document_title: Coming to America

question_text: who plays the queen in coming to america

text: Coming to America

text: Plot

text: In the fictional wealthy African nation of Zamunda, crown prince Akeem Joffer grows weary of his pampered lifestyle on his 21st birthday and wishes to do more for himself. When his parents, King Jaffe and Queen Aeoleon, present him with an arranged bride-to-be, Akeem takes action. Seeking an independent woman who loves him for himself and not his social status, Akeem and his best friend/personal aide, Semmi, travel to the New York City borough of Queens and rent a squalid tenement in the neighborhood of Long Island City under the guise of poor foreign students. Beginning their search for Akeem's bride, they end up invited by some locals to a rally that is raising money for the inner city. During the rally, Akeem encounters Lisa McDowell, who possesses all the qualities he is looking for, and upon his insistence he and Semmi get entry-level jobs working at the local fast food restaurant called McDowell's — an obvious ripoff of McDonald's — owned by widower Cleo McDowell, Lisa's father.

text: Akeem's attempts to win Lisa's love are complicated by Lisa's lazy and obnoxious boyfriend, Darryl Jenks (Eriq La Salle), whose father owns Soul Glo (a Jheri curl–like hairstyling aid). After Darryl announces their engagement — without Lisa's consent — to their families, she starts dating Akeem, who claims that he comes from a family of poor goat herders. Meanwhile, although Akeem thrives on hard work and learning how commoners live, Semmi is not comfortable with living in such meager conditions. After a dinner date with Lisa is thwarted when Semmi furnishes their apartment with a jacuzzi and other luxuries, Akeem confiscates his money and donates it to two homeless men. Semmi wires a telegraph to King Jaffe for more money, prompting the Joffers to travel to Queens and expose his identity as a prince.

text: Cleo, initially disapproving of Akeem as he did not want to see his daughter with a poor man, becomes ecstatic when he discovers that Akeem is actually an extremely wealthy prince after being introduced to the Joffers. When Akeem discovers that his parents have arrived in the United States, he and Lisa take shelter at the McDowell residence where Cleo welcomes them. After Cleo's bond with Akeem is ruined by Darryl's unexpected arrival, Lisa later becomes angry and confused that Akeem lied to her about his identity. Akeem explains that he wanted her to love him for who, not what, he is, even offering to renounce his throne; but Lisa, still hurt and angry, refuses to marry him. Despondent, Akeem resigns himself to the arranged marriage, but as they leave, Jaffe is reprimanded by Aeoleon for clinging to out-dated traditions instead of thinking of his son's happiness.

text: At the wedding procession, a still-heartbroken Akeem becomes surprised when his veiled bride-to-be is Lisa herself. Following the ceremony, they ride happily in a carriage to the cheers of Zamundans. Witnessing such splendor, Lisa is both surprised and touched by the fact that Akeem would have given it up just for her. Akeem offers again to abdicate if she doesn't want this life, but Lisa playfully declines.

text: Cast

text:
Eddie Murphy as Prince Akeem Joffer, the prince of Zamunda; Randy Watson, a soul singer with the fictional band Sexual Chocolate.[3] Eddie Murphy also plays Saul, the Jewish barbershop customer, as well as Clarence, the owner of the barber shop.[4][5]
Arsenio Hall as Semmi, Akeem's friend; Reverend Brown;[6] Morris the barber; and an unattractive clubgoer.[7][8]
James Earl Jones as King Jaffe Joffer, Akeem's father and King of Zamunda.[9]
John Amos as Cleo McDowell, Akeem's employer and Lisa's father.
Madge Sinclair as Queen Aeoleon, Akeem's mother and the Queen of Zamunda.
Shari Headley as Lisa McDowell, Cleo's oldest daughter and Akeem's love interest.
Paul Bates as Oha, a royal servant.
Eriq La Salle as Darryl Jenks, Lisa's boyfriend whom she eventually breaks up with.

text: The cast also includes: Frankie Faison[10] as Mr. Townsend, Akeem and Semmi's landlord in Queens; Vanessa Bell as Imani Izzi, Akeem's arranged wife, and Calvin Lockhart as Colonel Izzi, her father; Louie Anderson as Maurice, a McDowell's employee; Allison Dean as Patrice McDowell, Cleo's youngest daughter and Lisa's sister; Samuel L. Jackson as a robber; Vondie Curtis-Hall as the Basketball game vendor; Garcelle Beauvais as a rose bearer; Victoria Dillard as one of Akeem's Zamundan attendants, and Clint Smith as Sweets.  Ruben Santiago-Hudson and Cuba Gooding Jr. made their film debuts as a street hustler and a barber shop customer respectively (for the latter, he was credited as Boy Getting Haircut). Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy reprise their roles as, respectively, Mortimer and Randolph Duke from Landis' 1983 Murphy-starring comedy film Trading Places.[11] A segment of the Trading Places score can be heard during their scene. The Dukes' limo driver from that film also cameos as the driver of Akeem and Semmi's limo.[citation needed]

text: Coming to America features Murphy and Hall in several different roles, which, following the success of this film, became a Murphy staple.[12] Hall plays Reverend Brown, who introduces Randy Watson (Murphy).[13] Murphy and Hall play elderly barbers Clarence and Morris respectively, who engage in debate with Saul, the old Jewish man (Murphy). Hall also plays a woman (credited as Extremely Ugly Girl) who flirts with Akeem and Semmi.

text: Production

text: Coming to America reunited star Eddie Murphy with director John Landis. The two had previously worked together on the comedy hit Trading Places (1983); however, Landis later recalled the differences in working with Murphy on the two movies: "The guy on Trading Places was young and full of energy and curious and funny and fresh and great. The guy on Coming to America was the pig of the world... But I still think he's wonderful in the movie."[14]

text: "We had a tussling confrontation… We didn't come to blows. Personalities didn't mesh. I grabbed him, and he thought I was playing. So he tried to grab my balls and I pushed him away. But I wasn't kidding. He was doing some silly shit that made me mad. He directed me in Trading Places when I was just starting out as a kid, but he was still treating me like a kid five years later during Coming to America. And I hired him to direct the movie! I was gonna direct Coming to America myself, but I knew that Landis had just done three fucked-up pictures in a row and that his career was hanging by a thread after the Twilight Zone trial. I figured the guy was nice to me when I did Trading Places, so I'd give him a shot… I was going out of my way to help this guy, and he fucked me over. Now he's got a hit picture on his resumé, a movie that made over $200 million, as opposed to him coming off a couple of fucked-up movies – which is where I'd rather see him be right now (laughs)." – Eddie Murphy[15]

text: Despite the experience, Landis and Murphy collaborated again six years later on Beverly Hills Cop III.

text: South African chorus Ladysmith Black Mambazo sings Mbube during the opening sequence (the song also known as The Lion Sleeps Tonight). The group has gone on to record several different versions of Mbube; however, the version heard in Coming to America had not been released on its soundtrack or on CD as of 2006.

text: Landis' calling card/easter egg, "See You Next Wednesday", appears on a science-fiction movie poster in the subway station after Lisa storms off the train.

text: A promotional song for the film, also titled "Coming to America", was written and performed by The System.

text: Release

text: Paramount cancelled press screenings of the film, after initial negative reactions to a press screening in  New York.[16]

text: Box office

text: Released on June 29, 1988, by Paramount Pictures in the United States, it was a commercial box-office success, both domestically and worldwide.[17][18] The film debuted at number one with $21,404,420 from 2,064 screens, for a five-day total of $28,409,497. The film made $128,152,301 in the United States and ended up with a worldwide total of $288,752,301.[19] It was the highest earning film that year for the studio and the third-highest-grossing film at the United States box office.[20]

text: It opened a month later in the UK and earned $7,712,622 during its seven-week run. It opened on September 2 in West Germany, where it debuted at number one with $3,715,791 from 297 screens. It ended its run after 13 weeks with $15,743,447.

