document_title: Edition (book)

question_text: where do i find the edition of a book

question_tokens: where do i find the edition of a book

text: Edition (book)

text: First edition[edit]

text: According to the definition of edition above, a book printed today, by the same publisher, and from the same type as when it was first published, is still the first edition of that book to a bibliographer. However, book collectors generally use the term first edition to mean specifically the first print run of the first edition (aka "first edition, first impression"). Since World War II, books often include a number line (printer's key) that indicates the print run.

text: A "first edition" per se is not a valuable collectible book.  A popular work may be published and reprinted over time by many publishers, and in a variety of formats.  There will be a first edition of each, which the publisher may cite on the copyright page, such as: "First mass market paperback edition".  The first edition of a facsimile reprint is the reprint publisher's first edition, but not the first edition of the work itself.

text: The Independent Online Booksellers Association has a A First Edition Primer  which discusses several aspects of identifying first editions including publishing and specific publishers way of designating first editions.

text: Bibliographical definition[edit]

text: The classic explanation of edition was given by Fredson Bowers in Principles of Bibliographical Description (1949). Bowers wrote that an edition is “the whole number of copies printed at any time or times from substantially the same setting of type-pages,” including “all issues and variant states existing within its basic type-setting, as well as all impressions.”

text: Publishers often use the same typesetting for the hardcover and trade paperback versions of a book. These books have different covers, the title page and copyright page may differ, and the page margin sizes may differ (same type area, smaller trim), but to a bibliographer they are the same edition.

text: From time to time, readers may observe an error in the text (or, in the days of metal type, a piece of broken type), and report these to the publisher. The publisher typically keeps these "reprint corrections" in a file pending demand for a new print run of the edition, and before the new run is printed, they will be entered.

text: The method of entry, obviously, depends on the method of typesetting. For letterpress metal, it typically meant resetting a few characters or a line or two. For linotype, it meant casting a new line for any line with a change in it. With film, it involved cutting out a bit of the film and inserting a new bit. In an electronic file, it means entering the changes digitally.

text: Such minor changes do not constitute a new edition, but introduce typographical variations within an edition, which are of interest to collectors.

text: Collectors' definition[edit]

text: A common complaint of book collectors is that the bibliographer's definition is used in a book-collecting context. For example, J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye as of  2016[update] remains in print in hardcover. The type is the same as the 1951 first printing, therefore all hardcover copies are, for the bibliographer, the first edition. Collectors would use the term for the first printing only.

text: First edition most often refers to the first commercial publication of a work between its own covers, even if it was first printed in a periodical: the complete text of Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea appeared in the September 1, 1952 issue of Life, yet the generally accepted “first” edition is the hardcover book Scribner’s published on September 8, 1952.

text: The term "first trade edition," refers to the earliest edition of a book offered for sale to the general public in book stores. For example, Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle was published in two variant forms. A "Sustainers' Edition", published by the Jungle Publishing Company, was sent to subscribers who had advanced funds to Sinclair.  The first trade edition was published by Doubleday, Page to be sold in bookstores.

text: Many book collectors place maximum value on the earliest bound copies of a book—promotional advance copies, bound galleys, uncorrected proofs, and advance reading copies sent by publishers to book reviewers and booksellers. It is true that these are rarer than the production copies; but given that these were not printed from a different setting of type (just the opposite; the main purpose of galleys and proofs is to double-check the typeset matter that will be used for production), they are not different editions.

text: Publishers' definitions[edit]

text: Publishers use "first edition" according to their own purposes, and consequently among them the designation is used very inconsistently. The "first edition" of a trade book may be the first iteration of the work printed by the publisher in question or the first iteration of the work that includes a specific set of illustrations or editorial commentary.

text: Publishers of non-fiction, academic works, and textbooks generally distinguish between revisions of the text of the work, by typically citing the dates of the first and latest editions of the work in the copyright page. Exceptions to this rule of thumb include denominating as a "second edition" a new textbook that has a different format, title, and/or author(s) because a previous textbook that shares only the same subject matter as the "second edition" is considered the first edition. The reason for this stretch of the definition is often for the short-term marketing advantage of the new textbook, because, although first editions are often considered more valuable than later editions to book collectors, being a subsequent edition of a previous textbook gives the impression that the textbook denominated as a subsequent edition is more authoritative.

text: Other types of editions[edit]

text: Revised edition[edit]

text: Publishers sometimes denominate a new iteration of a work a "revised edition" or the "(N)th edition, revised" when the previous iteration has been editorially revised or updated yet the author or publisher does not want to denominate it the "(N+1)th edition" ("N" being the number of the previous edition) for some subjective reason. Conversely, a new iteration of a work that is not substantially different may be denominated a "new edition" or the "(N+1)th edition".

text: The qualitative difference between a "revised edition" and a "new edition" is subjective. This is analogous to the way that software publishers may denominate an iteration "version 3.7" and the subsequent updated iteration "version 4" instead of "version 3.8". The subjective judgment of the degree of the significance of the change made with the new iteration or the perceived marketing advantage of designating the new iteration as a specific number determines how the new iteration is numbered.

text: Therefore, the designation "revised edition" does not designate any quality or quantity of revision with certainty.

text: Revised and updated edition[edit]

text: When a non-fiction book is first published it sometimes instigates more research on its subject. The author may determine that new information justifies the revision of the book. A new iteration of the book would be published as a new edition, which may be denominated a "revised and updated edition". However, as with the denomination of "revised edition", the use of "revised and updated edition" manifests only the subjective choice of the publisher, which may be different from the publisher of a previous "revised edition" of the same work.

text: Co-edition[edit]

text: The basic definition of a co-edition is when two publishing houses publish the same edition of a book (or equivalent versions of an edition, for example, translated versions), simultaneously or near-simultaneously, usually in different countries. English and American editions may differ in spelling, and they sometimes have different titles. Some examples:

text:
An English-language edition, from the same plates, films, or files, may be published in different anglophone countries by different publishing companies. For example, Arms & Armour Press in the UK and Stackpole Books in the U.S. published co-editions of various monographs on military matters.[1]
A French-language novel published in France this year by a French publisher could become an English-language translation published in the U.S. next year by a U.S. publisher.

text: The logic of co-editions has often been to use the existing distribution systems of the different publishers in each country rather than establishing new distribution systems.

text: Advancing IT and the globalization of publishing have been blurring the lines of what co-edition means. For example, anything published online is effectively published worldwide. Also, large multinational publishers now have existing distribution systems for their hardcopy books in many countries, so they don't need to partner with other companies. They may issue a book under a different imprint for each country, but the imprints are parts of the same parent corporation. The actual manufacturing of the books may be done in China regardless of where the copies will be sold.

text: e-dition[edit]

text: The term e-dition, a play on the e-for-electronic prefix, has been used by various publishers to refer to various ideas, which include:

text:
The hardcopy book's content posted online, fully searchable
Supplemental online-only content for buyers of the hardcopy book
Online-only publishing (no hardcopy distribution)
Proprietary-format digital publication (e-books) for use in specialized hardware for reading the book (e-book readers)

text: Library edition[edit]

text: A library edition may appear to be the same as copies appearing in shops and almost certainly uses the same setting. However, the binding and hinges are made extra strong to allow for the greater wear and tear in library books. This is analogous to the "police and taxi" packages for automobiles, in which heavier brakes and other upgrades are made to withstand harsher-than-standard use and longer duty cycles.

text: Book club edition[edit]

text: A popular book is sometimes re-issued under the imprint of a book club. Often it is a new setting and with cheaper paper and binding. Any photographic illustrations in the original are either absent or reduced in number. Book club editions are sold to members at a good discount compared with the original issue price.

text: Cheap edition[edit]

text: After a book has exhausted the market at the high original price a publisher may issue a cheap edition themselves or sell the rights on to another publisher who will produce the book. A cheap edition typically uses a low-cost paper and is a paperback but they can be hardback. Also typically the size of the font is reduced to fit more words on a page to reduce the overall cost of the book. Naturally, for a cheap edition the author will receive a lower royalty but that may be compensated for by a greater volume of sales.

