document_title: List of The Incredibles characters

question_text: what is the baby's name in the incredibles

question_tokens: what is the baby 's name in the incredibles

text: List of The Incredibles characters

text: The Parr Family

text: Bob Parr

text: Robert "Bob" Parr (a.k.a. Mr. Incredible) (voiced by Craig T. Nelson in the films, Richard McGonagle in Rise of the Underminer), possesses tremendous strength and durability. He also has enhanced senses. He is married to Helen Parr, the superheroine known as Elastigirl, and they have three children together: Violet, Dash, and Jack-Jack.

text: Sometime after his marriage, Mr. Incredible was sued by Oliver Sansweet for thwarting his suicide and the passengers of the train he stopped from running off the tracks which was part of the events that led to the government silently initiating the Superhero Relocation Program. Bob found forced retirement difficult, and often had to cheat his way out of the house on Wednesdays so that he could continue his superheroics. He was shocked to discover that his "Number 1 fan", Buddy Pine, had reformed himself as the villain Syndrome after Mr. Incredible had squelched Pine's wish to be his ward in an attempt to protect him. It was not until Syndrome threatened the family's lives that Bob realized that his family was his "greatest adventure".

text: His red superhero suit, designed by Edna Mode, appears to have the same level of durability as Mr. Incredible himself. In his prime, Mr. Incredible drove a gadget-laden car, the Incredimobile, reminiscent of ones driven by James Bond or Batman. The silhouette of a newer version of the Incredimobile for the entire family is seen in the end credits, and makes a full appearance in the comic series.

text: His face was physically modeled after director Brad Bird.[1]

text: Mr. Incredible was ranked number 5 in IGN's list of the Top 10 Pixar Characters.[2] Readers of Empire magazine also voted Mr. Incredible number 8 in that magazine's list of The Top 20 Pixar Characters.[3]

text: Helen Parr

text: Helen Parr (a.k.a. Elastigirl or Mrs. Incredible)[4][5][6][7][8] (voiced by Holly Hunter) is Mr. Incredible's wife. Helen can stretch any part of her body up to 100’ (34 m) and can be 1 mm thin. She can also reshape her body in a variety of ways. In the movie she becomes a parachute and a rubber boat, and has used her arms for swings and a slingshot. In her early years she seemed to be a feminist and had no desire to "settle down". Since her marriage to Bob, Helen has become a dedicated spouse and mother, although she is frustrated with her husband's continuing dreams of glory. Helen is also an experienced jet pilot, from having a close friend who flew her around the world when she was a Super. Her sharp wit and superb espionage skills, as well as her experience as a superhero, make her an excellent tactician and leader. Her red superheroine suit, designed by Edna Mode, can stretch as far as she can and still retain its shape. It is virtually indestructible yet it breathes like Egyptian cotton.

text: Gina Bennett, interviewed by Maureen Dowd as part of a group of current and former CIA professionals, said "the Band of Sisters had a favorite crime fighter .... Just think of us as a work force of Elastigirls.”[9]

text: Violet Parr

text: Violet Parr (voiced by Sarah Vowell) is a junior high school teenager stuck at the crossroads between girl and woman. Violet desperately wants to be like everyone else, to blend in with normal people, and not to stand out. Her superpowers allow her to turn instantly invisible, and to generate spherical force fields to protect herself and also to levitate extremely heavy objects; the interiors of the force fields have an anti-gravitational effect, allowing Violet to levitate inside, but she can be stunned temporarily if the field is struck by a sufficiently large force.

text: During the movie, she and Dash combine their powers to create the IncrediBall (named in the video game), a tactic in which Violet generates a force field around herself, and Dash uses his speed power to use the ball like a cannonball or battering ram. Her struggle with her shyness and lack of confidence constitutes a major side story in the movie; she is spurred on by Helen's encouragement that she has more power than she realizes and that she just has to believe it. In the end, Violet sheds her shyness and ends up at the confident side when her crush Tony Rydinger asks her for a date.

text: Unlike her normal clothes, her red superheroine suit, designed by Edna Mode, also turns invisible when Violet does.

text: Dash Parr

text: Dashiell "Dash" Robert Parr (voiced by Spencer Fox in the first film, Huck Milner in the second film) is a speedster. While he is only as strong as the average 10-year-old boy, the film's official website lists "enhanced durability" amongst Dash's powers, which is implied in the film by the amount of incidental high-speed collisions and crashes Dash endures without apparent injury. Dash also discovers throughout the course of the movie that his speed allows him to be able to run over water without submerging.

text: Dash would like to go out for sports, but his mother Helen will not allow it because she thinks that he would show off his superspeed and blow the family's civilian cover. To vent his frustration, Dash uses his power to play pranks on his teacher, Bernie Kropp, which also threatens their cover.

text: Dash's reckless and impulsive nature and one-track mind have put him at odds with Violet's gloomier and more sarcastic nature more often than their parents would like, but when Dash is in battle, he cares deeply about his family; he was willing to attack a fully grown man who was about to kill his sister.

text: His red superhero suit, designed by Edna Mode, is resistant to air friction, wear and heat when Dash is running at super speed.

text: Jack-Jack Parr

text: John Jackson "Jack-Jack" Parr (voiced by Eli Fucile and Maeve Andrews in the first film, Eric and Stuart Bluth in the second film) is the Parrs' infant son, the youngest of the Parr children. Initially believed to be the only family member without any powers, he manifests a multitude of superhuman abilities at the end of the film, most of which are types of shapeshifting. More powers are seen in the short film Jack-Jack Attack on the Incredibles DVD, making his powers the most versatile of the family, and according to a collectible poster included with some Incredibles toys, still more powers are undisclosed.

text: Although Edna Mode did not know what powers Jack-Jack might develop, she covered various possibilities by making him a fireproof and bulletproof blanket sleeper-like jumpsuit. Creator Brad Bird explains on the DVD that Jack-Jack's varied abilities are a metaphor for how young children have infinite possibilities ahead of them in life.

text: In issue #0 of the comic series, it is mentioned that Jack-Jack's full name is John Jackson Parr.[volume & issue needed]

text: Jack-Jack was ranked number 15 in Empire magazine's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters.[3]

text: Allies

text: Frozone

text: Lucius Best (a.k.a. Frozone) (voiced by Samuel L. Jackson in the films, Isaac C. Singleton Jr. in Rise of the Underminer) is a long-time friend of the Parr family. Frozone is Bob Parr's best friend, and was the best man at Bob and Helen's wedding. Similar to the Marvel Comics superhero Iceman, Frozone has the power to freeze water, or even ambient moisture in the air. He is limited by the amount of water available, either in liquid form, or in the air. It is also indicated that he can use the moisture of his own body, and that dehydration weakens his abilities as a result. During the movie, it is suggested that he has adapted to civilian life much more easily than his long-time friend, Bob Parr, though he still possesses a hidden cache containing his costume and all of his old gadgets in working condition.

text: He married a woman whom he refers to as Honey (voiced by Kimberly Adair Clark), who is aware of his superhero past. Lucius is best friends with Bob, and a close friend of Helen and the kids, who are the only supers he socializes with following the banning of superheroes. Whenever Lucius and Bob go out on Wednesdays to engage in superheroics, they have to cover from their respective wives by claiming to be going bowling, but they stop going out when Bob is caught by Helen.

text: Lucius's super suit is designed to keep him warm in the cold, but he must wear a special set of refraction goggles not only to protect his identity, but also to protect his eyes from the glare of the sunlight that bounces off his ice crystals. The soles of Frozone's snow boots can change into ice skates, alpine ice skis, and a concave disc he uses as a snowboard. These forms of transport, combined with chutes of ice, result in particularly speedy travel.

