document_title: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

question_text: who played the older alex in the new jumanji movie

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1996, in Brantford, New Hampshire, picking up from the previous film's ending, teenager Alex Vreeke receives the Jumanji board game, found by his father on a beach after it was thrown over a bridge by Alan Parrish and Sarah Whittle decades prior. When Alex receives the game, he asks himself, "Who plays board games anymore?" (a self-claim that board games are boring); and the game, seeing Alex's interest in video games, magically transforms into a video game cartridge which catches Alex's attention the next morning. As he plays it, he is teleported into the game.

text: Twenty years later in 2016, four students in Brantford High School are placed in detention together, Spencer Gilpin, who was caught writing essays for his former friend, Anthony "Fridge" Johnson, who is also in detention for the plagiarism and has been kicked off the football team; Bethany Walker, who disrespected a teacher during her English class over a phone call; and Martha Kaply, who refused to participate in P.E. class, making it worse by insulting her instructor. As punishment, their principal orders them to clean out the school basement while "thinking about what to do with their one life". While cleaning the four find Jumanji, a multiplayer action-adventure video game. After being unable to select one of the playable characters, they each select an avatar. When Spencer hits Start, the four are sucked into the game.

text: They find themselves in a jungle each now in the forms of their game avatars. Spencer is a tough, muscular explorer named Dr. Smolder Bravestone; Fridge is a short zoologist named Franklin "Mouse" Finbar, whom he had selected upon misreading the name as "Moose"; Bethany is an overweight male cartographer named Professor Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon; and Martha is a gorgeous commando and martial arts expert named Ruby Roundhouse. They soon realize that they are in the game and each have three lives. If they lose all three, Spencer concludes they die for real. Each of them also have special skills and weaknesses.

text: They learn from Nigel, an NPC guide, that the big-game hunter, Russel Van Pelt, wants to obtain a jewel, the "Jaguar's Eye," allowing him to manipulate Jumanji's animals. To escape the game, the players must return it to an enormous jaguar statue and call out "Jumanji" (the latter is the only remnant of Jumanji's board game origins). Along the way the group begins to lose lives through various means when completing game levels of increasing difficulty. The group starts working together to obtain a clue from a snake at a bazaar but are cornered by Van Pelt's men. They are rescued by Alex, the fifth player, whose avatar is a pilot named Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough. Alex, thinking he has only been in the game for a few months, learns of his twenty-year absence. Recuperating in a tree house built by Alan Parrish, the newcomers vow to help him return home. Working together, the group breaks into a transportation shed, commandeering a helicopter to fly to the jaguar statue and return the jewel. Upon landing Alex loses his last life after a mosquito bites him, but Bethany performs CPR in time and saves him by transferring one of her lives to him.

text: Arriving at the statue the players find themselves facing Van Pelt's forces and predatory guards, a pack of jaguars. Using their resources and teamwork, the players distract the villains while Spencer returns the jewel to the statue, and they all call out the game's name. The game ends with all the players on one life each (Martha reaches her last life using a snake bite to get the jewel to Spencer's hand); Van Pelt disintegrating into rats upon the game ending; and Nigel allowing the players to revert to their former selves and return to the real world, though Alex does not appear with them. On their way to the Vreeke household (once the neglected home of Alex's father "Old Man" Vreeke), they discover it has been restored. An adult Alex appears; he returned to 1996, and history was changed. He is now married and has named his eldest daughter after Bethany out of gratitude for saving his life.

text: Spencer and Fridge reconcile, Bethany becomes a better person and makes plans to go backpacking for another adventurous encounter, Martha starts dating Spencer, and the teens are now friends after their experiences in the game. The four hear Jumanji's drumbeats, but they take the game behind the school and destroy it with a bowling ball they found in detention to prevent anyone from playing it again.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Alex Wolff as Spencer Gilpin, a nerdy gamer at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Fridge, Martha, and Bethany, for writing Fridge's homework for him; he discovers the Jumanji video game. He later becomes Martha's love interest. He is credited as "Young Spencer".

Dwayne Johnson as Dr. Smolder Bravestone, an archaeologist and explorer who is Spencer's avatar. Bravestone's strengths are stamina, courage, reflexes, climbing, smoldering intensity, and boomerang throwing. Being the archetypically masculine, intelligent, and courageous video game hero of the story, he apparently has no weaknesses. He is credited as "Spencer".

Madison Iseman as Bethany Walker, a pretty and popular yet narcissistic and self-centered teenage girl at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Spencer, Fridge, and Martha, after talking on her phone during a quiz and displaying an arrogant contempt towards her class in the process. She is credited as "Young Bethany".

Jack Black as Professor Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon, a cartographer, cryptographer, archaeologist and paleontologist who is Bethany's avatar after mistaking the character's name ("Shelly") for that of a woman. Though Oberon's strengths are his fields of expertise, because of his state of being as "an overweight, middle-aged man", he lacks in endurance. He/she is credited as "Bethany".

Ser'Darius Blain as Anthony "Fridge" Johnson, a Brantford High School football jock who lacks confidence to succeed academically and goes to detention with Spencer, Martha, and Bethany for having Spencer write his essays for him and is also kicked off his football team. He discovers the bowling ball in detention that the four use to destroy the game at the end of the film. He is credited as "Young Fridge".

Kevin Hart as Franklin "Mouse" Finbar, a zoologist and weapons specialist who is Fridge's avatar due to the game's font causing Fridge to misread the character's nickname as "Moose". Finbar's status as weapons specialist makes him Bravestone's weapon valet (having everything Bravestone needs in his signature backpack). He is nicknamed "Mouse" for his short stature; though it degrades him of speed and strength, Fridge uses this in the climax of the film to rendezvous with the others on the back of an elephant that was charging at him earlier. Cake makes him explode and lose a life. He is credited as "Fridge".

Morgan Turner as Martha Kaply, a teenage girl at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Spencer, Fridge, and Bethany, for objecting to physical education class and disregarding her teacher. She later becomes Spencer's love-interest. She is credited as "Young Martha".

Karen Gillan as Ruby Roundhouse, a commando, martial artist, and dance fighter who is Martha's avatar (after Martha was peer-pressured into playing with the others). Roundhouse is proficient in karate, tai chi, jujutsu and dance fighting. Similar to Bravestone, Roundhouse is the archetypically intelligent, athletic, beautiful, and scantily clad video game heroine of the story, with her only weakness being venom, such as that found in various animals in the game. She is credited as "Martha".

Mason Guccione as Alex Vreeke, a teenage boy who played, and was trapped inside, the Jumanji video game for 20 years. He is credited as "Young Alex".

Colin Hanks as Adult Alex Vreeke
Nick Jonas as Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough, Alex Vreeke's avatar. McDonough is a mysterious guide, adventurer, and pilot in the game, who waits for and joins the other avatars as they attempt to escape Jumanji. McDonough's strengths are piloting and making margaritas that "Mouse"/"Fridge" takes a liking to. His only weakness is mosquito bites, which is bad for him and all the more ironic since the jungle, being a tropical one, is teeming with mosquitoes. He is credited as "Alex".[9] During his twenty-year absence, he lives in a treehouse built and once occupied by Alan Parrish (previously portrayed by Robin Williams and Adam Hann-Byrd in the 1995 film Jumanji).

text: Jumanji[edit]

text:
Bobby Cannavale as Russel Van Pelt, a corrupt explorer seeking to control the "Jaguar's Eye", whose power he is demonically possessed by. He is the boss of the film's video game scenario; Jonathan Hyde played a different version of Van Pelt in the 1995 film.
NPCs in the game include:

Rhys Darby as Nigel Billingsley, the main guide in the game.
William Tokarsky as an NPC food trader at the place of his name in the credits: Bread/Cake vendor.
Rohan Chand as the boy at Bazaar, a young NPC guide who leads Spencer, Fridge, Martha, and Bethany to the black mamba's basket, which has the next clue.

text: Reality[edit]

text:
Marc Evan Jackson as Principal Bentley, the principal who makes Spencer, Bethany, Fridge, and Martha clean up the basement as part of their detention.
Sean Buxton as Alex's Father / Jogger

Tim Matheson as Older Alex's Father (Old Man Vreeke, uncredited)

Maribeth Monroe as Bethany Walker's English teacher
Missi Pyle as Coach Webb, Martha Kaply's physical education (PE) instructor

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In July 2012, rumors emerged that a remake of the film Jumanji was being developed. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Columbia Pictures president Doug Belgrad said: "We're going to try and reimagine Jumanji and update it for the present."[10] On August 1, 2012, it was confirmed that Matthew Tolmach would produce the new version, alongside William Teitler, who produced the original film.[11]

text: In August 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that they had scheduled the film for a December 25, 2016 release.[12] Internet reception to this was negative, with some posters remarking that the announcement came too soon after the death of Robin Williams, who portrayed Alan Parrish from the original film, and had died in August 2014.[13][14] The news was heavily criticized by Bradley Pierce, who played Peter Shepherd in the original Jumanji, as well as by E! News, which stated that they felt that the remake was "unnecessary and kind of insulting".[15][16] On October 23, 2015, Scott Rosenberg was hired to rewrite the script for the film, whose production was a high priority for the studio.[17] On January 14, 2016, Deadline reported that Jake Kasdan had been hired to direct, from a script by Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner, based on a draft by original writers Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers.[18]

text: On April 15, 2016, Variety reported that Dwayne Johnson and Kevin Hart were in early talks to star in the film, though both actors had other projects to shoot, which might have created schedule conflicts.[19] Later in April, Johnson confirmed his casting through his Instagram account.[20] In July 2016, it was reported that Nick Jonas had joined the film's cast, along with the confirmed casting of Johnson, Hart, and Jack Black.[21] In August 2016, Johnson clarified that the film would not be a reboot, but a continuation of the 1995 film,[22] while Karen Gillan was also announced as having been cast.[23] On September 20, 2016, Ser'Darius Blain and Madison Iseman were cast in the film, with Blain playing Anthony "Fridge" Johnson and Iseman playing Bethany. Following them, on September 22, 2016, Rhys Darby, Morgan Turner, and Alex Wolff joined the cast, with Darby playing Nigel, Turner playing Martha, and Wolff playing Spencer.[24][25][26] In November 2016, Bobby Cannavale announced his casting in the film,[27] and in December 2016, Tim Matheson also joined the cast, playing Old Man Vreeke.[28]

