document_title: Chipko movement

question_text: she is one of the leaders of the chipko movement

text: Chipko movement

text: History[edit]

text: The Chipko movement started in the early 20th century in the state of Rajasthan. Sunderlal Bahuguna with 84 villagers risked their lives to protect the forest trees from being felled on the order of the maharaja (king).[7]

text: In Khejarli village, 363 Bishnois died in 1730 AD while protecting green Khejri that are considered sacred by the community. Gradually, a rising awareness of the ecological crisis, which came from an immediate loss of livelihood caused by it, resulted in the growth of political activism in the region.

text: Background[edit]

text: In India the forest cover started deteriorating at an alarming rate, resulting in hardships for those involved in labour-intensive fodder and firewood collection. This also led to a deterioration in the soil conditions, and erosion in the area. As water sources dried up in the hills, water shortages became widespread. Subsequently, communities gave up raising livestock, which added to the problems of malnutrition of many regions in India. This crisis was heightened by the fact that forest conservation policies, like the Indian Forest Act, 1927, traditionally restricted the access of local communities to the forests, resulting in scarce farmlands in an over-populated and extremely poor area, despite all of its natural wealth. Thus the sharp decline in the local agrarian economy lead to a migration of people into the plains in search of jobs, leaving behind several depopulated villages in the 1960s.[8][9]

text: The year 1964 saw the establishment of Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh (DGSS) ("Dasholi Society for Village Self-Rule"), set up by Gandhian social worker Chandi Prasad Bhatt in Gopeshwar, and inspired by Jayaprakash Narayan and the Sarvodaya movement, with an aim to set up small industries using the resources of the forest. Their first project was a small workshop making farm tools for local use. Its name was later changed to DGSS from the original Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal (DGSM) in the 1980s. Here they had to face restrictive forest policies, a hangover of colonial era still prevalent, as well as the "contractor system", in which these pieces of forest land were commodified and auctioned to big contractors, usually from the plains, who brought along their own skilled and semi-skilled laborers, leaving only the menial jobs like hauling rocks for the hill people, and paying them next to nothing. On the other hand, the hill regions saw an influx of more people from the outside, which only added to the already strained ecological balance.[9]

text: Hastened by increasing hardships, the Garhwal Himalayas soon became the centre for a rising ecological awareness of how reckless deforestation had denuded much of the forest cover, resulting in the devastating Alaknanda River floods of July 1970, when a major landslide blocked the river and affected an area starting from Hanumanchatti, near Badrinath to 350 km downstream till Haridwar, further numerous villages, bridges and roads were washed away. Thereafter, incidences of landslides and land subsidence became common in an area which was experiencing a rapid increase in civil engineering projects.[10][11]

text: Beginnings and organization[edit]

text: Soon villagers, especially women, began to organize themselves under several smaller groups, taking up local causes with the authorities, and standing up against commercial logging operations that threatened their livelihoods. In October 1971, the Sanga workers held a demonstration in Gopeshwar to protest against the policies of the Forest Department. More rallies and marches were held in late 1972, but to little effect, until a decision to take direct action was taken. The first such occasion occurred when the Forest Department turned down the Sangh's annual request for ten Ash Trees for its farm tools workshop, and instead awarded a contract for 300 trees to Simon Company, a sporting goods manufacturer in distant Allahabad, to make tennis racquets. In March 1973, the lumbermen arrived at Gopeshwar, and after a couple of weeks, they were confronted at village Mandal on 24 April 1974, where about hundred villagers and DGSS workers were beating drums and shouting slogans, thus forcing the contractors and their lumbermen to retreat. This was the first confrontation of the movement, The contract was eventually cancelled and awarded to the Sangh instead. By now, the issue had grown beyond the mere procurement of an annual quota of three ash trees, and encompassed a growing concern over commercial logging and the government's forest policy, which the villagers saw as unfavourable towards them. The Sangh also decided to resort to tree-hugging, or Chipko, as a means of non-violent protest.

text: But the struggle was far from over, as the same company was awarded more ash trees, in the Phata forest, 80 km away from Gopeshwar. Here again, due to local opposition, starting on 20 June 1973, the contractors retreated after a stand-off that lasted a few days. Thereafter, the villagers of Phata and Tarsali formed a vigil group and watched over the trees until December, when they had another successful stand-off, when the activists reached the site in time. The lumbermen retreated leaving behind the five ash trees felled.

text: The final flash point began a few months later, when the government announced an auction scheduled in January 1974, for 2,500 trees near Reni village, overlooking the Alaknanda River. Bhatt set out for the villages in the Reni area, and incited the villagers, who decided to protest against the actions of the government by hugging the trees. Over the next few weeks, rallies and meetings continued in the Reni area.[12]

text: On 25 March 1974, the day the lumbermen were to cut the trees, the men of the Reni village and DGSS workers were in Chamoli, diverted by state government and contractors to a fictional compensation payment site, while back home labourers arrived by the truckload to start logging operations.[1] A local girl, on seeing them, rushed to inform Gaura Devi, the head of the village Mahila Mangal Dal, at Reni village (Laata was her ancestral home and Reni adopted home). Gaura Devi led 27 of the village women to the site and confronted the loggers. When all talking failed, and the loggers started to shout and abuse the women, threatening them with guns, the women resorted to hugging the trees to stop them from being felled. This went on into late hours. The women kept an all-night vigil guarding their trees from the cutters until a few of them relented and left the village. The next day, when the men and leaders returned, the news of the movement spread to the neighbouring Laata and others villages including Henwalghati, and more people joined in. Eventually, only after a four-day stand-off, the contractors left.[12][13][14]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The news soon reached the state capital, where then state Chief Minister, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna, set up a committee to look into the matter, which eventually ruled in favour of the villagers. This became a turning point in the history of eco-development struggles in the region and around the world.

text: The struggle soon spread across many parts of the region, and such spontaneous stand-offs between the local community and timber merchants occurred at several locations, with hill women demonstrating their new-found power as non-violent activists. As the movement gathered shape under its leaders, the name Chipko movement was attached to their activities. According to Chipko historians, the term originally used by Bhatt was the word "angalwaltha" in the Garhwali language for "embrace", which later was adapted to the Hindi word, Chipko, which means to stick.[15] Over the next five years, the movement spread to many districts in the region, and within a decade throughout the Uttarakhand Himalayas. Larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation of the region were raised. The villagers demanded that no forest-exploiting contracts should be given to outsiders and local communities should have effective control over natural resources like land, water, and forests. They wanted the government to provide low-cost materials to small industries and ensure development of the region without disturbing the ecological balance. The movement took up economic issues of landless forest workers and asked for guarantees of minimum wage. Globally Chipko demonstrated how environment causes, up until then considered an activity of the rich, were a matter of life and death for the poor, who were all too often the first ones to be devastated by an environmental tragedy. Several scholarly studies were made in the aftermath of the movement.[1] In 1977, in another area, women tied sacred threads, Raksha Bandhan, around trees earmarked for felling in a Hindu tradition which signifies a bond between brother and sisters.[16]

text: Women's participation in the Chipko agitation was a very novel aspect of the movement. The forest contractors of the region usually doubled up as suppliers of alcohol to men. Women held sustained agitations against the habit of alcoholism and broadened the agenda of the movement to cover other social issues. The movement achieved a victory when the government issued a ban on felling of trees in the Himalayan regions for fifteen years in 1980 by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, until the green cover was fully restored.[17] One of the prominent Chipko leaders, Gandhian Sunderlal Bahuguna, took a 5,000 kilometre trans-Himalaya foot march in 1981–83, spreading the Chipko message to a far greater area.[18] Gradually, women set up cooperatives to guard local forests, and also organized fodder production at rates conducive to local environment. Next, they joined in land rotation schemes for fodder collection, helped replant degraded land, and established and ran nurseries stocked with species they selected.[19]

text: Participants[edit]

text: One of Chipko's most salient features was the mass participation of female villagers.[20] As the backbone of Uttarakhand's Agrarian economy, women were most directly affected by environmental degradation and deforestation, and thus related to the issues most easily. How much this participation impacted or derived from the ideology of Chipko has been fiercely debated in academic circles.[21]

text: Despite this, both female and male activists did play pivotal roles in the movement including Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi, Bachni Devi, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Sundarlal Bahuguna, Govind Singh Rawat, Dhoom Singh Neji, Shamsher Singh Bisht and Ghanasyam Raturi, the Chipko poet, whose songs are still popular in the Himalayan region.[18] Out of which, Chandi Prasad Bhatt was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1982,[22] and Sundarlal Bahuguna was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2009.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In Tehri district, Chipko activists would go on to protest limestone mining in the Doon Valley (Dehra Dun) in the 1980s, as the movement spread through the Dehradun district, which had earlier seen deforestation of its forest cover leading to heavy loss of flora and fauna. Finally quarrying was banned after years of agitation by Chipko activists, followed by a vast public drive for afforestation, which turned around the valley, just in time. Also in the 1980s, activists like Bahuguna protested against construction of the Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi River, which went on for the next two decades, before founding the Beej Bachao Andolan, the Save the Seeds movement, that continues to the present day.