text: Frozone was ranked number 16 in Empire magazine's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters.[3]

text: Edna Mode

text: Edna Mode (voiced by Brad Bird) is an eccentric fashion designer who designs the costumes for many members of the superhero community. To that end, not only does she take the aesthetics of the clothes into account, but also their practical uses such as protective qualities and accommodation to the powers of the wearer. She was a guest at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding. Rick Dicker, who felt that Edna was "difficult" to work with, was the one who first referred Elastigirl to Edna.[10] Edna was conceived as an amalgam between James Bond's gadget supplier, Q, and Oscar-winning costume designer Edith Head. Pixar artist Teddy Newton, who co-designed the character, stated that the film's animators looked for inspiration in the 1995 fashion documentary Unzipped, which spotlighted a number of designers, including Isaac Mizrahi and Polly Mellen.[11] Edna Mode also appeared with Pierce Brosnan to present the Academy Award for Costume Design at the 77th Academy Awards.

text: Edna refuses to design super suits with capes in light of the number of supers having unfortunate accidents because their capes got caught in airliner turbines, elevators, missiles, etc.

text: The film's creators originally could not find an appropriate actress to voice Edna. Finally, when asking actress Lily Tomlin to voice Edna, Brad Bird provided an example of what she should sound like. Tomlin told Bird that he successfully captured voice so well that he should provide it in the film himself, which Bird did.[citation needed]

text: Edna Mode was ranked number 8 in IGN's list of the Top 10 Pixar Characters,[2] and number 6 in Empire magazine's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters.[3]

text: Gazerbeam

text: Gazerbeam (voiced by Simon J. Paladino) is a super mentioned and briefly seen in The Incredibles. His powers allow him to generate energy blasts from his eyes, similar to Cyclops.

text: According to his biography on the DVD, Gazerbeam was originally a member of the superhero team The Phantasmics, but rivalry with team leader Everseer led to Gazerbeam's dismissal. Following the death of Dynaguy, Gazerbeam replaced him as leader of the Thrilling Three, along with previously established members Phylange and Apogee. In-group tensions and arguments eventually led the threesome to disband. When the public began suing superheroes for damages done, Gazerbeam (under the guise of Simon J. Paladino) was a pro-bono lawyer who entered politics to become a long-time advocate for superhero rights.

text: Gazerbeam appears alive only once in the film—as a guest during Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding—and is mostly seen in photos or mentioned by others. He was featured in a Super postage stamp collection alongside Frozone, Elastigirl and Mr. Incredible; this is seen among Mr. Incredible's selection of memorabilia. His disappearance (in his civilian identity) was reported in an article in the Metroville Tribune newspaper, which is how Bob first learned of his disappearance. His address is shown to be Traction Avenue, in the financial district of Metroville (the street where Operation Kronos is put into effect).

text: In the film, Frozone compares Mr. Incredible's difficulties in adjusting to civilian life with those of the recently disappeared Gazerbeam, who experienced similar problems. As events would reveal, Gazerbeam was killed on Nomanisan Island while attempting to disable an Omnidroid - the same machine that took the lives of both other members of the Thrilling Three. The exact version was not revealed, but it was at least as late as version X4, but before X8, the first version later faced by Mr. Incredible. He apparently discovered the reason for his mission—i.e., Operation Kronos—and used his powers to burn the word "KRONOS" into a cavern wall on the island before his death. Mr. Incredible locates Gazerbeam's skeletal remains by chance while attempting to evade Syndrome and his Omnidroid; Mr. Incredible then uses the remains to convince Syndrome that he had been killed by one of Syndrome's mini-bombs. Mr. Incredible proceeds to sneak back into Syndrome's base and access the Operation Kronos computer, using Gazerbeam's final message as the password.

text: Rick Dicker

text: Rick Dicker (voiced by Pixar animator Bud Luckey in the first film, Jonathan Banks in the second film) is a government agent who was once part of the NSA (National Supers Agency) and now oversees the Superhero Relocation Program. He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding. Rick is often frustrated by Bob clinging on to the "Glory Days", which usually ends up in Rick having to erase memories and repair damages caused by Bob's actions. By the film's conclusion, still, he congratulates Bob and his family after they stop the Omnidroid an expose Syndrome's plot. He was appears in the end of the short film Jack-Jack Attack interrogating Jack-Jack's babysitter Kari about the events that unfolded while she was babysitting Jack-Jack.

text: In the DVD commentary, Brad Bird jokes that he had an idea to start Luckey's short film Boundin' with Rick Dicker coming into his office late at night, pulling out a bottle of "booze" and a banjo to start in on Boundin'.

text: Mirage

text: Mirage (voiced by Elizabeth Peña) was Syndrome's seductive right-hand woman and possible accomplice in the murder of many "supers". Though she has no superhuman abilities, she appears to have extensive computer and espionage skills. In her video-tablet message to Mr. Incredible, Mirage mentions that, according to the government, neither of them officially exists.

text: Initially, Mirage seemed at ease with Syndrome's casual regard to murder, but had a change of heart after Syndrome took a gamble on her life, daring an imprisoned Mr. Incredible to kill her after Incredible grabbed her and threatened to do so. Incredible abandoned his bluff, after which Mirage secretly freed him, and helped his family escape the island and foil Syndrome's plot. Her ultimate fate was not disclosed.

text: In the comic series, Mirage had cooperated with the NSA about Syndrome's plot and now works as one of Rick Dicker's NSA agents. She and a reluctant Elastigirl agree to work together to investigate the disappearance of the Eiffel Tower in relation to Xerek.

text: Kari McKeen

text: Kari McKeen (voiced by Bret Parker) is a friend of the Parrs (more than likely from Violet's school) whom Violet calls upon to babysit Jack-Jack while the rest of the family are flying to save Mr. Incredible. She has taken numerous babysitting classes and feels more than adequately prepared to care for Jack-Jack in any capacity, and assures Helen Parr to that effect. She has one scene in the film, and she is heard later on Mrs. Parr's voice mail, complaining that some "very weird things" are happening, she does apparently learn all of Jack-Jack's powers as she has a defense for all of them after one day. Her eventful night with the baby (see above) is documented in the Jack-Jack Attack short included on the DVD release, ending with Rick Dicker erasing her memory of the incident.

text: Snug

text: Snug is an old friend of Helen Parr, presumably from her super days as Elastigirl. He never appears in the movie, but his voice can be heard on the phone when Helen calls him to acquire a jet to access Syndrome's island. In the movie, Snug can be seen in a photograph which Helen holds, showing the two of them in holiday clothing. In the deleted scenes, Snug was intended to travel with them on the plane to the island and would be killed in the following crash with the missiles. This scene was cut out, however.

text: Doc Sunbright

text: Doc Sunbright appears in the Incredibles comic book produced by Boom! Studios. He is Edna Mode's cousin and is the only doctor that is fully qualified to treat the superhero community. He is styled as a typical "mad scientist", with wild gray hair and a lab coat, and shares his cousin's diminutive stature.

text: In the first four-part story "Family Matters", Sunbright is introduced when Frozone forces Mr. Incredible to go in for a check-up, out of concern for his weakening powers. Despite Sunbright's cutting-edge (and slightly overbearing) medical methods, he is unable to determine the cause of Mr. Incredible's condition. Later, Mr. Incredible brings in a sample of his neighbor Jill's pastries, which he had been eating for the past two weeks, upon suspicion that they might be the cause. After study, Sunbright detects traces of a power-dampening allergen within the pastries and correctly deduces that it's the cause. Later, Sunbright is able to restore Mr. Incredible's powers with an antidote.

