document_title: Legal drinking age

question_text: what is the legal drinking age in france

text: Legal drinking age

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking Age
Purchase age

 Algeria
18[2]

 Angola
18[citation needed]

 Botswana
18[2]

 Burundi
16[2]
No limit if accompanied by parents[citation needed]

 Cameroon
18
21
18 on the premises, 21 off the premises[citation needed]

 Cape Verde
18[citation needed]

 Central African Republic
18[citation needed]

 Comoros
None[citation needed]

 Egypt
21[2]

 Equatorial Guinea
None[citation needed]

 Eritrea
18[2]

 Ethiopia
18[2]

 Gabon
18[2]

 Gambia
18[2]

 Ghana
18[3]

 Guinea-Bissau
None[2]

 Kenya
18[2]

 Lesotho
18[2]

 Libya
Illegal[2]

 Malawi
18[2]

 Mauritius
18[2]

 Morocco
18[citation needed]
Forbidden for Muslims[2]

 Mozambique
18[2]

 Namibia
18[2]

 Niger
18[2]

 Nigeria
18[citation needed]

 Republic of the Congo
18[citation needed]

 Rwanda
18[2]

 Senegal
None[citation needed]

 Seychelles
18[2]

 Somalia
Illegal[4]

 South Africa
18
The parent, adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament, may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent, guardian or other person.[5]

 South Sudan
18[6]

 Sudan
Illegal[7]

 Swaziland
18[2]

 Tanzania
18[8]

 Togo
None[2]

 Tunisia
18[citation needed]

 Uganda
18[2]

 Western Sahara
16[citation needed]

 Zambia
18[2]

 Zimbabwe
18[2]

tag: table

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Anguilla
16[citation needed]

 Antigua and Barbuda
16[9]
The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal.

 Argentina
18[10]

 Bahamas
18[2]

 Barbados
18[11]
Those aged 10–17 are allowed to consume alcohol provided they are with a parent or guardian.

 Belize
18[12]
Drinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested.

 Bermuda
18[13]

 Bolivia
18[2]

 Brazil
18[2]

 British Virgin Islands
16[12]
It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16.

 Canada
18[14][15][16]
In Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec, the legal drinking age is 18.

19[14][15][16]
In Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, the legal drinking age is 19.

 Cayman Islands
18[17]

 Chile
18[2]
The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times.[18]

 Colombia
18[2]

 Costa Rica
18[2]

 Cuba
16[2]

 Dominican Republic
18[19]

 Ecuador
18[2]

 El Salvador
18[2]

 Falkland Islands
18[citation needed]

 Grenada
16[citation needed]

 Guatemala
18[2]

 Guyana
18[2]
Except 16 for wine or malt liquor to be consumed with a meal

 Haiti
None[2]

 Honduras
18[2]

 Jamaica
None[citation needed]
18[citation needed]
Minors can drink if accompanied by parent or legal guardian as well as someone with permission from their parent or legal guardian.[citation needed]

 Mexico
18[2]
A person must be eighteen years or over to legally purchase and consume alcoholic beverages in Mexico. The drinking age however isn't strictly enforced, and IDs are barely requested.[citation needed]

 Nicaragua
18[2]

 Panama
18[2]

 Paraguay
20[20]

According to Art. 1° of the law to "ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors", it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age.
Furthermore, under Art 2° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text: "ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD" (It is illegal (prohibited) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age)

 Peru
18[2]

 Puerto Rico
18
The minimum age for the selling of any alcohol beverage is 18. Although a valid Puerto Rico license ID or passport is required as proof of age to buyers who look under the age of 18, it is generally not a common practice to ask for ID to enter a venue that sells alcohol or to sell you alcohol at other establishments. This law can be more enforced in some tourist areas and on foreigners visiting the island by some more exclusive hotels, bars, and upscale clubs. A few of the more exclusive venues in the tourist areas may have their own entrance rules regarding age including not allowing anyone under the age of 25 or 23 to enter and consume alcohol or change this depending on specific nights/events and restricted by gender/sex (i.e. women over 18 allowed to enter but only men over 21 on that same night).[citation needed]

 Trinidad and Tobago
18[2]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
18[citation needed]

 United States
(50 states and integral territories)
Varies by jurisdiction[2]
21[2]
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of twenty-one. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars (usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, fifteen states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, seventeen states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining eighteen states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws.
Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, thirty-one states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many (but not all) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of twenty-one.[21]
By a judge's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults eighteen to twenty years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise.[22]
The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents.
Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty-one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail.[23]
See also: Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States

 United States Virgin Islands
18[24]

 Uruguay
18[2]

 Venezuela
18[2]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Afghanistan
Illegal[25]

 Bangladesh
Illegal for Muslims [26]
Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations, albeit clandestinely.

 Bhutan
18[27]

 Brunei
17 with restrictions, unless Muslim[2]
Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use, once in 48 hours. This alcohol must be “stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer” and is “not to be given, transferred or sold to another person.”.[2]

 Cambodia
None[28]

 China
18[2]
Introduced in January 2006.[29] Weakly enforced to not enforced.

 Hong Kong
18[30]
The regulation is only applicable to restaurants, bars and clubs, where a liquor license is required. Private drinking is also not regulated.

 India
18–25 (varies between states)[2]

Main article: Alcohol laws of India
Consumption of alcohol is prohibited in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Nagaland.[31]

 Indonesia
21[32]

 Iran
Illegal [2]
There is a ban on alcohol, but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority.[33]

 Iraq
18[34]

 Israel
None
18[2]
Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors, but it does not prohibit minors to drink.

 Japan
20[2]

 Jordan
18[35]

 Kazakhstan
21[36]

 Kuwait
Illegal[37]

 Kyrgyzstan
18[2]

 Lebanon
18[2]
Often unenforced and according to a global school health study, 40% of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25% buy it from stores.[38]

 Macau
None[citation needed]

 Malaysia
18
Will be increased to 21 on 1 December 2017[39]

 Maldives
Illegal except for tourists, 18[citation needed]
Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts. It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians[40]

 Mongolia
18[41]

 Myanmar
None
18[42]

   Nepal
18
The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18. However, there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies.[citation needed]

 North Korea
18[43]

 Oman
21
Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences.[44]

 Pakistan
Illegal [2]
Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies[2]

 Palestinian Authority
16[citation needed]
Legal in most cities

 Philippines
18[45]

 Qatar
19[citation needed]
Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol, but generally not allowed to consume. Non Muslims are allowed to purchase, and consume alcohol. The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha.[citation needed]

 Saudi Arabia
Illegal
Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial. Punishments range from heavy fines, lengthy prison terms and whippings.[citation needed]

 Singapore
None (Private places, sometimes with permission from parents/guardian)
18 (Public places e.g. bars and restaurants)
18[2]

Main Legislation

Drinking alcohol is strictly forbidden in public places in reaction to 2013 Little India riot, after the Committee of Inquiry accepts the recommendations on 7 July 2014.
For convenience stores, those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a "Challenge 18" scheme will be downgraded to "Challenge 21" scheme, and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on "Challenge 21".
It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub/allow entry to the nightclub under 18. Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed, although the safest age could be 6. Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age.[citation needed]

 South Korea
None
19[citation needed]
The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one's age turns to 19.[citation needed]

 Sri Lanka
21[2]

 Syria
18[citation needed]

 Taiwan
18[46]

It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol.[47]
Parents, guardians, and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking,[48] or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious.[49]
One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.[50] A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars.[51]

 Tajikistan
18[2]

 Thailand
20[52]
The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20, private drinking is not regulated in private locations.[52][53]

 Turkmenistan
18[2]

 United Arab Emirates
18–21 (varies between states).[54]
Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages, but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others.[55]
The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi (although a Ministry of Tourism by-law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21), and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates (except Sharjah, where drinking alcohol is illegal).[54]
It is a punishable offence to drink, or to be under the influence of alcohol, in public.[54]

 Uzbekistan
None
20[2]

 Vietnam
None[citation needed]

 Yemen
Illegal[citation needed]
Exception is in Aden Region where it's legal for 21 and up[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Albania
18[2]

 Armenia
None
18
There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out.[citation needed]

 Austria
16
 Burgenland,  Lower Austria and  Vienna[56]

16 for beer and wine
18 for distilled beverages
 Carinthia,  Upper Austria,  Salzburg,  Styria,  Tyrol and  Vorarlberg[56]
Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.

