document_title: 777 (number)

question_text: what does the number 777 represent in the bible

text: 777 (number)

text: Religious significance[edit]

text: According to the Bible, Lamech, the father of Noah lived for 777 years.[1] Other connections to 777 are noted in the sections below.

text: Judaism[edit]

text: The numbers 3[2] and 7[3] both are considered "perfect numbers" under Hebrew tradition.

text: Christianity[edit]

text: Christian denominations consider seven to be a holy number because Genesis says that God rested on the 7th day and man was created on the 6th day.[4] Because God rested on the 7th day, that is the reason for the observance of the Hebrew Sabbath on the last day of the week. The 7th day of the week is indicated on the Hebrew Lunar calendar containing 13 months of four weeks each. According to the American publication, the Orthodox Study Bible, 777 represents the threefold perfection of the Trinity.[5] The number 777, as triple 7, can be contrasted against triple 6, for the Number of the Beast as 666 (rather than variant 616).

text: Thelema[edit]

text: 777 is also found in the title of the book 777 and Other Qabalistic Writings of Aleister Crowley pertaining to the law of thelema.[6]

text: Other traditions[edit]

text: In other traditions and teachings, seven is seen as the perfect number that holds creation and the universe together.[7] Religious or mythological cosmology refers to seven heavens, ancient Indian spiritual texts detail seven chakras and esoteric teachings describe seven planes of creation.

text: Political significance[edit]

text: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging[edit]

text: The Afrikaner Resistance Movement (Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, AWB), a Boer-nationalist movement in South Africa, used the number 777 as part of their emblem.[8]

text: The number refers to a triumph of "God's number" 7 over the Devil's number 666.[9] On the AWB flag, the numbers are arranged in a triskelion shape, resembling the Nazi hakenkreuz.

text: Computing[edit]

text: In Unix's chmod, change-access-mode command, the value 777 grants all file-access permissions to all user types in a file storage system.

text: Commercial[edit]

text: Airplanes[edit]

text: Boeing, the largest manufacturer of airliners in the United States, released the airplane in June 1995.[10] The family of 777's include the 777-200, 777-200ER, the 777-300, the 777-200LR Worldliner, the 777-300ER, and the 777 Freighter.[11]

text: Gambling and luck[edit]

text: 777 is used on most slot machines in the United States to identify a jackpot.


document_title: Nintendo game card

question_text: how many gb is a nintendo switch game

question_tokens: how many gb is a nintendo switch game

root

text: Nintendo game card

text: Nintendo DS[edit]

text: Nintendo DS Game Card[edit]

text: Cards for the Nintendo DS ranged from 64 megabits to 4 gigabits (8–512 MB) in capacity[3][4] The cards contain an integrated flash memory and an EEPROM to save user data such as game progress or high scores. However, there are a small number of games that have no save memory such as Electroplankton.

tag: p

text: Based on an IGN blog by the developer of MechAssault: Phantom War, larger (such as 128 MB) cards have a 25% slower data transfer rate than the more common smaller (such as 64 MB) cards; however, the specific base rate was not mentioned.[5]

text: Nintendo DSi Game Card[edit]

text: In 2009, the Nintendo DSi was launched. The console offered various hardware improvements and additional functions over previous Nintendo DS iterations, such as the inclusion of cameras. While many Nintendo DS titles released afterwards included features that enhanced gameplay when played on the Nintendo DSi console, most of these games retained compatibility with the original DS iterations sans enhanced features. However, a select few retail game titles were released that worked exclusively for the Nintendo DSi consoles for reasons such as requiring camera functions, and these titles have game cards with white-colored casings (all DSi-exclusive games are region locked). Examples of such game cards include Picture Perfect Hair Salon. While these white game cards can be physically inserted into original Nintendo DS consoles, their software did not function due to the missing hardware features. These DSi-exclusive game cards are fully compatible with the Nintendo 3DS family.

text: Prior to the release of the Nintendo DSi, Nintendo encouraged developers to release DSi-exclusive games as DSiWare downloadables instead of retail game cards that would not function on older Nintendo DS consoles.[6]

text: Infrared support[edit]

text: Despite all iterations of the Nintendo DS line lacking native infrared support, certain titles made use of this type of communication function using game cards with their own infrared transceivers. These game cards are generally glossier and darker than common Nintendo DS game cards, and reveal their translucency when exposed to light. Examples of such game cards include Personal Trainer: Walking, which connect to the included pedometers, Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver, which connect to the included Pokéwalker accessory, and Pokémon Black and White and Pokémon Black 2 and White 2, which connect to other games.[citation needed]

text: Although all iterations of the Nintendo 3DS family support native infrared functions, Nintendo DS games still use the infrared-enabled game cards themselves when played on a 3DS system, reserving the native infrared for Nintendo 3DS-specific software.[citation needed]

text: Nintendo 3DS[edit]

text: Game cards for the Nintendo 3DS are from 1 to 8 gigabytes in size,[7]  with 2 GB of game data at launch.[8] They look very similar to DS Game Cards, but are incompatible and have a small tab on one side to prevent them from being inserted into a DS.[9] However, R4 flash cartridges designed for the 3DS still incorporate the same design as the original DS game card.

text: Newer flash cartridges for the 3DS, such as the Gateway or Sky3DS, uses the 3DS card design.

text: Nintendo Switch[edit]

text: The Nintendo Switch uses Game Cards. This iteration is smaller and has a larger storage capacity than its previous versions.[10] Despite its similarities, the Switch is not compatible with DS and 3DS cards.[11] The Game Cards used in the Switch are non-writable and save data is stored in the console's internal memory, unlike the DS and 3DS's game cards, which are writable and are able to store save data.[12]

text: Due to their size, Nintendo Switch Game Cards have been coated with denatonium benzoate - a non-toxic, bitter-tasting agent - as a safety precaution against accidental consumption by young children.[13] Videos of users intentionally tasting the cartridges became a meme prior to the console's launch—which originated from Jeff Gerstmann's actions on a Giant Bomb webcast.[14][15]

text: The cartridges come in a variety of capacities: 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 16GB and 32GB.[16] 64GB cartridges were planned to be introduced in the second half of 2018, but due to unspecified circumstances Nintendo has delayed the launch of this variant until 2019.[17]


document_title: Neuman systems model

question_text: which type of theory is the neuman systems model

text: Neuman systems model

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The Neuman systems model is a nursing theory based on the individual's relationship to stress, the reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature.[1] The theory was developed by Betty Neuman, a community health nurse, professor and counselor. The central core of the model consists of energy resources (normal temperature range, genetic structure, response pattern, organ strength or weakness, ego structure, and knowns or commonalities) that are surrounded by several lines of resistance, the normal line of defense, and the flexible line of defense. The lines of resistance represent the internal factors that help the patient defend against a stressor, the normal line of defense represents the person's state of equilibrium, and the flexible line of defense depicts the dynamic nature that can rapidly alter over a short period of time.

text: The purpose of the nurse is to retain this system's stability through the three levels of prevention:

text:
Primary prevention to protect the normal line and strengthen the flexible line of defense.
Secondary prevention to strengthen internal lines of resistance, reducing the reaction, and increasing resistance factors.
Tertiary prevention to readapt and stabilize and protect reconstitution or return to wellness following treatment.

tag: ol


document_title: Auteur

question_text: according to french film critics in the 1950s who is the single author or auteur of a film

text: Auteur

text: Film[edit]

text: This section possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text. Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Origin[edit]

text: The definition of an auteur has been debated since the 1940s. André Bazin and Roger Leenhardt presented the theory that it is the director that brings the film to life and uses the film to express their thoughts and feelings about the subject matter as well as a worldview as an auteur. An auteur can use lighting, camerawork, staging and editing to add to their vision.[5]

text: Truffaut's development[edit]

text: In François Truffaut's 1954 essay "Une certaine tendance du cinéma français" ("A certain tendency in French cinema"), he coined the phrase "la politique des Auteurs", asserting that the worst of Jean Renoir's movies would always be more interesting than the best of the movies of Jean Delannoy. "Politique" might very well be translated as "policy" or "program"; it involves a conscious decision to value and look at films in a certain way. One might see it as the policy of treating any director that uses a personal style or a unique worldview as an Auteur. Truffaut criticized the Cinema of Quality as "Scenarists' films", which are works that lack originality and rely on literary classics. According to Truffaut, this means that the director is only a metteur en scene, a "stager". This tradition suggests that the screenwriter hands the script to the director and the director simply adds the performers and pictures.[6] Truffaut said: "[t]here are no good and bad movies, only good and bad directors".[citation needed]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Even before auteur theory became clearly defined, the director was considered to be the most important among the people working on a film. Early German film theorist Walter Julius Bloem credited this to film being an art for the masses, and the masses being accustomed to regard someone who gives the final product (in this case, the director) as an artist, and those who contribute before (i.e. screenwriters) as apprentices.[7]

text: Starting in the 1960s, some film critics began criticising auteur theory's focus on the authorial role of the director. Pauline Kael and Andrew Sarris feuded in the pages of The New Yorker and various film magazines.[8][9] One reason for the backlash is the collaborative aspect of shooting a film, and in the theory's privileging of the role of the director (whose name, at times, has become more important than the movie itself). In Kael's "Raising Kane" (1971), an essay written on Orson Welles' Citizen Kane, she points out how the film made extensive use of the distinctive talents of co-writer Herman J. Mankiewicz and cinematographer Gregg Toland.[10]

text: Some screenwriters have publicly balked at the idea that directors are more authorial than screenwriters, while film historian Aljean Harmetz, referring to the creative input of producers and studio executives in classical Hollywood, argues that the auteur theory "collapses against the reality of the studio system".[11] In 2006, David Kipen coined the term Schreiber theory to refer to the theory of the screenwriter as the principal author of a film.[12][better source needed]

text: Film historian Georges Sadoul pointed out that the main author of a film is not necessarily the director, but can be main actor, screenwriter, producer, or even the author of the original story (in case of literary adaptations). Also, he argued that the film can only be seen as a work of collective and not as a work of a single person.[13]

text: Law[edit]

text: In law,[vague] the film is treated as a work of art and the auteur, as the creator of the film, is the original copyright holder. Under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory.[14]

text: Popular music[edit]

text: This section is missing information about the artistic recognition of popular music genres, music stars as "auteurs", and comparisons to auteur theory as applied to film (see Shuker in "Further reading") . Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (August 2016)

text: From the 1960s, Phil Spector is considered the first auteur among producers of popular music.[15][16] Author Matthew Bannister named him the first "star" producer.[16] Journalist Richard Williams wrote: "Spector created a new concept: the producer as overall director of the creative process, from beginning to end. He took control of everything, he picked the artists, wrote or chose the material, supervised the arrangements, told the singers how to phrase, masterminded all phases of the recording process with the most painful attention to detail, and released the result on his own label.".[17][18]