text: Over time, as a United Nations Environment Programme report mentioned, Chipko activists started "working a socio-economic revolution by winning control of their forest resources from the hands of a distant bureaucracy which is only concerned with the selling of forestland for making urban-oriented products". The Chipko movement became a benchmark for socio-ecological movements in other forest areas of Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar; in September 1983, Chipko inspired a similar, Appiko movement in Karnataka state of India, where tree felling in the Western Ghats and Vindhyas was stopped. In Kumaon region, Chipko took on a more radical tone, combining with the general movement for a separate Uttarakhand state, which was eventually achieved in 2000.

text: In recent years, the movement not only inspired numerous people to work on practical programmes of water management, energy conservation, afforestation, and recycling, but also encouraged scholars to start studying issues of environmental degradation and methods of conservation in the Himalayas and throughout India.[23]

text: On 26 March 2004, Reni, Laata, and other villages of the Niti Valley celebrated the 30th anniversary of the Chipko movement, where all the surviving original participants united. The celebrations started at Laata, the ancestral home of Gaura Devi, where Pushpa Devi, wife of late Chipko Leader Govind Singh Rawat, Dhoom Singh Negi, Chipko leader of Henwalghati, Tehri Garhwal, and others were celebrated. From here a procession went to Reni, the neighbouring village, where the actual Chipko action took place on 26 March 1974.[12] This marked the beginning of worldwide methods to improve the present situation. Recently, by following the legacy of the Chipko movement, in 2017 rapid deforestation over the century-old trees, forming almost a canopy in Jessore Road of the district of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, has also flicked off a huge movement in the form of the campaign of saving 4000 trees by the local masses.


document_title: Roller skating

question_text: when was the first roller skating rink opened

root

text: Roller skating

text: History[edit]

text:
1743: First recorded use of roller skates, in a London stage performance. The inventor of this skate is unknown.
1760: First recorded skate invention, by John Joseph Merlin, who created a primitive inline skate with small metal wheels.
1818: Roller skates appeared on the ballet stage in Berlin.[2]
1819: First patented roller skate design, in France by M. Petitbled. These early skates were similar to today's inline skates, but they were not very maneuverable. It was difficult with these skates to do anything but move in a straight line and perhaps make wide sweeping turns.
Rest of the 19th century: inventors continued to work on improving skate design.
1823: Robert John Tyers of London patented a skate called the Rolito. This skate had five wheels in a single row on the bottom of a shoe or boot.[3]
1857: Finally, roller skating had gained enough momentum to warrant the opening of the first public skating rinks. The Strand, London and Floral Hall had these first roller rinks.[4]
1863: The four-wheeled turning roller skate, or quad skate, with four wheels set in two side-by-side pairs (front and rear), was first designed, in New York City by James Leonard Plimpton in an attempt to improve upon previous designs. The skate contained a pivoting action using a rubber cushion that allowed the skater to skate a curve just by pressing his weight to one side or the other, most commonly by leaning to one side. It was a huge success, so much so that the first public roller skating rinks were opened in 1866, first in New York City by Plimpton in his furniture store and then in Newport, Rhode Island with the support of Plimpton. The design of the quad skate allowed easier turns and maneuverability, and the quad skate came to dominate the industry for more than a century.
1875 Roller skating rink in Plymouth, England held its first competition.[5])
1876: William Brown in Birmingham, England, patented a design for the wheels of roller skates. Brown's design embodied his effort to keep the two bearing surfaces of an axle, fixed and moving, apart. Brown worked closely with Joseph Henry Hughes, who drew up the patent for a ball or roller bearing race for bicycle and carriage wheels in 1877. Hughes' patent included all the elements of an adjustable system. These two men are thus responsible for modern roller skate and skateboard wheels, as well as the ball bearing race inclusion in velocipedes—later to become motorbikes and automobiles. This was arguably the most important advance in the realistic use of roller skates as a pleasurable pastime.

tag: ul

text:
1876: The toe stop was first patented. This provided skaters with the ability to stop promptly upon tipping the skate onto the toe. Toe stops are still used today on most quad skates and on some types of inline skates.
1877: The Royal Skating indoor skating ring building is erected rue Veydt, Brussels.[6]
1880s: Roller skates were being mass-produced in America from then. This was the sport's first of several boom periods. Micajah C. Henley of Richmond, Indiana produced thousands of skates every week during peak sales. Henley skates were the first skate with adjustable tension via a screw, the ancestor of the kingbolt mechanism on modern quad skates.
1884: Levant M. Richardson received a patent for the use of steel ball bearings in skate wheels to reduce friction, allowing skaters to increase speed with minimum effort.
1898: Richardson started the Richardson Ball Bearing and Skate Company, which provided skates to most professional skate racers of the time, including Harley Davidson (no relation to the Harley-Davidson motorcycle brand). (Turner and Zaidman, 1997).

text:
The design of the quad skate has remained essentially unchanged since then, and remained as the dominant roller skate design until nearly the end of the 20th century. The quad skate has begun to make a comeback recently due to the popularity of roller derby and jam skating.

1900: The Peck & Snyder Company patented an inline skate with two wheels.[7]
1902: The Chicago Coliseum opened a public skating rink. Over 7,000 people attended the opening night.[3]
1977: Inline skates looking like ice skates were used by the makers of the east German DEFA movie "Die zertanzten Schuhe" based on the fairy tale The Twelve Dancing Princesses in some winter scenes on a frozen lake.
1979: Scott Olson and Brennan Olson of Minneapolis, Minnesota came across a pair of inline skates created in the 1960s by the Chicago Roller Skate Company and, seeing the potential for off-ice hockey training, set about redesigning the skates using modern materials and attaching ice hockey boots. A few years later Scott Olson began heavily promoting the skates and launched the company Rollerblade, Inc..
1983 President Ronald Reagan declared October National Roller Skating Month.
1993 - Active Brake Technology, Rollerblade, Inc. developed ABT or Active Brake Technology for increased safety.[8]

text: During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Rollerblade-branded skates became so successful that they inspired many other companies to create similar inline skates, and the inline design became more popular than the traditional quads. The Rollerblade skates became synonymous in the minds of many with "inline skates" and skating, so much so that many people came to call any form of skating "Rollerblading," thus making it a genericized trademark.

tag: p

text: For much of the 1980s and into the 1990s, inline skate models typically sold for general public use employed a hard plastic boot, similar to ski boots. In or about 1995, "soft boot" designs were introduced to the market, primarily by the sporting goods firm K2 Inc., and promoted for use as fitness skates. Other companies quickly followed, and by the early 2000s the development of hard shell skates and skeletons became primarily limited to the Aggressive inline skating discipline and other specialized designs.

text: The single-wheel "quintessence skate"[9] was made in 1988 by Miyshael F. Gailson of Caples Lake Resort, California, for the purpose of cross-country skate skiing and telemark skiing training. Other experimental skate designs the years have included two wheeled (heel and toe) inline skate frames but the vast majority of skates on the market today are either quad or standard inline design.

