document_title: Riverside, California

question_text: how far is riverside ca from the ocean

question_tokens: how far is riverside ca from the ocean

text: Riverside, California

text: History[edit]

text: In the late 1700s and early 1800s the area was inhabited by Cahuilla and the Serrano people. Californios such as Bernardo Yorba and Juan Bandini established ranches during the first half of the 19th century. In the 1860s, Louis Prevost launched the California Silk Center Association, a short-lived experiment in sericulture. In the wake of its failure, John W. North purchased some of its land and formed the Southern California Colony Association to promote the area's development. In March 1870, North distributed posters announcing the formation of a colony in California.[13] North, a staunch temperance-minded abolitionist from New York State, had formerly founded Northfield, Minnesota. A few years later, some navel orange trees were planted and found to be such a success that full-scale planting began. Riverside was temperance minded, and Republican. There were four saloons in Riverside when it was founded. The license fees were raised until the saloons moved out of Riverside.[14] Investors from England and Canada transplanted traditions and activities adopted by prosperous citizens. As a result, the first golf course and polo field in southern California were built in Riverside.

text: The first orange trees were planted in 1871, with the citrus industry Riverside is famous for beginning three years later (1874)[15] when Eliza Tibbetts received three [15] Brazilian navel orange trees sent to her by a personal friend, William Saunders who was a horticulturist at the United States Department of Agriculture in Washington, D.C. The trees came from Bahia, Brazil. The Bahia orange did not thrive in Florida, but its success in southern California was phenomenal.

text: The three trees were planted on the Tibbetts' property. One of them died after it was trampled by a cow during the first year it was planted. After the trampling, the two remaining trees were transplanted to property belonging to Sam McCoy to receive better care than L. C. Tibbetts, Eliza's husband, could provide.[16] Later, the trees were again transplanted, one at the Mission Inn property in 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt (this tree died in 1922), and the other was placed at the intersection of Magnolia and Arlington Ave. Eliza Tibbetts was honored with a stone marker placed with the tree. That tree still stands to this day inside a protective fence abutting what is now a major intersection.

text: The trees thrived in the southern California climate and the navel orange industry grew rapidly. Many growers purchased bud wood and then grafted the cuttings to root stock. Within a few years, the successful cultivation of many thousands of the newly discovered Brazilian navel orange led to a California Gold Rush of a different kind: the establishment of the citrus industry, which is commemorated in the landscapes and exhibits of the California Citrus State Historic Park and the restored packing houses in the downtown's Marketplace district. By 1882, there were more than half a million citrus trees in California, almost half of which were in Riverside. The development of refrigerated railroad cars and innovative irrigation systems established Riverside as the richest city in the United States (in terms of income per capita) by 1895.[17]

text: As the city prospered, a small guest hotel designed in the popular Mission Revival style, known as the Glenwood Tavern, eventually grew to become the Mission Inn, which was favored by presidents, royalty and movie stars. Inside was housed a special chair made for the sizable President William Howard Taft. The hotel was modeled after the missions left along the California coast by Franciscan friars in the 18th and 19th centuries. (Although Spanish missionaries came as far inland as San Bernardino (San Bernardino de Sena Estancia), east of Riverside, there was no actual Spanish mission in what is now Riverside.) Postcards of lush orange groves, swimming pools and magnificent homes have attracted vacationers and entrepreneurs throughout the years. Many relocated to the warm, dry climate for reasons of health and to escape Eastern winters. Victoria Avenue, with its scattering of elegant turn-of-the-century homes, and citrus-lined paseo, serves as a reminder of European investors who settled here.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Riverside is the 59th largest city in the United States, 12th largest city in California, and the largest city in California's Inland Empire metro area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 81.4 square miles (210.8 km2), of which 81.1 square miles (210 km2) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) (0.37%) is water. The elevation of downtown Riverside is 860 feet (260 m). Hills within the city limits include Mount Rubidoux, a city landmark and tourist attraction. Riverside is surrounded by small and large mountains, some of which get a dusting of winter snow. Many residents also enjoy the many beaches of southern California. Riverside is about a 47-mile drive to the Pacific Ocean and is close to Orange county and Los Angeles county .[18]

text: Cityscape[edit]

text: Landmarks[edit]

text: Riverside is home to the historic Mission Inn, the Beaux-Arts style Riverside County Historic Courthouse (based on the Petit Palais in Paris, France), and the Riverside Fox Theater, where the first showing of the 1939 film Gone with the Wind took place. The theater was purchased by the city and refurbished as part of the Riverside Renaissance Initiative.[19] The Fox Theater underwent extensive renovation and restoration, which was completed in 2009, to turn the old cinema into a performing arts theater.[20] The building was expanded to hold 1,600 seats and the stage was enlarged to accommodate Broadway-style performances. In January 2010, singer Sheryl Crow opened the newly remodeled Fox Theater in a nearly sold-out show.[21]

text: Riverside is the home of the "World's Largest Paper Cup" (actually made of concrete), which is over three stories (68.10 ft) tall. The "Dixie Cup" landmark is located on Iowa Street just north of Palmyrita, in front of what was once the Dixie Corporation's manufacturing plant (now closed down).

text: Three notable hills are in Riverside's scenic landscape: Box Springs Mountain, Evans (Jurupa) Hill and Tecolote Hill; all of which are preserved open spaces. South of Riverside is Lake Mathews. There is also the well-known landmark/foothill, Mount Rubidoux, which is next to the Santa Ana River and one of the most noticeable landmarks in the downtown area. This foothill is the dividing line between the town of Rubidoux and the city of Riverside.

text: March Joint Air Reserve Base borders Riverside on the east serving as a divider between the city and Moreno Valley. March ARB is the oldest operating Air Force base west of the Mississippi River, having been founded in 1918.

text: At the entrance to Riverside from the 60 freeway sits Fairmount Park. This extensive urban oasis was designed by the firm founded by Frederick Law Olmsted, which had designed New York's Central Park.[22] A lovely stocked pond that is home to many species of birds. On nearby private land is the former site of Spring Rancheria, a Cahuilla village.

text: Neighborhoods[edit]

text: The city of Riverside has 28 designated "neighborhoods" within the city limits.[23] These neighborhoods include Airport, Alessandro Heights, Arlanza, Arlington, Arlington Heights, Arlington South, Canyon Crest, Casa Blanca, Downtown, Eastside, Grand, Hawarden Hills, Hillside Hunter Industrial Park, La Sierra, La Sierra Acres, La Sierra Hills, La Sierra South, Magnolia Center, Mission Grove, Northside, Orangecrest, Presidential Park, Ramona, Sycamore Canyon Park, Sycamore Canyon Springs, University, Victoria and Wood Streets.

text: To the east of downtown is the originally named "Eastside," which grew out of a colonia inhabited by Mexican immigrant workers in the orange groves, other orchards and produce fields. The area these people lived in was originally a settlement called La Placita that predated the city being founded in 1843. Mexican communities were also formed in the barrio of Casa Blanca during the early twentieth century.

text: Annexations[edit]

text: The City Council has proposed many annexations of nearby unincorporated communities which will increase its population and land area over the next few years. Most notable is the Lake Hills/Victoria Grove area, which would extend its southwestern borders to Lake Mathews.[24]

text: Current proposals[edit]

text:
97 Berry Road
103 Barton/Gem
104 I-215 Corridor
105 Sycamore/Central
106 East Blaine
107 Alta Cresta Remainder
108 Lake Hills/Victoria Grove
111 University City
112 Kaliber
113 Barton/Station

text: Potential annexations[edit]

text:
A Center Street
B Highgrove
C Spring Mountain Ranch (92)
D Canyon Ridge
E Woodcrest
F Gateway

text: Features[edit]

text: Riverside is home to the University of California, Riverside. The UCR Botanical Gardens contains 40 acres (16 ha) of unusual plants, with four miles (6 km) of walking trails. The city prides itself on its historic connection to the navel orange, which was introduced to North America from Brazil by the first settlers to Riverside in 1873. Riverside is home to the one surviving Parent Navel Orange Tree, from which all American West Coast navel orange trees are descended.

text: There are three hospitals in Riverside.[25]

text:
Riverside Community Hospital is a General Acute Care Hospital with Basic Emergency Services and a Level II Trauma Center as of 2006.
Parkview Community Hospital Medical Center is a General Acute Care Hospital with Basic Emergency Services as of 2006.
Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Riverside is a General Acute Care Hospital with Basic Emergency Services as of 2006.

text: Riverside is also home to the Riverside Public Library system. Branches include: Arlanza, Arlington, La Sierra, Marcy, Main, Orange Terrace, Eastside Cybrary, and Casa Blanca.

text: Convention facilities are available at several locations. The Riverside Convention Center, remodeled in 2014, offers 66,000 sq ft (6,100 m2) indoors and 14,000 sq ft (1,300 m2) outdoor space. Also available is the Riverside Marriott with 14,000 sq ft (1,300 m2) indoors, and the Mission Inn with 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m2) indoors and 5,000 sq ft (460 m2) outdoors.[26] All three facilities are located within walking distance of each other in downtown Riverside. Meetings with an academic focus are also held at the University of California, Riverside.

