document_title: List of Blue Bloods episodes

question_text: when do new episodes of blue bloods air

question_tokens: when do new episodes of blue bloods air

text: List of Blue Bloods episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
22
September 24, 2010 (2010-09-24)
May 13, 2011 (2011-05-13)
19
12.58[5]

2
22
September 23, 2011 (2011-09-23)
May 11, 2012 (2012-05-11)
22
12.16[6]

3
23
September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28)
May 10, 2013 (2013-05-10)
14
13.17[7]

4
22
September 27, 2013 (2013-09-27)
May 9, 2014 (2014-05-09)
10
13.63[8]

5
22
September 26, 2014 (2014-09-26)
May 1, 2015 (2015-05-01)
13
13.77[9]

6
22
September 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
10
13.07[10]

7
22
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
8
14.07[11]

8
22[12]
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2010–11)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Michael Cuesta
Robin Green & Mitchell Burgess
September 24, 2010 (2010-09-24)
101
13.01[13]

2
2
"Samaritan"
Ralph Hemecker
Ken Sanzel
October 1, 2010 (2010-10-01)
102
11.32[14]

3
3
"Privilege"
Stephen Gyllenhaal
Brian Burns
October 8, 2010 (2010-10-08)
103
11.15[15]

4
4
"Officer Down"
Ralph Hemecker
Thomas Kelly
October 15, 2010 (2010-10-15)
104
10.39[16]

5
5
"What You See"
Félix Alcalá
Julie Hébert
October 22, 2010 (2010-10-22)
105
11.15[17]

6
6
"Smack Attack"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
October 29, 2010 (2010-10-29)
106
11.62[18]

7
7
"Brothers"
Frederick K. Keller
Mark Rosner
November 5, 2010 (2010-11-05)
107
10.31[19]

8
8
"Chinatown"
Michael Cuesta
Diana Son
November 12, 2010 (2010-11-12)
108
10.57[20]

9
9
"Re-Do"
Rosemary Rodriguez
Julie Hébert
November 19, 2010 (2010-11-19)
109
11.36[21]

10
10
"After Hours"
Alex Zakrzewski
Brian Burns
December 3, 2010 (2010-12-03)
110
11.32[22]

11
11
"Little Fish"
Michael Pressman
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
January 19, 2011 (2011-01-19)
111
12.30[23]

12
12
"Family Ties"
Stephen Gyllenhaal
Mark Rosner
January 26, 2011 (2011-01-26)
112
12.10[24]

13
13
"Hall of Mirrors"
Frederick K. Keller
Thomas Kelly
February 2, 2011 (2011-02-02)
113
11.31[25]

14
14
"My Funny Valentine"
John Polson
Diana Son
February 9, 2011 (2011-02-09)
114
11.80[26]

15
15
"Dedication"
Jan Eliasberg
Kevin Wade
February 18, 2011 (2011-02-18)
115
11.16[27]

16
16
"Age of Innocence"
Félix Alcalá
Amanda Green
February 25, 2011 (2011-02-25)
116
11.65[28]

17
17
"Silver Star"
Ralph Hemecker
Thomas Kelly
March 11, 2011 (2011-03-11)
117
11.60[29]

18
18
"To Tell the Truth"
Alex Zakrzewski
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
April 1, 2011 (2011-04-01)
119
10.92[30]

19
19
"Model Behavior"
Matt Penn
Brian Burns
April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08)
118
10.71[31]

20
20
"All That Glitters"
Michael Pressman
Gwendolyn M. Parker
April 29, 2011 (2011-04-29)
120
10.06[32]

21
21
"Cellar Boy"
Karen Gaviola
Diana Son and Robin Green & Mitchell Burgess
May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06)
121
10.38[33]

22
22
"The Blue Templar"
Frederick K. Keller
Kevin Wade
May 13, 2011 (2011-05-13)
122
11.79[34]

text: Season 2 (2011–12)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Mercy"
Michael Pressman
Kevin Wade
September 23, 2011 (2011-09-23)
201
12.06[35]

24
2
"Friendly Fire"
John Polson
Brian Burns
September 30, 2011 (2011-09-30)
203
11.30[36]

25
3
"Critical Condition"
Ralph Hemecker
Thomas Kelly
October 7, 2011 (2011-10-07)
202
11.29[37]

26
4
"Innocence"
Alex Zakrzewski
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
October 14, 2011 (2011-10-14)
204
11.19[38]

27
5
"A Night on the Town"
Ralph Hemecker
Kevin Wade
October 21, 2011 (2011-10-21)
205
10.90[39]

