

text: Thick as a Brick was originally scheduled for release on 25 February 1972. It was held back a week to 3 March following production problems relating to the 1972 miners' strike.[1] The album reached the top 5 in the UK charts, and number one in Australia, Canada and the United States,[40][41][42] where it was certified Gold.[43]

text: Contemporary reviews were mixed. Chris Welch of Melody Maker praised the musicianship of the band and Anderson's flute playing, writing also that "the joke at the expense of a local newspaper wears thin rather rapidly, but should not detract from the obvious amount of thought and work that has gone into the production of Thick"; he described the music as a creative effort where "the ideas flow in super abundance" but that "needs time to absorb" and "heard out of context of their highly visual stage act ... does not have such immediate appeal".[44] Tony Tyler in his review for New Musical Express generally appreciated the construction of the suites and the arrangements, but he had doubts about the album's possible success. He called Thick as a Brick "Jethro Tull's own stand-or-fall epic after the lines of Tommy" and "an assault on the mediocrity and harshness of lower-middle-class existence in '70s Britain".[45] Ben Gerson in Rolling Stone magazine called Thick as a Brick "one of rock's most sophisticated and ground-breaking products". Going further, the reviewer stated: "Martin Barre's guitar and John Evan's keyboards especially shine, and Ian's singing is no longer abrasive. Whether or not Thick As A Brick is an isolated experiment, it is nice to know that someone in rock has ambitions beyond the four- or five-minute conventional track, and has the intelligence to carry out his intentions, in all their intricacy, with considerable grace."[46] Rolling Stone's Dave Marsh gave it 2 out of 5 stars in The Rolling Stone Record Guide, judging it had "relatively undifferentiated movements".[39] American critic Robert Christgau disliked the album, calling it "the usual shit: rock (getting heavier), folk (getting feyer), classical (getting schlockier), flute (getting better because it has no choice)".[36]

text: Retrospective reviews have been positive. AllMusic wrote that "Jethro Tull's first LP-length epic is a masterpiece in the annals of progressive rock, and one of the few works of its kind that still holds up decades later."[35] Jordan Blum of PopMatters thinks that the album "paved the way for modern progressive rock" and "today, it represents not only a pinnacle achievement for Jethro Tull, but also a concrete example of just how adventurous and free artists used to be." Record Collector reviewer writes that "today, free from the irrelevant context of misdiagnosis and derision that dogged it on its original release, the album sounds like nothing less than an Olympian feat of composition and musicianship."[38] According to Modern Drummer reviewer Adam Budofsky, "it remains so elevated in progressive rock fans' hearts and minds forty years later is a testament to its quality."[47]

text: Prog magazine included Thick as a Brick at number 5 in their list "The 100 Greatest Prog Albums of All Time",[48] while Rolling Stone listed the album at number 7 in their "Top 50 Prog Albums of All Time".[49] Thick as a Brick is ranked number 3 in the user-managed website Prog Archives's top albums list, with an average rank of 4.64 stars.[50] Rush's Geddy Lee has said Thick as a Brick is one of his favourite albums,[51] as did Iron Maiden's Steve Harris.[52]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All lyrics written by "Gerald Bostock" (Ian Anderson); all music composed by Anderson.

text: Side oneNo.TitleLength1."Thick as a Brick, Part I"22:40

text: Side twoNo.TitleLength2."Thick as a Brick, Part II"21:06

text: show25th Anniversary Edition bonus tracksNo.TitleLength3."Thick as a Brick" (1978 live version at Madison Square Garden)10:504."Interview with Jethro Tull" (Ian Anderson, Martin Barre and Jeffrey Hammond)16:30

text: show2012 40th Anniversary Special Collector's Edition CD1: Steven Wilson stereo remix of the albumNo.TitleLength1."Thick as a Brick, Part I"22:442."Thick as a Brick, Part II"20:54

text: show2012 40th Anniversary Special Collector's Edition DVD: Steven Wilson 5.1 surround and stereo remixes and flat transfer of the original stereo mix of the album and 1972 radio adNo.TitleLength1."Thick as a Brick, Part I" (5.1 Surround Mix)22:442."Thick as a Brick, Part II" (5.1 Surround Mix)20:543."Thick as a Brick, Part I" (2012 Stereo Mix)22:444."Thick as a Brick, Part II" (2012 Stereo Mix)20:545."Thick as a Brick, Part I" (Original Stereo Mix)22:446."Thick as a Brick, Part II" (Original Stereo Mix)20:547."1972 Radio Ad"

text: Reissues[edit]

text: The album has been reissued on CD several times: the first release (1985, which featured the two tracks combined as one),[53] the MFSL-release (1989),[53] the 25th Anniversary Edition (1997), and the 40th Anniversary Edition (2012).

text: The 40th Anniversary Edition was released in November 2012, and includes a CD, a DVD, and a book. The CD contains a new mix of the album. The DVD contains a 5.1 surround sound mix (in DTS and Dolby Digital), the new stereo mix in high resolution, and the original stereo mix in high resolution. The first pressing of the DVD/CD box contained a faulty DVD with significant audio errors. A corrected replacement edition was issued later, with only a horizontal line beneath the "album duration" note on the disc label to identify it. The album was also re-released on vinyl at the same time.[54] This edition lists part one at 22:45 and part two at 21:07.

text: The downloadable version of the 40th anniversary edition splits the overall suite into eight separate parts:[54]

text:
"Really Don't Mind" / "See There a Son Is Born" – 5:00
"The Poet and the Painter" – 5:29
"What Do You Do When the Old Man's Gone?" / "From the Upper Class" – 5:25
"You Curl Your Toes in Fun" / "Childhood Heroes" / "Stabs Instrumental" – 6:48
"See There a Man Is Born" / "Clear White Circles" – 5:58
"Legends and Believe in the Day" – 6:34
"Tales of Your Life" – 5:24
"Childhood Heroes Reprise" – 2:56

tag: ol

text: Pressing errors[edit]

text: On the Spanish 1976 reissue on the Chrysalis Green Label, serial number 89794-IE, side A is not a continuous suite. The suite is at least separated in 5 songs, missing music interludes and also some lyrics. Side B runs correctly as a continuous suite.

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Taken from the sleeve notes.[55]

text:
Ian Anderson – vocals, acoustic guitar, flute, violin, trumpet, saxophone
Martin Barre – electric guitar, lute
John Evan – organ, piano, harpsichord
Jeffrey Hammond (as "Jeffrey Hammond-Hammond") – bass guitar, spoken word
Barriemore Barlow – drums, percussion, timpani

text:
David Palmer – orchestral arrangements[17]
Terry Ellis – executive producer
Robin Black – engineer

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Year

Chart

Peakposition

1972
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)[56]

1

1972
Canadian Albums (RPM)[57]

1

1972
Danish Albums (Tracklisten)[58]

1

1972
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[59]

2

2012
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[60] 40th Anniversary Collector's Edition

53

1972
Italian Albums (FIMI)[61]

2

2015
Italian Albums (FIMI)[62] The Steven Wilson 2012 Stereo Remix

77

1972
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[63]

3

1972
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[64]

