document_title: The Little Mermaid (1989 film)

question_text: the little mermaid where does it take place

text: The Little Mermaid (1989 film)

text: Plot

text: Ariel, a sixteen-year-old mermaid princess, is dissatisfied with underwater life in the kingdom of Atlantica, and is curious about the human world. With her best friend Flounder, Ariel collects human artifacts in her grotto, and often goes to the surface of the ocean to visit Scuttle, a seagull who offers very inaccurate knowledge of human culture. She ignores the warnings of her father King Triton, the ruler of Atlantica, and Sebastian, a crab who serves as Triton's adviser and court composer, that contact between merpeople and humans is forbidden.

text: One night, Ariel, Flounder, and Sebastian travel to the ocean surface to watch a celebration for the birthday of Prince Eric on a ship. Ariel instantly becomes enamored with Eric. A violent storm arrives, with a bolt of lightning striking the ship, engulfing it in flames and wrecking it on some rocks, tossing Eric overboard. She rescues Eric and brings him to shore. Ariel sings to Eric, but immediately leaves just as he regains consciousness to avoid being discovered. Fascinated by the memory of her voice, Eric vows to find who saved and sang to him, and Ariel vows to find a way to join him and his world. When Triton discovers Ariel's love for Eric, Triton confronts her in the grotto and destroys most of the artifacts with his trident. After Triton leaves, two eels named Flotsam and Jetsam convince Ariel to visit Ursula, a sea witch.

text: Ursula tricks Ariel into making a deal to transform her into a human for three days in exchange for Ariel's voice, which Ursula puts in a nautilus shell. Within these three days, Ariel must receive the "kiss of true love" from Eric. If Ariel gets Eric to kiss her, she will remain a human permanently. Otherwise, she will transform back into a mermaid and be captured by Ursula. Ariel accepts, and is given human legs to emerge to the land above. Eric finds Ariel on the beach and takes her to his castle, unaware that she is the one who had rescued him earlier. Ariel spends time with Eric, and at the end of the second day, they almost kiss, but are disrupted by Flotsam and Jetsam. Furious at their narrow escape, Ursula sets a trap for Eric and Ariel: she disguises herself as a beautiful young woman named Vanessa and hypnotizes Eric with her singing voice.

text: Discovering that Vanessa is actually Ursula in disguise, Scuttle informs Ariel of Ursula's plan to marry Eric while Sebastian informs Triton about Ursula's actions. Assisted by her friends, Ariel stops Eric's wedding to Ursula, destroying the nautilus shell around Ursula's neck and restoring Ariel's voice. Realizing that Ariel is the girl who saved his life, Eric rushes to kiss her, but the sun sets, and Ariel transforms back into a mermaid before Ursula kidnaps her. Triton furiously confronts Ursula and demands Ariel's release, but the deal is inviolable. Ursula tricks Triton into taking Ariel's place as Ursula's prisoner, giving up his trident. Ariel is released as Triton is transformed into a polyp. Ursula steps forward as the new queen, but before she can use the trident, Eric intervenes with a harpoon. Ursula attempts to attack Eric, but inadvertently kills Flotsam and Jetsam in the process. Enraged, Ursula uses the trident to expand into monstrous proportions.

text: Ariel and Eric reunite on the surface before Ursula gains full control of the entire ocean, creating a storm and bringing sunken ships to the surface. In her attempt to murder Ariel, Ursula herself is impaled on one of the wrecked ships piloted by Eric. With Ursula slain, Triton and the other polyps are restored to their original forms. Realizing that Ariel truly loves Eric, Triton willingly changes her from a mermaid into a human and approves her marriage to Eric. Ariel and Eric marry on a ship and depart.

text: Cast

text:
Jodi Benson as Princess Ariel[12]
Christopher Daniel Barnes as Prince Eric[13]
Pat Carroll as Ursula[13]

text: Jodi Benson as Vanessa (Ursula's human alter-ego)

text:
Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian[13]
Jason Marin as Flounder[13]
Kenneth Mars as King Triton[13]
Buddy Hackett as Scuttle[13]
Ben Wright as Grimsby[13]
Paddi Edwards as Flotsam and Jetsam[13]
Edie McClurg as Carlotta the maid[13]
Kimmy Robertson and Caroline Vasicek as Ariel's Sisters[13]
Will Ryan as Harold the Seahorse[13]
Frank Welker as Max the Sheepdog[13]
René Auberjonois as Chef Louis[13]

text: Production

text: Story development

text: The Little Mermaid was originally planned as part of one of Walt Disney's earliest feature films, a proposed package film featuring vignettes of Hans Christian Andersen tales.[14] Development started soon after Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in the late 1930s, but was delayed due to various circumstances.[15]

text: In 1985, Ron Clements became interested in a film adaptation of The Little Mermaid while he was serving as a director on The Great Mouse Detective (1986) alongside John Musker.[16] Clements discovered the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale while browsing through a bookstore.[17] Believing the story provided an "ideal basis" for an animated feature film and keen on creating a film that took place underwater,[16] Clements wrote and presented a two-page treatment of Mermaid to Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg at a "gong show" idea suggestion meeting. Katzenberg passed the project over, because at that time the studio was in development on a sequel to their live-action mermaid comedy Splash (1984) and felt The Little Mermaid would be too similar a project.[17] The next day, however, Katzenberg approved of the idea for possible development, along with Oliver & Company. While in production in the 1980s, the staff found, by chance, original story and visual development work done by Kay Nielsen for Disney's proposed 1930s Andersen feature.[14] Many of the changes made by the staff in the 1930s to Hans Christian Andersen's original story were coincidentally the same as the changes made by Disney writers in the 1980s.[17]

text: That year Clements and Musker expanded the two-page idea into a 20-page rough script, eliminating the role of the mermaid's grandmother and expanding the roles of the Merman King and the sea witch. However, the film's plans were momentarily shelved as Disney focused its attention on Who Framed Roger Rabbit and Oliver & Company as more immediate releases.[17] In 1987, songwriter Howard Ashman became involved with the writing and development of Mermaid after he was asked to contribute a song to Oliver & Company. He proposed changing the minor character Clarence, the English-butler crab, to a Jamaican crab and shifting the music style throughout the film to reflect this. At the same time, Katzenberg, Clements, Musker, and Ashman revised the story format to make Mermaid a musical with a Broadway-style story structure, with the song sequences serving as the tentpoles of the film.[14] Ashman and composer Alan Menken, both noted for their work as the writers of the successful Off-Broadway stage musical Little Shop of Horrors, teamed up to compose the entire song score. In 1988, with Oliver out of the way, Mermaid was slated as the next major Disney release.[18]

text: Animation

text: More money and resources were dedicated to Mermaid than any other Disney animated film in decades.[14] Aside from its main animation facility in Glendale, California, Disney opened a satellite feature animation facility during the production of Mermaid in Lake Buena Vista, Florida (near Orlando, Florida), within Disney-MGM Studios Theme Park at Walt Disney World.[19] Opening in 1989, the Disney-MGM facility's first projects were to produce an entire Roger Rabbit cartoon short, Roller Coaster Rabbit, and to contribute ink and paint support to Mermaid.[19] Another first for recent years was the filming of live actors and actresses for motion reference material for the animators, a practice used frequently for many of the Disney animated features produced under Walt Disney's supervision. Sherri Lynn Stoner, a former member of Los Angeles' Groundlings improvisation comedy group, and Joshua Finkel, a Broadway actor, performed key scenes as Ariel and Eric respectively.[17][20] Jodi Benson had already been cast as Ariel's voice actor by this time, and her recorded dialogue was used as playback to guide these live-action references.[20]

text: Mermaid's supervising animators included Glen Keane and Mark Henn on Ariel, Duncan Marjoribanks on Sebastian, Andreas Deja on King Triton, and Ruben Aquino on Ursula.[14] Originally, Keane had been asked to work on Ursula, as he had established a reputation for drawing large, powerful figures, such as the bear in The Fox and the Hound (1981) and Professor Ratigan in The Great Mouse Detective (1986). Keane, however, was assigned as one of the two lead artists on the petite Ariel and oversaw the "Part of Your World" musical number. He jokingly stated that his wife looks exactly like Ariel "without the fins."[21] The character's body type and personality were based upon that of Alyssa Milano, then starring on TV's Who's the Boss? and the effect of her hair underwater was based on both footage of Sally Ride when she was in space,[14] and scenes of Stoner in a pool for guidance in animating Ariel's swimming.[22]