text: Cemeteries[edit]

text: Cemeteries in Riverside include:

text:
Crestlawn Memorial Park[27] – notable burials include Medal of Honor recipient George Alan Ingalls, baseball player Mike Darr, and actor Roland Harrah III.
Evergreen Cemetery – notable burials include Marcella Craft, Frank Augustus Miller, John W. North, Eliza Tibbets, and Al Wilson.
Olivewood Cemetery[28][29] – notable burials include Medal of Honor recipients Jesus S. Duran and Ysmael R. Villegas (re-buried at Riverside National Cemetery in 1976),[30] Travis Alexander, Dorothy Burgess, Mayor Ben H. Lewis, Del Lord, Gloria Ramirez, and Eric Show.
Riverside National Cemetery, established in 1976, is the third-largest cemetery managed by the National Cemetery Administration, and since 2000 has been the most active in the system based on the number of interments.
Sherman Indian High School Cemetery, Home Gardens[31]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Riverside experiences a semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSh) climate with hot, dry summers and mild, relatively wet winters. Normal monthly mean temperatures range from 54.5 °F (12.5 °C) in December to 79.4 °F (26.3 °C) in August.[32] On average, temperatures reach the freezing mark and 100 °F (38 °C) on 2.5 and 14.6 days annually, respectively.[32] Record temperatures range from 18 °F (−8 °C) on January 15, 1911, up to 118 °F (48 °C) on July 17, 1925 and June 16, 1917.[33] On average, Riverside receives 10.33 in (262 mm) of precipitation annually, with measurable precipitation occurring on 30 days, with most of it occurring in the winter and early spring, especially January through March, with February the wettest month.[34]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Riverside (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1893–present)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
94
(34)
94
(34)
102
(39)
105
(41)
110
(43)
118
(48)
118
(48)
113
(45)
115
(46)
109
(43)
100
(38)
94
(34)
118
(48)

Average high °F (°C)
66.5
(19.2)
67.2
(19.6)
71.0
(21.7)
75.3
(24.1)
80.2
(26.8)
84.8
(29.3)
92.9
(33.8)
94.3
(34.6)
90.3
(32.4)
81.8
(27.7)
73.8
(23.2)
66.6
(19.2)
78.8
(26)

Average low °F (°C)
43.3
(6.3)
44.2
(6.8)
46.5
(8.1)
50.4
(10.2)
55.6
(13.1)
59.7
(15.4)
63.9
(17.7)
64.5
(18.1)
61.9
(16.6)
54.9
(12.7)
46.9
(8.3)
42.5
(5.8)
52.9
(11.6)

Record low °F (°C)
18
(−8)
24
(−4)
25
(−4)
29
(−2)
33
(1)
35
(2)
41
(5)
40
(4)
37
(3)
30
(−1)
23
(−5)
21
(−6)
18
(−8)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.09
(53.1)
2.51
(63.8)
1.66
(42.2)
0.77
(19.6)
0.15
(3.8)
0.08
(2)
0.04
(1)
0.11
(2.8)
0.13
(3.3)
0.51
(13)
0.83
(21.1)
1.45
(36.8)
10.33
(262.4)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
5.5
5.9
5.1
2.5
1.0
0.3
0.5
0.3
1.0
1.7
2.7
3.9
30.4

Source: NOAA (temperature normals and records at Riverside Municipal Airport, precipitation normals at "Riverside Fire STN 3" (33°57′04″N 117°23′17″W / 33.9511°N 117.3881°W / 33.9511; -117.3881)[33][32][34]

text: Environment[edit]

text: The Riverside area is referred to as a "smog belt" because of its above-average level of air pollution. In a comparison by the National Campaign Against Dirty Air Power (2003), the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario area was found to be one of the most polluted regions based on year-round particle measurements when compared to other U.S. cities.[35] [NEJM 2004;351:1057-1067] Due to the smog problems, the city has made efforts to reduce pollution by incorporating additional means of mass transit (Metrolink) and equipping its entire fleet of buses with natural gas. Smog decreased considerably over the next few years as local municipalities and counties worked with the South Coast Air Quality Management District to implement measures to improve regional air quality.[36] The smog alerts that people remember from decades ago are history.[37] Most of Riverside's smog problems are the result of the prevailing wind patterns that blow the smog from the Los Angeles Basin and particulates generated by southern California's multitude of vehicles, and the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach into the Inland Empire.

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1890
4,683

—

1900
7,973

70.3%

1910
15,212

90.8%

1920
19,341

27.1%

1930
29,696

53.5%

1940
34,696

16.8%

1950
46,764

34.8%

1960
84,332

80.3%

1970
140,089

66.1%

1980
170,591

21.8%

1990
226,505

32.8%

2000
255,166

12.7%

2010
303,871

19.1%

Est. 2016
324,722
[9]
6.9%

U.S. Decennial Census[38]

text:
[hide]Demographic profile
2010[39]
2000[40]
1990[41]
1970[41]

White
56.5%
59.3%
70.8%
93.1%

—Non-Hispanic
34.0%
46.6%
61.3%
82.1%[42]

Black or African American
7.0%
7.4%
7.4%
5.2%

Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
49.0%
38.1%
26.0%
11.4%[42]

Asian
7.4%
5.7%
5.2%
0.7%

text: As of the 2010 census[43] reported that Riverside had a population of 303,871. The population density was 3,731.0 people per square mile (1,440.6/km²). The racial makeup of Riverside was 171,669 (56.5%) White, 21,421 (7.0%) African American, 3,467 (1.1%) Native American, 22,566 (7.4%) Asian (1.7% Filipino, 1.6% Chinese, 1.1% Korean, 1.0% Vietnamese, 0.8% Indian, 0.3% Japanese, 0.1% Pakistani), 1,219 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 68,111 (22.4%) from other races, and 15,418 (5.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 148,953 persons (49.0%); 41.8% of Riverside's population is Mexican, 1.1% Guatemalan, 1.0% Salvadoran, 0.7% Puerto Rican, 0.3% Cuban, 0.2% Nicaraguan, and 0.2% Colombian.[44] Non-Hispanic Whites were 34.0% of the population in 2010,[39] down from 82.1% in 1970.[41]

text: The Census reported that 292,322 people (96.2% of the population) lived in households, 8,925 (2.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,624 (0.9%) were institutionalized.

text: There were 91,932 households, out of which 38,939 (42.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 45,398 (49.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 13,845 (15.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 6,372 (6.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 6,392 (7.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 746 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 18,284 households (19.9%) were made up of individuals and 6,262 (6.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.18. There were 65,615 families (71.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.67.

text: The population was spread out with 81,406 people (26.8%) under the age of 18, 47,126 people (15.5%) aged 18 to 24, 82,482 people (27.1%) aged 25 to 44, 66,615 people (21.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 26,242 people (8.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.4 males.

text: There were 98,444 housing units at an average density of 1,208.7 per square mile (466.7/km²), of which 51,185 (55.7%) were owner-occupied, and 40,747 (44.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.4%. 168,888 people (55.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 123,434 people (40.6%) lived in rental housing units.

text: According to the 2010 United States Census, Riverside had a median household income of $56,403, with 17.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[45]

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 255,166 people, 82,005 households, and 58,141 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,261.5/km² (3,267.2/mi²). There were 85,974 housing units at an average density of 425.0/km² (1,100.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 59.3% White, 7.4% African American, 1.1% Native American, 5.68% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 21.0% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. 38.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

text: There were 82,005 households out of which 39.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.54.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 30.1% under the age of 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $41,646, and the median income for a family was $47,254. Males had a median income of $36,920 versus $28,328 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,882. 15.8% of the population and 11.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 18.9% of those under the age of 18 and 8.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

text: Religion[edit]

text: Riverside is largely Christian and is home to Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Mormon, Protestant, and Universalist Unitarian churches, an Islamic mosque, Jewish synagogue, Hindu temple, and several Buddhist temples. Riverside is also home to the Inland Empire Atheists and Agnostics organization.[46][47]

text: Several religious celebrations take place on top of the city's Mount Rubidoux. One is an annual Easter Sunrise service, which is the nation's oldest continual non-denominational outdoor Easter service[48] The 100th anniversary of the event was held April 12, 2009. Each December, a 2½-mile procession from Our Lady of Guadalupe Shrine to the top of Mount Rubidoux promotes awareness of Juan Diego's walk up Tepeyac hill, in 1531, where he reportedly saw a Marian apparition known as Our Lady of Guadalupe.[49]

text: In 2012, a controversy erupted regarding the cross atop Mount Rubidoux, which was on city-owned land and maintained by the city. Due to constitutional issues regarding separation of church and state, the Riverside City Council sold the cross and the land under it (0.43 acre) to a private entity for $10,500.[50]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Major employers[edit]

text: Riverside has a diversified economy with significant manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors. The manufacturing sector is largely light-industry and generates a range of products including aircraft components, automotive parts, gas cylinders, electronic equipment, food products, and medical devices. Supporting the manufacturing sector are several industrial parks, including those in the Hunter Industrial Park, Sycamore Canyon Industrial Park and Airport Industrial Areas. Many of the industrial sites are rail-served, with Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe main lines running through the city. As the county seat and largest city in the region, Riverside also houses many legal, accounting, brokerage, architectural, engineering, technology, and banking firms. Citrus production and packing houses still exist within the city, but the industry is in decline.