3

1972
UK Albums Chart (OCC)[65]

5

1972
US Billboard 200[66]

1

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Country

Organization

Year

Sales

USA

RIAA

1972

Gold (+ 500,000)[43]

text: Covers and follow-ups[edit]

text: In 2012, Ian Anderson announced plans for a follow-up album, Thick as a Brick 2: Whatever Happened to Gerald Bostock?. According to the Jethro Tull website, the sequel is "a full length Progressive Rock 'concept' album worthy of its predecessor. Boy to man and beyond, it looks at what might have befallen the child poet Gerald Bostock in later life. Or, perhaps, any of us."[67]

text: The follow-up album was released on 2 April 2012. It describes five different scenarios of Gerald Bostock's life, where he potentially becomes a greedy investment banker, a homeless homosexual man, a soldier in the Afghan War, a sanctimonious evangelist preacher, and a most ordinary man who runs a corner store and is married and childless. Thick as a Brick 2 lists 17 separate songs merged into 13 distinct tracks (some labelled as medleys), although also all flowing together much like a single song. To follow the style of the mock newspaper on the original Thick as a Brick, a mock online newspaper was set up.[68]

text: While TAAB 2 was a follow-up about Gerald Bostock, the 2014 Ian Anderson solo album Homo Erraticus was presented as a follow-up work by Gerald Bostock. In the backstory Anderson created for the album, the now middle-aged Bostock came across an unpublished manuscript by one Ernest T. Parritt (1873–1928), entitled "Homo Britanicus Erraticus". Parritt was convinced he lived past lives as historical characters, and wrote detailed accounts of these lives in his work; he also wrote of fantasy imaginings of lives yet to come. Bostock then created lyrics based on Parritt's writings, while Anderson set them to music.[69][70] As with the original Thick as a Brick, authorship of each song on this album is explicitly credited to both Anderson and Bostock.[69]

text: Car maker Hyundai used the song in one of their commercials in 2001. Ian Anderson recorded a new version specifically for the commercial to avoid having another artist do it. He does not drive a Hyundai – indeed he has never held a driving licence – calling himself a "professional passenger."[21]

text: Composer Richard Harvey has covered Thick as a Brick in the special compilation The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Plays Prog Rock Classics.[71]


document_title: Will Theakston

question_text: who plays the slytherin seeker in the sorcerer's stone

question_tokens: who plays the slytherin seeker in the sorcerer 's stone

text: Will Theakston

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Will Theakston

Born
(1984-10-04) 4 October 1984 (age 32)
United Kingdom

text: William Theakston (born 4 October 1984) is an English actor who appeared in the first Harry Potter film. He played the role of the Slytherin Quidditch Seeker Terence Higgs. He attended Latymer Upper School.

text: He has also appeared in two children's TV series: CBBC's The Ghost Hunter and CITV's Sir Gadabout: The Worst Knight in the Land. In Ghost Hunter he played the character of Roddy, one of the main characters. Roddy and his sister Tessa make friends with the ghost of a Victorian shoe-shine boy who is being hunted by the sinister Ghost Hunter. In Sir Gadabout he played the character of Will, a more minor character who is the friend of the princess in the series. This programme was loosely based on the stories of King Arthur.

text: Partial filmography[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) - Terence Higgs


document_title: 2013 New York Giants season

question_text: when was the last time the giants were 0-5

question_tokens: when was the last time the giants were 0-5

text: 2013 New York Giants season

text: 2013 draft class[edit]

text:
2013 New York Giants draft

Round
Pick
Player
Position
College
Notes

1
19
Justin Pugh
Offensive tackle
Syracuse

2
49
Johnathan Hankins
Defensive tackle
Ohio State

3
81
Damontre Moore
Defensive end
Texas A&M

4
110
Ryan Nassib
Quarterback
Syracuse
From the Arizona Cardinals

5
152
Cooper Taylor
Safety
Richmond

7
225
Eric Herman
Guard
Ohio
Player cut in 2014 offseason.

7
253
Michael Cox
Running back
UMass
Compensatory selection, Player cut in 2014 offseason.

      Made roster    †   Pro Football Hall of Fame    *   Made at least one Pro Bowl during career

text: Notes

text: The Giants traded their fourth-round selection (No. 116 overall) and sixth-round selection (No. 187 overall) to the Arizona Cardinals in exchange for the Cardinals' fourth-round selection (No. 110 overall).

text: Staff[edit]

text:
2013 New York Giants staff

Front office

President/CEO – John Mara
Chairman/Executive Vice President – Steve Tisch
Senior Vice President/General Manager – Jerry Reese
Senior Vice President of Player Personnel – Chris Mara
Assistant General Manager – Kevin Abrams
Director of Pro Personnel – Ken Sternfeld
Director of College Scouting – Marc Ross
Director of Football Operations – Matt Harriss

Head coaches

Head Coach – Tom Coughlin

Offensive coaches

Offensive Coordinator – Kevin Gilbride
Quarterbacks – Sean Ryan
Running Backs – Jerald Ingram
Wide Receivers – Kevin Gilbride, Jr.
Tight Ends – Mike Pope
Offensive Line – Pat Flaherty
Assistant Offensive Line – Lunda Wells
Offensive Assistant – Ryan Roeder

Defensive coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Perry Fewell
Defensive Line – Robert Nunn
Linebackers – Jim Herrmann
Secondary/Cornerbacks – Peter Giunta
Secondary/Safeties – David Merritt
Defensive Assistant – Rob Leonard

Strength and conditioning

Strength and Conditioning – Jerry Palmieri
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Markus Paul
Strength and Conditioning Assistant – Joe Danos

text: Final roster[edit]

text:
2013 New York Giants final roster

Quarterbacks

10 Eli Manning
 9 Ryan Nassib
17 Curtis Painter

Running backs

35 Andre Brown
39 John Conner FB
29 Michael Cox KR
44 Peyton Hillis

Wide receivers

80 Victor Cruz
12 Jerrel Jernigan
18 Louis Murphy
88 Hakeem Nicks
82 Rueben Randle PR
19 Julian Talley

Tight ends

84 Larry Donnell
83 Brandon Myers
86 Bear Pascoe FB
81 Adrien Robinson

Offensive linemen

65 Will Beatty T
77 Kevin Boothe C
73 James Brewer G
66 David Diehl G
79 Stephen Goodin G/T
62 Eric Herman G
67 Brandon Mosley G/T
72 Justin Pugh T
61 Dallas Reynolds C

Defensive linemen

96 Johnathan Hankins DT
99 Cullen Jenkins DT
97 Linval Joseph DT
94 Mathias Kiwanuka DE
78 Markus Kuhn DT
98 Damontre Moore DE
93 Mike Patterson DT
90 Jason Pierre-Paul DE
91 Justin Tuck DE

Linebackers

52 Jon Beason MLB
59 Allen Bradford OLB
53 Marcus Dowtin OLB
58 Mark Herzlich MLB
54 Spencer Paysinger OLB
55 Keith Rivers OLB
57 Jacquian Williams OLB

Defensive backs

20 Prince Amukamara CB
25 Will Hill FS
28 Jayron Hosley CB
37 Charles James CB
38 Trumaine McBride CB
21 Ryan Mundy FS
26 Antrel Rolle SS
24 Terrell Thomas CB

Special teams

 3 Josh Brown K
51 Zak DeOssie LS
 5 Steve Weatherford P

Reserve lists

89 Kris Adams WR (IR)
64 David Baas C (IR)
27 Stevie Brown FS (IR)
63 Jim Cordle C (IR)
45 Henry Hynoski FB (IR)
34 Brandon Jacobs RB (IR)
95 Shaun Rogers DT (IR)
31 Aaron Ross CB (IR)
33 Da'Rel Scott RB (IR)
76 Chris Snee G (IR)
30 Cooper Taylor SS (IR)
23 Corey Webster CB (IR)
22 David Wilson RB (IR)

Practice squad

71 Kendrick Adams DE
74 Steven Baker OT
-- Kendall Gaskins RB
13 Marcus Harris WR
-- Travis Howard CB
49 Junior Mertile CB
43 Chaz Powell CB
41 Ross Weaver CB

Rookies in italics 53 Active, 13 Inactive, 8 Practice squad

text: Schedule[edit]

text: Preseason[edit]

text:
Week
Date
Opponent
Result
Record
Game site
NFL.com
recap

1
August 10
at Pittsburgh Steelers
W 18–13
1–0
Heinz Field
Recap

2
August 18
Indianapolis Colts
L 12–20
1–1
MetLife Stadium
Recap

3
August 24
New York Jets
L 21–24 (OT)
1–2
MetLife Stadium
Recap

4
August 29
at New England Patriots
L 20–28
1–3
Gillette Stadium
Recap

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Week
Date
Opponent
Result
Record
Game site
NFL.com
recap