28
6
"Black and Blue"
Alex Chapple
Brian Burns
November 4, 2011 (2011-11-04)
206
12.73[40]

29
7
"Lonely Hearts Club"
Félix Alcalá
Vanessa Rojas
November 11, 2011 (2011-11-11)
207
11.30[41]

30
8
"Thanksgiving"
Steve Gomer
Shaun Cassidy
November 18, 2011 (2011-11-18)
209
12.41[42]

31
9
"Moonlighting"
Robert Harmon
Kevin Wade
December 2, 2011 (2011-12-02)
210
11.05[43]

32
10
"Whistle Blower"
Robert Harmon
Thomas Kelly
January 6, 2012 (2012-01-06)
208
11.34[44]

33
11
"The Uniform"
Alex Zakrzewski
John Moskowitz
January 13, 2012 (2012-01-13)
211
12.08[45]

34
12
"The Job"
Nick Gomez
Brian Burns
February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03)
212
11.44[46]

35
13
"Leap of Faith"
David M. Barrett
David Black
February 10, 2012 (2012-02-10)
213
11.82[47]

36
14
"Parenthood"
John Polson
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
February 17, 2012 (2012-02-17)
214
10.81[48]

37
15
"The Life We Chose"
Félix Alcalá
Thomas Kelly
February 24, 2012 (2012-02-24)
215
11.35[49]

38
16
"Women with Guns"
Martha Mitchell
Kevin Wade
March 2, 2012 (2012-03-02)
216
11.47[50]

39
17
"Reagan Vs. Reagan"
Jim McKay
Ed Zuckerman
March 9, 2012 (2012-03-09)
217
11.27[51]

40
18
"No Questions Asked"
Christine Moore
Vanessa Rojas & Brian Burns
March 30, 2012 (2012-03-30)
218
10.72[52]

41
19
"Some Kind of Hero"
Alex Zakrzewski
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
April 6, 2012 (2012-04-06)
219
10.92[53]

42
20
"Working Girls"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Ian Biederman
April 27, 2012 (2012-04-27)
220
10.47[54]

43
21
"Collateral Damage"
Ralph Hemecker
Kevin Wade & Thomas Kelly
May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04)
221
10.36[55]

44
22
"Mother's Day"
Michael Pressman
Brian Burns
May 11, 2012 (2012-05-11)
222
10.73[56]

text: Season 3 (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

45
1
"Family Business"
Alex Chapple
Brian Burns
September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28)
302
11.22[57]

46
2
"Domestic Disturbance"
Michael Pressman
Ian Biederman
October 5, 2012 (2012-10-05)
301
9.77[58]

47
3
"Old Wounds"
John Polson
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
October 12, 2012 (2012-10-12)
303
10.53[59]

48
4
"Scorched Earth"
Peter Werner
Dawn DeNoon
October 19, 2012 (2012-10-19)
304
10.29[60]

49
5
"Risk and Reward"
Ralph Hemecker
Thomas Kelly
October 26, 2012 (2012-10-26)
306
11.06[61]

50
6
"Greener Grass"
Martha Mitchell
Daniel Truly
November 2, 2012 (2012-11-02)
308
11.05[62]

51
7
"Nightmares"
John Polson
Kevin Wade
November 9, 2012 (2012-11-09)
305
11.32[63]

52
8
"Higher Education"
Robert Harmon
Ian Biederman
November 30, 2012 (2012-11-30)
307
11.31[64]

53
9
"Secrets and Lies"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
December 7, 2012 (2012-12-07)
309
11.17[65]

54
10
"Fathers and Sons"
Michael Pressman
Brian Burns
January 4, 2013 (2013-01-04)
310
10.18[66]

55
11
"Front Page News"
Robert Harmon
Dawn DeNoon
January 11, 2013 (2013-01-11)
311
11.22[67]

56
12
"Framed"
David M. Barrett
Daniel Truly
January 18, 2013 (2013-01-18)
312
11.64[68]

57
13
"Inside Jobs"
Alex Hall
Kevin Wade
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
313
11.50[69]

58
14
"Men in Black"
Alex Chapple
Story by: Ish Goldstein
Teleplay by: Ish Goldstein & Ian Biederman
February 8, 2013 (2013-02-08)
314
11.24[70]

59
15
"Warriors"
Oz Scott
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
February 15, 2013 (2013-02-15)
315
10.73[71]

60
16
"Quid Pro Quo"
Alex Zakrzewski
Brian Burns
February 22, 2013 (2013-02-22)
316
11.21[72]