text: Another early pop music auteur was the Beach Boys' multi-tasking leader Brian Wilson,[19] who himself was mentored by Spector.[20] Before the progressive pop of the late 1960s, performers were typically unable to decide on the artistic content of their music.[21] Wilson became the first rock producer to use the studio as a discrete instrument,[20] thus making the Beach Boys one of the first rock groups to exert studio control.[22] Music producers after the mid 1960s would draw on his influence, setting a precedent that allowed bands and artists to enter a recording studio and act as producers, either autonomously, or in conjunction with other like minds.[19] The Atlantic's Jason Guriel wrote that Wilson "paved the way for auteurs like Kanye West ... anticipat[ing] the rise of the producer ... [and] the modern pop-centric era, which privileges producer over artist and blurs the line between entertainment and art. ... Anytime a band or musician disappears into a studio to contrive an album-length mystery, the ghost of Wilson is hovering near."[23]

text: Video games[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016)

text: Japanese developer Hideo Kojima (Metal Gear series) is considered to be the first auteur of video games.[24] Other auters include Tetsuya Nomura (Final Fantasy series), Fumito Ueda (Ico, Shadow of the Colossus, The Last Guardian), Hidetaka Miyazaki (Souls series),[25] and Ragnar Tornquist.[26]


document_title: Rose Bowl Game

question_text: who played in the rose bowl last year

question_tokens: who played in the rose bowl last year

text: Rose Bowl Game

text: History[edit]

text: Originally titled the "Tournament East–West football game",[4] the first Rose Bowl was played on January 1, 1902, starting the tradition of New Year's Day bowl games. The football game was added in 1902 to help fund the cost of the Rose Parade.[5] The inaugural game featured Fielding H. Yost's dominating 1901 Michigan team, representing the East, which crushed a previously 3-1-2 team from Stanford University, representing the West, by a score of 49–0 after Stanford quit in the third quarter. Michigan finished the season 11–0 and was crowned the national champion. Yost had been Stanford's coach the previous year. The game was so lopsided that for the next thirteen years, the Tournament of Roses officials ran chariot races, ostrich races, and other various events instead of football.[6] But, on New Year's Day 1916, football returned to stay as the State College of Washington (now Washington State University) defeated Brown University in the first annual Rose Bowl with that explicit name.

text: Tournament Park and Rose Bowl stadium[edit]

text: Before the Rose Bowl was built for the January 1, 1923 match, games were played in Pasadena's Tournament Park, approximately three miles (5 km) southeast of the current Rose Bowl stadium near the campus of Caltech. Tournament Park was found to be unsuitable for the increasingly large crowds gathering to watch the game and a new, permanent home for the game was commissioned.

text: The Rose Bowl stadium, designed after the Yale Bowl in New Haven, then hosted the first "Rose Bowl" game in 1923. The name of the stadium was alternatively "Tournament of Roses Stadium" or "Tournament of Roses Bowl", until the name "Rose Bowl" was settled on before the 1923 game.[7]

text: The stadium seating has been reconfigured several times since its original construction in 1922. For many years, the Rose Bowl stadium had the largest football stadium capacity in the United States, eventually being surpassed by Michigan Stadium in 1998.[8][9] The maximum stated seating capacity was 104,594 from 1972 to 1997. Capacity was lowered after the 1998 game; the 2006 game, which was also the BCS championship game, attracted a crowd of 93,986; and there were 94,118 spectators at the 2011 game between TCU and Wisconsin.[10] As of 2012, the Rose Bowl is number seven on the list of American football stadiums by capacity with a current official seating capacity of 92,542 and is still the largest stadium that hosts post-season bowl games.[11] The Rose Bowl is also the only CFP bowl game that is held in a non-NFL stadium.

text: Team selection 1916–1946[edit]

text: In the game's early years, except during World War I, the Rose Bowl always pitted a team—not necessarily the conference champion—from the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), the predecessor of the current Pac-12 Conference, against an opponent from the Eastern U.S. During the last two years of World War I, teams from military bases met in the Rose Bowl. During its history, a number of notable matchups have been made with the top football teams and top coaches of the time. These include the 1925 game, with Knute Rockne's Notre Dame and their Four Horsemen, against "Pop" Warner's Stanford; the 1926 edition saw the Alabama Crimson Tide's win over Washington; and 1940 featured Howard Jones' USC Trojans against Bob Neyland's Tennessee Volunteers. During this period, there were ten games in which undefeated teams were matched.

text: World War II – 1942 venue change to Durham, North Carolina[edit]

text: After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and a series of attacks on West Coast shipping beginning on December 18,[12] there were concerns about a possible Japanese attack on the West Coast. The Rose Parade, with a million watchers, and the Rose Bowl, with 90,000 spectators, were presumed to be ideal targets for the Japanese. Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt recommended that the Rose Parade and Rose Bowl festivities be cancelled.[13][14][15] The Rose Bowl committee originally planned to cancel the game. On December 16, Duke University invited the game and Oregon State to Duke's home stadium in Durham, North Carolina.[16][17] After the 1942 Allied victory in the Battle of Midway and the end of the Japanese offensives in the Pacific Theater during 1942, it was deemed that the West Coast was no longer vulnerable to attack, and the Rose Bowl game continued on in the Rose Bowl Stadium. Few Georgia fans were able to make the trip to the 1943 Rose Bowl because of wartime travel restrictions.[18] There were a large number of military servicemen in attendance.[19] The Tournament of Roses parade itself still was not held in 1943 due to the war.[20]

text: Big Nine–PCC agreement[edit]

text: During World War II, many college football schools had dropped some conference opponents and instead played football against local military base teams. Many colleges could not even field teams due to the draft and manpower requirements.[21] After the war was over, demobilization and the G.I. Bill enabled returning servicemen to attend college. The 1946 season was the first true post-war college football season with travel restrictions lifted and civilian college opponents returning to schedules.

text: The Big Nine and PCC were of the same accord when it came to treating players as amateurs, as compared to the semi-professional status that the Southern Universities proposed. Also, the Big Nine and PCC both had the same attitudes towards desegregation and allowing African-Americans to play football.[22] Many other universities were still segregated. None of the Southeastern Conference schools had an African American athlete until 1966. The Cotton Bowl, Orange Bowl, and Sugar Bowl would not be integrated until 1948, 1955, and 1956 respectively.[23]

text: The Big Nine agreed in 1946, after eight years of negotiating over payments, rules, and ticket allocations, to a five-year exclusive deal with the Rose Bowl to send the conference champion to meet the PCC conference champion.[24] UCLA, USC, Minnesota and Illinois all voted against it.[25] The 1947 Rose Bowl, with UCLA meeting Illinois, was the first game under this agreement.

text: Big Ten–AAWU/Pac-8/10 agreement[edit]

text: When the PCC dissolved prior to the 1959 season following a pay-for-play scandal in 1958, there was no official agreement in force. The Tournament of Roses selected from the former members of PCC and invited Washington, the first champion of the newly formed Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), to play Big Ten champion Wisconsin in the 1960 Rose Bowl. The Big Ten authorized its members to accept any Rose Bowl invitation at their discretion.

text: The AAWU signed an agreement with the Rose Bowl that remained in force from the 1961 Rose Bowl until the advent of the BCS era in 1998. In 1962, after Minnesota changed its vote against pursuing a new agreement (resolving a 5–5 voting deadlock which had prevented any new negotiations for years), a Big Ten agreement was finalized, which went into effect with the 1963 Rose Bowl and lasted until the BCS era.

text: While the Big Ten supplied the "East" representative and the PCC, AAWU, or Pac-8/10 supplied the "West" representative from the 1947 Rose Bowl to the BCS era, statements about an "exclusive" Rose Bowl agreement existing during this period are not entirely accurate: the Big Ten was not part of any agreement for the 1961 and 1962 games and the status of the agreement for 1960 is questionable, at best. The fact that the 1961 Big Ten champion, Ohio State, declined the invitation to play in the 1962 Rose Bowl (without penalty) is the clearest evidence that this "exclusive agreement" did not exist in these years.

text: The AAWU used "Big Five", "Big Six", and "Pacific-8" as unofficial nicknames (each reflecting the number of conference members). It officially adopted the "Pacific-8" name for the 1968 season. The name changed to "Pacific-10" with the arrival of Arizona and Arizona State in 1978, its last official name change prior to the formation of the BCS in 1998. The Big Ten Conference retained the same name throughout this period, even though it had eleven members by the start of the BCS era due to the addition of Penn State in 1990.

text: Both conferences had a "no repeat" rule in force for a number of years. Under this rule, any team that had appeared in the Rose Bowl game the previous season could not go, even if they were the conference champion. The notable exceptions to this rule were Washington playing in the 1960 and 1961 games and Minnesota playing in the 1961 and 1962 games during the period when the conference agreements were in a state of flux. The Big Ten abolished this rule in 1972. The AAWU/Pac-8 had abandoned its no-repeat rule by the time Southern California played in four consecutive Rose Bowl games from 1967 to 1970.

text: Both conferences also had "exclusive agreements" with the Rose Bowl game, in the sense that member schools were not allowed to play in any other bowl game. Both conferences abolished this rule before the 1975 college football season. As a result, Michigan and USC were allowed to play in the 1976 Orange Bowl and the 1975 Liberty Bowl, respectively.

text: Bowl Championship Series[edit]

text: As of the 1998 season, with the creation of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), team selection for the Rose Bowl was tied to the other three BCS bowls, although in any given year the Rose Bowl still attempted, if possible, to maintain the traditional Pac-10 (Pac-12 after the addition of Utah and Colorado in 2011) versus Big Ten format (though if the champ from either or both conference was ranked BCS #1 or #2, they were allowed into the national championship game and the runner up of their conference got the nod). Twice in this era, the Rose Bowl had served as the BCS championship game.

text: The 2002 game served as the BCS championship game between the BCS No. 1–ranked Miami, then a member of the Big East Conference, and the BCS No. 2–ranked Nebraska, then a member of the Big 12 Conference. The Nebraska selection as the BCS No. 2 team was controversial because Oregon was ranked No. 2 in both the AP and Coaches Polls, while Nebraska was ranked No. 4 in both polls and did not play in its conference championship game (No. 3 Colorado, who would play Oregon in that year's Fiesta Bowl, did and won the Big 12's automatic bid to the BCS). This prevented a West Coast team playing in the Rose Bowl for their first time, and it also marked the first matchup since 1946 not to feature the traditional pairing of Pac-10 vs. Big Ten teams.

text: The 2006 Rose Bowl game featured offensive powerhouses Texas, riding a 19-game winning streak, and USC, which entered the game with a 34-game winning streak and two Heisman Trophy winners. Texas won 41–38. The game had a television viewership of 35.6 million,[26] the highest for college football contest since the 1987 Fiesta Bowl between Penn State and Miami.