text: Reception

text:
Coming To America received positive reviews upon release.
Review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 67%, based on reviews from 42 critics with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Eddie Murphy was in full control at this point, starkly evident in Coming to America's John Landis' coasting direction."[21] On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 47 out of 100, based on 16 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[22]

text: Sheila Benson in the Los Angeles Times called it a "hollow and wearying Eddie Murphy fairy tale" and bemoans, "That an Eddie Murphy movie would come to this."[23] Vincent Canby in The New York Times was also critical of the writing, calling it a "possibly funny idea" but suggesting the screenplay had escaped before it was ready. Canby viewed the film as essentially a romantic comedy but said the romantic elements fell flat, and the film instead goes for broad slapstick.[24] Siskel & Ebert had mixed opinions on the film. Siskel enjoyed the acting from Murphy and Hall but Ebert was disappointed that Murphy did not bring his usual more lively performance, and Ebert was also critical of the unoriginal script.[25]

text: Awards

text: The film was nominated for two Oscars: Best Costume Design by Deborah Nadoolman Landis and Best Makeup by Rick Baker,[26] who designed the makeup effects for both Murphy's and Arsenio Hall's multiple supporting characters.[27]

text: Lawsuit

text: The film was the subject of the Buchwald v. Paramount civil suit, which the humorist Art Buchwald filed in 1990 against the film's producers on the grounds that the film's idea was stolen from his 1982 script treatment about a rich, despotic African potentate who comes to America for a state visit. Paramount had optioned the treatment from Buchwald, and John Landis was attached as director and Eddie Murphy as the lead, but after two years of development hell Paramount abandoned the project in March 1985. In 1987, Paramount began working on Coming to America based on a story by Eddie Murphy.[28][29] Buchwald won the breach of contract action and the court ordered monetary damages. The parties later settled the case out-of-court before an appeal going to trial.[30]

text: Soundtrack

text:
Coming to America: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
July 1988Genre
PopLength
40:16Label
Atco Records
Singles from Coming to America

"Coming to America"
"Come into My Life"
"That's the Way It Is"
"Better Late Than Never"

text: The soundtrack to the film was released on LP, cassette and CD. The songs "Coming to America" by The System, "Better Late Than Never" by The Cover Girls and "Come into My Life" by Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito were released as singles from the album. "That's The Way It Is" by Mel & Kim had been released as a single in the UK, before the film's release, in February 1988, and became a top ten hit. It was released as a single in the USA at the time of the film's release.

text:
"Coming to America" — The System (3:49)
"Better Late Than Never" — The Cover Girls (4:02)
"All Dressed Up (Ready to Hit the Town)" — Chico DeBarge (4:50)
"I Like It Like That" — Michael Rodgers (4:01)
"That's the Way It Is" — Mel and Kim (3:25)

tag: ol

text:
"Addicted to You" — LeVert (3:54)
"Comin' Correct" — J.J. Fad (3:56)
"Livin' the Good Life" — Sister Sledge (3:46)
"Transparent" — Nona Hendryx (3:50)
"Come into My Life" — Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito (4:39)

text: Legacy

text: Television pilot

text: A television pilot of a weekly sitcom version of the film was produced for CBS, following the film's success, starring Tommy Davidson as Prince Tariq, and Paul Bates reprising his role as Oha. The pilot went unsold, but was televised on July 4, 1989 as part of the CBS Summer Playhouse pilot anthology series.[31][2]

text: Movie remakes

text: A Tamil movie, My Dear Marthandan, was produced based on the plot of Coming to America. A Hong Kong movie, The Fun, the Luck & the Tycoon, also has the same plot.

text: Influences in music

text: The melody heard in the bathroom scene, where Prince Akeem is being washed by female servants, was sampled in Snoop Dogg's 2006 song "That's That" featuring R. Kelly; a remix of the song featuring rapper Nas includes a woman's voice saying "the royal penis is clean your highness", a line taken from the same scene. Also, the music videos for Busta Rhymes' 1997 single "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" and Action Bronson's 2015 single "Baby Blue" are loosely based on the film. The song "Coming 2 America" by Ludacris from the album Word of Mouf features samples[32] and lyrics[33] referencing the film.

text: Planned sequel

text: In early 2017, an announcement was publicized which addressed the impending production of a sequel to the film. Kevin Misher was named as producer, and Sheffield and Blaustein, the original screenwriters, were also attached to the project. However, a possible participation of lead actors Eddie Murphy and Arsenio Hall was left undefined.[34][35] According to several public accounts, Murphy himself apparently posted an announcement regarding the film project a month prior on Facebook, but later claimed that his account had been hacked and completely deleted it.[34]


document_title: The Miller's Tale

question_text: who is branded by a red-hot poker in the miller's tale

question_tokens: who is branded by a red-hot poker in the miller 's tale

root

text: The Miller's Tale

text: Prologue[edit]

text: The general prologue to The Canterbury Tales describes the Miller, Robin, as a stout and evil churl fond of wrestling.[1] In the Miller's Prologue, the pilgrims have just heard and enjoyed "The Knight's Tale", a classical story of courtly love, and the host asks the Monk to "quite" ("follow" or "repay") with a tale of his own. However, the Miller insists on going next. He claims that his tale is "noble", but reminds the other pilgrims that he is quite drunk and cannot be held accountable for what he says. He explains that his story is about a carpenter and his wife, and how a clerk "hath set the wrightes cappe" (that is, fooled the carpenter). Osewold the Reeve, who had originally been a carpenter himself, protests that the tale will insult carpenters and wives, but the Miller carries on anyway.[2]

tag: p

text: "The Miller's Tale" begins the trend in which succeeding tellers "quite" the previous one with their story. In a way the Miller requites the "Knight's Tale", and is himself directly requited with "The Reeve's Tale", in which the Reeve follows Robin's insulting story about a carpenter with his own tale disparaging a miller.[3]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: "The Miller's Tale" is the story of a carpenter, his lovely wife, and two clerks (students) who are eager to sleep with her. The carpenter, John, lives in Oxford with his much younger wife, Alisoun, who is a local beauty. To make extra money, John rents out a room in his house to a clever scholar named Nicholas, who has taken a liking to Alisoun. Another scholar in the town, Absolon the parish clerk, also has his eye on Alisoun.

text: The action begins when John makes a day trip to a nearby town. While he is gone, Nicholas convinces Alisoun to have sex with him, and their affair begins. Shortly afterward, Alisoun goes to church, where Absolon sees her and immediately falls in love. He tries to woo Alisoun by singing love songs under her window during the full moon and seeks her attention by taking a part in a local play. Alisoun rebuffs all his efforts, however, because she is already involved with Nicholas.

text: Nicholas, meanwhile, longs to spend a whole night in Alisoun's arms rather than just the few moments they get together during John's absences. With Alisoun, he hatches a scheme that will enable him to do this. He convinces John that God is about to send a great flood like the one he sent in Noah's time. He says that God told him they could save themselves by hanging three large tubs from the ceiling to sleep in. Once the waters rose, they would cut the ropes and float away. John believes him and duly climbs into his tub. He thinks Nicholas and Alisoun are doing the same, but in fact, they are spending the night together in John's bed.

text: That same night, Absolon comes and begs Alisoun to kiss him. At first she refuses him, but she finally agrees. Instead of presenting her lips to Absolon's, though, she sticks her backside out the bedroom's "shot-window" (privy vent), and Absolon kisses her "ers" in the dark. Angry at being fooled, Absolon gets a red-hot coulter from the smith with which he intends to burn Alisoun. When he returns, though, Nicholas sticks his backside out to get in on the joke and farts in Absolon's face. Absolon thrusts the coulter "amidst the ers" of Nicholas who cries out for "Water!" to assuage the pain.

text: The screams wake John, who thinks the flood is upon them and cuts the rope attaching him to the ceiling. He crashes to the floor, and the townspeople, hearing the noise, rush to the scene. Upon hearing Nicholas' and Alisoun's version of events, they laugh at poor John and consider him mad.

text: Arts and culture[edit]

text: Geoffrey Chaucer wrote during the reign of Richard II, who very much appreciated the arts and culture of the time. We see this in The Miller's Tale when Chaucer describes what is in Nicholas' bedroom.

text:
His Almageste and books grere and smale,
His astrelabie longynge for his art,
Hise augrym stones layen faire apart
On shelves couched at his beddes heed"[4]

text: Nicholas is described not by his valor in battle or honour in the court. Instead, his many skills are described at great length, including the fact that he is studying one of the many scholarly arts that were popular at that time. Chaucer then goes on to describe what Nicholas is wearing and his skills as a musician.

