document_title: Rooster (song)

question_text: who is the rooster in the alice in chains song

text: Rooster (song)

text: Origin and recording[edit]

text: "Rooster" was recorded at Eldorado Studios on Los Angeles' Sunset Boulevard, co-produced by Alice in Chains with Dave Jerden.[4]

text: In the liner notes of 1999's Music Bank box set collection, songwriter Jerry Cantrell said of the song: "I think there's some darts on the demo that maybe we didn't get here (on Dirt), but this has something all of its own... quality, for one thing."[5]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: This song was written by Alice in Chains guitarist/vocalist Jerry Cantrell for his father, Jerry Cantrell Sr., who served with the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War. "Rooster" was a childhood nickname given to Cantrell Sr. by his great-grandfather, because of his perceived "cocky" attitude and his hair, which used to stick up on top of his head like a rooster's comb.[4][6]

text: The "Rooster" nickname is often mistakenly attributed to a reference to men carrying the M60 machine gun ("Walking tall machine gun men"), the muzzle flash from which makes an outline or pattern reminiscent of a rooster's tail. It is also often mistakenly attributed to the 101st Airborne Division - in which Cantrell's father served - who wore shoulder sleeve insignia on their arms featuring a bald eagle. As there are no bald eagles in Vietnam, the closest thing to which the Vietnamese could draw a comparison was the chicken, thus leading to the pejorative "chicken men."[7]

text: Cantrell wrote the song while living at Chris Cornell and Susan Silver's house in Seattle at the start of 1991.[8][4] Silver is Alice in Chains' manager.[4] Alone, late at night, Cantrell kept thinking about his father and the psychological scars from his time in the Vietnam War that contributed to the breakdown of his family.[4] Cantrell wrote the lyrics from the standpoint of his father.[9]

text: In the liner notes of 1999's Music Bank box set collection, Jerry Cantrell said of the song:

text: It was the start of the healing process between my Dad and I from all that damage that Vietnam caused. This was all my perception of his experiences out there. The first time I ever heard him talk about it was when we made the video and he did a 45-minute interview with Mark Pellington and I was amazed he did it. He was totally cool, totally calm, accepted it all and had a good time doing it. It even brought him to the point of tears. It was beautiful. He said it was a weird experience, a sad experience and he hoped that nobody else had to go through it.[5]

text: In a 1992 interview with Guitar for the Practicing Musician magazine, in response to the question "Do you feel you communicated with [your father] with this song?", Cantrell responded:

text: Yeah. He's heard this song. He's only seen us play once, and I played this song for him when we were in this club opening for Iggy Pop. I'll never forget it. He was standing in the back and he heard all the words and stuff. Of course, I was never in Vietnam and he won't talk about it, but when I wrote this it felt right...like these were things he might have felt or thought. And I remember when we played it he was back by the soundboard and I could see him. He was back there with his big gray Stetson and his cowboy boots — he's a total Oklahoma man — and at the end, he took his hat off and just held it in the air. And he was crying the whole time. This song means a lot to me. A lot.[10]

text: Cantrell said of the song in a 2006 interview with Team Rock:

text: That experience in Vietnam changed him [his father] forever, and it certainly had an effect on our family, so I guess it was a defining moment in my life, too. He didn’t walk out on us. We left him. It was an environment that wasn’t good for anyone, so we took off to live with my grandmother in Washington, and that’s where I went to school. I didn’t have a lot of my father around, but I started thinking about him a lot during that period. I certainly had resentments, as any young person does in a situation where a parent isn’t around or a family is split. But on Rooster, I was trying to think about his side of it – what he might have gone through. To be honest, I didn’t really sit down intending to do any of that; it just kinda came out. But that’s the great thing about music – sometimes it can reach deeper than you ever would in a conversation with anybody. It’s more of a forum to dig deeper. It felt like a major achievement for me as a young writer. When I first played it to my father, I asked him if I’d got close to where he might have been emotionally or mentally in that situation. And he told me: ‘You got too close – you hit it on the head'. It meant a lot to him that I wrote it. It brought us closer. It was good for me in the long-run and it was good for him, too.[4]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: "Rooster" was released as a single in February 1993.[1] It spent 20 weeks on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and peaked at No. 7.[3]

text: Ned Raggett of Allmusic said that the song "[keeps] both the volume and the tenderness in play while tackling a slightly unexpected subject" and that it "alternates between almost dreamy verses, and surging, blasting choruses."[11]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video for "Rooster" was released in February 1993,[12] and was directed by Mark Pellington. The music video featured real Vietnam War documentary/news footage as well as some very realistic, graphically re-enacted combat scenes. Jerry Cantrell's father was a consultant on the video, as it explores Cantrell Jr.'s interpretation of his father's war experience.[13]

text: The "Rooster" character (played by James Elliott), was based on Alice in Chains' guitarist/vocalist, Jerry Cantrell's father (Jerry Cantrell Sr.), whose lifelong nickname was "Rooster." Cantrell Sr. served two combat tours in Vietnam, and also appears in the music video talking about his war experiences.[14] Cantrell Sr.'s scenes were filmed on what was then Cantrell's great uncle's property and is now the site of Jerry Cantrell's family ranch in Atoka, Oklahoma. Cantrell Sr.'s scenes, filmed in stark black & white, show him hunting in the woods as an older man, while having "flashback" memories of his youthful Vietnam combat experiences (which are shot in full color). The uncut (more graphic) version of the video is available on the home video release Music Bank: The Videos. "Rooster" was the last music video to feature original bass player Mike Starr, who is pictured on the cover of the single.

text: The intense combat scenes for the video were actually filmed on location in Angeles National Forest in January 1993 and have been favorably compared to Oliver Stone's classic Vietnam War film Platoon. VN Veteran and Military Technical Advisor Dale Dye served as advisor on both the "Rooster" video and on Platoon, among many other projects in Hollywood. Actor James Elliott (Southland, Entourage, Mafia II, etc.) portrayed the title role of "Rooster", the Team Leader of a Long Range Recon Patrol (LRRPs) in the combat scenes.  Elliott, who is right-handed, had to learn how to handle multiple combat weapons left handed for the production in order to match the real Cantrell Sr.'s footage (Cantrell Sr. is left handed and holds his knife/rifle that way in the video). The military weapons and gear used and worn by the actors in the video are not all period-authentic. The M16A2 is used (which was not used until the 1980s), as well as the Nomex flight gloves which were not used until well into the Vietnam War. Dale Dye provided Elliott with some of his own personal combat gear which Dye had actually worn during multiple tours in Vietnam, including his military watch and map light, among other items.[citation needed]

text: Other actors who appear in the video include Casey Pieretti (well known real-life amputee actor/stunt performer); and popular character actor Jon Gries (Napoleon Dynamite, Lost, etc.). Pieretti, who walks/runs extremely well with a prosthetic leg, performed a very graphic and difficult scene in which his leg was "blown off" by a land mine and Elliott's "Rooster" character offers life-saving medical aid on the battlefield. Jon Gries's character is shown being shot in the chest during intense combat with North Vietnamese infantry troops and dying in the arms of Elliott's "Rooster" character in the final emotionally charged combat scenes of the video. Also featured are scenes of a group of children playing with bubbles.

text: Real life combat veterans have often commented about how moving and realistic these scenes were, yet MTV initially pulled the controversial video from rotation due to complaints about the graphic nature of the war scenes. This upset the band a great deal, especially Jerry Cantrell, who has stated how much of a foolish double standard existed at the time, as "Rooster" simply portrayed actual history with realism, yet MTV routinely showed gangsta rap and other violent videos in which gratuitous violence/death/killing was portrayed and clearly glorified.[citation needed] At the time the video was also the longest music video ever aired in full on MTV (running approximately 7 minutes long).[citation needed]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: Cantrell's father joined Alice in Chains during "Rooster" on stage for the October 19, 2007, show in Tulsa, at Cain's Ballroom. Alice in Chains performed an acoustic version of "Rooster" for its appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1996 and the song was included on the Unplugged live album and home video release. Live performances of the song can also be found on the "Heaven Beside You" single, the compilation album Nothing Safe: Best of the Box, and the live album Live.

text: In the Primus DVD Animals Should Not Try to Act Like People, Alice in Chains are seen playing the song live, with Les Claypool joining the band on stage dressed in a chicken suit. Jerry Cantrell reacts by throwing a bottle at Claypool and chasing him off the stage.

text: Jerry Cantrell often introduces his father on stage before playing the song at Alice in Chains' concerts.[15][16][17]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleLength1."Rooster"6:182."Sickman"5:293."It Ain't Like That" (from Facelift)4:37

text: Australian releaseNo.TitleLength1."Rooster"6:182."Dam That River"3:10

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Layne Staley – lead vocals
Jerry Cantrell – guitar, backing vocals
Mike Starr – bass
Sean Kinney – drums

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (1993)

Peakposition

US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[18]

7


document_title: Flag of Honduras

question_text: how many stars does the flag of honduras have

root

text: Flag of Honduras

text:
Honduras

Use
National flag and civil and state ensign

Proportion
1:2

Adopted
March 7, 1866 (modified in 1898)

Design
A horizontal triband of blue (top and bottom) and white with five blue five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered on the white band.