text: According to the City's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[52] the top employers in the city are:

text:
#
Employer
# of employees

1
County of Riverside
11,956

2
University of California, Riverside
8,306

3
Kaiser Permanente
4,500

4
Riverside Unified School District
4,000

5
City of Riverside
2,507

6
Riverside Community Hospital
2,400

7
Riverside County Office of Education
1,765

8
Alvord Unified School District
1,445

9
Parkview Community Hospital
1,350

10
Riverside Community College District
1,061

text: Film and television[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Riverside's close proximity to Hollywood, combined with its many unique architectural features, has made it a frequent filming choice by film studios, starting with the 1919 film Boots, which starred Dorothy Gish and was filmed at the Mission Inn.

text: Episodes of the 2013 television celebrity diving program Splash are taped at Riverside Community College's aquatics complex, and a local gay bar named V.I.P. was the setting for the second episode of Season Five of the Bravo TV Reality show Tabatha Takes Over. The HBO show Enlightened (2011–2013), which starred Laura Dern, was also set in Riverside.

text: Retail[edit]

text: Retail shopping centers include the open-air Riverside Plaza, the Galleria at Tyler regional mall, while Main Street downtown, is the site of a pedestrian mall with unique shops.[53]

text: Arts and culture[edit]

text: Museums[edit]

text:
California Citrus State Historic Park Museum
Entomology Research Museum at the University of California, Riverside (not open to the public).
Heritage House Museum
March Field Air Museum
Mission Inn Museum
Riverside Art Museum
Riverside Metropolitan Museum
Sherman Indian Museum[54] at the Sherman Indian High School
Southern California Medical Museum, housed at the Riverside County Medical Association
Sweeney Art Gallery, an extension of the University of California, Riverside
The Stahl Center Museum of Culture at the La Sierra University
University of California, Riverside California Museum of Photography
World Museum of Natural History at the La Sierra University

text: Festivals and events[edit]

text: Several festivals occur throughout the year in Riverside, many focused on the downtown area.

text: Each year in February The Riverside Dickens Festival is held to "enhance a sense of community among citizens of Riverside County and Southern California by creating a series of literary events and to provide educational, family-oriented, literary entertainment and activities such as plays, musical performances, pageants, living history presentations, workshops, lectures, classroom study, exhibits and a street bazaar with free entertainment, vendors and costumed characters."[55]

text: The Riverside Airshow takes place in March at the Riverside Municipal Airport. The event attracts around 70,000 people and includes aerial performers, over 200 acres (0.81 km2) of aircraft displays, a car show and military vehicle display, children's activities, food and refreshments, helicopter displays and community group exhibits.[56][57]

text: The March Field Airfest, also known as Thunder Over the Empire, is a biennial air show held at March Air Reserve Base. The air show is among the largest events in the Inland Empire and Riverside County. The show has featured such performers as the United States Air Force Thunderbirds, the Air Combat Command demonstrations teams and many other military and civilian demonstrations. 2010 saw the Patriots Jet Team as the highlight demonstration team of the show. Attendance for the 2010 show was estimated at over 150,000.

text: The Riverside International Film Festival (RIFF) takes place in April and features films from around the world.[58] Sponsored by the city of Riverside, local universities, and many businesses, past festivals have featured over 175 films.

text: In October, the California Riverside Ballet sponsors the Ghost Walk, which in 2013 celebrated its 22nd year. The event is an adventure through some of the city's oldest and most historic buildings, with volunteers leading tours and telling tales of ghouls and ghosts.

text: Also, in October, for one evening, from late afternoon until midnight, the Long Night of Arts & Innovation is held in Downtown Riverside. This signature event of the city of Riverside is designed to showcase its best talent in the visual and performing arts, science and technology from its universities, community college, school districts, and most innovative companies and arts organizations. It is also designed to encourage school children to seek innovative careers in the arts and STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) by connecting them to professors, artists, professionals and performers from these institutions.

text: The Riverside Festival of Lights centers around the Mission Inn Hotel & Spa, located downtown. Decoration of the Inn begins in October and a lighting ceremony that includes speakers, fireworks, and live musicians takes place the day after Thanksgiving Day. The Inn puts up more than three million lights and hundreds of animated characters. Carolers, horse-drawn carriage rides, and ice skating all color the festival. Restaurants, cafes, and community groups all contribute to the festival. The festival runs through New Year's Day.

text: Also during the week of Thanksgiving, the Festival of Trees is held at the Riverside Convention Center. Held since 1990, the event seeks to raise money for the Riverside County Regional Medical Center children's units including the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, the Child Abuse and Neglect Unit, and the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Attracting 25,000 people per year, the event has raised over $5 million since its inception.[59] At the Festival of Trees, many professionally decorated Christmas trees are judged, auctioned, and then displayed for public viewing. Other activities include entertainment, a children's craft area, a sweet shop, and Storytime with Santa.

text: Other events in Riverside include, on the first Thursdays of each month, the Riverside Art Walk, with local vendors selling handmade arts and crafts.

text: Government[edit]

text: Local government[edit]

text: Riverside is governed by a city council and mayor. The city council has seven members each elected from single member wards. The mayor is elected in a citywide election. A city manager is responsible for ongoing city services.

text: In Riverside's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2013, the city's government accounts were reported to have $244 million in revenues and $365 million in expenditures, with the deficiency made up by the issuance of long-term debt and transfers from the city-owned utilities (including electric and water).[60] The report also indicates that over the past 9 years, the number of city employees increased by 23.6% to 2686 FTE, outpacing the 12.5% increase in the number of residents.

text: Federal and State representation[edit]

text: Under the electoral maps drawn by the Citizens' Redistricting Commission, which were first used in the 2012 elections and will remain in effect through at least 2020, Riverside's state and federal legislative districts have changed substantially.

text: In the California State Senate, the city is in the 31st Senate District, represented by Democrat Richard Roth. In the California State Assembly, it is split between the 60th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Sabrina Cervantes, and the 61st Assembly District, represented by Democrat Jose Medina. In the United States House of Representatives, Riverside is in California's 41st congressional district, represented by Democrat Mark Takano.[61]

text: Courts[edit]

text:
Federal

United States District Court, Central District of California, Eastern Division[62][63]
United States Bankruptcy Court, 9th Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel[62][64]
United States Bankruptcy Court, Central District of California[62]

State

California Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division Two[65]
Superior Court of California, County of Riverside[66]

text: Crime[edit]

text: Riverside's crime rate has shown a progressive drop over the past several decades. According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics database, from 2002 to 2014 violent crime fell to 1,384 from 2,026 events, and property crime to 9,864 from 13,135 events.[67] During this time, the population of the city rose by 21%. To help reduce gang-related crime, the city developed Project Bridge, an anti-gang program under the city of Riverside's Park and Recreation Department. Gang activity has been reported to center in the Casa Blanca, Arlanza and Eastside neighborhoods.

text: Of the 60 largest US police departments in 2015, the Riverside Police Department was the only department whose police did not kill anyone.[68]

text: Education[edit]

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text: Riverside is home to several institutions of higher learning:

text:
California Baptist University[69]
California Southern Law School[70] (to close in 2020).
La Sierra University[71]
National University[72] (branch campus in Riverside)
Riverside City College[73]
University of California, Riverside[74][75][76]

text: Vocational Schools[edit]

text:
Brightwood College
UEI College
Platt College
American College of Healthcare
Masters Vocational College
US College
Northwest College

text: Secondary schools[edit]

text: Public school districts and high schools[edit]

text: Riverside is served by two school districts:

text:
Riverside Unified School District serves eastern Riverside.

High schools include:

Arlington High School[77]
Martin Luther King High School
John W. North High School
Riverside Polytechnic High School also known as Poly High School
Ramona High School
Riverside Virtual School
Riverside STEM High School

Continuation high schools include:

Abraham Lincoln High School (continuation)
Raincross High School (continuation)
Summit View High School (continuation)

Alvord Unified School District serves western Riverside.