1
September 8
at Dallas Cowboys
L 31–36
0–1
AT&T Stadium
Recap

2
September 15
Denver Broncos
L 23–41
0–2
MetLife Stadium
Recap

3
September 22
at Carolina Panthers
L 0–38
0–3
Bank of America Stadium
Recap

4
September 29
at Kansas City Chiefs
L 7–31
0–4
Arrowhead Stadium
Recap

5
October 6
Philadelphia Eagles
L 21–36
0–5
MetLife Stadium
Recap

6
October 10
at Chicago Bears
L 21–27
0–6
Soldier Field
Recap

7
October 21
Minnesota Vikings
W 23–7
1–6
MetLife Stadium
Recap

8
October 27
at Philadelphia Eagles
W 15–7
2–6
Lincoln Financial Field
Recap

9
Bye

10
November 10
Oakland Raiders
W 24–20
3–6
MetLife Stadium
Recap

11
November 17
Green Bay Packers
W 27–13
4–6
MetLife Stadium
Recap

12
November 24
Dallas Cowboys
L 21–24
4–7
MetLife Stadium
Recap

13
December 1
at Washington Redskins
W 24–17
5–7
FedExField
Recap

14
December 8
at San Diego Chargers
L 14–37
5–8
Qualcomm Stadium
Recap

15
December 15
Seattle Seahawks
L 0–23
5–9
MetLife Stadium
Recap

16
December 22
at Detroit Lions
W 23–20 (OT)
6–9
Ford Field
Recap

17
December 29
Washington Redskins
W 20–6
7–9
MetLife Stadium
Recap

text: Game summaries[edit]

text: Week 1: at Dallas Cowboys[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Giants
3
7
7
14
31

Cowboys
3
10
14
9
36

text: at AT&T Stadium, Arlington, Texas

text:
Date: September 8
Game time: 8:30 p.m. EDT/7:30 p.m. CDT
Game weather: Played indoors (retractable roof closed)
Game attendance: 85,348
Referee: Tony Corrente
TV announcers (NBC): Al Michaels, Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

DAL Dan Bailey 30-yard FG (4 plays, 3 yards, 1:49)
NYG Josh Brown 20-yard FG (4—1, 1:58)

Second quarter

DAL Bailey 38-yard FG (14–60, 7:00)
DAL Jason Witten 15-yard pass from Romo (Bailey kick) (9–71, 4:57)
NYG Cruz 70-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (3–80, 1:05)

Third quarter

DAL Church 27-yard fumble return (Bailey kick)
DAL Witten 4-yard pass from Romo (Bailey kick) (2–16, 0:49)
NYG Cruz 18-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (8–80, 3:11)

Fourth quarter

DAL Bailey 45-yard FG (8–53, 4:34)
NYG Cruz 10-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (7–90, 3:23)
DAL Brandon Carr 49-yard interception return (pass failed)
NYG Brandon Myers 4-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (9–80, 1:39)

Top passers

NYG – Eli Manning – 27/42, 450 YDS, 4 TD, 3 INT
DAL – Tony Romo – 36/49, 263 YDS, 2 TD, INT

Top rushers

NYG – Da'Rel Scott – 5 CAR, 23 YDS
DAL – DeMarco Murray – 20 CAR, 86 YDS

Top receivers

NYG – Victor Cruz – 5 REC, 118 YDS, 3 TD
DAL – Miles Austin – 10 REC, 72 YDS

Top tacklers

NYG – Terrell Thomas – 6 TKL, AST
DAL – Barry Church – 7 TKL, AST

text: With the loss, the Giants start their season at 0–1. It was their first loss ever in AT&T Stadium since it opened in 2009.

text: Week 2: vs. Denver Broncos[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Broncos
0
10
14
17
41

Giants
3
6
7
7
23

text: at MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey

text:
Date: September 15
Game time: 4:25 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 70 °F (21 °C), Mostly Sunny
Game attendance: 81,285
Referee: Gene Steratore
TV announcers (CBS): Jim Nantz, Phil Simms and Tracy Wolfson
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

NYG Josh Brown 36-yard FG (7–62, 3:09)

Second quarter

DEN Moreno 20-yard run (Matt Prater kick) (4–40, 0:48)
NYG Josh Brown 24-yard FG (6–37, 2:31)
NYG Josh Brown 41-yard FG (7–37, 3:46)
DEN Prater 42-yard FG (8–56, 1:32)

Third quarter

DEN Wes Welker 2-yard pass from Manning (Prater kick) (9–53, 4:28)
NYG Brandon Jacobs 1-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (9–81, 5:50)
DEN Moreno 25-yard run (Prater kick) (7–80, 2:43)

Fourth quarter

DEN Julius Thomas 11-yard pass from Manning (Prater kick) (5–36, 2:34)
DEN Trindon Holliday 81-yard punt return (Prater kick)
NYG Scott 23-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (4–71, 1:13)
DEN Prater 47-yard FG (7–15, 1:21)

Top passers

DEN – Peyton Manning – 30/43, 307 YDS, 2 TD
NYG – Eli Manning – 28/49, 362 YDS, TD, 4 INT

Top rushers

DEN – Knowshon Moreno – 13 CAR, 93 YDS, 2 TD
NYG – David Wilson – 7 CAR, 17 YDS

Top receivers

DEN – Eric Decker – 9 REC, 87 YDS
NYG – Victor Cruz – 8 REC, 118 YDS

Top tacklers

DEN – Danny Trevathan – 8 TKL, 2 AST, SK
NYG – Prince Amukamara – 10 TKL

text: With the loss, the Giants fell to 0–2. Eli became 0-3 against his brother Peyton.

text: Week 3: at Carolina Panthers[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Giants
0
0
0
0
0

Panthers
7
10
14
7
38

text: at Bank of America Stadium, Charlotte, North Carolina

text:
Date: September 22
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 75 °F (24 °C), Sunny
Game attendance: 73,748
Referee: Mike Carey
TV announcers (Fox): Thom Brennaman, Brian Billick and Laura Okmin
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

CAR Mike Tolbert 2-yard run (Graham Gano kick) (12–59, 5:50)

Second quarter

CAR Gano 53-yard FG (10–37, 4:54)
CAR Brandon LaFell 16-yard pass from Newton (Gano kick) (13–65, 3:33)

Third quarter

CAR LaFell 20-yard pass from Newton (Gano kick) (6–80, 3:25)
CAR Newton 3-yard run (Gano kick) (7–38, 3:52)

Fourth quarter

CAR Ginn 47-yard pass from Newton (Gano kick) (6–87, 3:07)

Top passers

NYG – Eli Manning – 12/23, 119 YDS, INT
CAR – Cam Newton – 15/27, 223 YDS, 3 TD, INT

Top rushers

NYG – David Wilson – 11 CAR, 39 YDS
CAR – DeAngelo Williams – 23 CAR, 120 YDS

Top receivers

NYG – Rueben Randle – 2 REC, 40 YDS
CAR – Ted Ginn, Jr. – 3 REC, 71 YDS, TD

Top tacklers

NYG – Linval Joseph – 5 TKL, 3 AST; Ryan Mundy – 5 TKL, 4 AST; Jason Pierre-Paul – 5 TKL
CAR – Greg Hardy – 5 TKL, 3 AST, 3 SK

text: With the shutout loss, the Giants fell to 0–3. Their 1st 0-3 start since 1996.

text: Week 4: at Kansas City Chiefs[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Giants
0
7
0
0
7