61
17
"Protest Too Much"
Larry Teng
Dawn DeNoon
March 8, 2013 (2013-03-08)
317
10.72[73]

62
18
"No Regrets"
David M. Barrett
Daniel Truly
March 15, 2013 (2013-03-15)
318
10.41[74]

63
19
"Loss of Faith"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Seth Pearlman
April 5, 2013 (2013-04-05)
319
10.99[75]

64
20
"Ends and Means"
John Polson
Ian Biederman
April 12, 2013 (2013-04-12)
320
10.65[76]

65
21
"Devil's Breath"
Alex Chapple
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
April 26, 2013 (2013-04-26)
321
10.46[77]

66
22
"The Bitter End"
Christine Moore
Brian Burns
May 3, 2013 (2013-05-03)
322
10.02[78]

67
23
"This Way Out"
Peter Werner
Kevin Wade
May 10, 2013 (2013-05-10)
323
10.30[79]

text: Season 4 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

68
1
"Unwritten Rules"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
September 27, 2013 (2013-09-27)
401
11.70[80]

69
2
"The City That Never Sleeps"
John Behring
Kevin Wade
October 4, 2013 (2013-10-04)
402
11.37[81]

70
3
"To Protect and Serve"
Peter Werner
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
October 11, 2013 (2013-10-11)
403
10.56[82]

71
4
"The Truth About Lying"
Robert Duncan McNeill
Brian Burns
October 18, 2013 (2013-10-18)
404
10.56[83]

72
5
"Lost and Found"
Alex Chapple
Daniel Truly
October 25, 2013 (2013-10-25)
405
11.27[84]

73
6
"Growing Boys"
Eric Laneuville
Willie Reale
November 1, 2013 (2013-11-01)
406
11.01[85]

74
7
"Drawing Dead"
Ralph Hemecker
Ian Biederman
November 8, 2013 (2013-11-08)
407
10.97[86]

75
8
"Justice Served"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
November 15, 2013 (2013-11-15)
408
11.79[87]

76
9
"Bad Blood"
Robert Harmon
Daniel Truly
November 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)
409
11.90[88]

77
10
"Mistaken Identity"
David Solomon
Diana Son & Ian Biederman
December 13, 2013 (2013-12-13)
410
10.94[89]

78
11
"Ties That Bind"
Christine Moore
Brian Burns
December 20, 2013 (2013-12-20)
411
10.52[90]

79
12
"The Bogeyman"
David M. Barrett
Kevin Wade and Benjamin Cummings & Orson Cummings
January 10, 2014 (2014-01-10)
412
12.68[91]

80
13
"Unfinished Business"
Alex Chapple
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
January 17, 2014 (2014-01-17)
413
12.62[92]

81
14
"Manhattan Queens"
Donnie Wahlberg
Willie Raelle
January 31, 2014 (2014-01-31)
414
12.93[93]

82
15
"Open Secrets"
Eric Laneuville
Ian Biederman
February 28, 2014 (2014-02-28)
415
11.96[94]

83
16
"Insult to Injury"
David M. Barrett
Story by: Daniel Truly & Andrew Raab
Teleplay by: Daniel Truly
March 7, 2014 (2014-03-07)
416
12.03[95]

84
17
"Knockout Game"
Robert Harmon
Brian Burns
March 14, 2014 (2014-03-14)
417
11.68[96]

85
18
"Righting Wrongs"
Alex Zakrzewski
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
April 4, 2014 (2014-04-04)
418
11.69[97]

86
19
"Secret Arrangements"
Tawnia McKiernan
Story by: Sinead Daly
Teleplay by: Willie Raele & Sinead Daly
April 11, 2014 (2014-04-11)
419
11.05[98]

87
20
"Custody Battle"
Alex Chapple
Ian Biederman
April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25)
420
11.05[99]

88
21
"Above and Beyond"
Greg Beeman
Daniel Truly
May 2, 2014 (2014-05-02)
421
11.59[100]

89
22
"Exiles"
David M. Barrett
Kevin Wade
May 9, 2014 (2014-05-09)
422
11.78[101]

text: Season 5 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

90
1
"Partners"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
September 26, 2014 (2014-09-26)
501
10.88[102]

91
2
"Forgive and Forget"
Eric Laneuville
Ian Biederman
October 3, 2014 (2014-10-03)
502
10.85[103]

92
3
"Burning Bridges"
John Behring
Willie Reale
October 10, 2014 (2014-10-10)
503
11.09[104]