text:
His presse ycovered with a faldyng reed,
And al above ther lay a gay sautrie
On which he made a nyghtes melodie
So swetely that al the chambre song,
And Angelus ad virginem he song,
And after that he song The Kynges Noote;
Full often blessed was his myrie throte! [5]

text: Again Nicholas is shown not as a brave knight but as a talented musician. He is shown to be very cultured as well as studied. Chaucer shows that Nicholas was skilled in the art of music, as he knew these certain songs which might have been quite popular at the time. What Nicholas wears could also be here to show that Nicholas wore clothes befitting his social class status. This focus on what a person could wear based on status was also important to Richard II.

text: Analysis[edit]

text: The tale appears to combine the motifs of two separate fabliaux, the 'second flood' and 'misdirected kiss', both of which appear in continental European literature of the period. Its bawdiness serves not only to introduce the Reeve's tale, but the general sequence of low comedy which terminates in the unfinished Cook's tale.

text:
This Absolom, that jolly was and gay,
Gooth with a sencer (censer) on the haliday,
Sensynge the wyves of the parisshe faste;
And many a lovely look on hem he caste,
And namely on this carpenteris wyf. (3339)

text: Alisoun, however, does not return Absolom's affections, although she readily takes his gifts.

text: A third theme, that of knowledge and science, appears in several marginal comments. Nicholas is an avid astrologer (as Chaucer himself was), equipped with, "His Almageste, and bookes grete and smale, / His astrelabie, longynge for his art..." John the carpenter represents unintellectual laymen; John tells Nicholas:

text:
Men sholde nat knowe of goddes pryvetee [God's private affairs].
Ye, blessed be alwey a lewed [unlearned] man
That noght but oonly his bileve kan! [who knows nothing except the Creed] (3454)

text: He also recounts a story (sometimes told of Thales) of an astrologer who falls into a pit while studying the stars. The issue of whether learned or unlearned faith is better is also relevant to The Prioress's Tale and The Parson's Tale.

text: Parody[edit]

text: The tale is replete with word-puns. Much is made of variations on "priv-" implying both secret things and private parts. Nicholas fondles Alisoun's "queynte", a noun, while Absolom is described after his humiliation as having his ardour "yqueynt" or quenched.

text: The Miller's name is intended as a pun on the phrase "rob 'em".[citation needed] As told in the Reeve's Tale the Miller is a not just a bully but a thief of grain he is supposed to grind for his customers.

text: Continuations[edit]

text: The 15th-century Tale of Beryn depicts the Miller trying and failing to explain the stained glass windows of Canterbury cathedral.

text: Chaucer refers to the Distichs of Cato with this passage: "He knew nat Catoun, for his wit was rude." The Distichs of Cato was one of the most common textbooks in schools throughout medieval Europe, and was familiar to almost anyone with a basic education in Latin.

text: The painting Netherlandish Proverbs by Pieter Breugel the Elder illustrates many of the themes in this story including a shot-window in use, a man with his backside on fire, a falling through a basket from a roof, pious hypocrisy, and cuckolding.

text: Use in other media[edit]

text: In an episode of the TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory, Amy told a portion of the Miller's Tale (recited in the original Middle English) when Bernadette dared her to tell a dirty story. According to Amy, it was the dirtiest story she knew.[6]


document_title: Big Little Lies (miniseries)

question_text: where do they live in big little lies

question_tokens: where do they live in big little lies

text: Big Little Lies (miniseries)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Reese Witherspoon as Madeline Martha Mackenzie[1]
Nicole Kidman as Celeste Wright[1]
Shailene Woodley as Jane Chapman[5]
Alexander Skarsgård as Perry Wright, Celeste's husband[6]
Adam Scott as Ed Mackenzie, Madeline's husband[7]
Zoë Kravitz as Bonnie Carlson, Nathan's second wife[8]
James Tupper as Nathan Carlson, Madeline's ex-husband[6]
Jeffrey Nordling as Gordon Klein, Renata's husband[9]
Laura Dern as Renata Klein[7]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Iain Armitage as Ziggy Chapman, Jane's son[10]
Sarah Baker as Thea Cunningham
Sarah Burns as Gabrielle
P. J. Byrne as Principal Nippal
Santiago Cabrera as Joseph
Darby Camp as Chloe Mackenzie, Madeline's younger daughter
Hong Chau as Jackie
Kelen Coleman as Harper Stimson
Merrin Dungey as Detective Adrienne Quinlan[11]
Ivy George as Amabella Klein, Renata's daughter
Virginia Kull as Ms. Barnes
Chloe Coleman as Skye Carlson, Bonnie's daughter
Kathryn Newton as Abigail Carlson, Madeline's elder daughter[7]
Molly Hagan as Dr. Moriarty
Larry Sullivan as Oren[11]
David Monahan as Bernard[11]
Kathreen Khavari as Samantha[12]
Joseph Cross as Tom, Madeline and Celeste's favourite cafe owner
Robin Weigert as Dr. Amanda Reisman, Perry and Celeste's therapist
Larry Bates as Stu

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Somebody's Dead"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)
1.13[13]

At a public school in Monterey, a murder suddenly occurs on trivia night, but neither the victim nor the murderer are revealed. Backtracking to the first day of school, the families of five first-graders are introduced. Madeline Martha Mackenzie is a strong-willed, wealthy, and feared alpha female in town with a first-grade daughter and teenage daughter from an earlier marriage. Her friend, retired lawyer Celeste Wright, is the mother of twin sons who are also beginning at that same school. New to town is Jane Chapman – a young single mother raising her son, Ziggy. Renata Klein's daughter Amabella accuses Ziggy of attempting to choke her, which he denies. Madeline and Celeste befriend Jane. Secrets are revealed, including that Madeline is struggling to cope with her ex-husband Nathan's marriage to a yoga instructor named Bonnie and also trying to build a relationship with her older daughter. Celeste appears to have a very happy life with her husband Perry, but he starts to show signs of being violent. Jane's motives for moving to Monterey are unknown.

2
"Serious Mothering"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24) (online)
February 26, 2017 (2017-02-26) (HBO)
0.56[14]

Perry lashes out at Celeste when he discovers he missed orientation at the school, but Celeste lets it slide. Jane goes around looking for work with little success. Madeline goes on the warpath with Renata when it is revealed she didn't invite Ziggy to Amabella's birthday party. Ed questions Madeline's devotion to him when she continues to complain about seeing Nathan with Bonnie all the time. Madeline is further disturbed when Bonnie takes her oldest daughter Abby to Planned Parenthood. Nathan tries to come to a peaceful resolution with Ed about their parenting of Abby, but Ed senses Nathan trying to intimidate him and stands firm against him. Madeline's youngest daughter Chloe and Bonnie's daughter Skye try to mend the wounds between Ziggy and Amabella, but it leads to an incident of unwanted affection, and the parents of the four children are all called into the principal's office, leading Jane to have a flashback of an unwanted episode.

3
"Living the Dream"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
1.04[15]

Perry chokes Celeste when he believes she deliberately left him out of a family gathering, after which Celeste threatens to leave him. Renata's party for Amabella is a huge success, but she is ultimately upset when Madeline had invited Amabella's closest friends and Ziggy to Disney on Ice on the same day. At therapy, Perry claims his outbursts are out of fear that Celeste does not love him, which Celeste tries to deny. When Abby's academic performance starts to decline, her guidance counselor believes it is being caused by stress at home, so Abby decides to stay with Nathan much to Madeline's dismay. Jane gets Ziggy involved with more extracurricular activities and helps him put together a family tree for school with Madeline's help. Jane lashes out at Ziggy when he insists on putting his father's name on the tree, and Jane confides to Madeline that Ziggy was the result of rape by a man named Saxon Banks whom she has not seen since.