text: In the next story, Sunbright is threatened by the Confederacy of Crime to tell them the location of an extremely dangerous alien virus he has hidden away. The Parr family, meanwhile, are driving to his office as Helen is about to give birth, and end up getting entangled in fighting the Confederacy. Thankfully, the Parrs are able to save Sunbright and protect the virus canister, and Helen is able to give birth to Jack-Jack without any problems.

text: Civilians

text: Oliver Sansweet

text: Oliver Sansweet is the president of a bank. While en route to his wedding, Mr. Incredible saw him jump off a building and saved him where Oliver got injured in the process. This rescue of Oliver led to Mr. Incredible stumbling upon Bomb Voyage's bank robbery.

text: Following Mr. Incredible's wedding, a newsreel revealed that Oliver Sansweet sued Mr. Incredible in Superior Court for preventing his suicide. Oliver's lawyer stated to the press that Oliver didn't want to be saved or asked to be saved where the injuries caused by Mr. Incredible cause him daily pain. When Mr. Incredible quotes that he saved Oliver's life, Oliver quotes to Mr. Incredible "You didn't save my life, you ruined my death." Oliver's lawsuit against Mr. Incredible led to a series of lawsuits against the supers which led to the government silently initiating the Superhero Relocation Program.

text: Gilbert Huph

text: Gilbert Huph (voiced by Wallace Shawn) is Bob Parr's diminutive, strict supervisor at his insurance company, Insuricare. His main priority at Insuricare is its profits despite concerns from the company's staff or its customers. He is a stickler for bureaucracy, but prefers that customers should be unaware of any "loopholes" that would help secure an insurance claim. One day, when Huph refuses to let Bob stop a mugging out in the street, Bob loses his cool, grabs Huph by the neck and throws him through several office walls, leaving him hospitalized and in traction. This incident results in Bob revealing his super strength and being dismissed from Insuricare during Bob's talk with Rick Dicker at the hospital. A deleted scene on the film's official website shows that his memories of the incident has been erased by Rick.

text: Antagonists

text: Syndrome

text: Buddy Pine (a.k.a. Syndrome) (voiced by Jason Lee) first appears as a 10 year old child who professes to be Mr. Incredible's "number 1 fan". In an attempt to earn his hero's respect, Buddy Pine tries to aid him in fighting crime as "IncrediBoy", with gadgets of his own invention. Mr. Incredible declines Buddy's offer, and during a subsequent conflict between Mr. Incredible and the French supervillain Bomb Voyage following Mr. Incredible preventing Oliver Sansweet's suicide, Buddy intervenes and ends up with a bomb attached to his cape. Mr. Incredible's attempt to remove it leads to the destruction of a section of train tracks, which requires him to save an approaching train. Mr. Incredible then hands Buddy over to the police to have them take Buddy home and tell his mother what he's been doing. Mr. Incredible then quotes "I work alone" and proceeds to his wedding with Elastigirl.

text: Fifteen years later, Buddy recreates himself as an evil genius who plans to exact revenge on his former idol, whom Syndrome now regards as his nemesis. At one point, the DVD Director's Commentary seems to point out that his complete lack of conscience is a direct result of psychopathy, making him a mad scientist. Intensely amoral, he allows missiles fired at an airplane carrying Elastigirl, Dash, and Violet to continue after Helen reveals the children's presence on the plane, bets Mirage's life in a subsequent showdown when Mr. Incredible threatens to kill her, and carelessly throws a fully loaded fuel tanker down a street, endangering civilians. After his plans to fraudulently become a superhero and replace the supers that he had killed off are foiled by both the Incredibles and Frozone, Syndrome has his assets frozen by the authorities and a warrant issued for his arrest. However, he abducts Jack-Jack with the intention of raising him as a sidekick, but fails due to the sudden emergence of Jack-Jack's powers. Syndrome vows to eventually get Jack-Jack, but Mr. Incredible tosses his car at Syndrome, which causes Syndrome's cape to get caught in his jet's intake and suck him in.

text: Syndrome has no superhuman powers, but he is incredibly intelligent, making him a super in his own right. He has invented numerous weapons, and high-tech vehicles that use such principles as robotics, anti-gravity, and zero-point energy, which he sold to black market buyers to make himself rich. He owns his own island, complete with a mansion, a sophisticated monorail system, missiles, and a staff of guards equipped with exotic vehicles of Syndrome's design.

text: Like Mr. Incredible, his character was also physically modeled after Brad Bird.[1]

text: Syndrome was chosen as the 64th Greatest Villain Ever by Wizard Magazine.[12]

text: Omnidroid

text: The Omnidroid is a series of intelligent and destructive robots developed by Syndrome to fight and kill Supers. Syndrome made many different versions of this battle robot. All were designed to fight and kill Supers, and each subsequent model improved upon the previous one by correcting flaws found during fights. The Omnidroid's only weakness is itself: in the film, Mr. Incredible climbs into Omnidroid's internal structure, causing the robot to pierce its own armor in a vain attempt to pry Mr incredible out of inside itself.

text: The Omnidroid series of robots were designed by Syndrome to use AI and destructive features such as claws and lasers to target and destroy its enemies. It is self-learning and can correct its own mistakes, and also collects information on superheroes it encounters.

text: Omnidroids were used to kill various superheroes - each time a superhero eventually defeated an Omnidroid, data from the nearly destroyed version was then used to create an improved model, specifically designed to have functions to defeat the superhero who had previously destroyed it. Through the instructions of Mirage, the superheroes do not fully destroy the Omnidroid as "it is government property".

text: The final Omnidroid created by Syndrome was controlled via a remote, which he uses to appear as a Superhero by "destroying" it after launching it himself into Metroville. However, the Omnidroid learns that Syndrome is controlling it and turns on him. The Omnidroid is eventually destroyed by the combined efforts of the Parr family and Frozone when a separated claw is used to rip out its power core.[13]

text: The following is shown during The Incredibles credits: "The term OMNIDROID used by permission of Lucasfilm Ltd". George Lucas apparently holds a trademark on the term "droid" (it's the word used to refer to the robots in the Star Wars franchise) and as "Omnidroid" has the term "droid" in it, permission was requested (and granted) from Lucasfilm to use the term in the film.[dead link][14]

text: Bomb Voyage

text: Bomb Voyage (voiced by Dominique Louis) is a villain who appears at the beginning of the movie. He is a recurring enemy of Mr. Incredible, as he is introduced, and by his language (he refers to Mr. Incredible as "Monsieur Incroyable"), outfit, the pun in his name, and music played when he appears, it is presumed that he is French. The character's name is intended to be a pun for the French phrase "Bon Voyage". He was last seen in a tall building, confronting Mr. Incredible when Voyage was stealing something from a vault. Buddy Pine, Mr. Incredible's big-time fan and the future villain Syndrome, interrupted their impending showdown and tried to appeal to Mr. Incredible that he would be a worthy sidekick for Mr. Incredible. As Buddy flew off to get the police, Voyage plants a bomb on Buddy's cape (unknown to Buddy), forcing Mr. Incredible to release Bomb Voyage to save Buddy. Bomb Voyage successfully made a getaway. It is unknown what happened to him afterwards, though Mr. Incredible told the police that they will catch Bomb Voyage eventually. The resulting explosion destroys a section of railroad tracks during the incident, resulting in an attempt by Mr. Incredible to save the occupants of an approaching train, who then sue him for the injuries they sustained, leading to the initiation of the Superhero Relocation Program.