93
4
"Excessive Force"
Alex Zakrzewski
Brian Burns
October 17, 2014 (2014-10-17)
504
10.70[105]

94
5
"Loose Lips"
Alex Chapple
Daniel Truly
October 24, 2014 (2014-10-24)
505
11.42[106]

95
6
"Most Wanted"
Ralph Hemecker
Bryan Goluboff
October 31, 2014 (2014-10-31)
506
11.39[107]

96
7
"Shoot the Messenger"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
November 7, 2014 (2014-11-07)
507
11.51[108]

97
8
"Power of the Press"
Tawnia McKiernan
Ian Biederman
November 21, 2014 (2014-11-21)
508
11.62[109]

98
9
"Under the Gun"
David M. Barrett
Willie Reale & Kevin Wade
December 12, 2014 (2014-12-12)
509
11.09[110]

99
10
"Sins of the Father"
David M. Barrett
Daniel Truly
January 2, 2015 (2015-01-02)
510
11.61[111]

100
11
"Baggage"
John Behring
Brian Burns
January 9, 2015 (2015-01-09)
511
12.86[112]

101
12
"Home Sweet Home"
Robert Harmon
Bryan Goluboff
January 16, 2015 (2015-01-16)
512
12.61[113]

102
13
"Love Stories"
Alex Zakrzewski
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
January 30, 2015 (2015-01-30)
513
11.87[114]

103
14
"The Poor Door"
Alex Chapple
Willie Reale
February 6, 2015 (2015-02-06)
514
11.32[115]

104
15
"Power Players"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
February 13, 2015 (2015-02-13)
515
11.46[116]

105
16
"In The Box"
Holly Dale
Brian Burns
February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
516
11.60[117]

106
17
"Occupational Hazard"
David M. Barrett
Daniel Truly
March 6, 2015 (2015-03-06)
517
11.03[118]

107
18
"Bad Company"
Tawnia McKiernan
Bryan Goluboff
March 13, 2015 (2015-03-13)
518
11.07[119]

108
19
"Through The Looking Glass"
Eric Laneuville
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
April 3, 2015 (2015-04-03)
519
10.70[120]

109
20
"Payback"
Alex Chapple
Lauren Gautier & Kevin Wade
April 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)
520
10.31[121]

110
21
"New Rules"
John Behring
Ian Biederman
April 24, 2015 (2015-04-24)
521
9.99[122]

111
22
"The Art of War"
David M. Barrett
Brian Burns
May 1, 2015 (2015-05-01)
522
11.28[123]

text: Season 6 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

112
1
"Worst Case Scenario"
David M. Barrett
Bryan Goluboff
September 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)
601
10.08[124]

113
2
"Absolute Power"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
October 2, 2015 (2015-10-02)
602
11.41[125]

114
3
"All the News That's Fit to Click"
Alex Chapple
Brian Burns
October 9, 2015 (2015-10-09)
603
10.74[126]

115
4
"With Friends Like These"
Heather Cappiello
Ian Beiderman
October 16, 2015 (2015-10-16)
604
10.61[127]

116
5
"Backstabbers"
John Behring
Dan Truly
October 23, 2015 (2015-10-23)
605
10.42[128]

117
6
"Rush to Judgment"
Peter Werner
Peter Blauner
October 30, 2015 (2015-10-30)
606
9.70[129]

118
7
"The Bullitt Mustang"
David M. Barrett
Story by: Kevin Wade & Willie Reale
Teleplay by: Kevin Wade
November 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)
607
10.90[130]

119
8
"Unsung Heroes"
Alex Chapple
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
November 13, 2015 (2015-11-13)
608
10.33[131]

120
9
"Hold Outs"
Eric Laneuville
Brian Burns
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
609
11.01[132]

121
10
"Flags of Our Fathers"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
December 11, 2015 (2015-12-11)
610
9.95[133]

122
11
"Back in the Day"
Robert Harmon
Bryan Goluboff
January 8, 2016 (2016-01-08)
612
10.85[134]

123
12
"Cursed"
Peter Leto
Daniel Truly
January 15, 2016 (2016-01-15)
611
10.62[135]

124
13
"Stomping Grounds"
Don Thorin, Jr.
Peter Blauner
January 22, 2016 (2016-01-22)
613
11.56[136]

125
14
"The Road to Hell"
Tom Moore
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
February 12, 2016 (2016-02-12)
614
10.92[137]

126
15
"Fresh Start"
David M. Barrett
Brian Burns
February 19, 2016 (2016-02-19)
615
10.74[138]

