document_title: List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress

question_text: president of congress session in 1929 at lahore

text: History[edit]

text: During 1885–1933, the presidency had a term of 1 year only. Traditionally, the post rotated between prominent members of the party, successive terms for the same person being frowned upon. During Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership, he rarely held the Presidency of INC, even though he was always head of the Legislative Party.

text: Indira Gandhi however, institutionalized the practice of having the same person as the Congress President and the Prime Minister after the first Congress split of 1969. Her son Rajiv Gandhi continued that practice.

text: Narasimha Rao too held both the Congress President and the Prime Minister's posts. Sitaram Kesri held the post after INC was voted out. But as the INC never returned to power under his leadership, he didn't hold the two posts together.

text: During 2000–09, INC did not host a conference for the first time in history. In 2004, when the INC was voted back into power, Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister, not to be the president of the party. Sonia Gandhi is the longest serving president of the Congress party, having held the office for nineteen years from 1998 to 2017.[1] Her son Rahul Gandhi is the current Congress President.

text: Presidents[edit]

text:
No.

Name of President

Picture

Life span

Year of Presidency

Place of Conference

1

W. C. Bonnerjee

29 December 1844 – 1906

1885

Bombay

2

Dadabhai Naoroji

4 September 1825 – 1917

1886

Calcutta

3

Badruddin Tyabji

10 October 1844 – 1906

1887

Madras

4

George Yule

1829–1892

1888

Allahabad

5

William Wedderburn

1838–1918

1889

Bombay

6

Pherozeshah Mehta

4 August 1845 – 1915

1890

Calcutta

7

Anandacharlu

August 1843 – 1908

1891

Nagpur

8

Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee

29 December 1844 – 1906

1892

Allahabad

9

Dadabhai Naoroji

4 September 1825 – 1917

1893

Lahore

10

Alfred Webb

1834–1908

1894

Madras

11

Surendranath Banerjee

10 November 1848 – 1925

1895

Poona

12

Rahimtulla M. Sayani

5 April 1847 – 1902

1896

Calcutta

13

C. Sankaran Nair

11 July 1857 – 1934

1897

Amravati

14

Anandamohan Bose

23 September 1847 – 1906

1898

Madras

15

Romesh Chunder Dutt

13 August 1848 – 1909

1899

Lucknow

16

N. G. Chandavarkar

2 December 1855 – 1923

1900

Lahore

17

Dinshaw Edulji Wacha

2 August 1844 – 1936

1901

Calcutta

18

Surendranath Banerjee

10 November 1825 – 1917

1902

Ahmedabad

19

Lalmohan Ghosh

1848–1909

1903

Madras

20

Henry Cotton

1845–1915

1904

Bombay

21

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

9 May 1866 – 1915

1905

Benares

22

Dadabhai Naoroji

4 September 1825 – 1917

1906

Calcutta

23

Rashbihari Ghosh

23 December 1845 – 1921

1907

Surat

24

Rashbihari Ghosh

23 December 1845 – 1921

1908

Madras

25

Madan Mohan Malaviya

25 December 1861 – 1946

1909

Lahore

26

William Wedderburn

1838–1918

1910

Allahabad

27

Bishan Narayan Dar

1864–1916

1911

Calcutta

28

Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar

1857–1921

1912

Bankipore

29

Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur

?–1919

1913

Karachi

30

Bhupendra Nath Bose

1859–1924

1914

Madras

31

Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha

March 1863 – 1928

1915

Bombay

32

Ambica Charan Mazumdar

1850–1922

1916

Lucknow

33

Annie Besant

1 October 1847 – 1933

1917

Calcutta

34

Madan Mohan Malaviya

25 December 1861 – 1946

1918

Delhi

35

Syed Hasan Imam

31 August 1871 – 1933

1918

Bombay (Special Session)

36

Motilal Nehru

6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931

1919

Amritsar

37

Lala Lajpat Rai

28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928

1920

Calcutta (Special Session)

38

C. Vijayaraghavachariar

1852 – 19 April 1944

1920

Nagpur

39

Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das  (President)
Hakim Ajmal Khan (Acting President)

1863 – 29 December 1927

1921

Ahmedabad

40

Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das

5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925

1922

Gaya

41

Mohammad Ali Jouhar

10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931

1923

Kakinada

42

Abul Kalam Azad

1888 – 22 February 1958

1923

Delhi (Special Session)

43

Mohandas Gandhi

2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948

1924

Belgaum

44

Sarojini Naidu

13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949

1925

Kanpur

45

S. Srinivasa Iyengar

September 11, 1874 – 19 May 1941

1926

Gauhati

46

Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari

25 December 1880 – 10 May 1936

1927

Madras

47

Motilal Nehru

6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931

1928

Calcutta

48

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1929 & 30

Lahore

49

Vallabhbhai Patel

31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950

1931

Karachi

50

Madan Mohan Malaviya

25 December 1861 – 1946

1932

Delhi

51

Nellie Sengupta

1886–1973

1933

Calcutta

52

Rajendra Prasad

3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963

1934 & 35

Bombay

53

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1936

Lucknow

54

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1936

Faizpur

55

Subhas Chandra Bose

23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945

1938

Haripura

56

Subhas Chandra Bose (resigned) Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after the session.