Chiefs
0
10
7
14
31

text: at Arrowhead Stadium, Kansas City, Missouri

text:
Date: September 29
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT/12:00 p.m. CDT
Game weather: 66 °F (19 °C), Sunny
Game attendance: 73,386
Referee: Terry McAulay
TV announcers (Fox): Kevin Burkhardt, John Lynch and Erin Andrews
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

Second quarter

KC McGrath 5-yard pass from Smith (Ryan Succop kick) (11–98, 5:38)
NYG Cruz 69-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (2–74, 0:54)
KC Succop 51-yard FG (5–31, 1:53)

Third quarter

KC Dexter McCluster 89-yard punt return (Succop kick)

Fourth quarter

KC Charles 2-yard pass from Smith (Succop kick) (14–80, 9:17)
KC Dwayne Bowe 34-yard pass from Smith (Succop kick) (3–35, 1:25)

Top passers

NYG – Eli Manning – 18/37, 217 YDS, TD, INT
KC – Alex Smith – 24/41, 288 YDS, 3 TD, 2 INT

Top rushers

NYG – David Wilson – 13 CAR, 55 YDS
KC – Jamaal Charles – 18 CAR, 65 YDS

Top receivers

NYG – Victor Cruz – 10 REC, 164 YDS, TD
KC – Sean McGrath – 5 REC, 64 YDS, TD

Top tacklers

NYG – Mark Herzlich – 7 TKL, AST; Spencer Paysinger – 7 TKL, SK
KC – Derrick Johnson – 8 TKL, AST

text: With the loss, the Giants fell to 0–4. Their 1st 0-4 start since 1987.

text: Week 5: vs. Philadelphia Eagles[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Eagles
3
16
3
14
36

Giants
7
0
14
0
21

text:
Date: October 6
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 66 °F (19 °C), Mostly Cloudy
Game attendance: 80,738
Referee: Walt Coleman
TV announcers (Fox): Thom Brennaman, Brian Billick and Laura Okmin
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

NYG Wilson 5-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (5–62, 2:24)
PHI Alex Henery 40-yard FG (10–58, 4:48)

Second quarter

PHI Henery 27-yard FG (8–51, 3:21)
PHI LeSean McCoy 1-yard run (Henery kick) (4–71, 1:29)
PHI Henery 29-yard FG (8–36, 3:51)
PHI Henery 36-yard FG (11–75, 1:33)

Third quarter

NYG Randle 26-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (7–87, 3:44)
NYG Randle 6-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (7–51, 1:57)
PHI Henery 41-yard FG (8–57, 2:42)

Fourth quarter

PHI Brent Celek 25-yard pass from Foles (Henery kick) (1–25, 0:09)
PHI Jackson 5-yard pass from Foles (Henery kick) (4–38, 1:38)

Top passers

PHI – Nick Foles – 16/25, 197 YDS, 2 TD
NYG – Eli Manning – 24/52, 334 YDS, 2 TD, 3 INT

Top rushers

PHI – Michael Vick – 7 CAR, 79 YDS
NYG – Brandon Jacobs – 11 CAR, 37 YDS

Top receivers

PHI – DeSean Jackson – 7 REC, 132 YDS, TD
NYG – Hakeem Nicks – 9 REC, 142 YDS

Top tacklers

PHI – Bradley Fletcher – 9 TKL; Cary Williams – 9 TKL, 2 AST
NYG – Will Hill – 11 TKL

text: With the loss, the Giants fell to 0–5, their worst start since the strike-shortened 1987 season and their 1979 season.

text: Week 6: at Chicago Bears[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Giants
7
7
7
0
21

Bears
7
17
3
0
27

text: at Soldier Field, Chicago, Illinois

text:
Date: October 10
Game time: 8:25 p.m. EDT/7:25 p.m. CDT
Game weather: 63 °F (17 °C), Clear
Game attendance: 62,374
Referee: John Parry
TV announcers (NFLN): Brad Nessler, Mike Mayock and Alex Flanagan
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

CHI Tim Jennings 48-yard interception return (Robbie Gould kick)
NYG Jacobs 4-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (10–80, 6:02)

Second quarter

CHI Marshall 10-yard pass from Cutler (Gould kick) (8–86, 4:30)
NYG Randle 37-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (7–80, 3:47)
CHI Marshall 3-yard pass from Cutler (Gould kick) (9–80, 5:11)
CHI Gould 40-yard FG (10–58, 3:32)

Third quarter

CHI Gould 52-yard FG (8–40, 3:37)
NYG Jacobs 1-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (9–91, 5:15)

Top passers

NYG – Eli Manning – 14/26, 239 YDS, TD, 3 INT
CHI – Jay Cutler – 24/36, 262 YDS, 2 TD

Top rushers

NYG – Brandon Jacobs – 22 CAR, 106 YDS, 2 TD
CHI – Matt Forté – 19 CAR, 67 YDS

Top receivers

NYG – Rueben Randle – 2 REC, 57 YDS, TD
CHI – Brandon Marshall – 6 REC, 65 YDS, 2 TD

Top tacklers

NYG – Jon Beason – 11 TKL, AST
CHI – Major Wright – 11 TKL

text: The Giants fell to the Chicago Bears 27–21, and were 0–6 for the first time since 1976.[1]

text: Week 7: vs. Minnesota Vikings[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Vikings
7
0
0
0
7

Giants
3
7
7
6
23

text:
Date: October 21
Game time: 8:40 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 57 °F (14 °C), Partly Cloudy
Game attendance: 79,314
Referee: Tony Corrente
TV announcers (ESPN): Mike Tirico, Jon Gruden and Lisa Salters
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

NYG Josh Brown 35-yard FG (17–68, 9:36)
MIN Marcus Sherels 86-yard punt return (Blair Walsh kick)

Second quarter

NYG Randle 24-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (7–82, 3:34)

Third quarter

NYG Hillis 1-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (2–3, 0:41)

Fourth quarter

NYG Josh Brown 23-yard FG (16–75, 8:31)
NYG Josh Brown 36-yard FG (4–0, 1:00)

Top passers

MIN – Josh Freeman – 20/53, 190 YDS, INT
NYG – Eli Manning – 23/39, 200 YDS, TD

Top rushers

MIN – Adrian Peterson – 13 CAR, 28 YDS
NYG – Peyton Hillis – 18 CAR, 36 YDS, TD

Top receivers

MIN – Greg Jennings – 4 REC, 41 YDS
NYG – Victor Cruz – 5 REC, 50 YDS

Top tacklers

MIN – Erin Henderson – 12 TKL, 2 AST, SK
NYG – Prince Amukamara – 5 TKL; Jon Beason – 5 TKL, 4 AST; Antrel Rolle – 5 TKL, AST; Jacquian Williams – 5 TKL

text: This game would give the Giants their first win of the season. This game would also mark the only time to date that Josh Freeman would start for the Vikings after transferring from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

text: Week 8: at Philadelphia Eagles[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Giants
6
6
0
3
15

Eagles
0
0
0
7
7

text: at Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text:
Date: October 27
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 56 °F (13 °C), Sunny
Game attendance: 69,144
Referee: Carl Cheffers
TV announcers (Fox): Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

NYG Josh Brown 40-yard FG (9–57, 4:24)
NYG Josh Brown 44-yard FG (7–45, 3:04)

Second quarter

NYG Josh Brown 33-yard FG (12–48, 5:31)
NYG Josh Brown 46-yard FG (9–53, 5:08)

Fourth quarter

NYG Josh Brown 27-yard FG (9–32, 5:58)
PHI Najee Goode 2-yard fumble return (Henery kick)