text: In the video game version, Voyage is the main villain for the first three levels of the game and he speaks English. In the last level he is involved in, he recreates the scene in the movie, throwing a bomb in Buddy Pine's cape, forcing Mr. Incredible to save him. After this, he attempts to escape in a helicopter, and Mr. Incredible defeats him by throwing six bombs at him, causing it to fly out of control and presumably crash, killing Voyage.

text: In the comic series, Bomb Voyage is recruited by Xerek to make the Eiffel Tower vanish with one of his bombs, and later meets Elastigirl and Mirage in person when they arrive to investigate, when he attempts to escape, Elastigirl follows him throughout Paris and eventually shakes Xerek's location out of him. Since it has been 15 years since his appearance in the movie, Bomb Voyage has aged significantly, with a potbelly and balding hair.

text: Brad Bird originally pitched the idea of Bomb Voyage's name. His original idea that he would be named Bomb Pérignon in reference to the similarly named champagne Dom Pérignon, but the Moët et Chandon company rejected that.[15]

text: Voyage makes a cameo in the 2007 Pixar film Ratatouille as a street mime.

text: The Underminer

text: The Underminer (voiced by John Ratzenberger) is a short, almost mole-like creature. He first appears at the end of the first movie riding on a gigantic drill-tipped vehicle, where he announces his "war on peace and happiness!", leading into the last shot of the Parr family putting their masks on for battle.

text: This storyline continues in the video game sequel, The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer, in which the Underminer unleashes various killer robots on Metroville. The Incredibles fight off the surface invasion while Mr. Incredible and Frozone pursue the Underminer into the depths of his underground empire. It is revealed that the Underminer plans to activate a machine called the Magnomizer, which would heavily pollute the Earth above. The two supers destroy the machine, and the Underminer is supposedly killed in his final battle against the supers.

text: The Underminer first appears in the comic series as part of Dash's lengthy dream sequence. Having escaped the Sporlanx aliens with Violet, Dash finds that the Underminer is supposedly still alive, and has grudgingly allied with Violet to fend off the aliens. However, as the group escape underground, Violet is forced to lead the aliens to their location through a post-hypnotic suggestion. Enraged, the Underminer shoves Violet to the magma below (having decided to get some personal revenge out of the failed escape), but Dash's dream shifts perspectives afterwards. The Underminer later makes a full appearance as one of the Unforgivables, under orders from Xerek to soil the Incredibles' reputation by creating a giant robot painted in the super family's iconic colors and rampaging through Metroville. However, he is later eliminated after completing his purpose.

text: Several minions and/or creations of the Underminer are introduced in The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer.

text: He will return in Incredibles 2.

text: The Scientists

text: Nothing is known about the non-human Scientists other than that the Underminer holds them against their will to help modify and adjust his machines. Once the Underminer feels they have served their purpose, Mr. Incredible and Frozone must rescue them, after which the scientists run off through an escape tunnel. Following the Underminer's death, the scientists flee destruction of the Underminer's remaining robots in helicopters. They later help thaw some of their comrades out of ice cubes, and help Mr. Incredible and Frozone shut down a Gilgenbot from activation.

text: The Magnomizer Guardian

text: The Magnomizer Guardian is the first boss character in the game. It is a floating sentry built by the Underminer to protect the Magnomizer. It is equipped with missiles and incendiary devices, and can summon other robots when needed. After Mr. Incredible disables the Guardian by throwing objects at it (see above for the summary), the Magnomizer begins to collapse, but Mr. Incredible successfully destroys the Magnomizer by unscrewing the bolts that hold the machine down. The Guardian is later heard over an audio announcement in the "Underwater Station" level, where it is ordered to report to the Underminer's platform, presumably for deactivation for failing to protect the Magnomizer.

text: The Crustodian

text: The Crustodian (voiced by Rob Paulsen) is a machine built by the Underminer to lead his Giant Robot Factory in manufacturing the 100 giant robots known as the Gilgenbots. He is one of the bosses in the game. He appears to be a glass jar filled with pulsating energy, attached to a giant machine known as a Warkerbot.

text: After Mr. Incredible and Frozone destroy the Magnomizer, the Crustodian is alerted to their approach to the Robot Factory. It eventually does battle with the two heroes, and tricks them into activating a bomb to destroy the Factory. Incredible and Frozone destroy the Crustodian, though his head remains intact, and rolls off a ledge, where he escapes.

text: The Crustodian is later mentions a few times over the announcements during the heroes' battle against the last of the Underminer's remaining machines. It is last mentioned in the final level of the game, "The Corrupterator", in which the Underminer summons him to report to his platform.

text: Dug

text: Dug was a robot built by the Underminer to operate the underwater station that powers his Doomsday machine, the Magnomizer. Dug, however, is the only robot with feelings and moral objections to the Underminer's plans, which leads to the villain's downfall.

text: As Mr. Incredible and Frozone travel across the collapsing station following their defeat of the Crustodian and the destruction of the Factory, they encounter Dug, who agrees to help them save the captive scientists. Upon finding the right floor, Dug refuses to go further, insisting that he stay in his station. Before the supers part ways with him, he tells them that his aiding them has had adverse effects upon the Corrupterator that would have shut it down, a process the Underminer never knew how to reverse.

text: Futur10n (always spelled as such) appears in the Boom! Studios comic series, as part of the first four-issue miniseries Family Matters. He is a robot who, according to Mr. Incredible, is from the 24th Century and makes regular attempts to rule the world from the past, which Mr. Incredible always foils. His chief weapon is his devolution bombs, which turns anything caught in their blast into a more primitive lifeform, so that Futur10n can command their less-advanced minds into obeying his every whim.

text: He initially appears attacking the Metroville Zoo, having already devolved the zoo animals into a stampede of prehistoric creatures. The Incredibles manage to stop Futur10n and put him into custody, despite Mr. Incredible's strength being inexplicably weak at the time. As Futur10n is being taken away, he mentally triggers a devolution bomb still hidden in the zoo, and only Dash's keen eyes during the TV report of his arrest allows him to spot the activation gesture. Mr. Incredible goes back to the zoo alone and retrieves the bomb from a lion cage, though he ends up being rescued himself by Frozone. After the bomb deactivates, Mr. Incredible keeps it in his den as a trophy.

text: Later, while Organa's clay golems are tearing the Parr house apart, Mr. Incredible tells Dash to take the bomb from his den and run to the Metroville Prison, where Futur10n sits in his cell. Dash leaves the bomb at Futur10n's feet, and the villain predictably reactivates it, allowing Dash to run the bomb all the way back to the house and have it detonate, devolving the clay golems to nothing (and Organa into a monkey).

text: Organa

text: Organa (real name Jill Carter) is a supervillainess appearing in the comic book story Family Matters. Like Syndrome, she bears no powers of her own, but makes up for it with her extensive knowledge of chemistry, with which she concocts chemical-based weapons and clay-like golems to aid in her criminal schemes. Years ago, Organa was Elastigirl's bitter archenemy, though Bob remarks that she is no scarier than his high school finals.

text: Though Elastigirl's forced retirement made Organa give up her criminal career, she still desired her old nemesis destroyed. After being released from prison on parole sometime after Elastigirl's retirement, Jill concocted a power-dampening allergen that would weaken and eventually remove one's superpowers, then channeled all her time and money into learning Elastigirl's secret identity of Helen Parr. At some point during this time, Jill met her husband Jim, got married, and had two sons, Bart and Xander, though none of them were made aware of Jill's own secret identity.