text: Artistic roller skating[edit]

text: Artistic roller skating is a sport which consists of a number of events. These are usually accomplished on quad skates, but inline skates may be used for some events. Various flights of events are organized by age and ability/experience. In the US, local competitions lead to 9 regional competitions which led to the National Championships and World Championships.

text: Figures[edit]

text: A prescribed movement symmetrically composed of at least two circles, but not more than three circles, involving primary, or primary and secondary movements, with or without turns. Figures are skated on circles, which have been inscribed on the skating surface.[10]

text: Dance[edit]

text: In competition skaters can enter more than one event;

text: Solo Dance; solo dance a competition starts at tiny tot and goes up to golden, for a test it starts with bronze and goes up to gold. You do not have to take tests anymore to skate in harder categories, you must have a couple of tests once you get to a certain event, though. In competition, these dances are set patterns and the judges give you marks for good edges, how neat they look and how well they do turns, etc.

text: Team Dance; this is where two people skate together doing the set dances. Most people skate with a partner the same ability and age.

text: Skaters are judged by the accuracy of steps that they skate when performing a particular dance. In addition to being judged on their edges and turns, skaters must carry themselves in an elegant manner while paying careful attention to the rhythm and timing of the music.

text: Freestyle[edit]

text: Freestyle roller dancing is a style of physical movement, usually done to music, that isn’t choreographed or planned ahead of time. It occurs in many genres, including those where people dance with partners. By definition, this kind of dance is never the same from performance to performance, although it can be done formally and informally, sometimes using some sparse choreography as a very loose outline for the improvisation.

text: Precision teams[edit]

text: A team of skaters (usually counted in multiples of 4) creates various patterns and movements to music. Often used elements include skating in a line, skating in a box, 'splicing' (subgroups skating towards each other such that they do not contact each other), and skating in a circle. The team is judged on its choreography and the ability to skate together precisely.

text: Singles and pairs[edit]

text: A single skater or a pair of skaters present routines to music. They are judged on skating ability and creativity. Jumps, spins and turns are expected in these events. Sometimes with a pair or couple skaters slow music will play, and usually it is two songs.

text: Speed skating[edit]

text: Speed skating originally started on traditional roller skates. The speed skating season began in fall and continued through spring leading up to a state tournament. Placing in the top three places at a state tournament would qualify skaters for a regional tournament. The top three places at regional tournaments then went on to compete at a national tournament. Skaters could qualify as individuals or as part of a two-person or four-person (relay) team. Qualification at regional events could warrant an invite to the Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, CO for a one-week training session on their outdoor velodrome. Inline speed skating is a competitive non-contact sport played on inline skates. Variants include indoor, track and road racing, with many different grades of skaters, so the whole family can compete.

text: Group skating[edit]

text: Among skaters not committed to a particular discipline, a popular social activity is the group skate or street skate, in which large groups of skaters regularly meet to skate together, usually on city streets. One such group is the San Francisco Midnight Rollers. In 1989 the small 15-20 group that became the Midnight Rollers explored the closed doubIe-decker Embarcadero Freeway after the Loma-Prieta earthquake until it was torn down.[11] At which point the new route was created settling on Friday nights at 9 pm from the San Francisco Ferry Building circling 12 miles around the city back at midnight to the start.[12][13][14][15] Although such touring existed among quad roller skate clubs in the 1970s and 1980s, it made the jump to inline skates in 1990 with groups in large cities throughout the United States. In some cases, hundreds of skaters would regularly participate, resembling a rolling party. In the late 1990s, the group skate phenomenon spread to Europe and east Asia. The weekly Friday night skate in Paris, France (called Pari Roller[16]) is believed to be one of the largest repeating group skates in the world. At times, it has had as many as 35,000 skaters participating on the boulevards of Paris, on a single night. The Sunday Skate Night in Berlin also attracts over 10,000 skaters during the summer, and Copenhagen, Munich, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Buenos Aires, London, San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York, and Tokyo host other popular events. Charity skates in Paris have attracted 50,000 participants (the yearly Paris-Versailles skate). The current Official Guinness World Record holder is Nightskating Warszawa (Poland) in number of 4013 participants from 19 June 2014, but their real record from 25 April 2015 is 7303 participants and over 38 000 skaters total in 10 events in season 2015.

text: Aggressive inline[edit]

text: Aggressive inline skating is trick-based skating. This is where the individual performs tricks using a slightly different skate to normal. The skate has a grind block in between two wheels and the various companies have designed the boots to take these extra strains. Also the wheels have a flat large contact surface for grip.

text: Aggressive inline can either take place at a skate park or on the street. Typically predominantly grinds but also air tricks such as spins and flips.

text: Roller hockey (quad)[edit]

text: Roller hockey is the overarching name for a rollersport that existed long before inline skates were invented. Roller hockey has been played on quad skates in many countries worldwide and so has many names. Roller hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics was a demonstration rollersport in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

text: Skating federations[edit]

text: In the United States, the controlling organization is USA Roller Sports, headquartered in Lincoln, Nebraska, also home of the National Museum of Roller Skating.[17] Nationals are held each summer with skaters required to qualify through state and regional competitions.

text: Roller derby[edit]

text: Roller derby is a team sport played on roller skates on an oval track. Originally a trademarked product developed out of speed skating demonstrations, the sport is currently experiencing a revival as a grass-roots-driven 5-a-side sport played mainly by women. Most roller derby leagues adopt the rules and guidelines set by the Women's Flat Track Derby Association or its male counterpart, Men's Roller Derby Association, but there are leagues that play on a banked track, as the sport was originally from c.1933-1998.

text: Other groups[edit]

text: Other groups include:

text:
International Roller Sports Federation (Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports)
British Federation of Roller Skating
Skate Australia

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
1916 - Charlie Chaplin film "The Rink" is partially set at a roller skating rink & roller skating party.
1955 - Gene Kelly used roller skates as part of a dance routine in It's Always Fair Weather.
1971 - The song Brand New Key by Melanie Safka uses roller skates as a theme.
1972 - Kansas City Bomber, starring Raquel Welch, is about the roller derby scene.
1975 - Rollerball - A dystopian SciFi centered on a roller skate based tournament.
1978 - Singer Linda Ronstadt dons a roller skating outfit on the cover of her album Living in the USA and in its promotional materials, which helps bring the sport a resurgence of interest in the United States.
1979 - Skatetown, U.S.A. with Scott Baio, Flip Wilson, Patrick Swayze & Maureen McCormick.
1979 - Roller Boogie with Linda Blair.
1980 - Xanadu, with Olivia Newton-John, has rollerskating as a recurring theme.
1980 - Heaven's Gate, with Kris Kristofferson and Christopher Walken, which is set in 1890s Wyoming, features a scene in an early roller-skating rink called "Heaven's Gate".
1983 - In Star 80, there is a roller-skating party at the Playboy Mansion.
1984 - Starlight Express, a musical written by Andrew Lloyd Webber, opened on London's West End. The cast perform on quad skates.
1991 - A Roller Skating Jam Named "Saturdays", a 1991 single by De La Soul and music video filmed at Lace's roller rink on Long Island, NY.
1995 - Man of the House features a scene where Jonathan Taylor Thomas uses early model rollerblades to get around Seattle.
1998 - In the Disney Channel Original Movie Brink!, in-line skating is presented as an extreme competition for teens in California.
2005 - The plot of the film Roll Bounce centered on a group of teenagers who compete in a rollerskating competition in the late 1970s.
2006 - In the movie ATL, set in Atlanta, the protagonist – rapper, T.I. – and his friends had a great love for skating.
2008 - MTV's Americas Best Dance Crew auditioned Breaksk8, a group of Hip Hop dancers on roller skates.
2008 - The songs "Seventies" by Laurent Wolf and "Kim&Jessie" by M83, featured the "Miss'ile" skate dancers
2009 - The movie Whip It, starring Ellen Page and Drew Barrymore – Barrymore also directing – centers on a small-town girl who joins a hard core all-girl roller derby team.
2009 - In the MTV television film My Super Psycho Sweet 16, a roller skating rink Roller Dome
2010 - In the movie Skateland, starring Shiloh Fernandez and Ashley Greene, which is set in the 1980s, when roller skating was very popular and many teenagers used to go to roller rinks.
2010 - In the first season Glee episode Home, a local roller rink called Rinky Dinks is used for rehearsal space for the glee club after their auditorium is commandeered.
2015 - Rap duo Rae Sremmurd's music video, "Throw Sum Mo", is filmed at Moonlight Rollerway near Los Angeles, California.
2016 - Gwen Stefani's music video, "Make Me Like You", which is the first "live" video recorded during the 58th Annual Grammy Awards on February 15 and was filmed at Warner Bros. Studio's Burbank, California.