text: The design of the villainous Ursula was based upon drag performer Divine.[14] An additional early inspiration before Divine was Joan Collins in her role as Alexis Carrington in the television show Dynasty, due to a suggestion from Howard Ashman, who was a fan of the series.[23] Pat Carroll was not Clements and Musker's first choice to voice Ursula; the original script had been written with Bea Arthur of the Disney-owned TV series The Golden Girls in mind. After Arthur turned the part down, actresses such as Nancy Marchand, Nancy Wilson, Roseanne, Charlotte Rae, and Elaine Stritch were considered for the part.[24] Stritch was eventually cast as Ursula, but clashed with Howard Ashman's style of music production and was replaced by Carroll.[24] Various actors auditioned for additional roles in the film, including Jim Carrey for the role of Prince Eric, and comedians Bill Maher and Michael Richards for the role of Scuttle.[23]

text: The underwater setting required the most special effects animation for a Disney animated feature since Fantasia in 1940. Effects animation supervisor Mark Dindal estimated that over a million bubbles were drawn for this film, in addition to the use of other processes such as airbrushing, backlighting, superimposition, and some computer animation. The artistic manpower needed for Mermaid required Disney to farm out most of the underwater bubble effects animation in the film to Pacific Rim Productions, a China-based firm with production facilities in Beijing.[14] An attempt to use Disney's famed multiplane camera for the first time in years for quality "depth" shots failed because the machine was reputedly in dilapidated condition. The multiplane shots were instead photographed at an outside animation camera facility.[14]

text: The Little Mermaid was the last Disney feature film to use the traditional hand-painted cel method of animation. Disney's next film, The Rescuers Down Under, used a digital method of coloring and combining scanned drawings developed for Disney by Pixar called CAPS (Computer Animation Production System), which would eliminate the need for cels, the multiplane camera, and many of the optical effects used for the last time in Mermaid. A CAPS prototype was used experimentally on a few scenes in Mermaid, and one shot produced using CAPS—the penultimate shot in the film, of Ariel and Eric's wedding ship sailing away under a rainbow—appears in the finished film. Computer-generated imagery was used to create some of the wrecked ships in the final battle, a staircase behind a shot of Ariel in Eric's castle, and the carriage Eric and Ariel are riding in when she bounces it over a ravine. These objects were animated using 3D wireframe models, which were plotted as line art to cels and painted traditionally.[14]

text: Music

text: The Little Mermaid was considered by some as "the film that brought Broadway into cartoons".[25] Alan Menken wrote the Academy Award winning score, and collaborated with Howard Ashman on the songs. One of the film's most prominent songs, "Part of Your World", was nearly cut from the film when it seemingly tested poorly with an audience of school children, who became rowdy during the scene. This caused Jeffrey Katzenberg to feel that the song needed to be cut, an idea that was resisted by Musker, Clements, and Keane. Both Muscker and Clements cited the similar situation of the popular song "Over the Rainbow" nearly being cut from 1939's The Wizard of Oz when appealing to Katzenberg. Keane pushed for the song to remain until the film was in a more finalized state. During a second test screening, the scene, now colorized and further developed, tested well with a separate child audience, and the musical number was kept.[23]

text: Release

text: The film was originally released on November 17, 1989, followed by a November 14, 1997, reissue. After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King, Disney announced a 3D re-release of The Little Mermaid scheduled for September 13, 2013,[26] but this was cancelled on January 14, 2013, due to the under-performances of other Disney 3D re-releases.[27] The 3D version was released on Blu-ray instead,[28][29] but it did play a limited engagement at the El Capitan Theatre from September to October 2013.[30] On September 20, 2013, The Little Mermaid began playing in select theaters where audiences could bring iPads and use an app called Second Screen Live.[31] The film was also screened out of competition at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival.[32]

text: Home media

text: In a then atypical and controversial move for a new Disney animated film, The Little Mermaid was released as part of the Walt Disney Classics line of VHS and Laserdisc home video releases in May 1990, six months after the release of the film.[18][33] Before Mermaid, only a select number of Disney's catalog animated films had been released to home video, as the company was afraid of upsetting its profitable practice of theatrically reissuing each film every seven years.[18] Mermaid became that year's top-selling title on home video, with over 10 million units sold (including 7 million in its first month).[34] This success led future Disney films to be released soon after the end of their theatrical runs, rather than delayed for several years.[18]

text: Following Mermaid's 1997 re-release in theaters, a new VHS version was released in March 1998 as part of the Masterpiece Collection and included a bonus music video of Jodi Benson singing "Part of Your World" during the end credits, replacing "Under the Sea" as the end credit song.[35] The VHS sold 13 million units and ranked as the third best-selling video of the year.[36][37]

text: The Little Mermaid was released in a Limited Issue "bare-bones" DVD in 1999, with a standard video transfer.[38] The film was re-released on DVD on October 3, 2006, as part of the Walt Disney Platinum Editions line of classic Walt Disney animated features, including the song "Kiss the Girl" performed by Ashley Tisdale.[39] Deleted scenes and several in-depth documentaries were included, as well as an Academy Award-nominated short film intended for the shelved Fantasia 2006, The Little Match Girl.[40] The DVD sold 1.6 million units on its first day of release,[41] and over 4 million units during its first week, making it the biggest animated DVD debut for October. By year's end, the DVD had sold about 7 million units and was one of the year's top ten selling DVDs.[42] The Platinum Edition DVD was released as part of a "Little Mermaid Trilogy" boxed set on December 16, 2008.[43] The Platinum Edition of the film, along with its sequels, went on moratorium in January 2009. The film was re-released on 3-disc Blu-ray/DVD/Digital Copy Combo, a 2-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo and 3D Blu-ray on October 1, 2013, as part of the Walt Disney Diamond Editions line.[28][44]

text: Live presentations

text: In June 2016, Disney held special presentations of the film at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, entitled The Little Mermaid in Concert. The performances combined a screening of The Little Mermaid with live accompaniment by guest musicians, including Sara Bareilles (who performed as Ariel), Tituss Burgess, Darren Criss, Rebel Wilson and Norm Lewis (who performed as King Triton as a reprisal of his role in the stage adaptation). The four additional songs written for the stage adaptation were also incorporated into the presentation, accompanied by scenes of the film's original concept art. During the third and final performance, Jodi Benson joined the cast in lieu of Bareilles to reprise her original role as Ariel. The final performance also featured special appearances by Brad Kane (the singing voice of the title character of Aladdin) and Susan Egan (who played Belle in the stage adaptation of Beauty and the Beast), who sang songs from their respective films, and a duet of A Whole New World.[45][46]

text: On May 16, 2017, ABC announced that it planned to air a special broadcast of the film, The Wonderful World of Disney: The Little Mermaid Live, on October 3, 2017. The special was to feature a presentation of the film intertwined with live performances of its songs by guest musicians, in a similar fashion to the Hollywood Bowl concerts.[47] However, on August 3, 2017, it was announced that the special was postponed due to budget constraints.[48]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: Early in the production of The Little Mermaid, Jeffrey Katzenberg cautioned Clements, Musker, and their staff, reminding them that since Mermaid was a "girl's film", it would make less money at the box office than Oliver & Company, which had been Disney's biggest animated box office success in a decade.[17][18] However, by the time the film was closer to completion, Katzenberg was convinced Mermaid would be a hit and the first animated feature to earn more than $100 million and become a "blockbuster" film.[17][18]

text: During its original 1989 theatrical release, Mermaid earned $84.4 million at the North American box office,[3] falling just short of Katzenberg's expectations but earning 64% more than Oliver.[18] The film was theatrically reissued on November 14, 1997, on the same day as Anastasia, a Don Bluth animated feature for Fox Animation Studios. The reissue brought $27.2 million in additional gross. The film also drew $99.8 million in box office earnings outside the United States and Canada between both releases, resulting in a total international box office figure of $211 million.[3]

text: Critical reception

text: The Little Mermaid received largely positive reviews from critics. Review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film has a 93% "Certified Fresh" score based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's consensus reads "The Little Mermaid ushered in a new golden era for Disney animation with warm and charming hand-drawn characters and catchy musical sequences".[49] Roger Ebert, film critic for the Chicago Sun-Times, was enthusiastic about the film and wrote that, "The Little Mermaid is a jolly and inventive animated fantasy—a movie that's so creative and so much fun it deserves comparison with the best Disney work of the past." Ebert also commented positively on the character of Ariel, stating, "... Ariel is a fully realized female character who thinks and acts independently, even rebelliously, instead of hanging around passively while the fates decide her destiny."[50] The staff of TV Guide wrote a positive review, praising the film's return to the traditional Disney musical as well as the film's animation. Yet they also wrote that the film is detracted from by the juvenile humor and the human characters' eyes. While still giving a positive review, they stated that the film "can't compare to the real Disney classics (which appealed equally to both kids and adults)."[51] The staff of Variety praised the film for its cast of characters, Ursula in particular, as well as its animation, stating that the animation "proves lush and fluid, augmented by the use of shadow and light as elements like fire, sun and water illuminate the characters." They also praised the musical collaboration between Howard Ashman and Alan Menken "whose songs frequently begin slowly but build in cleverness and intensity."[52]