text: Jill eventually found Helen and arranged for her family to move next door to the Parrs. The two families quickly bonded, but Jill's plan for revenge remained in effect as she slips the allergen into her various cakes and cookies for Helen to eat. Later, with Helen presumably weakened, Jill sent her clay golems to attack the local mall and lure the super to her demise. The only one who actually eats the allergen-laced pastries, though, was Bob, which resulted in his own weakening superpowers, and required Jill to use a more direct approach after her mall attack fails.

text: With Jim and her children at a baseball game and out of danger, Jill creates more clay golems to attack the Incredibles in their own home, then reveals her identity as Organa to the surprised superheroes, as well as her equally surprised family, who unexpectedly arrive home early. However, the golems soon run out of control and begin to attack Jill's family, ignoring her desperate orders not to harm them as they continue to tear the house apart. Using one of Futur10n's devolution bombs, the Incredibles devolve the golems back to their chemical bases, and Jill, refusing to take cover out of shame for her actions, is devolved into a monkey.

text: Jill is last seen with her family in the far-off mountains, having all moved there to avoid trouble with the authorities. Even as a monkey, Jill is still intelligent enough to be with her husband and kids, and is trying to make things up to them by redoubling her job as a mother. She is briefly seen at the end of the "Grounded!" storyline, albeit still a monkey, while Bart brings in the mail, unaware of an invitation from the Unforgivables invite among the received letters.

text: Later in the series, Jill's older son Xander is revealed to have inherited his mother's talent for chemistry. Wearing a modified version of Organa's old costume, he and Violet manage to reunite with help of a teleporter device stolen from Doc Sunbright, and joins her in an attempt to prove himself as a true super. However, when their antics are threatened by a revived Tronasaurus, Dash learns of their relationship and agrees to keep it a secret from Bob.

text: The Confederacy of Crime

text: The Confederacy of Crime are a group of supervillains that appear in the Boom! Studios comic book series. The group consisted of:

text:
Mr. Pixel - A tall man in a business suit whose face is constantly pixelated to hide his true identity.
Tronasaurus - A talking robotic T-Rex and Mr. Pixel's chief subordinate.
Shifty - A shapeshifter whose powers cannot hide the large mole on his nose (later removed, though with a telltale scar in its place)
Rollergrrl -
Centsus -

text: In issue #0 of the series, which is set before the movie, the Confederacy invades Doc Sunbright's office to find and steal a highly dangerous alien virus with which to blackmail Washington, D.C. At the same time, the Parr family is rushing to the office as a pregnant Helen is preparing to give birth to Jack-Jack. Faced with the added complications, the Parrs work together to stop the Confederacy while Sunbright helps Helen deliver Jack-Jack. However, during the fight, Helen catches the virus canister, and Sunbright chastises her on being so close to it while pregnant for fear of affecting the baby.

text: In the following storyline, "City of Incredibles", Jack-Jack comes down with a cold as a result of the virus, and the nature of the virus has the effect of spreading Jack-Jack's unpredictable superpowers to others. The Confederacy of Crime kidnap Jack-Jack in order amplifying their powers by exposing themselves to the virus. When the Incredibles interfere, the Confederacy is forced to abort the plan, and only Shifty is affected by the virus, turning him into a colossal man with complete transformational abilities. After getting rid of Mr. Pixel, having grown tired of being under his authority, Shifty turns his attention towards the Incredibles, but an errant sneeze from Shifty infect his enemies and boosts their own powers, allowing them to defeat Shifty in a coordinated assault.

text: Mr. Pixel and Shifty are captured, and the virus is purged out of all supers who were infected, though the other Confederacy members escape in the battle. Those imprisoned in Metroville Prison, however, are invited by mail to join a new villain group, the Unforgivables. Tronasaurus is subsequently revived from his sleep and goes on a rampage through the waterfront, which Violet and Xander stumble upon.

text: Mezmerella

text: Mezmerella, appearing in the comic story "Grounded!", is a master of hypnosis, which she is first seen using to paralyze the Incredibles in an hypnotic trance, save for Violet, who is instead willed into activating her "Psi-Glance Inverter" and destroy Metroville. Dash breaks out of his trance and, instead of stopping Violet, attacks Mezmerella. The villainess responds by shoving Violet off the rooftop, and, though Dash rescues her in time, he is chastised by Bob and Helen for showboating and is stripped of his powers through a chemical syringe.

text: What follows next is a series of increasingly bizarre scenarios, in which Dash discovers his teacher and principal to be mind-controlling aliens called Sporlanx, his parents are brainwashed into being their slaves, and the Underminer, who was presumed dead after the events of the second video game, is allied with Earth to fend off the invaders. However, all these events are all revealed as being part of Dash's hyper-fast imagination, in which he is trapped by Mezmerella's paralyzing trance. Fighting her power, Dash is able to regain consciousness, and defeat Mezmerella. She is then seen in prison, angered over her defeat as a contact letter for the Unforgivables arrives and proceeds to bring the prison under their control to use it as a base. She then is used in the grand plot to take over Metroville by entering a Power Amplifier that allows her to bring the entire city under her control, but put her into a state of unconsciousness from the overload.

text: Mezmerella is the only comics character to appear outside the comics series, having been incorporated into the Incredibles Pixar Pals show/miniparade at Disney California Adventure Park as part of a villain float that serves as target practice for child participants in "hero training"

text: Xerex

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Xerek is a small, seemingly harmless gentleman who is secretly one of the biggest criminal masterminds in the world. He is obsessed with Elastigirl, having been her boyfriend for a time, and is personally disgusted at how he feels her old independent streak from her youth has vanished. Contacting Bomb Voyage as a middleman, Xerek manages to teleport the entire Eiffel Tower out of Paris under the guise of it being destroyed.

text: When Helen and Mirage arrive to investigate, they are accosted by a group of armored mercenaries led by Bomb Voyage, who then proceeds to flee. After capturing and interrogating him, Helen finds Xerek, but is captured, and the villain tries to demoralize her by claiming that since she married Mr. Incredible, she has been wasting her life in mediocrity. Helen is unmoved by Xerek's taunts, and Mirage, having turned the mercenaries to her side with the promise of better pay, has him captured. As he is brought to prison, however, Xerek reveals that he has already turned the Metroville Prison into his own private center of operations, with which to run the Unforgivables as their leader.

text: For his first major plan, he employs the Underminer and loans him the technology for creating a giant robot designed to frame the Incredibles (painted in their iconic red colors). Then, by combining the disembodied brain of Everseer and Mezmerella's hypnosis, he successfully drives the citizens into turning against the heroes, leaving the Incredibles betrayed and demoralized.

text: Xerek was taken from the original scripts of the film but he was replaced with Syndrome when he proved to be more popular with the crew.[16]

text: List of known superheroes

text: Most of the following information comes from one of three main sources, two of which are scenes from the film The Incredibles. The first is the scene, 45 minutes into the film, in which Edna Mode explains to Mr. Incredible why she refuses to design super suits with capes during which a montage of a number of late supers' deaths is shown. The second is the scene, one hour into the film, in which Mr. Incredible hacks into Syndrome's computer files. The third source is the "NSA Files" feature in the "Top Secret" section of Disc 2 of The Incredibles two-disc DVD edition. A minor amount of information, such as information on Fironic, comes from other scenes in the film, as noted.