text: Alternatives[edit]

text: Roller skating, like skateboarding, has created a number of spin-off sports and sports devices. In addition to rollerblades/inline skates, there have also been:

text:
Soaps, normal-looking street/skate shoes with a concave plastic plate in the sole to allow grinds.
Heelys, normal-looking street/skate shoes with a single retractable wheel in the heel of each shoe, allowing the wearer to perform unique rollerskating-like moves at leisure while still walking normally when the skating functionality isn't desired (and the wheel is mostly retracted into a recessed slot in the heel). The fact that skateboarding and related wheeled sports are outlawed in many cities and suburbs makes the low key and spontaneous nature of Heelys all the more enticing to the same demographic. Heelys were later also combined with Soaps into a single hybrid shoe.
Freeline skates, a class of unattached skates that wearers place under their normal street or skate shoes. They typically have 2 closely set inline wheels set with a short base under a small squarish plate (usually surfaced with grip tape about the same width as the rider's shoe). This arrangement allows for a range of motion similar to single-wheeled skates like Heelys. Due to the lack of straps on the contact plate, freeline skates require constant motion to stay on, and are a particular challenge for novices.
Two-wheeled skates: there are also other lesser seen two-wheeled skate arrangements. Some resemble inline skates but with 2 very large wheels bolted in at an angle from the outside rather than a center-balanced row of 4 smaller wheels underneath of inline skates. Others resemble freeline skates in that they have a small squarish platform, but with 2 medium-sized wheels on either side, somewhat between a freeline skate and roller skates (but with inline-skate-styled wheels).
Orbit wheel skates, another spiritual relative of the freeline skate whereby the skate stands on a grip-tape-surfaced platform (just slightly larger than a freeline skate's) inside of a large hoop that contains a trapped wheel that can freely rotate under the grip plate each foot is planted on. The foot plates normally rest on the trough of the inner surface of these orbital wheels, with the toes pointing orthogonal to the rotation of the ringed wheel. It's said the experience of riding them is somewhat similar to skateboarding, and there are variants with the two wheels connected so the rider is fixed in a skateboarding-like stance.


document_title: Bob's Burgers (season 8)

question_text: when is bob's burgers season 8 coming out

question_tokens: when is bob 's burgers season 8 coming out

text: Bob's Burgers (season 8)

text:
Bob's Burgers (season 8)
Promotional posterCountry of origin
United StatesNo. of episodes
21ReleaseOriginal network
FoxOriginal release
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) – May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)Season chronology
← PreviousSeason 7
List of Bob's Burgers episodes

tag: table

text: The eighth season of the animated comedy series Bob's Burgers began airing on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017, and concluded on May 20, 2018.[1]

text: On October 7, 2015, the series was renewed for an eighth production cycle, which premiered during the eighth broadcast season.[2]

text: The season features guest appearances from Adam Driver, Jack McBrayer, Thomas Middleditch, Fred Savage and Vanessa Bayer.[3][4][5]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1301"Brunchsquatch"Mauricio Pardo & Ian HamiltonLizzie Molyneux & Wendy MolyneuxOctober 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)7ASA142.93[6]
In this episode inspired by actual fan-art of the Bob's Burgers characters, the Belcher kids want a dog, but Bob and Linda refuse. After seeing Jimmy Pesto serve brunch at his restaurant, Bob decides to do the same thing at Bob's Burgers, but Linda overdoes it with the serving of the mimosas. Meanwhile, the kids hide Felix from Mr. Fischoeder.
1312"The Silence of the Louise"Chris SongGreg ThompsonOctober 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)7ASA092.43[7]
Louise teams up with the psychotic Millie to find out who mutilated Mr. Frond's therapy dolls. Meanwhile, Teddy attempts to make an inspirational poster.
1323"The Wolf of Wharf Street"Mauricio PardoLizzie Molyneux & Wendy MolyneuxOctober 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)7ASA073.02[8]
On Halloween, Linda takes the kids out to search for a wolf that may have been scaring the townspeople. Meanwhile, an injured Bob thinks that Teddy might be a werewolf.
1334"Sit Me Baby One More Time"Brian LoschiavoNora SmithNovember 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)7ASA082.89[9]
Tina's babysitting business gets derailed when her longtime nemesis, Tammy, is forced to work with her. Meanwhile, the other Belchers have dinner at a restaurant known for its burgers.
1345"Thanks-Hoarding"Tyree DillihayJon SchroederNovember 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)7ASA152.37[10]
The Belchers agree to help out Teddy after his family announces that they will be coming over for Thanksgiving. During the preparation, the Belchers discover that Teddy is secretly a hoarder.
13513667"The Bleakening: Parts 1 & 2"Brian LoschiavoChris SongSteven DavisKelvin YuDecember 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)7ASA167ASA173.17[11]
In this hour-long musical Christmas episode, Linda decides to throw a festive party at the restaurant, but someone steals Linda's Christmas tree and her ornaments. The kids suspect it might be a character from a folk tale told to them by Teddy.
1378"V for Valentine-detta"Ian HamiltonLizzie Molyneux & Wendy MolyneuxJanuary 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)7ASA224.76[12]
On Valentine's Day, Tina gets her heart broken, so Linda and Louise attempt to cheer her up by taking her on a girls' limo night out. Meanwhile, Bob and Gene become closer than ever when they attempt to perform a trapeze act.
1389"Y Tu Ga-Ga Tambien"Brian LoschiavoScott JacobsonMarch 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)7ASA121.84[13]
Gene disapproves of a new playground game, which throws the school into chaos. Meanwhile, Linda develops a storyteller persona when she fills in at the local library.
13910"The Secret Ceramics Room of Secrets"Tyree DillihayDan FybelMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)7ASA191.72[14]
The kids set out to find a secret ceramics room in their school, after Linda tells them to make their own gifts for her mother's birthday. Meanwhile, Teddy moves his phone repair service into the restaurant, much to Bob's annoyance.
14011"Sleeping with the Frenemy"Brian LoschiavoGreg ThompsonMarch 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)7ASA201.74[15]
Tina sets Tammy up with Brett, a boy from out of town, after she allows Tammy to stay with the Belchers during Spring Break. Meanwhile, Gene loses his last baby tooth, so he and Bob enlist Dr. Yap's help in finding a replacement to complete Linda's teeth collection.
14112"The Hurt Soccer"Damon WongRachel HastingsApril 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)7ASA231.54[16]
After forgetting that they signed up Louise for a soccer league, the Belchers must help her prepare to play in the season's last game. Meanwhile, Linda and Gene seize an opportunity to turn the restaurant into a piano bar.
14213"Cheer Up, Sleepy Gene"Tyree DillihayStory by : H. Jon Benjamin & Holly Schlesinger Teleplay by : Holly SchlesingerApril 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)7ASA101.74[17]
Gene gets invited to his first sleepover, and things do not go as planned. Meanwhile, Bob and Linda record themselves while sleeping to prove who snores more.
14314"The Trouble with Doubles"Ian HamiltonHolly SchlesingerApril 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)7ASA181.83[18]
When Bob and Linda go on a double date with another couple, they all end up getting trapped in an escape room. Meanwhile, at the Belcher house, Louise hosts a zombie movie night, and Tina has to take charge when everyone else gets scared of the zombies.
14415"Go Tina on the Mountain"Tyree DillihayRich RinaldiApril 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)8ASA011.66[19]
The kids, at Tina's suggestion, go on a team building field trip, but, due to the rain, it does not turn out as Tina thought it would be. Meanwhile, with no kids in the house, Bob and Linda attempt to recapture their romantic spark, but end up falling asleep.
14516"Are You There Bob? It's Me, Birthday"Tyree DillihayKelvin YuApril 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)8ASA041.91[20]
The family forgets Bob's birthday, and attempt to make it up to him with a surprise party. Hugo and Ron distract Bob by taking him with them on their health inspection run.
14617"Boywatch"Mauricio PardoRich RinaldiMay 6, 2018 (2018-05-06)7ASA111.56[21]
Tina signs up to be a junior lifeguard just to meet boys. Meanwhile, Bob and Linda decide to allow their customers to use their Wi-Fi, but Sgt. Bosco does an undercover sting operation to find a hacker in their restaurant.
14718"As I Walk Through the Alley of the Shadow of Ramps"Chris SongScott JacobsonMay 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)8ASA021.56[22]
Louise starts a turf war with a crazy food truck driver. Meanwhile, Linda keeps discouraging Gayle from quitting her new job.
14819"Mo Mommy, Mo Problems"Ian HamiltonSteven DavisMay 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)8ASA031.88[22]
On Mother’s Day, Linda convinces the family to attend open houses for free food, but starts to feel bad when she realizes she’s cheating the newly mothered realtor. Meanwhile, the kids discover an old woman upset about her son trying to sell her house.
14920"Mission Impos-slug-ble"Chris SongNora SmithMay 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)7ASA211.65[23]
After Tina snitches on Louise and gets her trading cards confiscated by Ms. LaBonz, the kids sneak to her house to reobtain them.
15021"Something Old, Something New, Something Bob Caters for You"Chris SongJon SchroederMay 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)8ASA051.62[23]
A couple who met at the restaurant asks Bob to cater for their wedding, but everything goes wrong. Meanwhile, Linda is shocked the couple is marrying after only three months, and the kids have a photobombing contest.