Variant flag of Honduras

Use
Naval Ensign

Proportion
1:2

Design
A horizontal triband of blue (top and bottom) and white with the National Coat of Arms above an inverted arc of five blue five-pointed stars centered on the white band.

tag: table

text: The national flag of Honduras was adopted on March 7, 1866, based on the flag of the Federal Republic of Central America. In 1823 Honduras joined the United Provinces of Central America and adopted their flag. In 1866 it was amended; five cerulean stars were placed in the center to represent the five original Central American provinces. The colors and pattern are the same as the flag of the United Provinces of Central America.[1] Civilian and government ships fly it as an ensign. Ships of the Honduran Navy fly as a naval ensign a version in which the five star emblem is replaced by the coat of arms of Honduras above an inverted arch of five small turquoise stars.

tag: p

text: The flag consists of three horizontal bands of equal width with an overall length:width ratio of 1:2. The two outer cerulean bands represent the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, and also represent the blue sky and brotherhood. The inner white band represents the land between the ocean and the sea, the peace and prosperity of its people, and purity of thoughts. The five cerulean five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band represent the five nations of the former Federal Republic of Central America (El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala) and the hope that the nations may form a union again.


document_title: Rugby union

question_text: how many subs can you make in rugby union

question_tokens: how many subs can you make in rugby union

text: Rugby union

text: History[edit]

text: The origin of rugby football is reputed to be an incident during a game of English school football at Rugby School in 1823, when William Webb Ellis is said to have picked up the ball and run with it.[7] Although the evidence for the story is doubtful, it was immortalised at the school with a plaque unveiled in 1895.[8][9] Despite the doubtful evidence, the Rugby World Cup trophy is named after Webb Ellis. Rugby football stems from the form of game played at Rugby School, which former pupils then introduced to their university.

text: Old Rugbeian Albert Pell, a student at Cambridge, is credited with having formed the first "football" team.[10] During this early period different schools used different rules, with former pupils from Rugby and Eton attempting to carry their preferred rules through to their universities.[11]

text: A significant event in the early development of rugby football was the production of the first written laws of the game at Rugby School in 1845,[12][13] which was followed by the Cambridge Rules drawn up in 1848.[14] Other important events include the Blackheath Club's decision to leave the Football Association in 1863[15][16] and the formation of the Rugby Football Union in 1871.[15] The code was originally known as "rugby football"; it was not until after the schism in England in 1895, which resulted in the separate code of rugby league, that the sport took on the name "rugby union" to differentiate it from the league game.[17] Despite the sport's full name of rugby union, it is known simply as rugby throughout most of the world.[18]

text: First internationals[edit]

text: The first rugby football international was played on 27 March 1871 between Scotland and England in Edinburgh. Scotland won the game 1-0.[15][19] By 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first rugby sevens tournament, the Melrose Sevens,[20] which is still held annually.

text: Two important overseas tours took place in 1888: a British Isles team visited Australia and New Zealand—although a private venture, it laid the foundations for future British and Irish Lions tours;[21] and the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team brought the first overseas team to British spectators.[22]

text: During the early history of rugby union, a time before commercial air travel, teams from different continents rarely met. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia,[23] followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe.[24] Traditionally the most prestigious tours were the Southern Hemisphere countries of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa making a tour of a Northern Hemisphere, and the return tours made by a joint British and Irish team.[25] Tours would last for months, due to long traveling times and the number of games undertaken; the 1888 New Zealand team began their tour in Hawkes Bay in June and did not complete their schedule until August 1889, having played 107 rugby matches.[26]  Touring international sides would play Test matches against international opponents, including national, club and county sides in the case of Northern Hemisphere rugby, or provincial/state sides in the case of Southern Hemisphere rugby.[23][27]

text: Between 1905 and 1908, all three major Southern Hemisphere rugby countries sent their first touring teams to the Northern Hemisphere: New Zealand in 1905, followed by South Africa in 1906 and Australia in 1908. All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics,[28] and were far more successful than critics had expected.[29]

text: The New Zealand 1905 touring team performed a haka before each match, leading Welsh Rugby Union administrator Tom Williams to suggest that Wales player Teddy Morgan lead the crowd in singing the Welsh National Anthem, Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau, as a response. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in: the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event.[30][nb 2] In 1905 France played England in its first international match.[28]

text: Rugby union was included as an event in the Olympic Games four times during the early 20th century. No international rugby games and union-sponsored club matches were played during the First World War, but competitions continued through service teams such as the New Zealand Army team.[32] During the Second World War no international matches were played by most countries, though Italy, Germany and Romania played a limited number of games,[33][34][35] and Cambridge and Oxford continued their annual University Match.[36]

text: The first officially sanctioned international rugby sevens tournament took place in 1973 at Murrayfield, one of Scotland's biggest stadiums, as part of the Scottish Rugby Union centenary celebrations.[37]

text: World Cup and professionalism[edit]

text: In 1987 the first Rugby World Cup was held in Australia and New Zealand, and the inaugural winners were New Zealand. The first World Cup Sevens tournament was held at Murrayfield in 1993. Rugby Sevens was introduced into the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and has been added to the Olympic Games of 2016.[38]

text: Rugby union was an amateur sport until the IRB declared the game "open" in August 1995 (shortly after the completion of the 1995 World Cup), removing restrictions on payments to players.[39][40] However, the pre-1995 period of rugby union was marked by frequent accusations of "shamateurism",[41] including an investigation in Britain by a House of Commons Select committee in early 1995.[42][43] Following the introduction of professionalism trans-national club competitions were started, with the Heineken Cup in the Northern Hemisphere and Super Rugby in the Southern Hemisphere.[44][45]

text: The Tri Nations, an annual international tournament involving Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, kicked off in 1996.[45] In 2012, this competition was extended to include Argentina, a country whose impressive performances in international games (especially finishing in third place in the 2007 Rugby World Cup) was deemed to merit inclusion in the competition. As a result of the expansion to four teams, the tournament was renamed The Rugby Championship.[46]

text: Teams and positions[edit]

text: Each team starts the match with 15 players on the field and seven or eight substitutes.[47] Players in a team are divided into eight forwards (two more than in rugby league) and seven backs.[48]

text: Forwards[edit]

text: The main responsibilities of the forward players are to gain and retain possession of the ball.[49] Players in these positions are generally bigger and stronger and take part in the scrum and line-out.[49] The forwards are often collectively referred to as the 'pack', especially when in the scrum formation.[50]

text:
Front row
The front row consists of three players: two props (the loosehead prop and the tighthead prop) and the hooker. The role of the two props is to support the hooker during scrums, to provide support for the jumpers during line-outs and to provide strength and power in rucks and mauls. The third position in the front row is the hooker. The hooker is a key position in attacking and defensive play and is responsible for winning the ball in the scrum. Hookers normally throw the ball in at line-outs.[48][51]

text:
Second row
The second row consists of two locks or lock forwards. Locks are usually the tallest players in the team, and specialize as line-out jumpers.[48] The main role of the lock in line-outs is to make a standing jump, often supported by the other forwards, to either collect the thrown ball or ensure the ball comes down on their side. Locks also have an important role in the scrum, binding directly behind the three front row players and providing forward drive.[48]

text:
Back row
The back row, not to be confused with ‘Backs’, is the third and final row of the forward positions, they are often referred to as the loose forwards.[50] The three positions in the back row are the two flankers and the number 8. The two flanker positions called the blindside flanker and openside flanker, are the final row in the scrum. They are usually the most mobile forwards in the game. Their main role is to win possession through 'turn overs'.[48] The number 8 packs down between the two locks at the back of the scrum. The role of the number 8 in the scrum is to control the ball after it has been heeled back from the front of the pack and the position provides a link between the forwards and backs during attacking phases.[52]

text: Backs[edit]

text: The backs' role is to create and convert point-scoring opportunities. They are generally smaller, faster and more agile than the forwards.[49] Another distinction between the backs and the forwards is that the backs are expected to have superior kicking and ball-handling skills, especially the fly-half, scrum-half, and full-back.[49]

text:
Half-backs
The half-backs consist of two positions, the scrum-half and the fly-half. The fly-half is crucial to a team's game plan, orchestrating the team's performance.[52] They are usually the first to receive the ball from the scrum-half following a breakdown, lineout, or scrum, and need to be decisive with what actions to take and be effective at communicating with the outside backs.[52] Many fly-halves are also their team's goal kickers. The scrum-half is the link between the forwards and the backs.[52] They receive the ball from the lineout and remove the ball from the back of the scrum, usually passing it to the fly-half.[53] They also feed the scrum and sometimes have to act as a fourth loose forward.[54]

text:
Three quarters
There are four three quarter positions, the inside centre, outside centre and left and right wings. The centres will attempt to tackle attacking players; whilst in attack, they should employ speed and strength to breach opposition defences.[52] The wings are generally positioned on the outside of the backline. Their primary function is to finish off moves and score tries.[55] Wings are usually the fastest players in the team and are elusive runners who use their speed to avoid tackles.[56]

text:
Fullback
The fullback normally position themselves several metres behind the back line. They often field opposition kicks and are usually the last line of defence should an opponent break through the back line.[52] Two of the most important attributes of a good fullback are dependable catching skills and a good kicking game.[57]

text: Laws[edit]

text: Scoring[edit]