text: Todd Gilchrist of IGN wrote a positive review of the film, stating that the film is "an almost perfect achievement." Gilchrist also praised how the film revived interest in animation as it was released at a time when interest in animation was at a lull.[53] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote a mixed review of the film, referring to it as a "likably unspectacular adaptation of the Hans Christian Andersen classic." Hinson went on to write that the film is average even at its highest points. He wrote that while there is nothing wrong with the film, it would be difficult for children to identify with Ariel and that the characters seemed bland. Hinson concluded his review saying that the film is "accomplished but uninspiring, The Little Mermaid has enough to please any kid. All that's missing is the magic."[54] Empire gave a positive review of the film, stating that "[The Little Mermaid is] a charmer of a movie, boasting all the ingredients that make a Disney experience something to treasure yet free of all the politically correct, formulaic elements that have bogged down the more recent productions."[55]

text: In April 2008 – almost 20 years after the film's initial release in 1989 – Yahoo! users voted "The Little Mermaid" as No. 14 on the top 30 animated films of all time. Later, when Yahoo! updated the list in June of the same year, the film remained on the list but dropped six slots to end at #20. (Only three other traditionally animated Disney animated films - Aladdin, Beauty and the Beast, and The Lion King, respectively - scored above it in the poll even after the update.)[56] In 2011, Richard Corliss of TIME Magazine named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".[57]

text: The Little Mermaid, Disney's first animated fairy tale since Sleeping Beauty (1959),[17] is an important film in animation history for many reasons. Chief among these are its re-establishment of animation as a profitable venture for The Walt Disney Company, as the company's theme parks, television productions, and live-action features had overshadowed the animated output since the 1950s.[18] Mermaid was the second film, following Oliver & Company, produced after Disney began expanding its animated output following its successful live action/animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit, and became Disney's first animated major box office and critical hit since The Rescuers in 1977.[18] Walt Disney Feature Animation was further expanded as a result of Mermaid and increasingly successful follow-ups — Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), and The Lion King (1994). The staff increased from 300 members in 1988 to 2,200 in 1999 spread across three studios in Burbank, California, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, and Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis, France.[19]

text: In addition, Mermaid signaled the re-establishment of the musical film format as a standard for Disney animated films. The majority of Disney's most popular animated films from the 1930s on had been musicals, though by the 1970s and 1980s the role of music had been de-emphasized in the films.[17] 1988's Oliver & Company had served as a test of sorts to the success of the musical format before Disney committed to the Broadway-style structure of The Little Mermaid.[17]

text: Accolades

text: In January 1990, The Little Mermaid earned three Academy Award nominations, making it the first Disney animated film to earn an Academy Award nomination since The Rescuers in 1977. The film won two of the awards, for Best Song ("Under the Sea") and Best Score. The film also earned four Golden Globe nominations, including Best Picture—Comedy or Musical, and won the awards for Best Song ("Under the Sea") and Best Score.[58]

text: In addition to the box office and critical success of the film itself, the Mermaid soundtrack album earned two awards at the 33rd Grammy Awards in 1991: the Grammy Award for Best Album for Children and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.[59] Bolstered by the film's success and the soundtrack's Oscars, Golden Globes and Grammy Awards, was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in September 1990 for shipments of two million copies of the soundtrack album, an unheard of feat for an animated film at the time.[60] To date, the soundtrack has been certified six times platinum.[60]

text: The Little Mermaid won two Academy Awards for Best Original Score as well as Best Song for Alan Menken and Howard Ashman's "Under the Sea", sung by Samuel E. Wright in a memorable scene.[61] Another song from the film, "Kiss the Girl", was nominated but lost to "Under the Sea".[61] The film also won two Golden Globes for Best Original Score as well Best Original Song for "Under the Sea". It was also nominated in two other categories, Best Motion Picture and another Best Original Song. Menken and Ashman also won a Grammy Award in 1991 for "Under the Sea."[62]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[63]
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Ursula – Nominated Villain[64]

2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Under the Sea" – Nominated[65]

2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[66]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Animation Film[67]

text: Controversy

text: Controversy arose regarding the artwork for the cover for the Classics VHS cassette when the film was first released on video when close examination of the artwork revealed an oddly shaped structure on the castle, closely resembling a human penis.[68][69] Disney and the cover designer insist it was an accident, resulting from a late night rush job to finish the cover artwork. The questionable object does not appear on the cover of the second releasing of the movie.[68] A second allegation is that a clergyman is seen with an erection during a scene late in the film.[70][71][72] The clergyman is a short man, dressed in Bishop's clothing, and a small bulge is slightly noticeable in a few of the frames that are actually later shown to be the stubby-legged man's knees, but the image is small and is very difficult to distinguish. The combined incidents led an Arkansas woman to file suit against The Walt Disney Company in 1995, though she dropped the suit two months later.[71][72][73][74][75]

text: Sequels and spin-offs

text:
An animated series prequel based on the film premiered in late 1992 on the CBS television network, following Ariel's adventures before the events of the film. The show ran for 31 episodes.
A series of shorts starring Sebastian were aired as part of the Disney animated series Marsupilami.
A direct-to-video sequel titled The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea was released on September 19, 2000. The plot focuses on Ariel's daughter Melody who longs to be a part of the ocean world.
A direct-to-video prequel, titled The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning, was released on August 26, 2008. The story is set before the events of the original film, in which King Triton has banned music from Atlantica.
Ariel, Sebastian, Flounder, King Triton, Ursula, Prince Eric, Scuttle and Chef Louie are "guests" in House of Mouse. Ursula appears as one of the leading villains in Mickey's House of Villains. Ariel, Prince Eric and Ursula also appear in Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse.
The Little Mermaid is featured as a playable world in the Kingdom Hearts Series known as Atlantica. Characters from the film include, Ariel, Sebastian, Flounder, King Triton, Prince Eric, Ursula, Flotsam and Jetsam.

text: Live-action adaptation

text: In May 2016, Deadline Hollywood reported that Disney is in early development for a live-action version of the film.[76] Three months later, it was announced that Alan Menken would return as the film's composer and write new songs alongside Lin-Manuel Miranda, who will also co-produce the movie with Marc Platt.[77] Studio veteran Lindsay Lohan has expressed interest in starring in the adaption.[78][79] In December 2017, it was reported that Rob Marshall was Disney's top choice to direct the film with Jane Goldman to write the screenplay for the film.[80]


document_title: The Hate U Give

question_text: where does the book the hate u give take place

root

text: The Hate U Give

text: Development and Publication[edit]

text: Shaken by the 2009 shooting of Oscar Grant, then-college student Angie Thomas initially developed the project as a short story for her senior project in Belhaven University’s creative writing program.[1] While writing the short story, the project quickly expanded, though Thomas temporarily put it aside after graduation; speaking to Ebony, Thomas noted the emotional strain of the subject matter.[2] But the deaths of Trayvon Martin, Mike Brown, Tamir Rice, and Sandra Bland drew Thomas back to expand the project into a novel,[2] which she titled after Tupac Shakur's "THUG LIFE" concept: "The Hate U Give Little Infants Fucks Everybody."[3]

tag: p

text: Unsure whether publishers would be interested in the Black Lives Matter-inspired material, Thomas reached out to literary agent Brooks Sherman on Twitter in June 2015 to ask for advice. A year later, HarperCollins imprint Balzer + Bray bought the rights to the novel in an auction with 13 publishing houses bidding,[4] signing a two-book deal with Thomas and Fox 2000 optioned the film rights.[5]

text: The 464-page book was published on February 28, 2017.[6]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Starr Carter is a 16-year-old black girl who lives in the fictional, mostly poor black neighborhood of Garden Heights, but attends an affluent, predominantly white private school, Williamson Prep. After the police break up a party Starr is attending one weekend, Starr is driven home by her childhood best friend, Khalil. On the way home, they are stopped by a white police officer. The officer has Khalil, who is black, exit the car; while outside the car and talking with Starr, Khalil reaches back into the car for a hairbrush, which the officer mistakes for a gun. The officer shoots and kills Khalil.

text: Khalil's death becomes a major national news story. The media portrays Khalil as a gang banger and drug dealer, while more favorably portraying the white officer who killed him. Starr's identity as the witness is initially kept secret from just about everyone outside Starr's family, even her younger brother Sekani. This means that Starr's two best friends, Hailey Grant and Maya Yang, and Starr's white boyfriend, Chris, who all attend Williamson Prep together are unaware of Starr's connection to the news story. Having to keep this secret weighs on Starr, as does her need to keep her Williamson and Garden Heights personas separate. Starr's struggles with identity are further complicated when the family moves out of Garden Heights after her mother Lisa leaves her job as a nurse in a Garden Heights clinic for a high-paying hospital job.