text: Colonial edition[edit]

text: During the peak of the British Empire, cheap editions of novels published in Britain would often be produced for sale in the colonies before other editions of the books were sold. The rationale was that books took a long time to export to the colonies, that readership in those settlements was avid, and that books were an effective means to disseminate British values. Australia was by far the largest consumer of colonial editions. Macmillan (London) published the largest number of colonial edition titles. They began in 1843 and persisted (in terms of pricing and trade) until the 1970s.[2]

text: Cadet edition[edit]

text: A cadet edition is a cut down version of a book which is more simply written. It is intended for young readers rather than adults.

text: Large print edition[edit]

text: These editions are typically library editions but the font size of the text is much larger than usual so that persons with poor eyesight (often older persons) can more easily read the book. The large print books tend to be of a uniform size.

text: Critical edition[edit]

text: A critical edition is a scholarly publication, containing commentary, critique, and sometimes a full developmental history of the work from all available sources.

text: Printing, print run, impression, et cetera[edit]

text: A batch of identical copies of an iteration/edition of a work that is printed in the same, single execution of the production set-up is denominated a "print run", "printing run", "printing", "impression", or "press run" according to the subjective choice of the publisher. All these denominations denote the action of applying pressure to paper in order to produce the book, and therefore are interchangeable. One edition of a work may have any number of printings, e. g. first edition, first impression; first edition, second impression; and second edition, first impression. Books that sell poorly may have only one. Very successful books may have 50 or more. If present, the printer's key in the copyright page of a book can be used to identify the number of the printing in which it was produced. In printmaking, however, an "impression" only denotes an individual copy of a specific printing of the work.

text: A publisher hopes to recoup a large amount of the initial costs of publishing a book from the sale of the copies/impressions produced in the first printing of the book. A variety of commercial and logistic factors are thus considered in deciding the number of books to be produced in a specific printing and their individual price.

text: Demand for additional printings after the first is always hoped for, because they increase a book's profitability. Once the fixed costs of developing, editing, typesetting, etc. have been covered by the revenue of the first sales, any additional revenue tends to add to the profit margin, minus, of course, the costs of the additional materials, printing, binding, and distribution.

text: Sometimes a printing will be unsatisfactory for various reasons, especially printings of artistic and photography books in which the quality of reproduction is paramount.  A defective printing is usually destroyed by being pulped, yet occasionally a defective printing is shipped to a distant overseas market and there sold cheaply, contingent on the costs of shipping.

text: If sales of a book do not meet expectations, the remaining stock of a printing will be remaindered. When all copies/impressions of a printing are sold, the book is either reprinted or becomes out of print. Some print on demand and e-book publishers keep all their books perpetually "in print".

text: A "second" is an imperfect or damaged copy/impression which is set aside from the other copies/impressions of a printing. These will usually have their dust jacket clipped or marked in some way to designate their inferiority.

text: Sometimes readers may observe an error in the text of a book and report it to the publisher. The publisher usually records these reprint corrections in a file pending demand for a new printing, before which they are incorporated into the revised text. This is one of the factors that inserts the "substantially" into the definition of "substantially the same setting of type".

text: Republication[edit]

text: Many commercially successful books have been republished, either by their original or other imprints. For this reason if a popular book is searched for in a large bookseller such as Amazon.com or a large library catalog such as WorldCat, often an array of different copyright years, publishers, editions, formats (hardcover, softcover, trade, and mass market), and so forth are observed. Because no universal authority or convention determines the exact distinction between a "reprinting" and "republishing" and whether a republishing is a different "edition", the denotation of such denominations is ambiguous, at least at first glance.

text: Legal status[edit]

text: UK[edit]

text: Since 1956, typographical arrangements of published editions are protected by copyright law. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 defines a published edition to mean a published edition of the whole or any part of one or more literary, dramatic or musical works.[a]

text: It thus protects the publisher's investment in typesetting, as well as the processes of design and selection that are reflected in the appearance of the text.[b] It also covers modern editions of public domain works (such as the complete works of Shakespeare), and prohibits the reproduction of the layout (but not the work itself).


document_title: Honda Civic Si

question_text: what motor is in a 2007 honda civic si

question_tokens: what motor is in a 2007 honda civic si

root

text: Honda Civic Si

text: The Honda Civic Si was not sold in the US during model years 1996-1998. It started production again for the 1999 and 2000 model years.

tag: p

text:
Eighth generation Si
(FA5/FG2)

Overview

Production
2006–2011

Assembly
Alliston, Ontario, Canada (HCM)
Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil (Honda Brazil) (from January 2008–present)

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door coupe (FG2)
4-door sedan (FA5)

Powertrain

Engine
2.0L 197 hp (147 kW; 200 PS) I4
2.0L 192 hp (143 kW; 195 PS) (Brazil)
1.4L 98 hp (73 kW; 99 PS) (Europe)
1.8L 138 hp (103 kW; 140 PS) (Europe)

Transmission
6-speed manual with a helical limited slip differential

Dimensions

Wheelbase
104.3 in (2,649 mm) (coupe)
106.3 in (2,700 mm) (sedan)

Length
174.8 in (4,440 mm) (2006–08 coupe)
175.5 in (4,458 mm) (2009–11 coupe)
176.7 in (4,488 mm) (sedan)
177.3 in (4,503 mm) (2009–11 sedan)

Width
68.9 in (1720 mm) (coupe)
69.0 in (1750 mm) (sedan)

Height
53.5 in (1340 mm) (2006-08 coupe)
56.5 in (1420 mm) (sedan)

Curb weight
2,877 lb (1,305 kg) (2006 coupe)
2,886 lb (1,309 kg) (2007-08 coupe)
2,899 lb (1,315 kg) (2009 coupe)
2,895 lb (1,313 kg) (2010-11 coupe)
2,945 lb (1,336 kg) (2007-08 sedan)
2,954 lb (1,340 kg) (2009-11 sedan)

tag: table

text: The Si was redesigned for the 2006 model year along with all other Civic trims, bringing about significant changes from the previous generation. The car comes with a 2.0-liter K20Z3 i-VTEC engine that produces 197 hp (147 kW; 200 PS) and 139 lbf·ft (188 N·m) of torque, while also including a 6-speed manual transmission with a helical limited slip differential. Forty percent stiffer spring and dampening rates from the non-Si trims and stiffer sway bars have bolstered the Civic Si's handling,[3] with the car achieving 0.90g (8.8 m/s2) of lateral acceleration on the skidpad. It is also the quickest Civic Si off the line, with a factory 0–60 time of 6.7 seconds according to Honda.[4] Some new features include a moonroof, a seven-speaker 360-watt sound system, 17-inch alloy wheels with 215/45R17 Michelin all-season tires, and key-less trunk access.

text: In Canada, the Acura CSX Type-S was offered in 2007, borrowing the engine and drivetrain from the Civic Si but offering additional luxury options such as leather seating. The CSX features similar front and rear fascias to the JDM Civic, but with slight differences—the CSX has a crease running along the center of the hood and front bumper, whereas the JDM does not.[5]

text: In Europe the Si and the Type-S models were offered, with the Type-S in the 3 door configuration the Type-R is based on and the Si in the 5 door, but bother going without the 198bhp 2.0L engine. No saloon version was offered in Europe.

text: The 2007 model changes for the Civic Si include the addition of the Si trim for sedans, vehicle stability assist (VSA) (not available on Canadian models. The 2010 and 2011 Canadian models had VSA), darker silver wheels, body-color grille, a deck lid spoiler, reversed red/black coloring on the odometer, and Si-embroidered front floor mats. The introductory price of the Si Coupe increased by $800 to the MSRP of $21,090.

text: For the 2008 model year, the Civic Si received minor tweaks that include even darker wheels than the 2007 model and a new shift boot with red stitching. Mechanical changes included a new tire pressure monitor system, a new rear upper arm that decreases the amount of rear camber, and a lowered spring rate for the coupe to match the sedan. This was also the first year Canada sold the Civic Si Sedan.