 Azerbaijan
18[2]

 Belarus
18[2]

 Belgium
None
16 for beer and wine
18 for spirits[57]
Since 10 January 2010, it is illegal to "sell, serve, or offer" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[57] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
None
18[58]

 Bulgaria
18[2]

 Croatia
18[2]

 Cyprus
17[59]

 Czech Republic
None
18[60]
It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[61] (punishable by fine or up to 1[62] or 2[63] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[64]

 Denmark
None
16 to buy alcohol <16.5% ABV
18 to buy alcohol ≥16.5% ABV
18 to be served in restaurants, bars, discos etc.[2]
While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:

In order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.
In order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[65]
To be served alcoholic drinks in bars, discos, clubs, restaurants and any establishment serving alcoholic beverages one must be 18 years of age.

By tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[66] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[67] This card is rarely used though since a passport or moped-licence can sometimes be used.[68]

 Estonia
18[69]

 Finland
18 for possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV
20 for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV
18 for all in bars, clubs and restaurants[70]
All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[71] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected. Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[70][72]
Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[73]
In private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[70]

 France
None
18
France has no explicitly stated consumption age,[74] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[75] and can be fined 7500 euros.[74] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[76][77]

 Georgia
None
16[citation needed]

 Germany
None (on private residence)
16 (in public) (14 when accompanied by a custodial person) for beer and wine
18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amount[78]

16 for beer and wine
18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts[78]

See also: Alcohol laws in Germany

 Gibraltar
None[79]
16/18
It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18.
The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[79]

The alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or
The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.

 Greece
None
18[citation needed]
In 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.

 Hungary
18[2]

 Iceland
None
20[80]
Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is. However, law allows alcohol possessed by a minor to be confiscated.

 Ireland
None (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians) [81]
18[81]
It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[82]

 Italy
None
18[83]
In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[84] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).

 Kosovo
None

 Latvia
None
18[85]

 Liechtenstein
16 for wine, beer and cider
18 for spirits and spirit-based beverages. e.g. alcopops
Wine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[86]

 Lithuania
18[87]
Minors under the age of 18 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from having them. After 2018, January 1st, a new law will be put into place, changing the legal drinking age from 18 to 20.[88]

 Luxembourg
None
16[89]

 Macedonia
18[90][unreliable source?]
Must show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.

 Malta
17[91]
Must provide identification upon request.

 Moldova
None
16[92]
It is illegal to sell alcohol to anyone under the age of 16. There is no consumption age.

 Montenegro
None
18[citation needed]

 Netherlands
18
The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 on 1 January 2014. However, many places have officially or unofficially retained a less strict regulation towards 16- and 17-year-olds.[93] Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, although giving it away in private is not.

 Norway
None[94]
18 (<22%)
20 (≥22% ABV)[2]
Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.
Alcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[95]
Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[96]

 Poland
None
18[97]
Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[98] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking on streets, town squares, and in parks is illegal regardless of age.

 Portugal
None[citation needed]
18[99]

 Romania
None
18[100]
According to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.

 Russia
None
18[101]
There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.

 Serbia
18[102]

 Slovakia
18[103]

 Slovenia
None
18[104]
There is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.

 Spain
18
Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[105]

 Sweden

None

None (less than 2.25% ABV)
18 (bars and restaurants),
18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops),
20 (Systembolaget shops[106]),

See also: Alcohol in Sweden
Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18, commonly 20 or 23. It is legal to drink below 18, but it is illegal to sell, lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them, apart from being served alcohol supervised in private "in moderation". It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place.[107] The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.

  Switzerland
None
(See notes)
16 for fermented alcoholic drinks (with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV);[108]
18 for spirits [109]
Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[110] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[111]

18
The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[112]

 Turkey
18[2]

See also: Alcohol laws of Turkey

 Ukraine
18[2]

 United Kingdom
18 (on licensed premises)[113]
16 (beer, wine or cider with a meal on licensed premises)[113]
5 (not on licensed premises)[114]
None (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[114]
18[113]
None (liqueur confectionery)[115]
Legislation in  England and  Wales:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions.[113]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[113]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.[115]
It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[114]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [116]

18 (in public without a meal or adult supervision)
16 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)
5 (on private premises)[117]
18
16 (beer, wine, cider or perry with a meal on licensed premises)
None (liqueur confectionery)[115]
Legislation in  Scotland:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.[118]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[118]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.[115]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [116]

18
Legislation in Northern Ireland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.[citation needed]

Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the  United Kingdom)
Under the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[119] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 American Samoa
21[120]

 Australia
18[2][121]

Main article: Alcohol laws of Australia
Varies by state. Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18, all states restrict purchasing to over 18. In some states, minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission.[122]

 Fiji
18[123]
The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009.[123]

 Guam
21[124]

 Micronesia, Federated States of
21

 New Zealand
None
18[125]
Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15% ABV or over; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15% ABV.[126]
Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian. Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by, or with express consent from, their parent or legal guardian.[127]

 Northern Mariana Islands
21[citation needed]

 Palau
21[2]

 Papua New Guinea
18[2]

 Samoa
21[2]

 Solomon Islands
21[2]

 Tokelau
18[128]

 Tonga
21[2]

 Vanuatu
18[2]


document_title: Himalayan salt

question_text: where does the himalayan pink salt come from

root

text: Himalayan salt

text: History[edit]

text: The concentration of salt near Khewra, Punjab is said to have been discovered around 326 BC when the troops led by Alexander the Great stopped to rest there and noticed their horses licking the salty rocks. Salt was probably mined there from that time, but the first records of mining are from the Janjua people in the 1200s.[1]

tag: p

text: Himalayan salt is mostly mined at the Khewra Salt Mine in Khewra, Jhelum District, Punjab, which is situated in the foothills of the Salt Range hill system in the Punjab province of the Pakistan Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is located about 310 km (190 mi) from the Himalayas, 260 km (160 mi) from Lahore, and 298 km (185 mi) from Amritsar, India.[2]

text: Mineral composition[edit]

text: Himalayan salt is chemically similar to table salt plus mineral impurities like chromium, iron, zinc, lead, and copper; some salts mined in the Himalayans are not suitable for use as food or industrial use without purification, due to these impurities.[3]

text: Some salt crystals from the Himalayas have an off-white to transparent color, while impurities in some veins of salt give it a pink, reddish, or beet-red color.[4][5]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Himalayan salt is used to flavor food; there is no evidence that it is healthier than using common table salt. [6][7]

text: Blocks of salt are also used as serving dishes, baking stones, and griddles.[8]

text: A salt lamp consists of a large salt crystal, often colored, and lit with an electric light or candle inside.[9] Numerous health claims have been made concerning salt lamps, but no scientific evidence supports these claims.[9][10]

text:
Himalayan salt

Himalayan salt crystals

Salt rock lamp

tag: ul


document_title: Supreme court

question_text: describe the primary function of the united states supreme court

question_tokens: describe the primary function of the united states supreme court

text: Supreme court

text: Common law jurisdictions[edit]

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is created by the provisions of the Constitution of Bangladesh, 1972. There are two Divisions of the Supreme Court, i.e. (a) Appellate Division and (b) High Court Division. Appellate Division is the highest Court of Appeal and usually does not exercise the powers of a court of first instance. Whereas, the High Court Division is a Court of first instance in company and admiralty matters.