text: Starr agrees to be interviewed by two detectives about the shooting after being encouraged by her Uncle Carlos, who is also a detective. Carlos was a father figure to Starr when her father, Maverick, spent three years in prison for for gang activity. Following his release from prison, Maverick leaves the gang and becomes owner of the Garden Heights grocery store where Starr and her half-brother Seven work. Maverick was only allowed to leave the gang, the King Lords, because Maverick took the charge that saved the gang leader King from being locked up. King, widely feared in the neighborhood, now lives with Seven's mother and Seven's half-sister Kenya, who is friends with Starr.

text: After a grand jury fails to indict the white officer, Garden Heights erupts into both peaceful protests and riots. The failure of the criminal justice system to hold the officer accountable pushes Starr to take an increasingly public role, first giving an interview and then speaking out during the protests, which are met by police in riot gear. Her increasing identification with the people of Garden Heights causes tension with Starr's friends and especially with her boyfriend Chris. By the end of the novel, Starr and Maya have started standing up to Hailey's racist comments and Chris remains supportive of Starr.

text: The climax of the novel occurs during the riot following the grand jury results. Starr, Chris, Seven, and DeVante, a member of the King Lords who Maverick helps to escape by having DeVante live with Carlos, successfully defend Maverick's store from King. The neighborhood stands up to King and thanks to testimony by DeVante, King is arrested and expected to be imprisoned for a long time. Starr promises to keep Khalil's memory alive and to continue her advocacy against injustice.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The book debuted at the top of The New York Times young adult (YA) best-seller list,[5] upon which it stayed for 23 weeks,[7] and had 100,000 copies in print in the first month.[5] Critics widely praised the book. In The Globe and Mail, Shannon Ozirny wrote, "Ignore the YA label – this should be the one book everyone reads this year."[1] In Salon, Erin Keane said the novel is "topical, urgent, necessary, and if that weren’t enough, it’s also a highly entertaining and engaging read."[8] In the Christian Science Monitor, Katie Ward Beim-Esche wrote, "Believe the hype: The Hate U Give, Angie Thomas’s extraordinary and fearless debut, really is that good."[9]

text: The book was popular with readers winning Goodreads annual awards vote in the categories of Best Young Adult Fiction and Debut Author.[10]

text: However, the book has not been without controversy. It was named by the American Library Association as one of the 10 most challenged books of 2017, "because it was considered “pervasively vulgar” and because of drug use, profanity, and offensive language.".[11] In July 2018, a South Carolina police union raised objections to the inclusion of the book, as well as the similarity-themed All American Boys by Brendan Kiely and Jason Reynolds, in the summer reading list for ninth-grade students of Wando High School. A representative of the police lodge described the inclusion of the  books as "almost indoctrination of distrust of police" and asserted that "we’ve got to put a stop to that."[12]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The book was recognized in 2018 by the American Library Association winning  the William C. Morris Award for best debut book book for teens, the Odyssey Award for best children's audiobook, the Coretta Scott King Award for the best novel by an African American author for children, and the Michael L. Printz Award for best novel for teens.[13] It has also won the overall Waterstones Children's Book Prize[14] and was nominated for 2018 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in the "Jugendbuch" (Youth book) section.[15] The Hate U Give was named to the National Book Awards longlist for young adult literature.[16]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: Fox 2000 optioned The Hate U Give for a film adaption, before the book's publication.[5] George Tillman Jr. and Amandla Stenberg were immediately attached to the project (to direct and act, respectively).[2] The movie also features Issa Rae, Regina Hall, Russell Hornsby, Algee Smith, KJ Apa, Lamar Johnson, Common,[17] and Sabrina Carpenter based on a screen play by Audrey Wells.[7] The movie is set for release on October 19, 2018.[18]


question_text: who plays donatella versace in the fx series

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Édgar Ramírez as Gianni Versace
Darren Criss as Andrew Cunanan
Ricky Martin as Antonio D'Amico
Penélope Cruz as Donatella Versace

tag: ul

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin
Aimee Mann as Bar Singer
Finn Wittrock as Jeff Trail

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Joanna P. Adler as Mary Ann Cunanan
Joe Adler as Jerome Gentes
Annaleigh Ashford as Elizabeth Cote
Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan
Will Chase as Det. Paul Scrimshaw
Giovanni Cirfiera as Santo Versace
Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin
Jay R. Ferguson as Agent Keith Evans
Cody Fern as David Madson
Max Greenfield as Ronnie Holston
Sophie von Haselberg as Linda Elwell
Edouard Holdener as Young Andrew Cunanan
Christine Horn as Agent Talarah Gruber
John Lacy as Howard Madson
Cathy Moriarty as Vivian Oliva
Michael Nouri as Norman Blachford
Dascha Polanco as Det. Lori Wieder
Terry Sweeney as David Gallo
José Zúñiga as Det. George Navarro

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Razaaq Adoti as Det. Pete Jackson
Vincenzo Amato as Versace Spokesman
Jack Armstrong as J. Paul Beitler
Cullen Douglas as Agent Reynolds
Nico Evers-Swindell as Philip Merrill
Alex Fernandez as Supt. Matt L. Rodriguez
Jacob Fortner as Duke Miglin
Molly Price as Escort Agency Manager
Paul Schneider as Paul Beck
Tara Summers as Laura Trail
Todd Waring as Lincoln Aston
Michael Shamus Wiles as Det. Robert Tichich

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"The Man Who Would Be Vogue"
Ryan Murphy
Tom Rob Smith
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)[a]
3WAX01
2.22[6]

On the morning of July 15, 1997, fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot and killed outside his Miami Beach mansion by wanted spree killer Andrew Cunanan. Seven years earlier, Cunanan meets Versace at a gay nightclub in San Francisco and tells his roommates about the encounter the following morning, albeit with most of the details fabricated. Cunanan later attends a performance of Capriccio as Versace's guest and exchanges origin stories with him after the performance. In the present, Cunanan flees the scene, evading Versace's partner Antonio D'Amico. Versace, meanwhile, is rushed to the hospital and pronounced dead. As local police start to collaborate with the federal authorities, Versace's sister Donatella and brother Santo plan the future of their brother's business empire while Cunanan purchases newspapers covering Versace's death with a remorseless expression.

12
2
"Manhunt"
Nelson Cragg
Tom Rob Smith
January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
3WAX02
1.42[7]

In March 1994, Versace learns that he is HIV positive and Donatella immediately blames Antonio for the illness. Three years later, Cunanan arrives in Miami after fleeing from South Carolina and moves into a motel under an assumed identity. He juggles working as a prostitute, giving his earnings to his homosexual neighbor Ronnie, and feeding his obsession with Versace. Versace, meanwhile, juggles dealing with creative block and reeling from Antonio's proposal of a wedding. While at a nightclub one evening, Cunanan surprises Versace and Antonio and attempts to follow them only to lose them in the crowd.

13
3
"A Random Killing"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Tom Rob Smith
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
3WAX03
1.26[8]

In May 1997, Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin is found dead in his garage by his wife Marilyn. One week earlier, Miglin invites Cunanan, whom he knows as a gay escort, over to his house after Marilyn leaves Chicago to promote her perfume brand. Cunanan proceeds to brutally torture and kill Miglin before stealing his Lexus. In the present, detectives assigned to the case discover gay pornographic magazines surrounding Miglin's dead body. Marilyn insists that the killer owns the magazines and that her husband's murder was nothing more than a random killing. The authorities later use the car's phone in an attempt to track Cunanan, who learns about their plan after it is leaked to the media. He then abandons Miglin's Lexus in Pennsville, New Jersey before gunning down caretaker William Reese and stealing his red pick-up truck. Marilyn, meanwhile, deals with her grief as she continues to promote her perfume.

14
4
"House by the Lake"
Daniel Minahan
Tom Rob Smith
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
3WAX04
0.98[9]

In April 1997, Cunanan lures former acquaintance Jeff Trail to the Minneapolis loft-apartment of his former lover, David Madson, and bludgeons him to death with a claw hammer. After forcing Madson to remain complicit, Cunanan decides to flee to Mexico when one of Madson's co-workers visits him. The Minneapolis Police Department, meanwhile, discovers Trail's corpse and suspect Madson to be the killer. They proceed to question Madson's parents, who firmly believe that their son is innocent. When Madson confronts Cunanan about his lies, Cunanan realizes that he has lost his hold on his lover and shoots Madson near a lake outside Rush City.