23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945

1939

Tripuri near Jabalpur

57

Abul Kalam Azad

1888 – 22 February 1958

1940–46

Ramgarh

58

J. B. Kripalani

1888 – 19 March 1982

1947

Meerut

59

Pattabhi Sitaraimayya

24 December 1880 – 17 December 1959

1948 & 49

Jaipur

60

Purushottam Das Tandon

1 August 1882 – 1 July 1961

1950

Nasik

61

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1951 & 52

Delhi

62

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1953

Hyderabad

63

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1954

Calcutta

64

U. N. Dhebar

21 September 1905 – 1977

1955

Avadi

65

U. N. Dhebar

21 September 1905 – 1977

1956

Amritsar

66

U. N. Dhebar

21 September 1905 – 1977

1957

Indore

67

U. N. Dhebar

21 September 1905 – 1977

1958

Gauhati

68

U. N. Dhebar

21 September 1905 – 1977

1959

Nagpur

69

Indira Gandhi

19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984

1959

Delhi (Special Session)

70

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996

1960

Bangalore

71

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996

1961

Bhavnagar

72

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996

1962 & 63

Patna

73

K. Kamaraj

15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975

1964

Bhubaneswar

74

K. Kamaraj

15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975

1965

Durgapur

75

K. Kamaraj

15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975

1966 & 67

Jaipur

76

S. Nijalingappa

10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000

1968

Hyderabad

77

S. Nijalingappa

10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000

1969

Faridabad

78

Jagjivan Ram

5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986

1970 & 71

Bombay

79

Shankar Dayal Sharma

19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999

1972–74

Calcutta

80

Devakanta Barua

22 February 1914 – 1996

1975–77

Chandigarh

81

Indira Gandhi

19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984

1978–83

Delhi

82

Indira Gandhi

19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984

1983 & 84

Calcutta

83

Rajiv Gandhi

20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991

1985–91

Bombay

84

P. V. Narasimha Rao

28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004

1992–96

Tirupati

85

Sitaram Kesri

November 1919 – 24 October 2000

1996–98

Calcutta

86

Sonia Gandhi

9 December 1946

1998–2017

Calcutta

87

Rahul Gandhi

19 June 1970

2017 -Present

Delhi


document_title: Ministry of Defence (India)

question_text: who is chief of defence staff in india

question_tokens: who is chief of defence staff in india

root

text: Ministry of Defence (India)

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: A Military Department was created by the Supreme Government of the British East India Company at Kolkata in the year 1776.[11] Its main function was to co-ordinate and record orders, relating to the Army, issued by various Departments of the Government of the East India Company. The Military Department initially functioned as a branch of the Public Department and maintained a list of Army personnel.[11]

tag: p

text: With the Charter Act of 1833 the Secretariat of the Government of the East India Company was re-organised into four Departments, each headed by a Secretary to the Government.[11] The Armies in the Presidencies of Bengal, Bombay & Madras functioned as the respective Presidency Armies until April 1895, when the Presidency Armies were unified into a single Indian Army. For administrative convenience, it was divided into four Commands; Punjab (including the North West Frontier), Bengal (including Burma), Madras and Bombay (including Sind, Quetta and Aden).[11]

text: The supreme authority over the Indian Army was vested in the Governor General-in-Council, subject to the Control of the Crown, which was exercised by the Secretary of State for India. Two Members in the Council were responsible for military affairs. One was the Military Member, who supervised all administrative and financial matters. The other was the Commander-in-Chief who was responsible for all operational matters.[11] The Military Department was abolished in March 1906 and was replaced by two separate Departments; the Army Department and the Military Supply Department. In April 1909 the Military Supply Department was abolished and its functions were taken over by the Army Department. The Army Department was re-designated as the Defence Department in January 1938. The Department of Defence became the Ministry of Defence under a Cabinet Minister in August 1947.[11]

text: Post Independence Changes[edit]

text: The functions of MOD which in 1947 was mainly logistic support to the Armed Forces, has undergone far reaching changes. In November 1962, following the 1962 war, a Department of Defence Production was set-up to deal with research, development and production of defence equipment. In November 1965, the Department of Defence Supplies was created for planning and execution of schemes for import substitution of requirements for defence purposes. These two Departments were later merged to form the Department of Defence Production and Supplies.

text: In 1980, the Department of Defence Research and Development was created. In January 2004, the Department of Defence Production and Supplies was renamed the Department of Defence Production. A Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister was appointed to advise on scientific aspects of military equipment and the research and design of Defence forces equipment. The Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare was created in 2004.

text: Organisation[edit]

text: Departments[edit]

text: The Ministry of Defence consists of four Departments; Department of Defence, Department of Defence Production, Department of Defence Research & Development, and Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare. The Defence Secretary functions as head of the Department of Defence,[12][13] and is additionally responsible for coordinating the activities of the four Departments in the Ministry.[12][13]

text: The principal functions of all the Departments are as follows:

text:
The Department of Defence (DoD), headed by the Defence Secretary, deals with the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS), the three Services, the Indian Coast Guard, the paramilitary forces and various Inter-Service Organisations. It is also responsible for the Defence Budget, establishment matters, defence policy, matters relating to the Parliament, defence co-operation with foreign countries and coordination of all activities.[12][13]
The Department of Defence Production (DPP), headed by the Defence Production Secretary, was set up in November 1962 and is responsible for matters pertaining to defence production, planning and control of departmental production units of the Ordnance Factories Board, indigenisation of imported stores equipment and spares, and for Defence Public Sector Undertakings (HAL, BEL, BEML, BDL, MDL, GSL, GRSE, Midhani).[13][14]
The Department of Defence Research and Development (DDRD), headed by the Defence Research and Development Secretary and ex-officio Chairman of DRDO, was formed in 1958, after the three-way merger of Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production (DTDP) and the Defence Science Organisation (DSO). The Department is responsible for Defence Research Development Organization (DRDO).[13][15]
The Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare (DESW), headed by the Ex-Servicemen Welfare Secretary, was set up in 2004 to look after Veteran Affairs. The Directorate General of Resettlement, the Kendriya Sainik Welfare Board and Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme come under the purview of DESW.[13][16]

tag: ul

text: Universities and Institutes[edit]

text: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Defence Institute of Psychological Research and National Defence University come under administration and purview of the Ministry of Defence.