High schools include:

La Sierra High School
Norte Vista High School
Hillcrest High School

Continuation high schools include:

Alvord High School (continuation)

text: Other public secondary schools[edit]

text: Two notable institutions of learning, for specified student bodies, are also located in Riverside:

text:
California School for the Deaf, Riverside (CSD-R) for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing from Preschool to 12th grade has been open since 1952.[78] The CSD-R varsity football team, the Riverside Cubs, had an undefeated season which led to an appearance on a May 2006 segment on ABC's 20/20 news series.[citation needed]
Sherman Indian High School of the Bureau of Indian Education,[79] is for Native American tribal members from 9th to 12th grade; it has been open since 1878.

text: Private secondary schools[edit]

text:
Bethel Christian School[80]
Eastside Christian Academy
La Sierra Academy[81] (Seventh-day Adventist)
Notre Dame High School[82] (Roman Catholic)
Riverside Christian High School[83]
Woodcrest Christian High School[84]
Islamic Academy of Riverside[85]
Carniege Schools Riverside
La Sierra Academy

text: Initiative to raise college graduation rates[edit]

text: Riverside won a $3 million grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2010. As a result, the Completion Counts initiative was created as a joint partnership by the city of Riverside, Riverside City College, Alvord Unified School District, Riverside Unified School District, Riverside County Office of Education, UC Riverside, and the Greater Riverside Chambers of Commerce to double college graduation rates by 2020. Only Riverside, New York City, San Francisco, and Mesa, Arizona received such a grant.

text: The partnership is creating measures that help students across Riverside earn a degree. For example, RCC will now give 2012 graduates of AUSD and RUSD priority class registration, and a two-year guarantee to complete an associate degree or transfer to a four-year university.[86] Completion Counts is also ensuring that AUSD, RUSD and RCC work together to create a seamless math and English curriculum to prepare students for college-level work. High school and college student counselors are meeting regularly to agree on the best ways to get students ready for college.

text: Media[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Radio stations in the Inland Empire

By AM frequency

590
640
1050
1240
1290
1330
1350
1370
1410
1440
1490
1510
1570
1670

By FM frequency

87.71
88.3
88.7
88.9
89.1
89.7
90.1
90.3
90.9
91.1
91.9
92.5
92.9
93.5
94.3
94.5
95.1
96.1
96.7
97.5
98.1
98.3
98.3
99.1
99.9
100.9
101.3
101.7
102.3
103.1
103.3
103.9
104.1
104.7
105.7
106.5
106.9

1 Audio for TV channel 6 (KRPE-LP/Rel)

By callsign

K212GC
K251AH
K252BF
K276EF
K295AI
KAEH
KATY-FM
KCAA
KCAL
KCAL-FM
KDEY-FM
KEZY
KFOO
KFRG
KGGI
KGIC-LP
KHPY
KHTI
KJVA-LP
KKDD
KKLP
KKLM (FM)
KLRD
KLYY
KMET
KMYT
KOLA
KPRO
KQIE
KQLH-LP
KRCV
KRDC (AM)
KRQB
KCAA
KCAA
KSDW
KSGN
KSPA
KSPC
KTIE
KTMQ
KUBE
KUCR
KUOR
KVCR
KWRM
KXFG
KXRS
KXSB
K272FQ
K293CF

Nearby radio markets
High Desert/Eastern Sierra
Los Angeles
Palm Springs
San Diego
Victor Valley

See also
List of radio stations in California

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Highways[edit]

text: Riverside is served by three major freeways, the I-215, the State Route 60, and the State Route 91. These three freeways meet in north-eastern Riverside at the rebuilt 60/91/215 interchange that was completed in late 2007.[87]

text: Rail lines[edit]

text: The city contains two Metrolink commuter rail stations, Riverside-Downtown and Riverside-La Sierra. Both are served by the Inland Empire-Orange County and 91 Lines, and the Downtown station is served by the Riverside Line on weekdays, and the San Bernardino Line on weekends. Amtrak's Southwest Chief which runs from Los Angeles to Chicago also serves the city.

text: Bus lines[edit]

text: Local bus service is provided by the Riverside Transit Agency.[88] Recently, the agency proposed a new bus rapid transit route to travel along the current Route 1 from the University of California, Riverside to Corona. The project is expected in FY 2011 or 2012, as funding is made available.[89]

text: Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines, Amtrak California, and a handful of small operators serving the cross-border market into Mexico.

text: Airports[edit]

text: The Riverside Municipal Airport (FAA designator: RAL) with a 5,400-foot (1,600 m) runway, is the only airport within Riverside's city limits, and is the location for the annual Riverside Air Show. The airport is primarily used for private and business aviation. The nearest major airport is the Ontario International Airport in the city of Ontario, California (FAA designator: ONT), about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Riverside.

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Lorenz Larkin (UFC Bellator MMA Fighter)

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Sister cities of Riverside, California[90]

Sendai, Japan

Cuautla, Morelos, Mexico

Ensenada, Mexico

Jiangmen, People's Republic of China

Gangnam, South Korea

Hyderabad, India

Obuasi, Ghana

Erlangen, Germany

Can Tho, Vietnam

text: Riverside has nine sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:

text: The Sendai Committee is working on setting up a secure e-pal system whereby the residents of Sendai and Riverside can exchange emails in a fashion similar to pen pals. The aim is to promote grassroots cultural exchange between the two sister cities.

text: The city of Riverside established an economic partnership program with the state of Oaxaca, Mexico in the early 2000s (decade).


document_title: History of the United States public debt

question_text: when was the last time the usa had no debt

root

text: Early history[edit]

text: Except for about a year during 1835–1836, the United States has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789. During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, amassed huge war debts, but lacked the power to repay these obligations through taxation or duties on imports.[1][2]

tag: p

text: On the founding of the United States, the financial affairs of the new federation were in disarray, exacerbated by an economic crisis in urban commercial centers.[3] In 1790, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton pushed for Congress to pass a financial plan, called the First Report on the Public Credit,[4] a controversial part of which involved the federal government assuming state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War.[5] Northern states had accumulated a huge amount of debt during the war, amounting to $21.5 million, and wanted the federal government to assume their burden. The Southern states, which had lower or no debts, whose citizens would effectively pay a portion of this debt if the federal government assumed it, were disinclined to accept the proposal. Some states, including Virginia, had already paid off almost half of their debts, and felt that their taxpayers should not be assessed again to bail out the less provident, and further argued that the plan was beyond the constitutional power of the new government. James Madison, then a representative from Virginia, led a group of legislators from the South in blocking the provision and prevent the plan from gaining approval. Jefferson supported Madison[6] The plan was finally adopted as part of the Compromise of 1790, as the Funding Act of 1790. The compromise meant that the state debts were all picked up by the federal Treasury, and the permanent national capital would be located in the South, along the Virginia-Maryland border in what became the District of Colombia.

text: The assumption issue[edit]

text: Historian Max M. Edling has explained how assumption worked. It was the critical issue; the location of the capital was a bargaining ploy. Hamilton proposed that the federal Treasury take over and pay off all the debt that states had incurred to pay for the American Revolution. The Treasury would issue bonds that rich people would buy, thereby giving the rich a tangible stake in the success of the national government. Hamilton proposed to pay off the new bonds with revenue from a new tariff on imports. Jefferson originally approved the scheme, but Madison had turned him around by arguing that federal control of debt would consolidate too much power in the national government. Edling points out that after its passage in 1790, the assumption was accepted. Madison did try to pay speculators below 100%, but they were paid the face value of the state debts they held regardless of how little they paid for them. When Jefferson became president he continued the system. The credit of the U.S. was solidly established at home and abroad, and Hamilton was successful in signing up many of the bondholders in his new Federalist Party. Good credit allowed Jefferson's Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin to borrow in Europe to finance the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, as well as to borrow to finance the War of 1812.[7]

text: The Southern states extracted a major concession from Hamilton in the recalculation of their debt under the fiscal plan.[8] For example, in the case of Virginia, a zero-sum arrangement was contrived, in which Virginia paid $3.4 million to the federal government, and received exactly that amount in federal compensation.[9] The revision of Virginia’s debt, coupled with Potomac residence issue, ultimately netted it over $13 million.[10] Another result of federal assumption of state debts was to give the federal government much more power by placing the country's most serious financial obligation in the hands of the federal government rather than the state governments. The federal government was able to avoid competing in interest with the States.

text: The debts of the federal government on January 1, 1791 amounted to $75,463,476.52, of which about $40 million was domestic debt, $12 million was foreign debt, and $18.3 million were state debts assumed by the federal government, of the $21.5 million that had been authorized.[11]

text: 1790s to 1910[edit]

text: To reduce the debt, from 1796 to 1811 there were 14 budget surpluses and 2 deficits. There was a sharp increase in the debt as a result of the War of 1812. In the 20 years following that war, there were 18 surpluses. The United States actually paid off its debt entirely in January 1835, only to begin accruing debt anew by 1836 (the debt on January 1, 1836 was $37,000).[12][13]

text: Another sharp increase in the debt occurred as a result of the Civil War. The debt was just $65 million in 1860, but passed $1 billion in 1863 and reached $2.7 billion by the end of the war. During the following 47 years, there were 36 surpluses and 11 deficits. During this period 55% of the national debt was paid off.

text: World War I and Great Depression[edit]

text: Debt increased again during World War I (1914–1918), reaching $25.5 billion at its conclusion. Approximately $17 billion in debt was raised through the selling of Liberty Bonds to the general public to finance the U.S.'s military effort. The war was followed by 11 consecutive surpluses that saw the debt reduced by 36% by the end of the 1920s.[14]

text: Warren G. Harding was elected president in 1920 and believed the federal government should be fiscally managed in a way similar to private sector businesses. He had campaigned in 1920 on the slogan, "Less government in business and more business in government."[15] Under Harding, federal spending declined from $6.3 billion in 1920 to $5 billion in 1921 and $3.3 billion in 1922. Over the course of the 1920s, under the leadership of Calvin Coolidge, the national debt was reduced by one third.[16] The decrease was even greater when the growth in GDP and inflation is taken into account.

text: Debt held by the public was $15.05 billion or 16.5% of GDP in 1930. When Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, the public debt was almost $20 billion, 20% of GDP. Decreased tax revenues and spending on social programs during the Great Depression increased the debt and by 1936, the public debt had increased to $33.7 billion, approximately 40% of GDP.[17] During its first term, the Roosevelt administration ran large annual deficits of between 2 and 5% of GDP. By 1939, the debt held by the public had increased to $39.65 billion or 43% of GDP. The buildup and involvement in World War II during the presidencies of F.D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman led to the largest increase in public debt. Public debt rose over 100% of GDP to pay for the mobilization before and during the war. Public debt was $251.43 billion or 112% of GDP at the conclusion of the war in 1945 and was $260 billion in 1950. And that's it.