text: Vehicle color selections:

text:
Fiji Blue Pearl (Si-exclusive color, replaced by Dyno Blue Pearl in 09)
Galaxy Grey Metallic (replaced by Polished Metal Metallic in 09)
Habanero Red Pearl (Si-exclusive color, replaced by Redline Orange Pearl in 09)
Nighthawk Black pearl (replaced by Crystal Black Pearl in 09)
Rally Red
Taffeta White
Alabaster Silver Metallic

tag: ul

text: Civic Si Sedan[edit]

text: Honda introduced the Civic Si Sedan for North America in 2007; previously, only the Japanese market had been offered Si Sedans.[6] Debuted at the Chicago Auto Show, the Si sedan concept featured larger 18-inch alloy wheels than its coupe counterpart, along with 4-piston Brembo brakes, and large cross drilled brake rotors. The production version lacked such concept accoutrements, and the Si Sedan is mechanically almost identical to the coupe. Performance of the Si sedan is roughly equivalent to the Si coupe; the sedan's 60-pound (27 kg) weight increase is offset by a slightly more balanced front/rear weight distribution (60/40 for the sedan versus 61/39 for the coupe).[7]

text: Civic Mugen Si Sedan[edit]

text: The 2008 model year also brought into production the limited-edition 2008 Civic Mugen Si Sedan, which was announced at the 2007 SEMA auto show.[8] The Mugen sedan came only in Fiji Blue Pearl, and featured a higher-flowing cat-back exhaust, track-tested sport suspension, an exclusive Mugen grille, an exclusive shift knob, Mugen Si badges on the exterior and interior, Mugen forged GP wheels, and a Mugen body kit custom designed for the American trim. Production was limited to only 1000 units, and the car carried an MSRP of $29,500.[9] Testing by Car and Driver magazine determined that the acceleration of the Mugen Si was roughly equivalent to that of the standard Civic Si coupe.[10]

text: 2009 refresh[edit]

text: Changes for the 2009 Si included a revised front bumper and grille, a neclear-lensed and amber bulbs for the front and rear turn signals, a clear instead of red third brake light in the rear spoiler, and chrome trunk trim for the sedan. Several new colors were also introduced, such as Redline Orange Pearl, Dyno Blue, Polished Metal Metallic, and Crystal Black Pearl, replacing the previously similar colors.

text: The 2010 Civic Si saw no significant changes, save for a black engine cover (instead of silver).

text:
2009 Honda Civic Si Sedan (FA5 (US); facelift)

2009 Honda Civic Si Coupe (FG2 (US); facelift)

text:
Ninth generation Si (FB6/FG4)

2012 Honda Civic Si Sedan (FB6 (US); pre-facelift)

Overview

Production
2011–2015

Assembly
Alliston, Ontario, Canada (HCM)

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan (FB6)
2-door coupe (FG4)

Powertrain

Engine
2.4L 205 hp (153 kW; 208 PS) K24Z7 I4

Transmission
6-speed manual with Helical Limited-Slip Differential

Dimensions

Wheelbase
Coupe: 103.1 in (2,619 mm)
Sedan: 103.1 in (2,619 mm)

Length
Coupe: 176.1 in (4,473 mm)
Sedan: 177.3 in (4,503 mm)

Width
69.0 in (1,753 mm)

Height
Coupe: 55.0 in (1,397 mm)
Sedan: 56.5 in (1,435 mm)

Curb weight
2,877 lb (1,305 kg) (2012 Coupe)
2,895 lb (1,313 kg) (2012 Sedan)

text: The 9th generation was the first generation to use a different engine than other models of the Honda Civic. The 9th generation Civic Si is available as a Coupe and as a Sedan. Honda uses a new 2.4L K-Series (K24Z7) which has increased displacement through longer piston stroke than the K20Z3 from the 8th generation Civic Si, yet the K24Z7 retains the 11.0:1 compression used in the K20Z3. The K24Z7 produces 201 hp and 170 lb·ft (230 N·m) of torque. Honda retuned the exhaust system in early 2014, increasing the output to 205 hp and 174 lb·ft (236 N·m) of torque.[11] The K24Z7 is different than the K24Z7 found in the Honda CR-V; the CR-V has lower compression and a different, efficiency-oriented VTEC design.

text: The redline of the K24Z7 is 7000 rpm with a fuel cut at 7200 rpm. A 6 speed manual transmission with a helical LSD (Limited Slip Differential) is still offered as the only available transmission option for the Civic Si.[12] The wing spoilers are different from the 8th generation, and the interior of the car received slight updates with the addition of a rev limit indicator and a power meter displayed in the new i-MID (intelligent Multi-Information Display). Sway bars have been changed to F18mm/R15mm from the F28mm/R17mm in 8th generation. The chassis is more rigid, and the curb weight is slightly lower than the 8th generation.

text: Announced at the 2011 SEMA Show in Las Vegas a HFP (Honda Factory Performance) Version of the Civic was made available in a limited production of dealer installed performance parts which included:

text:
Lowered Suspension
18" HFP Diamond Cut Alloy Wheels
Michelin Pilot Super Sport sized in 215/40-18
Full body Kit including front, rear and side skirts
HFP Badging
HFP Branded Floor mats

text: In Canada the production was limited to 400 (200 Black Coupes, 200 White Coupes). In the USA the production was limited to 500 available in all of the colors Honda Offered the Civic Si Coupe in. After the 2015 model year Honda did not produce the Civic Si for 2016, citing poor sales.[13]

text:
Tenth generation Si

Overview

Production
2017–present

Assembly
Honda of Canada Manufacturing, Alliston, Ontario, Canada

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan
2-door coupe

Powertrain

Engine
1.5L 205 hp (153 kW; 208 PS) I4 (turbo)

Transmission
6-speed manual

text: The 2017 Honda Civic Si was revealed in a live YouTube broadcast on April 6, 2017. It is powered by a more powerful version of the turbocharged 1.5L turbocharged 4-cylinder engine found in other Civics and shares the same MHI TD03 9-vane turbocharger as the 2017 CR-V.

text: The 2017 Honda Civic Si is based on the EX-T sedan and coupe with the following differences:

text:
engine output increased to 205 HP @ 5,700 RPM (SAE net) and 192 lb-ft torque @ 2,100-5,000 RPM (SAE net)
higher maximum boost pressure (20.3 vs. 16.5 PSI)
lower compression ratio (10.3:1 vs. 10.6:1)
higher-capacity MHI TD03 turbocharger (9-vane vs. 11-vane)
helical limited-slip differential
larger front brake rotors (12.3" vs. 11.1" vented front and 11.1" vs. 10.2" solid rear)
two-mode damper system with normal and firm settings
SPORT mode replaces ECON mode - increases suspension damping, reduces power steering assist, increases throttle sensitivity, and raises the activation threshold of the Vehicle Stability Assist system
235/40R18 91W tires vs. 215/50R17 91H
7% stiffer front spring rate
18% stiffer front upper damper mounts
7% stiffer front stabilizer bar rate
32% stiffer rear spring rate
Solid vs. fluid-filled front and rear compliance bushings (rear shared with the Type R)
High-stiffness rear upper control arms (shared with the Type R)
26% stiffer rear stabilizer bar rate
Si-specific seats with thicker side bolsters, non-adjustable headrests, and stitched "Si" logos
red interior stitching, gauges, and Display Audio color scheme
black headliner and pillar trim vs. gray in EX-T
front and rear facias similar to the hatchback
center-mounted polygonal exhaust outlet
higher-flowing intake system
23% higher-flowing exhaust system
aluminum clutch, brake, and accelerator pedals
carbon fiber-look interior trim
10% shorter shifter stroke
leather-wrapped, aluminum shift knob
revised shift linkage
increased rigidity of shifter bracket mount
450-watt audio system (same as EX-T coupe vs. 180-watt in EX-T sedan)
additional items in Driver Information Display including G-force meter, turbo boost gauge with PSI indication, lap timer, throttle percentage, and brake pressure
leather-wrapped steering wheel, shift boot, and shift knob
premium fuel recommended
tire repair kit including sealant and a 12-volt inflator replaces the compact, temporary spare
vanity mirrors are non-illuminated vs. illuminated
EPA fuel economy ratings of 28/38/32 city/highway/combined vs. 31/42/35

text: Exterior colors include Aegean Blue Metallic, Crystal Black Pearl, Lunar Silver Metallic, Modern Steel Metallic, Rallye Red, White Orchid Pearl, and Energy Green Pearl (coupe only). The only interior color is black with red accents. Features that are new to the Si for the first time include dual-mode dampers, dual-zone automatic climate control, heated front seats, electronic parking brake, walk-away auto door locking, and a 7" touchscreen with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. Factory-equipped navigation is no longer available.

text: The Si went on sale during May 2017 in the United States with an MSRP of $24,775 for either the coupe or sedan. The sole factory option is summer tires for an additional $200.