text: Inter-Services organisations[edit]

text:
Officers Training Academy
Indian Military Academy
Military Engineer Services
Armed Forces Medical Services
Directorate General Resettlement
National Defence College
Directorate General of Defence Estates
Directorate of Public Relations
Canteen Stores Department
Army Purchase Organisation
Services Sports Control Board
National Cadet Corps
National Defence Academy
Directorate General Quality Assurance
Armed Forces Films and Photo Division
Armed Forces Medical College
History Division, Ministry of Defence
College of Defence Management
Defence Services Staff College
Ministry of Defence Library
Border Roads Development Board/Border Roads Organisation
Strategic Information Services
Tactical Intelligence Division

text: Integrated Defence Staff (IDS)[edit]

text: To ensure a high degree of synergy between the Armed forces, the Government has set up the Integrated Defence Staff, headed by the Chief of Integrated Staff as the Chairman. It was created on 1 October 2001 based on the recommendations of the Group of Ministers which was set up in 2000 (post-Kargil) to review India's defence management.[17] It acts as the point organisation for integration of policy, doctrine, war fighting and procurement by employing best management practices. The current Chief of Integrated Defence Staff is Lieutenant General Satish Dua, who took over on 31 October 2016.[18]

text: Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC)[edit]

text: 'Chiefs of Staff are the authority for advising the Defence Minister and normally through him the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs on all military matters which require ministerial consideration'. The IDS is 'the principal arm and Secretariat to the Chiefs of Staff Committee'[19][20]

text: Composition[edit]

text: The COSC is composed of: (a) Chief of the Army Staff (COAS); (b) Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS); (c) Chief of the Air Staff (CAS); and (d) Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CIDS) (non-voting member). The Scientific Adviser to the Minister of Defence is invited to attend when ever needed.[19]

text: The senior most member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) is appointed its Chairman. Admiral Sunil Lanba is the current head of COSC.[19]

text: Strategic Information Services/Tactical Intelligence Division[edit]

text: SIS/TID is a highly classified division within the walls of Ministry of Defence under the Government of India. Very limited information is available for this division.

text: Role[edit]

text: The responsibility for national defence "rests with the Cabinet, which is discharged through the Ministry of Defence, which provides the policy framework and wherewithal to the Armed Forces to discharge their responsibilities in the context of the defence of the country. The Raksha Mantri (Defence Minister) is the head of the Ministry of Defence."[11]

text: The Defence Ministry is responsible for "obtaining policy directions of the Government on all defence and security related matters" and communicating these directions to "Services Headquarters, Inter-Services Organisations, Production Establishments and Research and Development Organisations".[11] The MoD works closely with the National Security Council, Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Home Affairs.

text: Ministers[edit]

text: MoD is headed by the Union Cabinet Minister for Defence, who is supported by one, or more than one, Ministers of State.[11]

text:
Minister

Rank

Portfolio

Nirmala Sitharaman

Minister of Defence

Overall responsibility.

Dr. Subhash Bhamre

Minister of State

Charter of duties includes secondary logistic and administrative functions.

tag: table

text: Senior officials[edit]

text: There are about 400,000 defence civilians, under the MOD including Ministry of Finance personnel attached to MOD. In 2015–16 Defence pension bill was ₹54,500 crores of which about 36 percent was on account of defence civilians.[66]

text: Defence Secretary, other senior officials and Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister[edit]

text: The Ministers are supported by a number of civilian, scientific and professional military advisers.

text: The Defence Secretary as head of the Department of Defence,[12] is the senior most civil servant in the Ministry and is responsible for co-coordinating the activities of the four Departments in the Ministry.[12] His/Her role is to ensure that the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government.[21][22][12] Defence Secretary is assisted by Additional Secretaries and Joint Secretaries to Government of India posted in the Ministry. The Defence Secretary, generally is an officer from the Indian Administrative Service, apart from the Defence Secretary, there are three more Secretary-level posts in the Ministry of Defence.

text: Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister plays a key role in formulation of R&D policies and promoting self-reliance in Indian Defence Industries.

text:
Senior officials in the Ministry of Defence[23][24][25][26]
hide

Name

Designation

Sanjay Mitra, IAS

Defence Secretary[27]

Dr. G. Satheesh Reddy

Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister and Director General (Missiles and Strategic Systems)

text: Civil Services under MOD[edit]

text:
Civil Services under the Ministry of Defence
hide

Name of Service

Group

1

Indian Naval Material Management Service (INMMS)

A

2

Border Roads Engineering Service (BRES)

A

3

Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service (DAQAS)

A

4

Defence Quality Assurance Service (DQAS)

A

5

Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS)

A

6

Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS)

A

7

Indian Defence Estates Service (IDES)