text: After World War II[edit]

text: The public debt fell rapidly after the end of World War II under the presidency of Harry S. Truman, as the U.S. and the rest of the world experienced a post-war economic expansion. Unlike previous wars, the Korean War (1950–53) was largely financed by taxation and did not lead to an increase in the public debt.[18]

text: Growth rates in Western countries began to slow in the mid-1960s. Beginning in the mid-1970s and afterwards, U.S. national debt began to increase faster than GDP.[19][20]

text: The public debt reached a post-World War II low of 24.6% in 1974.[14][21] In that year, the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 reformed the budget process to allow Congress to challenge the president's budget more easily, and, as a consequence, deficits became increasingly difficult to control.[22] National debt held by the public increased from its postwar low of 24.6% of GDP in 1974 to 26.2% in 1980.[23]

text: Debt held by the public relative to GDP rose rapidly again in the 1980s. President Ronald Reagan's economic policies lowered tax rates (Reagan slashed the top income tax rate from 70% to 28%, although bills passed in 1982 and 1984 later partially reversed those tax cuts.)[22][24] and increased military spending, while congressional Democrats blocked cuts to social programs.[20][22][24][22] As a result, debt as a share of GDP increased from 26.2% in 1980 to 40.9% in 1988,[23] and it continued to rise during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, reaching 48.3% of GDP in 1992.[14][25]

text: Debt held by the public reached a high of 49.5% of GDP at the beginning of President Clinton's first term. However, it fell to 34.5% of GDP by the end of Clinton's presidency due in part to decreased military spending, increased taxes (in 1990, 1993 and 1997), and increased tax revenue resulting from the 1990s boom.[14][21][26][27][28] The budget controls instituted in the 1990s successfully restrained fiscal action by the Congress and the President and together with economic growth contributed to the budget surpluses at the end of the decade.[29] The surpluses led to a decline in the public debt from about 43% of GDP in 1998 to about 33% by 2001.[29]

text: In the early 21st century, debt held by the public relative to GDP rose again due in part to the Bush tax cuts and increased military spending caused by the wars in the Middle East and a new entitlement Medicare D program. During the presidency of George W. Bush, debt held by the public increased from $3.339 trillion in September 2001 to $6.369 trillion by the end of 2008.[30][31] In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2007–08 and related significant revenue declines and spending increases, debt held by the public increased to $11.917 trillion by the end of July 2013, under the presidency of Barack Obama.[30][32]

text: 2011 credit rating downgrade[edit]

text: On August 5, 2011, the United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011, the credit rating agency Standard & Poor's downgraded the rating of the federal government from AAA to AA+. It was the first time the U.S. had been downgraded since it was originally given a AAA rating on its debt by Moody's in 1917.[33] BBC News reported that Standard & Poor's had "lost confidence" in the ability of the U.S. government to make decisions.[34]

text: Changes in debt by political affiliation[edit]

text: The President proposes a national budget to Congress, which has final say over the document but rarely appropriates more than what the President requests.[35]

text: Economist Mike Kimel has noted that the former Democratic Presidents (Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter, Lyndon B. Johnson, John F. Kennedy, and Harry S. Truman) all reduced public debt as a share of GDP, while the last four Republican Presidents (George W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford) all oversaw an increase in the country's indebtedness.[36] Economic historian J. Bradford DeLong, observed a contrast not so much between Republicans and Democrats but between Democrats and "old-style Republicans (Eisenhower and Nixon)" on one hand (decreasing debt) and "new-style Republicans" on the other (increasing debt).[37][38] David Stockman, former director of the Office of Management and Budget, blamed the "ideological tax-cutters" of the Reagan administration for the increase of national debt during the 1980s.[39] Former Treasury official Bruce Bartlett attributed the increase in the national debt since the 1980s to the policy of "starve the beast".[40][41] While noting that George H.W. Bush's budget deal in 1990 was one of the reasons for improvement of the fiscal situation in 1990s, Bartlett was highly critical of George W. Bush for creating budget deficits by reducing tax rates and increasing spending in the early 2000s.[42][43]

text: Causes of recent changes in debt[edit]

text: Public debt is the cumulative result of budget deficits; that is, government spending exceeding revenues.

text: 2001 vs. 2009[edit]

text: According to the Congressional Budget Office, the United States last had a budget surplus during fiscal year 2001. From fiscal years 2001 to 2009, spending increased by 6.5% of gross domestic product (from 18.2% to 24.7%) while taxes declined by 4.7% of GDP (from 19.5% to 14.8%). Spending increases (expressed as percentage of GDP) were in the following areas: Medicare and Medicaid (1.7%), defense (1.6%), income security such as unemployment benefits and food stamps (1.4%), Social Security (0.6%) and all other categories (1.2%). Revenue reductions were individual income taxes (−3.3%), payroll taxes (−0.5%), corporate income taxes (−0.5%) and other (−0.4%).

text: The 2009 spending level was the highest relative to GDP in 40 years, while the tax receipts were the lowest relative to GDP in 40 years. The next highest spending year was 1985 (22.8%), while the next lowest tax year was 2004 (16.1%).[44]

text: 2001 vs. 2011[edit]

text: In June 2012, the Congressional Budget Office summarized the cause of change between its January 2001 estimate of a $5.6 trillion cumulative surplus between 2002 and 2011 and the actual $6.1 trillion cumulative deficit that occurred, an unfavorable "turnaround" or debt increase of $11.7 trillion. Tax rate cuts and slower-than-expected growth reduced revenues by $6.1 trillion and spending was $5.6 trillion higher. Of this total, the CBO attributes 72% to legislated tax rate cuts and spending increases and 27% to economic and technical factors. Of the latter, 56% occurred from 2009 to 2011.[45][46]

text: The difference between the projected and actual debt in 2011, the budget office said, could be attributed largely to:

text:
$3.5 trillion – Economic changes (including lower than expected tax revenues and higher safety net spending due to recession)
$1.6 trillion – Bush Tax Cuts (EGTRRA and JGTRRA), primarily tax rate cuts but also some smaller spending increases
$1.5 trillion – Increased non-defense discretionary spending
$1.4 trillion – Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
$1.4 trillion – Incremental interest due to higher debt balances
$0.9 trillion – Obama stimulus and tax cuts (ARRA and Tax Act of 2010)[46]

tag: ul

text: The U.S. budget situation has deteriorated significantly since 2001, when the CBO forecast average annual surpluses of approximately $850 billion from 2009–2012. The average deficit forecast in each of those years as of June 2009 was approximately $1,215 billion. The New York Times analyzed this roughly $2 trillion "swing", separating the causes into four major categories along with their share:

text:
Recessions or the business cycle (37%);
Policies enacted by President Bush (33%);
Policies enacted by President Bush and supported or extended by President Obama (20%); and
New policies from President Obama (10%).

text: Several other articles and experts explained the causes of change in the debt position.[47][48][49]

text: 2008 vs. 2009[edit]

text: In October 2009, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) gave the reasons for the higher budget deficit in 2009 ($1,410 billion, i.e. $1.41 trillion) over that of 2008 ($460 billion). The major changes included: declines in tax receipt of $320 billion due to the effects of the recession and another $100 billion due to tax rate cuts in the stimulus bill (the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act or ARRA); $245 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) and other bailout efforts; $100 billion in additional spending for ARRA; and another $185 billion due to increases in primary budget categories such as Medicare, Medicaid, unemployment insurance, Social Security, and Defense – including the war effort in Afghanistan and Iraq. This was the highest budget deficit relative to GDP (9.9%) since 1945.[50] The national debt increased by $1.9 trillion during FY2009, versus the $1.0 trillion increase during 2008.[51]

text: The Obama Administration also made four significant accounting changes to more accurately report total federal government spending. The four changes were:

text:
Account for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan ("overseas military contingencies") in the budget, rather than through supplemental appropriations
Assume the Alternative Minimum Tax is indexed for inflation;
Account for the full costs of Medicare reimbursements
Anticipate inevitable expenditures for natural disaster relief

tag: ol

text: Obama administration officials predicted that these changes will make the debt over ten years look $2.7 trillion larger than it would otherwise appear.[52]

text: Historical debt levels[edit]

text: Gross federal debt[edit]

text: This table lists the U.S. federal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product, or GDP, each year since World War II.[53] The gross federal debt shown below reached 102.7% of GDP at the end of 2012, the most recent figure available; it was the highest percentage since 1945 and the first yearly percentage figure to go over 100% since then. (The gross federal debt in the table includes intra-government debt – that is, money owed by one branch of the federal government to another. When this latter amount is subtracted, the remaining quantity is known as the public debt.)

text:
Congressional session
Years
President
President's party
Debt-to-GDP ratio at start of period
Debt-to-GDP ratio at end of period
Change in debt (in billions of dollars)
Change in debt-to-GDP ratio
(in percentage points)