text: Canada[edit]

text: The Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished. This court hears appeals from the courts of appeal from the provinces and territories, and also appeals from the Federal Court of Appeal. The Supreme Court is a "General Court of Appeal."[2] It can decide any question of law considered by the lower courts, including constitutional law, federal law, and provincial law. The court's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories. The title "Supreme" can be confusing because, for example, the Supreme Court of British Columbia does not have the final say and controversial cases heard there often get appealed in higher courts - it is in fact one of the lower courts in such a process.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Hong Kong (now known as the High Court of Hong Kong) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The final adjudication power, as in any other British Colonies, rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London, United Kingdom. Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997. Under the Basic Law, its constitution, the territory remains a common law jurisdiction. Consequently, judges from other common law jurisdictions (including England and Wales) can be recruited and continue to serve in the judiciary according to Article 92 of the Basic Law. On the other hand, the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) in Beijing (without retroactive effect), and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases, in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law. This arrangement became controversial in light of the right of abode issue in 1999, raising concerns for judicial independence.

text: India[edit]

text: This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law.

text: Note that within the constitutional framework of India, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has a special status vis-a-vis the other states of India. Article 370 of the Constitution of India carves out certain exceptions for J&K. However, the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order 1954 makes Article 141 applicable to the state of J&K and hence law declared by the Supreme Court of India is equally applicable to all courts of J&K including the High Court.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: The Supreme Court is the highest court in the Republic of Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin.

text: Israel[edit]

text: Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice. As an appellate court, the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal (both criminal and civil) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts. It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds, such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association. As the High Court of Justice (Hebrew: Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג"ץ), the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities: Government decisions, those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law, and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset. The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice, and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal. The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction, mandamus and Habeas Corpus, as well as through declaratory judgments. The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment. In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices, it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices. A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance, difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing. The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order "trial de novo" (a retrial).

text: Nauru[edit]

text: In Nauru, there is no single highest court for all types of cases. The Supreme Court has final jurisdiction on constitutional matters, but any other case may be appealed further to the Appellate Court. In addition, an agreement between Nauru and Australia in 1976 provides for appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru to the High Court of Australia in both criminal and civil cases, with the notable exception of constitutional cases.[3][4]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, the right of appeal to the Privy Council was abolished following the passing of the Supreme Court Act (2003). A right of appeal to the Privy Council remains for criminal cases which were decided before the Supreme Court was created, but it is likely that the successful appeal by Mark Lundy to the Privy Council in 2013 will be the last appeal to the Board from New Zealand.

text: The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The Supreme Court has been the apex court for Pakistan since the declaration of the republic in 1956 (previously the Privy Council had that function). The Supreme Court has the final say on matters of constitutional law, federal law or on matters of mixed federal and provincial competence. It can hear appeals on matters of provincial competence only if a matter of a constitutional nature is raised.

text: With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally functions the same as provinces. Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan.

text: The provinces have their own courts system, with the High Court as the apex court, except insofar as where an appeal can go to the Supreme Court as mentioned above.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

text: In respect of Community Law the Supreme Court is subject to the decisions of the European Court of Justice. Since there can be no appeal from the Supreme Court, there is an interlocutory procedure by which the Supreme Court may refer to the European Court questions of European law which arise in cases before it, and obtain a definitive ruling before the Supreme Court gives its judgment.

text: The Supreme Court shares its members and accommodation at the Middlesex Guildhall in London with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which hears final appeals from certain smaller Commonwealth countries, admiralty cases, and certain appeals from the ecclesiastical courts and statutory private jurisdictions, such as professional and academic bodies.

text: (The Constitutional Reform Act also renamed the Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland to the Court of Judicature, and the rarely cited Supreme Court of Judicature for England and Wales as the Senior Courts of England and Wales).

text: The Supreme Court was set up in 2009; until then the House of Lords was the ultimate court in addition to being a legislative body, and the Lord Chancellor, with legislative and executive functions, was also a senior judge in the House of Lords.

text: United States[edit]

text: The Supreme Court of the United States, established in 1789, is the highest Federal court in the United States, with powers of judicial review first asserted in Calder v. Bull (1798) in Justice Iredell's dissenting opinion. The power was later given binding authority by Justice Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803). There are currently nine seats on the US Supreme Court.

text: Each U.S. state has a state supreme court, which is the highest authority interpreting that state's law and administering that state's judiciary. Two states, Oklahoma and Texas, each have two separate highest courts that respectively specialize in criminal cases and civil cases. Although Delaware has a specialized court, the Court of Chancery, to hear cases in equity, it is not a supreme court because the Delaware Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over it.[5]

text: The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the "Supreme Judicial Court"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere.

text: Civil law jurisdictions[edit]

text: The Roman law and the Corpus Juris Civilis are generally held to be the historical model for civil law. From the late 18th century onwards, civil law jurisdictions began to codify their laws, most of all in civil codes.

text: Austria[edit]

text: In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights. Other than that, administrative acts are reviewed by the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof). The Supreme Court (Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)), stands at the top of Austria's system of "ordinary courts" (ordentliche Gerichte) as the final instance in issues of private law and criminal law.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases involving members of congress, senators, ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic. The Superior Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justiça) reviews State and Federal Circuit courts decisions for civil law and criminal law cases, when dealing with federal law or conflicting rulings. The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) reviews cases involving labour law. The Superior Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) is the court of last resort of electoral law, and also oversees general elections. The Superior Military Tribunal (Tribunal Superior Militar) is the highest court in matters of federal military law.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: In Croatia, the supreme jurisdiction is given to the Supreme Court, which secures a uniform application of laws. The Constitutional Court exists to verify constitutionality of laws and regulations, as well as decide on individual complaints on decisions on governmental bodies. It also decides on jurisdictional disputes between the legislative, executive and judicial branches.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: In Denmark, all ordinary courts have original jurisdiction to hear all types of cases, including cases of a constitutional or administrative nature. As a result, there exists no special constitutional court, and therefore final jurisdiction is vested with the Danish Supreme Court (Højesteret) which was established 14 February 1661 by king Frederik III.

text: France[edit]

text: In France, supreme appellate jurisdiction is divided among three judicial bodies:

text:
for judicial cases, i.e., civil or criminal matters: Court of Cassation (Cour de cassation)
for administrative cases: Council of State (Conseil d'État)
constitutional challenges of statutory laws: Constitutional Council (Conseil constitutionnel)

text: When there is jurisdictional dispute between judicial and administrative courts: the Court of Arbitration (Tribunal des conflits), which is empanelled half from the Court of Cassation and half from the Council of State and presided over by the Minister of Justice, is called together to settle the dispute or hand down a final decision.

text: The High Court (Haute Cour) exists only to impeach the President of the French Republic in case of "breach of his duties patently incompatible with his continuing in office". Since a constitutional amendment of 2007, the French Constitution states that the High Court is composed of all members of both Houses of Parliament. As of 2012, it has never been convened.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, there is no de jure single supreme court. Instead, cases are handled by numerous federal courts, depending on their nature.

text: Final interpretation of the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts, despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties, if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution.

text: When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice) is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht (Federal Social Court) for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht (Federal Labour Court) for employment and labour, the Bundesfinanzhof (Federal Fiscal Court) for taxation and financial issues, and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court) for administrative law. The so-called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe (Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts) is not a supreme court in itself, but an ad-hoc body that is convened in only when one supreme court intends to diverge from another supreme court's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and so, the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently, and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory.

text: The Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest court. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against some treaties. Also, the ordinary courts in the Netherlands, including the Hoge Raad, do not deal with administrative law, which is dealt with in separate administrative courts, the highest of which is the Council of State (Raad van State)

text: Iceland[edit]

text: The Supreme Court of Iceland (Icelandic: Hæstiréttur Íslands, lit. Highest Court of Iceland) was founded under Act No. 22/1919 and held its first session on 16 February 1920. The Court holds the highest judicial power in Iceland, where the court system has two levels.[6]

text: India[edit]

text: The Supreme Court of India, also known colloquially as the 'apex court', is the highest judicial body in the Republic of India. Any decision taken by it is final and binding, and can only be modified in some cases (death sentence, etc.) by the President of India. It has several jurisdiction like 1. Original 2.Appellate 3. Advisory

text: It is also known as court of records, i. e. all judgements are recorded and printed. These are cited in lower courts as case - law in various cases.

text: Italy[edit]

text: Italy follows the French system of different supreme courts.

text: The Italian court of last resort for most disputes is the Corte Suprema di Cassazione. There is also a separate constitutional court, the Corte costituzionale, which has a duty of judicial review, and which can strike down legislation as being in conflict with the Constitution.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, the Supreme Court of Japan is called 最高裁判所 (Saikō-Saibansho; called 最高裁 Saikō-Sai for short), located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, and is the highest court in Japan. It has ultimate judicial authority within Japan to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local by laws). It has the power of judicial review (i.e., it can declare Acts of Diet and Local Assembly, and administrative actions, unconstitutional).