A

8

Indian Defence Service of Engineers (IDSE)

A

9

Indian Naval Armament Service (INAS)

A

10

Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)

A

11

Indian Ordnance Factories Health Service (IOFHS)

A

12

Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Services

B

text: Finance Division[edit]

text: The Finance Division of the Ministry of Defence is headed by the Financial Advisor (Defence Services). He/she exercises financial control over proposals involving expenditure from the Defence Budget and is responsible for the internal audit and accounting of defence expenditure. In the latter tasks, s/he is assisted by the Controller General of Defence Accounts (CGDA).

text: Chiefs of the Tri-Services[edit]

text: In 1955, the title of Commander-in-Chief was abolished and the three Service Chiefs were designated as the Chief of the Army Staff, the Chief of the Naval Staff and the Chief of the Air Staff. The heads of the three services of Indian Armed Forces are:

text:
Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) — General Bipin Rawat
Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) — Admiral Sunil Lanba
Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) — Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa


document_title: List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks

question_text: who holds the mlb record for most consecutive wins

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes streaks that contain unofficial tie(s) not included in the win totals

**
Denotes streaks that spanned over two seasons

Denotes streaks that are currently in progress

*
Denotes season in which team won the World Series

text: Game streaks[edit]

text: Regular season[edit]

text: This list contains the top 30 streaks consisting entirely of regular-season games.

text:
Rank
Games
Team
Season(s)
Season
record(s)
Date
Score
Opponent
Date
Score
Opponent

Beginning (first victory)
End (first defeat)

1
26^
New York Giants
1916
86–66
000000001916-09-07-0000September 7, 1916
4–1
Brooklyn Robins
000000001916-09-30-0000September 30, 1916
3–8
Boston Braves

2
22
Cleveland Indians
2017
102–60
000000002017-08-24-0000August 24, 2017
13–6
Boston Red Sox
000000002017-09-15-0000September 15, 2017
3–4
Kansas City Royals

7000200000000000000♠3 (tie)
21^
Chicago White Stockings
1880
67–17
000000001880-06-02-0000June 2, 1880
5–4
Boston Braves
000000001880-07-10-0000July 10, 1880
0–2
Cleveland Spiders

7000200000000000000♠3 (tie)
21
Chicago Cubs
1935
100–54
000000001935-09-04-0000September 4, 1935
8–2
Philadelphia Phillies
000000001935-09-28-0000September 28, 1935
5–7 (11)
St. Louis Cardinals

7000500000000000000♠5 (tie)
20
St. Louis Maroons
1884
94–19
000000001884-04-20-0000April 20, 1884
7–2
Chicago/Pittsburgh
000000001884-05-24-0000May 24, 1884
1–8
Boston Reds

7000500000000000000♠5 (tie)
20
Providence Grays
1884
84–28
000000001884-08-07-0000August 7, 1884
4–2
New York Giants
000000001884-09-09-0000September 9, 1884
0–2
Buffalo Bisons

7000500000000000000♠5 (tie)
20
Oakland Athletics
2002
103–59
000000002002-08-13-0000August 13, 2002
5–4
Toronto Blue Jays
000000002002-09-06-0000September 6, 2002
0–6
Minnesota Twins

7000800000000000000♠8 (tie)
19^
Chicago White Sox
1906*
93–58
000000001906-08-02-0000August 2, 1906
3–0
Boston Americans
000000001906-08-25-0000August 25, 1906
4–5
Washington Senators

7000800000000000000♠8 (tie)
19
New York Yankees
1947*
97–57
000000001947-06-29-0000June 29, 1947
3–1
Washington Senators
000000001947-07-18-0000July 18, 1947
0–8
Detroit Tigers

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
18
Chicago White Stockings
1885
87–25
000000001885-06-01-0000June 1, 1885
6–0
Detroit Wolverines
000000001885-06-25-0000June 25, 1885
0–2
Philadelphia Phillies

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
18^
Boston Beaneaters
1891
87–51
000000001891-09-16-0000September 16, 1891
7–2
Chicago Colts
000000001891-10-03-0000October 3, 1891
3–5
Philadelphia Phillies

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
18
New York Giants
1904
106–47
000000001904-06-16-0000June 16, 1904
4–3
St. Louis Cardinals
000000001904-07-04-0000July 4, 1904
5–6
Philadelphia Phillies

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
18
New York Yankees
1953*
99–52
000000001953-05-27-0000May 27, 1953
3–1
Washington Senators
000000001953-06-16-0000June 16, 1953
1–3
St. Louis Browns

7001140000000000000♠14 (tie)
17
St. Louis Browns
18851
79–33
000000001885-05-05-0000May 5, 1885
12–4
Louisville Colonels
000000001885-06-02-0000June 2, 1885
1–7
Baltimore Orioles

7001140000000000000♠14 (tie)
17
Boston Beaneaters
1897
93–39
000000001897-05-31-0000May 31, 1897
25–5
St. Louis Cardinals
000000001897-06-22-0000June 22, 1897
4–7
Brooklyn Bridegrooms

7001140000000000000♠14 (tie)
17
New York Giants
1907
82–71
000000001907-04-25-0000April 25, 1907
6–3
Philadelphia Phillies
000000001907-05-20-0000May 20, 1907
4–6
St. Louis Cardinals

7001140000000000000♠14 (tie)
17
Washington Senators
1912
91–61
000000001912-05-30-0000May 30, 1912
5–0
Boston Red Sox
000000001912-06-19-0000June 19, 1912
1–2
Philadelphia Athletics