text: James Newton Howard was originally attached to compose the film's score;[29] after the film's release date was pushed back half a year, he was replaced by Henry Jackman.[1]

text: In March 2017, during CinemaCon, it was announced that the complete title of the film is Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. The plot was revealed to involve teenagers cleaning out a school's basement who find a vintage video game version of Jumanji, and get sucked into the jungle setting of the first film. While many fans theorized whether the film was a sequel or a reboot, the second trailer, which was released on September 20, 2017, revealed that the film takes place over twenty years after the events of the first.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on September 19, 2016, in Honolulu, Hawaii,[19][30] primarily taking place in the Kualoa Ranch private nature reserve.[31] The film was then wrapped on December 8, 2016, in Atlanta, Georgia.[32]

text: Release[edit]

text: In August 2015, Sony set the film a release date of December 25, 2016.[33] As filming did not start until September 2016, the release was pushed back a year to July 28, 2017, and then to December 20, 2017.[2]

text: On November 29, 2017, it was announced Amazon Prime members in the United States would have early access to movie tickets for a single December 8, 2017, screening of the film, at select Regal, National Amusements, ArcLight Cinemas and AMC theaters.[34] The screenings ended up selling out at 1,200 theaters and making $1.9 million.[35] The film was released in IMAX 2D on January 12, 2018, for its first time in IMAX in the United States.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle will be released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 20, 2018.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of March 4, 2018[update], Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle has grossed $393.1 million in the United States and Canada and $536.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $930 million.[4]

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was released on December 20, 2017 alongside The Greatest Showman and was projected to gross around $60 million from 3,765 theaters in its six-day opening weekend with the studio predicting a more conservative $45 million debut.[36][37] The film took in $7.2 million on its first day and $7.6 million on its second day. Over the three-day weekend, the film grossed $36.2 million (for a six-day total of $71.9 million), finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[5] During its second weekend, the film increased to $50.1 million, again finishing in second place at the box office.[38] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 38.4% marked the 4th-largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters; fellow 2017 Christmas release The Greatest Showman coincidently set record for best hold the same weekend.[39][40] The film dethroned Star Wars: The Last Jedi for the top spot the following weekend, declining just 28.1% to $36 million[41] and finished first again the following week with $28.1 million (and a total of $35.2 million over the four-day MLK weekend).[42] Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle also remained at the top of the box office for its third weekend with $19.5 million.[43]

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle again topped the charts the following week with $20 million, despite two new releases in 12 Strong and Den of Thieves.[44] The following week it continued to hold well, dropping just 16% to $16.4 million, albeit finished second behind newcomer Maze Runner: The Death Cure,[45] and would regain the top spot once again the following weekend with $11.1 million to The Death Cure's $10.6 million.[46]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 76% based on 181 reviews, and an average rating of 6.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle uses a charming cast and a humorous twist to offer an undemanding yet solidly entertaining update on its source material."[47] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, the film has a normalized score of 58 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[48] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while comScore reported filmgoers gave an 84% overall positive score.[5]

text: Dave White of TheWrap praised the cast and called the film a pleasant surprise saying "Jumanji: Welcome to The Jungle is the Christmas tentpole release that aims to please and succeeds, a funny family entertainment product that subverts more expectations than it was obligated to contractually".[49] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C" and called it unnecessary but mildly amusing: "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle is further proof that even the stalest whiff of brand recognition has become preferable to originality. Only part of the blame for that belongs to the studios but after cannibalizing themselves for much of the last 20 years, Hollywood has clearly eaten their way down to the crumbs".[50]

text: Writing for Variety, Owen Gleiberman was critical of the film saying "Excitement! Suspense! Childlike innocence! Ingeniously staged action set pieces! These are a few of the things you will not find, anywhere, in Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle... It's supposed to be a board game come to life but really, it's just a bored game".[51]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Dwayne Johnson, Jack Black and Nick Jonas discussed in interviews what a possible Jumanji 3 would be about, including the possibility of the film exploring the origins of the titular game. Karen Gillan has also said that the alternate ending for Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle would have left the door open for another installment.[52][53][54][55] In February 2018, it was announced that Kasdan would return to direct the sequel, with Rosenberg and Pinkner again writing the script and Johnson, Hart, Black and Gillan also reprising their roles.[56]


document_title: Crystal Pepsi

question_text: what's the difference between pepsi and crystal pepsi

question_tokens: what 's the difference between pepsi and crystal pepsi

root

text: Crystal Pepsi

text: History[edit]

text: In the early 1990s, a marketing fad called the Clear Craze equated clarity with purity. This began with the remake of Ivory soap, whose marketing slogan had already been "99 and 44/100 percent pure", from its classic milky solution.[1] The "clear" idea spread to many companies and product types including PepsiCo's development of a clear cola. Crystal Pepsi was marketed as a caffeine-free "clear alternative" to normal colas.[2] Its marketing slogan was "You've never seen a taste like this".[1]

tag: p

text: In 1992, PepsiCo introduced Crystal Pepsi to test markets in Denver, Sacramento, Dallas, Providence,[3] and Grand Rapids,[4] and the product generated a positive response.[2] Pleased with the results, PepsiCo launched the cola on April 12, 1992,[5] and began to sell it nationwide in 1993. A large marketing campaign was launched, for which the company invented the world's first photo-realistic, computer-generated bus wrap printing. A series of television advertisements featuring Van Halen's hit song "Right Now" premiered on national television on January 31, 1993, during Super Bowl XXVII.[2] Another marketing ploy was to give out full sized sample bottles with the Sunday paper deliveries such as the Boston Globe in Massachusetts. In its first year, Crystal Pepsi captured a full percentage point of U.S. soft drink sales, approximately $474 million.[6] Coca-Cola followed suit by launching Tab Clear on December 14, 1992.[7] That company's previous clear cola had been a secret one-off made as a particular political favor between Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Soviet Union in the 1940s, to disguise the American beverage as if it was vodka, and was named White Coke.[8]

text: Initial sales were good but quickly fell.[citation needed] By late 1993, Pepsi pulled the drink off the market, and the final batches were delivered to retailers during the first few months of 1994. Pepsi returned several months later with a reformulated citrus-cola hybrid[9] called Crystal From Pepsi, but that was short-lived as well.[10]

text: According to Coca-Cola's chief marketing officer, Sergio Zyman, Tab Clear was an intentionally "suicidal kamikaze" effort to create an unpopular beverage that was positioned as an analogue of Crystal Pepsi in order to "kill both in the process". The "born to die" strategy included using the poor-performing Tab brand rather than Coke, labeling the product as a "sugar free" diet drink to confuse consumers into thinking Crystal Pepsi had no sugar, and marketing the product as if it were "medicinal". Zyman said "Pepsi spent an enormous amount of money on the brand and, regardless, we killed it. Both of them were dead within six months."[11]

text: Pepsi Clear[edit]

text: In 2005, a new clear Pepsi was sold in Mexico as Pepsi Clear for a limited time. On August 22, 2008, PepsiCo filed for trademarks on the product names "Pepsi Clear" and "Diet Pepsi Clear".[12]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Yum! Brands Chairman David C. Novak is credited with introducing the Crystal Pepsi concept. In a December 2007 interview,[13] he stated:

text: It was a tremendous learning experience. I still think it's the best idea I ever had, and the worst executed. A lot of times as a leader you think, "They don't get it; they don't see my vision." People were saying we should stop and address some issues along the way, and they were right. It would have been nice if I'd made sure the product tasted good. Once you have a great idea and you blow it, you don't get a chance to resurrect it.

text: Revival and rereleases[edit]

text: In September 2014, following a Facebook campaign by consumers, The Coca-Cola Company reintroduced the soft drink Surge, leading to speculation in the public and amongst media about the return of Crystal Pepsi.[14]

text: In March 2015, an online campaign to bring back Crystal Pepsi began. The following month, a second and completely separate petition was spearheaded by an online competitive eating personality, Kevin Strahle, also known as The L.A. Beast. This generated enough interest for a call-in and email campaign, featuring around 37,000 Change.org petition signatures,[15] tens of thousands of Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram tagged comments, 15 billboards erected around the Los Angeles area, and a commitment to ride a mobile billboard truck at Pepsi's headquarters in Purchase, New York with a gathering of supporters at a park nearby[16] on June 15 and 16, 2015.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] The interest from this campaign led to an official response by PepsiCo. on June 8, 2015: "We've had customers ask us to bring back their favorite products before, but never with your level of enthusiasm and humor. We're lucky to have a Pepsi superfan like you on our side. We definitely hear you and your followers and we think you'll all be happy with what's in store. Stay tuned."[24]

text: In November 2015, Pepsi hinted on its Twitter page that the beverage would make a comeback. In December 2015, Pepsi announced that fans of the drink could win one of 13,000 six-packs of the beverage by entering a sweepstakes via a mobile application or online at Pepsipass.com between December 10 and 11. Winners selected during the following week would receive the beverage in time for Christmas.[25]

text: On June 30, 2016, Pepsi announced that the drink would be making a second return, reaching Canadian stores on July 7, and American stores on August 8, 2016.[citation needed] Unlike the original release in the 1990s, the drink as released in 2015 and 2016 contains caffeine and sodium benzoate, a preservative.[26]

text: In October 2016, Pepsi rereleased the drink in the United States again for a limited time exclusively on Amazon.com through its Prime Pantry service, sold in 8 packs. On November 1, 2016, Pepsi announced that the drink would be making a third return for 2017. On July 19, People magazine released an article stating that Crystal Pepsi would be back one final time on August 14, and that Crystal Pepsi-themed music festivals would be held at baseball stadiums around the US with performers Busta Rhymes and Salt-n-Pepa.