text: On two other occasions during the BCS era, Rose Bowl participation had expanded beyond the Big Ten and Pac-10. The 2003 Rose Bowl couldn't select Big Ten co-champion and automatic qualifier Ohio State, who finished No. 2 in the BCS and thus received a bid to the Fiesta Bowl to play for the national championship. The Rose Bowl was poised to select Big Ten co-champion Iowa as an at-large in order to preserve the traditional Big Ten/Pac-10 match up. However, the Orange Bowl, which selected ahead of the Rose Bowl that year, chose the Hawkeyes. As a result, the Rose Bowl featured the first appearance by Oklahoma, who faced Pac-10 Champion Washington State. The 2005 game featured Texas of the Big 12 Conference, selected, amid some controversy, over California of the Pac-10, marking the second time a West Coast team did not make the Rose Bowl. The controversy was the result of the BCS computer rankings which elevated Texas over California. Texas went on to defeat Michigan in the 2005 game, featuring a four-touchdown performance by Vince Young, foreshadowing his 467-yard performance a year later in the 2006 defeat of USC that won the National Title for Texas.

text: The 2004 game is also noteworthy. In this game, USC defeated Michigan, 28–14, thus earning the top ranking in the AP Poll and a share of the national championship with BCS champion LSU. USC, despite being No. 1 in the AP poll, did not qualify for the BCS championship game because of their standing in the BCS system.

text: The second BCS-era Rose Bowl arrangement ran from 2004 through 2014. The Big Ten and Pac-12 (the new name of the Pac-10) retained their bids, but a provision was inserted mandating that the first time that either conference could not fill their bid (due to a school from the Big Ten or Pac-12 qualifying for the BCS National Championship Game), and if a non-BCS conference school qualified, the Rose Bowl was required to take that school.[27] As a result, Texas Christian University (TCU) became the first team from a non-automatic qualifying conference to play in the Rose Bowl in the BCS era. The 2010 TCU Horned Frogs finished their second consecutive regular season at 12–0, were back-to-back champions of the Mountain West Conference, and ranked No. 3 in the final BCS Poll. TCU defeated No. 5 Wisconsin 21–19 in the 2011 Rose Bowl. TCU's appearance satisfied the 'first time' clause of the current agreement.

text: The 100th Rose Bowl Game featured a traditional pairing of Big Ten champion versus Pac-12 champion, with Michigan State playing against Stanford on January 1, 2014. Michigan State won the game, 24–20.

text: The Bowl Championship Series format ended with the 2014 BCS National Championship Game, played at the Rose Bowl stadium on January 6.

text: College Football Playoff[edit]

text: The BCS was replaced in 2014 by the College Football Playoff, which selects four teams for two national semifinal games, leading to a championship game. As part of the arrangement, the Rose Bowl game functions as a semifinal playoff game every three years. In years when the Rose Bowl is not hosting a semifinal, it takes the Pac-12 and Big Ten champions, provided they are outside of the top four and not in a semifinal.

text: The first game under the new arrangement was played on January 1, 2015 and was known as the College Football Playoff semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. It featured the Oregon Ducks of the Pac-12 Conference and the Florida State Seminoles, the first Atlantic Coast Conference team to participate in the Rose Bowl. Oregon defeated Florida State, 59–20, ending the Seminoles' 29-game winning streak, which dated back to the end of the 2012 season. As a result, Oregon advanced to the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship played on January 12. The 59 points were a new Rose Bowl Game scoring record for a team.

text: The 2016 Rose Bowl featured Pac-12 champions Stanford against Big Ten West Division champions Iowa. Stanford defeated Iowa 45–16, scoring 35 points in the first half, the most points ever scored in the first half of a Rose Bowl. Big Ten champions Michigan State defeated Iowa 16–13 in the Big Ten championship Game, but lost 38–0 to Alabama in a CFP semifinal on New Year's Eve. There was some controversy over the selection of the Big Ten's Rose Bowl representative, given that both Iowa and Ohio State finished their seasons with only one loss, both losing to Michigan State. In the end, the College Football Playoff Committee ranked Iowa ahead of Ohio State, which led to Iowa's first Rose Bowl berth since 1991.[28][29] Iowa was ranked fifth in the final College Football Playoff rankings, and Stanford sixth, meaning that the 2016 Rose Bowl featured the strongest matchup that was not part of the College Football Playoff.

text: In the 2018 Rose Bowl, the Georgia Bulldogs (12–1) defeated the Oklahoma Sooners (12–1) 54–48 in double overtime in a semifinal playoff game to advance to the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game. It was the first Rose Bowl game to ever go into overtime period(s).

text: Sponsorship and broadcasting rights[edit]

text: For many years the Rose Bowl eschewed sponsorship, but in 1999, it became "The Rose Bowl Game presented by AT&T." Unlike the other bowl games, the sponsor was not added to the title of the game, but instead as a presenter.[31] In 2002 it was branded The Rose Bowl Game presented by PlayStation 2. From 2003 to 2010, after the agreement with Sony expired, the game was presented by Citi.

text: In June 2010, Citi decided to end sponsorship of the Rose Bowl games, including the National Championship game.[32] In October 2010, HDTV maker Vizio signed a 4-year contract to be the official sponsor of the Rose Bowl games through 2014.[33] After Vizio declined to renew sponsorship in 2014, financial services giant Northwestern Mutual became the new presenting sponsor.[34]

text: The 1952 game was the first nationally televised bowl game and the first nationally televised college game of any sport.[35] From 1952 to 1988,[36] the Rose Bowl was televised by NBC at 2 p.m. PST, and in most years was the only New Year's Day bowl airing at that time. The 1962 game was the first college football game broadcast in color.

text: From 1989 to 2010, the game was broadcast on ABC, usually at 2 p.m. PST; the 2005 edition was the first one broadcast in HDTV. Beginning in 2007, FOX had the broadcast rights to the other Bowl Championship Series games, but the Rose Bowl, which negotiates its own television contract independent of the BCS, had agreed to keep the game on ABC.

text: Beginning with the 2010 season, ESPN (majority-owned by ABC's parent company, The Walt Disney Company) now broadcasts all the BCS/CFP games, including the Rose Bowl game.[37][38] The game is also broadcast nationally by ESPN Radio and by ESPN International for Latin America. In 2013 ESPN Deportes provided the first Spanish language telecast in the U.S. of the Rose Bowl Game.[39]

text: The Rose Bowl game contract with ESPN was extended on June 28, 2012, to 2026, for a reportedly $80 million per year.[40][41] Northwestern Mutual took over as presenting sponsor in 2015 and will continue until 2020.

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Winners in boldface
Italics denote a tie game