7001140000000000000♠14 (tie)
17
New York Giants
1916
86–66
000000001916-05-09-0000May 9, 1916
13–5
Pittsburgh Pirates
000000001916-05-30-0000May 30, 1916
1–5
Philadelphia Phillies

7001140000000000000♠14 (tie)
17
Philadelphia Athletics
1931
107–45
000000001931-05-05-0000May 5, 1931
4–1
Boston Red Sox
000000001931-05-26-0000May 26, 1931
2–6
New York Yankees

7001140000000000000♠14 (tie)
17
Pittsburgh Pirates**
1937
1938
86–68
86–64
000000001937-09-24-0000September 24, 1937
8–2
Cincinnati Reds
000000001938-04-26-0000April 26, 1938
3–5 (10)
Chicago Cubs

7001210000000000000♠21 (tie)
16
St. Louis Maroons
1884
94–19
000000001884-08-26-0000August 26, 1884
5–4
Chicago/Pittsburgh
000000001884-09-18-0000September 18, 1884
2–4
Washington Nationals

7001210000000000000♠21 (tie)
16^
Philadelphia Quakers
1887
75–48
000000001887-09-15-0000September 15, 1887
8–4
Indianapolis Hoosiers
000000001888-04-20-0000April 20, 1888
3–4
Boston Beaneaters

7001210000000000000♠21 (tie)
16
Philadelphia Phillies
1890
78–53
000000001890-07-08-0000July 8, 1890
9–4
Cincinnati Reds
000000001890-07-28-0000July 28, 1890
4–12
Chicago Colts

7001210000000000000♠21 (tie)
16
Philadelphia Phillies
1892
87–66
000000001892-06-10-0000June 10, 1892
7–1
Cleveland Spiders
000000001892-06-29-0000June 29, 1892
1–9
Boston Beaneaters

7001210000000000000♠21 (tie)
16
Pittsburgh Pirates
1909*
110–42
000000001909-09-09-0000September 9, 1909
3–1
Cincinnati Reds
000000001909-09-27-0000September 27, 1909
7–8
New York Giants

7001210000000000000♠21 (tie)
16
New York Giants
1912
103–48
000000001912-06-19-0000June 19, 1912
6–5
Boston Braves
000000001912-07-04-0000July 4, 1912
4–10
Brooklyn Dodgers

7001210000000000000♠21 (tie)
16
New York Yankees
1926
91–63
000000001926-05-10-0000May 10, 1926
13–9
Detroit Tigers
000000001926-05-28-0000May 28, 1926
1–2
Philadelphia Athletics

7001210000000000000♠21 (tie)
16
New York Giants
1951
98–59
000000001951-08-12-0000August 12, 1951
3–2
Philadelphia Phillies
000000001951-08-28-0000August 28, 1951
0–2
Pittsburgh Pirates

7001210000000000000♠21 (tie)
16
Kansas City Royals
1977
102–60
000000001977-08-31-0000August 31, 1977
5–4
Texas Rangers
000000001977-09-16-0000September 16, 1977
1–4
Seattle Mariners

7001210000000000000♠21 (tie)
16
Milwaukee Brewers**
1986
1987
77–84
91–71
000000001986-10-03-0000October 3, 1986
4–1
Toronto Blue Jays
000000001987-04-21-0000April 21, 1987
1–7
Chicago White Sox

text: National Association[edit]

text:
Rank
Games
Team
Season(s)
Season
record(s)
Date
Score
Opponent
Date
Score
Opponent

Beginning (first victory)
End (first defeat)

7000100000000000000♠1
26^
Boston Red Stockings
1875
71–8
000000001875-04-19-0000April 19, 1875
6–0
New Haven Elm Citys
000000001875-06-05-0000June 5, 1875
4–5
St. Louis Brown Stockings

7000200000000000000♠2
18
Boston Red Stockings
1872
39–8
000000001872-05-07-0000May 7, 1872
23–3
Brooklyn Atlantics
000000001872-07-20-0000July 20, 1872
10–17
Troy Trojans

7000300000000000000♠3 (tie)
15
Hartford Dark Blues**
1874
1875
16–37
54–28
000000001874-10-27-0000October 27, 1874
10–3
Philadelphia Whites
000000001875-05-18-0000May 18, 1875
5–10
Boston Red Stockings

7000300000000000000♠3 (tie)
15
Boston Red Stockings
1875
71–8
000000001875-09-06-0000September 6, 1875
9–4
Philadelphia Whites
000000001875-10-29-0000October 29, 1875
8–9
Hartford Dark Blues

text: 1Denotes season in which team won a pennant in the American Association

text: Postseason[edit]

text: This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of postseason games.

text:
Rank

Games
Team
Beginning (first victory)
End (first defeat)

7000100000000000000♠1 (tie)
12
New York Yankees
1927–28, 1932
000000001927-10-05-0000October 5, 1927
5–4
Pittsburgh Pirates
000000001936-09-30-0000September 30, 1936
1–6
New York Giants

7000100000000000000♠1 (tie)
12
New York Yankees
1998–99
000000001998-10-10-0000October 10, 1998
4–0
Cleveland Indians
000000001999-10-16-0000October 16, 1999
1–13
Boston Red Sox