document_title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)

question_text: who played greg in diary of a wimpy kid long haul

text: Plot[edit]

text: One year after the previous film, while at the Corny's family restaurant, the Heffley family — consists of  Greg, Rodrick, Frank, Susan and Manny — plans to attend Meemaw's 90th birthday. However, after Greg rescues his younger brother Manny, who got stuck inside a tube in the play area, Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand, startling him. He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet, leading Greg to be dubbed as "Diaper Hands", much to Greg's devastation.

text: Later, at the Heffley residence, Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw's house in Indianapolis. Greg's gaming star, Mac Digby, will be attending, and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain newfound popularity. He plans to sneak off from the road trip to attend the Expo without his parents' knowledge, however. The Heffley family hits the road, where their devices are immediately confiscated by Susan, who wants the road trip to be "absolutely technology-free."

text: After arriving at a grimy motel, Greg discreetly gets into the Sienna to retrieve his phone and plans to use it. Later, when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub, Rodrick hears a notification from Greg's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo. Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan, saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in. Liking the idea, Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo.

text: Greg later encounters a family, whom he nicknames "the Beardos" due to the father's long beard, after being annoyed by a loud noise created by the Beardo siblings, who are playing with a cart, and storms out of the room in his underwear. He confronts them but Brandi, the eldest sibling, rolls the trolley into their Volkswagen, leaving a huge scratch. Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room, Brandi blames Greg for the damage and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he escapes. The next morning, Greg realizes he slept in the Beardos hotel room, but is able to escape.

text: The next day, the Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig. Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun yet again. Back on the road, the Heffleys, unable to take care of the pig, drop it off at the petting zoo, much to Manny's dismay, but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention. Checking at the hotel room, Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo. Susan was worried about them until Frank tells her that she didn't want them to use cell phones which Susan gets angry since she doesn't like being wrong. However, after Frank and Susan see their sons on live television, they go to get the boys themselves.

text: Upon Greg sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition, Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost, but the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public. Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together, and she accuses Greg of not caring. Infuriated, Greg snaps back at Susan, saying that she doesn't care about what he loves, which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place. Hurt by her son's words, Susan hands her phone to Greg because she doesn't care anymore.

text: After encountering the Beardos that stole their stuff, Susan breaks down, and other obstacles on the road, the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw's. Returning home, Manny manages to get the pig back. At the end, Greg explains that although the road trip wasn't perfect, he still wouldn't change a thing.

text: He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet, Rodrick was able to get a 2018 Toyota Sienna Limited AWD, and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family. Greg expresses excitement for where they'll be going next year, but Susan steps in to say they will be flying.

text: In a mid-credits scene, two girls take selfies with Greg, who they recognize as Diaper Hands.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jason Drucker as Greg Heffley
Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother
Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley, Greg's father
Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother
Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend
Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother[6]
Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby, a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes
Christopher A. Coppola as Mr. Beardo, the main antagonist of the film
Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo, Mr. Beardo's wife
Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo, Mr. Beardo's rude and spoiled daughter who blamed Greg for damaging their VW Bus
Mimi Gould as Meemaw, Susan's grandmother and Greg's great-grandmother

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2012, the series' third entry, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise.[7][8] In August 2012, while doing press for the film, author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie, but did not dismiss the possibility entirely.[7][8][9]

text: Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel, stating, "At present, we don’t have a fourth film in development, but you never know!"[9] When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series, Gordon explained, "Dog Days most likely will be the last movie. The main problem is [the cast] is getting older. You can't stop it. There's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up. You know, that's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless."[7]

text: In March 2013, Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film. Previously, Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the third novel, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw, instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film, stating in an interview, "I hope that it gets made into an animated movie. but I'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special."

text: In 2016, it was announced that a live-action film adaptation of the ninth book The Long Haul was in development, and would be featuring a completely new cast playing the Heffleys.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on May 17, 2017, in the Philippines, May 19, 2017, in the United States, and May 20, 2017, in the United Kingdom.[5]

text: Trailer reaction[edit]

text: On February 23, 2017, a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released, and the following month, the official trailer was released. Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters. Many took to social media to further express their outrage and began using the hashtag "#NotMyRodrick", which eventually became a widespread meme. Other hashtags included "#NotMyHeffleys" and "#NotMyRowley".[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in about 3,174 theaters, the second biggest opening for a Diary of a Wimpy Kid film, after Dog Days, The Long Haul grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $19.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $40.1 million, against a production budget of $22 million.[3] It was the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.[11]

text: In North America, the film was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend.[4] However, after grossing $2 million on its first day, projections were lowered to $7 million. It ended up finishing with $7.1 million, placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise.[12]

text: When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it opened on #2, behind Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales with £1,444,092.[13]

text: The film has grossed over $2.6 million in the United States through home video sales.[14]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 66 reviews and an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With an all-new cast but the same juvenile humor, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested – and largely unfunny – development."[15] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[16] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, down from the first three films' "A-".[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[18][19]


document_title: I Fall in Love Too Easily

question_text: who wrote i fall in love too easily

question_tokens: who wrote i fall in love too easily

text: I Fall in Love Too Easily

text: "I Fall in Love Too Easily" is a 1944 song composed by Jule Styne with lyrics by Sammy Cahn. It was introduced by Frank Sinatra in the 1945 film Anchors Aweigh. The film won an Academy Award for its music; "I Fall in Love Too Easily" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song,[1] which it lost to Rodgers and Hammerstein's "It Might As Well Be Spring".

text: Sammy Cahn has said of the conception of the sixteen-bar song: "This song was written one night in Palm Springs. When I sang the last line, Jule Styne looked over at me and said, 'So. That's it.' I knew he felt we could have written on, but I felt I had said all there was to say, and if I had it to do over, I would stop right there again."[2]

text: Covers[edit]

text: The song has become an often-played jazz standard. It has been recorded by Eugenie Baird with Mel Tormé and the Mel-Tones,[3] Chet Baker, Ray Conniff, Royce Campbell, Johnny Hartman, Miles Davis, Shirley Horn, Ralph Towner, Tony Bennett, Anita O'Day, Diane Schuur, and Fred Hersch among others.[1] Eliane Elias included the song on her 2000 album Everything I Love.


document_title: Languages of Sierra Leone

question_text: what is the official language in sierra leone

text: Languages of Sierra Leone

text: Sierra Leone is a multilingual country.[1] English is the de facto official language, and Krio is the most widely spoken and is spoken in different countries.

text: Other major languages include Mende, which is spoken by 37% of the population as a mother tongue and as a lingua franca in southern Sierra Leone, and Temne, which is spoken by 29.7% as a mother tongue and also as a lingua franca in northern Sierra Leone and some part of the Capital and the Western Area. Other languages include Kono, Kissi, Kuranko, Limba, Fula (Pular) and Susu.

text: Although English, as the official language, is spoken in schools, government administration and the media, Krio is spoken as a lingua franca in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. Krio, an English-based creole language, is the mother tongue of 10.5% of the population but is spoken by 90% of Sierra Leoneans.[2]


document_title: The Kissing Booth

question_text: who plays noah flynn in the lissing booth

text: The Kissing Booth

text: Plot[edit]

text: Born on the same day and time in the same hospital, Elle Evans (Joey King) and Lee Flynn (Joel Courtney) have been best friends all their lives. To protect their special relationship, the pair created a set of friendship rules they are sworn to follow including #9: relatives totally off limits, especially Lee's bad boy older brother Noah (Jacob Elordi).

text: On the first day of school Elle's pants rip forcing her to go to school wearing a skirt that is too small. Tuppen, another student, touches her which almost gets Lee into a fight but Noah intervenes. Elle, having violated the dress code, has to serve detention with Noah and Tuppen.  Tuppen later apologizes to Elle. She later agrees to go out with him however she is stood up. He goes to see her later that night to let her know that he was threatened by Noah not to go out with her.

text: Elle and Lee have to create a booth for the school carnival and decide on a kissing booth. The two have difficulty finding people to participate but get a group of popular girls called the OMG's (Olivia, Mia, and Gwyneth) to participate by lying to them saying that Noah likes one of them and will go if they go.

text: That night, the kissing booth is a success. However, girls including the OMG's become angry when they discover that Noah is not actually working the kissing booth. For payback, the girls send Elle up to the booth to kiss a nerdy kid while blindfolded. The boy switches with Noah having him next in line to kiss Elle. When Elle won't stop talking Noah kisses her, not knowing who it is she takes off her blindfold and Noah goes in for a second kiss. After cleaning up Elle sees Noah flirting with another girl so she runs home while Noah looks at her. While on her way home it starts to rain and Noah offers her a ride on his motorcycle. However, the rain gets too heavy and they have to stop. Elle kisses Noah again and he pulls away. After staring at each other Noah goes in for another kiss. Elle ends up pulling away, telling him she can't be another one of his conquests. He looks hurt but tells Elle why he likes her. They kiss again but are interrupted by a security guard who recognizes Noah and tells him to stop bringing girls there. Elle gets upset that Noah brought her to the place where he brings his other girlfriends and leaves.

text: The next day while at a party Elle is harassed by another student and Noah almost starts a fight with him. This causes her to storm off but Noah requests her to get in his car. Instead of going home he takes her to the Hollywood Sign and they talk about their relationship. They both admit to liking each other and decide to come up with rules for their relationship, one being that Lee never finds out. The two kiss and end up having sex.