text: Rugby union is played between two teams – the one that scores more points wins the game. Points can be scored in several ways: a try, scored by grounding the ball in the in-goal area (between the goal line and the dead-ball line), is worth 5 points and a subsequent conversion kick scores 2 points; a successful penalty kick or a drop goal each score 3 points.[58] The values of each of these scoring methods have been changed over the years.[59]

text: Playing field[edit]

text: The field of play on a rugby pitch is as near as possible to a maximum of 144 metres (157 yd) long by 70 metres (77 yd) wide.[60] In actual gameplay there should be a maximum of 100 metres (109 yd) between the two try-lines, with anywhere between 10 and 22 metres behind each try line to serve as the in-goal area.[60] Several lines cross the field, notably the halfway line and the "twenty-two", which is 22 metres (24 yd) from the goal line.[60]

text: Stricter rules apply to the pitch size for matches between national representative teams. The same maximums apply in this case, but the distance between the two try-lines must also be at least 94 metres (103 yd) and the pitch must be at least 68 metres (74 yd) wide.[60]

text: Rugby goalposts are H-shaped, and consist of two poles, 5.6 metres (6.1 yd) apart, connected by a horizontal crossbar 3 metres (3.3 yd) above the ground.[60][61]

text: Match structure[edit]

text:
At the beginning of the game, the captains and the referee toss a coin to decide which team will kick off first. Play then starts with a dropkick, with the players chasing the ball into the opposition's territory, and the other side trying to retrieve the ball and advance it. If the ball does not reach the opponent’s 10-metre line the opposing team has two choices: to have the ball kicked off again, or to have a scrum at the centre of the half-way line.[62]
If the player with the ball is tackled, frequently a ruck will result.[63]

text: Games are divided into 40-minute halves, with a break in the middle.[64] The sides exchange ends of the field after the half-time break.[64] Stoppages for injury or to allow the referee to take disciplinary action do not count as part of the playing time, so that the elapsed time is usually longer than 80 minutes.[64] The referee is responsible for keeping time, even when—as in many professional tournaments—he is assisted by an official time-keeper.[64] If time expires while the ball is in play, the game continues until the ball is "dead", and only then will the referee blow the whistle to signal half-time or full-time; but if the referee awards a penalty or free-kick, the game continues.[64]

text: In the knockout stages of rugby competitions, most notably the Rugby World Cup, two extra time periods of 10 minutes periods are played (with an interval of 5 minutes in between) if the game is tied after full-time. If scores are level after 100 minutes then the rules call for 20 minutes of sudden-death extra time to be played. If the sudden-death extra time period results in no scoring a kicking competition is used to determine the winner. However, no match in the history of the Rugby World Cup has ever gone past 100 minutes into a sudden-death extra time period.[65]

text: Passing and kicking[edit]

text: Forward passing (throwing the ball ahead to another player) is not allowed; the ball can be passed laterally or backwards.[66] The ball tends to be moved forward in three ways — by kicking, by a player running with it or within a scrum or maul. Only the player with the ball may be tackled or rucked. When a ball is knocked forward by a player with their arms, a "knock-on" is committed, and play is restarted with a scrum.[66]

text: Any player may kick the ball forward in an attempt to gain territory. When a player anywhere in the playing area kicks indirectly into touch so that the ball first bounces in the field of play, the throw-in is taken where the ball went into touch.[67] If the player kicks directly into touch (i.e. without bouncing in-field first) from within one's own 22-metre line, the lineout is taken by the opposition where the ball went into touch, but if the ball is kicked into touch directly by a player outside the 22-metre line, the lineout is taken level to where the kick was taken.[67]

text: Breakdowns[edit]

text: The aim of the defending side is to stop the player with the ball, either by bringing them to ground (a tackle, which is frequently followed by a ruck) or by contesting for possession with the ball-carrier on their feet (a maul). Such a circumstance is called a breakdown and each is governed by a specific law.

text: Tackling

text: A player may tackle an opposing player who has the ball by holding them while bringing them to ground. Tacklers cannot tackle above the shoulder (the neck and head are out of bounds),[68] and the tackler has to attempt to wrap their arms around the player being tackled to complete the tackle. It is illegal to push, shoulder-charge, or to trip a player using feet or legs, but hands may be used (this being referred to as a tap-tackle or ankle-tap).[69][70] Tacklers may not tackle an opponent who has jumped to catch a ball until the player has landed.[68]

text: Rucking and Mauling

text: Mauls occur after a player with the ball has come into contact with an opponent but the handler remains on his feet; once any combination of at least three players have bound themselves a maul has been set.[50] A ruck is similar to the maul, but in this case the ball has gone to ground with at least three attacking players binding themselves on the ground in an attempt to secure the ball.[50]

text: Set pieces[edit]

text: Lineout[edit]

text: When the ball leaves the side of the field, a line-out is awarded against the team which last touched the ball.[71] Forward players from each team line up a metre apart, perpendicular to the touchline and between 5 m and 15 m from the touchline.[71] The ball is thrown from the touchline down the centre of the lines of forwards by a player (usually the hooker) from the team that did not play the ball into touch.[71] The exception to this is when the ball went out from a penalty, in which case the side who gained the penalty throws the ball in.[71]

text: Both sides compete for the ball and players may lift their teammates.[72] A jumping player cannot be tackled until they stand and only shoulder-to-shoulder contact is allowed; deliberate infringement of this law is dangerous play, and results in a penalty kick.[73]

text: Scrum[edit]

text: A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement.[74] It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, if a player takes the ball over his own try line and puts the ball down, when a player is accidentally offside or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty.[74]

text: A scrum is formed by the eight forwards from each team binding together in three rows.[74] The front row consists of the two props (loosehead and tighthead) either side of the hooker.[74] The second row consists of two locks and the two flankers. Behind the second row is the number 8. This formation is known as the 3–4–1 formation.[75] Once a scrum is formed the scrum-half from the team awarded the feed rolls the ball into the gap between the two front-rows known as the tunnel.[74] The two hookers then compete for possession by hooking the ball backwards with their feet, while each pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards to help gain possession.[74] The side that wins possession transfers the ball to the back of the scrum, where it is picked up either by the number 8 or by the scrum-half.[74]

text: Officials and offences[edit]

text: There are three match officials: a referee, and two assistant referees.[76] The latter, formerly known as touch judges, had the primary function of indicating when the ball had gone into "touch"; their role has been expanded and they are now expected to assist the referee in a number of areas, such as watching for foul play and checking offside lines.[76] In addition, for matches in high level competitions, there is often a television match official (TMO; popularly called the "video referee"), to assist with certain decisions, linked up to the referee by radio.[77] The referees have a system of hand signals to indicate their decisions.[78]

text: Common offences include tackling above the shoulders, collapsing a scrum, ruck or maul, not releasing the ball when on the ground, or being offside.[79] The non-offending team has a number of options when awarded a penalty: a "tap" kick, when the ball is kicked a very short distance from hand, allowing the kicker to regather the ball and run with it; a punt, when the ball is kicked a long distance from hand, for field position; a place-kick, when the kicker will attempt to score a goal; or a scrum.[79] Players may be sent off (signalled by a red card) or temporarily suspended ("sin-binned") for ten minutes (yellow card) for foul play or repeated infringements, and may not be replaced.[79]

text: Occasionally, infringements are not caught by the referee during the match and these may be "cited" by the citing commissioner after the match and have punishments (usually suspension for a number of weeks) imposed on the infringing player.[80]

text: Replacements and substitutions[edit]

text: During the match, players may be replaced (for injury) or substituted (for tactical reasons).[47] A player who has been replaced may not rejoin play unless he was temporarily replaced to have bleeding controlled; a player who has been substituted may return temporarily, to replace a player who has a blood injury or has suffered a concussion, or permanently, if he is replacing a front-row forward.[47] In international matches, eight replacements are allowed; in domestic or cross-border tournaments, at the discretion of the responsible national union(s), the number of replacements may be nominated to a maximum of eight, of whom three must be sufficiently trained and experienced to provide cover for the three front row positions.[47][81]

text: Prior to 2016, all substitutions, no matter the cause, counted against the limit during a match. In 2016, World Rugby changed the law so that substitutions made to replace a player deemed unable to continue due to foul play by the opposition would no longer count against the match limit. This change was introduced in January of that year in the Southern Hemisphere and June in the Northern Hemisphere.[82]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: The most basic items of equipment for a game of rugby union are the ball itself, a rugby shirt (also known as a "jersey"), rugby shorts, socks and boots. The rugby ball is oval in shape, (technically a prolate spheroid), and is made up of four panels.[83] The ball was historically made of leather, but in the modern era most games use a ball made from a synthetic material. The WR lays out specific dimensions for the ball, 280-300mm in length, 740-770mm in circumference of length and 580-620mm in circumference of width.[83] Rugby boots have soles with studs to allow grip on the turf of the pitch. The studs may be either metal or plastic but must not have any sharp edges or ridges.[84]

text: Protective equipment is optional and strictly regulated. The most common items are mouthguards, which are worn by almost all players, and are compulsory in some rugby-playing nations.[85] Other protective items that are permitted include head gear; thin (not more than 10 mm thick), non-rigid shoulder pads and shin guards; which are worn underneath socks.[84] Bandages or tape can be worn to support or protect injuries; some players wear tape around the head to protect the ears in scrums and rucks. Female players may also wear chest pads.[84] Although not worn for protection, some types of fingerless mitts are allowed to aid grip.[84]

text: It is the responsibility of the match officials to check players' clothing and equipment before a game to ensure that it conforms to the laws of the game.[84]

text: Governing bodies[edit]

text: The international governing body of rugby union (and associated games such as sevens) is World Rugby (WR).[86] The WR headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland.[86] WR, founded in 1886, governs the sport worldwide and publishes the game's laws and rankings.[86] As of February 2014, WR (then known as the IRB, for International Rugby Board) recorded 119 unions in its membership, 101 full members and 18 associate member countries.[2] According to WR, rugby union is played by men and women in over 100 countries.[86] WR controls the Rugby World Cup,[86] the Women's Rugby World Cup,[87] Rugby World Cup Sevens,[88] HSBC Sevens Series,[89] HSBC Women's Sevens Series,[90] World Under 20 Championship,[91] World Under 20 Trophy,[92] Nations Cup[93] and the Pacific Nations Cup.[94] WR holds votes to decide where each of these events are to be held, except in the case of the Sevens World Series for men and women, for which WR contracts with several national unions to hold individual events.