7000300000000000000♠3
11
Kansas City Royals
1985, 2014
000000001985-10-24-0000October 24, 1985
6–1
St. Louis Cardinals
000000002014-10-21-0000October 21, 2014
1–7
San Francisco Giants

7000400000000000000♠4 (tie)
10
New York Yankees
1937–39, 1941
000000001937-10-10-0000October 10, 1937
4–2
New York Giants
000000001941-10-02-0000October 2, 1941
2–3
Brooklyn Dodgers

7000400000000000000♠4 (tie)
10
Oakland Athletics
1989–90
000000001989-10-07-0000October 7, 1989
6–5
Toronto Blue Jays
000000001990-10-16-0000October 16, 1990
0–7
Cincinnati Reds

7000400000000000000♠4 (tie)
10
San Francisco Giants
2012, 2014
000000002012-10-19-0000October 19, 2012
5–0
St. Louis Cardinals
000000002014-10-06-0000October 6, 2014
1–4
Washington Nationals

7000700000000000000♠7
9
Boston Red Sox
2007–08
000000002007-10-18-0000October 18, 2007
7–1
Cleveland Indians
000000002008-10-05-0000October 5, 2008
4–5 (12)
Los Angeles Angels

7000800000000000000♠8 (tie)
8
Cincinnati Reds
1975–76
000000001975-10-22-0000October 22, 1975
4–3
Boston Red Sox
000000001979-10-12-0000October 12, 1979
2–5 (11)
Pittsburgh Pirates

7000800000000000000♠8 (tie)
8
Cincinnati Reds
1990, 1995
000000001990-10-12-0000October 12, 1990
2–1
Pittsburgh Pirates
000000001995-10-10-0000October 10, 1995
1–2 (11)
Atlanta Braves

7000800000000000000♠8 (tie)
8
Boston Red Sox
2004
000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004
6–4 (12)
New York Yankees
000000002005-10-04-0000October 4, 2005
2–14
Chicago White Sox

7000800000000000000♠8 (tie)
8
Chicago White Sox
2005
000000002005-10-12-0000October 12, 2005
2–1
Los Angeles Angels
000000002008-10-02-0000October 2, 2008
4–6
Tampa Bay Rays

text: World Series[edit]

text: This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of World Series games.

text:
Rank
Games
Team
Series
Date
Score
Opponent
Date
Score
Opponent

Beginning (first victory)
End (first defeat)

7000100000000000000♠1
14
New York Yankees
1996, 1998–2000
000000001996-10-22-0000October 22, 1996
5–2
Atlanta Braves
000000002000-10-24-0000October 24, 2000
2–4
New York Mets

7000200000000000000♠2
12
New York Yankees
1927–28, 1932
000000001927-10-05-0000October 5, 1927
13–6
Pittsburgh Pirates
000000001936-09-30-0000September 30, 1936
1–6
New York Giants

7000300000000000000♠3
10
New York Yankees
1937–39, 1941
000000001937-10-10-0000October 10, 1937
3–2
New York Giants
000000001941-10-02-0000October 2, 1941
2–3
Brooklyn Dodgers

4(tie)
9
Cincinnati Reds
1975–76, 1990
October 22, 1975
4–3
Boston Red Sox

4(tie)
9
Boston Red Sox
2004, 2007, 2013
000000002004-10-23-0000October 23, 2004
8–1
St. Louis Cardinals
000000002013-10-24-0000October 24, 2013
2–4
St. Louis Cardinals

7000500000000000000♠5(tie)
7
New York Yankees
1949–50
000000001949-10-07-0000October 7, 1949
5–2
Brooklyn Dodgers
000000001951-10-04-0000October 4, 1951
1–5
New York Giants

7000500000000000000♠5(tie)
7
San Francisco Giants
2010, 2012, 2014
000000002010-10-31-0000October 31, 2010
7–1
Texas Rangers
000000002014-10-22-0000October 22, 2014
2–7
Kansas City Royals

7000700000000000000♠7(tie)
6
Chicago Cubs
1907–08
000000001907-10-09-0000October 9, 1907
6–1
Detroit Tigers
000000001908-10-12-0000October 12, 1908
3–8
Detroit Tigers

7000700000000000000♠7(tie)
6
Los Angeles Dodgers
1981, 1988
000000001981-10-23-0000October 23, 1981
6–0
New York Yankees
000000001988-10-18-0000October 18, 1988
1–2
Oakland Athletics

7000700000000000000♠7(tie)
6
New York Yankees
1978, 1981
000000001978-10-13-0000October 13, 1978
3–0
Los Angeles Dodgers
000000001981-10-23-0000October 23, 1981
4–5
Los Angeles Dodgers

7001100000000000000♠10(tie)
5
Baltimore Orioles
1966, 1969
000000001966-10-05-0000October 5, 1966
4–1
Los Angeles Dodgers
000000001969-10-12-0000October 12, 1969
1–2
New York Mets

7001100000000000000♠10(tie)
5
Boston Americans
1903, 1912
000000001903-10-07-0000October 7, 1903
11–2
Pittsburg Pirates
000000001912-10-09-0000October 9, 1912
6–6
(tie)

New York Giants

000000001912-10-10-0000October 10, 1912
1–2

7001100000000000000♠10(tie)
5
Boston Braves
1912, 1914
000000001912-10-16-0000October 16, 1912
3–1
Philadelphia Athletics
000000001915-10-08-0000October 8, 1915
1–3
Philadelphia Phillies