Top passers

NYG – Eli Manning – 25/39, 246 YDS
PHI – Matt Barkley – 17/26, 158 YDS, INT

Top rushers

NYG – Peyton Hillis – 20 CAR, 70 YDS
PHI – LeSean McCoy – 15 CAR, 48 YDS

Top receivers

NYG – Victor Cruz – 7 REC, 86 YDS
PHI – DeSean Jackson – 8 REC, 63 YDS

Top tacklers

NYG – Terrell Thomas – 10 TKL, AST, SK
PHI – Mychal Kendricks – 11 TKL, AST

text: With the win, the Giants improved to 2-6. This game would snap an 8-game losing streak for Giants when playing on the road.

text: Week 10: vs. Oakland Raiders[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Raiders
10
7
3
0
20

Giants
7
7
7
3
24

text:
Date: November 10
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EST
Game weather: 49 °F (9 °C), Cloudy
Game attendance: 80,366
Referee: Pete Morelli
TV announcers (CBS): Ian Eagle and Dan Fouts
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

OAK Pryor 1-yard run (Sebastian Janikowski kick) (2–5, 0:45)
NYG Cooper Taylor 21-yard return of blocked punt (Josh Brown kick)
OAK Janikowski 33-yard FG (4–6, 1:09)

Second quarter

NYG Randle 5-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (11–90, 6:22)
OAK Tracy Porter 43-yard interception return (Janikowski kick)

Third quarter

OAK Janikowski 24-yard FG (14–74, 8:04)
NYG Andre Brown 1-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (2–5, 0:46)

Fourth quarter

NYG Josh Brown 23-yard FG (13–70, 6:56)

Top passers

OAK – Terrelle Pryor – 11/26, 122 YDS, INT
NYG – Eli Manning – 12/22, 140 YDS, TD, INT

Top rushers

OAK – Rashad Jennings – 20 CAR, 88 YDS
NYG – Andre Brown – 30 CAR, 115 YDS, TD

Top receivers

OAK – Denarius Moore – 3 REC, 45 YDS
NYG – Rueben Randle – 3 REC, 50 YDS, TD

Top tacklers

OAK – Sio Moore – 8 TKL, 2 AST, SK
NYG – Antrel Rolle – 10 TKL, 2 AST, SK

text: This game would snap a 5-game losing streak for Giants against AFC teams. They improved to 3-6.

text: Week 11: vs. Green Bay Packers[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Packers
0
6
0
7
13

Giants
7
3
10
7
27

text:
Date: November 17
Game time: 4:25 p.m. EST
Game weather: 59 °F (15 °C), Mostly Cloudy
Game attendance: 79,114
Referee: Terry McAulay
TV announcers (Fox): Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston, and Tony Siragusa
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

NYG Randle 26-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (5–42, 2:57)

Second quarter

NYG Josh Brown 40-yard FG (11–56, 4:56)
GB Mason Crosby 24-yard FG (7–76, 3:42)
GB Crosby 57-yard FG (4–24, 0:43)

Third quarter

NYG Josh Brown 28-yard FG (5–40, 2:10)
NYG Jacobs 1-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (10–63, 6:07)

Fourth quarter

GB Lacy 4-yard run (Crosby kick) (5–83, 2:42)
NYG Pierre-Paul 24-yard interception return (Josh Brown kick)

Top passers

GB – Scott Tolzien – 24/34, 339 YDS, 3 INT
NYG – Eli Manning – 25/35, 279 YDS, TD, INT

Top rushers

GB – Eddie Lacy – 14 CAR, 27 YDS, TD
NYG – Andre Brown – 18 CAR, 66 YDS

Top receivers

GB – Jordy Nelson – 8 REC, 117 YDS
NYG – Victor Cruz – 8 REC, 110 YDS

Top tacklers

GB – Brad Jones – 11 TKL, 2 AST, SK
NYG – Terrell Thomas – 7 TKL, AST

text: Week 12: vs. Dallas Cowboys[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Cowboys
7
7
7
3
24

Giants
0
6
7
8
21

text:
Date: November 24
Game time: 4:25 p.m. EST
Game weather: 25 °F (−4 °C), Clear
Game attendance: 80,499
Referee: Walt Anderson
TV announcers (Fox): Joe Buck, Troy Aikman and Pam Oliver
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

DAL Jeff Heath 50-yard fumble return (Bailey kick)

Second quarter

NYG Josh Brown 21-yard FG (10–74, 6:37)
DAL Witten 20-yard pass from Romo (Bailey kick) (5–80, 3:03)
NYG Josh Brown 23-yard FG (8–65, 4:19)

Third quarter

DAL Witten 2-yard pass from Romo (Bailey kick) (10–65, 5:41)
NYG Myers 27-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (6–67, 2:21)

Fourth quarter

NYG Louis Murphy 4-yard pass from Manning (Andre Brown run) (8–58, 4:13)
DAL Bailey 35-yard FG (14–64, 4:45)

Top passers

DAL – Tony Romo – 23/38, 250 YDS, 2 TD, INT
NYG – Eli Manning – 16/30, 174 YDS, 2 TD

Top rushers

DAL – DeMarco Murray – 14 CAR, 86 YDS
NYG – Andre Brown – 21 CAR, 127 YDS

Top receivers

DAL – Dez Bryant – 9 REC, 102 YDS
NYG – Rueben Randle – 3 REC, 64 YDS

Top tacklers

DAL – Barry Church – 8 TKL, 5 AST; Ernie Sims – 8 TKL, 2 AST
NYG – Prince Amukamara – 6 TKL; Antrel Rolle – 6 TKL

text: Week 13: at Washington Redskins[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Giants
0
14
0
10
24

Redskins
7
7
3
0
17

text: at FedExField, Landover, Maryland

text:
Date: December 1
Game time: 8:30 p.m. EST
Game weather: 43 °F (6 °C), Cloudy
Game attendance: 75,220
Referee: Jeff Triplette
TV announcers (NBC): Al Michaels, Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

WAS Alfred Morris 1-yard run (Kai Forbath kick) (14–73, 7:06)

Second quarter

WAS Logan Paulsen 19-yard pass from Griffin (Forbath kick) (8–59, 4:02)
NYG Andre Brown 23-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (6–74, 2:59)
NYG Myers 22-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (9–81, 2:59)

Third quarter

WAS Forbath 33-yard FG (4—3, 0:38)

Fourth quarter

NYG Andre Brown 1-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (4–46, 1:28)
NYG Josh Brown 39-yard FG (8–40, 3:57)

Top passers

NYG – Eli Manning – 22/28, 235 YDS, TD, INT
WAS – Robert Griffin III – 24/32, 207 YDS, TD

Top rushers

NYG – Peyton Hillis – 6 CAR, 45 YDS
WAS – Robert Griffin III – 12 CAR, 88 YDS

Top receivers

NYG – Victor Cruz – 6 REC, 80 YDS
WAS – Pierre Garçon – 9 REC, 61 YDS

Top tacklers

NYG – Jon Beason – 13 TKL, 4 AST
WAS – DeAngelo Hall – 5 TKL, 2 AST

text: Week 14: at San Diego Chargers[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Giants
0
0
7
7
14

Chargers
7
17
7
6
37

text: at Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego, California

text:
Date: December 8
Game time: 4:25 p.m. EST/1:25 p.m. PST
Game weather: 53 °F (12 °C), Sunny
Game attendance: 65,132
Referee: Ron Winter
TV announcers (Fox): Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

SD Allen 43-yard pass from Rivers (Nick Novak kick) (3–50, 0:53)

Second quarter

SD Novak 36-yard FG (15–76, 7:36)
SD Allen 4-yard pass from Rivers (Novak kick) (11–67, 6:09)
SD Danny Woodhead 6-yard pass from Rivers (Novak kick) (5–39, 2:16)

Third quarter

NYG Hillis 1-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (7–18, 4:04)
SD Mathews 1-yard run (Novak kick) (11–80, 5:39)

Fourth quarter

NYG Myers 5-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (11–86, 5:12)
SD Novak 27-yard FG (11–75, 7:23)
SD Novak 43-yard FG (7–18, 2:27)