text: Six regional associations, which are members of WR, form the next level of administration; these are:

text:
Rugby Africa, formerly Confederation of African Rugby (CAR)[95]
Asia Rugby, formerly Asian Rugby Football Union (ARFU)[96]
Rugby Americas North, formerly North America Caribbean Rugby Association (NACRA)[97]
Rugby Europe, previously Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby (FIRA-AER)[98]
Oceania Rugby, formerly Federation of Oceania Rugby Unions (FORU)[99]
Sudamérica Rugby, formerly Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby (South American Rugby Confederation, or CONSUR)[100]

tag: ul

text: SANZAAR (South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina Rugby) is a joint venture of the South African Rugby Union, New Zealand Rugby, Rugby Australia and the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) that operates Super Rugby and The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations before the entry of Argentina).[101] Although UAR initially had no representation on the former SANZAR board, it was granted input into the organisation's issues, especially with regard to The Rugby Championship,[102] and became a full SANZAAR member in 2016 (when the country entered Super Rugby).

text: National unions oversee rugby union within individual countries and are affiliated to WR. Since 2016, the WR Council has 40 seats.  A total of 11 unions—the eight foundation unions of Scotland, Ireland, Wales, England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France, plus Argentina, Canada and Italy—have two seats each. In addition, the six regional associations have two seats each. Four more unions—Georgia, Japan, Romania and the USA—have one seat each. Finally, the Chairman and Vice Chairman, who usually come from one of the eight foundation unions (although the current Vice Chairman, Agustín Pichot, is with the non-foundation Argentine union) have one vote each.[103][86]

text: Global reach[edit]

text:
The earliest countries to adopt rugby union were England, the country of inception, and the other three Home Nations, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The spread of rugby union as a global sport has its roots in the exporting of the game by British expatriates, military personnel, and overseas university students.
The first rugby club in France was formed by British residents in Le Havre in 1872, while the next year Argentina recorded its first game: 'Banks' v 'City' in Buenos Aires.[104]

text: At least seven countries have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport; they are Fiji,[105] Georgia, Madagascar,[106][107][108] New Zealand,[109] Samoa,[110] Tonga[111] and Wales.[112]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: A rugby club was formed in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in 1864; while the sport was said to have been introduced to New Zealand by Charles Monro in 1870, who played rugby while a student at Christ's College, Finchley.[15]

text: Several island nations have embraced the sport of rugby. Rugby was first played in Fiji circa 1884 by European and Fijian soldiers of the Native Constabulary at Ba on Viti Levu island.[113][114] Fiji then sent their first overseas team to Samoa in 1924, who in turn set up their own union in 1927.[115] Along with Tonga, other countries to have national rugby teams in Oceania include the Cook Islands, Niue, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands.[116]

text: North America and Caribbean[edit]

text: In North America a club formed in Montreal in 1868, Canada's first club. The city of Montreal also played its part in the introduction of the sport in the United States, when students of McGill University played against a team from Harvard University in 1874.[15][104]

text: Although the exact date of arrival of rugby union in Trinidad and Tobago is unknown, their first club Northern RFC was formed in 1923, a national team was playing by 1927 and due to a cancelled tour to British Guiana in 1933, switched their venue to Barbados; introducing rugby to the island.[117][118] Other Atlantic countries to play rugby union include Jamaica[119] and Bermuda.[120]

text: Europe[edit]

text: The growth of rugby union in Europe outside the 6 Nations countries in terms of playing numbers has been sporadic. Historically, British and Irish home teams played the Southern Hemisphere teams of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, as well as France. The rest of Europe were let to play amongst themselves. During a period when it had been isolated by the British and Irish Unions, France, lacking international competition, became the only European team from the top tier to regularly play the other European countries; mainly Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Romania, Poland, Italy and Czechoslovakia.[98][121] In 1934, instigated by the French Rugby Federation, FIRA (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur) was formed to organise rugby union outside the authority of the IRFB.[98] The founding members were Italy, Romania, Netherlands, Portugal, Czechoslovakia, and Sweden.

text: Other European rugby playing nations of note include Russia, whose first officially recorded match is marked by an encounter between Dynamo Moscow and the Moscow Institute of Physical Education in 1933.[122] Rugby union in Portugal also took hold between the First and Second World Wars, with a Portuguese National XV set up in 1922 and an official championship started in 1927.[123]

text: In 1999, FIRA agreed to place itself under the auspices of the IRB, transforming itself into a strictly European organising body. Accordingly, it changed its name to FIRA–AER (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby). It adopted its current name of Rugby Europe in 2014.

text: South America[edit]

text: Although Argentina is the best-known rugby playing nation in South America, founding the Argentine Rugby Union in 1899,[124] several other countries on the continent have a long history. Rugby had been played in Brazil since the end of the 19th century, but the game was played regularly only from 1926, when São Paulo beat Santos in an inter-city match.[125] It took Uruguay several aborted attempts to adapt to rugby, led mainly by the efforts of the Montevideo Cricket Club; these efforts succeeded in 1951 with the formation of a national league and four clubs.[126] Other South American countries that formed a rugby union include Chile (1948),[127] and Paraguay (1968).[128]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Many Asian countries have a tradition of playing rugby dating from the British Empire. India began playing rugby in the early 1870s, the Calcutta Football Club forming in 1873. However, with the departure of a local British army regiment, interest in rugby diminished in the area.[129] In 1878, The Calcutta Football Club was disbanded, and rugby in India faltered.[130] Sri Lanka claims to have founded their union in 1878, and although little official information from the period is available, the team won the All-India cup in Madras in 1920.[131] The first recorded match in Malaysia was in 1892, but the first confirmation of rugby is the existence of the HMS Malaya Cup which was first presented in 1922 and is still awarded to the winners of the Malay sevens.[132]

text: Rugby union was introduced to Japan in 1899 by two Cambridge students: Ginnosuke Tanaka and Edward Bramwell Clarke.[133][134] The Japan RFU was founded in 1926 and its place in rugby history was cemented with the news that Japan will host the 2019 World Cup.[135] It will be the first country outside the Commonwealth, Ireland and France to host the event, and this is viewed by the IRB as an opportunity for rugby union to extend its reach,[135] particularly in Asia. Other Asian playing countries of note include Singapore, South Korea, China and The Philippines, while the former British colony of Hong Kong is notable within rugby for its development of the rugby sevens game, especially the Hong Kong Sevens tournament which was founded in 1976.[136]

text: Rugby in the Middle East and the Gulf States has its history in the 1950s, with clubs formed by British and French Services stationed in the region after the Second World War.[137] When these servicemen left, the clubs and teams were kept alive by young professionals, mostly Europeans, working in these countries. The official union of Oman was formed in 1971.[138] Bahrain founded its union a year later, while in 1975 the Dubai Sevens, the Gulf's leading rugby tournament, was created. Rugby remains a minority sport in the region with Israel, as of 2011, being the only member union from the Middle East to be included in the IRB World Rankings.[139]

text: Africa[edit]

text: In 1875, rugby was introduced to South Africa by British soldiers garrisoned in Cape Town.[104] During the late 19th and early 20th century, the sport in Africa was spread by settlers and colonials who often adopted a "whites-only" policy to playing the game. This resulted in rugby being viewed as a bourgeois sport by the indigenous people with limited appeal.[140] The earliest countries to see the playing of competitive rugby include South Africa, and neighbouring Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), which formed the Rhodesia Rugby Football Union in 1895.[141]

text: In more recent times the sport has been embraced by several African nations. In the early 21st century Madagascar has experienced crowds of 40,000 at national matches,[142] while Namibia, whose history of rugby can be dated from 1915, have qualified for the final stages of the World Cup four times since 1999.[143] Other African nations to be represented in the World Rugby Rankings as Member Unions include Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia.[139] South Africa and Kenya are among the 15 "core teams" that participate in every event of the men's World Rugby Sevens Series.[144]

text: Women's rugby union[edit]

text: Records of women's rugby football date from the late 19th century, with the first documented source being Emily Valentine's writings, stating that she set up a rugby team in Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, Ireland in 1887.[145] Although there are reports of early women's matches in New Zealand and France, one of the first notable games to prove primary evidence was the 1917 war-time encounter between Cardiff Ladies and Newport Ladies; a photo of which shows the Cardiff team before the match at the Cardiff Arms Park.[146] In the past 30 years the game has grown in popularity among female athletes, and, according to WR, is now played in over 100 countries.[147]

text: The English-based Women's Rugby Football Union (WRFU), responsible for women's rugby in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, was founded in 1983, and is the oldest formally organised national governing body for women's rugby.[148] This was replaced in 1994 by the Rugby Football Union for Women (RFUW) in England with each of the other Home Nations governing their own countries.[148] The premier international competition in rugby union for women is the Women's Rugby World Cup, first held in 1991.[149] From 1994 through 2014, it was held every four years.[149] Following the 2014 event, a new four-year cycle was instituted, with the Women's World Cup held in the middle year of the men's World Cup cycle. The new Women's World Cup cycle began in 2017, with future competitions every four years thereafter.