document_title: Meteor Garden (2018 TV series)

question_text: when is meteor garden episode 44 coming out

text: Meteor Garden (2018 TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The story centers around an ordinary girl, Dong Shan Cai (Shen Yue) who is accepted to the most prestigious university in the country. She encounters F4, an exclusive group composed of the four popular boys in the institution - Dao Ming Si (Dylan Wang), Hua Ze Lei (Darren Chen), Yan Ximen (Caesar Wu), and Feng Meizuo (Connor Leong). Shan Cai is a girl from a family that is barely able to make ends meet. Due to the nature of her personality, she immediately clashes with F4, especially Dao Ming Si who is spoiled, arrogant, and a bully. She remains defiant even after becoming a target of Dao Ming Si and just when she's about to give up, Hua Ze Lei always seems to show up to comfort her. Eventually, the four boys begin to acknowledge Shan Cai's unyielding personality that is like her namesake, which is that of a weed that can never be brought down. She also begins to see the good in the boys, which paves the way for friendship and an eventual romance. However, the joyful scenario of love and friendship stops as numerous issues and circumstances from families and incidents come in the way.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The Chinese names of the characters are transcribed using official Pinyin transcription. Chinese surnames are Dong, Daoming, Huaze, Feng, Yan, etc. First names often consist of 1 or 2 characters. Examples are Shancai, Si, Lei, Meizuo, Ximen. There are about 20 Chinese compound surnames and this does not include Daoming. So the name of male lead is written as Dao Mingsi (道明寺), where Ming (明) is the generational name in the first name. This is the first of the two characters in the first names among all members which are cycled through the generations in this Dao family.

text: Main[edit]

text:
Actor

Character Names

Characteristics

Shen Yue

Dong Shancai
(董杉菜)

The protagonist of the story. Dong Shancai is a strong-willed, stubborn, and kind girl who doesn't allow herself or others be bullied. After angering Dao Ming Si, she receives a sacred 'Joker' card given by the F4, who challenged her to a match of Contract bridge. Initially, she likes Hua Ze Lei who comes to her rescue during her worst moments; however, after a series of events, she starts developing feelings for Dao Ming Si. Due to her headstrong nature, she soon earns the respect of the F4 boys and becomes good friends with them.

Dylan Wang / Wang Hedi

Dao Ming Si
(道明寺)

The stubborn, hot-headed, and arrogant leader of F4. Dao Ming Si (short name: Ah-si) comes from a wealthy, domineering family that believes money can buy everything. He never fully matured because his parents were not present for much of his life (his father died when he was in high school, and his mother was often busy leading her company overseas). Dao Ming Si gets easily angry when something doesn't go his way. He slowly falls in love with Dong Shancai due to her defiant stance to his bullying ways. Although he may get irrationally angry due to jealousy, his feelings for Dong Shancai run deep. He strives to protect Dong Shancai at all costs and is willing to go to extreme ends to keep her safe.

Darren Chen / Guan Hong

Hua Ze Lei
(花泽类)

A member of F4. On the exterior, Hua Ze Lei (short name: Lei) appears cold, quiet, and indifferent to those outside his circle of friends. In reality, he is protective of Dong Shancai and is grateful for her being there for him during his worst times. Also from a wealthy family, Huaze Lei has been friends with Dao Ming Si since they were kids. He is in love with his childhood friend Teng Tangjing, who befriended him despite his quiet demeanor due to his mild autism, when he was very young. He later on develops feelings for Shancai.

Connor Leong / Liang Jingkang

Feng Mei Zuo
(冯美作)

A member of F4. Meizuo enjoys making jokes and has an incredible memory. He is a flirtatious casanova. He expresses interest in Dong Shancai's impressive competitor in the Chinese Cuisine competition, Zhou Caina who he dated for a while before letting her go to her true love.

Caesar Wu / Wu Xize

Ximen Yan
(西门彦)

A member of F4. Ximen is a playboy, although he expresses interest in Shancai's best friend, Xiaoyou. He is an expert in tea culture.

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Li Jiaqi as Jiang Xiaoyou 蒋小优
Liu Yinhao as Chen Qinghe 陈青和[4]
Sun Qian as He Yuanzi[5] / Xiao Zi
Dee Hsu as Daoming Zhuang
An Ziyi as Li Xinhui
Dong Xin as Li Zhen 李真
Wang Lin / Lilian Wang as Daoming Feng
Sun Yihan as Teng Tangjing 腾唐静
Wang Runze as Tian Ye
Blake Abbie as Thomas
Wang Zi Zhen as Jiang Baihe
Liu Ye as Zhou Caina
Zhao Hua Ran as Yan Shunping[6]

text: Cameo[edit]

text:
Wang Yue as Yue Ji
Amber Kuo as Guo Kaijie
Jin Hao Chen as Yan Zhibu
Harlem Yu
Tang Jingmei

text: Production[edit]

text: In April 2017, Angie Chai announced the remake of Meteor Garden, which she produced in 2001.[1] Prior to the announcement, Barbie Hsu hinted at the news on her Weibo account. Chai plans on making the remake a "fuller—and flashier—adaptation of the books".[7] The drama is budgeted at 720 million New Taiwan dollars (about US$24 million) with 15 million per episode, which is thirty times higher than the original.[1]

text: A casting call was announced on social media on June 21, 2017 with a video and the topic, "#FindingF4#".[8] On November 7, 2017, the actors playing the F4 were revealed, namely Dylan Wang (Daoming Si), Darren Chen (Huaze Lei), Connor Leong (Meizuo), and Caesar Wu (Ximen).[9] Shen Yue's role as Dong Shancai was unveiled at a press conference in Shanghai on November 9.[10]

text: On February 2018, it was announced that the director has been changed from Xu Fuxiang to Lin Helong.[2]

text: Original soundtrack[edit]