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text:
In Luxembourg, challenges on the conformity of the law to the Constitution are brought before the Cour Constitutionnelle (Constitutional Court). — The most used and common procedure to present these challenges is by way of the "question préjudicielle" (prejudicial question).
The Court of last resort for civil and criminal proceedings is the "Cour de Cassation".
For administrative proceedings the highest court is the "Cour Administrative" (Administrative Court).

text: Macau[edit]

text: The supreme court of Macau is the Court of Final Appeal (Portuguese: Tribunal de Última Instância; Chinese: 澳門終審法院).

text: Philippines[edit]

text: While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court "form part of the law of the land", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided.

text: People's Republic of China[edit]

text: In the judicial system of mainland China the highest court of appeal is the Supreme People's Court. This supervises the administration of justice by all subordinate "local" and "special" people's courts, and is the court of last resort for the whole People's Republic of China except for Macau and Hong Kong

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal, there are several supreme courts, each with a specific jurisdiction:

text:
The Supreme Court of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justiça) - for judicial (civil and criminal) matters;
The Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional) - for the constitutional matters;
The Supreme Administrative Court (Supremo Tribunal Administrativo) - for administrative and fiscal matters;
The Court of Auditors (Tribunal de Contas) - for auditing the public expenditure.

text: Until 2003, a fifth supreme court also existed for the military jurisdiction, this being the Supreme Military Court (Supremo Tribunal Militar). Presently, in time of peace, the supreme court for military justice matters is the Supreme Court of Justice, which now includes four military judges.

text: Republic of China[edit]

text: In the Republic of China (Taiwan), there are three different courts of last resort:

text:
Supreme Court of the Republic of China (中華民國最高法院): civil and criminal cases.
Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of China (中華民國最高行政法院): executive cases.
Council of Grand Justices (大法官會議): interpretation of the Constitution, interpretation of laws and regulations, dissolution of political parties in violation of the Constitution, trial of impeachments against the President or Vice President.

text: The Council of Grand Justices, consisting of 15 justices and mainly dealing with constitutional issues, is the counterpart of constitutional courts in some countries.

text: All three courts are directly under the Judicial Yuan, whose president also serves as Chief Justice in the Council of Grand Justices.

text: Scotland[edit]

text: Founded by papal bull in 1532, the Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland, and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court. However, the absolute highest court (excluding criminal matters) is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents;[7] however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.[8]
Five sections form the Spanish Supreme court:

text:
Section one judges private law cases (including commercial law).
Section two decides about criminal appeals.
Section three judges administrative cases and controls government normative powers.
Section four is dedicated to labour law.
Section five is dedicated to military justice.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court considers all other cases. The judges are appointed by the Government. In most cases, the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case (prövningstillstånd) if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law. Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance. Such cases include an application for a retrial of a criminal case in the light of new evidence, and prosecutions made against an incumbent minister of the Government for severe neglect of duty. If a lower court has to try a case which involves a question where there is no settled interpretation of the law, it can also refer the question to the relevant Supreme Court for an answer.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In Switzerland, the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland[9] is the final court of appeals. Due to Switzerland's system of direct democracy, it has no authority to review the constitutionality of federal statutes, but the people can strike down a proposed law by referendum. According to settled case law, however, the Court is authorised to review the compliance of all Swiss law with certain categories of international law, especially the European Convention of Human Rights.

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common-law and civil-law. In some cases such as capital punishment, the decision may be passed on to the President of the Republic for clemency petitions. However, when there is 2/3 majority in the parliament in favour of president (as with present), the supreme court and its judges' powers become nullified as they could be fired from their positions according to the Constitution, if the president wants. Therefore, in such situations, Civil law empowerment vanishes.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the Constitution. But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country's single apex court, superior to the SCA in all matters, both constitutional and non-constitutional.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: Historically, citizens appealed directly to the King along his route to places out of the Palace. A Thai King would adjudicate all disputes. During the reign of King Chulalongkorn, an official department for appeals was set up, and, after Thailand adopted a western-styled government, Thai Supreme Court was established in 1891.

text: At present, the Supreme Court of Thailand retains the important status as the highest court of justice in the country. Operating separately from the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court, the judgement of the Supreme Court is considered as final.

text: United Arab Emirates[edit]

text: In the United Arab Emirates, the Federal Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates was created in 1973 after the adoption of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. The Emirati judicial system is complex blend of both Islamic law and civil law. In some cases such as capital punishment, the decision may be passed on to the President of the country (currently Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan).[10]

text: Other civil law jurisdictions[edit]

text:
For Honduras, see Supreme Court of Honduras.
For Peru, see Supreme Court of Peru.
For Poland, see Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland.
For Romania, see High Court of Cassation and Justice.
For Uganda, see Supreme Court of Uganda
For Ukraine, see Supreme Court of Ukraine.
For Vietnam, see Supreme People's Court of Vietnam.

text: Mixed-system jurisdictions[edit]

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: Law of Indonesia at the national level is based on a combination of civil law from the tradition of Roman-Dutch law and customary law from the tradition of Adat.[11] Law in regional jurisdictions can vary from province to province, including even Sharia law,[12] for example Islamic criminal law in Aceh, though even at the national level, individual justices can cite sharia or other forms of non-Dutch law in their legal opinions.

text: The Supreme Court of Indonesia is the main judicial arm of the state, functioning as the final court of appeal as well as a means to re-open cases previously closed. The Supreme Court, which consists of a total of 51 justices, also oversees the regional high courts. It was founded at the country's independence in 1945.

text: The Constitutional Court of Indonesia, on the other hand, is a part of the judicial branch tasked with review of bills and government actions for constitutionality, as well as regulation of the interactions between various arms of the state. The constitutional amendment to establish the court was passed in 2001, and the court itself was established in 2003.[13] The Constitutional Court consists of nine justices serving nine year terms, and they're appointed in tandem by the Supreme Court, the President of Indonesia and the People's Representative Council.[14]

text: Soviet-model jurisdictions[edit]

text: In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau, the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese-based legal system jurisdictions respectively. This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided.


document_title: Georgia Bulldogs football

question_text: when was the last time uga won sec championship in football

text: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: History[edit]

text: Conference affiliations[edit]

text: Georgia was a founding member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, one of the first collegiate athletic conferences formed in the United States. Georgia participated in the SIAA from its establishment in 1895 until 1921. During its tenure in the SIAA, Georgia was conference co-champion in two years, 1896 and 1920.[7] In 1921, the Bulldogs, along with 12 other teams, left the SIAA and formed the Southern Conference.[8] During its time in the Southern Conference, the team never won a conference championship. In 1932, the Georgia Bulldogs left the Southern Conference to form and join the SEC, where Georgia has won the second-most SEC football championships, with 13, behind Alabama (24) and tied with Tennessee.[9][better source needed]

text:
Independent (1891–1895)
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (1896–1920)
Southern Conference (1921–1932)
Southeastern Conference (1933–present)

text: Head coaches[edit]

text: Head coaches of the Bulldogs dating from 1892.[10][better source needed]

text:
No.