15
5
"Don't Ask Don't Tell"
Daniel Minahan
Tom Rob Smith
February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
3WAX05
0.91[10]

In June 1995, Versace ignores Donatella's disapproval and makes his sexuality public in an interview. In November 1995, U.S. Navy lieutenant Jeff Trail is suspected as a homosexual after saving a fellow veteran from being assaulted in San Diego. Following an unsuccessful suicide attempt, Trail goes to a gay bar and meets Cunanan. Trail later agrees to do an interview about homophobia in the military, during which he "makes the decision" to leave the Navy. Two years later, Cunanan runs into Trail and David Madson in Minneapolis. Both men, however, try to avoid him, with Trail staying at his sister's house and Madson stating he has moved on. Abandoned and angry, Cunanan resolves to murder Trail.

16
6
"Descent"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Tom Rob Smith
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
3WAX07
1.10[11]

In 1996, Cunanan lives in La Jolla, California with middle-aged businessman Norman Blachford, who handles his finances as part of their arranged relationship. During his twenty-seventh birthday party, Cunanan tries to impress David Madson by fabricating details about his life and boasting that everyone loves him. After an attempt to ask Blachford for more extravagant demands results in him being kicked out of their house, Cunanan spends thousands of dollars in an attempt to win Madson over only for Madson to cut all ties with him. Cunanan then turns to drugs and outs Jeff Trail to his father in a postcard, causing Trail to threaten him before moving to Minneapolis. Following a severe, drug-fueled bout of depression, Cunanan reunites with his mother Mary Ann and tells her he is going to Minneapolis.

17
7
"Ascent"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Tom Rob Smith
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
3WAX06
0.92[12]

In 1992, Versace pressures Donatella into taking over the company after his death. Following a failed attempt to collaborate on a dress for the Vogue anniversary gala, Versace is diagnosed with ear cancer and travels to Miami to recover, forcing Donatella to take the reins. That same year, Cunanan, who is living with Mary Ann, starts working as a gay escort for older men. He develops a relationship with architect Lincoln Aston, a close friend of Norman Blachford, only for Aston to break up with him after discovering he and David Madson spent the night together. Cunanan's attempt to reconcile with Aston ends with him witnessing Aston's brutal murder. Cunanan then moves out of his mother's apartment following an argument and uses Aston's death to develop a relationship with Blachford, who lets him move into his house.

18
8
"Creator / Destroyer"
Matt Bomer
Tom Rob Smith and Maggie Cohn
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
3WAX08
1.00[13]

In 1957 Italy, a young Versace starts designing clothes under tutelage from his dressmaker mother. In 1980, a young Cunanan receives preferential treatment from his stockbroker father Modesto, who abuses his mother and siblings. Seven years later, Cunanan juggles attending private school and secretly dating older men. Modesto, meanwhile, flees to Manila after being fired for embezzling from elderly clients and learning that he is wanted by the FBI, leaving his family penniless. Cunanan tracks him down and confronts him over the charges only to be rejected. Upon returning to the United States, Cunanan applies for a job at a pharmacy, where he tells the manager that Modesto owns pineapple plantations.

19
9
"Alone"
Daniel Minahan
Tom Rob Smith
March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)
3WAX09
1.20[14]

On the evening of July 15, 1997, Cunanan hides in a Miami Beach houseboat in an attempt to evade both local and federal authorities. Over the course of the next two days, Cunanan attempts to leave the island city only to continue hiding due to the strong police presence. As the authorities interrogate Mary Ann and Ronnie, Marilyn grapples with the fact that he has gone unpunished. At the same time, Cunanan's friend Elizabeth Cote appeals to him in a television interview, David Madson's father insists his son is a victim, and Modesto uses Cunanan's story in an attempt to get attention. On July 22, 1997, as Versace is buried in his family vault near Lake Como, Italy, Donatella tells Antonio he cannot reside in the house that he was promised. The next morning, the authorities corner Cunanan only for him to shoot himself in the mouth. Cunanan is later buried in a public mausoleum while Donatella prepares to meet with Versace's lawyers and Antonio attempts suicide.

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story was picked up on October 18, 2016, and was announced as the third season of the series, following the season about Katrina.[2] The announcement also revealed that English author Tom Rob Smith would be the writer of multiple episodes of the season, including the first two,[2] while executive producer Ryan Murphy would be directing the season premiere.[5] Following the airing of the first season's finale in April 2016, it was revealed that series creators Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski would not be returning for the second season.[15]

text: In June 2017, it was announced that Katrina would not begin production until early 2018 and that Versace would air in early 2018, replacing Katrina as the show's official second installment.[16]

text: On October 2, 2017, American Horror Story veteran Matt Bomer was announced as the director of the eighth episode, making it his directorial debut.[17] During its production, the working title of the season was American Crime Story: Versace/Cunanan.[18][19]

text: In December 2017, after the first public screening, it was revealed that Versace would have nine episodes,[3] despite being originally reported to consist of ten episodes.[2]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In February 2017, Édgar Ramírez and Darren Criss joined the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Gianni Versace and Andrew Cunanan, respectively.[20] Murphy confirmed the reports announcing Lady Gaga would portray Donatella Versace in The Assassination of Gianni Versace were false;[21][22] Penélope Cruz was later cast in the role.[23] In April 2017, it was announced that Ricky Martin was joining the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Antonio D'Amico, Versace’s longtime partner.[24] On April 28, 2017, Annaleigh Ashford was seen filming on the set of The Assassination of Gianni Versace with Criss.[25] On June 21, 2017, it was announced through Entertainment Weekly that Ashford's role in the series would be as Elizabeth Cote, a friend of Cunanan's since high school, while Nico Evers-Swindell would play her husband, Philip Merrill.[26]

text: On May 5, 2017, Murphy announced via his Instagram account that Max Greenfield joined the casting, by publishing a photo of Greenfield and Criss on the set.[27] On June 21, 2017, it was announced that Finn Wittrock will star in The Assassination of Gianni Versace, playing Jeffrey Trail, Cunanan's first victim.[28]

text: In November 2017, the official Twitter account for the series revealed that Judith Light and Dascha Polanco are part of the cast.[29][30] In December 2017, the official webpage for the series released cast and character bios revealing that Max Greenfield would play Ronnie, whilst confirming the casting of Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin, Dascha Polanco as Detective Lori Wieder, Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan, Cody Fern as David Madson, and Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin.[31]

text: Filming[edit]

text: According to multiple set reports and photos, principal photography of season 2 began at the beginning of May 2017, in Miami.[32] As revealed by Darren Criss via his Twitter account, shooting ended during the week of November 13.[33]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In September 2017, FX released the first promotional teaser for The Assassination of Gianni Versace, showing doves sitting outside Versace's former mansion and flying away when two gunshots ring out.[34] A second teaser was released that same month, depicting Versace's sister Donatella placing flowers on a casket.[35] In October, a new teaser was released, depicting some police radio communications as a black clothes cover, with the name Versace on it, is being closed.[36] The same month, a second teaser was released, showing Donatella kissing the stairs where Gianni was murdered, before entering in his mansion.[37] On Halloween day, FX aired a new promotional video during a commercial break of the ninth episode of American Horror Story: Cult, which announced that the season would premiere on January 17, 2018.[1]

text: In November 2017, four new teasers were released. The first one shows Versace relaxing next to his pool, as Cunanan comes out of it.[38] The second one depicts D'Amico leaving Gianni's house, as he hears two gunshots (the unseen murder) and runs to see what happened; while a voice-over by Ricky Martin as D'Amico says that he was Gianni's partner and lover.[39] The third one shows Donatella and Gianni hugging and watching themselves in front of a mirror, as the latter tells his sister that she would be Versace without him.[40] The fourth one depicts a running sewing machine, which ends up having some issues and not being able to finish its work.[41]

text: On November 15, 2017, the first full trailer for the season was released via the Twitter account of the series. It shows some moments of Cunanan's unstable past and the first aftermaths of Versace's assassination.[42] The same day, it was announced that the first episode of the season would be available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers.[5] On November 28, 2017, FX released a new short trailer depicting the main cast of the season: Cruz, Ramírez, Martin and Criss; while a voice-over by Criss as Cunanan reveals how he feels the same as Versace.[43]

text: In December 2017, more teasers were released. The first one opposes Versace and Cunanan as they speak about themselves and their past.[44] The second one features a Versace fashion show where models start crying, as news reports about Versace's death are being heard.[45] The third one shows Cunanan trying to convince someone that he really has a date with Versace, while the scene is being cut by shots of the assassination and its aftermaths.[46] The fourth one features Donatella Versace in a black dress for her brother's funeral;[47] the fifth one shows different rooms of Versace's mansion, with multiple voice-overs by different characters;[48] and the sixth one features a showering Cunanan, surrounding his face with duct tape, as Max Greenfield's Ronnie asks him what he is doing.[49] On December 28, a first look at the series was released, with multiple interviews from the crew and the cast.[50] That same day, a new teaser was also revealed, depicting Cunanan as he is about to kill his sexual partner and then Versace.[51]