4
"Push Comes to Shove"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)
1.04[16]

Abigail moves in with Nathan and Bonnie.
Celeste legally represents Joseph and Madeline in a meeting with the Mayor regarding their production of the controversial Avenue Q. Celeste successfully convinces the Mayor to allow the play to go ahead, and in the process realizes that she desires to return to work. She asks her therapist how best to broach this subject with Perry, but Dr. Reisman is more concerned with why Celeste is afraid to do so. At home, the increasingly insecure Perry tells Celeste he does not want her to attend any future meetings. When she refuses, he grabs her by the throat, but quickly relinquishes when one of their children enters the room.
Joseph and Madeline kiss, and it is revealed they had an affair a year ago.
Madeline locates a man named Saxon Baker whom she believes to be the alias of Saxon Banks. She shares this information with Jane and Celeste, and they plan to travel to San Luis Obispo together to confront him. Jane comments that she would kill Saxon Banks if she could, but quickly dismisses the remark as a joke when Madeline becomes concerned.
Ms. Barnes notices that Amabella is quiet and suspects she is still being hurt by a classmate. Despite Amabella's assertions that she and Ziggy are friends, Ms. Barnes requests that Jane take Ziggy to a child psychologist for evaluation. The psychologist believes that Ziggy is innocent, and that he may actually be being bullied himself. A follow-up appointment is scheduled.

5
"Once Bitten"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
1.17[17]

Nathan spots Jane at the gun range and tells Madeline. Although Jane reassures Madeline that she carries a gun solely for its psychological benefits, Madeline begins to regret tracking down Saxon Baker.
Renata discovers a bite mark on Amabella's arm, but Amabella refuses to disclose who bit her. Renata assumes it is Ziggy and a meeting is held between Jane and the school principal. Jane becomes concerned that the school community will learn Ziggy is the product of rape and be further prejudiced against him.
Madeline reads on Abigail's Facebook page that she is undertaking a "secret project" but is frustrated when Nathan knows nothing about it. Joseph approaches Madeline at lunch and insists she take a drive with him to talk. He wants to continue their relationship and is convinced Madeline still has feelings for him, but she maintains that their affair is over. During the drive they are involved in a car crash. Madeline is uninjured, while Joseph suffers a concussion and collapsed lung. The incident raises suspicion from community members, including Ed, and Joseph's wife, Tori, as to why Madeline and Joseph were driving together.
Perry is angered when Celeste does not ask the twins to tidy their toys. She responds by telling him to clean up the mess himself, triggering further violence from Perry, followed by aggressive sex and him breaking down in tears. Later, Dr. Reisman confronts Celeste with her belief that she is being abused and, although initially reluctant to accept this, Celeste eventually reveals that she has previously feared for her life and considered leaving Perry many times. The therapist urges Celeste to reflect on the future implications of Perry's behavior for their children.
Jane secretly travels to San Luis Obispo to confront Saxon Baker, taking her gun with her.

6
"Burning Love"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
1.39[18]

Jane reveals to Madeline that she went to confront Saxon Baker, but discovered he was not the Saxon Banks that had raped her. Madeline attempts to convince Jane to give up the search.
Ms. Barnes tells Jane a petition has begun to have Ziggy suspended. Jane confronts Renata, assuming she is the culprit, and, in the heat of the altercation, gouges her eye. She later apologizes, having come to the realization that they have both been acting to protect their children. Renata forgives Jane and reveals her plan to schedule playdates with each of Amabella's classmates to find out which one is hurting her.
Celeste's therapist advises her to prepare to leave Perry by renting an apartment and disclosing the abuse to friends, who could serve as witnesses in a potential custody battle. Later, Perry tries to initiate sex with Celeste. When rejected, he grabs her by the hair and she defensively hits him in the groin with a tennis racquet, fracturing his penis. Returning from the hospital, he tells Celeste she is "lucky" he didn't kill her. The following day she begins looking for an apartment.
At the opening night of Avenue Q, Tori confronts Madeline with suspicions that she had an affair with Joseph, whom she believes is still in love with Madeline. At home, Madeline and Ed have another argument about her lack of passion toward him, which culminates in her alluding to having made a "terrible mistake". However, before she can elaborate, Ed urges her not to say anymore.
Nathan discovers that Abigail's "secret project" is auctioning her virginity to raise money for Amnesty International. When Madeline is informed, she furiously confronts Abigail, disclosing her affair in the process.

7
"You Get What You Need"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)
1.86[19]

Most of the episode takes place on the day of the trivia night. Following another beating, Celeste decides to leave Perry the day after the trivia night. Ziggy confesses to Jane that it was Max who choked Amabella and that he has also been violent towards Skye. Madeline talks to Joseph about his wife knowing about their affair; their meeting ends in an argument. After confiding to Madeline over coffee, Jane tells Celeste that her son is the bully. Celeste goes home and asks Max to be truthful with her.
When preparing to leave for the trivia night, Perry sees a text message on Celeste's phone from the landlady of her secret apartment. He confronts her about it on the way to the party. Once at the venue, he tries to bar her from leaving the car, but she manages to escape when Renata and her husband come to greet them. At the party, Celeste tries to avoid Perry, and tells Renata that Max is the bully. Meanwhile, Madeline has gotten drunk and runs away during Ed's performance. Jane goes after her and finds her on top of concrete stairs at the back of the venue. Madeline is crying and tells Jane that she cheated on Ed. Renata also goes after them and apologizes to Jane for having blamed Ziggy.
Celeste joins the women, followed by Perry. Bonnie, who noticed Perry and Celeste arguing earlier, follows them and watches the group from afar. Jane realizes that Perry is the man who raped her. He pleads with Celeste to come back home with him, and when she declines, he attacks her, with Madeline, Jane and Renata struggling to control him. Bonnie rushes in and pushes Perry down the stairs, killing him.
In the police interviews, the women all confirm there was a fight with Perry, but claim he fell accidentally. While one of the detectives is suspicious, the police cannot prove anything as the women's stories match each other. In the last scene, the five women and their children are shown enjoying a day on the beach while being watched by the detective through binoculars.

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Big Little Lies has received wide acclaim from television critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 92%, based on 88 reviews, with an average rating of 8.05/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Bitingly funny and highly addictive, Big Little Lies is a twisty, thrilling, enlightening ride led by a first-rate cast."[20] Metacritic reported a score of 75 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[21]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref

69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series, Movie or Special
David Rubin
Won
[22]

Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie
Yves Bélanger
Nominated

Outstanding Contemporary Costumes for a Series, Limited Series or Movie
Alix Friedberg, Risa Garcia and Patricia McLaughlin
Won

Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie or Dramatic Special
Jean-Marc Vallée
Won

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie
Michelle Ceglia, Nickole C. Jones, Lona Vigi, Frances Mathias and Jocelyn Mulhern
Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Nicole Kidman
Won

Reese Witherspoon
Nominated

Outstanding Limited Series
Big Little Lies
Won

Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie (Non-Prosthetic)
Steve Artmont, Nicole Artmont, Angela Levin, Molly R Stern and Claudia Humburg
Nominated

Outstanding Music Supervision
Susan Jacobs
Won

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Limited Series or Movie
Veronique Barbe, David Berman, Justin LaChance, Maxime Lahaie, Sylvain Lebel and Jim Vega
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie
Gavin Fernandes, Louis Gignac and Brendan Beebe
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie
Alexander Skarsgård
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Laura Dern
Won

Shailene Woodley
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie or Dramatic Special
David E. Kelley
Nominated

33rd TCA Awards
Individual Achievement in Drama
Nicole Kidman
Nominated
[23]

Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries and Specials
Big Little Lies
Won

Program of the Year
Big Little Lies
Nominated

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: In July 2017, HBO revealed that a second season is possible, and that Moriarty had been asked to write a story for a second season.[24]

text: Media[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack for the series was released on Google Play and iTunes on March 31, 2017.[25]

text: Blu-ray and DVD[edit]

text: The miniseries was released on Blu-ray and DVD on August 1, 2017.[26]


document_title: Guillotine

question_text: who created the guillotine in the french revolution

text: Guillotine

text: Precursors[edit]

text: The use of beheading machines in Europe long predates such use during the French revolution in 1792. An early example of the principle is found in the High History of the Holy Grail, dated to about 1210. Although the device is imaginary, its function is clear.[3] The text says:

text: Within these three openings are the hallows set for them. And behold what I would do to them if their three heads were therein ... She setteth her hand toward the openings and draweth forth a pin that was fastened into the wall, and a cutting blade of steel droppeth down, of steel sharper than any razor, and closeth up the three openings. "Even thus will I cut off their heads when they shall set them into those three openings thinking to adore the hallows that are beyond."[3]

text: The Halifax Gibbet was a wooden structure consisting of two wooden uprights, capped by a horizontal beam, of a total height of 4.5 metres (15 ft). The blade was an axe head weighing 3.5 kg (7.7 lb), attached to the bottom of a massive wooden block that slid up and down in grooves in the uprights. This device was mounted on a large square platform 1.25 metres (4 ft) high. It is not known when the Halifax Gibbet was first used; the first recorded execution in Halifax dates from 1280, but that execution may have been by sword, axe, or gibbet. The machine remained in use until Oliver Cromwell forbade capital punishment for petty theft. It was used for the last time, for the execution of two criminals on a single day, on 30 April 1650.