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: In Insurance Bureau of Canada's report on top 10 most stolen vehicles in 2005, 2000 Honda Civic Si 2-door, 1999 Honda Civic Si coupe, 1994 Honda Civic Si 2-door Hatchback, 1995 Honda Civic Si 2-door Hatchback are listed as ranks #1, #2, #5, #8 respectively.[14] However, it should be noted that the sixth and seventh generation Civic Si was badged as a Civic SiR in Canada while the Canadian Si was equivalent to a US market EX. The Honda Civic is also the most popular passenger vehicle in Canada.


document_title: Relative density

question_text: what is the value of relative density of water

text: Relative density

text: Basic formulas[edit]

text: Relative density (RD) or specific gravity (SG) is a dimensionless quantity, as it is the ratio of either densities or weights

text: where RD is relative density, ρsubstance is the density of the substance being measured, and ρreference is the density of the reference. (By convention ρ, the Greek letter rho, denotes density.)

text: The reference material can be indicated using subscripts: RDsubstance/reference, which means "the relative density of substance with respect to reference". If the reference is not explicitly stated then it is normally assumed to be water at 4 °C (or, more precisely, 3.98 °C, which is the temperature at which water reaches its maximum density). In SI units, the density of water is (approximately) 1000 kg/m3 or 1 g/cm3, which makes relative density calculations particularly convenient: the density of the object only needs to be divided by 1000 or 1, depending on the units.

text: The relative density of gases is often measured with respect to dry air at a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa absolute, which has a density of 1.205 kg/m3. Relative density with respect to air can be obtained by

text: Where M is the molar mass and the approximately equal sign is used because equality pertains only if 1 mol of the gas and 1 mol of air occupy the same volume at a given temperature and pressure i.e. they are both Ideal gases. Ideal behaviour is usually only seen at very low pressure. For example, one mol of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere whereas carbon dioxide has a molar volume of 22.259 L under those same conditions.

text: Temperature dependence[edit]

text: The density of substances varies with temperature and pressure so that it is necessary to specify the temperatures and pressures at which the densities or masses were determined. It is nearly always the case that measurements are made at nominally 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa the variations caused by changing weather patterns) but as relative density usually refers to highly incompressible aqueous solutions or other incompressible substances (such as petroleum products) variations in density caused by pressure are usually neglected at least where apparent relative density is being measured. For true (in vacuo) relative density calculations air pressure must be considered (see below). Temperatures are specified by the notation Ts/Tr) with Ts representing the temperature at which the sample's density was determined and Tr the temperature at which the reference (water) density is specified. For example, SG (20 °C/4 °C) would be understood to mean that the density of the sample was determined at 20 °C and of the water at 4 °C. Taking into account different sample and reference temperatures we note that while SGH2O = 1.000000 (20 °C/20 °C) it is also the case that RDH2O = 0.998203/0.998840 = 0.998363 (20 °C/4 °C). Here temperature is being specified using the current ITS-90 scale and the densities[4] used here and in the rest of this article are based on that scale. On the previous IPTS-68 scale the densities at 20 °C and 4 °C are, respectively, 0.9982071 and 0.9999720 resulting in an RD (20 °C/4 °C) value for water of 0.9982343.

text: The temperatures of the two materials may be explicitly stated in the density symbols; for example:

text: where the superscript indicates the temperature at which the density of the material is measured, and the subscript indicates the temperature of the reference substance to which it is compared.

text: Uses[edit]

text: Relative density can also help to quantify the buoyancy of a substance in a fluid, or determine the density of an unknown substance from the known density of another. Relative density is often used by geologists and mineralogists to help determine the mineral content of a rock or other sample. Gemologists use it as an aid in the identification of gemstones. Water is preferred as the reference because measurements are then easy to carry out in the field (see below for examples of measurement methods).

text: As the principal use of relative density measurements in industry is determination of the concentrations of substances in aqueous solutions and these are found in tables of RD vs concentration it is extremely important that the analyst enter the table with the correct form of relative density. For example, in the brewing industry, the Plato table, which lists sucrose concentration by mass against true RD, were originally (20 °C/4 °C)[5] that is based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature (20 °C) but referenced to the density of water at 4 °C which is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density of ρ(H2O) equal to 0.999972 g/cm3 (or 62.43 lb·ft−3). The ASBC table[6] in use today in North America, while it is derived from the original Plato table is for apparent relative density measurements at (20 °C/20 °C) on the IPTS-68 scale where the density of water is 0.9982071 g/cm3. In the sugar, soft drink, honey, fruit juice and related industries sucrose concentration by mass is taken from this work[3] which uses SG (17.5 °C/17.5 °C). As a final example, the British RD units are based on reference and sample temperatures of 60 °F and are thus (15.56 °C/15.56 °C).[3]

text: Measurement[edit]

text: Relative density can be calculated directly by measuring the density of a sample and dividing it by the (known) density of the reference substance. The density of the sample is simply its mass divided by its volume. Although mass is easy to measure, the volume of an irregularly shaped sample can be more difficult to ascertain. One method is to put the sample in a water-filled graduated cylinder and read off how much water it displaces. Alternatively the container can be filled to the brim, the sample immersed, and the volume of overflow measured. The surface tension of the water may keep a significant amount of water from overflowing, which is especially problematic for small samples. For this reason it is desirable to use a water container with as small a mouth as possible.

text: For each substance, the density, ρ, is given by

text: When these densities are divided, references to the spring constant, gravity and cross-sectional area simply cancel, leaving

text: Hydrostatic weighing[edit]

text: Relative density is more easily and perhaps more accurately measured without measuring volume. Using a spring scale, the sample is weighed first in air and then in water. Relative density (with respect to water) can then be calculated using the following formula:

text: where

text: This technique cannot easily be used to measure relative densities less than one, because the sample will then float. Wwater becomes a negative quantity, representing the force needed to keep the sample underwater.

text: Another practical method uses three measurements. The sample is weighed dry. Then a container filled to the brim with water is weighed, and weighed again with the sample immersed, after the displaced water has overflowed and been removed. Subtracting the last reading from the sum of the first two readings gives the weight of the displaced water. The relative density result is the dry sample weight divided by that of the displaced water. This method works with scales that can't easily accommodate a suspended sample, and also allows for measurement of samples that are less dense than water.

text: Hydrometer[edit]

text: The relative density of a liquid can be measured using a hydrometer. This consists of a bulb attached to a stalk of constant cross-sectional area, as shown in the adjacent diagram.

text: First the hydrometer is floated in the reference liquid (shown in light blue), and the displacement (the level of the liquid on the stalk) is marked (blue line). The reference could be any liquid, but in practice it is usually water.

text: The hydrometer is then floated in a liquid of unknown density (shown in green). The change in displacement, Δx, is noted. In the example depicted, the hydrometer has dropped slightly in the green liquid; hence its density is lower than that of the reference liquid. It is, of course, necessary that the hydrometer floats in both liquids.

text: The application of simple physical principles allows the relative density of the unknown liquid to be calculated from the change in displacement. (In practice the stalk of the hydrometer is pre-marked with graduations to facilitate this measurement.)

text: In the explanation that follows,

text: Since the floating hydrometer is in static equilibrium, the downward gravitational force acting upon it must exactly balance the upward buoyancy force. The gravitational force acting on the hydrometer is simply its weight, mg. From the Archimedes buoyancy principle, the buoyancy force acting on the hydrometer is equal to the weight of liquid displaced. This weight is equal to the mass of liquid displaced multiplied by g, which in the case of the reference liquid is ρrefVg. Setting these equal, we have

text: or just

text:
m
=

ρ

r
e
f

V

{\displaystyle m=\rho _{\mathrm {ref} }V\,}

(1)

text: Exactly the same equation applies when the hydrometer is floating in the liquid being measured, except that the new volume is V - AΔx (see note above about the sign of Δx). Thus,

text:
m
=

ρ

n
e
w

(
V
−
A
Δ
x
)