Top passers

NYG – Eli Manning – 20/32, 259 YDS, TD, 2 INT
SD – Philip Rivers – 21/28, 249 YDS, 3 TD

Top rushers

NYG – Andre Brown – 16 CAR, 81 YDS
SD – Ryan Mathews – 29 CAR, 103 YDS, TD

Top receivers

NYG – Hakeem Nicks – 5 REC, 135 YDS
SD – Keenan Allen – 3 REC, 59 YDS, 2 TD

Top tacklers

NYG – Terrell Thomas – 9 TKL
SD – Marcus Gilchrist – 7 TKL, AST

text: With the loss, the Giants fell to 5–8, and were mathematically eliminated from playoff contention for the second straight season, thus rendering them unable to play Super Bowl XLVIII on their home turf.

text: Week 15: vs. Seattle Seahawks[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Seahawks
3
10
3
7
23

Giants
0
0
0
0
0

text:
Date: December 15
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EST
Game weather: 36 °F (2 °C), Partly Sunny
Game attendance: 79,691
Referee: Bill Leavy
TV announcers (Fox): Kevin Burkhardt, John Lynch and Erin Andrews
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

SEA Steven Hauschka 49-yard FG (5–11, 2:00)

Second quarter

SEA Lynch 2-yard run (Hauschka kick) (7–62, 3:33)
SEA Hauschka 44-yard FG (10–40, 2:45)

Third quarter

SEA Hauschka 24-yard FG (9–39, 4:03)

Fourth quarter

SEA Doug Baldwin 12-yard pass from Wilson (Hauschka kick) (6–16, 2:40)

Top passers

SEA – Russell Wilson – 18/27, 206 YDS, TD, INT
NYG – Eli Manning – 18/31, 156 YDS, 5 INT

Top rushers

SEA – Russell Wilson – 8 CAR, 50 YDS
NYG – Andre Brown – 11 CAR, 17 YDS

Top receivers

SEA – Marshawn Lynch – 6 REC, 73 YDS
NYG – Jerrel Jernigan – 7 REC, 67 YDS

Top tacklers

SEA – Bobby Wagner – 8 TKL, 2 AST, 1.5 SK
NYG – Will Hill – 7 TKL

text: Manning threw a career high 5 interceptions during this game. This would be the second season in a row where the Giants were shutout by the top NFC seed in Week 15.

text: Week 16: at Detroit Lions[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
OT
Total

Giants
3
10
0
7
3
23

Lions
0
3
9
8
0
20

text: at Ford Field, Detroit, Michigan

text:
Date: December 22
Game time: 4:05 p.m. EST
Game weather: Played indoors (dome stadium)
Game attendance: 63,996
Referee: Jerome Boger
TV announcers (Fox): Kenny Albert, Daryl Johnston and Tony Siragusa
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

NYG Josh Brown 41-yard FG (15–69, 5:42)

Second quarter

DET David Akers 37-yard FG (12–63, 6:11)
NYG Jernigan 20-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (9–49, 5:21)
NYG Josh Brown 52-yard FG (5–23, 0:38)

Third quarter

DET Bell 1-yard run (Akers kick) (8–30, 4:10)
DET Manning sacked in end zone by Nick Fairley for a Safety

Fourth quarter

DET Theo Riddick 2-yard run (Stafford-Joseph Fauria pass) (9–63, 4:11)
NYG Will Hill 38-yard interception return (J.Brown kick)

Overtime

NYG Josh Brown 45-yard FG (11–45, 5:12)

Top passers

NYG – Eli Manning – 23/42, 256 YDS, TD, INT
DET – Matthew Stafford – 25/42, 222 YDS, 2 INT

Top rushers

NYG – Andre Brown – 16 CAR, 40 YDS
DET – Joique Bell – 20 CAR, 91 YDS, TD

Top receivers

NYG – Jerrel Jernigan – 6 REC, 80 YDS, TD
DET – Joique Bell – 10 REC, 63 YDS

Top tacklers

NYG – Jon Beason – 6 TKL, 5 AST; Will Hill – 6 TKL, 5 AST
DET – DeAndre Levy – 6 TKL, AST

text: With the win, the Giants took the Lions out of post-season contention.

text: Week 17: vs. Washington Redskins[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Redskins
0
6
0
0
6

Giants
0
10
7
3
20

text:
Date: December 29
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EST
Game weather: 40 °F (4 °C), Rain
Game attendance: 80,177
Referee: Bill Vinovich
TV announcers (Fox): Dick Stockton, Ronde Barber and Kris Budden
Recap, Game book

text:
[show]Game information

Second quarter

WAS Kai Forbath 31-yard FG (4–5, 1:30)
NYG Jernigan 24-yard pass from Manning (Josh Brown kick) (6–75, 2:55)
NYG Josh Brown 34-yard FG (7–30, 2:00)
WAS Kai Forbath 49-yard FG (5–23, 0:44)

Third quarter

NYG Jernigan 49-yard run (Josh Brown kick) (1–49, 0:02)

Fourth quarter

NYG Josh Brown 38-yard FG (11–33, 7:06)

Top passers

WAS – Kirk Cousins – 19/49, 169 YDS, 2 INT
NYG – Eli Manning – 10/24, 152 YDS, TD, INT

Top rushers

WAS – Alfred Morris – 16 CAR, 62 YDS
NYG – Jerrel Jernigan – 2 CAR, 57 YDS, TD

Top receivers

WAS – Pierre Garçon – 6 REC, 56 YDS
NYG – Jerrel Jernigan – 6 REC, 90 YDS, TD

Top tacklers

WAS – Brandon Meriweather – 8 TKL
NYG – Jon Beason – 8 TKL, AST

text: Standings[edit]

text: Division[edit]

text:
NFC East

view
talk
edit

W
L
T
PCT
DIV
CONF
PF
PA
STK

(3) Philadelphia Eagles
10
6
0
.625
4–2
8–4
442
382
W2

Dallas Cowboys
8
8
0
.500
5–1
7–5
439
432
L1

New York Giants
7
9
0
.438
3–3
6–6
294
383
W2

Washington Redskins
3
13
0
.188
0–6
1–11
334
478
L8

text: Conference[edit]

text:
NFC[2][3]

view
talk
edit

#
Team
Division
W
L
T
PCT
DIV
CONF
PF
PA
PD
STK

Division winners

1
Seattle Seahawks
West
13
3
0
.813
4–2
10–2
417
231
186
W1

2
Carolina Panthers
South
12
4
0
.750
5–1
9–3
366
241
125
W3

3
Philadelphia Eagles
East
10
6
0
.625
4–2
9–3
442
382
60
W2

4
Green Bay Packers
North
8
7
1
.531
3–2–1
6–5–1
417
428
-11
W1

Wild cards

5
San Francisco 49ers
West
12
4
0
.750
5–1
9–3
406
272
134
W6

6
New Orleans Saints
South
11
5
0
.688
5–1
9–3
414
304
110
W1

Did not qualify for the playoffs

7
Arizona Cardinals
West
10
6
0
.625
2–4
6–6
379
324
55
L1

8[a]
Chicago Bears
North
8
8
0
.500
2–4
4–8
445
478
-33
L2

9
Dallas Cowboys
East
8
8
0
.500
5–1
7–5
439
432
7
L1

10[b][c]
New York Giants
East
7
9
0
.438
3–3
6–6
294
383
-89
W2

11[d]
Detroit Lions
North
7
9
0
.438
4–2
6–6
395
376
19
L4

12
St. Louis Rams
West
7
9
0
.438
1–5
4–8
348
364
-16
L1

13
Minnesota Vikings
North
5
10
1
.344
2–3–1
4–7–1
391
480
-89
W1

14[e]
Atlanta Falcons
South
4
12
0
.250
1–5
3–9
353
443
-90
L2

15
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
South
4
12
0
.250
1–5
2–10
288
389
-101
L3