text:
Date played
West / Pac-12
East / Big Ten
Attendance[42]
Notes

January 1, 1902
Stanford
0
Michigan
49
8,000
notes

January 1, 1916
Washington State
14
Brown
0
7,000
notes

January 1, 1917
Oregon
14
Pennsylvania
0
26,000
notes

January 1, 1918[b]
Mare Island – USMC
19
Camp Lewis – US Army
7
N/A
notes

January 1, 1919[b]
Mare Island – USMC
0
Great Lakes – US Navy
17
N/A
notes

January 1, 1920
Oregon
6
Harvard
7
30,000
notes

January 1, 1921
California
28
Ohio State
0
42,000
notes

January 2, 1922
California
0
Washington & Jefferson
0
40,000
notes

January 1, 1923
USC
14
Penn State
3
43,000
notes

January 1, 1924
Washington
14
Navy
14
40,000
notes

January 1, 1925
Stanford
10
Notre Dame
27
53,000
notes

January 1, 1926
Washington
19
Alabama
20
50,000
notes

January 1, 1927
Stanford
7
Alabama
7
57,417
notes

January 2, 1928
Stanford
7
Pittsburgh
6
65,000
notes

January 1, 1929
California
7
Georgia Tech
8
66,604
notes

January 1, 1930
USC
47
Pittsburgh
14
72,000
notes

January 1, 1931
Washington State
0
Alabama
24
60,000
notes

January 1, 1932
USC
21
Tulane
12
75,562
notes

January 2, 1933
USC
35
Pittsburgh
0
78,874
notes

January 1, 1934
Stanford
0
Columbia
7
35,000
notes

January 1, 1935
Stanford
13
Alabama
29
84,474
notes

January 1, 1936
Stanford
7
SMU
0
84,474
notes

January 1, 1937
#5 Washington
0
#3 Pittsburgh
21
87,196
notes

January 1, 1938
#2 California
13
#4 Alabama
0
90,000
notes

January 2, 1939
#7 USC
7
#3 Duke
3
89,452
notes

January 1, 1940
#3 USC
14
#2 Tennessee
0
92,200
notes

January 1, 1941
#2 Stanford
21
#7 Nebraska
13
91,500
notes

January 1, 1942
#12 Oregon State
20
#2 Duke
16
56,000[a]
notes

January 1, 1943
#13 UCLA
0
#2 Georgia
9
93,000
notes

January 1, 1944
USC
29
#12 Washington
0
68,000
notes

January 1, 1945
#7 USC
25
#12 Tennessee
0
91,000
notes

January 1, 1946
#11 USC
14
#2 Alabama
34
93,000
notes

January 1, 1947
#4 UCLA
14
#5 Illinois
45
90,000
notes

January 1, 1948
#8 USC
0
#2 Michigan
49
93,000
notes

January 1, 1949
#4 California
14
#7 Northwestern
20
93,000
notes

January 2, 1950
#3 California
14
#6 Ohio State
17
100,963
notes

January 1, 1951
#5 California
6
#9 Michigan
14
98,939
notes

January 1, 1952
#7 Stanford
7
#4 Illinois
40
96,825
notes

January 1, 1953
#5 USC
7
#11 Wisconsin
0
101,500
notes

January 1, 1954
#5 UCLA
20
#3 Michigan State
28
101,000
notes

January 1, 1955
#17 USC
7
#1 Ohio State
20
89,191
notes

January 2, 1956
#4 UCLA
14
#2 Michigan State
17
100,809
notes

January 1, 1957
#10 Oregon State
19
#3 Iowa
35
97,126
notes

January 1, 1958
Oregon
7
#2 Ohio State
10
98,202
notes

January 1, 1959
#16 California
12
#2 Iowa
38
98,297
notes

January 1, 1960
#8 Washington
44
#6 Wisconsin
8
100,809
notes

January 2, 1961
#6 Washington
17
#1 Minnesota
7
97,314
notes

January 1, 1962
#16 UCLA
3
#6 Minnesota
21
98,214
notes

January 1, 1963
#1 USC
42
#2 Wisconsin
37
98,698
notes

January 1, 1964
Washington
7
#3 Illinois
17
96,957
notes

January 1, 1965
#8 Oregon State
7
#4 Michigan
34
100,423
notes

January 1, 1966
#5 UCLA
14
#1 Michigan State
12
100,087
notes

January 2, 1967
USC
13
#7 Purdue
14
100,807
notes

January 1, 1968
#1 USC
14
#4 Indiana
3
102,946
notes

January 1, 1969
#2 USC
16
#1 Ohio State
27
102,063
notes

January 1, 1970
#5 USC
10
#7 Michigan
3
103,878
notes

January 1, 1971
#12 Stanford
27
#2 Ohio State
17
103,839
notes

January 1, 1972
#16 Stanford
13
#4 Michigan
12
103,154
notes

January 1, 1973
#1 USC
42
#3 Ohio State
17
106,869
notes

January 1, 1974
#7 USC
21
#4 Ohio State
42
105,267
notes

January 1, 1975
#5 USC
18
#3 Ohio State
17
106,721
notes

January 1, 1976
#11 UCLA
23
#1 Ohio State
10
105,464
notes

January 1, 1977
#3 USC
14
#2 Michigan
6
106,182
notes

January 2, 1978
#13 Washington
27
#4 Michigan
20
105,312
notes

January 1, 1979
#3 USC
17
#5 Michigan
10
105,629
notes

January 1, 1980
#3 USC
17
#1 Ohio State
16
105,526
notes

January 1, 1981
#16 Washington
6
#5 Michigan
23
104,863
notes

January 1, 1982
#12 Washington
28
#13 Iowa
0
105,611
notes

January 1, 1983
#5 UCLA
24
#19 Michigan
14
104,991
notes

January 2, 1984
UCLA
45
#4 Illinois
9
103,217
notes

January 1, 1985
#18 USC
20
#6 Ohio State
17
102,594
notes

January 1, 1986
#13 UCLA
45
#4 Iowa
28
103,292
notes

January 1, 1987
#7 Arizona State
22
#4 Michigan
15
103,168
notes

January 1, 1988
#16 USC
17
#8 Michigan State
20
103,847
notes

January 2, 1989
#5 USC
14
#11 Michigan
22
101,688
notes

January 1, 1990
#12 USC
17
#3 Michigan
10
103,450
notes

January 1, 1991
#8 Washington
46
#17 Iowa
34
101,273
notes

January 1, 1992
#2 Washington
34
#4 Michigan
14
103,566
notes

January 1, 1993
#9 Washington
31
#7 Michigan
38
94,236
notes

January 1, 1994
#14 UCLA
16
#9 Wisconsin
21
101,237
notes

January 2, 1995
#12 Oregon
20
#2 Penn State
38
102,247
notes

January 1, 1996
#17 USC
41
#3 Northwestern
32
100,102
notes

January 1, 1997
#2 Arizona State
17
#4 Ohio State
20
100,635
notes

January 1, 1998
#8 Washington State
16
#1 Michigan
21
101,219
notes

January 1, 1999
#6 UCLA
31
#9 Wisconsin
38
93,872
notes

January 1, 2000
#22 Stanford
9
#4 Wisconsin
17
93,731
notes

January 1, 2001
#4 Washington
34
#14 Purdue
24
94,392
notes

January 3, 2002[c]
#4 Nebraska
14
#1 Miami (FL)
37
93,781
notes

January 1, 2003
#7 Washington State
14
#8 Oklahoma
34
86,848
notes

January 1, 2004
#1 USC
28
#4 Michigan
14
93,849
notes

January 1, 2005
#6 Texas
38
#13 Michigan
37
93,468
notes

January 4, 2006[c]
#1 USC
38
#2 Texas
41
93,986
notes

January 1, 2007
#8 USC
32
#3 Michigan
18
93,852
notes

January 1, 2008
#6 USC
49
#13 Illinois
17
93,923
notes

January 1, 2009
#5 USC
38
#6 Penn State
24
93,293
notes

January 1, 2010
#7 Oregon
17
#8 Ohio State
26
93,963
notes

January 1, 2011
#3 TCU
21
#4 Wisconsin
19
94,118
notes

January 2, 2012
#6 Oregon
45
#9 Wisconsin
38
91,245
notes

January 1, 2013
#8 Stanford
20
Wisconsin
14
93,359
notes

January 1, 2014
#5 Stanford
20
#4 Michigan State
24
95,173
notes

January 1, 2015[d]
#3 Oregon
59
#2 Florida State
20
91,322
notes

January 1, 2016
#5 Stanford
45
#6 Iowa
16
94,268
notes

January 2, 2017
#9 USC
52
#5 Penn State
49
95,128
notes

January 1, 2018[d]
#2 Oklahoma
48
#3 Georgia
54
92,844
notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c The 1942 game was played in Duke Stadium in Durham, North Carolina, due to a restriction on crowds allowed on the West Coast after Pearl Harbor
^ Jump up to: a b During World War I, military teams played
^ Jump up to: a b Denotes BCS National Championship Game
^ Jump up to: a b Denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game

text: Frequent participants[edit]

text:
“
If there are any Big Ten teams that shoot for a national championship, they're damn fools...You play to win the Big Ten championship, and if you win it and go to the Rose Bowl and win it, then you've had a great season.
”

— Bo Schembechler of Michigan, July 1989[43]

text: USC has played the most times in the Rose Bowl, with 34 appearances, followed by Michigan (20), Stanford (15), Ohio State and Washington (14 each), and UCLA (12). Alabama, 4–1–1 in Rose Bowls, has made the most appearances of any team outside the Pac-12 and Big Ten conferences. Pittsburgh appeared four times in a nine-year period, from 1927 to 1936. Among Pac-8/10/12 and Big Ten schools, the record for longest drought since a team's last Rose Bowl appearance is held by California (1959), followed by Minnesota (1962), Oregon State (1965), and Indiana (1968).

text: USC has also won the most Rose Bowls (25), followed by Michigan (8); Washington, Ohio State, and Stanford (7 each); and UCLA (5). Michigan has lost the most (12), followed by USC (9), Ohio State, UCLA and Stanford (7 each), Washington and Wisconsin (6 each). Among Pac-8/10/12 and Big Ten schools who have played in at least one Rose Bowl, the record for the longest period since a win is held jointly by Indiana and Nebraska, who have never won, followed by Washington State (1916), Cal (1939), Oregon State (1942), Northwestern (1949), and Iowa (1959). As of 2016, head coaches Howard Jones (5–0) and John Robinson (4–0) lead the list of undefeated Rose Bowl records.[44]

text: The most frequent Rose Bowl matchup is USC–Michigan, occurring for the eighth time in 2007, with USC holding a 6–2 advantage (including rare meetings outside the Rose Bowl, USC leads this series 6–4). The next most frequent matchup is USC–Ohio State, occurring for the seventh time in 1985, with USC holding a 4–3 advantage.

text: From the 1946 season (1947 Rose Bowl), when the Big Ten-Rose Bowl agreement began, through the 1971 season (1972 Rose Bowl), the Big Ten did not permit the same team to represent that Conference in the Rose Bowl in consecutive years. There was one exception: Minnesota played in the 1961 Rose Bowl and 1962 Rose Bowl games, as previously explained in the section on the conference agreements after the collapse of the Pacific Coast Conference.

text: Also of note, during this era Big Ten and Pac-8 teams could play only in the Rose Bowl; this restriction was not lifted until the 1975 season.

text: Archie Griffin of Ohio State and Brian Cushing of USC are the only players to ever start in four Rose Bowl games. Legendary coach Woody Hayes led Ohio State to the Rose Bowl from 1973 to 1976, while USC head coach Pete Carroll led the Trojans to the Rose Bowl from 2006 to 2009.

text: Current members of the Pac-12 or the Big Ten to have not appeared in the Rose Bowl are Arizona (who joined the then-Pac-10 in 1978), Colorado and Utah (who both joined the Pac-12 in 2011), and Maryland and Rutgers (who both joined the Big Ten in 2014), though California appeared in the Rose Bowl only as a member of a predecessor league to the Pac-12.[45] Similar to Cal, Nebraska played in the 1941 and 2002 games, but was not a member of the Big Ten Conference at these times. Idaho and Montana, who were members of the Pacific Coast Conference from 1922 until 1958 and 1950 respectively, never finished near the top in the PCC football standings. Former Big Ten member Chicago withdrew from the league prior to the bowl arrangement being set.

text: USC has played the most Big Ten schools in the Rose Bowl. As of 2016, the only opponents remaining for the Trojans are Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, and the two newest Big Ten schools that have yet to appear in the Rose Bowl: Maryland and Rutgers. Michigan has played the most schools in the Pac-12 in the Rose Bowl. The remaining opponents for the Wolverines are Oregon and the three Pac-12 schools that have yet to appear in the Rose Bowl: Arizona, Utah, and Colorado.

text: The Rose Bowl was exclusively a Big Ten-Pac-10 affair for 52 years, from 1946 (1947 Rose Bowl) through 1997 (1998 Rose Bowl). While the Big Ten dominated the game in the late 1940s and 1950s, and the Pac-10 dominated during the 1970s and early 1980s, over the entire 52-year span, each conference won 26 games.

text: The BCS era covered sixteen games, starting with the 1999 (85th) Rose Bowl to the 2014 (100th) Rose Bowl. Of the eleven games featuring a Big Ten-Pac-12 matchup, the Pac-12 leads in wins, 7-4. However, the 2007 (93rd) Rose Bowl and 2008 (94th) Rose Bowl, each Big Ten losses to the Pac-12, actually featured the Big Ten runner-up, as conference champion Ohio State was selected to play each of those years in the BCS National Championship Game.

text: The 2002 and 2006 Rose Bowls represented the National Championship game. In 2002, there was neither a Big Ten or Pac-10 school, as Oregon was in the Fiesta Bowl while Illinois was in the Sugar Bowl. In 2006, top-ranked USC represented the Pac-10 in the National Championship Game in the Rose Bowl against second-ranked Texas from the Big 12 Conference. Third-ranked Penn State, the Big Ten Champion, played in the Orange Bowl while fourth-ranked Ohio State played in the Fiesta Bowl that year.

text: The other two non-Big Ten vs. Pac-10 matchups in the BCS era involved Big 12 Conference teams: Oklahoma in the 2003 (89th) Rose Bowl and Texas in the 2005 (91st) Rose Bowl.

text: The 2011 Rose Bowl Game marked the sole time during the BCS era that a school from a non-BCS conference played in the game (as Oregon, the Pacific-10 champion, was selected to play in the BCS National Championship Game). TCU, led by Quarterback Andy Dalton, beat Wisconsin 21–19.

text: Game arrangements[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Beginning with the 1947 Rose Bowl, the Pacific Coast representative was the home team, and the Big Nine representative was the visitor. This arrangement would alternate each year. The stadium seating started with the Big Nine representatives in the end zone, but eventually was set with the Big Ten fans and team on the West (press box) side, and Pacific-10 fans and team on the East side. The home team wears their darkest home jerseys, and the visiting team wears the white visiting jerseys. There have been exceptions to the uniform arrangement: UCLA wore their home jerseys, light blue, in the 1962, 1966, and 1976 Rose Bowl games, with the Big Ten opponent also wearing their home uniforms.

text: From 1947 through 2001, the Big Ten team was the home team in odd-numbered years, and the Pac-10 team was the home team in even-numbered years. In 2003, Washington State was the home team, as a non-Big Ten or Pac-10 school (Oklahoma of the Big 12) was the opponent; the same applied in 2005, when Michigan played another Big 12 school, Texas.