text: No.TitleSingerLength1."The Love You Want (Night Version) [你要的爱 (深夜版)]"Penny Tai (戴佩妮)04:212."For You"Dylan Wang (王鹤棣), Darren Chen (官鸿), Connor Leong (梁靖康), Caesar Wu (吴希泽)03:323."Waiting For Someone (等一个人)"Shennio Lin (林芯仪)04:214."Meteor Shower (流星雨)"Jerry Yan (言承旭), Vic Chou (周渝民), Ken Chu (朱孝天), Vanness Wu (吴建豪)04:345."Create Memories (创造回忆)"Dylan Wang (王鹤棣), Darren Chen (官鸿), Connor Leong (梁靖康), Caesar Wu (吴希泽)05:176."Never Thought Of (从来没想到)"Dylan Wang (王鹤棣), Darren Chen (官鸿), Connor Leong (梁靖康), Caesar Wu (吴希泽)03:417."I Don’t Even Think About It (想都不用想)"Dylan Wang (王鹤棣)04:038."Extremely Important (非同小可)"Dylan Wang (王鹤棣)02:519."The Tenderness Behind The Flower (花背后的温柔)"Darren Chen (官鸿)03:5310."Star Counting Shooting Stars (星星数流星)"Connor Leong (梁靖康)03:2811."I Miss You Thinking About Going Crazy (想你想到快疯了)"Caesar Wu (吴希泽)05:0612."Emotional (情非得已)"Harlem Yu (庾澄庆)04:3313."I Miss You Thinking About Going Crazy (想你想到快疯了)"Clover Kao (高隽雅)04:1414."Love, Existence (爱，存在)"Qiqi Wei (魏奇奇)04:4615."The Love You Want (你要的爱)"Fu Yan (芙筱)04:0316."River"Bishop Briggs03:3417."Say Something"A Great Big World03:5218."Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)"Gareth Gates03:48

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series received mostly positive reviews from critics and netizens, praising the newbie actors and the combined interpretations from the other versions, as well as the manga it was based on. Dylan Wang was praised for his portrayal of the male lead Dao Ming Si despite being a ‘first timer’ in the acting industry, saying he interpreted the character the best along with Jun Matsumoto of the Japanese version. The series was also praised for its ‘more realistic’ and less-violence ‘but still dramatic’ storyline compared to the previous versions. Although the series became a critical failure in China, it was well received by many fans in other Asian countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam, and the main cast also gained extreme popularity among new and old Meteor Garden fans. The soundtracks of the series were also well-received by many viewers and fans of the series, most especially the new F4’s For You, which is also popular to non-fans and has multiple parodies and covers done.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In this table, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.

text:
Episode #

Original broadcast date

Average audience share (CSM52)

Average audience share (National Average)

Ratings

Audience share

Ranking

Ratings

Audience share

Ranking

1-2
July 9, 2018
1.126%
8.04%
4
1.11%
9.68%
3

3-4
July 10, 2018
1.032%
7.023%
4
1.11%
9.03%
4

5-6
July 11, 2018
0.991%
6.731%
5
1.12%
8.85%
4

7-8
July 16, 2018
0.931%
7.045%
6
1.1%
9.77%
3

9-10
July 17, 2018
0.919%
6.803%
8
1.12%
9.57%
4

11-12
July 18, 2018
0.983%
7.254%
8
0.97%
8.71%
4

13-14
July 19, 2018
0.922%
6.42%
9
1.12%
9.24%
4

15-16
July 23, 2018
0.861%
6.726%
9
0.97%
9.07%
5

17-18
July 24, 2018
0.893%
6.571%
8
1.09%
9.76%
4

19-20
July 25, 2018
0.969%
7.042%
8
0.99%
8.6%
3

21-22
July 30, 2018
0.916%
6.876%
6
1%
8.92%
4

23-24
July 31, 2018
0.914%
6.792%
5
1.09%
9.31%
4

25-26
August 1, 2018
0.872%
6.584%
6
0.81%
7.21%
5

27-28
August 6, 2018
0.824%
6.46%
7
0.89%
8.07%
4

29-30
August 7, 2018
0.781%
6.058%
7
0.92%
7.92%
4

31-32
August 8, 2018
0.792%
6.027%
6
0.97%
8.61%
4

33-34
August 13, 2018
0.756%
5.808%
7
0.84%
7.59%
5

35-36
August 14, 2018
0.749%
5.771%
5
0.78%
7.22%
4

37-38
August 15, 2018
0.669%
5.325%
6
0.72%
6.66%
4

39-40
August 20, 2018
0.751%
5.879%
3
0.77%
7.31%
3

41-42
August 21, 2018
0.709%
5.595%
3
0.69%
6.33%
3

43-44
August 22, 2018
0.592%
4.336%
7
0.57%
5.1%
5

45-46
August 27, 2018
0.713%
5.694%
7
0.61%
6.09%
3

47-48
August 28, 2018
0.586%
4.658%
4
0.6%
5.95%
4

49-50
August 29, 2018
0.707%
5.554%
8
0.6%
5.7%
4

Average
0.841%
6.32%
—
0.9%
8%
—

text: In China, ratings of at least 1.0% is considered high because of its big population.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. Overall

No. in Season

Original Airdate

Summary

1

1

July 9, 2018

Eighteen-year-old Shancai kicks off her first year at Mingde University with misadventures, drawing the ire of popular school heartthrob Daoming Si. She hopes to study nutrition to help her mother's business. Mingde University is dominated by a group of 4 popular boys, known as F4. As students rush to take pictures of F4, Daoming Si  unknowingly steps and cracks the screen of Shancai's phone. A junior describes the talents of F4 and also the fear they instill in their peers, but Shancai still goes to confront Daoming Si, the one who stepped on her phone. Instead, she accidentally pushes Mr. Bobbitt, a visitor to the university and is sent home. Later, Daoming Si orders 20 boxes of takeout from Shancai's mother's business. After she arrives, they bicker, and it culminates with him smashing one of the boxes on her neck. Once she leaves, she is assaulted by 2 men and is saved by Huaze Lei, another member of F4. The next day, she returns to kick Daoming Si right in the face, knocking him out. Daoming Si’s friends in F4 carry him away and leave him tied up in toilet paper.
After knocking out Daoming Si with one kick she becomes famous throughout the entire school.
Shancai is puzzled when two men in suits extend her an invitation to Daoming Si’s mansion. She wonders if it's a trick since the men claim that Daoming Si is ready to apologize, but she gets in the car anyway. Upon her arrival, an army of stylists flock to her and after much poking and scrubbing against her will, Shancai emerges all made up in a cute outfit.

43

43

August 22, 2018

Ah-Si was rushed to a hospital operating room in Shanghai after being stabbed. The ICPO informed Daoming Si’s friends and Shancai that the suspects were two previous Daoming hotel employees seeking revenge for losing their job after poor management forced the hotel to shut down. The ICPO also informed them that Xiaozi confessed that the kidnapping was part of a prank of hers. Ximen admitted that they were invited by Xiaozi to her island for a party and only later found out that it was a prank.
Xiaozi arrived at the hospital after her police interrogation and apologized to Shancai. Mrs. Daoming Feng (mother) arrived a while later with Mrs. Yu. After seeing Si safely, she scheduled a ride for the next flight back to London and left Mrs. Yu to care for Si. As Daoming Si’s mother was leaving the hospital, she warned Shancai to stop seeing him and told Xiaozi to stop befriending Shancai. Shancai retorted that she will stay with him until he personally tells her that he does not want her.
Daoming Si’s surgery was a success, but a skull injury caused a blood vessel clot. When he woke from his coma, he remembers everyone except Shancai. At Meizuo’s suggestion, Shancai starts recalling their memories together and begs him to remember her. After she declares her love and vows that she will never leave him, he reveals the joke, surprising everyone but Lei who suspected it. Seeing that Daoming Si was back to normal, Lei asks Mrs. Yu to go home and rest, requesting that she does not inform Daoming Si’s mother yet about him regaining consciousness. Mrs. Yu assures him that she will only inform Zhuang, Ah-si’s sister, about his condition.
Shancai returns to school and gained sudden popularity due to her media coverage during the attack on Si. After Si got discharged from the hospital, he decides to stay in Lei’s house to avoid his mother's attention. He tells Lei about his plan to marry Shancai and hints on a secret plan for a new concept for the Dao Ming group hotels. Meanwhile, Xiaoyou joins the Way of Tea club where she forms an immediate bond with a short-haired lady called Yifen.