{\displaystyle m=\rho _{\mathrm {new} }(V-A\Delta x)\,}

(2)

text: Combining (1) and (2) yields

text:
R

D

n
e
w

/

r
e
f

=

ρ

n
e
w

ρ

r
e
f

=

V

V
−
A
Δ
x

{\displaystyle RD_{\mathrm {new/ref} }={\frac {\rho _{\mathrm {new} }}{\rho _{\mathrm {ref} }}}={\frac {V}{V-A\Delta x}}}

(3)

text: But from (1) we have V = m/ρref. Substituting into (3) gives

text:
R

D

n
e
w

/

r
e
f

=

1

1
−

A
Δ
x

m

ρ

r
e
f

{\displaystyle RD_{\mathrm {new/ref} }={\frac {1}{1-{\frac {A\Delta x}{m}}\rho _{\mathrm {ref} }}}}

(4)

text: This equation allows the relative density to be calculated from the change in displacement, the known density of the reference liquid, and the known properties of the hydrometer. If Δx is small then, as a first-order approximation of the geometric series equation (4) can be written as:

text: This shows that, for small Δx, changes in displacement are approximately proportional to changes in relative density.

text: Pycnometer[edit]

text: A pycnometer (from Greek: πυκνός (puknos) meaning "dense"), also called pyknometer or specific gravity bottle, is a device used to determine the density of a liquid.  A pycnometer is usually made of glass, with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a capillary tube through it, so that air bubbles may escape from the apparatus.  This device enables a liquid's density to be measured accurately by reference to an appropriate working fluid, such as water or mercury, using an analytical balance.[citation needed]

text: If the flask is weighed empty, full of water, and full of a liquid whose relative density is desired, the relative density of the liquid can easily be calculated. The particle density of a powder, to which the usual method of weighing cannot be applied, can also be determined with a pycnometer. The powder is added to the pycnometer, which is then weighed, giving the weight of the powder sample.  The pycnometer is then filled with a liquid of known density, in which the powder is completely insoluble.  The weight of the displaced liquid can then be determined, and hence the relative density of the powder.

text: There is also a gas-based manifestation of a pycnometer known as a gas pycnometer. It compares the change in pressure caused by a measured change in a closed volume containing a reference (usually a steel sphere of known volume) with the change in pressure caused by the sample under the same conditions.  The difference in change of pressure represents the volume of the sample as compared to the reference sphere, and is usually used for solid particulates that may dissolve in the liquid medium of the pycnometer design described above, or for porous materials into which the liquid would not fully penetrate.

text: When a pycnometer is filled to a specific, but not necessarily accurately known volume, V and is placed upon a balance, it will exert a force

text: where mb is the mass of the bottle and g the gravitational acceleration at the location at which the measurements are being made. ρa is the density of the air at the ambient pressure and ρb is the density of the material of which the bottle is made (usually glass) so that the second term is the mass of air displaced by the glass of the bottle whose weight, by Archimedes Principle must be subtracted. The bottle is, of course, filled with air but as that air displaces an equal amount of air the weight of that air is canceled by the weight of the air displaced. Now we fill the bottle with the reference fluid e.g. pure water. The force exerted on the pan of the balance becomes:

text: If we subtract the force measured on the empty bottle from this (or tare the balance before making the water measurement) we obtain.

text: where the subscript n indicated that this force is net of the force of the empty bottle. The bottle is now emptied, thoroughly dried and refilled with the sample. The force, net of the empty bottle, is now:

text: where ρs is the density of the sample. The ratio of the sample and water forces is:

text: This is called the Apparent Relative Density, denoted by subscript A, because it is what we would obtain if we took the ratio of net weighings in air from an analytical balance or used a hydrometer (the stem displaces air). Note that the result does not depend on the calibration of the balance. The only requirement on it is that it read linearly with force. Nor does RDA depend on the actual volume of the pycnometer.

text: Further manipulation and finally substitution of RDV, the true relative density (the subscript V is used because this is often referred to as the relative density in vacuo), for ρs/ρw gives the relationship between apparent and true relative density.

text: In the usual case we will have measured weights and want the true relative denstiy. This is found from

text: Since the density of dry air at 101.325 kPa at 20 °C is[7] 0.001205 g/cm3 and that of water is 0.998203 g/cm3 we see that the difference between true and apparent relative densities for a substance with relative density (20 °C/20 °C) of about 1.100 would be 0.000120. Where the relative density of the sample is close to that of water (for example dilute ethanol solutions) the correction is even smaller.

text: The pycnometer is used in ISO standard: ISO 1183-1:2004, ISO 1014–1985 and ASTM standard: ASTM D854.

text: Types

text:
Gay-Lussac, pear shaped, with perforated stopper, adjusted, capacity 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mL
as above, with ground-in thermometer, adjusted, side tube with cap
Hubbard, for bitumen and heavy crude oils, cylindrical type, ASTM D 70, 24 mL
as above, conical type, ASTM D 115 and D 234, 25 mL
Boot, with vacuum jacket and thermometer, capacity 5, 10, 25 and 50 mL

text: Digital density meters[edit]

text: Hydrostatic Pressure-based Instruments: This technology relies upon Pascal's Principle which states that the pressure difference between two points within a vertical column of fluid is dependent upon the vertical distance between the two points, the density of the fluid and the gravitational force. This technology is often used for tank gaging applications as a convenient means of liquid level and density measure.

text: Vibrating Element Transducers: This type of instrument requires a vibrating element to be placed in contact with the fluid of interest. The resonant frequency of the element is measured and is related to the density of the fluid by a characterization that is dependent upon the design of the element. In modern laboratories precise measurements of relative density are made using oscillating U-tube meters. These are capable of measurement to 5 to 6 places beyond the decimal point and are used in the brewing, distilling, pharmaceutical, petroleum and other industries. The instruments measure the actual mass of fluid contained in a fixed volume at temperatures between 0 and 80 °C but as they are microprocessor based can calculate apparent or true relative density and contain tables relating these to the strengths of common acids, sugar solutions, etc. The vibrating fork immersion probe is another good example of this technology. This technology also includes many coriolis-type mass flow meters which are widely used in chemical and petroleum industry for high accuracy mass flow measurement and can be configured to also output density information based on the resonant frequency of the vibrating flow tubes.[8]

text: Ultrasonic Transducer: Ultrasonic waves are passed from a source, through the fluid of interest, and into a detector which measures the acoustic spectroscopy of the waves. Fluid properties such as density and viscosity can be inferred from the spectrum.

text: Radiation-based Gauge: Radiation is passed from a source, through the fluid of interest, and into a scintillation detector, or counter. As the fluid density increases, the detected radiation "counts" will decrease. The source is typically the radioactive isotope cesium-137, with a half-life of about 30 years. A key advantage for this technology is that the instrument is not required to be in contact with the fluid—typically the source and detector are mounted on the outside of tanks or piping.[9]

text: Buoyant Force Transducer: the buoyancy force produced by a float in a homogeneous liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid that is displaced by the float. Since buoyancy force is linear with respect to the density of the liquid within which the float is submerged, the measure of the buoyancy force yields a measure of the density of the liquid. One commercially available unit claims the instrument is capable of measuring relative density with an accuracy of ± 0.005 RD units. The submersible probe head contains a mathematically characterized spring-float system. When the head is immersed vertically in the liquid, the float moves vertically and the position of the float controls the position of a permanent magnet whose displacement is sensed by a concentric array of Hall-effect linear displacement sensors. The output signals of the sensors are mixed in a dedicated electronics module that provides a single output voltage whose magnitude is a direct linear measure of the quantity to be measured.[10]

text: Examples[edit]

text: Substances with a relative density of 1 are neutrally buoyant, those with RD greater than one are denser than water, and so (ignoring surface tension effects) will sink in it, and those with an RD of less than one are less dense than water, and so will float.