77–78
1941–1945
Roosevelt
Democratic
50.4%
117.5%
+203
+67.1

79–80
1945–1949
Roosevelt, Truman
Democratic
117.5%
93.1%
-8
-24.4

81–82
1949–1953
Truman
Democratic
93.1%
71.4%
+13
-21.7

83–84
1953–1957
Eisenhower
Republican
71.4%
60.4%
+6
-11.0

85–86
1957–1961
Eisenhower
Republican
60.4%
55.2%
+20
-5.2

87–88
1961–1965
Kennedy, Johnson
Democratic
55.2%
46.9%
+30
-8.3

89–90
1965–1969
Johnson
Democratic
46.9%
38.6%
+43
-8.3

91–92
1969–1973
Nixon
Republican
38.6%
35.6%
+101
-3.0

93–94
1973–1977
Nixon, Ford
Republican
35.6%
35.8%
+177
+0.2

95–96
1977–1981
Carter
Democratic
35.8%
32.5%
+288
-3.3

97–98
1981–1985
Reagan
Republican
32.5%
43.8%
+823
+11.3

99–100
1985–1989
Reagan
Republican
43.8%
53.1%
+1,050
+9.3

101–102
1989–1993
Bush Sr.
Republican
53.1%
66.1%
+1,483
+13.0

103–104
1993–1997
Clinton
Democratic
66.1%
65.4%
+1,018
-0.7

105–106
1997–2001
Clinton
Democratic
65.4%
56.4%
+401
-9.0

107–108
2001–2005
Bush
Republican
56.4%
63.5%
+2,135
+7.1

109–110
2005–2009
Bush
Republican
63.5%
84.2%
+3,971
+20.7

111–112
2009–2013
Obama
Democratic
84.2%
102.7%
+6,061
+18.5

tag: table

text: (Source: CBO Historical Budget Page and Whitehouse FY 2012 Budget – Table 7.1 Federal Debt at the End of Year PDF, Excel, Senate.gov)

text: Notes:

text:
Some of the debt included in this chart for each presidential administration may include debt added under the next presidential administration.[54]
For net jobs changes over the corresponding periods, see: Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms.

text: Publicly held debt[edit]

text: Publicly held debt is the gross debt minus intra-governmental obligations (such as the money that the government owes to the two Social Security Trust Funds, the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program, and the Social Security Disability Insurance program).[55]

text: Federal spending, federal debt and GDP[edit]

text: The table below shows annual federal spending, gross federal debt and gross domestic product for specific fiscal years.[56] The government fiscal year runs from October 1 of the previous calendar year to September 30 of the year shown.

text:
Fiscal year
Federal spending
Federal debt
Gross domestic product
Inflation adjuster[57]

Billions[58]
Adjusted[59]
Change
Billions[60]
Adjusted[61]
Change
Billions[62]
Adjusted[63]
Change

1977
$409
$1,040

$705
$1,795

$1,974
$5,019

0.39

1978
$459
$1,093
5.1%
$776
$1,850
3.1%
$2,217
$5,285
5.3%
0.42

1979
$504
$1,107
1.3%
$829
$1,821
−1.5%
$2,501
$5,494
4.0%
0.46

1980
$591
$1,175
6.1%
$909
$1,808
−0.8%
$2,727
$5,422
−1.3%
0.50

1981
$678
$1,219
3.8%
$994
$1,787
−1.1%
$3,055
$5,492
1.3%
0.56

1982
$746
$1,252
2.6%
$1,137
$1,908
6.8%
$3,228
$5,417
−1.4%
0.60

1983
$808
$1,294
3.4%
$1,371
$2,195
15.0%
$3,441
$5,510
1.7%
0.62

1984
$852
$1,300
0.4%
$1,564
$2,386
8.7%
$3,840
$5,858
6.3%
0.66

1985
$946
$1,396
7.4%
$1,817
$2,680
12.3%
$4,142
$6,108
4.3%
0.68

1986
$990
$1,426
2.1%
$2,120
$3,052
13.9%
$4,412
$6,352
4.0%
0.69

1987
$1,004
$1,406
−1.4%
$2,345
$3,283
7.6%
$4,647
$6,506
2.4%
0.71

1988
$1,065
$1,447
2.9%
$2,601
$3,534
7.7%
$5,009
$6,806
4.6%
0.74

1989
$1,144
$1,499
3.6%
$2,867
$3,757
6.3%
$5,401
$7,077
4.0%
0.76

1990
$1,253
$1,590
6.1%
$3,206
$4,067
8.3%
$5,735
$7,277
2.8%
0.79

1991
$1,324
$1,610
1.3%
$3,598
$4,374
7.5%
$5,935
$7,215
−0.8%
0.82

1992
$1,382
$1,624
0.9%
$4,001
$4,703
7.5%
$6,240
$7,334
1.7%
0.85

1993
$1,410
$1,615
−0.5%
$4,351
$4,987
6.0%
$6,576
$7,536
2.8%
0.87

1994
$1,462
$1,642
1.7%
$4,643
$5,216
4.6%
$6,961
$7,820
3.8%
0.89

1995
$1,516
$1,662
1.2%
$4,920
$5,395
3.4%
$7,326
$8,033
2.7%
0.91

1996
$1,561
$1,673
0.7%
$5,181
$5,554
3.0%
$7,694
$8,248
2.7%
0.93

1997
$1,601
$1,684
0.7%
$5,369
$5,647
1.7%
$8,182
$8,606
4.3%
0.95

1998
$1,653
$1,721
2.2%
$5,478
$5,704
1.0%
$8,628
$8,985
4.4%
0.96

1999
$1,702
$1,746
1.5%
$5,605
$5,750
0.8%
$9,125
$9,361
4.2%
0.97

2000
$1,789
$1,789
2.5%
$5,628
$5,628
−2.1%
$9,710
$9,710
3.7%
1.00

2001
$1,863
$1,821
1.8%
$5,769
$5,638
0.2%
$10,058
$9,829
1.2%
1.02

2002
$2,011
$1,929
6.0%
$6,198
$5,945
5.5%
$10,377
$9,954
1.3%
1.04

2003
$2,160
$2,018
4.6%
$6,760
$6,316
6.2%
$10,809
$10,099
1.4%
1.07

2004
$2,293
$2,082
3.2%
$7,354
$6,677
5.7%
$11,500
$10,441
3.4%
1.10

2005
$2,472
$2,165
4.0%
$7,905
$6,923
3.7%
$12,238
$10,717
2.6%
1.14

2006
$2,655
$2,249
3.9%
$8,451
$7,158
3.4%
$13,016
$11,024
2.9%
1.18

2007
$2,730
$2,263
0.6%
$8,951
$7,419
3.6%
$13,668
$11,329
2.8%
1.21

2008
$2,931
$2,366
4.6%
$9,654
$7,793
5.0%
$14,312
$11,553
0%
1.24

2009*
$3,107
$2,452
3.6%
$10,413
$8,218
5.5%
$14,097
$11,529
2.6%
1.27

2010*
$3,091
$2,392
−2.4%
$11,875
$9,247
12.5%
$14,508
$11,297
−2.0%
1.29

text: Note: The values for the years 2009, and 2010 represent estimates from the source material.


document_title: Boyz n the Hood

question_text: who plays ricky in boyz in the hood

question_tokens: who plays ricky in boyz in the hood

text: Boyz n the Hood

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ten-year old Tre Styles lives with his single mother, Reva in Watts, Los Angeles. After Tre gets into a fight at school, his teacher informs Reva that Tre is highly intelligent but has a volatile temper and lacks respect. Worried about Tre's future, Reva sends him to live in the Crenshaw neighborhood of South Central Los Angeles with his father, Jason "Furious" Styles (Laurence Fishburne), from whom she hopes Tre will learn valuable life lessons and to be able to mature, but assures him he will be permitted to return to her one day.

text: In Crenshaw, Tre reunites with his friends, Darrin "Doughboy" Baker, Doughboy's maternal half-brother Ricky, and Chris, their mutual friend. After chatting for a bit, Furious immediately has Tre rake the leaves off the front lawn. That night, Furious tells Tre that he has him work to teach him how to be responsible. That night, Tre hears his father shooting at a burglar who tries to rob the house. Two policemen arrive an hour later, and while the white officer is civil and courteous, the black one is disrespectful towards Furious. The next day, Tre and his friends go out with Chris who shows them a dead body. While there, a group of older boys in the Watts Crip gang steal Ricky's football and Doughboy tries to retrieve it, but is defeated. While the older boys walk away, one of them gives Ricky his ball back. Later in the day, Furious spends father/son bonding time with Tre, taking him fishing by the seaside and tells the boy more about his life prior to having him, including his military experience in the Vietnam War, in hopes of making his son proud of him. He concludes his story by advising Tre to never join the army, stating that a black man has no place in the army. When returning home, they see Doughboy and Chris being arrested for shoplifting (Doughboy had said earlier on that they were going to the store, but had no money), while Ricky and Tre look on.