text: Beginning with the 2002 Rose Bowl, Nebraska was home, with team and fans on the East sideline. From 2006 through 2013, the home team has been the team with the highest BCS season ending ranking. For the 2005 Rose Bowl, the Michigan team was on the East sideline; Texas was the visiting team and was on the West sideline. For the 2006 Rose Bowl, USC was the home team and Texas was the visiting team on the West sideline. Traditionally, the Big Ten (or its BCS replacement) is on the West side (press box) and the Pac-12 team is on the East side.

text: During the BCS era, the institution with the higher BCS ranking performed the national anthem, and performed first at halftime. With the exception of BCS championship years, the National Anthem was performed by the band. In BCS Championship years, a performer was invited to sing the Anthem, the last being LeAnn Rimes in 2006. The Rose Bowl does not have other performers during the halftime show besides the school marching bands. As part of the television contract, a portion of each band's halftime performance is shown on television. Each school and each conference are allocated television spots to advertise. For the 100th game on January 1, 2014, Merry Clayton, Lisa Fischer, Judith Hill and Darlene Love sang the national anthem. This was the first time in Rose Bowl history that the anthem was performed by singers rather than by a marching band.[46] Today, the institution with the higher ranking by the CFP selection committee performs the national anthem and performs first at halftime.

text: Appearances and win–loss records[edit]

text:
Big Ten and Pac-12 teams

Team
Appearances
Won
Lost
Tied
Latest

USC
34
25
9

2017

Michigan
20
8
12

2007

Stanford^
15
7
7
1
2016

Washington
14
7
6
1
2001

Ohio State
14
7
7

2010

UCLA
12
5
7

1999

Wisconsin
9
3
6

2013

California
8
2
5
1
1959

Oregon
7
3
4

2015

Iowa
6
2
4

2016

Michigan State
5
4
1

2014

Illinois
5
3
2

2008

Washington State^
4
1
3

2003

Penn State*
4
1
3

2017

Oregon State
3
1
2

1965

Arizona State
2
1
1

1997

Minnesota
2
1
1

1962

Northwestern
2
1
1

1996

Purdue
2
1
1

2001

Nebraska†
2
0
2

2002

Indiana
1
0
1

1968

Big Ten Conference
69
31
38
0
2017

Pac-12 Conference
96
50
43
3
2017

Other teams

Team
Appearances
Won
Lost
Tied
Latest

Alabama‡
6
4
1
1
1946

Pittsburgh
4
1
3

1937

Texas
2
2
0

2006

Georgia‡
2
2
0

2018

Oklahoma
2
1
1

2018

Duke
2
0
2

1942

Tennessee‡
2
0
2

1945

Columbia
1
1
0

1934

Georgia Tech‡
1
1
0

1929

Harvard
1
1
0

1920

Miami (FL)
1
1
0

2002

Notre Dame
1
1
0

1925

TCU
1
1
0

2011

Navy
1
0
0
1
1924

Washington & Jefferson
1
0
0
1
1922

Brown
1
0
1

1916

Florida State
1
0
1

2015

Penn
1
0
1

1917

SMU
1
0
1

1936

Tulane‡
1
0
1

1932

text: ^ The Pacific Coast Conference, predecessor to the Pac-12 Conference, had their first football season in 1916, so Washington State's appearance in 1916 for the 1915 season and Stanford's appearance in 1902 for the 1901 season do not count toward the conference's total.

text: * Penn State was not a member of the Big Ten at the time of their 1923 Rose Bowl appearance, so Penn State's appearance in 1923 for the 1922 season does not count toward the Big Ten's conference's total

text: † Nebraska was not a member of the Big Ten at the time of either of their appearances. Therefore, as of 2017, they have not represented the Big Ten in the Rose Bowl.

text: ‡ The Southeastern Conference has one current member and two former members who made additional appearances in the Rose Bowl while those schools were not members of the SEC. Alabama made additional appearances in 1926, 1927, and 1931 before becoming a charter member of the SEC in 1932. Another SEC charter member, Georgia Tech, made an appearance in 1929, and left the SEC in 1964. Tulane, also a charter member, made an appearance in 1932, prior to the SEC's establishment in December of that year. Tulane left the SEC in 1966.

text: Rose Bowl Most Valuable Player Award[edit]

text: The most valuable player in the Rose Bowl game is given a crystal trophy that is the Rose Bowl Most Valuable Player Award.[47][48] The award was created in 1953 and awarded retroactively for players all the way back to the 1902 Rose Bowl. Occasionally, the award has been shared by two players. Beginning with the 2005 Rose Bowl Game, the Rose Bowl MVP Award has been given to both an offensive and defensive player.[49] Four players have been named the MVP of more than one Rose Bowl: Bob Schloredt, Washington (1960, 1961), Charles White, USC (1979, 1980), Ron Dayne, Wisconsin (1999, 2000), and Vince Young, Texas (2005, 2006).

text:
Year played
MVP
Team
Position

1902
Neil Snow
Michigan
FB

1916
William Henry Dietz
Washington State
FB

1917
John Beckett
Oregon
T

1918
Hollis Huntington
Mare Island
FB

1919
George Halas
Great Lakes
E

1920
Edward Casey
Harvard
HB

1921
Harold Muller
California
E

1922
Russell Stein
Washington & Jefferson
T

1923
Leo Calland
USC
G

1924
Ira McKee
Navy
QB

1925
Elmer Layden
Notre Dame
FB

Ernie Nevers
Stanford
FB

1926
Johnny Mack Brown
Alabama
HB

George "Wildcat" Wilson
Washington
HB

1927
Fred Pickhard
Alabama
T

1928
Clifford "Biff" Hoffman
Stanford
FB

1929
Benjamin Lom
California
HB

1930
Russell Saunders
USC
QB

1931
John "Monk" Campbell
Alabama
QB

1932
Erny Pinckert
USC
HB

1933
Homer Griffith
USC
QB

1934
Cliff Montgomery
Columbia
QB

1935
Millard "Dixie" Howell
Alabama
HB

1936
James "Monk" Moscrip
Stanford
E

Keith Topping
Stanford
E

1937
Bill Daddio
Pittsburgh
E

1938
Victor Bottari
California
HB

1939
Doyle Nave
USC
QB

Al Krueger
USC
E

1940
Ambrose Schindler
USC
QB

1941
Peter Kmetovic
Stanford
HB

1942
Donald Durdan
Oregon State
HB

1943
Charles Trippi
Georgia
HB

1944
Norman Verry
USC
G

1945
Jim Hardy
USC
QB

1946
Harry Gilmer
Alabama
HB

1947
Claude "Buddy" Young
Illinois
HB

Julius Rykovich
Illinois
HB

1948
Bob Chappuis
Michigan
HB

1949
Frank Aschenbrenner
Northwestern
HB

1950
Fred "Curly" Morrison
Ohio State
FB

1951
Don Dufek
Michigan
FB

1952
William Tate
Illinois
HB

1953
Rudy Bukich
USC
QB

1954
Billy Wells
Michigan State
HB

1955
Dave Leggett
Ohio State
QB

1956
Walter Kowalczyk
Michigan State
HB

1957
Kenneth Ploen
Iowa
QB

1958
Jack Crabtree
Oregon
QB

1959
Bob Jeter
Iowa
HB

1960
Bob Schloredt
Washington
QB

George Fleming
Washington
HB

1961
Bob Schloredt
Washington
QB

1962
Sandy Stephens
Minnesota
QB

1963
Pete Beathard
USC
QB

Ron Vander Kelen
Wisconsin
QB

1964
Jim Grabowski
Illinois
FB

1965
Mel Anthony
Michigan
FB

1966
Bob Stiles
UCLA
DB

1967
John Charles
Purdue
DB

1968
O.J. Simpson
USC
TB

1969
Rex Kern
Ohio State
QB

1970
Bob Chandler
USC
FL

1971
Jim Plunkett
Stanford
QB

1972
Don Bunce
Stanford
QB

1973
Sam Cunningham
USC
FB

1974
Cornelius Greene
Ohio State
QB

1975
Pat Haden
USC
QB

John McKay, Jr.
USC
SE

1976
John Sciarra
UCLA
QB

1977
Vince Evans
USC
QB

1978
Warren Moon
Washington
QB

1979
Charles White
USC
TB

Rick Leach
Michigan
QB

1980
Charles White
USC
TB

1981
Butch Woolfolk
Michigan
RB

1982
Jacque Robinson
Washington
RB

1983
Don Rogers
UCLA
FS

Tom Ramsey
UCLA
QB

1984
Rick Neuheisel
UCLA
QB

1985
Tim Green
USC
QB

Jack Del Rio
USC
LB

1986
Eric Ball
UCLA
TB

1987
Jeff Van Raaphorst
Arizona State
QB

1988
Percy Snow
Michigan State
LB

1989
Leroy Hoard
Michigan
FB

1990
Ricky Ervins
USC
TB

1991
Mark Brunell
Washington
QB

1992
Steve Emtman
Washington
DT

Billy Joe Hobert
Washington
QB

1993
Tyrone Wheatley
Michigan
RB

1994
Brent Moss
Wisconsin
RB

1995
Danny O'Neil
Oregon
QB

Ki-Jana Carter
Penn State
RB

1996
Keyshawn Johnson
USC
WR

1997
Joe Germaine
Ohio State
QB

1998
Brian Griese
Michigan
QB

1999
Ron Dayne
Wisconsin
RB

2000
Ron Dayne
Wisconsin
RB

2001
Marques Tuiasosopo
Washington
QB

2002
Ken Dorsey
Miami
QB

Andre Johnson
Miami
WR

2003
Nate Hybl
Oklahoma
QB

2004
Matt Leinart
USC
QB

2005
Vince Young
Texas
QB

LaMarr Woodley
Michigan
LB

2006
Vince Young
Texas
QB

Michael Huff
Texas
S

2007
Dwayne Jarrett
USC
WR

Brian Cushing
USC
OLB

2008
John David Booty
USC
QB

Rey Maualuga
USC
LB

2009
Mark Sanchez
USC
QB

Kaluka Maiava
USC
LB

2010
Terrelle Pryor
Ohio State
QB

Kenny Rowe
Oregon
DE

2011
Andy Dalton
TCU
QB

Tank Carder
TCU
LB

2012
Lavasier Tuinei
Oregon
WR

Kiko Alonso
Oregon
LB

2013
Stepfan Taylor
Stanford
RB

Usua Amanam
Stanford
DB

2014
Connor Cook
Michigan State
QB

Kyler Elsworth
Michigan State
LB

2015
Marcus Mariota
Oregon
QB

Tony Washington
Oregon
LB

2016
Christian McCaffrey
Stanford
RB

Aziz Shittu
Stanford
DE

2017
Sam Darnold
USC
QB

Stevie Tu’ikolovatu
USC
DT

2018
Sony Michel
Georgia
RB

Roquan Smith
Georgia
LB

text: Game records[edit]

text:
Team
Performance vs. opponent
Year

Most points scored
59, Oregon vs. Florida State
2015

Most points scored (losing team)
49, Penn State
2017

Most points scored (both teams)
102, Georgia vs. Oklahoma
2018

Most points scored in a half
41 (second half), Oregon vs. Florida State
2015

Most points scored in a half (both teams)
56 (first half), Oregon vs. Wisconsin
2012