text: Elle and Noah start to see each other secretly and are careful that Lee or anyone else don't find out. While in Noah's room his mom almost walks in on them and Elle has to hide. While hiding she overhears her say that he had been accepted to an Ivy League school. Soon after he reveals to her that he is going to Harvard and she starts to realize that he won't be around next year. One day while hanging out with Noah, Lee walks in on him tending to a cut on her face. He become suspicious and asks Elle if it was Noah who hurt her. This infuriates Noah and they are about to get involved in a fight, but Elle stops them and takes Lee away. Lee asks her is there is something going on between the two of them, to which she denies. She ends up feeling guilty about lying to Lee and goes back to Noah and tells him that they need to come clean that night and when Noah agrees he says that way he can take her to prom. They kiss but Lee ends up seeing it. Hurt, Lee attempts to leave his house but Elle tries to get him to talk before Noah intervenes and eventually get into a fight. After backing off, Lee leaves and Elle tells Noah to leave her alone.

text: Lee starts giving Elle the silent treatment and Noah goes missing. While at the arcade one day Lee invites Elle over to play a game and they make up and make plans for their upcoming birthday party. Before prom, Noah finally returns but to talk to Elle's dad who says he does not approve but it is her decision.

text: Elle goes to prom with Lee and his girlfriend Rachel and has a good time until a replica of their kissing booth is revealed. Noah comes out from behind the curtains to tell Elle that he loves her but she responds by saying that she cannot keep on hurting the people she loves because of him and that no one wants them to be together. Noah agrees to this but then asks her what does she want. To this Elle does not seem to have an answer and she runs away sobbing. Rachel chases after her but she gets away before they can say anything.

text: The next day at their costume themed birthday party, Elle begins missing Noah and decides to leave. Lee stops her and Elle tells him that she loves him but she also loves Noah and if he can't accept that then maybe they shouldn't be friends. Lee, finally accepts that Noah makes her happy and agrees to help Elle find him. Elle and Lee get in the car and leave for the airport. She starts sharing her true feelings for Noah to Lee and then it is revealed that all this time in the car it was Noah in Lee's costume. Elle is surprised to see Noah and admits to him that she loves him. They embrace and kiss.

text: During the next few weeks, Elle and Noah spend every day together before he has to leave for college. When it is time to go Elle goes with him to the airport and he leaves. After watching him leave, she drives off on Noah's motorcycle saying that she does not know if they will be together forever but she knows that a part of her heart will always belong to Noah Flynn. The story ends with Elle stating that everything happened just because of the Kissing Booth.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Joey King as Shelley "Elle" Evans
Joel Courtney as Lee Flynn
Jacob Elordi as Noah Flynn
Molly Ringwald as Mrs. Flynn

text: Production[edit]

text: In June 2014, Vince Marcello was hired to write the film adaptation of teenage author Beth Reekles' young adult novel The Kissing Booth, which was originally published on Wattpad.[1] In November 2016, it was announced that Netflix had purchased rights to the film, with Marcello now set to helm his screenplay.[2] In January 2017, Joey King and Molly Ringwald signed on to star in the film.[3]

text: The filming took place in Los Angeles, California, and in Cape Town, South Africa between January and April 2017.[3]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on 11 May 2018 on Netflix.[4] According to Netflix, one in three viewers of the film have re-watched it, "which is 30 percent higher than the average movie re-watch rate on the [streaming service]."[5] Deeming the film a huge success for the service, CCO Ted Sarandos called the film "one of the most-watched movies in the country, and maybe in the world."[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 13%, based on 8 reviews, and an average rating of 3.7/10.[7]

text: The Kissing Booth was panned by critics.[8] IndieWire's Kate Erbland gave the film a "D" grade, adding that "Unfortunately, the high school-set rom-com is a sexist and regressive look at relationships that highlights the worst impulses of the genre."[9] Ani Bundel of NBCNews criticized the film's "problematic stereotyping of masculinity and relationships" and lack of original ideas. "It feels like it was written by someone who simply digested everything she was told 'romance' was supposed to be by the patriarchy, and vomited back at us. Nearly every cliché in the film feels cribbed from another movie, like a song made completely of samples from better-known hits."[8]

text: Despite being deemed "sexist"[9][10] and "objectively bad"[11][12] by several critics, The Kissing Booth was widely consumed among audiences.  Netflix's Ted Sarandos, CCO affirmed the film's success as a "hugely popular original movie" for the streaming service.[11]

text: The Kissing Booth on Wattpad[edit]

text: The Kissing Booth was written in 2011 by author Beth Reekles. It originated as a story on Wattpad where it won a Watty Award for "Most Popular Teen Fiction" in Wattpad's annual writing contest.[13] By 2012 it had amassed over 19 million reads and, in 2013, was published by Penguin Random House.[14] In an interview with Forbes, Reekles explains what drew her to Wattpad: "I loved the feeling of community on the site, and when I began to share, I liked the anonymity of it because I was so self-conscious about my writing and hadn't shared it with anyone before."[15]


document_title: Animal Farm

question_text: who said four legs good two legs bad

question_tokens: who said four legs good two legs bad

text: Animal Farm

text: Plot summary

text: Old Major, the old boar on the Manor Farm, summons the animals on the farm together for a meeting, during which he refers to humans as "enemies" and teaches the animals a revolutionary song called "Beasts of England".

text: When Major dies, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and consider it a duty to prepare for the Rebellion. The animals revolt, driving the drunken, irresponsible farmer Mr Jones, as well as Mrs Jones and the other human caretakers and employees, off the farm, renaming it "Animal Farm". They adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism, the most important of which is, "All animals are equal".

text: Snowball teaches the animals to read and write, while Napoleon educates young puppies on the principles of Animalism. Food is plentiful, and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health.

text: Some time later, several men attack Animal Farm. Jones and his men are making an attempt to recapture the farm, aided by several other farmers who are terrified of similar animal revolts. Snowball and the animals, who are hiding in ambush, defeat the men by launching a surprise attack as soon as they enter the farmyard. Snowball's popularity soars, and this event is proclaimed "The Battle of the Cowshed". It is celebrated annually with the firing of a gun, on the anniversary of the Revolution. Napoleon and Snowball vie for pre-eminence. When Snowball announces his plans to modernize the farm by building a windmill, Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away and declares himself leader.

text: Napoleon enacts changes to the governance structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs who will run the farm. Through a young pig named Squealer, Napoleon claims credit for the windmill idea. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. When the animals find the windmill collapsed after a violent storm, Napoleon and Squealer convince the animals that Snowball is trying to sabotage their project.

text: Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins to purge the farm with his dogs, killing animals he accuses of consorting with his old rival. When some animals recall the Battle of the Cowshed, Napoleon (who was nowhere to be found during the battle) frequently smears Snowball as a collaborator of Farmer Jones, while falsely representing himself as the hero of the battle. "Beasts of England" is replaced with an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals remain convinced that they are better off than they were under Mr Jones.

text: Mr Frederick, a neighbouring farmer, attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Although the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer, the workhorse, are wounded. Despite his injuries, Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a van to purportedly take Boxer to a veterinary surgeon, explaining that better care can be given there. Benjamin, the cynical donkey who "could read as well as any pig",[9] notices that the van belongs to a knacker and attempts a futile rescue. Squealer quickly assures the animals that the van had been purchased from the knacker by an animal hospital, and the previous owner's signboard had not been repainted.

text: In a subsequent report, Squealer reports sadly to the animals that Boxer died peacefully at the animal hospital; the pigs hold a festival one day after Boxer's death to further praise the glories of Animal Farm and have the animals work harder by taking on Boxer's ways. However, the truth was that Napoleon had engineered the sale of Boxer to the knacker, allowing him and his inner circle to acquire money to buy whisky for themselves. (In 1940s England, one way for farms to make money was to sell large animals to a knacker, who would kill the animal and boil its remains into animal glue.)

text: Years pass, and the windmill is rebuilt along with construction of another windmill, which makes the farm a good amount of income. However, the ideals which Snowball discussed, including stalls with electric lighting, heating and running water are forgotten, with Napoleon advocating that the happiest animals live simple lives. In addition to Boxer, many of the animals who participated in the Revolution are dead, as is Farmer Jones, who died in another part of England. The pigs start to resemble humans, as they walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are abridged to a single phrase: "All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others."

text: Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and local farmers, with whom he celebrates a new alliance. He abolishes the practice of the revolutionary traditions and restores the name "The Manor Farm". As the animals appearance changes from pig to human, they realise they can no longer distinguish between the two.

text: Characters

text: Pigs

text:
Old Major – An aged prize Middle White boar provides the inspiration that fuels the rebellion. He is an allegorical combination of Karl Marx, one of the creators of communism, and Vladimir Lenin, the communist leader of the Russian Revolution and the early Soviet nation, in that he draws up the principles of the revolution. His skull being put on revered public display recalls Lenin, whose embalmed body was put on display.[10][11]
Napoleon – "A large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way".[12] An allegory of Joseph Stalin,[10] Napoleon is the main villain of Animal Farm. In the first French version of Animal Farm, Napoleon is called César, the French form of Caesar,[4] although another translation has him as Napoléon.[13]
Snowball – Napoleon's rival and original head of the farm after Jones' overthrow. He is mainly based on Leon Trotsky,[10] but also combines elements from Lenin.[11]
Squealer – A small, white, fat porker who serves as Napoleon's second-in-command and minister of propaganda, holding a position similar to that of Vyacheslav Molotov.[10]
Minimus – A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of "Beasts of England" is banned.
The piglets – Hinted to be the children of Napoleon and are the first generation of animals subjugated to his idea of animal inequality.
The young pigs – Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge. Based on the Great Purge of Grigori Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin, and Alexei Rykov.
Pinkeye – A minor pig who is mentioned only once; he is the pig that tastes Napoleon's food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon.