text:
Apogee - Her superpowers involved gravity control and levitation, which were powered by sunlight. She was a former member of The Thrilling Three, along with Gazerbeam and Phylange. Apogee believed that The Thrilling Three was really The Thrilling 1 + 2 in Gazerbeam's mind. The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 6.5. She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X4 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Blazestone - Her superpowers involved the control of fire and the production of pyrotechnic discharges; She was a member of Beta Force, and was once partners with Frozone before their partnership soured. The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 5.5. She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X2 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Blitzerman - His superpowers were unknown as the only mention of his powers were the words "High-powered...", seen in a close-up of his profile in Syndrome's Operation Kronos files. He was killed by a version of the Omnidroid, as early as version X4 but before X9.
Downburst - In the film, his superpowers are given by Syndrome's Operation Kronos files as gaseous downburst, but in the "NSA Files" feature on Disc 2 of the DVD, his powers are indicated to be atomic manipulation, meaning he could disrupt the atomic force among atoms. A member of Beta Force, he had an unrequited crush on Blazestone, but harbored a dislike of Frozone. The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 6.5. He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X3 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Dynaguy - He had the ability to project a disintegration ray from his forehead and could fly courtesy of ion propulsion gauntlets. He was present as a guest at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding. Dynaguy was one of the first supers sued (for public endangerment) following the Mr. Incredible lawsuits. He was killed when his cape got snagged during a takeoff. Following his death, Gazerbeam replaced him as leader of The Thrilling Three.
Everseer - His superpowers included telepathy, clairvoyance, and "magnoscopic vision", with which he could see microscopically and telescopically. At one time, he was the leader of the Phantasmics and later fired Gazerbeam over a rivalry between the two. Everseer had a British accent in the audio file in the "NSA Files" feature on Disc 2 of the DVD. The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 3.2. Because of his ability to see things like germs, he suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder. He shared a therapist practice with Psycwave. He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos. However, his disembodied brain later came into the possession of the criminal Xerek, which is used in his sinister plans to destroy the Incredibles' reputation.
Fironic - Near the end of the film, a woman mistook Syndrome—who had just saved her and others from being crushed by a tanker truck which the Omnidroid v.10 had hurled at them—for this superhero.
Gamma Jack - His superpower was the ability to create controlled bursts of radiation. He believed supers to be a "superior race." The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 7.9. Gamma Jack did manage to destroy one prototype Omnidroid during the training sessions for Operation Kronos, but was killed by its successor. The exact versions are unknown, but they were at least as early as version X5, but before X9.
Hyper Shock - His superpower was the ability to generate seismic waves with his fists, with which he could create earthquake-like disruptions measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale. He also used dual seismic amplification hammers to amplify this effect, though the maximum range of this amplification is unknown. The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 7.5. Hyper Shock managed to destroy the Omnidroid v. X3 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos, but was then killed by its successor, the Omnidroid v. X4.
Macroburst - According to the government file on the DVD, Macroburst is an androgynous superhero, to the point that their gender is actually not known by the government. Their superpower was the ability to project a high velocity winds. Macroburst was a sidekick to Everseer, and later a member of the Phantasmics. The Operation Kronos database assigned them a threat rating of 5.9. Macroburst was the first Super to score a victory over an Omnidroid, defeating the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos. Unfortunately, they were then killed by the successor to the v. X1, the Omnidroid v. X2. Macroburst is one of five Supers without an audio file; Rick Dicker claims that it was damaged during a mission, and that although it was recovered, NSA Division Delta determined it to be incomplete.
Meta-Man - His superpowers included flight, enhanced strength, x-ray vision, a sonic scream, teleportation, magnetic manipulation, partial invisibility and the ability to communicate with aquatic animals. He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding. One of his enemies was Baron von Ruthless (whom Dicker assumes to be responsible for the absence of Meta-Man's audio file—it was presumably confiscated during a surprise attack by von Ruthless; Frozone also mentions von Ruthless). He was killed when his cape got caught steel framework while lifting an express elevator back into place.
Phylange - An opera singer in his civilian life, his superpower was the ability to project sonic fields with his voice, similar to Marvel's Banshee. He was a former member of The Thrilling Three, along with Gazerbeam and Apogee. The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 4.7. He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X2 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Plasmabolt - Her superpowers involved shooting waves of plasma. She could also project electromagnetic energy, which was gathered from the antenna mounted on the head of her super suit, and channelled to her hands. Her body also exhibited an electromagnetic aura. She was a member of the Phantasmics. She was not seen in the movie, but in the "NSA Files" file on Disc 2 of the DVD as one of five Supers without an audio file; Dicker says that hers was inadvertedly erased by her electromagnetic aura and that a re-recording has been scheduled.
Psycwave - Her superpowers included mental force wave generation, temporary mental paralysis, and the ability to possess the bodies of others. A member of the Phantasmics, she shared a therapist practice with Everseer. The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 1.6, the lowest rating of the Supers displayed. She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Splashdown - Flight and water-based superpowers. He was capable of underwater high-speed travel and communication with undersea life. He was sucked into the vortex of a waterspout by his cape and went missing. He is one of five Supers without an audio file. Dicker says that his is irretrievable due to water damage.
Stormicide - The Operation Kronos file seen in the movie listed her powers as electrical discharges and gale-force bursts, but the NSA Files on the DVD, Disc 2, which was clearer, and corroborated by an audio file of an interview with Stormicide, indicated that her power was the absorbance and expulsion of a variety gases, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc. The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 6.7. She was killed by an Omnidroid during the training sessions for Operation Kronos. The exact version is unknown, but it was at least as early as version X5, but before X9.
Stratogale - Gifted with the superpowers of flight, superstrength and the ability to communicate with birds, Stratogale had just pulled a commercial jet airliner out of a steep dive on April 23, 1957, after a serious emergency occurred to its #2 jet turbine. When she flew up in front of the left wing while waving at the passengers, her cape was sucked into the damaged engine, pulling her in and killing her. She was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding and is the last of five Supers without an audio file, with Dicker saying that hers has been deemed incomprehensible, suspecting either faulty recording equipment or a high level of ambient wind noise.
Thunderhead - Gifted with storm-controlling powers, courteous, and "good with kids", Thunderhead unfortunately had a reputation for low intelligence, according to Mr. Incredible, which is corroborated in his NSA file.[10] This would prove his undoing on November 15, 1958, when his cape caught on the fin of an outbound missile, tearing Thunderhead right out of his boots and gauntlets after he saved a woman and defeated the criminal responsible. He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl's wedding.
Tradewind - His superpower involved control of the elements. He was killed by a version of the Omnidroid, as early as version X4 but before X9, during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.
Universal Man - His superpower involved the ability to manipulate the atomic density of materials, and can alter the density of his own body to be as low as that of gas, to that of a black hole. The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 2.9. Universal Man had the unlucky distinction of being the first "Super" killed by an Omnidroid, the Omnidroid v. X1, during the training sessions for Operation Kronos. In the "NSA Files" feature on Disc 2 of the DVD, an audio file of an interview with him reveals him to have had an Austrian accent, and was apparently conducted in a weightlifting gym, given the background sounds, indicating that Universal Man was a parody of Arnold Schwarzenegger, who won the Mr. Universe multiple times.
Vectress - Her superpower was the ability to generate sub-sonic bursts. She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X4 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos.