text: Example:

text:
Material
Specific gravity

Balsa wood
0.2

Oak wood
0.75

Ethanol
0.78

Water
1

Table salt
2.17

Aluminium
2.7

Cement
3.15

Iron
7.87

Copper
8.96

Lead
11.35

Mercury
13.56

Depleted uranium
19.1

Gold
19.3

Osmium
22.59

text: (Samples may vary, and these figures are approximate.)


document_title: ASCII

question_text: was originally created with a 7 bit system using 128 characters

text: ASCII

text: Overview[edit]

text: ASCII was developed from telegraph code. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963,[3][4] underwent a major revision during 1967,[5][6] and experienced its most recent update during 1986.[7] Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters.

text: Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart above.[8] Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, and punctuation symbols. In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing control codes which originated with Teletype machines; most of these are now obsolete.[9]

text: For example, lowercase i would be represented in the ASCII encoding by binary 1101001 = hexadecimal 69 (i is the ninth letter) = decimal 105.

text: History[edit]

text: The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, by its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.2.4 working group (now INCITS). The ASA became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI)[1]:211 and ultimately the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

text: With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963,[4][10] leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.[1]:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.[1]:435 The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to sticks[a][11] 6 and 7,[12] and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard.[13] The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting.[14] Locating the lowercase letters in sticks[a][11] 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.

text: The X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters (the brace and vertical bar characters),[15] renaming some control characters (SOM became start of header (SOH)) and moving or removing others (RU was removed).[1]:247–248 ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3.4-1967,[5][16] then USAS X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.4-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.[7][17]

text: Revisions of the ASCII standard:

text:
ASA X3.4-1963[1][4][16][17]
ASA X3.4-1965 (approved, but not published, nevertheless used by IBM 2260 & 2265 Display Stations and IBM 2848 Display Control)[1]:423, 425–428, 435–439[16][17]
USAS X3.4-1967[1][5][17]
USAS X3.4-1968[1][17]
ANSI X3.4-1977[17]
ANSI X3.4-1986[7][17]
ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1992)
ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1997)
ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2002)[18]
ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007)[19]
ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2012)

text: In the X3.15 standard, the X3 committee also addressed how ASCII should be transmitted (least significant bit first),[1]:249–253[20] and how it should be recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a 9-track standard for magnetic tape, and attempted to deal with some punched card formats.

text: Design considerations[edit]

text: Bit width[edit]

text: The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard of 1924,[21][22] FIELDATA (1956[citation needed]), and early EBCDIC (1963), more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.

text: ITA2 were in turn based on the 5-bit telegraph code Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874.[22]

text: The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission, as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.[1]:215, 236 § 4

text: The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired.[1]:217, 236 § 5 Eight-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.[23] In some printers, the high bit was used to enable Italics printing.

text: Internal organization[edit]

text: The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two so called ASCII sticks[a][11] (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.[1]:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex;[1]:237 § 10 for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,[1]:228, 237 § 14 as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code (1963). Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.[1]:238 § 18 The digits 0–9 are prefixed with 011, but the remaining 4 bits correspond to their respective values in binary, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.

text: Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters.[24] Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were "#$%_&'() –  early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !"#$% were placed in the second stick,[a][11] positions 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent stick.[a][11] The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, not to traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers –  following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984) –  and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.

text: Some common characters were not included, notably ½¼¢, while ^`~ were included as diacritics for international use, and <> for mathematical use, together with the simple line characters \| (in addition to common /). The @ symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected it would be replaced by an accented À in the French variation, so the @ was placed in position 40hex, right before the letter A.[1]:243

text: The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message (SOM), end of address (EOA), end of message (EOM), end of transmission (EOT), "who are you?" (WRU), "are you?" (RU), a reserved device control (DC0), synchronous idle (SYNC), and acknowledge (ACK). These were positioned to maximize the Hamming distance between their bit patterns.[1]:243–245

text: Character order[edit]

text: ASCII-code order is also called ASCIIbetical order.[25] Collation of data is sometimes done in this order rather than "standard" alphabetical order (collating sequence). The main deviations in ASCII order are:

text:
All uppercase come before lowercase letters; for example, "Z" precedes "a"
Digits and many punctuation marks come before letters

text: An intermediate order converts uppercase letters to lowercase before comparing ASCII values.

text: Character groups[edit]

text: Control characters[edit]

text: ASCII reserves the first 32 codes (numbers 0–31 decimal) for control characters: codes originally intended not to represent printable information, but rather to control devices (such as printers) that make use of ASCII, or to provide meta-information about data streams such as those stored on magnetic tape.

text: For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters.[26] Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting.

text: The original ASCII standard used only short descriptive phrases for each control character. The ambiguity this caused was sometimes intentional, for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a data stream, and sometimes accidental, for example with the meaning of "delete".

text: Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (Delete) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of Control-G (code 7, BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally, as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character.  Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as "delete previous character" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected.

text: When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume.  This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems Control-S retains its meaning but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-S to resume output.  The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively.[27]

text: The Teletype could not move the head backwards, so it did not put a key on the keyboard to send a BS (backspace). Instead there was a key marked "rubout" that sent code 127 (DEL). The purpose of this key was to erase mistakes in a hand-typed paper tape: the operator had to push a button on the tape punch to back it up, then type the rubout, which punched all holes and replaced the mistake with a character that was intended to be ignored.[28] Teletypes were commonly used for the less-expensive computers from Digital Equipment Corporation, so these systems had to use the available key and thus the DEL code to erase the previous character.[29][30] Because of this, DEC video terminals (by default) sent the DEL code for the key marked "Backspace" while the key marked "Delete" sent an escape sequence, while many other terminals sent BS for the Backspace key. The Unix terminal driver could only use one code to back up, this could be set to BS or DEL, but not both, resulting in a very long period of annoyance where you had to correct it depending on what terminal you were using (modern shells using readline understand both codes). The assumption that no key sent a BS caused Control+H to be used for other purposes, such as a "help" command in Emacs.[31]

text: Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this meaning has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern use, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence usually in the form of a so-called "ANSI escape code" (or, more properly, a "Control Sequence Introducer") from ECMA-48 (1972) and its successors, beginning with ESC followed by a "[" (left-bracket) character. An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether.

text: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "Carriage Return" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary.  The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line.

text: DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall created CP/M he was inspired by some command line interface conventions used in DEC's RT-11. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP/M,[32] and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS.

text: Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics[33] used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. The original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS, on the other hand, used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based macOS operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well. The Radio Shack TRS-80 also used a lone CR to terminate lines.

text: Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII.  The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII "Network Virtual Terminal" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT.[34] The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode.[35][36] This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.[37][38]

text: The PDP-6 monitor,[29] and its PDP-10 successor TOPS-10,[30] used Control-Z (SUB) as an end-of-file indication for input from a terminal.  Some operating systems such as CP/M tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z to mark the end of the actual text in the file.[39] For these reasons, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute.  The end-of-text code (ETX), also known as Control-C, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using Z as the control code to end a file is analogous to it ending the alphabet and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard.

text: In C library and Unix conventions, the null character is used to terminate text strings; such null-terminated strings can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ, where here Z stands for "zero".

text:
Binary
Oct
Dec
Hex
Abbreviation
[b]
[c]
[d]
Name ('67)

'63
'65
'67

000 0000
000
0
00

NULL
NUL
␀
^@
\0
Null

000 0001
001
1
01

SOM
SOH
␁
^A

Start of Heading

000 0010
002
2
02

EOA
STX
␂
^B

Start of Text

000 0011
003
3
03

EOM
ETX
␃
^C

End of Text

000 0100
004
4
04

EOT
␄
^D

End of Transmission

000 0101
005
5
05

WRU
ENQ
␅
^E

Enquiry

000 0110
006
6
06

RU
ACK
␆
^F

Acknowledgement

000 0111
007
7
07

BELL
BEL
␇
^G
\a
Bell

000 1000
010
8
08

FE0
BS
␈
^H
\b
Backspace[e][f]

000 1001
011
9
09

HT/SK
HT
␉
^I
\t
Horizontal Tab[g]

000 1010
012
10
0A

LF
␊
^J
\n
Line Feed

000 1011
013
11
0B

VTAB
VT
␋
^K
\v
Vertical Tab

000 1100
014
12
0C

FF
␌
^L
\f
Form Feed

000 1101
015
13
0D

CR
␍
^M
\r
Carriage Return[h]