text: Major international competitions[edit]

text: Rugby World Cup[edit]

text: The most important tournament in rugby union is the Rugby World Cup, a men's tournament that has taken place every four years since 1987 among national rugby union teams. New Zealand has won the Rugby World Cup the most (3 times) and is the current cup holder, winning the 2015 Rugby World Cup held at Twickenham, beating Australia in the final.[150][151] England (2003) were the first team from the Northern Hemisphere to win, the other champions being New Zealand (1987, 2011 and 2015), Australia (1991 and 1999), and South Africa (1995 and 2007).[151]

text: The Rugby World Cup has continued to grow since its inception in 1987.[152] The first tournament, in which 16 teams competed for the title, was broadcast to 17 countries with an accumulated total of 230 million television viewers.[152] Ticket sales during the pool stages and finals of the same tournament was less than a million.[152] The 2007 World Cup was contested by 94 countries with ticket sales of 3,850,000 over the pool and final stage.[152] The accumulated television audience for the event, then broadcast to 200 countries, was a claimed 4.2 billion.[152]

text: Regional tournaments[edit]

text: Major international competitions are the Six Nations Championship and The Rugby Championship, held in Europe and the Southern Hemisphere respectively.[153]

text: The Six Nations is an annual competition involving the European teams England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales.[154] Each country plays the other five once. After the initial internationals between England and Scotland, Ireland and Wales began competing in the 1880s, forming the Home International Championships.[154] France joined the tournament in the 1900s and in 1910 the term Five Nations first appeared.[154] However, the Home Nations (England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) excluded France in 1931 amid a run of poor results, allegations of professionalism and concerns over on-field violence.[155] France then rejoined in 1939–1940, though World War II halted proceedings for a further eight years.[154] France has played in all the tournaments since WWII, the first of which was played in 1947.[154] In 2000, Italy became the sixth nation in the contest and Rome's Stadio Olimpico has replaced Stadio Flaminio, as the venue for their home games since 2013.[156] The current Six Nations champions are Ireland.

text: The Rugby Championship is the Southern Hemisphere's annual international series for that region's top national teams. From its inception in 1996 through 2011, it was known as the Tri Nations, as it featured the hemisphere's traditional powers of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.[157] These teams have dominated world rankings in recent years, and many considered the Tri Nations to be the toughest competition in international rugby.[158][159] The Tri Nations was initially played on a home and away basis with the three nations playing each other twice.

text: In 2006 a new system was introduced where each nation plays the others three times, though in 2007 and 2011 the teams played each other only twice, as both were World Cup years.[157] Since Argentina's strong performances in the 2007 World Cup,[160] after the 2009 Tri Nations tournament, SANZAR (South Africa, New Zealand and Australian Rugby) invited the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) to join an expanded Four Nations tournament in 2012.[161] The competition has been officially rechristened as The Rugby Championship beginning with the 2012 edition. The competition reverted to the Tri Nations' original home-and-away format, but now involving four teams. In World Cup years, an abbreviated tournament is held in which each team plays the others only once. New Zealand are the current champions, having won the 2017 title with a round to spare.

text: Rugby within international tournaments[edit]

text: Rugby union was played at the Olympic Games in 1900, 1908, 1920 and 1924.[162] As per Olympic rules, the nations of Scotland, Wales and England were not allowed to play separately as they are not sovereign states. In 1900, France won the gold, beating Great Britain 27 points to 8 and defeating Germany 27 points to 17.[162] In 1908, Australia defeated Great Britain, claiming the gold medal, the score being 32 points to three.[162] In 1920, the United States, fielding a team with many players new to the sport of rugby, upset France in a shock win, eight points to zero. In 1924, the United States again defeated France 17 to 3, becoming the only team to win gold twice in the sport.[162]

text: In 2009 the International Olympic Committee voted with a majority of 81 to 8 that rugby union be reinstated as an Olympic sport in at least the 2016 and 2020 games, but in the sevens, 4-day tournament format.[38][163] This is something the rugby world has aspired to for a long time and Bernard Lapasset, president of the International Rugby Board, said the Olympic gold medal would be considered to be "the pinnacle of our sport" (Rugby Sevens).[164]

text: Rugby sevens has been played at the Commonwealth Games since the 1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur.[165] The most gold medal holders are New Zealand who have won the competition on four successive occasions until South Africa beat them in 2014.[166] Rugby union has also been an Asian Games event since the 1998 games in Bangkok, Thailand. In the 1998 and 2002 editions of the games, both the usual fifteen-a-side variety and rugby sevens were played, but from 2006 onwards, only rugby sevens was retained. In 2010, the women's rugby sevens event was introduced. The event is likely to remain a permanent fixture of the Asian Games due to elevation of rugby sevens as an Olympic sport from the 2016 Olympics onwards. The present gold medal holders in the sevens tournament, held in 2014, are Japan in the men's event and China in the women's.[citation needed]

text: Women's international rugby[edit]

text: Women's international rugby union began in 1982, with a match between France and the Netherlands played in Utrecht.[167] As of 2009 over six hundred women's internationals have been played by over forty different nations.[168]

text: The first Women's Rugby World Cup was held in Wales in 1991, and was won by the United States.[149] The second tournament took place in 1994, and from that time through 2014 was held every four years. The New Zealand Women's team then won four straight World Cups (1998, 2002, 2006, 2010)[169] before England won in 2014. Following the 2014 event, World Rugby moved the next edition of the event to 2017, with a new four-year cycle from that point forward.[170] New Zealand are the current World Cup holders.

text: As well as the Women's Rugby World Cup there are also other regular tournaments, including a Six Nations, run in parallel to the men's competition. The Women's Six Nations, first played in 1996 has been dominated by England, who have won the tournament on 14 occasions, including a run of seven consecutive wins from 2006 to 2012. However, since then, England have won only in 2017; reigning champion France have won in each even-numbered year (2014, 2016, 2018) whilst Ireland won in 2013 and 2015.

text: Professional rugby[edit]

text: Rugby union has been professionalized since 1995. The following table shows fully professional rugby competitions. (Semi-professional competitions are excluded.)

text:
Professional rugby competitions

Competition

Teams

Countries

Average  Attendance

Super Rugby

15 [a]

New Zealand (5), Australia (4), South Africa (4), Argentina (1), Japan (1)

20,384

Premiership

12

England

15,065

Top 14

14

France

13,207

Currie Cup

9

South Africa

11,125

Pro14

14

Ireland (4), Wales (4),  Scotland (2), Italy (2), South Africa (2) [b]

8,586

Mitre 10 Cup

14

New Zealand

7,203

Rugby Pro D2

16

France

4,222

RFU Championship

12

England

2,738

Major League Rugby

7

United States

Unknown

NRC

9

Australia (8), Fiji (1)

1,450

Didi 10

10

Georgia

Unknown

text:
Jump up ^ Super Rugby peaked at 18 sides in 2016 and 2017, but reverted to 15 teams in 2018 with the loss of three sides (two from South Africa, one from Australia).

Jump up ^ The two South African teams that were dropped from Super Rugby after its 2017 season joined the renamed Pro14 for the 2017–18 season.

tag: ol

text: Variants[edit]

text: The game of rugby union has spawned several variants of the full-contact, 15-a-side code. The two more common differences applied to the variants of the sport lie in either fewer players or reduced player contact. Of the variants, the oldest is Rugby sevens (7's, or VIIs), a fast-paced variant which originated in Melrose, Scotland in 1883. In rugby sevens, there are only seven players per side, and each half is normally seven minutes.

text: Major tournaments include the Hong Kong Sevens and Dubai Sevens, both held in areas not normally associated with the highest levels of the 15-a-side game. A more recent variant of the sport is Rugby tens (10's or Xs), a Malaysian variant with ten players per side.[171]

text: Due to the physical nature of playing rugby, several variants have been created to introduce the sport to children with a reduced level of physical contact.[172] Of these versions, Touch rugby, in which "tackles" are made by simply touching the ball carrier with two hands, is popular as a mixed sex version of the sport played by both children and adults.[173][174] Tag Rugby, is a version in which the participants wear a belt with two hook-and-loop fastener tags, the removal of either counting as a 'tackle'. Tag Rugby also varies in the fact that kicking the ball is not allowed.[175]

text: Mini rugby is another variant of rugby union aimed at fostering the sport in children.[176][177] It is played with only eight players and on a smaller pitch.[176] Similar to Tag Rugby, American Flag Rugby, (AFR), is a mixed gender, non-contact imitation of rugby union designed for American children entering grades K-9.[178] Both American Flag Rugby and Mini Rugby differ to Tag Rugby in that they introduce more advanced elements of rugby union as the participants age.[176]

text: Other less formal variants include beach rugby and snow rugby.[172][179]

text: Influence on other sports[edit]

text: Rugby league was formed as an administrative break from the English union before changing its laws, becoming a code in its own right. The two sports continue to influence each other to this day.