text: Humans

text:
Mr Jones – A heavy drinker who is the original owner of Manor Farm, a farm in disrepair with farmhands who often loaf on the job. He is an allegory of Russian Tsar Nicholas II,[14] who abdicated following the February Revolution of 1917 and was murdered, along with the rest of his family, by the Bolsheviks on 17 July 1918. The animals revolt after Jones drinks so much he does not care for the animals.
Mr Frederick – The tough owner of Pinchfield, a small but well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon.[15][16][17][18] Animal Farm shares land boundaries with Pinchfield on one side and Foxwood on another, making Animal Farm a "buffer zone" between the two bickering farmers. The animals of Animal Farm are terrified of Frederick, as rumours abound of him abusing his animals and entertaining himself with cockfighting (a likely allegory for the human rights abuses of Adolf Hitler). Napoleon enters into an alliance with Frederick in order to sell surplus timber that Pilkington also sought, but is enraged to learn Frederick paid him in counterfeit money. Shortly after the swindling, Frederick and his men invade Animal Farm, killing many animals and detonating the windmill. The brief alliance and subsequent invasion may allude to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Operation Barbarossa.
Mr Pilkington – The easy-going but crafty and well-to-do owner of Foxwood, a large neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds. Unlike Frederick, Pilkington is wealthier and owns more land, but his farm is in need of care as opposed to Frederick's smaller but more efficiently-run farm. Although on bad terms with Frederick, Pilkington is also concerned about the animal revolution that deposed Jones, and worried that this could also happen to him.
Mr Whymper – A man hired by Napoleon to act as the liaison between Animal Farm and human society. At first he is used to acquire necessities that cannot be produced on the farm, such as dog biscuits and paraffin wax, but later he procures luxuries like alcohol for the pigs.

text: Horses and donkeys

text:
Boxer – A loyal, kind, dedicated, extremely strong, hard working, and respectable cart-horse, although quite naive and gullible. Boxer does a large share of the physical labour on the farm. He is shown to hold the belief that 'Napoleon is always right'. At one point, he had challenged Squealer's statement that Snowball was always against the welfare of the farm, earning him an attack from Napoleon's dogs. But Boxer's immense strength repels the attack, worrying the pigs that their authority can be challenged. Boxer has been compared to the Stakhanovite movement. He has been described as "faithful and strong";[19] he believes any problem can be solved if he works harder.[20] When Boxer is injured, Napoleon sells him to a local knacker to buy himself whisky, and Squealer gives a moving account falsifying Boxer's death.
Mollie – A self-centred, self-indulgent and vain young white mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution. She is only once mentioned again, in a manner similar to those who left Russia after the fall of the Tsar.
Clover – A gentle, caring female horse, who shows concern especially for Boxer, who often pushes himself too hard. Clover can read all the letters of the alphabet, but cannot "put words together". She seems to catch on to the sly tricks and schemes set up by Napoleon and Squealer.
Benjamin – A donkey, one of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm, and one of the few who can read properly. He is sceptical, temperamental and cynical: his most frequent remark is, "Life will go on as it has always gone on—that is, badly."[21] The academic Morris Dickstein has suggested there is "a touch of Orwell himself in this creature's timeless skepticism"[22] and indeed, friends called Orwell "Donkey George", "after his grumbling donkey Benjamin, in Animal Farm."[23]

text: Other animals

text:
Muriel – A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who can read.
The puppies – Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, they were taken away at birth by Napoleon and reared by him to be his security force.
Moses – The raven, "Mr Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker." Initially following Mrs Jones into exile, he reappears several years later and resumes his role of talking but not working. He regales Animal Farm's denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called "Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest forever from our labours!" Orwell portrays established religion as "the black raven of priestcraft—promising pie in the sky when you die, and faithfully serving whoever happens to be in power." Napoleon brings the raven back (Ch. IX), as Stalin brought back the Russian Orthodox Church.[22]
The sheep – They show limited understanding of Animalism and the political atmosphere of the farm; yet nonetheless they blindly support Napoleon's ideals with vocal jingles during his speeches and meetings with Snowball. Some commentators[24] have compared the sheep to representations of state controlled press. Their constant bleating of "four legs good, two legs bad" was used as a device to drown out any opposition; analogous to simplistic headlines used in printed media of the age. Towards the latter section of the book, Squealer (the propagandist) trains the sheep to alter their slogan to "four legs good, two legs better", which they dutifully do, symbolizing the state manipulation of media.
The hens – The hens are promised at the start of the revolution that they will get to keep their eggs, which are stolen from them under Mr Jones. However their eggs are soon taken from them under the premise of buying goods from outside Animal Farm. The hens are among the first to rebel, albeit unsuccessfully, against Napoleon.
The cows – The cows are enticed into the revolution by promises that their milk will not be stolen, but can be used to raise their own calves. Their milk is then stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them. The milk is stirred into the pigs' mash every day, while the other animals are denied such luxuries.
The cat – Never seen to carry out any work, the cat is absent for long periods and is forgiven; because her excuses are so convincing and she "purred so affectionately that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions."[25] She has no interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded as having participated in an election, she is found to have actually "voted on both sides."[25]

text: Composition and publication

text: Origin

text: George Orwell wrote the manuscript in 1943 and 1944 subsequent to his experiences during the Spanish Civil War, which he described in Homage to Catalonia (1938). In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm, he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him "how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries". This motivated Orwell to expose and strongly condemn what he saw as the Stalinist corruption of the original socialist ideals.[26]

text: Immediately prior to writing the book, Orwell had quit the BBC. He was also upset about a booklet for propagandists the Ministry of Information had put out. The booklet included instructions on how to quell ideological fears of the Soviet Union, such as directions to claim that the Red Terror was a figment of Nazi imagination.[27]

text: In the preface, Orwell also described the source of the idea of setting the book on a farm:[26]

text: ...I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge carthorse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat.

text: Efforts to find a publisher

text: Orwell initially encountered difficulty getting the manuscript published, largely due to fears that the book might upset the alliance between Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Four publishers refused; one had initially accepted the work but declined it after consulting the Ministry of Information.[28][29] Eventually, Secker and Warburg published the first edition in 1945.

text: During the Second World War, it became clear to Orwell that anti-Soviet literature was not something which most major publishing houses would touch—including his regular publisher Gollancz. He also submitted the manuscript to Faber and Faber, where the poet T. S. Eliot (who was a director of the firm) rejected it; Eliot wrote back to Orwell praising the book's "good writing" and "fundamental integrity", but declared that they would only accept it for publication if they had some sympathy for the viewpoint "which I take to be generally Trotskyite". Eliot said he found the view "not convincing", and contended that the pigs were made out to be the best to run the farm; he posited that someone might argue "what was needed... was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs".[30][31] Orwell let André Deutsch, who was working for Nicholson & Watson in 1944, read the typescript, and Deutsch was convinced that Nicholson & Watson would want to publish it; however, they did not, and "lectured Orwell on what they perceived to be errors in Animal Farm."[32] In his London Letter on 17 April 1944 for Partisan Review, Orwell wrote that it was "now next door to impossible to get anything overtly anti-Russian printed. Anti-Russian books do appear, but mostly from Catholic publishing firms and always from a religious or frankly reactionary angle."

text: The publisher Jonathan Cape, who had initially accepted Animal Farm, subsequently rejected the book after an official at the British Ministry of Information warned him off[33]—although the civil servant who it is assumed gave the order was later found to be a Soviet spy.[34] Writing to Leonard Moore, a partner in the literary agency of Christy & Moore, publisher Jonathan Cape explained that the decision had been taken on the advice of a senior official in the Ministry of Information. Such flagrant anti-Soviet bias was unacceptable, and the choice of pigs as the dominant class was thought to be especially offensive. It may reasonably be assumed that the 'important official' was a man named Peter Smollett, who was later unmasked as a Soviet agent.[35] Orwell was suspicious of Smollett/Smolka, and he would be one of the names Orwell included in his list of Crypto-Communists and Fellow-Travellers sent to the Information Research Department in 1949. Born Hans Peter Smolka in Vienna in 1912, he came to Britain in 1933 as an NKVD agent with the codename 'Abo',[36] became a naturalised British subject in 1938, changed his name, and after the outbreak of World War II joined the Ministry of Information where he organised pro-Soviet propaganda, working with Kim Philby in 1943–45.[37] Smollett's family have rejected the accusation that he was a spy.[35] The publisher wrote to Orwell, saying:[33]

text: If the fable were addressed generally to dictators and dictatorships at large then publication would be all right, but the fable does follow, as I see now, so completely the progress of the Russian Soviets and their two dictators [Lenin and Stalin], that it can apply only to Russia, to the exclusion of the other dictatorships.

text: Another thing: it would be less offensive if the predominant caste in the fable were not pigs. I think the choice of pigs as the ruling caste will no doubt give offence to many people, and particularly to anyone who is a bit touchy, as undoubtedly the Russians are.

text: Frederic Warburg also faced pressures against publication, even from people in his own office and from his wife Pamela, who felt that it was not the moment for ingratitude towards Stalin and the heroic Red Army,[38] which had played a major part in defeating Hitler. A Russian translation was printed in the paper Posev, and in giving permission for a Russian translation of Animal Farm, Orwell refused in advance all royalties. A translation in Ukrainian, which was produced in Germany, was confiscated in large part by the American wartime authorities and handed over to the Soviet repatriation commission.[39]

text: In October 1945, Orwell wrote to Frederic Warburg expressing interest in pursuing the possibility that the political cartoonist David Low might illustrate Animal Farm. Low had written a letter saying that he had had "a good time with ANIMAL FARM—an excellent bit of satire—it would illustrate perfectly." Nothing came of this, and a trial issue produced by Secker & Warburg in 1956 illustrated by John Driver was abandoned, but the Folio Society published an edition in 1984 illustrated by Quentin Blake and an edition illustrated by the cartoonist Ralph Steadman was published by Secker & Warburg in 1995 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the first edition of Animal Farm.[40]

text: Preface

text: Orwell originally wrote a preface complaining about British self-censorship and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally:

text: The sinister fact about literary censorship in England is that it is largely voluntary.... Things are kept right out of the British press, not because the Government intervenes but because of a general tacit agreement that 'it wouldn't do' to mention that particular fact.