16
Washington Redskins
East
3
13
0
.188
0–6
1–11
334
478
-144
L8

Tiebreakers[f]

Jump up ^ Chicago defeated Dallas head-to-head (Week 14, 45–28).
Jump up ^ The New York Giants and Detroit finished with a better conference record than St. Louis.
Jump up ^ The New York Giants defeated Detroit head-to-head (Week 16, 23–20 (OT)).
Jump up ^ Detroit finished with a better conference record than St. Louis.
Jump up ^ Atlanta finished with a better conference record than Tampa Bay.
Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL's rules, they are first broken within divisions, then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division.


document_title: United States Office of Personnel Management

question_text: when was the office of personnel management established

text: History[edit]

text: The United States Civil Service Commission was created by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. The commission was abolished and replaced by OPM on January 1, 1979, following the passage of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 and Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1978 (43 FR 36037, 92 Stat. 3783).[6]

text: In 1996 the investigation branch of the OPM was privatized, and USIS was formed.[7]

text: Function[edit]

text: According to their website, the mission of the OPM is "recruiting, retaining and honoring a world-class force to serve the American people."[8] The OPM is partially responsible for maintaining the appearance of independence and neutrality in the Administrative Law System. While technically employees of the agencies they work for, Administrative Law Judges (or ALJs) are hired exclusively by the OPM, effectively removing any discretional employment procedures from the other agencies. The OPM uses a rigorous selection process which ranks the top three candidates for each ALJ vacancy, and then makes a selection from those candidates, generally giving preference to veterans.

text: The OPM is also responsible for a large part of the management of security clearances (National Background Investigations Bureau conducts these investigations) for the United States Government. With the exception of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which maintains its own system, separate programs for each executive department have gradually been merged into a single, Government-wide clearance system. The OPM is responsible for investigating individuals to give them Secret and Top Secret clearances.[9] SCI compartments, however, are still managed by the particular agency that uses that compartment.

text: OPM is also responsible for federal employee retirement applications for FERS and CSRS employees.[10] OPM makes decisions on federal employee regular[11] and disability retirement cases.[12]

text: Revolving fund[edit]

text: The OPM revolving fund is described as the OPM’s “fee for service” business that moves federal budget money from various federal agencies to the OPM for human resources (HR) services. During the decade from 2002–12, the dollar amount of the fund has tripled.[13] The fund is worth $2 billion, equivalent to almost all (90 percent) of the OPM budget.[14]

text: In July 2013, Rep. Blake Farenthold (R-Texas) introduced the Office of Personnel Management Inspector General Act.[15] The bill would increase oversight of the fund. Farenthold introduced the bill as a response to accusations of fraud and concerns about security clearance background investigations.[16] The bill would fund the expenses for investigations, oversight activities and audits from the revolving fund.[17] In February 2014, President Obama signed the bill into law.[18]

text: The fund’s history goes back to the early 1980s, where it was used for two main activities: training and background investigations for government personnel.[19]

text: 2015 data breach[edit]

text: In June 2015, the Office of Personnel Management announced that it had discovered in April 2015 that it had been hacked more than a year earlier in a data breach, resulting in the theft of approximately 4 million personnel records handled by the office.[20] The Washington Post has reported that the attack originated in China, citing unnamed government officials.[21] By July 9, 2015 the estimate of stolen records had increased to 21.5 million, including those of current government personnel and people who had undergone background checks.[22]

text: New updates regarding this security breach came to light on September 24, 2015. The agency then indicated that additional evidence showed that 5.6 million people's fingerprints were stolen as part of the hacks, more than five times the 1.1 million originally estimated. The total number of individuals whose records were disclosed in whole or part, including Social Security numbers and addresses, remained at 21.5 million.[23]

text: Past directors[edit]

text: Source: OPM's Agency Leadership Through Time[24]

text:
Alan K. Campbell (January 2, 1979 – January 20, 1981)

Campbell was the Chairman of the Civil Service Commission at its dissolution

Donald J. Devine (March 23, 1981 – March 25, 1985)
Loretta Cornelius (acting; 1985)
Constance Horner (August 22, 1985 – May 10, 1989)[25]
Constance Berry Newman (June 8, 1989 – June 30, 1992)
James B. King[26] (April 7, 1993 – September 1, 1997)
Janice R. Lachance (November 12, 1997 – January 20, 2001)
Kay Coles James (July 11, 2001 – January 31, 2005)
Linda M. Springer (June 28, 2005 – August 13, 2008)[27][28]
Michael Hager (acting; 2008–2009)[27]
Kathie Ann Whipple (acting; 2009)[29]
John Berry (April 13, 2009 – April 13, 2013)[30]
Elaine Kaplan (acting; April 15, 2013 – October 31, 2013)
Katherine Archuleta (November 4, 2013 – July 10, 2015)
Beth Cobert (acting; July 10, 2015 to January 19, 2017)
Kathleen McGettigan (acting; January 19, 2017-March 9, 2018)[31]


document_title: Social class in ancient Rome

question_text: what was the lower class in rome called

question_tokens: what was the lower class in rome called

text: Social class in ancient Rome

text: Patricians and plebeians[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the Roman Kingdom and the early Roman Republic the most important division in Roman society was between the patricians, a small elite who monopolised political power, whose ancestry was traced to the first Senate established by Romulus,[3] and the plebeians, who comprised the majority of Roman citizens. Adult males who were not Roman citizens, whether free or slave, fall outside this division. Women and children were also not citizens, but took the social status of their father or husband, which granted them various rights and protections not available to the women and children of men of lower rank.

text: The common assumptions that the patricians and the Roman elite were one and the same throughout the history of ancient Rome, and that all plebeians were of non-elite status throughout the history of ancient Rome, are entirely incorrect. From the Late Republic era onwards many members of the elite, including an increasing proportion of senators, came from plebeian families. The first Roman Emperor, Augustus, was of plebeian origin, as were many of his successors. By the Late Empire, few members of the Senate were from the original patrician families, most of which had died out. Rome continued to have a hierarchical class system, but it was no longer dominated by the distinction between patricians and plebeians. Originally, all public offices were open only to patricians, and the classes could not intermarry. Plebeians and Patricians were always at odds due to the fact that Plebeians wanted to increase their power.[4] A series of social struggles (see Conflict of the Orders) saw the plebs secede from the city on three occasions, the last in 297 BC, until their demands were met. They won the right to stand for office, the abolition of the intermarriage law, and the creation of office of tribune of the plebs. This office, founded in 494 BC as a result of a plebeian secession, was the main legal bulwark against the powers of the patrician class, and only plebeians were eligible. The tribunes originally had the power to protect any plebeian from a patrician magistrate. Later revolts forced the Senate to grant the tribunes additional powers, such as the right to veto legislation. A tribune's person was sacrosanct, and he was obliged to keep an open house at all times while in office. Some patricians, notably Clodius Pulcher in the late 60s BC, petitioned to be assigned plebeian status, in order to accumulate the political influence among the people that the office of tribune afforded. The conflict between the classes came to a climax in 287 BC when patricians and plebeians were declared equal under the law.

text: Following these changes the distinction between patrician and plebeian status became less important, and by the Late Republic the only patrician prerogatives were certain priesthoods. Over time, some patrician families declined, some plebeian families rose in status, and the composition of the ruling class changed. A plebeian who was the first of his line to become consul was known as a novus homo ("new man"), and he and his descendants became "noble" (nobiles). Notable examples of novi homines are the seven-time consul Marius, and Cicero, whose rise was unusual in that it was driven by his oratorical and intellectual abilities rather than, as with Marius, military success. During the Empire, patricius became a title of nobility bestowed by emperors.[5][6]

text: Property-based classes[edit]

text: The census divided citizens into six complex classes based on property. The richest were the senatorial class, who during the Late Republic had to be worth at least 400,000 sestertii, the same as the equites; when Augustus reformed the senate during the first years of the Principate, he raised the property requirement to 1,000,000 sestertii.[7] The wealth of the senatorial class was based on ownership of large agricultural estates, and by custom members did not engage in commercial activity.

text: Below the senatores in rank, but above others were the equites ("equestrians" or "knights"), with 400,000 sestertii, who could engage in commerce and formed an influential business class. Certain political and quasi-political positions were filled by equites, including tax farming and, under the Principate, leadership of the Praetorian Guard. Below the equites were three more classes of property-owning citizens; and lastly the proletarii, whose property was valued below 11,000 asses.[8]

text:
ANALYSIS OF ROMAN CENTURIATE ORGANISATION 509-241 BCE*[9]

Class
Property Rating
in Asses (and Iugera)

No. of votes
in electoral assembly
per person

Equipment

Commoners

First Class
100,000 As (100 iugera)
2
Helm, round shield, cuirass, greaves, sword and spear.