text: American football[180][181] and Canadian football[182] are derived from early forms of rugby.[182]

text: Australian rules football was influenced by rugby football and other games originating in English public schools.[183][184][185]

text: James Naismith took aspects of many sports including rugby to invent basketball.[186] The most obvious contribution is the jump ball's similarity to the line-out as well as the underhand shooting style that dominated the early years of the sport. Naismith played rugby at McGill University.[187]

text: Swedish football was a code whose rules were a mix of Association and Rugby football rules.[188][189]

text: Rugby lends its name to wheelchair rugby, a full-contact sport which contains elements of rugby such as crossing a try line with the ball to score.[190]

text: Statistics and records[edit]

text: According to a 2011 report by the Centre for the International Business of Sport, over four and a half million people play rugby union or one of its variants organised by the IRB.[191] This is an increase of 19 percent since the previous report in 2007.[192] The report also claimed that since 2007 participation has grown by 33 percent in Africa, 22 percent in South America and 18 percent in Asia and North America.[192] In 2014 the IRB published a breakdown of the total number of players worldwide by national unions. It recorded a total of 6.6 million players globally, of those, 2.36 million were registered members playing for a club affiliated to their country's union.[2] The 2016 World Rugby Year in Review reported 8.5 million players, of which 3.2 million were registered union players and 1.9 million were registered club players; 22% of all players were female.[193]

text: The most capped international player from the tier 1 nations is former New Zealand openside flanker and captain Richie McCaw who has played in 148 internationals.[194] While the top scoring tier 1 international player is New Zealand's Dan Carter, who has amassed 1442 points during his career.[195] In April 2010 Lithuania which is a second tier rugby nation, broke the record of consecutive international wins for second tier rugby nations. In 2016, the All Blacks of New Zealand set the new record 18 consecutive test wins among tier 1 rugby nations, bettering their previous consecutive run of 17.[196] This record was equalled by England on 11 March 2017 with a win over Scotland at Twickenham.[197] The highest scoring international match between two recognised unions was Hong Kong's 164–13 victory over Singapore on 27 October 1994.[198] While the largest winning margin of 152 points is held by two countries, Japan (a 155–3 win over Chinese Taipei) and Argentina (152–0 over Paraguay) both in 2002.[198]

text: The record attendance for a rugby union game was set on 15 July 2000 in which New Zealand defeated Australia 39–35 in a Bledisloe Cup game at Stadium Australia in Sydney before 109,874 fans.[199] The record attendance for a match in Europe of 104,000 (at the time a world record) was set on 1 March 1975 when Scotland defeated Wales 12–10 at Murrayfield in Edinburgh during the 1975 Five Nations Championship.[199] The record attendance for a domestic club match is 99,124, set when Racing 92 defeated Toulon in the 2016 Top 14 final on 24 June at Camp Nou in Barcelona. The match had been moved from its normal site of Stade de France near Paris due to scheduling conflicts with France's hosting of UEFA Euro 2016.[200]

text: In culture[edit]

text: Thomas Hughes 1857 novel Tom Brown's Schooldays, set at Rugby School, includes a rugby football match, also portrayed in the 1940s film of the same name. James Joyce mentions Irish team Bective Rangers in several of his works, including Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939), while his 1916 semi-autobiographical work A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man has an account of Ireland international James Magee.[201] Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, in his 1924 Sherlock Holmes tale The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire, mentions that Dr Watson played rugby for Blackheath.[202]

text: Henri Rousseau's 1908 work Joueurs de football shows two pairs of rugby players competing.[203] Other French artists to have represented the sport in their works include Albert Gleizes' Les Joueurs de football (1912), Robert Delaunay's Football. L'Équipe de Cardiff (1916) and André Lhote's Partie de Rugby (1917).[204] The 1928 Gold Medal for Art at the Antwerp Olympics was won by Luxembourg's Jean Jacoby for his work Rugby.[205]

text: In film, Ealing Studios' 1949 comedy A Run for Your Money and the 1979 BBC Wales television film Grand Slam both centre on fans attending a match.[206] Films that explore the sport in more detail include independent production Old Scores (1991) and Forever Strong (2008). Invictus (2009), based on John Carlin's book Playing the Enemy, explores the events of the 1995 Rugby World Cup and Nelson Mandela's attempt to use the sport to connect South Africa's people post-apartheid.[207][208]

text: In public art and sculpture there are many works dedicated to the sport. There is a 27 ft bronze statue of a rugby line-out by pop artist Gerald Laing at Twickenham[209] and one of rugby administrator Sir Tasker Watkins at the Millennium Stadium.[210] Rugby players to have been honoured with statues include Gareth Edwards in Cardiff and Danie Craven in Stellenbosch.[211]


document_title: List of best-selling video games

question_text: what is the best selling nintendo game of all time

text: List of best-selling video games

text: List

text:
Key

Game was shipped with a console during its lifetime

Sales figure includes paid mobile downloads

text:
No.

Sales

Title

Developer(s)[a]

Publisher(s)[a]

Release date

Platform(s)

Ref.

1

170,000,000

Tetris

Elektronorgtechnica

Spectrum HoloByte[b]

June 6, 1984

Multi-platform

[2]

2

144,000,000

Minecraft

Mojang

Mojang

November 18, 2011[c]

Multi-platform

[5][10]

3

95,000,000

Grand Theft Auto V

Rockstar North

Rockstar Games

September 17, 2013

Multi-platform

[11]

4

82,850,000

Wii Sports

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

November 19, 2006

Wii

[6]

5

50,000,000

PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds

PUBG Corporation

PUBG Corporation

December 20, 2017

Multi-platform

[12]

6

40,240,000

Super Mario Bros.

Nintendo

Nintendo

September 13, 1985

NES

[13]

7

37,100,000

Mario Kart Wii

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

April 10, 2008

Wii

[6]

8

33,080,000

Wii Sports Resort

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

June 25, 2009

Wii

[6]

9

31,380,000

Pokémon Red and Blue

Game Freak

Nintendo

February 27, 1996

Game Boy

[14]

10

30,800,000

New Super Mario Bros.

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

May 15, 2006

Nintendo DS

[15]

11

30,200,000

New Super Mario Bros. Wii

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

November 11, 2009

Wii

[6]

12

30,000,000

The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim

Bethesda Game Studios

Bethesda Softworks

November 11, 2011

Multi-platform

[16]

13

28,300,000

Duck Hunt

Nintendo R&D1

Nintendo

April 21, 1984

NES

[17]

14

28,020,000

Wii Play

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

December 2, 2006

Wii

[6]

15

27,500,000

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas

Rockstar North

Rockstar Games

October 26, 2004

Multi-platform

[18]

16

26,500,000

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3

Infinity WardSledgehammer Games

Activision

November 8, 2011

Multi-platform

[19]

17

26,200,000

Call of Duty: Black Ops

Treyarch

Activision

November 9, 2010

Multi-platform

[19]

18

25,000,000

Grand Theft Auto IV

Rockstar North

Rockstar Games

April 29, 2008

Multi-platform

[20]

19

24,200,000

Call of Duty: Black Ops II

Treyarch

Activision

November 12, 2012

Multi-platform

[19]

20

24,000,000

Kinect Adventures!

Good Science Studio

Microsoft Studios

November 4, 2010

Xbox 360

[21]

21

23,960,000

Nintendogs

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

April 21, 2005

Nintendo DS

[15]

22

23,600,000

Mario Kart DS

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

November 14, 2005

Nintendo DS

[15]

23

23,100,000

Pokémon Gold and Silver

Game Freak

Nintendo

November 21, 1999

Game Boy Color

[22]

24

22,700,000

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2

Infinity Ward

Activision

November 10, 2009

Multi-platform

[19]

25

22,670,000

Wii Fit

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

December 1, 2007

Wii

[6]

26

21,130,000

Wii Fit Plus

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

October 1, 2009

Wii

[6]

27

20,610,000

Super Mario World

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

November 21, 1990

Super NES

[23]

28

20,000,000

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

Rockstar North

Rockstar Games

October 27, 2002

Multi-platform

[24]

20,000,000

Frogger

Konami

Sega

June 5, 1981

Multi-platform

[25][26]

29

20,000,000

Lemmings

DMA Design

Psygnosis

February 14, 1991

Multi-platform

[27]

30

20,000,000

Terraria

Re-Logic

Re-Logic

May 16, 2011

Multi-platform

[28]

31

19,010,000

Brain Age

Nintendo SPD

Nintendo

May 19, 2005

Nintendo DS

[15]

32

19,000,000

Call of Duty: Ghosts

Infinity Ward

Activision

November 5, 2013

Multi-platform

[29]

33

18,140,000

Super Mario Land

Nintendo R&D1

Nintendo

April 21, 1989

Game Boy

[23]

34

17,670,000

Pokémon Diamond and Pearl

Game Freak

Nintendo

September 28, 2006

Nintendo DS

[15]

35

17,500,000

Grand Theft Auto III

Rockstar North

Rockstar Games

October 22, 2001

Multi-platform

[30]