Name

Seasons

Record

Pct.

1

Charles Herty

1892

1–1

.500

2

Ernest Brown

1893

2–2–1

.500

3

Robert Winston

1894

5–1

.833

4

Glenn "Pop" Warner

1895–1896

7–4

.636

5

Charles McCarthy

1897–1898

6–3

.667

6

Gordon Saussy

1899

2–3–1

.417

7

E. E. Jones

1900

2–4

.333

8

Billy Reynolds

1901–1902

5–7–3

.433

9, 11

Marvin D. Dickinson

1903, 1905

4–9

.308

10

Charles A. Barnard

1904

1–5

.167

12

W. S. Whitney

1906–1907

6–7–2

.467

13

Branch Bocock

1908

5–2–1

.688

14 & 15

James Coulter & Frank Dobson

1909

1–4–2

.286

16

W. A. Cunningham

1910–1919

43–18–9

.679

17

Herman Stegeman

1920–1922

20–6–3

.741

18

George "Kid" Woodruff

1923–1927

30–16–1

.649

19

Harry Mehre

1928–1937

59–34–6

.626

20

Joel Hunt

1938

5–4–1

.550

21

Wally Butts

1939–1960

140–86–9

.615

22

Johnny Griffith

1961–1963

10–16–4

.400

23

Vince Dooley

1964–1988

201–77–10

.715

24

Ray Goff

1989–1995

46–34–1

.574

25

Jim Donnan

1996–2000

40–19

.678

26

Mark Richt

2001–2015

145–51

.740

27

Kirby Smart

2016–present

21–6

.769

text: Coaching awards[edit]

text: Amos Alonzo Stagg Award

text: Paul "Bear" Bryant Award

text: Broyles Award

text:
College Football Hall of Fame
Glenn "Pop" Warner, inducted in 1951
Joel Hunt, inducted in 1967
Wally Butts, inducted in 1997
Vince Dooley, inducted in 1995

text: Nicknames[edit]

text: The first mention of "Bulldogs" in association with Georgia athletics occurred on November 28, 1901, at the Georgia-Auburn football game played in Atlanta. The Georgia fans had a badge saying "Eat `em Georgia" and a picture of a bulldog tearing a piece of cloth"; however, it was not until 1920 that the nickname "Bulldog" was used to describe the athletic teams at the University of Georgia. Traditionally, the choice of a Bulldog as the UGA mascot was attributed to the alma mater of its founder and first president, Abraham Baldwin, who graduated from Yale University.[11] Prior to that time, Georgia teams were usually known as the "Red and Black." On November 3, 1920, Morgan Blake of the Atlanta Journal wrote a story about school nicknames and proposed:

text: The Georgia Bulldogs would sound good because there is a certain dignity about a bulldog, as well as ferocity.[12]

text: After a 0-0 tie with Virginia in Charlottesville on Nov. 6, 1920, Atlanta Constitution writer Cliff Wheatley used the name "Bulldogs" in his story five times. The name has been used ever since.

text: Traditions[edit]

text:
"Between the Hedges" Legendary sports writer Grantland Rice coined the term that famously describes the home of the Bulldogs in the 1930s in reference to the famous English privet hedges that have surrounded the Sanford Stadium turf since its inaugural game against Yale in 1929. The original hedges were removed in 1996 in preparation for the women's soccer matches hosted at Sanford Stadium for the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games. Offshoots of the original hedges were planted shortly after the games. The Hedges also serve as a crowd control measure, as they contain a fence inside of them. In fact, only once have Georgia fans been able to rush the field, that following a victory over Tennessee in 2000.[13]
Uga (pronounced UH-guh) is the name of a lineage of white Bulldogs which have served as the mascot of the University of Georgia since 1956. The current mascot, "Que", officially took the role of Uga X on October 23, 2015, shortly before Uga IX, or "Russ", died after four years serving as the mascot.[14] Deceased Ugas are interred in a mausoleum near the main entrance to Sanford Stadium. Georgia is the only school to bury its past mascots inside the football stadium.[15]
Glory, Glory is the rally song for the Georgia Bulldogs and was sung at football games as early as the 1890s. The rally song was arranged in its current form by Georgia professor Hugh Hodgson in 1915. While "Glory, Glory" is the most commonly played Georgia song, the school's official fight song is "Hail To Georgia" which is played after field goals.[15]
The ringing of the Chapel Bell after a Georgia victory started in the 1890s when the playing field was located near the Chapel and freshmen were compelled to ring the Chapel's bell until midnight to celebrate the victory.[12] Today, freshmen are no longer required to do the chore, with students, alumni, and fans taking their place.
"The Battle Hymn of the Bulldog Nation" is a slowed down version of The Battle Hymn of the Republic arranged in 1987 and is a hallowed song played pregame and postgame by the Redcoat Band. A lone trumpeter in the southwest corner of Sanford Stadium plays the first few notes, after which the entire band joins in and a video montage, narrated by longtime Georgia radio broadcaster Larry Munson, is played that highlights the many great moments of Georgia football history. It is custom for fans to stand, remove their hats, and point towards the lone trumpeter as he plays the initial notes. This tradition is considered the climax of the Redcoat Band pregame show and was introduced before the 2000 season.[16]
"How 'bout them Dawgs" is a slogan of recent vintage that first surfaced in the late 1970s and has become a battle cry of Bulldog fans.[12]  The slogan received national attention and exposure when Georgia won the national championship in 1980 and wire services proclaimed "how 'bout them dogs".
Silver britches – When Wally Butts was named head coach in 1939, he changed the uniform by adding silver-colored pants to the bright-red jersey already in use. The "silver britches" became very popular, and were a source of multiple fan chants and sign references over the years, the most well-known being "Go You Silver Britches". When he was hired in 1964, Vince Dooley changed Georgia's uniform to use white pants, but reinstated the silver pants prior to Georgia's 1980 national championship season. Georgia's use of the "silver britches" continues to the present day.[15]
The "Dawg Walk" is a tradition that features the football players walking through a gathering of fans and the Redcoat Band near the Tate Student Center as they enter Sanford Stadium. Vince Dooley began the tradition, originally leading the team into the stadium from the East Campus Road side. Ray Goff changed the Dawg Walk to its current location in the 1990s, but eventually discontinued the practice altogether. Mark Richt revived it starting with the 2001 season, and it continues to the present day.[17]

text: Uniforms[edit]

text: Georgia's standard home uniform has not significantly changed since 1980, and consists of a red helmet with the trademarked oval G, red jerseys, and famous silver britches.[15]

text: Wally Butts first introduced the "silver britches", as they are colloquially known, in 1939. When Vince Dooley became Georgia's head coach, he changed the team's home uniform to include white pants. The uniform was changed back to silver pants prior to the 1980 season, and has remained silver ever since.[15]

text: Georgia's earliest helmet was grey leather, to which a red block "G" logo was added in 1961. The shirts were usually red, sometimes with various striping patterns. Their uniforms in the pre-World War II era varied at times, sometimes significantly. Photographic evidence suggests that black shirts, vests, and stripes of various patterns were worn at times over the years.

text: Vince Dooley was the first to incorporate a red helmet into the uniform in 1964, adopting the oval "G", a white stripe, and white facemasks. Anne Donaldson, who graduated from Georgia with a BFA degree and was married to Georgia assistant coach John Donaldson, was asked by Dooley to come up with a new helmet design to replace the previous silver helmet. Dooley liked the forward oriented stylized "G" Donaldson produced, and it was adopted by him. Since the Georgia "G" was similar to the Green Bay Packers' "G" used since 1961, Coach Dooley cleared its use with the Packers organization. Nonetheless, Georgia has a registered trademark for its "G" and the Packers' current, redesigned, "G" logo is modeled after the University of Georgia's redesign of Green Bay's original "G" logo. The helmet change was part of a drastic uniform redesign by Dooley, who also replaced the traditional silver pants with white pants that included a black-red-black stripe. The jerseys remained similar to the pre-1964 design, however, with a red jersey and white numbers.