text: Trivias[edit]

text:
Although the series is a remake of the 2001 Taiwanese Meteor Garden, it shares more similarities with the Japanese and Korean versions.
Unlike in the original 2001 series, Ximen (Caesar Wu) adapted the tea culture characteristic of its Hana Yori Dango counterpart.
Dao Ming Si’s sister Zhuang is portrayed by Dee Hsu, the younger sister of Barbie Hsu who played Shan Cai in the original series.
Dylan Wang, who portrays Dao Ming Si, played the similar character as a challenge in one episode of the Chinese survival program Super Idol (he is the final winner of the show). The 2001 and 2018 Meteor Garden’s producer Angie Chai was a guest in that episode. Connor Leong (plays Mei Zuo) was also challenged to play as Hua Ze Lei in the same episode.
Its ending scene is similar to the 2001 Taiwanese series, where Harlem Yu was singing in the street while Dao Ming Si and Shan Cai were on a date. However, in the 2018 version, the other F4 members and producer Angie Chai joined the couple and the singer in singing.
The owner of the Chinese restaurant Dao Ming Si and Shan Cai ate hotpot on in London played as the mother of Shan Cai in the original series.
The deserted island episode is inspired from Hana Yori Dango Final, the third, last and movie installment of the show’s Japanese version.
There are over 30 kissing scenes in the series (including kisses on the cheeks and forehead).
The previous F4s’ Red Card was changed to a Joker Card, and violence was toned down due to China’s TV censorships.
The Japanese version’s Teen of Japan story arc was changed to the Chinese Cuisine Culinary Competition, where Tsukushi and Shan Cai won the special prize.
Hua Ze Lei had more significance in Shan Cai’s life than the previous versions. He is more expressive regarding his feelings for Shan Cai, and is seen as a romantic interest rather than a close friend of the two leads throughout the series.
F4 are popular for their Bridge skills and international awards, while the previous F4s were popular for their families’ positions in the university.
The university is called Ming De, unlike in the original Meteor Garden where it was called Ying De.
Shancai and her bestfriend Xiaoyou worked in a Milktea shop, while their counterparts from the 2001 Meteor Garden worked in a pastry shop.
Shancai’s Japanese and Korean counterparts, Tsukushi and Jan Di, had a younger brother who played a small part in the story.
Meteor Garden was set in a university while the Japanese and Korean versions occurred in an high school (escalator school).
Dao Ming Si’s amnesia story arc, unlike in the Taiwanese, Japanese and Korean versions, was removed.

text: International broadcast[edit]

text:
Philippines: ABS-CBN.[11] It premiered on August 20, 2018.[12]
 Indonesia: SCTV have the rights to air the program.[13] It premiered on September 3, 2018. However, Viu has the streaming rights to the program and air first on July 16.[14]
 Vietnam: Coming Soon

text: Besides Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, the show aired as a Netflix Exclusive under the Netflix Originals category and started streaming on July 13, 2018.


document_title: Vein

question_text: where are the veins located in your body

text: Vein

text: Structure[edit]

text: Veins are present throughout the body as tubes that carry blood back to the heart. Veins are classified in a number of ways, including superficial vs. deep, pulmonary vs. systemic, and large vs. small.

text:
Superficial veins are those closer to the surface of the body, and have no corresponding arteries.
Deep veins are deeper in the body and have corresponding arteries.
Perforator veins drain from the superficial to the deep veins.[1] These are usually referred to in the lower limbs and feet.
Communicating veins are veins that directly connect superficial veins to deep veins.
Pulmonary veins are a set of veins that deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Systemic veins drain the tissues of the body and deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart.

text: Most veins are equipped with valves to prevent blood flowing in the reverse direction.

text: Veins are translucent, so the color a vein appears from an organism's exterior is determined in large part by the color of venous blood, which is usually dark red as a result of its low oxygen content. Veins appear blue because the subcutaneous fat absorbs low-frequency light, permitting only the highly energetic blue wavelengths to penetrate through to the dark vein and reflect back to the viewer. The colour of a vein can be affected by the characteristics of a person's skin, how much oxygen is being carried in the blood, and how big and deep the vessels are.[2] When a vein is drained of blood and removed from an organism, it appears grey-white.[citation needed]

text: Venous system[edit]

text: The largest veins in the human body are the venae cavae. These are two large veins which enter the right atrium of the heart from above and below. The superior vena cava carries blood from the arms and head to the right atrium of the heart, while the inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs and abdomen to the heart. The inferior vena cava is retroperitoneal and runs to the right and roughly parallel to the abdominal aorta along the spine. Large veins feed into these two veins, and smaller veins into these. Together this forms the venous system.

text: Whilst the main veins hold a relatively constant position, the position of veins person to person can display quite a lot of variation.[citation needed]

text: The pulmonary veins carry relatively oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The superior and inferior venae cavae carry relatively deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower systemic circulations, respectively.

text: The portal venous system is a series of veins or venules that directly connect two capillary beds. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal vein and hypophyseal portal system.

text: The peripheral veins carry blood from the limbs and hands and feet.

text: Microanatomy[edit]

text: Microscopically, veins have a thick outer layer made of connective tissue, called the tunica externa or tunica adventitia. There is a middle layer of bands of smooth muscle called tunica media, which are, in general, much thinner than those of arteries, as veins do not function primarily in a contractile manner and are not subject to the high pressures of systole, as arteries are. The interior is lined with endothelial cells called tunica intima. The precise location of veins varies much more from person to person than that of arteries.[3]

text: Function[edit]

text: Veins serve to return blood from organs to the heart. Veins are also called "capacitance vessels" because most of the blood volume (60%) is contained within veins. In systemic circulation oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle through the arteries to the muscles and organs of the body, where its nutrients and gases are exchanged at capillaries. After taking up cellular waste and carbon dioxide in capillaries, blood is channeled through vessels that converge with one another to form venules, which continue to converge and form the larger veins. The de-oxygenated blood is taken by veins to the right atrium of the heart, which transfers the blood to the right ventricle, where it is then pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. In pulmonary circulation the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, which empties into the left ventricle, completing the cycle of blood circulation.

text: The return of blood to the heart is assisted by the action of the muscle pump, and by the thoracic pump action of breathing during respiration. Standing or sitting for a prolonged period of time can cause low venous return from venous pooling (vascular) shock. Fainting can occur but usually baroreceptors within the aortic sinuses initiate a baroreflex such that angiotensin II and norepinephrine stimulate vasoconstriction and heart rate increases to return blood flow. Neurogenic and hypovolaemic shock can also cause fainting. In these cases, the smooth muscles surrounding the veins become slack and the veins fill with the majority of the blood in the body, keeping blood away from the brain and causing unconsciousness. Jet pilots wear pressurized suits to help maintain their venous return and blood pressure.

text: The arteries are perceived as carrying oxygenated blood to the tissues, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. This is true of the systemic circulation, by far the larger of the two circuits of blood in the body, which transports oxygen from the heart to the tissues of the body. However, in pulmonary circulation, the arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and veins return blood from the lungs to the heart. The difference between veins and arteries is their direction of flow (out of the heart by arteries, returning to the heart for veins), not their oxygen content. In addition, deoxygenated blood that is carried from the tissues back to the heart for reoxygenation in the systemic circulation still carries some oxygen, though it is considerably less than that carried by the systemic arteries or pulmonary veins.

text: Although most veins take blood back to the heart, there is an exception. Portal veins carry blood between capillary beds. For example, the hepatic portal vein takes blood from the capillary beds in the digestive tract and transports it to the capillary beds in the liver. The blood is then drained in the gastrointestinal tract and spleen, where it is taken up by the hepatic veins, and blood is taken back into the heart. Since this is an important function in mammals, damage to the hepatic portal vein can be dangerous. Blood clotting in the hepatic portal vein can cause portal hypertension, which results in a decrease of blood fluid to the liver.