36

17,280,000

Super Mario Bros. 3

Nintendo R&D4

Nintendo

October 23, 1988

NES

[23]

37

17,210,000

Mario Kart 7

Nintendo EAD

Nintendo

December 1, 2011

Nintendo 3DS

[31]

38

17,000,000

The Last of Us

Naughty Dog

Sony Computer Entertainment

June 14, 2013

Multi-platform

[32]

39

16,700,000

Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing

Sumo Digital

Sega

June 23, 2011

iOS

[33][d]

40

16,310,000

Pokémon X and Y

Game Freak

Nintendo

October 12, 2013

Nintendo 3DS

[31]

41

16,220,000

Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

Game Freak

Nintendo

November 21, 2002

Game Boy Advance

[36]

42

16,120,000

Pokémon Sun and Moon

Game Freak

Nintendo

November 18, 2016

Nintendo 3DS

[31]

43

16,000,000

The Sims

Maxis

Electronic Arts

January 31, 2000

Multi-platform

[37]

44

16,000,000

Need for Speed: Most Wanted

EA Black Box

Electronic Arts

November 11, 2005

Multi-platform

[38]

45

15,700,000

Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare

Infinity Ward

Activision

November 5, 2007

Multi-platform

[19]

46

15,700,000

Call of Duty: World at War

Treyarch

Activision

November 11, 2008

Multi-platform

[19]

47

15,640,000

Pokémon Black and White

Game Freak

Nintendo

September 18, 2010

Nintendo DS

[15]

48

15,000,000

Sonic the Hedgehog

Sonic Team

Sega

June 23, 1991

Sega Genesis

[39]

49

15,000,000

Red Dead Redemption

Rockstar San Diego

Rockstar Games

May 18, 2010

Multi-platform

[40]

50

15,000,000

Battlefield 3

EA DICE

Electronic Arts

October 25, 2011

Multi-platform

[41]


document_title: Roscommon GAA

question_text: when did roscommon last win a connaught title

text: Roscommon GAA

text: Gaelic football[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Roscommon were a glamour team of the 1940s, winning back to back All Irelands, and have contributed some of the great personalities to GAA history including 2 Presidents - Dan O'Rourke (1946–49) and Dr. Donal Keenan (1973–76).

text: Roscommon's rise from Junior status to Senior All-Ireland champions in the four years leading up to 1943 was one of the great romances of its time. In the All Ireland final they drew with Cavan before winning the replay with two quick goals from Frankie Kinlough and Jack McQuillan. Kinlough scored the goal and Donal Keenan the points the following year when Roscommon beat Kerry. Roscommon were captained by Jamesie Murray from Knockcroghery.

text: Legend tells how Roscommon lost a six-point lead in the final three minutes of the 1946 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final against Kerry, Tom Gega O'Connor and Paddy Kennedy scoring the goals. Roscommon were beaten in the replay (Gerry Dolan made one of the greatest saves in Croke Park history against Laois in that year's semi-final). The injured team-captain, Jimmy Murray, was having blood wiped from his face to "look right" for the presentation when Kerry struck for two late equalising goals. Defeats in 1947, 1952 and 1953 semi-finals ended the party.

text: The 1940s successes were the pinnacle of Roscommon's achievements. They also reached the final in 1962. That year was memorable for they were losing the Connacht final to Galway by 5 points when Roscommon keeper Aidan Brady swung on the crossbar, breaking it in two. During the 15-minute wait to get it replaced, Roscommon moved the great Gerry O'Malley to midfield in a re-organisation and he inspired their comeback to enable them to win the Connacht Championship. However, Kerry, once again, led by the great Mick O'Connell defeated them in the All-Ireland final thanks in no small way to an off-the-ball incident which led to O'Malley being stretchered off very early in the game. Roscommon's next period of success came in the late 1970s when they won 4 Connacht titles on the trot from 77-80. they reached the final in 1980 against Kerry. They looked like causing an upset when John "Jigger" O'Connor's 35th-second goal helped them to an early 1-2 to 0-0 lead, but this was the Kerry team regarded as the greatest in history, and they eventually won by 1-9 to 1-6. A series of minor championships (1983, 1984, 1989 and 1992), and an All-Ireland Under-21 final in 1982, showed the impact of that success and in 1990 and 1991 Roscommon emerged from Connacht again, succumbing to Meath by a single point in the 1991 All Ireland semi-final.

text: Nine unsuccessful seasons followed before, in 2001, Roscommon regained the Connacht title following a brilliant win and performance over eventual All-Ireland champions Galway and a very dramatic end-of-match victory over Mayo. However, they failed to make any further progress in the 2001 All Ireland Championship and the decade that followed was amongst the least successful in the team's history.

text: On the field, outside of a very exciting run in 2003, the senior team failed to record any notable successes since their 2001 Connacht Championship title win until 2010. The success of the county's Minor team in winning the All-Ireland title in 2006 offered hope, however.

text: In 2010 Roscommon captured their 20th Senior Connacht football title. In the first round they defeated London in Ruislip 0-14 to 0-6. In the semi final played in Dr Hyde Park Roscommon beat Leitrim 1-13 to 0-11. In the final played in McHale Park, Roscommon overcame favourites Sligo on a scoreline of 0-14 to 0-13. Roscommon were subsequently beaten in the All-Ireland Quarter Final in Croke Park by Cork 1-16 to 0-10.

text: Roscommon made their return to Division 1 of the National Football League in 2016 and enjoyed a successful campaign picking up wins against Kerry, Cork, Donegal and Down, before losing a League semi-final to Kerry at Croke Park. However, they endured a disappointing Championship. A draw against Galway in the Connacht Final in terrible conditions brought them to a replay in Castlebar, where Roscommon went on to lose by 11 points. They exited the All-Ireland Championship with a 4th Round Qualifier loss to Clare.

text: Roscommon were subsequently relegated from Division 1 of the League in 2017 after losing all but 1 of their games.

text: Roscommon beat Galway in the 2017 Connacht Senior Football Championship final on a scoreline of 2-15 to 0-12.

text: Kevin McStay is the current manager of the team. McStay won the all Ireland club championship with Roscommon club St Brigids in 2013.

text: Honours[edit]

text:
All-Ireland Senior Football Championships: 2

1943, 1944

All-Ireland Junior Football Championships: 2

1940, 2000

All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championships: 2

1966, 1978

All-Ireland Minor Football Championships: 4

1939, 1941, 1951, 2006

National Football League Div One: 1

1979

National Football League Div Two: 1

2015

National Football League Div Three: 1

2014

Connacht Senior Football Championships: 22

1892, 1905, 1912, 1914, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1952, 1953, 1961, 1962, 1972, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1990, 1991, 2001, 2010, 2017[1]

Connacht Under-21 Football Championships: 9

1966, 1969, 1978, 1982, 1999, 2010, 2012,[2] 2014,[3] 2015.[4]

Connacht Minor Football Championships: 14

1939, 1941, 1949, 1951, 1965, 1967, 1975, 1981, 1984, 1989, 1992, 2006, 2011, 2012[5]

Connacht Junior Football Championships: 11

1929 (awarded), 1932, 1939, 1940, 1959, 1964, 1999, 2000, 2006, 2008, 2009

Oireachas Football Champions: 1

1943

text: All Stars[edit]

text: Roscommon have 16 All Stars.

text:
1972: M. Freyne
1974: Dermot Earley
1977: P. Lindsay
1978: Harry Keegan
1979: T. Heneghan, D. Murray, Dermot Earley
1980: Harry Keegan, G. Connellan, D. Murray
1985: Paul Earley
1986: Harry Keegan
1989: T. McManus
1991: E. Gavin
2001: F. Grehan

text: Current football squad[edit]

text:
Manager: Kevin McStay
Coach: Liam McHale
Selectors: Ger Dowd

text:
No.
Player
Position
Club

1
Colm Lavin
Goalkeeper
Éire Óg

2
Seán McDermott
Right Corner Back
Western Gaels

3
John McManus
Full Back
Roscommon Gaels

4
David Murray
Left Corner Back
Pádraig Pearses

5
Niall McInerney
Right Half Back
St. Brigids

6
Seán Mullooly
Centre Back
Strokestown

7
Brian Stack
Left Half Back
St. Brigids

8
Tadhg O'Rourke
Midfield
Tulsk

9
Enda Smith
Midfield
Boyle

10
Fintan Cregg
Right Half Forward
Elphin

11
Niall Kilroy
Centre Forward
Fuerty

12
Conor Devaney
Left Half Forward
Kilbride

13
Ciaráin Murtagh (c)
Right Corner Forward
St. Faithleach's

14
Diarmuid Murtagh
Full Forward
St. Faithleach's

15
Cian Connolly
Left Corner Forward
Roscommon Gaels

No.
Player
Position
Club

16
Darren O'Malley
Substitute
Michael Glaveys

17
Brian Murtagh
Substitute
St. Faithleach's

18
Gary Patterson
Substitute
Michael Glaveys

19
Cathal Compton
Substitute
Strokestown

20
David Rooney
Substitute
St. Faithleach's

21
Colin Compton
Substitute
Strokestown

22
Donie Smith
Substitute
Boyle

23
Shane Killoran
Substitute
Elphin

24
Ian Kilbride
Substitute
St. Brigids

25
Ronan Stack
Substitute
St. Brigids

26
Thomas Featherston
Substitute
Oran

text: Squad as per Roscommon v Mayo, All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, Quarter Final Replay, 7 August 2017

text: Hurling[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Roscommon hurlers' one appearance in an All Ireland semi-final was back in 1910, when they were beaten by 10 goals to one point by Tipperary. Their biggest achievements to date are winning the All Ireland Senior B in 1994, the All Ireland Intermediate in 1999, Nicky Rackard Cup Final in 2007 and 2015,both of which were won in Croke Park. Another notable victory was the defeat of Wexford in the 1984 Centenary cup competition in 1984. They competed in the newly formed Christy Ring Cup in 2005 and 2006 but were relegated to the Nicky Rackard cup after poor performances.