document_title: Classical order

question_text: which greek style of column has a scroll at the top

root

text: Classical order

text: Elements[edit]

text: Each style has distinctive capitals at the top of columns and horizontal entablatures which it supports, while the rest of the building does not in itself vary between the orders.  The column shaft and base also varies with the order, and is sometimes articulated with vertical hollow grooves known as fluting.  The shaft is wider at the bottom than at the top, because its entasis, beginning a third of the way up, imperceptibly makes the column slightly more slender at the top, although some Doric columns, especially early Greek ones, are visibly "flared", with straight profiles that narrow going up the shaft.

tag: p

text: The capital rests on the shaft. It has a load-bearing function, which concentrates the weight of the entablature on the supportive column, but it primarily serves an aesthetic purpose.  The necking is the continuation of the shaft, but is visually separated by one or many grooves. The echinus lies atop the necking.  It is a circular block that bulges outwards towards the top to support the abacus, which is a square or shaped block that in turn supports the entablature.  The entablature consists of three horizontal layers, all of which are visually separated from each other using moldings or bands.  In Roman and post-Renaissance work, the entablature may be carried from column to column in the form of an arch that springs from the column that bears its weight, retaining its divisions and sculptural enrichment, if any.  There are names for all the many parts of the orders.

text: Measurement[edit]

text: The height of columns are calculated in terms of a ratio between the diameter of the shaft at its base and the height of the column. A Doric column can be described as seven diameters high, an Ionic column as eight diameters high and a Corinthian column nine diameters high, although the actual ratios used vary considerably in both ancient and revived examples, but keeping to the trend of increasing slimness between the orders. Sometimes this is phrased as "lower diameters high", to establish which part of the shaft has been measured.

text: Greek orders[edit]

text: There are three distinct orders in Ancient Greek architecture: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. These three were adopted by the Romans, who modified their capitals. The Roman adoption of the Greek orders took place in the 1st century BC. The three Ancient Greek orders have since been consistently used in neo-classical European architecture.

text: Sometimes the Doric order is considered the earliest order, but there is no evidence to support this.  Rather, the Doric and Ionic orders seem to have appeared at around the same time, the Ionic in eastern Greece and the Doric in the west and mainland.

text: Both the Doric and the Ionic order appear to have originated in wood. The Temple of Hera in Olympia is the oldest well-preserved temple of Doric architecture. It was built just after 600 BC. The Doric order later spread across Greece and into Sicily where it was the chief order for monumental architecture for 800 years.  Early Greeks were no doubt aware of the use of stone columns with bases and capitals in Ancient Egyptian architecture, and that of other Near Eastern cultures, although there they were mostly used in interiors, rather than as a dominant feature of all or part of exteriors, in the Greek style.

text: Doric order[edit]

text: The Doric order originated on the mainland and western Greece. It is the simplest of the orders, characterized by short, organized, heavy columns with plain, round capitals (tops) and no base. With a height that is only four to eight times its diameter, the columns are the most squat of all orders. The shaft of the Doric order is channeled with 16 flutes. The capital consists of a necking or Annulet which is a simple ring. The echinus is convex, or circular cushion like stone, and the abacus is square slab of stone.

text: Above the capital is a square abacus connecting the capital to the entablature.  The Entablature is divided into three horizontal registers, the lower part of which is either smooth or divided by horizontal lines.  The upper half is distinctive for the Doric order. The frieze of the Doric entablature is divided into triglyphs and metopes. A triglyph is a unit consisting of three vertical bands which are separated by grooves. Metopes are the plain or carved reliefs between two triglyphs.

text: The Greek forms of the Doric order come without an individual base. They instead are placed directly on the stylobate. Later forms, however, came with the conventional base consisting of a plinth and a torus. The Roman versions of the Doric order have smaller proportions. As a result, they appear lighter than the Greek orders.

text: Ionic order[edit]

text: The Ionic order came from eastern Greece, where its origins are entwined with the similar but little known Aeolic order. It is distinguished by slender, fluted pillars with a large base and two opposed volutes (also called scrolls) in the echinus of the capital. The echinus itself is decorated with an egg-and-dart motif. The Ionic shaft comes with four more flutes than the Doric counterpart (totalling 24). The Ionic base has two convex moldings called tori which are separated by a scotia.

text: The Ionic order is also marked by an entasis, a curved tapering in the column shaft. A column of the ionic order is nine times its lower diameter. The shaft itself is eight diameters high. The architrave of the entablature commonly consists of three stepped bands (fasciae). The frieze comes without the Doric triglyph and metope. The frieze sometimes comes with a continuous ornament such as carved figures instead.

text: Corinthian order[edit]

text: The Corinthian order is the most ornate of the Greek orders, characterized by a slender fluted column having an ornate capital decorated with two rows of acanthus leaves and four scrolls. It is commonly regarded as the most elegant of the three orders.  The shaft of the Corinthian order has 24 flutes. The column is commonly ten diameters high.

text: The Roman writer Vitruvius credited the invention of the Corinthian order to Callimachus, a Greek sculptor of the 5th century BC. The oldest known building built according to this order is the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, constructed from 335 to 334 BC. The Corinthian order was raised to rank by the writings of Vitruvius in the 1st century BC.

text: Roman orders[edit]

text: The Romans adapted all the Greek orders and also developed two orders of their own, basically modifications of Greek orders. However, it was not until the Renaissance that these were named and formalized as the Tuscan and Composite, respectively the plainest and most ornate of the orders.  The Romans also invented the superposed order. A superposed order is when successive stories of a building have different orders. The heaviest orders were at the bottom, whilst the lightest came at the top. This means that the Doric order was the order of the ground floor, the Ionic order was used for the middle story, while the Corinthian or the Composite order was used for the top story.

text: The Colossal order was invented by architects in the Renaissance. The Colossal order is characterized by columns that extend the height of two or more stories.

text: Tuscan order[edit]

text: The Tuscan order has a very plain design, with a plain shaft, and a simple capital, base, and frieze. It is a simplified adaptation of the Doric order by the Greeks. The Tuscan order is characterized by an unfluted shaft and a capital that only consists of an echinus and an abacus. In proportions it is similar to the Doric order, but overall it is significantly plainer. The column is normally seven diameters high. Compared to the other orders, the Tuscan order looks the most solid.

text: Composite order[edit]

text: The Composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic with the leaves of the Corinthian order. Until the Renaissance it was not ranked as a separate order. Instead it was considered as a late Roman form of the Corinthian order. The column of the Composite order is typically ten diameters high.

text: Historical development of the orders[edit]

text: The Renaissance period saw renewed interest in the literary sources of the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome, and the fertile development of a new architecture based on classical principles. The treatise De architectura by Roman theoretician, architect and engineer Vitruvius, is the only architectural writing that survived from Antiquity. Rediscovered in the 15th century, Vitruvius was instantly hailed as the authority on architecture. However, in his text the word order is not to be found. To describe the four species of columns (he only mentions: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian) he uses, in fact, various words such as: genus (gender), mos (habit, fashion, manner), opera (work).