text: At the start of January 2018, a new teaser was released. It features Cunanan changing the license plate of his car and greeting a young girl, while a voice-over is saying that the police is looking after him and that he is very dangerous.[52] On January 16, 2018, the full red band trailer was released,[53] and a short version premiered the next day.[54]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The second season of American Crime Story received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an approval rating of 86% based on 81 reviews, with an average rating of 7.02/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Assassination of Versace starts with a bang and unfurls slowly, moving backward through an intricate (and occasionally convoluted) murder mystery anchored by a career-defining performance from Darren Criss."[55] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[56]

text: Reaction from individuals involved[edit]

text: In January 2018, the Versace family released a statement criticizing the series. They explained they have "neither authorized nor had any involvement whatsoever" in the production of the season, before adding that it "should only be considered as a work of fiction."[57] Executive producer Ryan Murphy answered that the series was "not a work of fiction" as it is based on a non-fiction book, Maureen Orth's Vulgar Favors, and that the production team and FX stand by the author and her work. Comparing it to The People v. O. J. Simpson, Murphy added that the season is "a work of non-fiction obviously with docudrama elements," and not a documentary.[57] Following this answer, the Versace family released a second statement, still slamming the series as "a work of fiction" because "the Orth book itself is full of gossip and speculation." They also heavily criticized Orth's work, calling it an "effort to create a sensational story" with "second-hand hearsay that is full of contradictions." They gave the example of Gianni Versace's medical condition, as Orth claims that Versace was HIV positive at the time of his death.[58]

text: Antonio D'Amico also criticized the series, deeming some scenes as "ridiculous" and insisting that "so much has been fictionalised". He also revealed that he does not plan to watch it, but that he would have been happy if Ricky Martin, who plays his role, got in contact to get some insight into his relationship with Versace.[59]

text: According to Ryan Murphy, Donatella Versace was very supportive that Penélope Cruz played her role. As Cruz and Versace are friends, Murphy explained that, when he offered her the role, Cruz asked the permission of Versace before agreeing to do it. He also revealed that, while Cruz was representing the series at the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Versace "very graciously sent [her] a lovely and huge flower arrangement saying 'good luck.'"[57]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Man Who Would Be Vogue"
January 17, 2018
0.7
2.22[6]
0.6
1.76
1.3
3.98[60]

2
"Manhunt"
January 24, 2018
0.4
1.42[7]
0.7
1.98
1.1
3.40[61]

3
"A Random Killing"
January 31, 2018
0.4
1.26[8]
0.7
1.94
1.1
3.20[62]

4
"House by the Lake"
February 7, 2018
0.3
0.98[9]
0.6
1.79
0.9
2.77[63]

5
"Don't Ask Don't Tell"
February 14, 2018
0.2
0.91[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6
"Descent"
February 28, 2018
0.3
1.10[11]
0.6
1.58
0.9
2.68[64]

7
"Ascent"
March 7, 2018
0.3
0.92[12]
0.5
1.55
0.8
2.47[65]

8
"Creator / Destroyer"
March 14, 2018
0.3
1.00[13]
0.5
1.57
0.8
2.57[66]

9
"Alone"
March 21, 2018
0.3
1.20[14]
0.6
1.62
0.9
2.82[67]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10

The People v. O. J. Simpson
5.12
3.90
3.34
3.00
2.73
3.00
2.89
2.91
2.76
3.27

The Assassination of Gianni Versace
2.22
1.42
1.26
0.98
0.91
1.10
0.92
1.00
1.20
N/A

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ This episode was available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers.[5]

tag: ol


document_title: Kentucky Derby top four finishers

question_text: who came in second and third at the kentucky derby

text: Kentucky Derby top four finishers

text: This is a listing of first-place, second-place, third-place and fourth-place finishers, and the number of starters in the Kentucky Derby, a Grade I American Thoroughbred race run at 1 1⁄4 miles on dirt for three-year-olds. It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown, run at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky.[1]