text: Holinshed's Chronicles of 1577 included a picture of "The execution of Murcod Ballagh near Merton in Ireland in 1307" showing a similar execution machine, suggesting its early use in Ireland.[4]

text: The Maiden was constructed in 1564 for the Provost and Magistrates of Edinburgh, and it was in use from April 1565 to 1710. One of those executed was James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, in 1581, and a 1644 publication began circulating the legend that Morton himself had commissioned the Maiden after he had seen the Halifax Gibbet.[5] The Maiden was readily dismantled for storage and transport, and it is now on display in the National Museum of Scotland

text: France[edit]

text: Invention[edit]

text: Antoine Louis, together with German engineer Tobias Schmidt, built a prototype for the guillotine. Schmidt recommended using an angled blade as opposed to a round one.[6]

text: Introduction in France[edit]

text: On 10 October 1789, physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin proposed to the National Assembly that capital punishment should always take the form of decapitation "by means of a simple mechanism."[7]

text: Sensing the growing discontent, Louis XVI banned the use of the breaking wheel.[8] In 1791, as the French Revolution progressed, the National Assembly researched a new method to be used on all condemned people regardless of class, consistent with the idea that the purpose of capital punishment was simply to end life rather than to inflict pain.[8]

text: A committee was formed under Antoine Louis, physician to the King and Secretary to the Academy of Surgery.[8] Guillotin was also on the committee. The group was influenced by the Italian Mannaia (or Mannaja: which had been used ever since Roman times), the Scottish Maiden and the Halifax Gibbet, which was fitted with an axe head weighing 7 pounds 12 ounces (3.5 kg).[9] While these prior instruments usually crushed the neck or used blunt force to take off a head, devices also usually used a crescent blade and a lunette (a hinged two part yoke to immobilize the victim's neck).[8]

text: Laquiante, an officer of the Strasbourg criminal court,[10] designed a beheading machine and employed Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer and harpsichord maker, to construct a prototype.[11] Antoine Louis is also credited with the design of the prototype. The memoirs of the official executioner claim that King Louis XVI (an amateur locksmith) recommended that an oblique blade be used instead of a crescent blade.[12] The first execution by guillotine was performed on highwayman Nicolas Jacques Pelletier[13] on 25 April 1792.[14][15][16] He was executed in front of what is now the city hall of Paris (Place de l'hôtel de ville). All citizens deemed guilty of a crime punishable by death were from then on executed there, until the scaffold was moved on 21 August to the Place du Carrousel.

text: The machine was successful because it was considered a humane form of execution, contrasting with the methods used in pre-revolutionary Ancien Régime. In France, before the invention of the guillotine, members of the nobility were beheaded with a sword or an axe, which often took two or more blows to kill the condemned. (The condemned or their families would sometimes pay the executioner to ensure that the blade was sharp, to achieve a quick and relatively painless death.) Commoners were usually hanged, which could take many minutes. In the early phase of the French Revolution, the slogan À la lanterne (in English: To the Lamp Post!, String Them Up! or Hang Them!) had become a symbol of popular justice in revolutionary France. The revolutionary radicals hanged officials and aristocrats from street lanterns. Other more gruesome methods of execution were also used, such as the wheel or burning at the stake.

text: The guillotine was thus perceived to deliver an immediate death without risk of suffocation. Furthermore, having only one method of civil execution was seen as an expression of equality among citizens. The guillotine was then the only civil legal execution method in France until the abolition of the death penalty in 1981,[17] apart from certain crimes against the security of the state, or for the death sentences passed by military courts,[18] which entailed execution by firing squad.[19]

text: For a period of time after its invention, the guillotine was called a louisette. However, it was later named after Guillotin who had proposed that a less painful method of execution should be found in place of the breaking wheel, though he opposed the death penalty.

text: Reign of Terror[edit]

text: From June 1793 to July 1794 (the Reign of Terror) thousands were guillotined, beginning with Collenot d'Angremont of the National Guard in 1792. Former King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were executed in 1793. At this time, executions in Paris were carried out in the Place de la Revolution (former Place Louis XV and current Place de la Concorde); the guillotine stood in the corner near the Hôtel Crillon where the statue of Brest can be found today. For a time, executions by guillotine were a popular form of entertainment that attracted great crowds of spectators, with vendors selling programs listing the names of the condemned. But more than popular entertainment alone, during the Reign of Terror, the guillotine symbolized revolutionary ideals: equality in death equivalent to equality before the law, open and demonstrable revolutionary justice, and the destruction of privilege under the Ancien Régime which included separate forms of execution for the nobility.[20] As such, the guillotine was considered a positive force for progress by the Parisian sans-culottes, the popular public face of lower-class patriotic radicalism in the French Revolution.[21]

text: Retirement[edit]

text: After the French Revolution, executions began again in the city center. On 4 February 1832, the guillotine was moved behind the church of Saint Jacques, just before being moved again, to the Grande Roquette prison, on 29 November 1851.

text: On 6 August 1909, the guillotine was used on the junction of the Boulevard Arago and the Rue de la Santé, behind the La Santé Prison.

text: The last public guillotining in France was of Eugen Weidmann, who was convicted of six murders. He was beheaded on 17 June 1939 outside the prison Saint-Pierre, rue Georges Clemenceau 5 at Versailles, which is now the Palais de Justice. A number of problems with that execution (inappropriate behavior by spectators, incorrect assembly of the apparatus, and the fact that it was secretly filmed) caused the French government to order that future executions be conducted in private in the prison courtyard.[citation needed]

text: The guillotine remained the official method of execution in France until the death penalty was abolished in 1981.[2] The final three guillotinings in France before its abolition were those of child-murderers Christian Ranucci on 28 July 1976 in Marseille and Jérôme Carrein on 23 June 1977 in Douai, and torturer-murderer Hamida Djandoubi on 10 September 1977 in Marseille.

text: In the late 1840s the Tussaud brothers Joseph and Francis, gathering relics for Madame Tussauds wax museum, visited the aged Henry-Clément Sanson, grandson of the executioner Charles Henri Sanson, from whom they obtained parts, the knife and lunette, of one of the original guillotines used during the Reign of Terror. The executioner had "pawned his guillotine, and got into woeful trouble for alleged trafficking in municipal property".[22]

text: Elsewhere[edit]

text: A number of countries, primarily in Europe, continued to employ this method of execution into the 19th and 20th centuries.

text: In Antwerp (Belgium), the last person to be beheaded was Francis Kol. Convicted of robbery and murder, he received his punishment on 8 May 1856. During the period from 19 March 1798, until 30 March 1856, there were 19 beheadings in Antwerp.[23]

text: In Germany, where the guillotine is known as the Fallbeil ("falling axe"), it was used in various German states from the 17th century onwards,[citation needed] becoming the preferred method of execution in Napoleonic times in many parts of Germany. The guillotine and the firing squad were the legal methods of execution during the era of the German Empire (1871–1918) and the Weimar Republic (1919–1933).

text: The original German guillotines resembled the French Berger 1872 model, but they eventually evolved into more specialized machines largely built of metal with a much heavier blade enabling shorter uprights to be used. Accompanied by a more efficient blade recovery system and the eventual removal of the tilting board (or bascule) this allowed a quicker turn-around time between executions, those deemed likely to struggle were backed up from behind a curtain in order to shield their view of the device. Additionally, the blade was covered by a metal screen in order to hide it from sight.