text: At a barbecue, Doughboy (Ice Cube) is now a Crip gang member and is celebrating his recent release from jail, along with most of his friends, including Chris, who is now paralysed and uses a wheelchair as a result of a gun wound, and new friends Dooky and Monster, also now Crip members. Ricky (Morris Chestnut), now a star running back for Crenshaw High School, lives with his single mother Brenda, girlfriend Shanice, and their infant son. Tre (Cuba Gooding Jr.) has grown into a mature and responsible teenager, works at a clothes shop at the Fox Hills Mall, and aspires to attend college with his girlfriend, Brandi (Nia Long), but their relationship is somehow deteriorating over Tre's desire to have sex, while Brandi, a devout Catholic, wishes to wait until after marriage.

text: Ricky hopes to win a scholarship from USC. After a visit from a recruiter, a mildly embarrasing experience for Ricky due to his unkempt home and his brother's rudeness, he is informed that he must score a 700 or higher on the SATs test in order to qualify. Ricky and Tre sit the test on the same day. Afterwards, they go to see Furious at his office to unwind. Furious takes Tre and Ricky to Compton, California to talk about the dangers of decreasing property values in the black community. That night, during a local street racing gathering, Ricky is provoked by Ferris, a 27-year old member of the Bloods. In response, Doughboy brandishes his handgun, leading to a brief argument between the two gangs. When the two gangs are finished arguing, Ferris fires his gun in the air causing everyone to leave. While Tre talks about leaving Los Angeles, he and Ricky are pulled over by the police. The cop is the exact same one who was disrespectful towards his father seven years earlier; he intimidates and threatens Tre with his gun, knowing he can't do anything. Distraught, Tre goes to Brandi's house, where he finally breaks down. After she consoles him, they have sex for the first time.

text: The following day, Ricky has a fight with Doughboy. While Ricky and Tre walk to a nearby store, they see Ferris and his gang driving around the neighborhood and in an attempt to avoid them, the pair cut through back alleyways and split up. Ferris' car closes in on Ricky, and one of Ferris' gang members shoots Ricky, killing him. Doughboy and his gang, who had sensed that Tre and Ricky were in trouble, catch up with them, but are too late. Devastated and helpless, the boys carry Ricky's lifeless body back home. When Brenda and Shanice see Ricky's corpse, they break down in tears and blame Doughboy, who unsuccessfully tries to comfort them and explain the truth. That night, a distraught Brenda reads Ricky's SAT results, discovering he scored a 710, enough to qualify for the scholarship he wanted.

text: The remaining boys vow vengeance on Ferris and his crew. Furious finds Tre preparing to take Furious' .357 Magnum, but convinces Tre to abandon his plans for revenge. However, Brandi and Furious catch Tre sneaking out of his bedroom window to join Doughboy. That night, as the gang drives across the city, Tre asks to be let out of the car and returns home, realizing that his father was right to keep him from falling into an endless cycle of violence. When Tre gets home, Furious is waiting for him. They both look at each other without saying a word, and then Furious retreats to his bedroom. Meanwhile, Doughboy finds Ferris' gang at a local fast-food outlet, and Monster opens fire on them, killing one and wounding the other two. Doughboy gets out and kills the other wounded gang member and executes Ferris.

text: The next day, Doughboy visits Tre, now understanding Tre's reasons for leaving the gang. Doughboy knows that he will soon face retaliation for Ferris' death, and accepts the consequences of his crime-ridden lifestyle. He plaintively questions why America doesn't care about the life in the ghetto. He sorrowfully says that he has no family left now after Ricky's death and Brenda's disownment of him, but is embraced by Tre, who says to Doughboy that he still has one brother left (referring to himself).

text: The epilogue reveals that Doughboy saw Ricky buried the next day and was murdered two weeks later. Tre and Brandi resume their relationship, and go on to attend Morehouse and Spelman Colleges in Atlanta, respectively.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cuba Gooding Jr. as Tre Styles

Desi Arnez Hines II as Tre age 10

Ice Cube as Darrin "Doughboy" Baker

Baha Jackson as Doughboy age 10

Morris Chestnut as Ricky Baker

Donovan McCrary as Ricky age 10

Laurence Fishburne (credited as Larry Fishburne) as Jason "Furious" Styles Jr.
Nia Long as Brandi

Nicole Brown as Brandi age 10

Angela Bassett as Reva Styles
Tyra Ferrell as Brenda Baker
Redge Green as Chris

Kenneth A. Brown as Chris age 10

Dedrick D. Gobert as Dooky
Baldwin C. Sykes as Monster
Tracey Lewis-Sinclair as Shaniqua
Alysia Rogers as Shanice
Regina King as Shalika
Lexie Bigham as Mad Dog
Raymond Turner as Ferris
Lloyd Avery II as Ferris' Triggerman (Knucklehead #2)

text: Production[edit]

text: Singleton wrote the film based around his life growing up and events that either happened to him, or people he knew.[4] When applying for film school, one of the questions on the application form was to describe "three ideas for films". One of the ideas Singleton wrote was a movie to be titled Summer of 84, which would later evolve into Boyz n the Hood. [4] Singleton was protective of his script, insisting that he be the one to direct the project, later explaining at a retrospective screening of the film, "I wasn’t going to have somebody from Idaho or Encino direct this movie."[5]

text: The role of Doughboy was specifically written for Ice Cube whom Singleton met while working as an intern at The Arsenio Hall Show.[4] Singleton claims that the other two leads, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Morris Chestnut, were cast simply because they were the first ones who showed up to the casting auditions.[4] Despite having a member of one of the best-selling rap groups, N.W.A, this, at least according to Singleton, was not a selling point to the studio who were not aware of them.[4] Rather, Singleton opined, the studio greenlit the film in the interest of making a film similar to the Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing. The film was shot in sequence, with Singleton later noting that, as the film goes on, the camera work gets better as Singleton was finding his foothold as a director.[5]

text: Reception and legacy[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96% based on 61 reviews and an average score of 8.3/10.[6] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 73 out of 100 based on 18 reviews, which indicates "Generally favorable reviews".[7]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The film has been referenced many times in other works, including works by Lupe Fiasco, Game, and Ice Cube himself. In 1994, British jungle DJ duo Remarc and Lewi produced a song titled "Ricky". The song itself is built up of various sound bites from the movie, particularly the scene where Ricky is murdered. Ice Cube's song, "Check Yo Self", also references the film.

text: On the July 12, 2011 episode of her self-titled talk show, Mo'Nique celebrated the 20th anniversary of the release of Boyz n the Hood with director John Singleton, Cuba Gooding Jr., Yo-Yo, and Regina King.

text: In Vince Staple's hit song "Norf Norf" (2016), Staples references the scene where Ricky gets shot in the back, letting the listener know how much of an impact the movie had on his upbringing.

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text: Academy Awards: 1992

text:
Nominee, Best Director, John Singleton
Nominee, Best Original Screenplay, John Singleton

text: BMI Film Music Award: 1992

text: Winner, Stanley Clarke

text: Image Award: 1993

text: Winner, Outstanding Motion Picture, Boyz n the Hood

text: MTV Movie Award: 1992

text:
Nominee, Best Movie, Boyz n the Hood
Winner, Best New Filmmaker, John Singleton

text: National Film Preservation Board, USA: 2002

text: National Film Registry, Boyz n the Hood

text: New York Film Critics Circle Award: 1991

text: Winner, Best New Director, John Singleton

text: Political Film Society, USA: 1992

text:
Winner, PFS Award, Peace
Nominee, PFS Award, Exposé
Nominee, PFS Award, Human Rights

text: Writers Guild of America, USA: 1992

text: Nominee, WGA Award (Screen), Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen, John Singleton

text: Young Artist Awards: 1992[8]

text: Winner, Young Artist Award, Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture

text: In 2007, Boyz n the Hood was selected as one of the 50 Films To See in your lifetime by Channel 4.

text: American Film Institute Lists

text: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Year
Album
Peak chart positions
Certifications

U.S.
U.S. R&B

1991
Boyz n the Hood

Released: July 9, 1991
Label: Qwest/Warner Bros. Records

12
1

US: Gold


document_title: Cecum

question_text: where does the small intestine join the large intestine

text: Cecum

text: Structure[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The cecum and appendix are formed by the enlargement of the postarterial segment of the midgut loop. The proximal part of the bud grows rapidly to form the cecum. The lateral wall of the cecum grows much more rapidly than the medial wall, with the result that the point of attachment of the appendix comes to lie on the medial side.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term cecum comes from the Latin caecum, literally "blind", here in the sense "blind gut" or "cul de sac".[citation needed]

text: In dissections by the Greek philosophers, the connection between the ileum of the small intestines and the cecum was not fully understood. Most of the studies of the digestive tract were done on animals and the results were compared to human structures.[citation needed]

text: The junction between the small intestine and the colon, called the ileocecal valve, is so small in some animals that it was not considered to be a connection between the small and large intestines. During a dissection, the colon could be traced from the rectum, to the sigmoid colon, through the descending, transverse, and ascending sections. The cecum is an end point for the colon with a dead-end portion terminating with the appendix.[3]

text: The connection between the end of the small intestine (ileum) and the start (as viewed from the perspective of food being processed) of the colon (cecum) is now clearly understood, and is called the ileocolic orifice. The connection between the end of the cecum and the beginning of the ascending colon is called the cecocolic orifice.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: A cecal carcinoid tumor is a carcinoid tumor of the cecum. An appendiceal carcinoid tumor (a carcinoid tumor of the appendix) is sometimes found next to a cecal carcinoid.[citation needed]

text: In animals[edit]

text: A cecum is present in most amniote species, and also in lungfish, but not in any living species of amphibian. In reptiles, it is usually a single median structure, arising from the dorsal side of the large intestine. Birds typically have two paired ceca, as, unlike other mammals, do hyraxes.[4] Parrots do not have ceca.[5]

text: Most mammalian herbivores have a relatively large cecum, hosting a large number of bacteria, which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose; in many species, it is considerably wider than the colon. In contrast, obligatory carnivores, whose diets contain little or no plant material, have a reduced cecum, which is often partially or wholly replaced by the appendix.[4] Mammalian species which do not develop a cecum include raccoons, bears, and the red panda. Over 99% of the bacteria in the gut flora are anaerobes,[6][7][8][9][10] but in the cecum, aerobic bacteria reach high densities.[6]

text: Many fish have a number of small outpocketings, called pyloric ceca, along their intestine; despite the name they are not homologous with the cecum of amniotes, and their purpose is to increase the overall area of the digestive epithelium.[4] Some invertebrates, such as squid,[11] may also have structures with the same name, but these have no relationship with those of vertebrates.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Illustration of the large intestine