text: Although the first edition allowed space for the preface, it was not included,[28] and as of June 2009 most editions of the book have not included it.[41]

text: Secker and Warburg published the first edition of Animal Farm in 1945 without an introduction. However, the publisher had provided space for a preface in the author's proof composited from the manuscript. For reasons unknown, no preface was supplied, and the page numbers had to be renumbered at the last minute.[42][43]

text: In 1972, Ian Angus found the original typescript titled "The Freedom of the Press", and Bernard Crick published it, together with his own introduction, in The Times Literary Supplement on 15 September 1972[42] as "How the essay came to be written".[43][44] Orwell's essay criticised British self-censorship by the press, specifically the suppression of unflattering descriptions of Stalin and the Soviet government.[43] The same essay also appeared in the Italian 1976 edition of Animal Farm with another introduction by Crick, claiming to be the first edition with the preface.[42] Other publishers were still declining to publish it.[clarification needed]

text: Critical response

text: Contemporary reviews of the work were not universally positive. Writing in the American New Republic magazine, George Soule expressed his disappointment in the book, writing that it "puzzled and saddened me. It seemed on the whole dull. The allegory turned out to be a creaking machine for saying in a clumsy way things that have been said better directly." Soule believed that the animals were not consistent enough with their real world inspirations, and said, "It seems to me that the failure of this book (commercially it is already assured of tremendous success) arises from the fact that the satire deals not with something the author has experienced, but rather with stereotyped ideas about a country which he probably does not know very well".[45]

text: The Guardian on 24 August 1945 called Animal Farm "a delightfully humorous and caustic satire on the rule of the many by the few".[46] Tosco Fyvel, writing in Tribune on the same day, called the book "a gentle satire on a certain State and on the illusions of an age which may already be behind us." Julian Symons responded, on 7 September, "Should we not expect, in Tribune at least, acknowledgement of the fact that it is a satire not at all gentle upon a particular State—Soviet Russia? It seems to me that a reviewer should have the courage to identify Napoleon with Stalin, and Snowball with Trotsky, and express an opinion favourable or unfavourable to the author, upon a political ground. In a hundred years time perhaps, Animal Farm may be simply a fairy story, today it is a political satire with a good deal of point."

text: Animal Farm has been subject to much comment in the decades since these early remarks.[47]

text: Analysis

text: Animalism

text: The pigs Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Major's ideas into "a complete system of thought", which they formally name Animalism, an allegoric reference to Communism. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer partake in activities associated with the humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading), which were explicitly prohibited by the Seven Commandments. Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for this humanisation, an allusion to the Soviet government's revising of history in order to exercise control of the people's beliefs about themselves and their society.[48]

text: The original commandments are:

text:
Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
No animal shall wear clothes.
No animal shall sleep in a bed.
No animal shall drink alcohol.
No animal shall kill any other animal.
All animals are equal.

tag: ol

text: These commandments are also distilled into the maxim "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which is primarily used by the sheep on the farm, often to disrupt discussions and disagreements between animals on the nature of Animalism.

text: Later, Napoleon and his pigs secretly revise some commandments to clear themselves of accusations of law-breaking. The changed commandments are as follows, with the changes bolded:

text:
No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.
No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.
No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.

text: Eventually, these are replaced with the maxims, "All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others", and "Four legs good, two legs better!" as the pigs become more human. This is an ironic twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans and preventing animals from following the humans' evil habits. Through the revision of the commandments, Orwell demonstrates how simply political dogma can be turned into malleable propaganda.[49]

text: Significance and allegory

text: In the Eastern Bloc, both Animal Farm and later Nineteen Eighty-Four were on the list of forbidden books until the end of communist rule in 1989, and were only available via clandestine Samizdat networks.[citation needed]

text: Orwell biographer Jeffrey Meyers has written, "virtually every detail has political significance in this allegory." Orwell himself wrote in 1946, "Of course I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution..[and] that kind of revolution (violent conspiratorial revolution, led by unconsciously power hungry people) can only lead to a change of masters [-] revolutions only effect a radical improvement when the masses are alert."[50] In a preface for a 1947 Ukrainian edition, he stated, "... for the past ten years I have been convinced that the destruction of the Soviet myth was essential if we wanted a revival of the socialist movement. On my return from Spain [in 1937] I thought of exposing the Soviet myth in a story that could be easily understood by almost anyone and which could be easily translated into other languages."[51]

text: The revolt of the animals against Farmer Jones is Orwell's analogy with the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. The Battle of the Cowshed has been said to represent the allied invasion of Soviet Russia in 1918,[52] and the defeat of the White Russians in the Russian Civil War.[53] The pigs' rise to pre-eminence mirrors the rise of a Stalinist bureaucracy in the USSR, just as Napoleon's emergence as the farm's sole leader reflects Stalin's emergence. The pigs' appropriation of milk and apples for their own use, "the turning point of the story" as Orwell termed it in a letter to Dwight Macdonald,[50] stands as an analogy for the crushing of the left-wing 1921 Kronstadt revolt against the Bolsheviks,[54] and the difficult efforts of the animals to build the windmill suggest the various Five Year Plans. The puppies controlled by Napoleon parallel the nurture of the secret police in the Stalinist structure, and the pigs' treatment of the other animals on the farm recalls the internal terror faced by the populace in the 1930s.[55] In chapter seven, when the animals confess their nonexistent crimes and are killed, Orwell directly alludes to the purges, confessions and show trials of the late 1930s. These contributed to Orwell's conviction that the Bolshevik revolution had been corrupted and the Soviet system become rotten.[56]

text: Peter Edgerly Firchow and Peter Davison consider that the Battle of the Windmill represents the Great Patriotic War (World War II),[53] especially the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Moscow.[52] During the battle, Orwell first wrote, "All the animals, including Napoleon" took cover. Orwell had the publisher alter this to "All the animals except Napoleon" in recognition of Stalin's decision to remain in Moscow during the German advance.[57] Orwell requested the change after he met Joseph Czapski in Paris in March 1945. Czapski, a survivor of the Katyn Massacre and an opponent of the Soviet regime, told Orwell, as Orwell wrote to Arthur Koestler, that it had been "the character [and] greatness of Stalin" that saved Russia from the German invasion.[58]

text: Other connections that writers have suggested illustrate Orwell's telescoping of Russian history from 1917 to 1943[60] include the wave of rebelliousness that ran through the countryside after the Rebellion, which stands for the abortive revolutions in Hungary and in Germany (Ch IV); the conflict between Napoleon and Snowball (Ch V), paralleling "the two rival and quasi-Messianic beliefs that seemed pitted against one another: Trotskyism, with its faith in the revolutionary vocation of the proletariat of the West; and Stalinism with its glorification of Russia's socialist destiny";[61] Napoleon's dealings with Whymper and the Willingdon markets (Ch VI), paralleling the Treaty of Rapallo; and Frederick's forged bank notes, paralleling the Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact of August 1939, after which Frederick attacks Animal Farm without warning and destroys the windmill.[17]

text: The book's close, with the pigs and men in a kind of rapprochement, reflected Orwell's view of the 1943 Teheran Conference[62] that seemed to display the establishment of "the best possible relations between the USSR and the West"—but in reality were destined, as Orwell presciently predicted, to continue to unravel.[63] The disagreement between the allies and the start of the Cold War is suggested when Napoleon and Pilkington, both suspicious, "played an ace of spades simultaneously".[64]

text: Similarly, the music in the novel, starting with Beasts of England and the later anthems, parallels The Internationale and its adoption and repudiation by the Soviet authorities as the Anthem of the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s.

text: In addition to the book's political symbolism, some critics have argued that Animal Farm can also be read as a more straightforward story about farm animals, reflecting Orwell's concern for the treatment of animals.[65][66] Critics supporting such readings, beginning in the 1970s with Marxist scholar Raymond Williams and later including Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson and Helen Tiffin, cite Orwell's description of his inspiration for setting the story on a farm, in which he writes that, "from the animals’ point of view,"

text: "To them it is clear that the concept of a class struggle between humans was pure illusion, since whenever it was necessary to exploit animals, all humans united against them: the true struggle is between animals and humans."[65][26]

text: Adaptations

text: Films

text: Animal Farm has been adapted to film twice. Both differ from the novel and have been accused of taking significant liberties, including sanitising some aspects.

text:
Animal Farm (1954) is an animated feature in which Napoleon is apparently overthrown in a second revolution. In 1974, E. Howard Hunt revealed that he had been sent by the CIA's Psychological Warfare department to obtain the film rights from Orwell's widow, and the resulting 1954 animation was funded by the agency.[67]
Animal Farm (1999) is a TV live action version that shows Napoleon's regime collapsing in on itself, with the farm having new human owners, reflecting the collapse of Soviet communism.