text: Cardiac veins[edit]

text: The vessels that remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are known as cardiac veins. These include the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, the small cardiac vein, the smallest cardiac veins, and the anterior cardiac veins. Coronary veins carry blood with a poor level of oxygen, from the myocardium to the right atrium. Most of the blood of the coronary veins returns through the coronary sinus. The anatomy of the veins of the heart is very variable, but generally it is formed by the following veins: heart veins that go into the coronary sinus: the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, the small cardiac vein, the posterior vein of the left ventricle, and the vein of Marshall. Heart veins that go directly to the right atrium: the anterior cardiac veins, the smallest cardiac veins (Thebesian veins).[4]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Diseases[edit]

text: Venous insufficiency[edit]

text: Venous insufficiency is the most common disorder of the venous system, and is usually manifested as spider veins or varicose veins. Several varieties of treatments are used, depending on the patient's particular type and pattern of veins and on the physician's preferences. Treatment can include Endovenous Thermal Ablation using radiofrequency or laser energy, vein stripping, ambulatory phlebectomy, foam sclerotherapy, lasers, or compression.

text: Postphlebitic syndrome is venous insufficiency that develops following deep vein thrombosis.[5]

text: Deep vein thrombosis[edit]

text: Deep vein thrombosis is a condition in which a blood clot forms in a deep vein. This is usually the veins of the legs, although it can also occur in the veins of the arms. Immobility, active cancer, obesity, traumatic damage and congenital disorders that make clots more likely are all risk factors for deep vein thrombosis. It can cause the affected limb to swell, and cause pain and an overlying skin rash. In the worst case, a deep vein thrombosis can extend, or a part of a clot can break off and land in the lungs, called pulmonary embolism.

text: The decision to treat deep vein thrombosis depends on its size, a person's symptoms, and their risk factors. It generally involves anticoagulation to prevents clots or to reduce the size of the clot.

text: Portal hypertension[edit]

text: The portal veins are found within the abdomen and carry blood through to the liver. Portal hypertension is associated with cirrhosis or disease of the liver, or other conditions such as an obstructing clot (Budd Chiari syndrome) or compression from tumours or tuberculosis lesions. When the pressure increases in the portal veins, a collateral circulation develops, causing visible veins such as oesophageal varices.

text: Other[edit]

text: Thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory condition of the veins related to blood clots.

text: Imaging[edit]

text: Ultrasound, particularly duplex ultrasound, is a common way that veins can be seen.

text: Veins of clinical significance[edit]

text: The Batson Venous plexus, or simply Batson's Plexus, runs through the inner vertebral column connecting the thoracic and pelvic veins. These veins get their notoriety from the fact that they are valveless, which is believed to be the reason for metastasis of certain cancers.

text: The great saphenous vein is the most important superficial vein of the lower limb. First described by the Persian physician Avicenna, this vein derives its name from the word safina, meaning "hidden". This vein is "hidden" in its own fascial compartment in the thigh and exits the fascia only near the knee. Incompetence of this vein is an important cause of varicose veins of lower limbs.

text: The Thebesian veins within the myocardium of the heart are valveless veins that drain directly into the chambers of the heart. The coronary veins all empty into the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium.

text: The dural venous sinuses within the dura mater surrounding the brain receive blood from the brain and also are a point of entry of cerebrospinal fluid from arachnoid villi absorption. Blood eventually enters the internal jugular vein.

text: Phlebology[edit]

text: Look up phlebology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Phlebology is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of venous disorders. A medical specialist in phlebology is termed a phlebologist. A related image is called a phlebograph.

text: The American Medical Association added phlebology to their list of self-designated practice specialties in 2005. In 2007 the American Board of Phlebology (ABPh), subsequently known as the American Board of Venous & Lymphatic Medicine (ABVLM), was established to improve the standards of phlebologists and the quality of their patient care by establishing a certification examination, as well as requiring maintenance of certification. Although As of 2017[update] not a Member Board of the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), the American Board of Venous & Lymphatic Medicine uses a certification exam based on ABMS standards.

text: The American College of Phlebology (ACP), one of the largest medical societies in the world for physicians and allied health professionals working in the field of phlebology, has 2000 members. The ACP encourages education and training to improve the standards of medical practitioners and the quality of patient care.

text: The American Venous Forum (AVF) is a medical society for physicians and allied health professionals dedicated to improving the care of patients with venous and lymphatic disease. The majority of its members manage the entire spectrum of venous and lymphatic diseases – from varicose veins to congenital abnormalities to deep vein thrombosis to chronic venous diseases. Founded in 1987, the AVF encourages research, clinical innovation, hands-on education, data collection and patient outreach.

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in the Ebers Papyrus (16th century BCE), an ancient Egyptian medical papyrus containing over 700 prescriptions and remedies, both physical and spiritual. In the papyrus, it acknowledges the connection of the heart to the arteries. The Egyptians thought air came in through the mouth and into the lungs and heart. From the heart, the air travelled to every member through the arteries. Although this concept of the circulatory system is only partially correct, it represents one of the earliest accounts of scientific thought.

text: In the 6th century BCE, the knowledge of circulation of vital fluids through the body was known to the Ayurvedic physician Sushruta in ancient India.[6] He also seems to have possessed knowledge of the arteries, described as 'channels' by Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007).[6] The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BCE. However their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air.

text: The Greek physician, Herophilus, distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. Greek anatomist Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood.[7]

text: In 2nd century AD Rome, the Greek physician Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves.

text: Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled.

text: In 1025, The Canon of Medicine by the Persian physician, Avicenna, "erroneously accepted the Greek notion regarding the existence of a hole in the ventricular septum by which the blood traveled between the ventricles." Despite this, Avicenna "correctly wrote on the cardiac cycles and valvular function", and "had a vision of blood circulation" in his Treatise on Pulse.[8][verification needed] While also refining Galen's erroneous theory of the pulse, Avicenna provided the first correct explanation of pulsation: "Every beat of the pulse comprises two movements and two pauses. Thus, expansion : pause : contraction : pause. [...] The pulse is a movement in the heart and arteries ... which takes the form of alternate expansion and contraction."[9]

text: In 1242, the Arabian physician, Ibn al-Nafis, became the first person to accurately describe the process of pulmonary circulation, for which he is sometimes considered the father of circulatory physiology.[10][not in citation given] Ibn al-Nafis stated in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon:

text: "...the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit..."

text: In addition, Ibn al-Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the capillary circulation. He stated that "there must be small communications or pores (manafidh in Arabic) between the pulmonary artery and vein," a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400 years.[11] Ibn al-Nafis' theory, however, was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did not extend to the entire body.

text: Michael Servetus was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, although his achievement was not widely recognized at the time, for a few reasons. He firstly described it in the "Manuscript of Paris"[12][13] (near 1546), but this work was never published. And later he published this description, but in a theological treatise, Christianismi Restitutio, not in a book on medicine. Only three copies of the book survived but these remained hidden for decades, the rest were burned shortly after its publication in 1553 because of persecution of Servetus by religious authorities.

text: Better known discovery of pulmonary circulation was by Vesalius's successor at Padua, Realdo Colombo, in 1559.

text: Finally, William Harvey, a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius (who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments, and published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in 1628, which "demonstrated that there had to be a direct connection between the venous and arterial systems throughout the body, and not just the lungs. Most importantly, he argued that the beat of the heart produced a continuous circulation of blood through minute connections at the extremities of the body. This is a conceptual leap that was quite different from Ibn al-Nafis' refinement of the anatomy and bloodflow in the heart and lungs."[14] This work, with its essentially correct exposition, slowly convinced the medical world. However, Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these were later discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1661.

text: In 1956, André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system."[15] In his Nobel lecture, Forssmann credits Harvey as birthing cardiology with the publication of his book in 1628.[16]

text: In the 1970s, Diana McSherry developed computer-based systems to create images of the circulatory system and heart without the need for surgery.[17]