text: Prior to the 1980 season, the "silver britches" were re-added to Georgia's uniform with a red-white-black stripe down the side. Since the 1980 season, Georgia has utilized the same basic uniform concept. The sleeve stripes, trim colors, and font on Georgia's home and away jerseys have varied many times, but the home jerseys have remained generally red with white numbers, and away jerseys have remained generally white with black numbers.

text: The most recent trim redesign occurred in 2005, when sleeve stripe patterns were dropped in favor of solid black jersey cuffs on the home jersey and solid red cuffs on the away jersey. Matte gray pants have also been used at times instead of "true" silver since 2004, mainly because the matte gray pants are of a lighter material.

text: One of the things that make Georgia's uniform unique is its relative longevity, and the fact that it has very rarely changed over the years. There have been occasions, however, when alternate uniforms have been worn.

text:
Red pants were used instead of silver as part of Georgia's away uniform at various times during the 1980s.
Black facemasks and a white-black-white helmet stripe were worn during the 1991 Independence Bowl.
Black pants were used instead of silver as part of Georgia's away uniform during the 1998 Outback Bowl and home uniform during[18] the 1998 Florida game.
Black jerseys were worn instead of red as part of Georgia's home uniform in games against Auburn and Hawaii during the 2007 season, in 2008 against Alabama and in 2016 against Louisiana-Lafayette.[19]
A unique away uniform was worn against Florida in 2009. This uniform included black helmets with red facemasks, a white stripe, and the traditional oval "G" logo; white jerseys with black numbers; and black pants.[20]
For the 2011 Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game against Boise State in the Georgia Dome, Georgia wore a Nike Pro Combat uniform that was significantly different from the traditional home uniforms. The Nike Pro Combat uniforms used a non-traditional matte-finish red color, and included the following:[21]
Silver helmets with a large red stripe and traditional oval "G" logo
Black facemasks with a large red stripe in the middle, mirroring the red stripe on the helmet
Two-tone red jerseys with black sleeves, trim, and numbers
The word "Georgia" on the back of the jerseys instead of players' names
Red pants

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: The Bulldogs have three main football rivals: Auburn, Florida, and Georgia Tech. All three rivalries were first contested over 100 years ago, though the series records are disputed in two cases. Georgia does not include two games from 1943 and 1944 against Georgia Tech (both UGA losses) in its reckoning of the series record, because Georgia's players were in World War II and Georgia Tech's players were not. Georgia also includes a game against one of the four predecessor institutions of the modern University of Florida in 1904 (a Georgia win) that national sportswriters[22][23][24] and Florida's athletic association do not include.

text: Georgia has long-standing football rivalries with other universities as well, with over 50 games against five additional teams. Since the formation of the SEC Eastern Division in 1992, Georgia has had an emerging rivalry with the Tennessee Volunteers. The Georgia–South Carolina football rivalry has been a game of increasing importance; South Carolina won the SEC Eastern Division Championship in 2010, Georgia in 2011 and 2012.

text:
Rivalry

Rival

Games played

First meeting

Last meeting

UGA won

UGA lost

Ties

UGA %

Streak

Most recent win

Deep South's Oldest Rivalry

Auburn Tigers

122

1892

2017

58

56

8

.508

1 win

2017, 28-7

Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate

Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets

111

1893

2017

66

41

5

.618

1 win

2017, 38-7

Florida–Georgia football rivalry

Florida Gators

95

1915

2017

50

43

2

.536

1 win

2017, 42–7

Georgia–Vanderbilt football rivalry

Vanderbilt Commodores

77

1893

2017

56

20

2

.727

1 win

2017, 45–14

Georgia–South Carolina football rivalry

South Carolina Gamecocks

69

1894

2017

50

18

2

.725

3 wins

2017, 24–10

Clemson–Georgia football rivalry

Clemson Tigers

64

1897

2014

42

18

4

.651

1 win

2014, 45–21

Georgia–Tennessee football rivalry

Tennessee Volunteers

47

1899

2017

22

23

2

.478

1 win

2017, 41–0

text: Bowl games[edit]

text: The Bulldogs have played in 54 bowl games, tied for second all-time. UGA has a bowl record of 31–20–3. Their 31 wins rank the Dawgs third all-time in bowl wins. [25] They have played in a record 17 different bowls including appearances in five of the New Years Six Bowl Games (2 Rose, 3 Orange, 3 Cotton, 5 Peach and 9 Sugar Bowls) and an appearance in the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship.

text:
Season

Coach

Bowl

Opponent

Result

1941
Wally Butts
Orange Bowl
TCU
W 40–26

1942
Wally Butts
Rose Bowl
UCLA
W 9–0

1945
Wally Butts
Oil Bowl
Tulsa
W 20–6

1946
Wally Butts
Sugar Bowl
North Carolina
W 20–10

1947
Wally Butts
Gator Bowl
Maryland
T 20–20

1948
Wally Butts
Orange Bowl
Texas
L 28–41

1950
Wally Butts
Presidential Cup
Texas A&M
L 20–40

1959
Wally Butts
Orange Bowl
Missouri
W 14–0

1964
Vince Dooley
Sun Bowl
Texas Tech
W 7–0

1966
Vince Dooley
Cotton Bowl Classic
SMU
W 24–9

1967
Vince Dooley
Liberty Bowl
NC State
L 7–14

1968
Vince Dooley
Sugar Bowl
Arkansas
L 2–16

1969
Vince Dooley
Sun Bowl
Nebraska
L 6–45

1971
Vince Dooley
Gator Bowl
North Carolina
W 7–3

1973
Vince Dooley
Peach Bowl
Maryland
W 17–16

1974
Vince Dooley
Tangerine Bowl
Miami
L 10–21

1975
Vince Dooley
Cotton Bowl Classic
Arkansas
L 10–31

1976
Vince Dooley
Sugar Bowl
Pittsburgh
L 3–27

1978
Vince Dooley
Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
Stanford
L 22–25

1980
Vince Dooley
Sugar Bowl
Notre Dame
W 17–10

1981
Vince Dooley
Sugar Bowl
Pittsburgh
L 20–24

1982
Vince Dooley
Sugar Bowl
Penn State
L 23–27

1983
Vince Dooley
Cotton Bowl Classic
Texas
W 10–9

1984
Vince Dooley
Citrus Bowl
Florida State
T 17–17

1985
Vince Dooley
Sun Bowl
Arizona
T 13–13

1986
Vince Dooley
Hall of Fame Bowl
Boston College
L 24–27

1987
Vince Dooley
Liberty Bowl
Arkansas
W 20–17

1988
Vince Dooley
Gator Bowl
Michigan State
W 34–27

1989
Ray Goff
Peach Bowl
Syracuse
L 18–19

1991
Ray Goff
Independence Bowl
Arkansas
W 24–15

1992
Ray Goff
Florida Citrus Bowl
Ohio State
W 21–14

1995
Ray Goff
Peach Bowl
Virginia
L 27–34

1997
Jim Donnan
Outback Bowl
Wisconsin
W 33–6

1998
Jim Donnan
Peach Bowl
Virginia
W 35–33

1999
Jim Donnan
Outback Bowl
Purdue
W 28–25

2000
Jim Donnan
Oahu Bowl
Virginia
W 37–14

2001
Mark Richt
Music City Bowl
Boston College
L 16–20

2002
Mark Richt
Sugar Bowl
Florida State
W 26–13

2003
Mark Richt
Capital One Bowl
Purdue
W 34–27

2004
Mark Richt
Outback Bowl
Wisconsin
W 24–21

2005
Mark Richt
Sugar Bowl
West Virginia
L 35–38

2006
Mark Richt
Chick-fil-A Bowl
Virginia Tech
W 31–24

2007
Mark Richt
Sugar Bowl
Hawaii
W 41–10

2008
Mark Richt
Capital One Bowl
Michigan State
W 24–12

2009
Mark Richt
Independence Bowl
Texas A&M
W 44–20

2010
Mark Richt
Liberty Bowl
Central Florida
L 6–10

2011
Mark Richt
Outback Bowl
Michigan State
L 30–33

2012
Mark Richt
Capital One Bowl
Nebraska
W 45–31

2013
Mark Richt
Gator Bowl
Nebraska
L 19–24

2014
Mark Richt
Belk Bowl
Louisville
W 37–14

2015
Bryan McClendon (interim)
TaxSlayer Bowl
Penn State
W 24–17

2016
Kirby Smart
Liberty Bowl
TCU
W 31–23

2017
Kirby Smart
Rose Bowl
Oklahoma
W 54–48

2017
Kirby Smart
CFP National Championship
Alabama
L 23–26

text:
Georgia Bulldog bowl games: all-time records by bowl

Bowl

Record

Appearances

Last appearance

Winning %

Belk Bowl(formerly Continental Tire Bowl and Meineke Car Care Bowl)