text: In 2012, a HFR-3D version of Animal Farm, potentially directed by Andy Serkis was announced.[68]

text: Radio dramatizations

text: A BBC radio version, produced by Rayner Heppenstall, was broadcast in January 1947. Orwell listened to the production at his home in Canonbury Square, London, with Hugh Gordon Porteous, amongst others. Orwell later wrote to Heppenstall that Porteous, "who had not read the book, grasped what was happening after a few minutes."[69]

text: A further radio production, again using Orwell's own dramatisation of the book, was broadcast in January 2013 on BBC Radio 4. Tamsin Greig narrated, and the cast included Nicky Henson as Napoleon, Toby Jones as the propagandist Squealer, and Ralph Ineson as Boxer.[70]

text: Stage productions

text: A theatrical version, with music by Richard Peaslee and lyrics by Adrian Mitchell, was staged at the National Theatre London on 25 April 1984, directed by Peter Hall. It toured nine cities in 1985.[71]

text: A solo version, adapted and performed by Guy Masterson, premièred at the Traverse Theatre Edinburgh in January 1995 and has toured worldwide since.[72][73]

text: Comic strip

text: In 1950 Norman Pett and his writing partner Don Freeman were secretly hired by the British Foreign Office to adapt Animal Farm into a comic strip. This comic was not published in the U.K., but ran in Brazilian and Burmese newspapers. [74]

text: Popular culture

text: Music

text: (Alphabetical by artist)

text:
The Boston Crusaders Drum and Bugle Corps' 2014 show was titled Animal Farm, based on the novel.[75]
Canadian-based band Boxer the Horse takes its name from a character in the novel.[76]
Dead prez based a song on their album Let's Get Free (2000), called "Animal in Man", on the novella, putting emphasis on how the other animals should not trust the pigs during a revolution.[77][78][79]
The lyrics of the song ″Arthur's Farm″ from the Half Man Half Biscuit album Back Again in the DHSS (1987) tell the story of Douglas Bader and Arthur Askey visiting Animal Farm. The song features the line "Four legs good, but no legs best" in apparent tribute to the two famous amputees.[80]
The song, "The Nature of the Beast", by the American metalcore band, Ice Nine Kills, was inspired by Animal Farm.[81]
Pink Floyd's album Animals (1977) was partially inspired by Animal Farm.[82] It categorises people as pigs, dogs, or sheep.
R.E.M.'s song "Disturbance at the Heron House" is based on Animal Farm.[clarification needed][83]
Radiohead's song "Optimistic" contains a lyric mentioning Animal Farm.[84]
The Clash used an image from the animated movie Animal Farm (1954) on their single "English Civil War".[85]

text: Television

text: (Alphabetical by program)

text:
In The Daleks' Master Plan (1966), an episode of the long-running British science fiction show Doctor Who, a character references the modified seventh commandment of Animal Farm, saying: "Though we are all equal partners with the Daleks on this great conquest, some of us are more equal than others."[86]
In the tenth episode of the second season of Johnny Bravo, "Aunt Katie's Farm" (1999), Johnny, while dressed in a pig costume, yells, "Four feet good! Two feet bad!".[87][88]
The Lost episode "Exposé" (2007), in season three, involves flashbacks with Nikki and Paulo involving an argument with Kate about the handgun case. During this scene, Dr. Leslie Arzt yells at Kate: "The pigs are walking," a reference to Animal Farm where Napoleon and his generals begin to adapt human characteristics and change their oath from "Four legs good, two legs bad" to "Four legs good, two legs better."[89][90]
The seventh episode (1998) of the second season of the HBO series Oz is titled "Animal Farm" in reference to the conniving and manipulation of the characters vying for control, similar to the characters of the novella.[91][92][93][94]
In the ninth episode of the fourth season of Sex and the City, "Sex and the Country" (2001), Carrie goes with her new boyfriend Aidan to his cottage, and informs her friends that it reminds her of Animal Farm, and would not be surprised to hear an outburst of "four legs good, two legs bad!"[95][96]
In the third episode of the first season of the X-Men animated series, "Enter Magneto" (1992), Beast is seen reading a copy of Animal Farm, is mocked by the prison guards for "reading a picture book", and is asked if he "sees any relatives in there" because they assume he is an illiterate animal.[97][98]

text: Video game

text: A video game adaptation of Animal Farm was announced in August 2017.[99] Fully authorised by the estate of George Orwell,[100] Animal Farm is created by an independent team formed specifically to deliver Orwell’s vision in an interactive format.[101][102]

text: Editions

text:
LCCN 46006290 (hardcover, 1946, First American Edition)
ISBN 0-451-51679-6 (paperback, 1956, Signet Classic)
ISBN 0-582-02173-1 (paper text, 1989)
ISBN 0-15-107255-8 (hardcover, 1990)
ISBN 0-582-06010-9 (paper text, 1991)
ISBN 0-679-42039-8 (hardcover, 1993)
ISBN 0-606-00102-6 (prebound, 1996)
ISBN 0-15-100217-7 (hardcover, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
ISBN 0-452-27750-7 (paperback, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
ISBN 0-451-52634-1 (mass market paperback, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
ISBN 0-582-53008-3 (1996)
ISBN 1-56000-520-3 (cloth text, 1998, Large Type Edition)
ISBN 0-7910-4774-1 (hardcover, 1999)
ISBN 0-451-52536-1 (paperback, 1999)
ISBN 0-7641-0819-0 (paperback, 1999)
ISBN 0-8220-7009-X (e-book, 1999)
ISBN 0-7587-7843-0 (hardcover, 2002)
ISBN 0-15-101026-9 (hardcover, 2003, with Nineteen Eighty-Four)
ISBN 0-452-28424-4 (paperback, 2003, Centennial Edition)
ISBN 0-8488-0120-2 (hardcover)
ISBN 0-03-055434-9 (hardcover) Animal Farm with Connections
ISBN 0-395-79677-6 (hardcover) Animal Farm & Related Readings, 1997
ISBN 0-582-43447-5 (hardcover, 2007)
ISBN 0-14-103349-5 (paperback, 2007)
ISBN 978-0-141-03613-7 (paperback, 2008)
ISBN 978-0-141-39305-6 (paperback, 2013, puffin books edition)
ISBN 978-8-193-36962-3 (paperback, 2017, Pirates Enhanced Edition, India)

text: On 17 July 2009, Amazon.com withdrew certain Amazon Kindle titles, including Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, from sale, refunded buyers, and remotely deleted items from purchasers' devices after discovering that the publisher lacked rights to publish the titles in question.[103] Notes and annotations for the books made by users on their devices were also deleted.[104] After the move prompted outcry and comparisons to Nineteen Eighty-Four itself, Amazon spokesman Drew Herdener stated that the company is "[c]hanging our systems so that in the future we will not remove books from customers' devices in these circumstances."[105]


document_title: Land speed record

question_text: fastest car in the world land speed record

text: Land speed record

text: History[edit]

text: The first regulators were the Automobile Club de France, who proclaimed themselves arbiters of the record in about 1902.[4]

text: Different clubs had different standards and did not always recognise the same world records[5] until 1924, when the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) introduced new regulations: two passes in opposite directions (to negate the effects of wind) averaged with a maximum of 30 minutes (later more) between runs, average gradient of the racing surface not more than 1 percent, timing gear accurate within 0.01sec, and cars must be wheel-driven.[6] National or regional auto clubs (such as AAA and SCTA) had to be AIACR members to ensure records would be recognized.[7] The AIACR became the FIA in 1947. Controversy arose in 1963: Spirit of America was not recognised due to its being a three-wheeler (leading the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme to certify it as a three-wheel motorcycle record when the FIA refused) and not wheel-driven so the FIA introduced a special wheel-driven class.[8] No holder of the absolute record since has been wheel-driven

text: Women's land speed record[edit]

text: In 1906 Dorothy Levitt broke the women's world speed record for the flying kilometer, recording a speed of 91 mph (146.25 km/h) and receiving the sobriquet the "Fastest Girl on Earth". She drove a six-cylinder Napier motorcar, a 100 hp (74.6 kW) development of the K5, in a speed trial in Blackpool.[9][10][11] A subsequent record was held by Lee Breedlove, the wife of Craig Breedlove, who piloted her husband's Spirit of America - Sonic 1 to a record of 308.506 mph (496.492 km/h) in 1965, making her the fastest woman alive, as of 1974[update].[12] According to author Rachel Kushner, Craig Breedlove had talked Lee into taking the car out for a record attempt in order to monopolize the salt flats for the day and block one of his competitors from making a record attempt.[13]

text: The current women's absolute record is held by Kitty O'Neil, in the jet-powered SMI Motivator, set at the Alvord Desert in 1976.[14] O'Neil reached 512.710 mph (825.127 km/h).[15][16]

text: Records[edit]

text: 1898–1965 (wheel-driven)[edit]

text:
Date
Location
Driver
Vehicle
Power
Speed over
1 km
Speed over
1 mile
Comments

mph
km/h
mph
km/h

December 18, 1898
Achères, Yvelines, France
 Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat
Jeantaud Duc[17]
Electric
39.24
63.15

[18]

January 17, 1899
Achères, Yvelines, France
 Camille Jenatzy[17]
GCA Dogcart
Electric
41.42
66.66

[18]

January 17, 1899
Achères, Yvelines, France
 Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat
Jeantaud Duc
Electric
43.93
70.31

[18]

January 27, 1899
Achères, Yvelines, France
 Camille Jenatzy
GCA Dogcart
Electric
49.93
80.35

[18]

March 4, 1899
Achères, Yvelines, France
 Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat
Jeantaud Duc Profilée
Electric
57.65
92.78

[18]

April 29, 1899
Achères, Yvelines, France
 Camille Jenatzy
CITA No 25 La Jamais Contente
Electric
65.79
105.88

First purpose designed land speed racer.[19] First record over 100 km/h (62 mph)[18]

April 13, 1902
Nice, France
Promenade des Anglais
 Léon Serpollet
Gardner-Serpollet
Œuf de Pâques (Easter Egg)
Steam[4]
75.06
120.80

August 5, 1902
Albis-St. Arnoult, France
 William K. Vanderbilt
Mors Z Paris-Vienne
Internal combustion
77.08
122.438

First internal combustion powered record[4]

November 5, 1902
Dourdan, France
 Henri Fournier
Mors Z Paris-Vienne
Internal combustion
4-cylinder, 9.2 litre, 60 bhp
76.60
123.25

[20]

November 17, 1902
Dourdan, France
 Maurice Augières
Mors Z Paris-Vienne
Internal combustion
76.13
124.13

[18]

July 17, 1903
Ostend, Belgium
 Arthur Duray
Gobron Brillié Paris-Madrid
Internal combustion
83.46
132.32

[18]