Fewest points allowed
0, Washington vs. Iowa (tied with 17 others)
1982

First downs
33, USC vs Penn State
2017

Rushing yards
503, Michigan vs. Stanford
1902

Passing yards
456, Oregon vs. Penn State
1995

Total yards
639, Oregon vs. Florida State
2015

Individual
Performance, team vs. opponent
Year

Total offense
473, Sam Darnold, USC vs Penn State
2017

Touchdowns
5, Sam Darnold, USC vs Penn State
2017

Rushing yards
247, Charles White, USC vs. Ohio State (39 attempts, 1 TD)
1980

Rushing TDs
5, Neil Snow, Michigan vs. Stanford
1902

Passing yards
456, Danny O'Neil, Oregon vs. Penn State (41-61-2, 2 TD)
1995

Tackles
17, John Boyett, Oregon vs. Wisconsin (tied with 1 other)
2012

Sacks
3, Kenny Rowe, Oregon vs. Ohio State (tied with 3 others)
2010

Interceptions
3, Bill Paulman, Stanford vs. SMU (tied with 1 other)
1936

Long plays
Performance, team vs. opponent
Year

Touchdown run
91, De'Anthony Thomas, Oregon vs. Wisconsin
2012

Touchdown pass
76, Rick Leach to Curt Stephenson, Michigan vs. Washington
1978

Kickoff return
103, Al Hoisch, UCLA vs. Illinois (TD)
1947

Punt return
86, Aramis Dandoy, USC vs. Ohio State (TD)
1955

Interception return
78, Elmer Layden, Notre Dame vs. Stanford (TD)
1925

Fumble return
58, Tony Washington, Oregon vs. Florida State (TD)
2015

Punt
73, Don Bracken, Michigan vs. Washington
1981

Field goal
55, Rodrigo Blankenship, Georgia vs. Oklahoma
2018

text: Note: When there is a tie, the most recent one will be listed.

text: Top-ranked teams[edit]

text: Top No. 1 ranked teams at the end of the season that have played in the Rose Bowl games are listed below:

text: No. 1–ranked teams[edit]

text:
1954 Season/1955 Game: No. 1 Ohio State defeated No. 17 USC, 20–7
1960 Season/1961 Game: No. 6 Washington defeated No. 1 Minnesota, 17–7
1962 Season/1963 Game: No. 1 USC defeated No. 2 Wisconsin, 42–37
1965 Season/1966 Game: No. 5 UCLA defeated No. 1 Michigan State, 14–12
1968 Season/1969 Game: No. 1 Ohio State defeated No. 2 USC, 27–16
1972 Season/1973 Game: No. 1 USC defeated No. 3 Ohio State, 42-17
1975 Season/1976 Game: No. 11 UCLA defeated No. 1 Ohio State, 23-10
1979 Season/1980 Game: No. 3 USC defeated No. 1 Ohio State, 17–16
1997 Season/1998 Game: No. 1 Michigan defeated No. 8 Washington State, 21–16
2001 Season/2002 BCS National Championship Game: No. 1 Miami defeated No. 4 Nebraska, 37–14
2003 Season/2004 Game: No. 1 USC defeated No. 4 Michigan, 28–14
2005 Season/2006 BCS National Championship Game: No. 2 Texas defeated No. 1 USC, 41–38

tag: ul

text: No. 1 vs. No. 2 teams[edit]

text:
1962 Season/1963 Game: No. 1 USC defeated No. 2 Wisconsin, 42–37.
1968 Season/1969 Game: No. 1 Ohio State defeated No. 2 USC, 27–16. Ohio State was voted national champion.
2005 Season/2006 BCS National Championship Game: No. 2 Texas defeated No. 1 USC, 41–38. Texas was voted national champion.

text: Twice in a season[edit]

text: Five times in Rose Bowl Game history, the two participants had played during the regular season. In three of those instances, the same team won both the regular season game and the Rose Bowl Game. UCLA won three of those five Rose Bowl games, including both instances in which a different team lost the regular season game but won the Rose Bowl Game.

text:
1956 Iowa 14, Oregon State 13; 1957 Rose Bowl Rematch: Iowa 35, Oregon State 19
1965 Michigan State 13, UCLA 3; 1966 Rose Bowl Rematch: UCLA 14, Michigan State 12
1975 Ohio State 41, UCLA 20; 1976 Rose Bowl Rematch: UCLA 23, Ohio State 10
1982 UCLA 31, Michigan 27; 1983 Rose Bowl Rematch: UCLA 24, Michigan 14
1987 Michigan State 27, USC 13; 1988 Rose Bowl Rematch: Michigan State 20, USC 17

text: Rose Bowl Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Inductees (by year):

text:
1989 – C.W. "Bump" Elliott, Michigan; W.W. "Woody" Hayes, Ohio State; Howard Jones, USC; Jim Plunkett, Stanford
1990 – Archie Griffin, Ohio State; Bob Reynolds, Stanford; Neil Snow, Michigan; Wallace Wade, Brown, Alabama, & Duke; Charles White, USC
1991 – Rex Kern, Ohio State; John McKay, USC; Ernie Nevers, Stanford; Roy Riegels, California; Bob Schloredt, Washington; John Sciarra, UCLA; Russell Stein, Washington & Jefferson; Charley Trippi, Georgia; Ron Vander Kelen, Wisconsin; George Wilson, Washington
1992 – Frank Albert, Stanford; Bob Chappuis, Michigan; Sam Cunningham, USC; Bill Daddio, Pittsburgh; Bob Griese, Purdue; Hollis Huntington, Oregon & Mare Island Marines; Shy Huntington, Oregon; Elmer Layden, Notre Dame; Jim Owens, Washington
1993 – Frank Aschenbrenner, Northwestern; Dixie Howell, Alabama; Don Hutson, Alabama; Curly Morrison, Ohio State; Brick Muller, California; Julius Rykovich, Illinois; Bo Schembechler, Michigan; O.J. Simpson, USC; Bob Stiles, UCLA; Buddy Young, Illinois
1994 – Vic Bottari, California; Jim Hardy, USC; Don James, Washington; Bob Jeter, Iowa; Lay Leishman, Tournament of Roses; Pat Richter, Wisconsin; Russell Sanders, USC
1995 – Gary Beban, UCLA; Dick Butkus, Illinois; Harry Gilmer, Alabama; Pat Haden, USC; Al Krueger, USC; Doyle Nave, USC; Ted Shipkey, Stanford
1996 – Eric Ball, UCLA; Pete Beathard, USC; John Ferraro, USC; Stan Hahn, Tournament of Roses; John Ralston, Stanford; Bill Tate, Illinois
1997 – Terry Donahue, UCLA; Jim Grabowski, Illinois; Warren Moon, Washington; Erny Pinckert, USC; Ken Ploen, Iowa; Sandy Stephens, Minnesota
1998 – Jack Crabtree, Oregon; Don Durdan, Oregon State; J.K. McKay, USC; Rick Neuheisel, UCLA; Bill Nicholas, Tournament of Roses; Butch Woolfolk, Michigan
1999 – Al Hoisch, UCLA; Keith Jackson, ABC Sports; Dave Kaiser, Michigan State
2000 – Johnny Mack Brown, Alabama; Marv Goux, USC
2001 – No inductees
2002 – Ambrose "Amblin' Amby" Schindler, USC; Mel Anthony, Michigan
2003 – Harriman Cronk, Tournament of Roses; Danny O'Neil, Oregon; John Robinson, USC
2004 – Alan Ameche, Wisconsin; Rudy Bukich, USC; Wayne Duke, Big Ten; Jim Stivers, Tournament of Roses
2005 – Richard N. Frank, Lawry's Restaurants (Beef Bowl); Curt Gowdy, Sports Broadcaster
2006 – Steve Emtman, Washington; Rube Samuelsen, Sports Journalist; Jeff Van Raaphorst, Arizona State
2007 – Pete Johnson, Ohio State; Tom Ramsey, UCLA; Dennis Swanson, Television Executive
2008 – Keyshawn Johnson, USC; Virgil "Virg" Lubberden, USC (administrator); Chuck Ortmann, Michigan
2009 – Barry Alvarez, Wisconsin; Tom Hansen, Pacific-10 Conference; John Hicks, Ohio State
2010 – Brad Budde, USC; Hayden Fry, Iowa; Leroy Keyes, Purdue
2011 – Ron Dayne, Wisconsin; Dick Enberg, NBC; George Fleming, Washington
2012 – John Cooper, Arizona State and Ohio State; Brian Griese, Michigan; and Ron Yary, USC
2013 – Lloyd Carr, Michigan; Orlando Pace, Ohio State; Lynn Swann, USC
2014 – Knute Rockne, Notre Dame; Dick Vermeil, UCLA and Ki-Jana Carter, Penn State[50]
2015 – Mark Brunell, Washington; Jim Muldoon (Pac-10); Fritz Pollard, Brown; and Tyrone Wheatley, Michigan[51]
2016 – Bobby Bell, Minnesota; Ricky Ervins, USC; Tommy Prothro, UCLA and Art Spander, UCLA[52]
2017 – Mack Brown, Texas; Cade McNown, UCLA; Charles Woodson, Michigan; and Dr. Charles West, Washington & Jefferson

text: All-Century Class[edit]

text: The Rose Bowl Game All-Century Class was announced by Rose Bowl Hall of Fame member Keith Jackson, on Sunday, December 8, 2013 at 4:00 p.m. at Tournament House.

text: They are:

text:
1900s–1910s: George Halas (Great Lakes Navy)
1920s: Ernie Nevers (Stanford)
1930s: Don Hutson (Alabama) and Howard Jones (USC)
1940s: Charley Trippi (Georgia)
1950s: Woody Hayes (Ohio State)
1960s: John McKay (USC)
1970s: Archie Griffin (Ohio State)
1980s: Bo Schembechler (Michigan)
1990s: Ron Dayne (Wisconsin)
2000s: Vince Young (Texas)
2010s: Montee Ball (Wisconsin)

text: In addition to being named as All-Century representatives for their respective decades, John McKay and Archie Griffin were named the 100th Rose Bowl Game All-Century Coach and Player respectively. Griffin and McKay (represented by his son John McKay, Jr.) will participate in the 2014 Rose Parade.