1–0

1

2014 season

1.000

Bluebonnet Bowl (defunct)

0–1

1

1978 season

.000

Capital One Bowl(formerly Tangerine Bowl and Citrus Bowl)

4–1–1

6

2012 season

.750

Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl

3–2

5

2006 season

.600

Cotton Bowl Classic

2–1

3

1983 season

.667

Independence Bowl

2–0

2

2009 season

1.000

Liberty Bowl

2–2

4

2016 season

.500

Music City Bowl

0–1

1

2001 season

.000

Oahu Bowl (defunct)

1–0

1

2000 season

1.000

Oil Bowl (defunct)

1–0

1

1945 season

1.000

Outback Bowl(formerly Hall of Fame Bowl)

3–2

5

2011 season

.600

Orange Bowl

2–1

3

1959 season

.667

Presidential Cup Bowl (defunct)

0–1

1

1950 season

.000

Rose Bowl

2–0

2

2018 season

1.000

Sugar Bowl

4–5

9

2007 season

.444

Sun Bowl

1–1–1

3

1985 season

.500

Taxslayer Bowl (formerly Gator Bowl)

3–1–1

5

2015 season

.600

text: Championships[edit]

text: Claimed national championships[edit]

text: Georgia has claimed two national championships.[26][27][28]

text:
Year

Coach

Selector

Record

Bowl

Opponent

Result

1942
Wally Butts
Houlgate, Sagarin, Litkenhous
11–1
Rose Bowl
UCLA
W 9–0

1980
Vince Dooley
Coaches' Poll, AP Poll
12–0
Sugar Bowl
Notre Dame
W 17–10

text:
1942 – 11–1 Georgia was chosen as champion by at least half of the recognized polls. Georgia was led by All-Americans Frank Sinkwich and end George Poschner, along with a young back named Charley Trippi. The Bulldogs knocked off 9 consecutive opponents and ranked No. 1 in the nation. Georgia earned a Rose Bowl bid after it blanked Georgia Tech 34–0 in Athens to end the regular season. Georgia then edged UCLA 9–0 in the Rose Bowl.
1980 – The Bulldogs beat Notre Dame 17–10 in the Sugar Bowl to finish 12–0 and claim the National Championship. Notable contributors during the season included Herschel Walker, Buck Belue, and Lindsay Scott (Georgia was listed first by AP, Berryman, FACT, FB News, FW, Helms, National Championship Foundation, NFF, Poling, Sporting News, and UPI).

text: Unclaimed national championships[edit]

text: Additional seasons with selections appearing in the NCAA Record Book.[29]:111–115

text:
Year

Coach

Selector

Record

Bowl

Opponent

Result

1927
George Cecil Woodruff
Boand, Poling, Berryman
9–1
none

1946
Wally Butts
Williamson System
11–0
Sugar Bowl
North Carolina
W 20–0

1968
Vince Dooley
Litkenhous
8–1–2
Sugar Bowl
Arkansas
L 2–16

text: 1927- Georgia's famous Dream and Wonder team led by George Woodruff went 9-1. This team was noted for having a win over 1920s power, Yale, in Connecticut. Georgia was ranked #1 going into its final game against rival Georgia Tech, where they were upset 12-0 in the rain. Even so, Georgia finished the season ranked #1 in two minor polls.

text: 1946- Fueled by the return of Charley Trippi, the 1946 SEC Champion Bulldogs went 10-0, including a 20-10 win over North Carolina in the Sugar Bowl. Notre Dame finished the season ranked #1 in the majority of the polls, but the Williamson poll recognized Georgia as #1.

text: 1968- The 1968 Bulldogs won Vince Dooley's second SEC Championship as head coach, and finished the season undefeated. However the 8-0-2 Bulldogs tied twice, and then lost to Arkansas in the Sugar Bowl. The Litkenhous poll recognized them as National Champions.

text: Conference championships[edit]

text: Georgia has won a total of 15 conference championships, ten outright and five shared. The school's 13 Southeastern Conference Championships rank it second all time in SEC history, tied with Tennessee behind only Alabama. [30]

text:
Year

Conference

Coach

Overall record

Conference record

1896†
SIAA
Glenn "Pop" Warner
4–0
3-0

1920†
SIAA
Herman Stegeman
8–0–1
8-0

1942
SEC
Wally Butts
11–1
6–1

1946†
SEC
Wally Butts
11–0
5–0

1948
SEC
Wally Butts
9–2
6–0

1959
SEC
Wally Butts
10–1
7–0

1966†
SEC
Vince Dooley
10–1
6–0

1968
SEC
Vince Dooley
8–1–2
5–0–1

1976
SEC
Vince Dooley
10–2
5-1

1980
SEC
Vince Dooley
12–0
6–0

1981†
SEC
Vince Dooley
10–2
6–0

1982
SEC
Vince Dooley
11–1
6–0

2002
SEC
Mark Richt
13–1
7–1

2005
SEC
Mark Richt
10–3
6–2

2017
SEC
Kirby Smart
13–2
7–1

† Denotes co-champions

text: Division championships[edit]

text: Georgia has won 8 SEC Eastern Division championships, and has made 6 appearances in the SEC Championship Game, most recently in 2017. The Dawgs are 3–3 in those games. Twice, in 1992 and 2007, Georgia was the Eastern Division co-champion, but lost a tiebreaker to appear in the championship game.

text:
Year

Division championship

SEC CG Opponent

Result

1992†
SEC East
Did Not Play

2002
SEC East
Arkansas
W 30-3

2003†
SEC East
LSU
L 13-34

2005
SEC East
LSU
W 34-14

2007†
SEC East
Did Not Play

2011
SEC East
LSU
L 10-42

2012†
SEC East
Alabama
L 28-32

2017
SEC East
Auburn
W 28-7

text: † Co-champions

text: Players[edit]

text: National award winners[edit]

text:
Heisman Trophy
Frank Sinkwich – 1942
Herschel Walker – 1982
Maxwell Award
Charley Trippi – 1946
Herschel Walker – 1982
Walter Camp Award
Herschel Walker – 1982
Bronko Nagurski Trophy
Champ Bailey – 1998
Chuck Bednarik Award
David Pollack – 2004
Doak Walker Award
Garrison Hearst – 1992

Draddy Trophy
Matt Stinchcomb – 1998
ESPY Award
Garrison Hearst – 1992
Lombardi Award
David Pollack – 2004
Lott Trophy
David Pollack – 2004
Outland Trophy
Bill Stanfill – 1968
Ted Hendricks Award
David Pollack – 2003, 2004
Ray Guy Award
Drew Butler – 2009
Paul Hornung Award
Brandon Boykin – 2011
Butkus Award
Roquan Smith – 2017

text: All-Americans[edit]

text: The Bulldogs have had 68 players selected as All-Americans.[31][better source needed] Of those 68 players, 25 were consensus All-Americans, as so-designated by NCAA rules.[32] While several players were selected in more than one year, only Frank Sinkwich, Herschel Walker, David Pollack, and Jarvis Jones were selected as consensus All-Americans more than once.