text:
Year
Winner
Second
Third
Fourth
Starters

2018
Justify
Good Magic
Audible
Instilled Regard
20

2017
Always Dreaming
Lookin At Lee
Battle of Midway
Classic Empire
20

2016
Nyquist
Exaggerator
Gun Runner
Mohaymen
20

2015
American Pharoah †
Firing Line
Dortmund
Frosted
18

2014
California Chrome
Commanding Curve
Danza
Wicked Strong
19

2013
Orb
Golden Soul
Revolutionary
Normandy Invasion
19

2012
I'll Have Another
Bodemeister
Dullahan
Went The Day Well
20

2011
Animal Kingdom
Nehro
Mucho Macho Man
Shackleford
19

2010
Super Saver
Ice Box
Paddy O'Prado
Make Music for Me
20

2009
Mine That Bird
Pioneerof the Nile
Musket Man
Papa Clem
19

2008
Big Brown
Eight Belles
Denis of Cork
Tale of Ekati
20

2007
Street Sense
Hard Spun
Curlin
Imawildandcrazyguy
20

2006
Barbaro
Bluegrass Cat
Steppenwolfer
Jazil
20

2005
Giacomo
Closing Argument
Afleet Alex
Don't Get Mad
20

2004
Smarty Jones
Lion Heart
Imperialism
Limehouse
18

2003
Funny Cide
Empire Maker
Peace Rules
Atswhatimtalkinbout
16

2002
War Emblem
Proud Citizen
Perfect Drift
Medaglia d'Oro
18

2001
Monarchos
Invisible Ink
Congaree
Thunder Blitz
17

2000
Fusaichi Pegasus
Aptitude
Impeachment
More Than Ready
19

1999
Charismatic
Menifee
Cat Thief
Prime Timber
19

1998
Real Quiet
Victory Gallop
Indian Charlie
Halory Hunter
15

1997
Silver Charm
Captain Bodgit
Free House
Pulpit
13

1996
Grindstone
Cavonnier
Prince of Thieves
Halo Sunshine
19

1995
Thunder Gulch
Tejano Run
Timber Country
Jumron
19

1994
Go for Gin
Strodes Creek
Blumin Affair
Brocco
14

1993
Sea Hero
Prairie Bayou
Wild Gale
Personal Hope
19

1992
Lil E. Tee
Casual Lies
Dance Floor
Conte Di Savoya
18

1991
Strike the Gold
Best Pal
Mane Minister
Green Alligator
16

1990
Unbridled
Summer Squall
Pleasant Tap
Video Ranger
15

1989
Sunday Silence
Easy Goer
Awe Inspiring
Dansil
15

1988
Winning Colors
Forty Niner
Risen Star
Proper Reality
17

1987
Alysheba
Bet Twice
Avies Copy
Cryptoclearance
17

1986
Ferdinand
Bold Arrangement
Broad Brush
Rampage
16

1985
Spend A Buck
Stephan's Odyssey
Chief's Crown
Fast Account
13

1984 *
Swale
Coax Me Chad
At The Threshold
Fali Time
20

1983
Sunny's Halo
Desert Wine
Caveat
Slew o' Gold
20

1982
Gato Del Sol
Laser Light
Reinvested
Water Bank
19

1981
Pleasant Colony
Woodchopper
Partez
Classic Go Go
21

1980
Genuine Risk
Rumbo
Jaklin Klugman
Super Moment
13

1979
Spectacular Bid
General Assembly
Golden Act
King Celebrity
10

1978
Affirmed †
Alydar
Believe It
Darby Creek Road
11

1977
Seattle Slew †
Run Dusty Run
Sanhedrin
Get the Axe
15

1976
Bold Forbes
Honest Pleasure
Elocutionist
Amano
9

1975
Foolish Pleasure
Avatar
Diabolo
Master Derby
15

1974
Cannonade
Hudson County
Agitate
J. R.'s Pet
23

1973
Secretariat †
Sham
Our Native
Forego
13

1972
Riva Ridge
No Le Hace
Hold Your Peace
Introductivo
16

1971
Canonero II
Jim French
Bold Reason
Eastern Fleet
20

1970
Dust Commander
My Dad George
High Echelon
Naskra
17

1969
Majestic Prince
Arts and Letters
Dike
Traffic Mark
8

1968 *
Forward Pass
Francie's Hat
T.V. Commercial
Kentucky Sherry
14

1967
Proud Clarion
Barbs Delight
Damascus
Reason to Hail
14

1966
Kauai King
Advocator
Blue Skyer
Stupendous
15

1965
Lucky Debonair
Dapper Dan
Tom Rolfe
Native Charger
11

1964
Northern Dancer
Hill Rise
The Scoundrel
Roman Brother
12

1963
Chateaugay
Never Bend
Candy Spots
On My Honor
9

1962
Decidedly
Roman Line
Ridan
Sir Ribot
15

1961
Carry Back
Crozier
Bass Clef
Dr. Miller
15

1960
Venetian Way
Bally Ache
Victoria Park
Tompion
13

1959
Tomy Lee
Sword Dancer
First Landing
Royal Orbit
17

1958
Tim Tam
Lincoln Road
Noureddin
Jewel's Reward
14

1957
Iron Liege
Gallant Man
Round Table
Bold Ruler
9

1956
Needles
Fabius
Come On Red
Count Chic
17

1955
Swaps
Nashua
Summer Tan
Racing Fool
10

1954
Determine
Hasty Road
Hasseyampa
Goyamo
17

1953
Dark Star
Native Dancer
Invigorator
Royal Bay Gem
11

1952
Hill Gail
Sub Fleet
Blue Man
Master Fiddle
16

1951
Count Turf
Royal Mustang
Ruhe
Phil D
20

1950
Middleground
Hill Prince
Mr. Trouble
Sunglow
14

1949
Ponder
Capot
Palestinian
Old Rockport
14

1948
Citation †
Coaltown
My Request
Billings
6

1947
Jet Pilot
Phalanx
Faultless
On Trust
13

1946
Assault †
Spy Song
Hampden
Lord Boswell
17

1945
Hoop Jr.
Pot o' Luck
Darby Dieppe
Air Sailor
16

1944
Pensive
Broadcloth
Stir Up
Shut Up
16

1943
Count Fleet †
Blue Swords
Slide Rule
Amber Light
10

1942
Shut Out
Alsab
Valdina Orphan
With Regards
15

1941
Whirlaway †
Staretor
Market Wise
Porter's Cap
11

1940
Gallahadion
Bimelech
Dit
Mioland
8

1939
Johnstown
Challedon
Heather Broom
Viscountyb
8

1938
Lawrin
Dauber
Can't Wait
Menow
10

1937
War Admiral †
Pompoon
Reaping Reward
Melodist
20

1936
Bold Venture
Brevity
Indian Broom
Coldstream
14

1935
Omaha †
Roman Soldier
Whiskolo
Nellie Flag
18

1934
Cavalcade
Discovery
Agrarian
Mata Hari
13

1933
Brokers Tip
Head Play
Charley O.
Ladysman
13

1932
Burgoo King
Economic
Stepenfetchit
Brandon Mint
20

1931
Twenty Grand
Sweep All
Mate
Spanish Play
12

1930
Gallant Fox †
Gallant Knight
Ned O.
Gone Away
15

1929
Clyde Van Dusen
Naishapur
Panchio
Blue Larkspur
21

1928
Reigh Count
Misstep
Toro
Jack Higgins
22

1927
Whiskery
Osmand
Jock
Hydromel
15

1926
Bubbling Over
Bagenbaggage
Rock Man
Rhinock
13

1925
Flying Ebony
Captain Hal
Son of John
Single Foot
20

1924
Black Gold
Chilhowee
Beau Butler
Altawood
19

1923
Zev
Martingale
Vigil
Nassau
21

1922
Morvich
Bet Mosie
John Finn
Deadlock
10

1921
Behave Yourself
Black Servant
Prudery
Tryster
12

1920
Paul Jones
Upset
On Watch
Damask
17

1919
Sir Barton †
Billy Kelly
Under Fire
Valcanite
12

1918
Exterminator
Escoba
Viva America
War Cloud
8

1917
Omar Khayyam
Ticket
Midway
Rickety
15

1916
George Smith
Star Hawk
Franklin
Dodge
9

1915
Regret
Pebbles I
Sharpshooter
Royal II
16

1914
Old Rosebud
Hodge
Bronzewing
John Gund
7

1913
Donerail
Ten Point
Gowell
Foundation
8

1912
Worth
Duval
Flamma
Free Lance
7

1911
Meridian
Governor Gray
Colston
Mud Sill
7

1910
Donau
Joe Morris
Fighting Bob
Boola Boola
7

1909
Wintergreen
Miami
Dr. Barkley
Sir Catesby
10

1908
Stone Street
Sir Cleges
Dunvegan
Synchronized
8

1907
Pink Star
Zal
Ovelando
Red Gauntlet
6

1906
Sir Huon
Lady Navarre
James Reddick
Hyperion II
6

1905
Agile
Ram's Horn
Layson
none
3

1904
Elwood
Ed Tierney
Brancas
Prince Silverwings
5

1903
Judge Himes
Early
Bourbon
Bad News
6

1902
Alan-a-Dale
Inventor
The Rival
Abe Frank
4

1901
His Eminence
Sannazarro
Driscoll
Amur
5

1900
Lieut. Gibson
Florizar
Thrive
Highland Lad
7

1899
Manuel
Corsini
Mazo
His Lordship
5

1898
Plaudit
Lieber Karl
Isabey
Han d'Or
4

1897
Typhoon II
Ornament
Dr. Catlett
Dr. Shepard
6

1896
Ben Brush
Ben Eder
Semper Ego
First Mate
8

1895
Halma
Basso
Laureate
Curator
4

1894
Chant
Pearl Song
Sigurd
Al Boyer
5

1893
Lookout
Plutus
Boundless
Buck McCann
6

1892
Azra
Huron
Phil Dwyer
none
3

1891
Kingman
Balgowan
High Tariff
Hart Wallace
4

1890
Riley
Bill Letcher
Robespierre
Palisade
6

1889
Spokane
Proctor Knott
Once Again
Hindoocraft
8

1888
Macbeth II
Gallifet
White
Alexandria
7

1887
Montrose
Jim Gore
Jacobin
Banburg
7

1886
Ben Ali
Blue Wing
Free Knight
Lijero
10

1885
Joe Cotton
Bersan
Ten Booker
Favor
10

1884
Buchanan
Loftin
Audrain
Bob Miles
9

1883
Leonatus
Drake Carter
Lord Raglan
Ascender
7

1882
Apollo
Runnymede
Bengal
Harry Gilmore
14

1881
Hindoo
Lelex
Alfambra
Sligo
6

1880
Fonso
Kimball
Bancroft
Boulevard
5

1879
Lord Murphy
Falsetto
Strathmore
Trinadad
9

1878
Day Star
Himyar
Leveler
Solicitor
9

1877
Baden-Baden
Leonard
King William
Vera Cruz
11

1876
Vagrant
Creedmore
Harry Hill
Parole
11

1875
Aristides
Volcano
Verdigris
Bob Wooley
15

text: A † designates a Triple Crown Winner.

text: Note: D. Wayne Lukas swept the 1995 Triple Crown with two different horses.

text: *In 1968, Dancer's Image finished first, but was disqualified after a post-race urine sample revealed traces of a banned drug in the horse. The drug in question - phenylbutazone - illegal at the time, is now legal for use on racehorses in many states, including Kentucky. Forward Pass is now the 1968 winner of the Kentucky Derby.

text: *In 1984, Gate Dancer finished fourth, but was disqualified for fouling Fali Time, who was then moved up from 5th to 4th place.


document_title: The Ghost and the Darkness

question_text: where was the movie the ghost and the darkness filmed

text: The Ghost and the Darkness

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1898, Sir Robert Beaumont, the primary financier of a railroad project in Tsavo, Kenya, is furious because the project is running behind schedule. He seeks out the expertise of Lt. Colonel John Henry Patterson, a British military engineer, to get the project back on track. Patterson travels from England to Tsavo, telling his wife, Helena, he will complete the project and be back in London for the birth of their son. He meets British supervisor Angus Starling, Kenyan foreperson Samuel, and Doctor David Hawthorne. Hawthorne tells Patterson of a recent lion attack that has affected the project.

text: That night, Patterson kills an approaching lion with one shot, earning the respect of the workers and bringing the project back on schedule. However, not long afterwards, Mahina, the construction foreperson, is dragged from his tent in the middle of the night. His half-eaten body is found the next morning. Patterson then attempts a second night-time lion hunt, but the following morning, another worker is found dead at the opposite end of the camp from Patterson's position.

text: Patterson's only comfort now is the letters he receives from his wife. Soon, while the workers are gathering wood and building fire pits around the tents, a lion attacks the camp in the middle of the day, killing another worker. While Patterson, Starling and Samuel are tracking it to one end of the camp, another lion leaps upon them from the roof of a building, killing Starling with a slash to the throat and injuring Patterson. Despite the latter's efforts to kill them, both lions escape. Samuel states that there has never been a pair of man-eaters; they have always been solitary hunters.