Nov 5, 1903
Dourdan, France
 Pierre de Caters
Mercedes Simplex 90
Internal combustion
97.25
156.50

[18]

January 12, 1904
Lake St. Clair, USA
 Henry Ford
Ford 999 Racer
Internal combustion
—
91.37
147.05
On frozen lake[21] (not recognized by L'Automobile Club de France)

March 31, 1904
Nice, France
 Louis Rigolly
Gobron-Brillié Paris-Madrid
Internal combustion
94.78
152.53

[18]

May 25, 1904
Ostend, Belgium
 Pierre de Caters
Mercedes Simplex 90
Internal combustion
97.25
156.50

[18]

November 13, 1904
Ostend, Belgium
 Louis Rigolly
Gobron-Brillié Gordon Bennett
Internal combustion
103.56
166.66

First record over 100 mph (161 km/h)[18]

November 13, 1904
Ostend, Belgium
 Paul Baras
Darracq Gordon Bennett
Internal combustion
104.53
168.22

[18]

December 30, 1905
Arles, France
 Victor Hémery
Darracq Special
Internal combustion
109.59
176.37

[18]

January 26, 1906
Daytona Beach, USA
 Fred Marriott
Stanley Rocket[6]
Steam
127.66
205.44

First record over 200 km/h (124 mph). First speed greater than contemporary rail speed record.
Remained the record for steam powered vehicles until 25 August 2009.[22]

November 6, 1909
Brooklands, United Kingdom
 Victor Hémery
Benz No 1
200 hp (150 kW)
Internal combustion:
21.5 L (1,310 cu in) inline-4 Benz engine
125.94
202.68
115.93
186.57
First run using electronic timing[6]

June 24, 1914
Brooklands, United Kingdom
 Lydston Hornsted
Benz No 3
200 hp (150 kW)
Internal combustion:
21.5 L (1,310 cu in) inline-4 Benz engine
—
124.09
199.70
First 2-way record, set at Brooklands under new Association International des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) 2-way rule[6]

May 17, 1922
Brooklands, United Kingdom
 Kenelm Lee Guinness
Sunbeam 350 hp
V12, single o.h.c, 18.3 litre,
350 b.h.p. engine
133.75
215.25

The third and last time the record was set at Brooklands[20]

July 12, 1924
France
 Ernest Eldridge
FIAT Mephistopheles
Internal combustion:
21.7 L (1,320 cu in) inline-6 FIAT A.12 aero engine
—
145.89
234.98
Fastest land speed record ever on a public road[6]

September 25, 1924
Pendine, United Kingdom
 Malcolm Campbell
Sunbeam 350HP
Internal combustion:
18.3 L (1,120 cu in) V12 Sunbeam aero engine
—
146.16
235.22
First land speed record by Malcolm Campbell[23]

July 21, 1925
Pendine, United Kingdom
 Malcolm Campbell
Sunbeam 350HP
Internal combustion:
18.3 L (1,120 cu in) V12 Sunbeam aero engine
—
150.87
242.8
First person to travel over 150 mph (241 km/h)[23]

April 28, 1926
Pendine, United Kingdom
 Parry Thomas
Babs
Internal combustion:
27 L (1,600 cu in) V12 Liberty L-12 aero engine
—
170
273.6

February 4, 1927
Pendine, United Kingdom
 Malcolm Campbell
Napier-Campbell Blue Bird
Internal combustion:
22.3 L (1,360 cu in) W12 Napier Lion aero engine
—
174.88
281.44
[23]

March 29, 1927
Daytona Beach, USA
 Henry Segrave
Mystery
(aka "Sunbeam 1000 hp")
Internal combustion:
2 x 22.4 L (1,370 cu in) V12 Sunbeam Matabele aero engines
203.79
327.97

The first car to reach a speed over 200 mph (320 km/h)[24]

February 19, 1928
Daytona Beach, USA
 Malcolm Campbell
Napier-Campbell Blue Bird
Internal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion aero engine
206.956
333.048

[7]

April 22, 1928
Daytona Beach, USA
 Ray Keech
Triplex Special
Internal combustion:
3 x 27 L (1,600 cu in) V12 Liberty L-12 aero engines
207.552
334.007

[25]

March 11, 1929
Daytona Beach, USA
 Henry Segrave
Golden Arrow
Internal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion aero engine
231.446
372.459

Segrave was knighted for this effort.[26]

February 5, 1931
Daytona Beach, USA [20]
 Malcolm Campbell
Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird
Internal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engine
246.09
396.025

Campbell was knighted for this effort.[26]

February 24, 1932
Daytona Beach, USA
 Malcolm Campbell
Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird
Internal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engine
253.97
408.73

First 250 mph (400 km/h) pass.[23]

February 22, 1933
Daytona Beach, USA
 Malcolm Campbell
Campbell-Railton Blue Bird
Internal combustion:
36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine
272.46
438.48

[23]

March 7, 1935
Daytona Beach, USA
 Malcolm Campbell
Campbell-Railton Blue Bird
Internal combustion:
36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine
276.816
445.472

[26]

September 3, 1935
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Malcolm Campbell
Campbell-Railton Blue Bird
Internal combustion:
36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine
301.129
484.598

First 300 mph (480 km/h) pass, first absolute record set at Bonneville[26]

November 19, 1937
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 George Eyston
Thunderbolt
Internal combustion:
2 x 36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines
311.42
501.16

[26]

August 27, 1938
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 George Eyston
Thunderbolt
Internal combustion:
2 x 36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines
345.49[26]
556.012

15 September 1938
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 John Cobb
Railton
Internal combustion:
2 x 23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines
350.2
563.566

[26]

September 16, 1938
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 George Eyston
Thunderbolt
Internal combustion:
2 x 36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines
357.5
575.314

[26]

August 23, 1939
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 John Cobb
Railton Special
Internal combustion:
2 x 23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines
369.74[26]
595.04
367.91
592.091

September 16, 1947
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 John Cobb
Railton Mobil Special
Internal combustion:
2 x 23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines
394.196[6]
634.397
394.19
634.39

tag: table

text: 1963–present (jet and rocket propulsion)[edit]

text: Craig Breedlove's mark of 407.447 miles per hour (655.722 km/h),[8][27] set in Spirit of America in September 1963, was initially considered unofficial. The vehicle breached the FIA regulations on two grounds: it had only three wheels, and it was not wheel-driven, since its jet engine did not supply power to its axles. Some time later, the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme created a non-wheel-driven category, and ratified Spirit of America's time for this mark.[8] On July 27, 1964, Donald Campbell's Bluebird CN7 posted a speed of 403.10 miles per hour (648.73 km/h) on Lake Eyre, Australia. This became the official FIA LSR, although Campbell was disappointed not to have beaten Breedlove's time.[28] In October, several four-wheel jet-cars surpassed the 1963 mark, but were eligible for neither FIA nor FIM ratification.[28] The confusion of having three different LSRs lasted until December 11, 1964, when the FIA and FIM met in Paris and agreed to recognize as an absolute LSR the higher speed recorded by either body, by any vehicles running on wheels, whether wheel-driven or not.[29] Thus, Art Arfons' Green Monster was belatedly recognized as the absolute LSR holder, Bluebird the holder of the wheel-driven land speed record, and Spirit of America the tricycle record holder. No wheel-driven car has since held the absolute record.

text:
Date
Location
Driver
Vehicle
Power
Speed over
1 km
Speed over
1 mile
Comments

mph
km/h
mph
km/h

August 5, 1963
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Craig Breedlove
Spirit of America
Turbojet

407.447
655.722
[8][27] Initially considered unofficial since the machine had 3 wheels. Later ratified by FIM.

October 2, 1964
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Tom Green
Wingfoot Express
Turbojet

413.2
665.0
[8]

October 5, 1964
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Art Arfons
Green Monster
Turbojet

434.03
698.50
[8]

October 13, 1964
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Craig Breedlove
Spirit of America
Turbojet

468.719
754.330
[18]

October 15, 1964
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Craig Breedlove
Spirit of America
Turbojet

526.277
846.961
[18]

October 27, 1964
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Art Arfons
Green Monster
Turbojet

536.710
863.751
[18]

November 2, 1965
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Craig Breedlove
Spirit of America - Sonic 1
Turbojet
555.485
893.966
555.485
893.966
[30]

November 7, 1965
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Art Arfons
Green Monster
Turbojet
576.553
927.872
576.553
927.872
[18]

November 15, 1965
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Craig Breedlove
Spirit of America - Sonic 1
Turbojet
594
955.950
600.601
966.574
[31]

October 23, 1970
Bonneville Salt Flats, USA
 Gary Gabelich
Blue Flame
Rocket
630.478
1014.656
622.407
1001.667
[32]

October 4, 1983
Black Rock Desert, USA
 Richard Noble
Thrust2
Turbojet: 1 x Rolls-Royce Avon
634.051
1020.406
633.47
1019.47
[32]

September 25, 1997
Black Rock Desert, USA
 Andy Green
ThrustSSC
Turbofan: 2 x Rolls-Royce Spey
713.990
1149.055
714.144
1149.303
[32]

October 15, 1997
Black Rock Desert, USA
 Andy Green
ThrustSSC
Turbofan: 2 x Rolls-Royce Spey
760.343
1223.657
763.035
1227.986[33]
First supersonic LSR


document_title: -ase

question_text: organic molecules that end in the suffix ase

text: -ase

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Look up -ase in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: The suffix -ase is used in biochemistry to form names of enzymes. The most common way to name enzymes is to add this suffix onto the end of the substrate, e.g. an enzyme that breaks down peroxides may be called peroxidase; the enzyme that produces telomeres is called telomerase. Sometimes enzymes are named for the function they perform, rather than substrate, e.g. the enzyme that polymerizes (assembles) DNA into strands is called polymerase; see also reverse transcriptase.

text: The commonly used -ase suffix for naming enzymes was derived from the name diastase.