text: The guillotine was used in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 to execute 16,500 prisoners, including 10,000 executions between 1944–1945 alone.[24] One of these Nazi executions was that of Sophie Scholl, who was convicted of high treason after distributing anti-Nazi pamphlets at the University of Munich with her brother Hans, and other members of the German student resistance group, the White Rose.[25] The guillotine was used for the last time in West Germany in 1949 (in the execution of Richard Schuh)[26] and it was last used in East Germany in 1966 (in the execution of Horst Fischer).[27] The guillotine was used in East Germany by the Stasi between 1950 and 1966 for secret executions.[28] In Switzerland it was used for the last time by the canton of Obwalden in the execution of murderer Hans Vollenweider in 1940.

text: The guillotine was also introduced into Greece in 1834, along with the firing squad, as a method of execution. It was last used in Greece in 1913.

text: In Sweden, where beheading became the mandatory method of execution in 1866, the guillotine replaced manual beheading in 1903 and it was used only once, in the execution of murderer Alfred Ander in 1910 at Långholmen Prison, Stockholm. He was also the last person to be executed in Sweden before capital punishment was abolished in that country in 1921. Swedish child killer Hilda Nilsson was scheduled to be executed by guillotine in 1917. She evaded that fate when her death sentence was commuted to life in prison. She hanged herself in prison rather than spend the rest of her life behind bars.[29][30]

text: In South Vietnam, after the Diệm regime enacted the 10/59 Decree in 1959, mobile special military courts were dispatched to the countryside in order to intimidate the rural population and they used guillotines which had belonged to the former French colonial power in order to carry out death sentences on the spot.[31] One such guillotine is still on show at the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City.[32]

text: The only recorded use of the guillotine in North America took place on the French island of St. Pierre in 1889 with a guillotine brought in from Guadeloupe. [33]

text: In 1996 in the US, Georgia State Representative Doug Teper[34] unsuccessfully sponsored a bill to replace that state's electric chair with the guillotine.[35]

text: In recent years, a number of individuals have committed suicide by means of a guillotine which they had constructed themselves.[36][37][38][39]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: From its first use, there has been debate as to whether the guillotine always provided a swift death as Guillotin had hoped. With previous methods of execution intended to be painful, there was little concern about the level of suffering that they inflicted. Because the guillotine was invented specifically to be humane, the issue of pain and suffering was seriously considered. Properly built and maintained, the guillotine and its blade cut quickly enough for there to be relatively little impact on the brain case, and perhaps there is less likelihood of immediate unconsciousness than there is with a more violent form of decapitation, or a long-drop hanging.[citation needed]

text: Despite claims of the guillotine being a superior method of execution, sometimes the machine may not have worked as intended - perhaps due to poor blade maintenance, inferior equipment, or other unforseen errors by the builder or operator. A likely apocryphal story was the execution of the 3rd Marquess of Becelaere, that did not go as intended. Members of the public testified that they needed to try three times before the Marquess lost his head, but these reports are unreliable.

text: Living Heads[edit]

text: The question of consciousness following decapitation remained a topic of discussion during the guillotine's use, both from an academic or medical viewpoint, as well as from a more vulgar and emotional public viewpoint driven by a fascination with the horror of a living, bodiless head.

text: Audiences to guillotinings told numerous stories of blinking eyelids, speaking, moving eyes, movement of the mouth, even an expression of "unequivocal indignation" on the face of the decapitated Charlotte Corday when her cheek was slapped.[citation needed]

text: The following report was written by Dr. Beaurieux, who experimented with the head of a condemned prisoner by the name of Henri Languille, on 28 June 1905:

text: Here, then, is what I was able to note immediately after the decapitation: the eyelids and lips of the guillotined man worked in irregularly rhythmic contractions for about five or six seconds. This phenomenon has been remarked by all those finding themselves in the same conditions as myself for observing what happens after the severing of the neck ...

text: I waited for several seconds. The spasmodic movements ceased. [...] It was then that I called in a strong, sharp voice: "Languille!" I saw the eyelids slowly lift up, without any spasmodic contractions – I insist advisedly on this peculiarity – but with an even movement, quite distinct and normal, such as happens in everyday life, with people awakened or torn from their thoughts.

text: Next Languille's eyes very definitely fixed themselves on mine and the pupils focused themselves. I was not, then, dealing with the sort of vague dull look without any expression, that can be observed any day in dying people to whom one speaks: I was dealing with undeniably living eyes which were looking at me. After several seconds, the eyelids closed again [...].

text: It was at that point that I called out again and, once more, without any spasm, slowly, the eyelids lifted and undeniably living eyes fixed themselves on mine with perhaps even more penetration than the first time. Then there was a further closing of the eyelids, but now less complete. I attempted the effect of a third call; there was no further movement – and the eyes took on the glazed look which they have in the dead.[40][41]

text: These widespread anecdotal claims, which vary in credibility, can be reevaluated in the light of recent neurological research on animals. In one study, attempting to address whether decapitation of research rats is a humane practice, the cognitive band (13-100 Hz) in the EEG patterns of decapitated rats reached levels hypothesized to be consistent with unconsciousness after 3.7 seconds on average. [42] More research in this area is needed, however, as EEG patterns and power levels are not a direct measure of consciousness (a poorly understood phenomenon), nor can results with rat biology be taken as conclusive for human biology.

text: Names for the guillotine[edit]

text: During the span of its usage, the French guillotine has gone by many names, some of which include these:

text:
La Monte-à-regret (The Regretful Climb)[43][44]
Le Rasoir National (The National Razor)[44]
Le Vasistas or La Lucarne (The Fanlight)[44][45]
La Veuve (The Widow)[44]
Le Moulin à Silence (The Silence Mill)[44]
Louisette or Louison (from the name of prototype designer Antoine Louis)[44]
Madame La Guillotine[46]
Mirabelle (from the name of Mirabeau)[44]
La Bécane (The Machine)[44]
Le Massicot (The Cutter)[45]
La Cravate à Capet (Capet's Necktie, Capet being Louis XVI)[45]
La Raccourcisseuse Patriotique (The Patriotic Shortener)[45]
La demi-lune (The Half-Moon)[45]
Les Bois de Justice (Woods of Justice)[45]
La Bascule à Charlot (Charlot's Rocking-chair)[45]
Le Prix Goncourt des Assassins (The Goncourt Prize for Murderers)[45]


document_title: Jane the Virgin

question_text: who is jane's best friend in jane the virgin

question_tokens: who is jane 's best friend in jane the virgin

text: Jane the Virgin

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in Miami, the series details the surprising and unforeseen events that take place in the life of Jane Gloriana Villanueva, a hard-working, religious young Venezuelan American woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until her marriage to her detective boyfriend are complicated when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup. To make matters worse, the biological donor is a married man, a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works, but was also her former teenage crush. In addition to adjusting to pregnancy and then motherhood, in the initial episodes Jane is faced with questions about her professional future and the daunting prospect of choosing between the father of her baby or her boyfriend. As the series evolves, in predictably unpredictable telenovela fashion, the issues shift as her child grows into a toddler, her writing career moves forward, and her family members likewise develop independent plotlines.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva, a 23-year-old, religious young Latina who becomes pregnant after being artificially inseminated by mistake while being engaged to Michael. After meeting Rafael and hearing his situation, she agrees to carry the baby full term and turn over custody to him and his wife Petra, but only if she is sure her baby will be safe and loved with them. Jane breaks off the engagement with Michael due to him keeping secrets from her regarding the Solanos. But, as the pregnancy grows, Rafael and Jane start to have feelings for each other, but the relationship doesn’t last very long. Jane ends up having a baby boy named Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva. She marries Michael Cordero in the season two finale. In the tenth episode of season three, she becomes widowed when he dies from his gunshot wound. She later finds her feelings resurfacing for Rafael again. Executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman stated that Gina Rodriguez "was literally the third person that came in" during the casting.[7]

Jenna Ortega as Young Jane, at age 10, is the most frequent (21 chapters as of season 3) of the four younger "Janes" seen in flashbacks.

Andrea Navedo as Xiomara "Xo" Gloriana Villanueva, Jane's outgoing mother. She was only sixteen years old when she had Jane, which is why Jane would rather keep her virginity until marriage than make the same mistake her mother did. She is a dance teacher, but dreams of having a singing career. She marries Jane's father in the Season three finale.

Catherine Toribio plays a younger Xiomara during some flashback sequences.

Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano (birthname: Natalia Andel, later Natalia Dvoracek), Rafael's scheming wife and a member of a shady Czech crime family who got married to Rafael in order to steal his wealth, though over time she did fall in love with him. She later divorces Rafael and in Season 2, she gives birth to their twin daughters, Anna and Ellie. (Formally Elsa but changed due to Petra hating the “Frozen” references)
Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano, the 31-year-old owner of the Marbella Hotel and the biological father of Jane's child, who has fallen out of love with his wife. As the series progresses, he develops growing feelings for Jane, and divorces Petra after discovering her affair. In season two, he has two daughters with Petra and, in season three, briefly goes to jail.
Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Villanueva, Jane's pious maternal grandmother. She is highly religious, and encourages Jane to save her virginity until marriage. Although she rarely speaks English, she understands it, since her granddaughter usually only speaks to her in English. She was in the country illegally until she got her green card in season two.
Brett Dier as Michael Cordero, Jr. (seasons 1–3), Jane's 29-year-old husband who was a detective. He is aware of Petra's affair, and blackmails her to ensure that her marriage remains intact, so that Jane will give the baby to them, however later he decides to support Jane's decision to keep the baby. He also dislikes Rafael due to Jane's, and eventually Rafael's, attraction to one another. He is the head detective in the hunt for Sin Rostro, a high-profile drug dealer who seems to be based in the Marbella Hotel, however he later quits to become a lawyer. Jane and Michael get married in the season two finale. He dies in season three by an aortic dissection caused by a gunshot.
Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega, a self-involved, famous telenovela star and Jane's biological father. He is currently trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter. He also has feelings for Xiomara, who was his girlfriend in high school. He marries Xiomara in the season three finale.
Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva (season 4), Jane and Rafael's baby. Named after Jane's grandfather and Alba's husband, who died before Jane was born.

Aria Rose Garcia as toddler Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva. Joseph Sanders played the role in the third season.

Anthony Mendez (voice over) as the Latin Lover Narrator; Third-person omniscient.[8] The narration features both metanarration and metafiction.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver, Rafael's lesbian, neurotic, recovering alcoholic sister, and the doctor who accidentally artificially inseminated Jane.
Bridget Regan as Rose, a former lawyer, former girlfriend of Luisa, and eventually stepmother of Luisa and Rafael who defends Luisa against the malpractice suit. She is later revealed to be the crime lord Sin Rostro, and is arrested in season three.

Megan Ketch as Susanna Barnett (season 2), Michael's partner who was in fact Rose in disguise. After being discovered, she shot Michael in the chest.
Elisabeth Röhm as Eileen (season 3), the second woman whose identity Rose steals for the next three years. In the meantime, the real Eileen murdered Scott.

Mia and Ella Allan as Anna and Elsa Solano (season 2-present), Petra and Rafael's twin daughters as a result of Petra's artificial insemination.
Carlo Rota as Emilio Solano (season 1), Luisa's biological father and Rafael's adopted father. He is murdered by his wife, Rose.
Michael Rady as Lachlan Moore (seasons 1-2), Rafael's rival and Petra's former fiancé.
Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan, Jane's best friend and co-worker.
Azie Tesfai as Detective Nadine Hansan (seasons 1-2), a police detective and rival, partner, and brief lover to Michael. She was killed taking a bullet that was meant for Michael, after she was revealed to be working with Sin Rostro.
Camille Collard as Frankie (season 1), Jane's co-worker and friend.
Brian Dare as Luca (seasons 1-2, 4), Jane's co-worker and friend.
Vanessa Merrell and Veronica Merrell as Valeria and Victoria (seasons 1-2), twins and Rogelio's former step-daughters.
Priscilla Barnes as Magda Andel, Petra's mother. She is confined to a wheelchair (but only pretends to be paraplegic) and she is Petra's co-conspirator in her plot to steal Rafael's hotel and wealth. While imprisoned, she was still working against Petra from inside; she is now out.
Yael Grobglas also portrays Anezka (seasons 2-4), Petra's long-lost twin sister who grew up with a rough life in the Czech Republic. At the end of the second season she drugs Petra and begins a scheme with Magda to impersonate Petra so they can gain controlling shares in the Marbella.
Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez (season 2, 4), one of Jane's teachers at grad school and briefly her love interest. Later found out that he is known for affairs with students.
Brian Jordan Alvarez as Wesley Masters (seasons 2), one of Jane's fellow students at grad school who used her for information to write an article on the Solano family.
Alano Miller as Roman Zazo (season 1), Rafael's best friend and Petra's lover. He is believed to be murdered in the hotel, causing tension for everyone, including Petra and Rafael.

Miller also portrays Aaron Zazo (season 1), Roman's twin brother, who appears from "Chapter Fourteen" onwards investigating his brother's murder, is later revealed to be Roman; it was Aaron who was murdered. Roman is later killed, in self-defense, by Petra.

Rita Moreno as Liliana De La Vega (seasons 1-2), Jane's paternal grandmother. She is the mother of Rogelio and is always sour on Xiomara and Rogelio's relationship.
Shelly Bhalla as Krishna (season 2-present), Petra's assistant, formerly Rafael's assistant
Cástulo Guerra as Manuel De La Vega (season 2), Jane's paternal grandfather. He is the father of Rogelio and has recently came out as gay.
Dennis Mencia as Mateo Villanueva (season 2), Alba's late husband and the maternal grandfather of Jane. His great-grandson is named in honor of him.
Sofia Pernas as Catalina Maria Mora (season 3), Jane's newfound maternal cousin and a brief love interest of Rafael.
Ricardo Chavira as Bruce (season 3), Xiomara's boyfriend of three years who she becomes briefly engaged to, only to break things off due to her lingering feelings for Rogelio.
Justina Machado as Darci Factor (seasons 3-present), Rogelio's ex-girlfriend and the mother of her and Rogelio's daughter “Baby Michaelina de la Vega Factor”. She runs a matchmaking business.
Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge (seasons 3-present), Alba's love interest, later boyfriend.
Johnny Messner as Chuck Chesser (seasons 3-present), the new owner of the rival hotel to the Marbella who serves as a new love interest for Petra.
Francisco San Martin as Fabian (seasons 3-4), Rogelio's costar on telenovela Los Viajes de Guillermo who has a brief fling with Jane.
Tyler Posey as Adam Alvaro (seasons 3-4), Jane's first love and later boyfriend, who is bisexual.
Rosario Dawson as Jane Ramos (season 4), Petra’s attorney and love interest.

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Jane the Virgin is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on The CW on October 13, 2014. The series follows Jane Villanueva, a hard-working, religious young Latina woman whose vow to save her virginity until marriage is shattered when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup. To make matters worse, the biological donor is a married man, a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works, but was also her former teenage crush.

text: The show was ordered to series on May 8, 2014[9], followed by a full season order on October 21, 2014.[10] On January 11, 2015, the show was renewed for a second season.[11] On March 11, 2016, the show was renewed for a third season.[12] On January 8, 2017, the show was renewed for a fourth season[13], which debuted on October 13, 2017.[14]

text: As of April 13, 2018,[update] 80 episodes of Jane the Virgin have aired.

text: Series overview[edit]

text: <onlyinclude>

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)

2
22
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)

3
20
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)

4
17[15]
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)[16]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014-15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter One"
Brad Silberling
Teleplay by : Jennie Snyder Urman
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
1.61[17]

2
2
"Chapter Two"
Uta Briesewitz
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)
1.36[18]

3
3
"Chapter Three"
Brad Silberling
Meredith Averill
October 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)
1.09[19]

4
4
"Chapter Four"
Debbie Allen
Corinne Brinkerhoff
November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)
1.01[20]

5
5
"Chapter Five"
Edward Ornelas
Josh Reims
November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)
1.22[21]

6
6
"Chapter Six"
Jann Turner
Paul Sciarrotta
November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)
1.09[22]

7
7
"Chapter Seven"
Janice Cooke
David S. Rosenthal
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)
0.96[23]

8
8
"Chapter Eight"
Norman Buckley
Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
1.22[24]

9
9
"Chapter Nine"
Zetna Fuentes
Corinne Brinkerhoff
December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)
1.28[25]

10
10
"Chapter Ten"
Elodie Keene
Meredith Averill & Christopher Oscar Peña
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
1.39[26]