text: The finalists:

text:
1900–1919: Paddy Driscoll (Great Lakes Navy, 1919), Neil Snow (Michigan, 1902) and George Halas (Great Lakes Navy, 1919)
1920–1929: Ernie Nevers (Stanford, 1925), Elmer Layden (Notre Dame, 1925) and Johnny Mack Brown (Alabama, 1926)
1930–1939: Millard "Dixie" Howell (Alabama, 1935), Don Hutson (Alabama, 1935) and Howard Jones (USC, 1930, 1932–33, 1939–40)
1940–1949: Bob Chappuis (Michigan, 1948), Harry Gilmer (Alabama, 1946) and Charley Trippi (Georgia, 1943)
1950–1959: Alan Ameche (Wisconsin, 1953), Bob Jeter (Iowa, 1959) and Woody Hayes (Ohio State, 1954, 1957, 1968, 1970, 1972–1975)
1960–1969: Ron Vander Kelen (Wisconsin, 1963), O.J. Simpson (USC, 1968–69) and John McKay (USC, 1963, 1967–70, 1973–1975)
1970–1979: Jim Plunkett (Stanford, 1971), Charles White (USC, 1979–1980) and Archie Griffin (Ohio State, 1973–1976)
1980–1989: Don James (Washington, 1978, 1981–82, 1991–93), John Robinson (USC, 1977, 1979–80, 1996) and Bo Schembechler (Michigan, 1970, 1972, 1977–79, 1981, 1983, 1987, 1989–90)
1990–1999: Barry Alvarez (Wisconsin, 1994, 1999, 2000 and 2013), Keyshawn Johnson (USC, 1996) and Ron Dayne (Wisconsin, 1999 and 2000)
2000–2009: Matt Leinart (USC, 2004 and 2006), Vince Young (Texas, 2005–06) and Brian Cushing (USC, 2006–09), John David Booty (USC 2006–07)
2010–2012: Terrelle Pryor (Ohio State, 2010), Tank Carder (TCU, 2011) and Montee Ball (Wisconsin, 2011–13)

text: Nominated by The Football Writers Association of America.[53]

text: Player and coach[edit]

text: Nine former players have come back to coach a team in the game (played and coached, as listed by the Tournament of Roses Association):[54]

text:
Bret Bielema: Iowa (1991); Wisconsin (2011, 2012)
Terry Donahue: UCLA (1966); UCLA (1983, 1984, 1986, 1994)
Bump Elliott: Michigan (1948); Michigan (1965)
Pete Elliott: Michigan (1948); California (1959); Illinois (1964)
Jess Hill: USC (1930); USC (1953, 1955)
Shy Huntington: Oregon (1917); Oregon (1920)
Rick Neuheisel: UCLA (1983, 1984 – MVP); Washington (2001)
John Robinson: Oregon (1958); USC (1977, 1979, 1980, 1996)
Chuck Taylor: Stanford (1941); Stanford (1952)

text: Coaches with two teams[edit]

text:
Hugo Bezdek: Oregon, 1917; Mare Island, 1918; Penn State, 1923 (three teams)
John Cooper: Arizona State, 1987; Ohio State, 1997 (Only coach to win the Rose Bowl Game with both a Big Ten and Pac-10 team)
Bill "Lone Star" Dietz: Washington State, 1916; Mare Island, 1919
Pete Elliott: California, 1959; Illinois, 1964
Robert Folwell: Pennsylvania, 1917; Navy 1924
Tommy Prothro: Oregon State, 1965; UCLA 1966
Wallace Wade: Alabama, 1926, 1927, 1931; Duke 1939, 1942

text: Related[edit]

text: Events[edit]

text:
Lawry's Beef Bowl – December 27, 28, 2018
Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony, December 30, 2018
Rose Bowl Bash, December 30-31, 2018
Rose Bowl Game Public Tailgate, January 1, 2019

text: Notes[edit]

text:
January 1, 1918 – Hugo Bezdek was the first college football coach to lead two separate schools (Oregon, 1917 and Mare Island, 1918) to victories; He also coached Penn State in a loss in the 1923 Rose Bowl
January 2, 1922 – First bowl game not played on New Year's Day
January 3, 2002 – First time hosting the BCS National Championship where Miami defeated Nebraska, 37-14, and the Rose Parade and the Rose Bowl Game were held on separate days

text: Books[edit]

text:
America's New Year Celebration. The Rose Parade & Rose Bowl Game. Albion Publishing Group, Santa Barbara, California. 1999.
Samuelsen, Rube. The Rose Bowl Game. Doubleday Company and Inc. 1951.
Big Ten Conference football media guide. (PDF copy available at http://bigten.cstv.com.)
Pacific-10 Conference football media guide. (PDF copy available at http://www.pac-10.org.)
Malcolm, Moran, and Keith Jackson (foreword). The Rose Bowl: 100th: The History of the Granddaddy of Them All. Whitman Publishing, LLC, 06/01/2013. ISBN 9780794837938.


document_title: Indus River

question_text: how does the river indus change when it reaches the plains

text: Indus River

text: Etymology and names[edit]

text: This river was known to the to the ancient Indians in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Hendu, to Assyrians (as early as the 7th century BC) as Sinda, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Pashtuns as Abasind, to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as Santri.[citation needed] In Pali, Síndhu means "river, stream" and refers to the Indus River in particular.[2]

text: The word Indus is the romanised form of the ancient Greek word Indós ("Ἰνδός"), borrowed from the old Persian word Hinduš which is in turn borrowed from the Sanskrit word Sindhu meaning "sea".[citation needed]

text: Megasthenes's book Indica derives its name from the river's Greek name, "Indós" (Ἰνδός), and describes Nearchus's contemporaneous account of how Alexander the Great crossed the river. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians (people of present-day northwest India and Pakistan) as "Indói" (Ἰνδοί), literally meaning "the people of the Indus".[3]

text: Indus and the name of India[edit]

text: India is a Greek and Latin term for "the country of the River Indus". Elsewhere, the Pakistani province of Sindh also owes its name to the river (Sanskrit Sindhu).[4]

text: Rigveda and the Indus[edit]

text: Rigveda also describes several mythical rivers, including one named "Sindhu". The Rigvedic "Sindhu" is thought to be the present-day Indus river and is attested 176 times in its text – 95 times in the plural, more often used in the generic meaning. In the Rigveda, notably in the later hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular, as in the list of rivers mentioned in the hymn of Nadistuti sukta. The Rigvedic hymns apply a feminine gender to all the rivers mentioned therein but "Sindhu" is the only river attributed with a masculine gender. Sindhu is seen as a strong warrior amongst other rivers which are seen as goddesses and compared to cows and mares yielding milk and butter.

text: Other names[edit]

text: In other languages of the region, the river is known as सिन्धु नद (Sindhu Nad) in Hindi and Nepali, سنڌو (Sindhu) in Sindhi, سندھ (Sindh) in Shahmukhi Punjabi, ਸਿੰਧ ਨਦੀ (Sindh Nadī) in Gurmukhī Punjabi, اباسين (Abāsin lit. "Father of Rivers") in Pashto, نهر السند (Nahar al-Sind) in Arabic, སེང་གེ་གཙང་པོ། (seng ge gtsang po lit. "Lion River" or Lion Spring) in Tibetan, 印度 (Yìndù) in Chinese, and Nilab in Turki.

text: Description[edit]

text: The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. The word Punjab means "land of five rivers" and the five rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally flow into the Indus. The Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan.

text: The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; the river begins at the confluence of the Sengge Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan (Gang Rinpoche, Mt. Kailas) mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh and Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river. It gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Indus passes gigantic gorges 4,500–5,200 metres (15,000–17,000 feet) deep near the Nanga Parbat massif. It flows swiftly across Hazara and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in the plains of the Punjab and Sindh, where the flow of the river becomes slow and highly braided. It is joined by the Panjnad at Mithankot. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named the Satnad River (sat = "seven", nadī = "river"), as the river now carried the waters of the Kabul River, the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta.

text: The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world to exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges of Tibet, the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons – it diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times – it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch and adjoining Banni grasslands after the 1816 earthquake.[5][6]

text: The traditional source of the river is the Senge Khabab or "Lion's Mouth", a perennial spring, not far from the sacred Mount Kailash marked by a long low line of Tibetan chortens. There are several other tributaries nearby, which may possibly form a longer stream than Senge Khabab, but unlike the Senge Khabab, are all dependent on snowmelt. The Zanskar River, which flows into the Indus in Ladakh, has a greater volume of water than the Indus itself before that point.[7]

text: That night in the tent [next to Senge Khabab] I ask Sonmatering which of the Indus tributaries which we crossed this morning is the longest. All of them, he says, start at least a day's walk away from here. The Bukhar begins near the village of Yagra. The Lamolasay's source is in a holy place: there is a monastery there. The Dorjungla is a very difficult and long walk, three days perhaps, and there are many sharp rocks; but it its water is clear and blue, hence the tributary's other name, Zom-chu, which Karma Lama translates as "Blue Water". The Rakmajang rises from a dark lake called the Black Sea.

text: One of the longest tributaries – and thus a candidate for the river's technical source – is the Kla-chu, the river we crossed yesterday by bridge. Also known as the Lungdep Chu, it flows into the Indus from the south-east, and rises a day's walk from Darchen. But Sonamtering insists that the Dorjungla is the longest of the "three types of water" that fall into the Seng Tsanplo ["Lion River" or Indus].[7]

text: History[edit]

text: Paleolithic sites have been discovered in Pothohar near Pakistan's capital Islamabad, with the stone tools of the Soan Culture. In ancient Gandhara, near Islamabad, evidence of cave dwellers dated 15,000 years ago has been discovered at Mardan.[citation needed]

text: The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, date back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world. The Indus Valley Civilisation extended from across Pakistan and northwest India, with an upward reach from east of Jhelum River to Ropar on the upper Sutlej. The coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor at the Pakistan, Iran border to Kutch in modern Gujarat, India. There is an Indus site on the Amu Darya at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan, and the Indus site Alamgirpur at the Hindon River is located only 28 km (17 mi) from Delhi. To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal, Dholavira, Ganeriwala, and Rakhigarhi. Only 90–96 of more than 800 known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries.[citation needed] The Sutlej, now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus.

text: Most scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo-Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 BC to 600 BC, when Mohenjo-daro and Harappa had already been abandoned.

text: The word "India" is derived from the Indus River. In ancient times, "India" initially referred to those regions immediately along the east bank of the Indus, but by 300 BC, Greek writers including Herodotus and Megasthenes were applying the term to the entire subcontinent that extends much farther eastward.[8][9]

text: The lower basin of the Indus forms a natural boundary between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent; this region embraces all or parts of the Pakistani provinces Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh and the countries Afghanistan and India. It was crossed by the invading armies of Alexander, but after his Macedonians conquered the west bank—joining it to the Hellenic Empire, they elected to retreat along the southern course of the river, ending Alexander's Asian campaign. The Indus plains were later dominated by the Persian empire and then the Kushan empire. Over several centuries Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mohammed Ghori, Tamerlane and Babur crossed the river to invade the inner regions of the Punjab and points farther south and east

text: Geography[edit]

text: Tributaries[edit]

text:
Beas River
Chenab River
Gar River
Gilgit River
Gomal River
Hunza River
Jhelum River
Kabul River
Kunar River
Kurram River
Panjnad River
Ravi River
Shyok River
Soan River
Suru River
Satluj River
Swat River
Zanskar River
Zhob River

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Indus river feeds the Indus submarine fan, which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth.[10] It consists of around 5 million cubic kilometres of material eroded from the mountains. Studies of the sediment in the modern river indicate that the Karakoram Mountains in northern Pakistan and India are the single most important source of material, with the Himalayas providing the next largest contribution, mostly via the large rivers of the Punjab (Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Beas and Sutlej). Analysis of sediments from the Arabian Sea has demonstrated that prior to five million years ago the Indus was not connected to these Punjab rivers which instead flowed east into the Ganges and were captured after that time.[11] Earlier work showed that sand and silt from western Tibet was reaching the Arabian Sea by 45 million years ago, implying the existence of an ancient Indus River by that time.[12] The delta of this proto-Indus river has subsequently been found in the Katawaz Basin, on the Afghan-Pakistan border.

text: In the Nanga Parbat region, the massive amounts of erosion due to the Indus river following the capture and rerouting through that area is thought to bring middle and lower crustal rocks to the surface.[13]

text: In November 2011, satellite images showed that the Indus river had re-entered India, feeding Great Rann of Kutch, Little Rann of Kutch and a lake near Ahmedabad known as Nal Sarovar.[14] Heavy rains had left the river basin along with the Lake Manchar, Lake Hemal and Kalri Lake (all in modern-day Pakistan) inundated. This happened two centuries after the Indus river shifted its course westwards following the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake.

text: The Induan Age at start of the Triassic Period of geological time is named for the Indus region.