text: The workers, led by Abdullah, begin to turn on Patterson. Work on the bridge comes to a halt. Patterson requests soldiers from England to protect the workers, but is denied. During a visit to the camp, Beaumont tells Patterson he will ruin his reputation if the bridge is not finished on time and that he will contact the famous hunter Charles Remington to help because Patterson has been unable to kill the animals.

text: Remington arrives with skilled Maasai warriors to help kill the lions. They dub the lions "the Ghost" and "the Darkness" because of their notorious methods of attack. The initial attempt fails when Patterson's borrowed gun misfires. The warriors decide to leave, but Remington stays behind. He constructs a new hospital for sick and injured workers and tempts the lions to the abandoned building with animal parts and blood. When the lions fall for the trap, Remington and Patterson shoot at them; they flee and attack the new hospital, killing many patients and Hawthorne.

text: Abdullah and the construction men leave, and only Patterson, Remington, and Samuel remain behind to face the marauders. Patterson and Remington locate the animals' lair, discovering the bones of dozens of the lions' victims. That night, Remington kills one of the pair by using Patterson and a baboon as bait. The workers celebrate, though later Patterson dreams about his wife and infant son visiting him in Tsavo, only for them to be killed by the remaining lion before he can get to them.

text: Waking from his nightmare the next morning, Patterson discovers that the remaining lion has dragged Remington from his tent and killed him; Patterson and Samuel cremate Remington's corpse on a pyre at the spot where he died. Grief-stricken and desperate to end the carnage, the two men burn the tall grass surrounding the camp, driving the surviving lion toward the camp (and the ambush they set there). The lion attacks Patterson and Samuel on the partially constructed bridge and after a lengthy fight, Patterson finally kills it. Abdullah and the construction workers return, and the bridge is completed on time.

text: The film ends with Patterson's wife arriving with their son, and a narration by Samuel, who informs the audience that the lions are now on display at the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois. Even today, he says, "If you dare lock eyes with them, you will be afraid".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Val Kilmer as Col. John Henry Patterson
Michael Douglas as Charles Remington
John Kani as Samuel
Brian McCardie as Angus Starling
Bernard Hill as Doctor David Hawthorne
Tom Wilkinson as Sir Robert Beaumont
Emily Mortimer as Helena Patterson
Om Puri as Abdullah
Henry Cele as Mahina

text: Production[edit]

text: The film is based upon The Man-Eaters of Tsavo by Lieutenant Colonel John Henry Patterson, the man who actually killed both real lions.

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: William Goldman first heard about the story when travelling in Africa in 1984, and thought it would make a good script. In 1989 he pitched the story to Paramount as a cross between Lawrence of Arabia and Jaws, and they commissioned him to write a screenplay which he delivered in 1990.[5]

text: "My particular feeling is that they were evil," said Goldman of the lions. "I believe that for nine months, evil popped out of the ground at Tsavo."[6]

text: The script fictionalises Patterson's account, introducing an American big game hunter called Charles Remington. The character was based on Anglo-Indian big game hunter Charles H. Ryall, superintendent of the Railway Police.[7] In original drafts the character was called Redbeard, and Goldman says his purpose in the story was to create an imposing character who could be killed by the lions and make Patterson seem more brave; Goldman says his ideal casting for the role would have been Burt Lancaster.[8]

text: According to Goldman, Kevin Costner expressed interest in playing Patterson, but Paramount wanted to use Tom Cruise who ultimately declined. Work on the film slowed until Michael Douglas moved his producing unit with partner Steven Reuther, Constellation Films, to Paramount. Douglas read the script and loved it, calling it "an incredible thriller about events that actually took place."[6] Douglas decided to produce and Stephen Hopkins was hired to direct.

text: Val Kilmer, who had just made Batman Forever and was a frequent visitor to Africa then expressed enthusiasm for the script, which enabled the project to be financed.

text: The part of Remington was originally offered to Sean Connery and Anthony Hopkins but both declined; the producers were considering asking Gérard Depardieu when Douglas decided to play the role himself. Stephen Hopkins later said he was unhappy about this.[9]

text: In early drafts of the script, Remington was originally going to be an enigmatic figure but when Douglas chose to play him, the character's role was expanded and was given a history. In Goldman's book Which Lie Did I Tell?, the screenwriter argues that Douglas' decision ruined the mystery of the character, making him a "wimp" and a "loser".[10]

text: Locations[edit]

text: The film was shot mainly on location at Songimvelo Game Reserve in South Africa, rather than Kenya, due to tax laws. Many Maasai characters in the film were actually portrayed by South African actors, although the Maasai depicted during the hunt were portrayed by real Maasai warriors who were hired for the movie.

text: Filming[edit]

text: While the real man-eaters were, like all lions from the Tsavo region, a more aggressive, maneless variety, those used for filming were actually the least aggressive available, for both safety and aesthetic reasons. The film's lions were two male lions with manes. They were brothers named Caesar and Bongo, who were residents of the Bowmanville Zoo in Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada, both of whom were also featured in George of the Jungle. The film also featured three other lions: two from France and one from the USA.

text: Director Stephen Hopkins later said of the shoot:

text: We had snake bites, scorpion bites, tick bite fever, people getting hit by lightning, floods, torrential rains and lightning storms, hippos chasing people through the water, cars getting swept into the water, and several deaths of crew members, including two drownings.... Val came to the set under the worst conditions imaginable. He was completely exhausted from doing The Island of Dr. Moreau; he was dealing with the unfavorable publicity from that set; he was going through a divorce; he barely had time to get his teeth into this role before we started; and he is in nearly every scene in this movie. But I worked him six or seven days a week for four months under really adverse conditions, and he really came through. He had a passion for this film.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing (Bruce Stambler) at the 69th Academy Awards. However, Val Kilmer was nominated for the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor. Reviews were mixed, with Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 50% rating based on 46 reviews. Roger Ebert said the film was so awful it "lacked the usual charm of being so bad it's funny" adding it was "an African adventure that makes the Tarzan movies look subtle and realistic".[11] Ebert would put the film on his list of the worst movies of 1997. Conversely, the late David R. Ellis listed this film at #8 on his "Top 10 Animal Horror Movies" countdown, a list he made to promote the release of Shark Night 3D.[12]

text: Hopkins said in a 1998 interview that the film "was a mess... I haven't been able to watch it."[9]

text: In India, the film was remade in Telugu as Mrugaraju and released in 2001.

text: Home release[edit]

text: The Ghost and the Darkness is available as a one-disc DVD. There are no special features besides a theatrical trailer for the film. The film was released on LaserDisc in 1997 as a one-disc, double-sided release featuring a Dolby Digital audio track.

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Although Patterson claimed the lions were responsible for up to 135 deaths, the definitive peer-reviewed paper on man-eating lions and the circumstances surrounding this notorious event states that only about 28–31 killings can be verified (Kerbis Peterhans & Gnoske, 2001). (This figure does not take into account any people who may have been killed but not eaten by the animals.)[13] The original lions are on display at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago.

text: Patterson's 1907 book itself states that "between them (the lions) no less than 28 Indian coolies, in addition to scores of unfortunate African natives of whom no official record was kept" were killed. This lesser number was confirmed in the definitive paper on man-eating behavior and the Tsavo lions by Kerbis Peterhans and Gnoske (2001)[14] and soon thereafter in Dr. Bruce Patterson's definitive book The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters published by McGraw-Hill in 2004. Patterson wrote the book at the Field Museum in Chicago, where the lions are on display. Kerbis Peterhans & Gnoske showed that the greater toll attributed to the lions resulted from a pamphlet written by Col. Patterson in 1925, stating "these two ferocious brutes killed and devoured, under the most appalling circumstances, 135 Indian and African artisans and laborers employed in the construction of the Uganda Railway."[15]

text: In the film, both lions are depicted having manes. In reality, the man-eaters lacked manes, as male Tsavo lions possess either minimal manes or none at all.

text: Michael Douglas's character, Charles Remington, is entirely fictional. Patterson hunted and killed the rogue lions more or less on his own. However, as noted in the article on the real Patterson, some time later another man was killed under mysterious circumstances; this death is said to be inspiration for Hemingway's "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber".

text: The film claims that Tsavo means "a place of slaughter". Tsavo is the Akamba word for 'slaughter'. The region has been referred to as "a place of slaughter" due to a history of tribal warfare between the Maasai and the Akamba.

text: The location where the bridge was built is now called Man-Eater's Camp. It is in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya, about 125 kilometres (78 mi) east of Mount Kilimanjaro and 260 kilometres (160 mi) southeast of Nairobi, at 2°59′37″S 38°27′41″E / 2.993558°S 38.461458°E / -2.993558; 38.461458.