11
11
"Chapter Eleven"
Joanna Kerns
Gracie Glassmeyer
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
1.55[27]

12
12
"Chapter Twelve"
Gina Lamar
David S. Rosenthal
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
1.24[28]

13
13
"Chapter Thirteen"
Howard Deutch
Josh Reims
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
1.34[29]

14
14
"Chapter Fourteen"
Brad Silberling
Paul Sciarrotta
February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)
1.31[30]

15
15
"Chapter Fifteen"
Melanie Mayron
Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
1.26[31]

16
16
"Chapter Sixteen"
Joanna Kerns
Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
1.10[32]

17
17
"Chapter Seventeen"
Uta Briesewitz
Amy Rardin & Jessica O'Toole
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
0.93[33]

18
18
"Chapter Eighteen"
Edward Ornelas
Meredith Averill
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
1.03[34]

19
19
"Chapter Nineteen"
Robert Luketic
Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
1.05[35]

20
20
"Chapter Twenty"
Debbie Allen
Corinne Brinkerhoff & Paul Sciarrotta
April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)
1.06[36]

21
21
"Chapter Twenty-One"
Stuart Gillard
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)
1.05[37]

22
22
"Chapter Twenty-Two"
Zetna Fuentes
Josh Reims & Jennie Snyder Urman
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
1.24[38]

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Chapter Twenty-Three"
Brad Silberling
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
1.06[39]

24
2
"Chapter Twenty-Four"
Edward Ornelas
David S. Rosenthal
October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19)
0.84[40]

25
3
"Chapter Twenty-Five"
Robert Luketic
Corinne Brinkerhoff
October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)
0.94[41]

26
4
"Chapter Twenty-Six"
Zetna Fuentes
Paul Sciarrotta
November 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)
1.09[42]

27
5
"Chapter Twenty-Seven"
Jann Turner
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
November 9, 2015 (2015-11-09)
1.11[43]

28
6
"Chapter Twenty-Eight"
Melanie Mayron
Corinne Brinkerhoff & Micah Schraft
November 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)
1.10[44]

29
7
"Chapter Twenty-Nine"
Edward Ornelas
David S. Rosenthal & Dara Resnick Creasey
November 23, 2015 (2015-11-23)
0.98[45]

30
8
"Chapter Thirty"
Uta Briesewitz
Paul Sciarrotta & Carolina Rivera
December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)
0.98[46]

31
9
"Chapter Thirty-One"
Joanna Kerns
Emmylou Diaz & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
0.99[47]

32
10
"Chapter Thirty-Two"
Jason Reilly
Micah Schraft
February 1, 2016 (2016-02-01)
1.04[48]

33
11
"Chapter Thirty-Three"
Uta Briesewitz
Michael J. Cinquemani
February 8, 2016 (2016-02-08)
0.94[49]

34
12
"Chapter Thirty-Four"
Howard Deutch
Madeline Hendricks
February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)
0.94[50]

35
13
"Chapter Thirty-Five"
Melanie Mayron
Chantelle M. Wells
February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)
0.91[51]

36
14
"Chapter Thirty-Six"
Uta Briesewitz
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)
0.92[52]

37
15
"Chapter Thirty-Seven"
Melanie Mayron
Sarah Goldfinger
March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)
0.77[53]

38
16
"Chapter Thirty-Eight"
Georgina Garcia Riedel
Micah Schraft
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)
0.94[54]

39
17
"Chapter Thirty-Nine"
Matthew Diamond
Carolina Rivera
April 11, 2016 (2016-04-11)
0.93[55]

40
18
"Chapter Forty"
Anna Mastro
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
April 18, 2016 (2016-04-18)
0.96[56]

41
19
"Chapter Forty-One"
Gina Lamar
Joe Lawson
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)
0.84[57]

42
20
"Chapter Forty-Two"
Zetna Fuentes
Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02)
0.86[58]

43
21
"Chapter Forty-Three"
Melanie Mayron
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Paul Sciarrotta
May 9, 2016 (2016-05-09)
0.90[59]

44
22
"Chapter Forty-Four"
Jann Turner
Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)
0.97[60]

text: Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

45
1
"Chapter Forty-Five"
Gina Lamar
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
1.09[61]

46
2
"Chapter Forty-Six"
Brad Silberling
David S. Rosenthal & Paul Sciarrotta
October 24, 2016 (2016-10-24)
1.10[62]

47
3
"Chapter Forty-Seven"
Eva Longoria Baston
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
October 31, 2016 (2016-10-31)
0.97[63]

48
4
"Chapter Forty-Eight"
Melanie Mayron
Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07)
1.08[64]

49
5
"Chapter Forty-Nine"
Anna Mastro
Paul Sciarrotta
November 14, 2016 (2016-11-14)
0.93[65]

50
6
"Chapter Fifty"
Melanie Mayron
Valentina Garza & David S. Rosenthal
November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)
1.01[66]

51
7
"Chapter Fifty-One"
Gina Lamar
Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
November 28, 2016 (2016-11-28)
1.15[67]

52
8
"Chapter Fifty-Two"
Anna Mastro
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
January 23, 2017 (2017-01-23)
0.99[68]

53
9
"Chapter Fifty-Three"
Gina Lamar
Chantelle M. Wells
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)
0.91[69]

54
10
"Chapter Fifty-Four"
Melanie Mayron
Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman
February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06)
0.93[70]

55
11
"Chapter Fifty-Five"
Brad Silberling
Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman
February 13, 2017 (2017-02-13)
1.07[71]

56
12
"Chapter Fifty-Six"
Matthew Diamond
Valentina Garza
February 20, 2017 (2017-02-20)
1.06[72]

57
13
"Chapter Fifty-Seven"
Zetna Fuentes
Madeline Hendricks
February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)
0.88[73]

58
14
"Chapter Fifty-Eight"
Melanie Mayron
Merigan Mulhern
March 20, 2017 (2017-03-20)
0.84[74]

59
15
"Chapter Fifty-Nine"
Anna Mastro
Deidre Shaw
March 27, 2017 (2017-03-27)
0.89[75]

60
16
"Chapter Sixty"
Micah Schraft
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)
0.79[76]

61
17
"Chapter Sixty-One"
Melanie Mayron
Paul Sciarrotta
May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01)
0.77[77]

62
18
"Chapter Sixty-Two"
Fernando Sariñana
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & David S. Rosenthal
May 8, 2017 (2017-05-08)
0.99[78]

63
19
"Chapter Sixty-Three"
Gina Lamar
Paul Sciarrotta
May 15, 2017 (2017-05-15)
0.76[79]

64
20
"Chapter Sixty-Four"
Melanie Mayron
Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)
0.96[80]

text: Season 4 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

65
1
"Chapter Sixty-Five"
Brad Silberling
Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
0.68[81]

66
2
"Chapter Sixty-Six"
Gina Lamar
Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
0.61[82]

67
3
"Chapter Sixty-Seven"
Fernando Sariñana
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
0.60[83]

68
4
"Chapter Sixty-Eight"
Gina Lamar
Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
0.69[84]

69
5
"Chapter Sixty-Nine"
Stuart Gillard
Paul Sciarrotta
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
0.65[85]

70
6
"Chapter Seventy"
Melanie Mayron
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
0.61[86]

71
7
"Chapter Seventy-One"
Micah Schraft
Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
0.65[87]

72
8
"Chapter Seventy-Two"
Melanie Mayron
Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta
January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)
0.68[88]

73
9
"Chapter Seventy-Three"
Eric Lea
Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells
February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)
0.67[89]

74
10
"Chapter Seventy-Four"
Gina Rodriguez
Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)
0.80[90]

75
11
"Chapter Seventy-Five"
Gina Lamar
Merigan Mulhern
March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)
0.59[91]

76
12
"Chapter Seventy-Six"
Melanie Mayron
Leah Longoria
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
0.58[92]

77
13
"Chapter Seventy-Seven"
Gina Lamar
Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
0.59[93]

78
14
"Chapter Seventy-Eight"
Justin Baldoni
Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
0.65[94]

79
15
"Chapter Seventy-Nine"
Gina Lamar
Paul Sciarrotta
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
0.53[95]

80
16
"Chapter Eighty"
Micah Schraft
Micah Schraft
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
0.57[96]

81
17
"Chapter Eighty-One"[97]
Gina Lamar
Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta
April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]