text:
The term order, as well as the idea of redefining the canon started circulating in Rome, at the beginning of the 16th century, probably during the studies of Vitruvius' text conducted and shared by Peruzzi, Raphael and Sangallo.[4]
Ever since, the definition of the canon has been a collective endeavor that involved several generations of European architects, from Renaissance and Baroque periods, basing their theories both on the study of Vitruvius' writings and the observation of Roman ruins (the Greek ruins became available only after Greek Independence, 1821–23). What was added were rules for the use of the Architectural Orders, and the exact proportions of them down to the most minute detail. Commentary on the appropriateness of the orders for temples devoted to particular deities (Vitruvius I.2.5) were elaborated by Renaissance theorists, with Doric characterized as bold and manly, Ionic as matronly, and Corinthian as maidenly.[5]

text: Vignola defining the concept of "order"[edit]

text:
Following the examples of Vitruvius and the five books of the Regole generali di architettura sopra le cinque maniere de gli edifici by Sebastiano Serlio, published from 1537 onwards, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola produced an architecture rule book that was not only more practical than the previous two treatises, but also was systematically and consistently adopting, for the first time,  the term order to define each of the five different species of columns inherited from Antiquity. A first publication of the various plates, as separate sheets, appeared in Rome in 1562, with the title: Regola delli Cinque Ordini di Architettura (Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture [6]). As David Watkin has pointed out, Vignola's book "was to have an astonishing publishing history of over 500 editions in 400 years in ten languages, Italian, Dutch, English, Flemish, French, German, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, during which it became perhaps the most influential book of all times".[7]
The book consisted simply of an introduction followed by 32 annotated plates, highlighting the proportional system with all the minute details of the Five Architectural Orders. According to Christof Thoenes, the main expert of Renaissance architectural treatises,  "in accordance with Vitruvius’s example, Vignola chose a “module” equal to a half-diameter which is the base of the system. All the other measurements are expressed in fractions or in multiples of this module. The result is an arithmetical model, and with its help each order, harmoniously proportioned, can easily be adapted to any given height, of a façade or an interior. From this point of view, Vignola's Regola is a remarkable intellectual achievement".[1]

text: In America, The American Builder's Companion,[8] written in the early 19th century by the architect Asher Benjamin, influenced many builders in the eastern states, particularly those who developed what became known as the Federal style. The last American re-interpretation of Vignola's Regola, was edited in 1904 by William Robert Ware.[9]

text: The break from the classical mode came first with the Gothic revival, then the development of modernism during the 19th century. The Bauhaus promoted pure functionalism, stripped of superfluous ornament, and that has become one of the defining characteristics of modern architecture. There are some exceptions. Postmodernism introduced an ironic use of the orders as a cultural reference, divorced from the strict rules of composition. On the other hand, a few practitioners e.g. Quinlan Terry and Stuart Martin still work in a traditional classical idiom.

text: Nonce orders[edit]

text:
Several orders, usually based upon the composite order and only varying in the design of the capitals, have been invented under the inspiration of specific occasions, but have not been used again. They are termed "nonce orders" by analogy to nonce words; several examples follow below.
These nonce orders all express the “speaking architecture” (architecture parlante) that was taught in the Paris courses, most explicitly by Étienne-Louis Boullée, in which sculptural details of classical architecture could be enlisted to speak symbolically, the better to express the purpose of the structure and enrich its visual meaning with specific appropriateness. This idea was taken up strongly in the training of Beaux-Arts architecture, ca 1875–1915.[citation needed]

text: Robert Adam's brother James was in Rome in 1762, drawing antiquities under the direction of Clérisseau; he invented a British Order and published an engraving of it. Its capital the heraldic lion and unicorn take the place of the Composite's volutes, a Byzantine or Romanesque conception, but expressed in terms of neoclassical realism. Adam's ink-and-wash rendering with red highlighting is at the Avery Library, Columbia University.

text: In 1789 George Dance invented an Ammonite Order, a variant of Ionic substituting volutes in the form of fossil ammonites for John Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery in Pall Mall, London.[10] An adaptation of the Corinthian order by William Donthorne that used turnip leaves and mangelwurzel is termed the Agricultural order.[11][12]

text: In the United States Benjamin Latrobe, the architect of the Capitol building in Washington DC, designed a series of botanically American orders. Most famous is the order substituting corncobs and their husks, which was executed by Giuseppe Franzoni and employed in the small domed Vestibule of the Supreme Court. Only the Supreme Court survived the fire of 24 August 1814, nearly intact. With peace restored, Latrobe designed an American order that substituted for the acanthus tobacco leaves, of which he sent a sketch to Thomas Jefferson in a letter, 5 November 1816. He was encouraged to send a model of it, which remains at Monticello. In the 1830s Alexander Jackson Davis admired it enough to make a drawing of it. In 1809 Latrobe invented a second American order, employing magnolia flowers constrained within the profile of classical mouldings, as his drawing demonstrates. It was intended for "the Upper Columns in the Gallery of the Entrance of the Chamber of the Senate" ("United States Capitol exhibit".).

text: Edwin Lutyens, who from 1912 laid out New Delhi as the new seat of government for the British Empire in India,[13] designed a Delhi Order having a capital displaying a band of vertical ridges, and with bells hanging at each corner as a replacement for volutes.[14] His design for the new city's central palace, Viceroy's House, now the Presidential residence Rashtrapati Bhavan, was a thorough integration of elements of Indian architecture into a building of classical forms and proportions,[15] and made use of the order throughout.[14] The Delhi Order reappears in some later Lutyens buildings including Campion Hall, Oxford.[16]


document_title: List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Guyana

question_text: who is the speaker of the national assembly in guyana 2017

text:
Guyana

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Guyana

Constitution

Executive[show]

President (list)

David Granger

Vice Presidents
Prime Minister

Moses Nagamootoo

Legislature[show]

National Assembly

Speaker: Barton Scotland

Administrative divisions[show]

Regions
Neighborhood Councils

Elections[show]

Recent elections

General: 2006
2011
2015

Political parties

Foreign relations[show]

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Diplomatic missions
Passport

Other countries
Atlas

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tag: table

text: The Speaker is the presiding officer of the National Assembly in Guyana. The post was created in 1966 when the National Assembly came into being, although previous legislatures including the Legislative Council, House of Assembly and the Legislative Assembly also had Speakers.

text: The position of Speaker was introduced in 1953 following constitutional reforms that created the House of Assembly. The Speaker was initially appointed by the Governor, but following the 1961 constitutional reforms, was elected by members of the legislature. The first elected Speaker, Rahman Baccus Gajraj, was not a member of the Legislative Assembly.[1] The second, Aubrey Percival Alleyne, was a member of the House of Assembly, and after election as Speaker, resigned from his role as an elected member and was replaced by the next person on the party's list.

text: The Speaker initially wore a full-bottomed wig and ceremonial gown, with the practice ceasing in 1969.[1] The Speaker's Chair was a gift from the Government of India on 15 November 1966 to celebrate Guyanese independence.[1]

text: List of Speakers[edit]

text:
Name
Entered office
Left office

House of Assembly

Eustace Gordon Woolford
7 April 1953
21 December 1953

Interim Legislative Council

Eustace Gordon Woolford
5 January 1954
29 June 1957

Legislative Council

Donald Edward Jackson
21 August 1957
18 July 1961

Legislative Assembly

Rahman Baccus Gajraj
5 October 1961
25 September 1964

House of Assembly

Aubrey Percival Alleyne
31 December 1964
26 May 1966

National Assembly

Aubrey Percival Alleyne
26 May 1966
4 August 1967

Rahman Baccus Gajraj
16 February 1968
4 January 1971

Sase Narain
4 January 1971
10 June 1992

Derek Chunilall Jagan
17 December 1992
15 October 2000

Martin Zephyr
23 October 2000
15 February 2001

Hari Narayen Ramkaran
4 May 2001
12 Jan 2012

Raphael Trotman
12 Jan 2012
10 Jun 2015

Barton Scotland
10 June 2015

text: Note[edit]

text: Jagan died in office. Deputy speaker, Clarissa Riehl, served as acting speaker 15 - 23 October 2010 until a successor was elected.[2]

tag: ul