Diagram of human gastrointestinal tract

Cecum and ileum

Ileo-cecal valve

Cecum

Ileocecal orifice

Location of McBurney's point (#1)

The superior mesenteric artery and its branches

Arteries of cecum and vermiform process

Inferior ileocecal fossa

Interior of the cecum and lower end of ascending colon, showing colic valve

Topography of thoracic and abdominal viscera

Endoscopic image of cecum with arrow pointing to ileocecal valve in foreground


document_title: Money bill

question_text: the dominant role in passing a money bill is vested in the

text: Money bill

text: Conventions[edit]

text: It is often a constitutional convention that the upper house may not block a money bill. There is often another requirement that non-money bill-type clauses may not be attached to a money bill. The rationale behind this convention is that the upper house, being appointed or indirectly elected, should not have any right to decide on taxation and public expenditure-related policies as may be framed by the directly elected representatives of the lower house. Therefore, money bills are an exception to the general rule that for a bill to be enacted into a law, it has to be approved by both Houses of the Parliament—the lower house and the upper house.[1]

text: Loss of supply in the lower house is conventionally considered to be an expression of the house's loss of confidence in the government resulting in the government's fall.

text: Requirements in Westminster systems[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: A supply bill in the Australian System is required to pass the House of Representatives, the Senate and be signed by the Governor-General. The Senate has no power or ability to introduce or modify a supply bill, but has the ability to block or defer the passing of a supply bill. The most famous instance where supply was blocked was during the 1975 constitutional crisis. This has resulted in agreements between political parties to prevent the blockage of supply bills through the Senate.

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: A money bill is specifically defined by Article 81 of the Constitution of Bangladesh. The President of Bangladesh can send back all bills passed by the Parliament for a review except a money bill. However, a money bill can be introduced to the Parliament only at the President's recommendation. Additionally, tax can only be levied by the Parliament.[2]

text: India[edit]

text: Procedure for a Money Bill:

text:
Money Bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha (the directly elected 'people's house' of the Indian Parliament).
Money bills passed by the Lok Sabha are sent to the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of parliament, elected by the state and territorial legislatures or appointed by the president). The Rajya Sabha may not amend money bills but can recommend amendments. To make sure that Rajya Sabha doesn't amend the bill by adding some non-money matters (known as Financial Bill), the Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies the bill as a money bill before sending it to the upper house, and the decision of the Speaker is binding on both the Houses.[3] A money bill must be returned to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, or the bill is deemed to have passed both houses in the form it was originally passed by the Lok Sabha.
When a Money Bill is returned to the Lok Sabha with the recommended amendments of the Rajya Sabha, it is open to the Lok Sabha to accept or reject any or all of the recommendations.
A money bill is deemed to have passed both houses with any recommended amendments the Lok Sabha chooses to accept, and without any that it chooses to decline.
The definition of "Money Bill" is given in Article 110 of the Constitution of India. A financial bill is not a Money Bill unless it fulfills the requirements of Article 110.
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies if a financial bill is a Money Bill or not.[4]
Policy cut motion - disapproval of the given policy. Symbolically, the members demand that the amount of the demand be reduced to 1 INR. They may also suggest an alternative policy.
Economy cut motion - it is demanded that the amount of the policy be reduced by a specified amount.
Token cut motion - used to show specific grievance against the government. Also states that the amount of the demand be reduced by Rs. 100.
A money bill can only be introduced in parliament with prior permission of the President of India.
Finance bill is supposed to be enacted within 75 days (including the Parliament voting and the President assenting).
Money bill cannot be returned by the President to the parliament for its reconsideration, as it is presented in the Lok Sabha with his permission.

text: The concept of money bills in India came to the forefront during the enactment of the Aadhar Act, 2016. In spite of resistance by the opposition, the Aadhaar Bill was certified as a ‘money bill’ by the Speaker of the Lower House. The Upper House proposed certain amendments, but ultimately the BJP-dominated Lower House rejected the amendments suggested by the Upper House and unilaterally enacted the Aadhar Act, 2016. Immediately thereafter, Jairam Ramesh, a senior Congress leader, challenged the speaker’s decision to treat the Aadhar Bill as a ‘money bill’ before the Supreme Court of India. Article 110(3) of the Constitution of India categorically states that 'if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People thereon shall be final'. Therefore, one of the prime constitutional questions before the Supreme Court is whether it can review the speaker’s certificate classifying a bill as a ‘money bill’. In three prior cases, the Supreme Court of India has refused to review the Speaker's certificate. However, some commentators have argued that the Court's earlier judgements were incorrect and Article 110(3) made the Speaker’s decision "final" for the purpose of the two Houses of the Parliament, not for the Supreme Court of India.[5] This argument is further supported by the fact that in Kihoto Hollohan vs Zachillhu (AIR 1993 SC 412), the "final" decision of the speaker regarding disqualification of members of the House under the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution was held to be a judicial decision subject to judicial review. This suggests that the "final" status given by the Indian constitution does not automatically immune the Indian speaker's decision or certificate from judicial review.[6] In view of this crucial constitutional question, it has been suggested that the Supreme Court in Jairam Ramesh v. Union of India should create a constitution bench of at least nine judges to settle the law on this issue.[7]

text: Republic of Ireland[edit]

text: In the Republic of Ireland, the Senate may not delay a money bill more than 21 days. The President of Ireland may not refuse to sign a money bill and may not refer such a bill to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. Procedures exist for resolution of disputes as to whether a Bill is a money bill. Since the 1922 constitution (as amended by the Constitution (Amendment No. 12) Act 1930) and under the 1937 constitution, such disputes can be resolved by a committee on privileges.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, section 1(1) of the Parliament Act 1911 provides that the House of Lords may not delay a money bill more than a month. It is at the discretion of the Speaker of the House of Commons to certify which bills are money bills, and his decision is final and is not subject to challenge. Section 1(2) of the Act states:

text: A Money Bill means a Public Bill which in the opinion of the Speaker of the House of Commons contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following subjects, namely, the imposition, repeal, remission, alteration, or regulation of taxation; the imposition for the payment of debt or other financial purposes of charges on the Consolidated Fund, the National Loans Fund or on money provided by Parliament, or the variation or repeal of any such charges; supply; the appropriation, receipt, custody, issue or audit of accounts of public money; the raising or guarantee of any loan or the repayment thereof; or subordinate matters incidental to those subjects or any of them. In this subsection the expressions "taxation," "public money," and "loan" respectively do not include any taxation, money, or loan raised by local authorities or bodies for local purposes.[8]

text: The Parliament Act 1911 was the product of the political crisis of 1909. The People's Budget of 1909 proposed by the House of Commons was rejected by the House of Lords. A government whose budget (that is the Finance Bill) is rejected can only resign or dissolve Parliament, because without money it is impossible to govern. The rejection of the Finance Bill in 1909 by the Lords prompted the then British government to initiate steps to curtail the powers of the House of Lords in this regard. This is evident from the Preamble of the 1911 Act which states: "An Act to make provision with respect to the powers of the House of Lords in relation to those of the House of Commons ...".[9]

text: The reference to the National Loans Fund was inserted on 1 April 1968[10] by section 1(5) of the National Loans Act 1968.

text: For this purpose, the expression "Public Bill" does not include any Bill for confirming a Provisional Order.

text: Bradley and Ewing said that the statutory definition of Money Bill is "strictly interpreted".[11] Most annual Finance Bills have not been certified to be Money Bills.[12][13][14]

text: Requirements in non-Westminster systems[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: While the United States of America is not a parliamentary democracy, the Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution requires that all bills raising revenue originate in the House of Representatives, consistent with British constitutional practice; by convention, appropriation bills (bills that spend money) also originate in the House. Unlike in most Westminster systems, there are no limits on the Senate's ability to amend revenue bills or any requirement for the Senate to approve such bills within a certain timeframe. Both appropriations and revenue bills are often referred to as money bills to contrast them with authorization bills. The U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Munoz-Flores (1990) held that: "A law passed in violation of the Origination Clause would thus be no more immune from judicial scrutiny because it was passed by both Houses and signed by the President than would be a law passed in violation of the First Amendment".[15]