000 1110
016
14
0E

SO
␎
^N

Shift Out

000 1111
017
15
0F

SI
␏
^O

Shift In

001 0000
020
16
10

DC0
DLE
␐
^P

Data Link Escape

001 0001
021
17
11

DC1
␑
^Q

Device Control 1 (often XON)

001 0010
022
18
12

DC2
␒
^R

Device Control 2

001 0011
023
19
13

DC3
␓
^S

Device Control 3 (often XOFF)

001 0100
024
20
14

DC4
␔
^T

Device Control 4

001 0101
025
21
15

ERR
NAK
␕
^U

Negative Acknowledgement

001 0110
026
22
16

SYNC
SYN
␖
^V

Synchronous Idle

001 0111
027
23
17

LEM
ETB
␗
^W

End of Transmission Block

001 1000
030
24
18

S0
CAN
␘
^X

Cancel

001 1001
031
25
19

S1
EM
␙
^Y

End of Medium

001 1010
032
26
1A

S2
SS
SUB
␚
^Z

Substitute

001 1011
033
27
1B

S3
ESC
␛
^[
\e[i]
Escape[j]

001 1100
034
28
1C

S4
FS
␜
^\

File Separator

001 1101
035
29
1D

S5
GS
␝
^]

Group Separator

001 1110
036
30
1E

S6
RS
␞
^^[k]

Record Separator

001 1111
037
31
1F

S7
US
␟
^_

Unit Separator

111 1111
177
127
7F

DEL
␡
^?

Delete[l][f]

text: Other representations might be used by specialist equipment, for example ISO 2047 graphics or hexadecimal numbers.

text: Printable characters[edit]

text: Codes 20hex to 7Ehex, known as the printable characters, represent letters, digits, punctuation marks, and a few miscellaneous symbols. There are 95 printable characters in total.[m]

text: Code 20hex, the "space" character, denotes the space between words, as produced by the space bar of a keyboard. Since the space character is considered an invisible graphic (rather than a control character)[1]:223[40] it is listed in the table below instead of in the previous section.

text: Code 7Fhex corresponds to the non-printable "delete" (DEL) control character and is therefore omitted from this chart; it is covered in the previous section's chart.  Earlier versions of ASCII used the up arrow instead of the caret (5Ehex) and the left arrow instead of the underscore (5Fhex).[4][41]

text:
Binary
Oct
Dec
Hex
Glyph

’63
’65
’67

010 0000
040
32
20
 space

010 0001
041
33
21
!

010 0010
042
34
22
"

010 0011
043
35
23
#

010 0100
044
36
24
$

010 0101
045
37
25
%

010 0110
046
38
26
&

010 0111
047
39
27
'

010 1000
050
40
28
(

010 1001
051
41
29
)

010 1010
052
42
2A
*

010 1011
053
43
2B
+

010 1100
054
44
2C
,

010 1101
055
45
2D
-

010 1110
056
46
2E
.

010 1111
057
47
2F
/

011 0000
060
48
30
0

011 0001
061
49
31
1

011 0010
062
50
32
2

011 0011
063
51
33
3

011 0100
064
52
34
4

011 0101
065
53
35
5

011 0110
066
54
36
6

011 0111
067
55
37
7

011 1000
070
56
38
8

011 1001
071
57
39
9

011 1010
072
58
3A
:

011 1011
073
59
3B
;

011 1100
074
60
3C
<

011 1101
075
61
3D
=

011 1110
076
62
3E
>

011 1111
077
63
3F
?

100 0000
100
64
40
@
`
@

100 0001
101
65
41
A

100 0010
102
66
42
B

100 0011
103
67
43
C

100 0100
104
68
44
D

100 0101
105
69
45
E

100 0110
106
70
46
F

100 0111
107
71
47
G

100 1000
110
72
48
H

100 1001
111
73
49
I

100 1010
112
74
4A
J

100 1011
113
75
4B
K

100 1100
114
76
4C
L

100 1101
115
77
4D
M

100 1110
116
78
4E
N

100 1111
117
79
4F
O

101 0000
120
80
50
P

101 0001
121
81
51
Q

101 0010
122
82
52
R

101 0011
123
83
53
S

101 0100
124
84
54
T

101 0101
125
85
55
U

101 0110
126
86
56
V

101 0111
127
87
57
W

101 1000
130
88
58
X

101 1001
131
89
59
Y

101 1010
132
90
5A
Z

101 1011
133
91
5B
[

101 1100
134
92
5C
\
~
\

101 1101
135
93
5D
]

101 1110
136
94
5E
↑
^

101 1111
137
95
5F
←
_

110 0000
140
96
60

@
`

110 0001
141
97
61

a

110 0010
142
98
62

b

110 0011
143
99
63

c

110 0100
144
100
64

d

110 0101
145
101
65

e

110 0110
146
102
66

f

110 0111
147
103
67

g

110 1000
150
104
68

h

110 1001
151
105
69

i

110 1010
152
106
6A

j

110 1011
153
107
6B

k

110 1100
154
108
6C

l

110 1101
155
109
6D

m

110 1110
156
110
6E

n

110 1111
157
111
6F

o

111 0000
160
112
70

p

111 0001
161
113
71

q

111 0010
162
114
72

r

111 0011
163
115
73

s

111 0100
164
116
74

t

111 0101
165
117
75

u

111 0110
166
118
76

v

111 0111
167
119
77

w

111 1000
170
120
78

x

111 1001
171
121
79

y

111 1010
172
122
7A

z

111 1011
173
123
7B

{

111 1100
174
124
7C
ACK
¬
|

111 1101
175
125
7D

}

111 1110
176
126
7E
ESC
|
~

text: Character set[edit]

text:
ASCII 1967-present

_0
_1
_2
_3
_4
_5
_6
_7
_8
_9
_A
_B
_C
_D
_E
_F

0_

NUL

SOH

STX

ETX

EOT

ENQ

ACK

BEL

BS

HT

LF

VT

FF

CR

SO

SI

1_

DLE

DC1

DC2

DC3

DC4

NAK

SYN

ETB

CAN

EM

SUB

ESC

FS

GS

RS

US

2_

SP

!

"

#

$

%

&

'

(

)

*

+

,

-

.

/

3_

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

:

;

<

=

>

?

4_

@

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

5_

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

[

\

]

^

_

6_

`

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

7_

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

x

y

z

{

|

}

~

DEL

text: Use[edit]

text: ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence.[3] His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work –  according to Bemer, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe".[42] Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the father of ASCII".[43]

text: On March 11, 1968, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by the United States federal government support ASCII, stating:[44][45][46]

text:
I have also approved recommendations of the Secretary of Commerce regarding standards for recording the Standard Code for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations.
All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Government inventory on and after July 1, 1969, must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used.

text: ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when UTF-8 encoding surpassed it; UTF-8 is backward compatible with ASCII.[47][48][49]

text: Variants and derivations[edit]

text: As computer technology spread throughout the world, different standards bodies and corporations developed many variations of ASCII to facilitate the expression of non-English languages that used Roman-based alphabets. One could class some of these variations as "ASCII extensions", although some misuse that term to represent all variants, including those that do not preserve ASCII's character-map in the 7-bit range. Furthermore, the ASCII extensions have also been mislabelled as ASCII.

text: 7-bit codes[edit]

text: From early in its development,[50] ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard.

text: Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO 646 (1967) that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£). Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the US and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French characters.

text: Many other countries developed variants of ASCII to include non-English letters (e.g. é, ñ, ß, Ł), currency symbols (e.g. £, ¥), etc. See also YUSCII (Yugoslavia).

text: It would share most characters in common, but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use". However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967[51] caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points.

text: ISO/IEC 646, like ASCII, is a 7-bit character set. It does not make any additional codes available, so the same code points encoded different characters in different countries. Escape codes were defined to indicate which national variant applied to a piece of text, but they were rarely used, so it was often impossible to know what variant to work with and, therefore, which character a code represented, and in general, text-processing systems could cope with only one variant anyway.