text: Honours[edit]

text:
All-Ireland Senior B Hurling Championship: 1

1994
All Ireland Intermediate Championship 1999

All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championships: 3

1965, 1974, 2001

All-Ireland Under 21 B Hurling Championship: 2

2007, 2012

Nicky Rackard Cups: 2

2007, 2015

Connacht Senior Hurling Championships: 2

1906, 1913

All-Ireland Minor Special Hurling Championship: 1

1969

Connacht Minor Hurling Championships: 8

1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969

Connacht Under-21 B Hurling Championships

2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

Connacht Intermediate Hurling Championships: 4

1966, 1967, 1968, 2013, 2015

Connacht Junior Hurling Championships: 13

1952, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1974

National Hurling League Division 3:

2007

National Hurling League Division 3A:

2011

text: Ladies' Gaelic football[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

text: Honours[edit]

text:
All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championships: 1

1978

All-Ireland Intermediate Ladies' Football Championships: 1

2005

All-Ireland Junior Ladies' Football Championships: 1

2001

text: Camogie[edit]

text: Roscommon won the Nancy Murray Cup in 2009.[6] Four Roads reached the 2004 All Ireland junior club final,[7] and again in 2005.[8] Oran won the Caithlín Ní Thoimín Shield at Féile na nGael in 1980 and 1982, the Division 3 shield in 1989 and 1992 and the Coiste Chontae an Chláir Shield in 2004. Four Roads went on to win the All Ireland junior club final in 2010 beating Corofin of Clare 1-09 to 0-06 and competed in the 2012 All Ireland junior club final.

text: Notable players include Lizzie Glennon and Cait Kenny who are the only players from the county to be nominated for a " All-Star " & soaring star award winner[9] Niamh Coyle.

text: Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010-2015, "Our Game, Our Passion,"[10] Carlow, Cavan, Laois, Louth and Roscommon are to get a total of 17 new clubs by 2015.[11]


document_title: Big Daddy (1999 film)

question_text: who played adam sandler's father in big daddy

question_tokens: who played adam sandler 's father in big daddy

text: Big Daddy (1999 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Immature and lazy 32-year-old bachelor Sonny Koufax lives in New York City, and refuses to take on adult responsibility. Despite having a law degree, he refuses to take the bar exam, works one day a week as a toll booth attendant and lives off a large compensation payout from a minor accident. His girlfriend, Vanessa, threatens to break up with him unless he grows up. His roommate, Kevin Gerrity, proposes to his podiatrist girlfriend Corinne Maloney before he leaves for China to work at his law firm, and she accepts. Sonny constantly teases Corinne, especially about her former job at Hooters.

text: The next day, Sonny wakes up to find five-year-old Julian McGrath abandoned at their apartment. A written explanation says that Julian's mother is no longer able to care for him and that Kevin is his biological father. Sonny assures Kevin that he will look after Julian until Kevin returns from China. In order to win Vanessa back, Sonny introduces her to Julian. However, he discovers that she is now dating Sid, an elderly man who is more motivated and intelligent and has a "five-year plan."

text: Posing as Kevin, Sonny takes Julian to his social worker Arthur Brooks, telling him that Julian should return to his mother. However, Brooks informs Sonny that Julian's mother died of cancer. Sonny then decides to raise Julian his own way. As such, the boy renames himself "Frankenstein" and also helps Sonny find a new girlfriend in Corinne's lawyer sister Layla. Brooks finds a foster home for Julian and leaves messages for Sonny, but is suspicious when Sonny does not answer. At a meeting at Julian's school, the teacher is shocked by the terrible habits Sonny has allowed Julian to develop, causing Sonny to rethink his parenting methods. He turns himself and Julian around, but then Brooks arrives to find out Sonny impersonated Kevin and Julian is taken away.

text: In court, numerous people including Corinne testify on Sonny's behalf and tell the judge he is a suitable father. Julian also testifies, providing relevant information regarding his heritage. As a final straw, Sonny calls himself to the stand and asks his Florida lawyer father Lenny, who is present, to interrogate him. Despite Lenny's fervent belief that Sonny is not father material, Sonny convinces Lenny that he will try his best at being a father. Impressed by Sonny's sincerity, Lenny vouches for him. Nonetheless, the unconvinced judge orders Sonny's arrest. However, Kevin confesses to being Julian's biological father and insists they drop the charges. Sonny remains friends with Julian and hands him off to Kevin, watching them bond.

text: One year later, Sonny has turned his life around: he is now a successful lawyer, is married to Layla, and they have a child of their own. At Sonny's surprise birthday party at a Hooters restaurant attended by Kevin, Corinne, Julian and others; Sonny sees Vanessa working as a waitress, with Sid working as a cook, revealing his "five-year-plan" has gone awry. Everyone's celebrates Sonny's birthday.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Sonny Koufax
Cole and Dylan Sprouse as Julian McGrath
Joey Lauren Adams as Layla Maloney
Jon Stewart as Kevin Gerrity
Leslie Mann as Corinne Maloney
Rob Schneider as Nazo
Jonathan Loughran as Mike
Allen Covert as Phil D'Amato
Peter Dante as Tommy Grayton
Kristy Swanson as Vanessa
Joseph Bologna as Lenny Koufax
Steve Buscemi as Homeless Guy
Josh Mostel as Arthur Brooks
Edmund Lyndeck as Mr. Herlihy
Geoffrey Horne as Sid
David Spade as restaurant server

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Big Daddy received generally mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film had an 40% rating by the critics.[3] The Rotten Tomatoes consensus says "Adam Sandler acquits himself admirably, but his charm isn't enough to make up for Big Daddy's jarring shifts between crude humor and mawkish sentimentality." The film received a score of 41% on Metacritic.[2]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2000
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Actor - Comedy: Adam Sandler
Won

2000
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Supporting Actor - Comedy: Cole Sprouse & Dylan Sprouse
Nominated

2000
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Supporting Actress - Comedy: Joey Lauren Adams
Nominated

2000
BMI Film & TV Awards
Teddy Castellucci
Won

2000
GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Film
Nominated

2000
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie
Won

2000
Kids' Choice Awards
Favourite Movie Actor - Adam Sandler
Won

2000
MTV Movie + TV Awards
Best Comedic Performance - Adam Sandler
Won

2000
MTV Movie + TV Awards
Best Male Performance - Adam Sandler
Nominated

2000
MTV Movie + TV Awards
Best On-Screen Duo - Adam Sandler, Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse
Nominated

2000
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Comedy Motion Picture
Won

1999
Teen Choice Awards
Film - Movie of the Summer
Won

2000
Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Under: Cole Sprouse & Dylan Sprouse
Nominated

1999
YoungStar Awards
Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy Film: Cole Sprouse & Dylan Sprouse
Nominated

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film won a BMI Film Music Award.[citation needed] The soundtrack included the following:

text:
"Sweet Child o' Mine" by Sheryl Crow (Guns N' Roses cover)
"When I Grow Up" by Garbage
"Peace Out" by Adam Sandler (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
"Just Like This" by Limp Bizkit
"Only Love Can Break Your Heart" by Everlast (a Neil Young cover)
"Ga Ga" by Melanie C
"What Is Life" by George Harrison, covered in movie by Shawn Mullins
"The Kiss" by Adam Sandler (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
"Instant Pleasure" by Rufus Wainwright
"Ooh La La" by The Wiseguys
"Sid" by Adam Sandler (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
"If I Can't Have You" by Yvonne Elliman
"Smelly Kid" by Adam Sandler (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
"Passin' Me By" by The Pharcyde (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
"Rush" by Big Audio Dynamite
"Hooters" by Allen Covert (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
"Babe" by Styx
"Overtime" by Adam Sandler (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
"The Kangaroo Song" by Tim Herlihy (made specifically for the movie)
"The Best of Times" by Styx (only a portion of the song)

text:
"Dancing in the Moonlight" by The CrownSayers (originally done by King Harvest)
"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" by Eurythmics
"Sweet Child o' Mine" a re-recorded version taken from a live version played by Guns N' Roses mixed with a recording with the 1999 Guns N' Roses lineup
"Jump" by Van Halen background music on the answering machine message in Sonny's apartment
"Growin' Up" by Bruce Springsteen
"Save It For Later" by Harvey Danger (originally by The English Beat)
"Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)" by Styx
"Eye of the Tiger" by Survivor
"Night's Interlude" by Nightmares on Wax (Song played during opening credits)
"Fooled Around and Fell in Love" by Elvin Bishop

text:
"Doo Wa Ditty (Blow That Thing)" by Zapp and Roger
"You Get What You Give" by New Radicals