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander's campaign indicate a healthy forest cover in the region, which has now considerably receded. The Mughal Emperor Babur writes of encountering rhinoceroses along its bank in his memoirs (the Baburnama). Extensive deforestation and human interference in the ecology of the Shivalik Hills has led to a marked deterioration in vegetation and growing conditions. The Indus valley regions are arid with poor vegetation. Agriculture is sustained largely due to irrigation works. The Indus river and its watershed has a rich biodiversity. It is home to around 25 amphibian species and 147 species, 22 of which are only found in the Indus.[15]

text: Mammals[edit]

text: The blind Indus River Dolphin (Platanista indicus minor) is a sub-species of dolphin found only in the Indus River. It formerly also occurred in the tributaries of the Indus river. According to the World Wildlife Fund it is one of the most threatened cetaceans with only about 1,000 still existing.[16]

text: Fish[edit]

text: Palla fish Tenualosa ilisha of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river. The population of fish in the river is moderately high, with Sukkur, Thatta and Kotri being the major fishing centres – all in the lower Sindh course. But damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity. Located southeast of Karachi, the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world's most important ecological regions. Here the river turns into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels. Here marine fishes are found in abundance, including pomfret and prawns.

text: Economy[edit]

text: The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains – it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical since rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation, and later by the engineers of the Kushan Empire and the Mughal Empire. Modern irrigation was introduced by the British East India Company in 1850 – the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. The British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world. The Guddu Barrage is 1,350 m (4,430 ft) long – irrigating Sukkur, Jacobabad, Larkana and Kalat. The Sukkur Barrage serves over 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi).

text: After Pakistan came into existence, a water control treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River and its two tributaries the Jhelum River & the Chenab River independently of upstream control by India.[17]

text: The Indus Basin Project consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams, the Mangla Dam built on the Jhelum River and the Tarbela Dam constructed on the Indus River, together with their subsidiary dams.[18] The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the Chashma-Jhelum link canal – linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers – extending water supplies to the regions of Bahawalpur and Multan. Pakistan constructed the Tarbela Dam near Rawalpindi – standing 2,743 metres (9,000 ft) long and 143 metres (470 ft) high, with an 80-kilometre (50 mi) long reservoir. The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is 915 metres (3,000 ft) long and provides additional supplies for Karachi. It support the Chashma barrage near Dera Ismail Khan use for irrigation and flood control. for The Taunsa Barrage near Dera Ghazi Khan produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. The extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resources to the valley of Peshawar, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The extensive irrigation and dam projects provide the basis for Pakistan's large production of crops such as cotton, sugarcane and wheat. The dams also generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centres.

text: People[edit]

text: The inhabitants of the regions are mainly Muslim as Pakistan is an Islamic country through which the Indus river passes and forms a major natural feature and resource are diverse in ethnicity, religion, national and linguistic backgrounds. On the northern course of the river in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India, live the Buddhist people of Ladakh, of Tibetan stock, and the Dards of Indo-Aryan or Dardic stock and practising Buddhism and Islam. Then it descends into Baltistan, northern Pakistan passing the main Balti city of Skardu. A river from Dubair Bala also drains into it at Dubair Bazar. People living in this area are mainly Kohistani and speak the Kohistani language. Major areas through which the Indus river passes in Kohistan are Dasu, Pattan and Dubair. As it continues through Pakistan, the Indus river forms a distinctive boundary of ethnicity and cultures – upon the western banks the population is largely Pashtun, Baloch, and of other Iranian stock. The eastern banks are largely populated by people of Indo-Aryan stock, such as the Punjabis and the Sindhis. In northern Punjab and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, ethnic Pashtun tribes live alongside Dardic people in the hills (Khowar, Kalash, Shina, etc.), Burushos (in Hunza), and Punjabi people.

text: The people living along the Indus river speak Punjabi and Sindhi on the eastern side (in Punjab and Sindh provinces respectively), Pushto plus Balochi as well as Barohi (in Khyber Pakhtoonkha and Baluchistan provinces). In the province of Sindh, the upper third of the river is inhabited by people speaking Saraiki; which is a somewhat transitional dialect of the Punjabi and Sindhi languages.

text: Modern issues[edit]

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text: The Indus is a strategically vital resource for Pakistan's economy and society. After Pakistan and India declared Independence from the British Raj, also known as Indian Empire, the use of the waters of the Indus and its five eastern tributaries became a major dispute between India and Pakistan. The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley and the Bari Doab were split – with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and the headwork dams in India disrupting supply in some parts of Pakistan. The concern over India building large dams over various Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to Pakistan, as well as the possibility that India could divert rivers in the time of war, caused political consternation in Pakistan. Holding diplomatic talks brokered by the World Bank, India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The treaty gave India control of the three easternmost rivers of the Punjab, the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi, while Pakistan gained control of the three western rivers, the Jhelum, the Chenab and the Indus. India retained the right to use of the western rivers for non-irrigation projects. (See discussion regarding a recent dispute about a hydroelectric project on the Chenab (not Indus) known as the Baglihar Project).

text: There are concerns that extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and global warming are affecting the vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta, while affecting agricultural production as well. There are also concerns that the Indus river may be shifting its course westwards – although the progression spans centuries. On numerous occasions, sediment clogging owing to poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation. In addition, extreme heat has caused water to evaporate, leaving salt deposits that render lands useless for cultivation.

text: Effects of climate change on the river[edit]

text: The Tibetan Plateau contains the world's third-largest store of ice. Qin Dahe, the former head of the China Meteorological Administration, said the recent fast pace of melting and warmer temperatures will be good for agriculture and tourism in the short term, but issued a strong warning:

text: "There is insufficient data to say what will happen to the Indus," says David Grey, the World Bank's senior water advisor in South Asia. "But we all have very nasty fears that the flows of the Indus could be severely, severely affected by glacier melt as a consequence of climate change," and reduced by perhaps as much as 50 percent. "Now what does that mean to a population that lives in a desert [where], without the river, there would be no life? I don't know the answer to that question," he says. "But we need to be concerned about that. Deeply, deeply concerned."[20]

text: Pollution[edit]

text: Over the years factories on the banks of the Indus River have increased levels of water pollution in the river and the atmosphere around it. High levels of pollutants in the river have led to the deaths of endangered Indus River Dolphin. The Sindh Environmental Protection Agency has ordered polluting factories around the river to shut down under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.[21] Death of the Indus River Dolphin has also been attributed to fishermen using poison to kill fish and scooping them up.[22][23] As a result, the government banned fishing from Guddu Barrage to Sukkur.[24]

text: 2010 floods[edit]

text: In July 2010, following abnormally heavy monsoon rains, the Indus River rose above its banks and started flooding. The rain continued for the next two months, devastating large areas of Pakistan. In Sindh, the Indus burst its banks near Sukkur on 8 August, submerging the village of Mor Khan Jatoi.[25] In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely affected northern regions toward western Punjab, where at least 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of cropland was destroyed, and the southern province of Sindh.[26] As of September 2010[update], over two thousand people had died and over a million homes had been destroyed since the flooding began.[27][28]

text: 2011 floods[edit]

text: The 2011 Sindh floods began during the Pakistani monsoon season in mid-August 2011, resulting from heavy monsoon rains in Sindh, eastern Balochistan, and southern Punjab.[29] The floods caused considerable damage; an estimated 434 civilians were killed, with 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes affected.[30] Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy was said to be extensive. At least 1.7 million acres (690,000 ha; 2,700 sq mi) of arable land were inundated. The flooding followed the previous year's floods, which devastated a large part of the country.[30] Unprecedented torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of Sindh.[31]

text: Barrages, bridges and dams[edit]

text: In Pakistan currently there are three barrages on the Indus: Guddu barrage, Sukkur Barrage, and Kotri barrage (also called Ghulam Muhammad barrage). There are some bridges on river Indus, such as, Dadu Moro Bridge, Larkana Khairpur Indus River Bridge, Thatta-Sujawal bridge, Jhirk-Mula Katiar bridge and recently planned Kandhkot-Ghotki bridge.[32]

text: Kala Bagh Barrage, Chasma Barrage, and Taunsa Barrage are also built in Punjab on the Indus.

text: Tarbela Dam in Pakistan is constructed on the Indus River, while the controversial Kalabagh dam is also being constructed on Indus river.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Play media

Video of River Indus at Kotri Barrage, Sindh, Pakistan


document_title: Go Outside in the Rain

question_text: who sang i wanna go outside in the rain

question_tokens: who sang i wan na go outside in the rain

text: Go Outside in the Rain

text:
"Go Outside in the Rain"Single by Milirafrom the album MiliraReleased
1991Format
Vinyl 7" singleRecorded
1990Genre
SoulLength
5:21Label
Motown RecordsSongwriter(s)
Nathaniel Calhoun, Bonifacio VelasquezProducer(s)
Donal Dee BowdenMilira singles chronology

"Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)" (1990)

"Go Outside in the Rain" (1991)

"Waiting Here for You" (1990)

"Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)"(1990)

"Go Outside in the Rain"(1990)

"Waiting Here for You"(1990)

text: "Go Outside in the Rain" is a R&B song by Milira released in 1990. The track is from her debut album, Milira, and reached number thirty-six on Billboard's Hot R&B Singles chart.[1]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleLength1."Go Outside in the Rain" (Radio Edit)4:072."Go Outside in the Rain" (Album Version)5:243."Go Outside in the Rain" (Instrumental)5:23

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1990)

Peakposition[3]

U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles

36