7001100000000000000♠10(tie)
5
Boston Red Sox
1915–16
000000001915-10-09-0000October 9, 1915
6–5
Brooklyn Robins
000000001916-10-07-0000October 7, 1916
5–6
Boston Red Sox

7001100000000000000♠10(tie)
5
Los Angeles Dodgers
1959, 1963
000000001959-10-08-0000October 8, 1959
2–1
Chicago White Sox
000000001965-10-06-0000October 6, 1965
2–8
Minnesota Twins

7001100000000000000♠10(tie)
5
New York Yankees
1943, 1947
000000001943-10-07-0000October 7, 1943
10–3
St. Louis Cardinals
000000001947-10-02-0000October 2, 1947
8–9
Brooklyn Dodgers

text: Regular season and postseason[edit]

text: This list includes streaks that involve both regular season games and games which occurred in the postseason.

text:
Rank
Total games
Playoff games
Team
Season(s)
Season
record(s)
Date
Score
Opponent
Date
Score
Opponent

Beginning (first victory)
End (first defeat)

7000100000000000000♠1
17
6
Baltimore Orioles
1970
108–54
000000001970-09-20-0000September 20, 1970
7–0
Cleveland Indians
000000001970-10-14-0000October 14, 1970
5–6
Cincinnati Reds

7000200000000000000♠2
16
5
Baltimore Orioles
1971
101–57
000000001971-09-19-0000September 19, 1971
8–1
Detroit Tigers
000000001971-10-12-0000October 12, 1971
1–5
Pittsburgh Pirates

7000300000000000000♠3
12
4
New York Yankees
1927
1928
110–44
101–53
000000001927-09-27-0000September 27, 1927
7–4
Philadelphia Athletics
000000001928-04-19-0000April 19, 1928
6–7
Boston Red Sox

7000400000000000000♠4 (tie)
11
4
New York Yankees
1932
1933
107–47
91–59
000000001932-09-28-0000September 28, 1932
12–6
Chicago Cubs
000000001933-04-23-0000April 23, 1933
4–5
Washington Senators

7000400000000000000♠4 (tie)
11
4
New York Yankees
1998
114–48
000000001998-09-22-0000September 22, 1998
10–4
Cleveland Indians
000000001998-10-07-0000October 7, 1998
1–4 (12)
Cleveland Indians

7000600000000000000♠6 (tie)
10
1
Baltimore Orioles
1974
91–71
000000001974-09-22-0000September 22, 1974
7–2
Boston Red Sox
000000001974-10-06-0000October 6, 1974
0–5
Oakland Athletics

7000600000000000000♠6 (tie)
10
7
Cincinnati Reds
1976
1977
102–60
88–74
000000001976-10-03-0000October 3, 1976
11–1
Atlanta Braves
000000001977-04-09-0000April 9, 1977
3–6
San Diego Padres

7000600000000000000♠6 (tie)
10
3
Atlanta Braves
1998
106–56
000000001998-09-19-0000September 19, 1998
5–0
Arizona Diamondbacks
000000001998-10-07-0000October 7, 1998
2–3 (10)
San Diego Padres

7000600000000000000♠6 (tie)
10
7
Colorado Rockies
2007
90–73
000000002007-09-29-0000September 29, 2007
11–1
Arizona Diamondbacks
000000002007-10-24-0000October 24, 2007
1–13
Boston Red Sox

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
9
4
New York Giants^
1922
1923
93–61
95–58
000000001922-10-01-0000October 1, 1922
3–0
Boston Braves
000000001923-04-20-0000April 20, 1923
2–9
Boston Braves

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
9
3
Detroit Tigers
1984
1985
104–58
84–77
000000001984-10-12-0000October 12, 1984
5–2
San Diego Padres
000000001985-04-17-0000April 17, 1985
0–2
Milwaukee Brewers

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
9
1
San Francisco Giants
2002
95–66
000000002002-09-20-0000September 20, 2002
5–1
Milwaukee Brewers
000000002002-10-03-0000October 3, 2002
3–7
Atlanta Braves

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
9
8
Chicago White Sox
2005
2006
99–63
90–72
000000002005-10-12-0000October 12, 2005
2–1
Los Angeles Angels
000000002006-04-04-0000April 4, 2006
2–8
Cleveland Indians

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
9
8
Kansas City Royals
2014
89–73
000000002014-09-28-0000September 28, 2014
6–4
Chicago White Sox
000000002014-10-21-0000October 21, 2014
1–7
San Francisco Giants

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
9
1
Chicago Cubs
2015
97–65
000000002015-09-27-0000September 27, 2015
4–0
Pittsburgh Pirates
000000002015-10-09-0000October 9, 2015
0–4
St. Louis Cardinals

7001100000000000000♠10 (tie)
9
6
Cleveland Indians
2016
94–67
000000002016-09-30-0000September 30, 2016
7–2
Kansas City Royals
000000002016-10-18-0000October 18, 2016
1–5
Toronto Blue Jays

text: Series streaks[edit]

text: Postseason[edit]

text: This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of postseason series. For the purpose of this list, one-game wild card matchups, such as the 2012 Cardinals' win, and the Giants' wild card wins in 2014 and 2016, are counted.

text:
Rank

Series
Team
Beginning (first victory)
End (first defeat)

7000100000000000000♠1 (tie)
11
New York Yankees
1998–2001
1998 ALDS
3–0
Texas Rangers
2001 WS
3–4
Arizona Diamondbacks