text: The Georgia Bulldogs football players that have been selected as All-Americans are:

text:
Player

Position

Selected

Hometown

Bob McWhorter

Halfback

1913

Lexington, Georgia

David Paddock

Quarterback

1914

Brooklyn, New York

Joe Bennett

Tackle

1922, 1923

Statesboro, Georgia

Chick Shiver

End

1927

Sylvester, Georgia

Tom Nash

End

1927†

Washington, Georgia

Herb Maffett

End

1930

Atlanta, Georgia

Red Maddox

Guard

1930

Calhoun, Georgia

Vernon "Catfish" Smith

End

1931†

Macon, Georgia

John Bond

Halfback

1935

Toccoa, Georgia

Bill Hartman

Fullback

1937

Thomaston, Georgia

Frank Sinkwich

Halfback

1941,† 1942‡

McKees Rock, Pennsylvania

George Poschner

End

1942

Youngstown, Ohio

Mike Castronis

Tackle

1945

Jacksonville, Florida

Charley Trippi

Tailback

1946‡

Pittston, Pennsylvania

Herb St. John

Guard

1946

Jacksonville, Florida

Dan Edwards

End

1947

Gatesville, Texas

John Rauch

Quarterback

1948

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Harry Babcock

End

1952

Ocala, Florida

Zeke Bratkowski

Quarterback

1952, 1953

Danville, Illinois

Johnny Carson

End

1953

Atlanta, Georgia

Pat Dye

Guard

1959, 1960

Blythe, Georgia

Fran Tarkenton

Quarterback

1960

Athens, Georgia

Jim Wilson

Tackle

1964

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Ray Rissmiller

Tackle

1964

Easton, Pennsylvania

George Patton

Defensive tackle

1965

Tuscumbia, Alabama

Edgar Chandler

Offensive guard

1966, 1967†

Cedartown, Georgia

Lynn Hughes

Safety

1966

Atlanta, Georgia

Bill Stanfill

Defensive tackle

1968†

Cairo, Georgia

Jake Scott

Safety

1968†

Arlington, Virginia

Steve Greer

Defensive Guard

1969

Greer, South Carolina

Tommy Lyons

Center

1969, 1970

Atlanta, Georgia

Royce Smith

Offensive guard

1971‡

Savannah, Georgia

Craig Hertwig

Offensive tackle

1975

Macon, Georgia

Randy Johnson

Offensive guard

1975†

Rome, Georgia

Mike "Moonpie" Wilson

Offensive tackle

1976

Gainesville, Georgia

Joel Parrish

Offensive guard

1976†

Douglas, Georgia

Ben Zambiasi

Linebacker

1976

Macon, Georgia

Allan Leavitt

Placekicker

1976

Brooksville, Florida

George Collins

Offensive guard

1977

Warner Robins, Georgia

Bill Krug

Rover

1977

Washington, D.C.

Rex Robinson

Placekicker

1979, 1980

Marietta, Georgia

Scott Woerner

Cornerback

1980

Jonesboro, Georgia

Herschel Walker

Tailback

1980‡, 1981‡, 1982‡

Wrightsville, Georgia

Terry Hoage

Rover

1982†, 1983†

Huntsville, Texas

Jimmy Payne

Defensive tackle

1982

Athens, Georgia

Freddie Gilbert

Defensive end

1983

Griffin, Georgia

Kevin Butler

Placekicker

1983, 1984†

Stone Mountain, Georgia

Jeff Sanchez

Safety

1984†

Yorba Linda, California

Peter Anderson

Center

1985†

Vineland, New Jersey

John Little

Safety

1986

Lynn Haven, Florida

Wilbur Strozier

Offensive tackle

1986

LaGrange, Georgia

Tim Worley

Tailback

1988†

Lumberton, North Carolina

Troy Sadowski

Tight end

1988

Chamblee, Georgia

Garrison Hearst

Tailback

1992‡

Lincolnton, Georgia

Eric Zeier

Quarterback

1994

Marietta, Georgia

Matt Stinchcomb

Offensive tackle

1997, 1998†

Lilburn, Georgia

Champ Bailey

Cornerback

1998†

Folkston, Georgia

Richard Seymour

Defensive tackle

2000

Gadsden, South Carolina

Boss Bailey

Linebacker

2002

Folkston, Georgia

David Pollack

Defensive end

2002†,2003, 2004†

Snellville, Georgia

Jon Stinchcomb

Offensive tackle

2002

Lilburn, Georgia

Sean Jones

Rover

2003

Atlanta, Georgia

Thomas Davis

Free Safety

2004†

Cuthbert, Georgia

Greg Blue

Free Safety

2005†

College Park, Georgia

Max Jean-Gilles

Offensive guard

2005†

Miami, Florida

Knowshon Moreno

Tailback

2008

Belford, New Jersey

Drew Butler

Punter

2009‡

Duluth, Georgia

Rennie Curran

Linebacker

2009

Snellville, Georgia

Justin Houston

Linebacker

2010

Statesboro, Georgia

Bacarri Rambo

Free Safety

2011

Donalsonville, Georgia

Jarvis Jones

Linebacker

2011†, 2012‡

Columbus, Georgia

Roquan Smith

Linebacker

2017‡

Montezuma, Georgia

 † Designates a consensus All-American ‡ Designates a consensus All-American that was selected by a unanimous vote

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
Player

Position

Pos

Tenure

21
Frank Sinkwich
HB
1941–43

34
Herschel Walker
RB
1980–82

40
Theron Sapp
RB
1955–58

62
Charley Trippi
HB
1942, 1945–46

text: Hall of Fame inductees[edit]

text: Pro Football Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Two former Georgia players have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.[33]

text:
Name

Position

Career

Induction

Charley Trippi
Halfback
1942, 1945–1946
1968

Fran Tarkenton
Quarterback
1958–1960
1986

text: College Football Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Seventeen former Georgia players and coaches have been inducted in the College Football Hall of Fame.[15] In addition, one former player, Pat Dye, has been inducted into the Hall as a coach for Auburn.[34]

text: Players[edit]

text:
Player

Position

Career

Induction

Bob McWhorter

HB

1910–1913

1954

Frank Sinkwich

HB

1940–1942

1954

Charley Trippi

HB

1942, 1945–1946

1959

Vernon "Catfish" Smith

E

1929–1931

1979

Bill Hartman

FB

1935–1937

1984

Fran Tarkenton

QB

1958–1960

1987

Bill Stanfill

DT

1966–1968

1998

Herschel Walker

RB

1980–1982

1999

Terry Hoage

S

1980–1983

2000

Kevin Butler

PK

1981–1984

2001

John Rauch

QB

1945–1948

2003

Jake Scott

FS

1966–1968

2011

Matt Stinchcomb

OT

1995–1998

2018

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Coach

Career

Induction

Glenn "Pop" Warner

1895–1896

1951

Vince Dooley

1964–1988

1994

Wally Butts

1939–1960

1997

Jim Donnan

1996–2000

2009

text: Future opponents[edit]

text: Non-division opponents[edit]

text: Georgia plays Auburn as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the West division among the other six schools.[35]

text:
2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

vs Auburn
at Auburn
vs Auburn
at Auburn
vs Auburn
at Auburn
vs Auburn
at Auburn

at LSU
vs Texas A&M
at Alabama
vs Arkansas
at Mississippi State
vs Ole Miss
at Texas A&M
vs LSU

text: Non-conference opponents[edit]

text: Announced schedules as of July 28, 2017[36]

text:
2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

vs Middle Tennessee

vs Arkansas State

vs Virginia (Atlanta)

at Georgia Tech

vs Kent State

at Georgia Tech

vs Georgia Tech

at UCLA

vs UCLA

vs. UMass

vs Notre Dame

vs ETSU

vs Georgia Tech

at Georgia Tech

vs Georgia Tech

vs Georgia Tech

at Georgia Tech

vs Georgia Tech

Austin Peay