Second Class
75,000 As (75 iugera)
1
Helm, round shield, greaves, sword and spear.

Third Class
50,000 As (50 iugera)
1
Helm, oblong shield, sword and spear.

Fourth Class
25,000 As (25 iugera)
1
Oblong shield, Spear or Sword, Javelin

Fifth Class
11,000 As (11 iugera) /
12,500 As (12 iugera)

1
Slings or Javelins (velites)

Proletarii
Landless poor

Fleets (oarsmen)

text: *This was the system of the Centuriate Assembly and was the practice of the Servian constitution. Information arranged by Tim Cornell based on the works of Livy, Polybius, and Dionysius of Hallicarnasus. At the period this was valid the Denarii was 1 to Luuk de Ligt puts the value of an iugera at 1,000 As or 100 denarii as a recommended baseline because values fluctuate a lot and because of many factors.[10]

text: Citizenship[edit]

text: Women[edit]

text: Free-born women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office.[11] The form of Roman marriage called conubium, for instance, requires that both spouses be citizens; like men from towns granted civitas sine suffragio, women eligible for legal marriage were citizens without suffrage. The legal status of a mother as a citizen affected her son's citizenship.[12] The phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos ("children born of two Roman citizens") indicates that a Roman woman was regarded as having citizen status, in specific contrast to a peregrina.

text: Latin Right[edit]

text: The Latin Right was a form of citizenship with limited rights. It was conferred originally on the allied towns of Latium in the Republican era, and gradually extended to communities throughout the Empire. Latin citizens had rights, but not the vote, although their leading magistrates could become full citizens.

text: Peregrini[edit]

text: Free-born foreign subjects were known as peregrini, and special laws existed to govern their conduct and disputes. These distinctions continued until AD 212, when Caracalla extended full Roman citizenship to all free-born men in the empire.

text: Slaves[edit]

text: Slaves (servi) were not citizens, and lacked even the legal standing accorded free-born foreigners. For the most part, slaves descended from debtors and from prisoners of war, especially women and children captured during sieges and other military campaigns in Greece, Italy, Spain, and Carthage. In the later years of the Republic and into the Empire, more slaves came from newly conquered areas of Gaul, Britain, North Africa, and Asia Minor. Many slaves were created as the result of Rome's conquest of Greece, but Greek culture was considered in some respects superior to that of Rome: hence Horace's famous remark Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Captured Greece took her savage conqueror captive"). The Roman playwright Terence is thought to have been brought to Rome as a slave. Thus slavery was regarded as a circumstance of birth, misfortune, or war; it was defined in terms of legal status, or rather the lack thereof, and was neither limited to or defined by ethnicity or race, nor regarded as an inescapably permanent condition.

text: Slaves who lacked skills or education performed agricultural or other forms of manual labor. Those who were violent or disobedient, or who for whatever reason were considered a danger to society, might be sentenced to labor in the mines, where they suffered under inhumane conditions. Slaves subjected to harsh labor conditions also had few if any opportunities to obtain their freedom.

text: Since slaves were legally property, they could be disposed of by their owners at any time. All children born to female slaves were slaves. Some slave owners, as for instance Tacitus,[citation needed] freed slaves whom they believed to be their natural children. Slaves who had the education or skills to earn a living were often manumitted upon the death of their owner as a condition of his will. Slaves who conducted business for their masters were also permitted to earn and save money for themselves, and some might be able to buy their own freedom.

text: Over time, legislation was passed to protect the lives and health of slaves. Although many prostitutes were slaves, for instance, the bill of sale for some slaves stipulated that they could not be used for commercial prostitution.[13]

text: Freedmen[edit]

text: Freedmen (liberti) were freed slaves, whose free-born children were full citizens. The status of liberti developed throughout the Republic as their number increased. Livy states[citation needed] that freedmen in the Early Republic mainly joined the lower classes of the plebeians. Juvenal, writing during the Empire when financial Freedmen were often highly educated and made up the bulk of the civil service during the early Empire. The Augustan poet Horace was himself the child of a freedman from Venusia in southern Italy. Many became enormously wealthy as the result of bribes, fraud, or other forms of corruption, or were given large estates by the Emperor they served.[citation needed] Other freedmen engaged in commerce, amassing vast fortunes often only rivalled by those of the wealthiest nobiles. Many of the Satires of Juvenal contain angry denouncements of the pretensions of wealthy freedmen, some 'with the chalk of the slave market still on their heel'. Juvenal saw these successful men as nouveaux riches who were far too ready to show off their (often ill-gotten) wealth. Another famous caricature is seen in the absurdly extravagant character of Trimalchio in Satyricon. The majority of freedmen, however, joined the plebeian classes, and often worked as farmers or tradesmen.


document_title: Little finger

question_text: where did the name pinky finger come from

text: Little finger

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "pinky" is derived from the Dutch word pink, meaning "little finger". In some places "pinky" is also a traditional name for the smallest (youngest) child in a family (especially, when father and mother have 3 children).

text: Muscles[edit]

text: There are nine muscles that control the fifth digit: Three in the hypothenar eminence, two extrinsic flexors, two extrinsic extensors, and two more intrinsic muscles:

text:
Hypothenar eminence:

Opponens digiti minimi muscle
Abductor minimi digiti muscle (adduction from third palmar interossei)
Flexor digiti minimi brevis (the "longus" is absent in most humans)

Two extrinsic flexors:

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus

Two extrinsic extensors:

Extensor digiti minimi muscle
Extensor digitorum

Two intrinsic hand muscles:

Fourth lumbrical muscle
Third Palmar interosseous muscle

text: Note: the dorsal interossei of the hand muscles do not have an attachment to the fifth digit

text: Cultural significance[edit]

text: Gestures[edit]

text: Among American children, a "pinky swear" or "pinky promise" is made when a person wraps one of their pinky fingers around another person's pinky and makes a promise.[1] Traditionally, it is considered binding, and the idea was originally that the person who breaks the promise must cut off their pinky finger.[citation needed] In a similar vein, among members of the Japanese yakuza (gangsters), the penalty for various offenses is removal of parts of the little finger (known as yubitsume).[2][dubious – discuss] Raising a pinky finger can be used as an insulting gesture to imply that a man has a small penis.

text: Rings[edit]

text: The Iron Ring is a symbolic ring worn by most Canadian engineers. The Ring is a symbol of both pride and humility for the engineering profession, and is always worn on the pinky of the dominant hand. In the United States the Engineer's Ring is a stainless steel ring worn on the fifth finger of the working hand by engineers that belong to the Order of the Engineer and have accepted the Obligation of an Engineer.

text: In Australia and the United Kingdom the signet ring is traditionally worn on the little finger of a gentleman's left hand. In recent years this has relaxed with men and women wearing them on various different fingers; little fingers still tend to be dominant however.