text: Because the bracket and brace characters of ASCII were assigned to "national use" code points that were used for accented letters in other national variants of ISO/IEC 646, a German, French, or Swedish, etc. programmer using their national variant of ISO/IEC 646, rather than ASCII, had to write, and thus read, something such as

text: instead of

text: C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get "N{ jag har sm|rg}sar" as the answer, which should be "Nä jag har smörgåsar" meaning "No I've got sandwiches".

text: 8-bit codes[edit]

text: Eventually, as 8-, 16- and 32-bit (and later 64-bit) computers began to replace 18- and 36-bit computers as the norm, it became common to use an 8-bit byte to store each character in memory, providing an opportunity for extended, 8-bit relatives of ASCII. In most cases these developed as true extensions of ASCII, leaving the original character-mapping intact, but adding additional character definitions after the first 128 (i.e., 7-bit) characters.

text: Encodings include ISCII (India), VISCII (Vietnam). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard.

text: Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0 to 31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet.

text: The PETSCII code Commodore International used for their 8-bit systems is probably unique among post-1970 codes in being based on ASCII-1963, instead of the more common ASCII-1967, such as found on the ZX Spectrum computer. Atari 8-bit computers and Galaksija computers also used ASCII variants.

text: The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the control characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware. Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics. The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set, both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets.

text: The ISO/IEC 8859 standard (derived from the DEC-MCS) finally provided a standard that most systems copied (at least as accurately as they copied ASCII, but with many substitutions). A popular further extension designed by Microsoft, Windows-1252 (often mislabeled as ISO-8859-1), added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text printing.  ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, and the original 7-bit ASCII were the most common character encodings until 2008 when UTF-8 became more common.[48]

text: ISO/IEC 4873 introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the 80–9F hexadecimal range, as part of extending the 7-bit ASCII encoding to become an 8-bit system.[52]

text: Unicode[edit]

text: Unicode and the ISO/IEC 10646 Universal Character Set (UCS) have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII rapidly in many environments. While ASCII is limited to 128 characters, Unicode and the UCS support more characters by separating the concepts of unique identification (using natural numbers called code points) and encoding (to 8-, 16- or 32-bit binary formats, called UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32).

text: ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode (1991) character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters.  Even more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.[53]


document_title: In My Feelings (song)

question_text: who is drakes in my feeling song about

question_tokens: who is drakes in my feeling song about

text: In My Feelings (song)

text: Composition and samples[edit]

text: "In My Feelings" is a bounce track, similar to Drake's previous single "Nice for What".[4] Upon its release, several outlets reported that the song was about Keshia Chanté,[5] Drake's first girlfriend and childhood friend.[6][7][8][9] Drake also makes references to Jennifer Lopez ("Jenny"), who he briefly dated in 2016, and Quality Control duo City Girls, made up of members Yung Miami ("Resha") and JT.[10] The City Girls also provide uncredited vocals.[3]

text: The track samples "Smoking Gun (Acapella Version)" by Magnolia Shorty for the breakdown.[4] "Lollipop" by Lil Wayne is also sampled and the track ends with audio from the episode "Champagne Papi" from the television series Atlanta.[11] The song was later slightly altered and re-uploaded to streaming sites with additional sampled vocals from Lil Wayne.[3]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: The song inspired an Internet meme dance challenge known as the "Kiki Challenge", "In My Feelings Challenge" or "Shiggy Challenge", the latter being a reference to the comedian Shiggy, who posted a video on his Instagram account of him dancing to the song; this video was credited for inspiring the challenge.[12] The dance challenge is to walk outside of moving vehicles (ghost riding) and dance in oncoming traffic.[13][14][15] Originating in the US, the challenge later spread to other parts of the world where in some countries it caused controversy and public concern.[16]

text: The Fader deemed the bounce track as the highlight of the double album, with writer Ben Dandrige-Lemco saying, "it takes a whole 20 songs to get to the best part of the album, 'In My Feelings'".[4] The Hollywood Reporter's Jonny Coleman felt that the song, along with "Nice for What", "might be two of the most enduring tracks [in the album]".[17] Andy Hutchins of Time called the song "a disastrous misunderstanding of New Orleans bounce."[18]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: In the Billboard magazine issue dated July 14, 2018, "In My Feelings" debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, one of seven top 10 entries by Drake that week. The following week, partly due to the rising popularity of the dance challenge,[19] the song ascended to the top spot of the chart, becoming Drake's sixth number-one single on the chart.[20] On the issue dated 28 July 2018, "In My Feelings" broke the streaming record for the most streams in a single week at 116.2 million streams, and retained the top spot on the chart.[21] It also reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart.

text: In the UK, it did not enter the charts on the first week due to chart rules, but the next week, due to the popularity of the dance challenge, it entered at number four. A week later, it rose to number one. "In My Feelings" spent four weeks at the top of the chart, before being replaced by "Shotgun".

text: Music video[edit]

text:
The song's music video was shot on July 23, 2018 in New Orleans and was directed by Karena Evans, whom Drake worked with on the videos for "God's Plan", "Nice for What", and "I'm Upset" earlier in the year.[22]
The song's music video was released on August 2, 2018, on Drake's YouTube channel.[23] "KeKe" is played by La La Anthony while her mother is played by Phylicia Rashad. The video takes place in New Orleans and shows people dancing to the song, including Yung Miami of the City Girls and bounce music legend Big Freedia. Comedian Shiggy, who has been credited with inventing the viral "In My Feelings Challenge", makes a cameo as a production assistant as well as a dancer in the video. At the end of the music video, a small montage of celebrities and internet influencers participating in the "In My Feelings Challenge" is displayed. A few of these people include Will Smith, DJ Khaled, Ciara, Steve Aoki, Odell Beckham Jr., Dua Lipa, Millie Bobby Brown, Liza Koshy, Noah Schnapp, Ryan Seacrest, Shay Mitchell, and J-Hope (BTS). As of August 2018 the music video on Youtube got over 90 million views.

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Credits adapted from the album's liner notes and Tidal.[24][25]

text:
Noah "40" Shebib – production, recording
Noel "Gadget" Campbell – mixing
Harley Arsenault – mixing assistance, recording assistance
Greg Moffet – mixing assistance, recording assistance
Ronald Moonoo – mixing assistance
Blaqnmild – production
TrapMoneyBenny – production

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)

Peak position

Argentina Anglo (Monitor Latino)[26]

14

Australia (ARIA)[27]

1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[28]

3

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[29]

6

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[30]

20

Brazil (Brasil Hot 100 Airplay)[31]

75

Brazil Streaming (Pro-Música)[32]

33

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[33]

1

Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[34]

12

Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[35]

50

Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[36]

5

Denmark (Tracklisten)[37]

1

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[38]

3

France (SNEP)[39]

3

Germany (Official German Charts)[40]

4

Greece International Digital (IFPI)[41]

1

Hungary (Single Top 40)[42]

2

Hungary (Stream Top 40)[43]

2

Ireland (IRMA)[44]

2

Italy (FIMI)[45]

5

Japan (Japan Hot 100)[46]

89

Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[47]

1

Malaysia (RIM)[48]

1

Mexico (AMPROFON)[49]

2

Mexico Airplay (Billboard)[50]

25

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[51]

1

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[52]

2

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[53]

1

Norway (VG-lista)[54]

3

Portugal (AFP)[55]

1

Romania (Airplay 100)[56]

53

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[57]

2

Singapore (RIAS)[58]

1

Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[59]

1

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[60]

8

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[61]

1

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[62]

2

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[63]

1

UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[64]

1

US Billboard Hot 100[65]

1

US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[66]

24

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[67]

1

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[68]

6

US Rhythmic (Billboard)[69]

1

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[70]

Platinum

70,000^

Italy (FIMI)[71]

Gold

25,000

New Zealand (RMNZ)[72]

Gold

15,000*

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[73]

Gold

20,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[74]

Gold

400,000

*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alonesales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Region

Date

Format

Label(s)

Ref.

United States

July 10, 2018

Rhythmic contemporary

Young MoneyCash MoneyRepublic

[1]

Contemporary hit radio

[2]

United Kingdom

July 27, 2018

[75]

Italy

August 24, 2018

Universal

[76]