7000200000000000000♠1 (tie)
11
San Francisco Giants
2010, 2012, 2014, 2016
2010 NLDS
3–1
Atlanta Braves
2016 NLDS
1–3
Chicago Cubs

7000300000000000000♠3
8
New York Yankees
1927–28, 1932, 1936–39, 1941
1927 WS
4–0
Pittsburgh Pirates
1942 WS
1–4
St. Louis Cardinals

7000400000000000000♠4
7
New York Yankees
1943, 1947, 1949–53
1943 WS
4–1
St. Louis Cardinals
1955 WS
3–4
Brooklyn Dodgers

7000500000000000000♠5 (tie)
6
Oakland Athletics
1972–74
1972 ALCS
3–2
Detroit Tigers
1975 ALCS
0–3
Boston Red Sox

7000500000000000000♠5 (tie)
6
Florida Marlins*
1997, 2003
1997 NLDS
3–0
San Francisco Giants

7000700000000000000♠7 (tie)
5
Boston Red Sox
1903, 1912, 1915–16, 1918
1903 WS
5–3
Pittsburgh Pirates
1946 WS
3–4
St. Louis Cardinals

7000700000000000000♠7 (tie)
5
Atlanta Braves
1995–96
1995 NLDS
3–1
Colorado Rockies
1996 WS
2–4
New York Yankees

7000700000000000000♠7 (tie)
5
Minnesota Twins
1987, 1991, 2002
1987 ALCS
4–1
Detroit Tigers
2002 ALCS
1–4
Anaheim Angels

7000700000000000000♠7 (tie)
5
Philadelphia Phillies
2008–09
2008 NLDS
3–1
Milwaukee Brewers
2009 WS
2–4
New York Yankees

7000700000000000000♠7 (tie)
5
St. Louis Cardinals
2011–12
2011 NLDS
3–2
Philadelphia Phillies
2012 NLCS
3–4
San Francisco Giants


document_title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

question_text: who made the flag that flew over fort mchenry

text: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: History[edit]

text: In Baltimore's preparation for an expected attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the city's harbor. When Major George Armistead expressed the desire for a very large flag to fly over the fort, General John S. Stricker and Commodore Joshua Barney placed an order with a prominent Baltimorean flagmaker for two oversized American Flags. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time.[2] The smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather.

text: Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90 (equivalent to $5,147 in 2017).[3][4] George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified "a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance".[5][6]

text: Design[edit]

text: Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, two nieces, and an African American indentured servant. (Her elderly mother may also have helped.)[7] The flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congress's Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont and Kentucky's entrance into the Union. The stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes (in addition to stars) with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued.

text: The flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet (9.1 by 12.8 m). Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet (0.61 m) wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet (0.61 m) in diameter. After the battle, the Armistead family occasionally gave away pieces of the flag as souvenirs and gifts;[8] this cutting, along with deterioration from continued use, removed several feet of fabric from the flag's fly end, and it now measures 30 by 34 feet (9.1 by 10.4 m). The flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown.[9]

text: Battle[edit]

text: The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers and a fleet of 19 ships attacked Baltimore on September 12, 1814. The bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. When the British ships were unable to pass the fort and penetrate the harbor, the attack was ended, and on the morning of September 14, when the battered flag still flew above the ramparts, it was clear that Fort McHenry remained in American hands. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, and amateur poet. Being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at the dawn of the morning of the 14th, he composed a poem he originally titled "Defence of Fort M'Henry". The poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled "The Star-Spangled Banner", and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts.

text: Scrap sold at auction, November 2011[edit]

text: A 2-inch by 5-inch scrap of the flag - white and red, with a seam down the middle - was sold at auction in Dallas, TX on November 30, 2011, for $38,837: the snippet was, presumably, cut from the famous flag as a souvenir in the mid-19th century.[10] The framed remnant came with a faded, hand-written note attesting it was "A piece of the Flag which floated over Fort McHenry at the time of the bombardment when Key's (sic) composed the Song of the Star Spangled Banner, presented by Sam Beth Cohen."[11]

text: Smithsonian National Museum of American History[edit]

text: The flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel, and his family for many years. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armistead's grandson, inherited the flag in 1878. In 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is permanently housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts[12] after being originally restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914.

text: Due to environmental and light damage, a four-phase restoration project began in May 1999. In the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration. The second phase consisted of the most comprehensive, detailed examination of the condition and construction of the Star-Spangled Banner to date, which provided critical information for later work. This included scientific studies with infrared spectrometry, electron microscopy, mechanical testing, and determination of amino acid content by a New Zealand scientist, and infrared imaging by a NASA scientist.[13] Planning and executing a cleaning treatment for the flag following scientific analysis was the third phase. In the fourth and final phase of the project, curators, scientists, and conservators developed a long-term preservation plan. The restoration was completed in 2008 at a total cost in excess of $21 million.[14]

text: Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a two-story display chamber that allows it to lie at a 10-degree angle in dim light. The Smithsonian has created a permanent exhibition to document the flag's history and significance, called "The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem". Visitors are allowed a clear view of the flag, while it remains protected in a controlled environment.[15][16][17]

text: The National Museum of American History produced an online exhibition in conjunction with the reopening of Flag Hall in 2008. An interactive component allows site visitors to closely explore features of the flag in detail, download an audio-descriptive tour of the exhibition for the visually-impaired, and hear the song performed on original instruments from the National Museum of American History's collection.[18]