127
16
"Help Me Help You"
Alex Chapple
Ian Biederman
February 26, 2016 (2016-02-26)
616
10.33[139]

128
17
"Friends in Need"
P.J. Pesce
Kevin Riley & Kevin Wade
March 11, 2016 (2016-03-11)
617
9.83[140]

129
18
"Town Without Pity"
David M. Barrett
Peter Blauner
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)
618
10.40[141]

130
19
"Blast from the Past"
Eric Laneuville
Bryan Goluboff
April 8, 2016 (2016-04-08)
619
10.35[142]

131
20
"Down the Rabbit Hole"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
April 15, 2016 (2016-04-15)
620
10.41[143]

132
21
"The Extra Mile"
John Behring
Brian Burns
April 29, 2016 (2016-04-29)
621
10.13[144]

133
22
"Blowback"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
622
10.10[145]

text: Season 7 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

134
1
"The Greater Good"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
701
10.55[146]

135
2
"Good Cop Bad Cop"
Kellie Cyrus
Brian Burns
September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)
704
10.56[147]

136
3
"The Price of Justice"
John Behring
Ian Biederman
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)
702
9.85[148]

137
4
"Mob Rules"
Robert Harmon
Peter Blauner
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
703
10.22[149]

138
5
"For the Community"
Peter Werner
Teleplay by: Blair Singer & Kevin Wade
Story by: Blair Singer
October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)
705
10.03[150]

139
6
"Whistleblowers"
Eric Laneuville
Kevin Riley and Kevin Wade
October 28, 2016 (2016-10-28)
706
8.88[151]

140
7
"Guilt by Association"
Robert Harmon
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
707
9.76[152]

141
8
"Personal Business"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11)
708
10.27[153]

142
9
"Confessions"
Alex Zakrzewski
Brian Burns
November 18, 2016 (2016-11-18)
709
10.36[154]

143
10
"Unbearable Loss"
David M. Barrett
Peter Blauner
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)
710
10.18[155]

144
11
"Genetics"
Alex Chapple
Allie Solomon
January 6, 2017 (2017-01-06)
711
10.79[156]

145
12
"Not Fade Away"
Robert Harmon
Kevin Wade and Blair Singer
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)
712
10.48[157]

146
13
"The One That Got Away"
Jane Raab
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
January 20, 2017 (2017-01-20)
713
9.77[158]

147
14
"In and Out"
John Behring
Ian Biederman
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
714
10.13[159]

148
15
"Lost Souls"
Alex Chapple
Brian Burns
February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)
715
10.65[160]

149
16
"Hard Bargain"
David M. Barrett
Peter Blauner
February 17, 2017 (2017-02-17)
716
10.15[161]

150
17
"Shadow of a Doubt"
P.J. Pesce
Kevin Riley
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)
717
9.36[162]

151
18
"A Deep Blue Goodbye"
David Barrett
Kevin Wade
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
718
9.62[163]

152
19
"Love Lost"
Ralph Hemecker
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)
719
9.77[164]

153
20
"No Retreat No Surrender"
Jane Raab
Brian Burns
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
720
9.43[165]

154
21
"Foreign Interference"
John Behring
Peter Blauner
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)
721
8.74[166]

155
22
"The Thin Blue Line"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
722
9.24[167]

text: Season 8 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

156
1
"Cutting Losses"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
801
10.04[168]

157
2
"Ghosts of the Past"
John Behring
Kevin Riley
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
803
9.49[169]

158
3
"The Enemy of My Enemy"
Robert Harmon
Ian Biederman
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
802
8.98[170]

159
4
"Out of the Blue"
David M. Barrett
Brian Burns
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
804
9.08[171]

160
5
"The Forgotten"
Ralph Hemecker
Allie Solomon
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
805
8.29[172]

161
6
"Brushed Off"
Eric Laneuville
Daniel Truly
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
806
9.27[173]

162
7
"Common Ground"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
807
TBD

163
8
"Pick Your Poison"[174]
Heather Cappiello
Kevin Wade
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
808
TBD

164
9
"Pain Killers"[175]
John Behring
Ian Biederman
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
809
TBD

165
10
"Heavy is the Head"[176]
TBA
TBA
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
810
TBD

text: Home video releases[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
DVD release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Discs

1
22
September 13, 2011 (2011-09-13)[177]
September 19, 2011 (2011-09-19)[178]
September 15, 2011 (2011-09-15)[179]
6

2
22
September 11, 2012 (2012-09-11)[180]
October 15, 2012 (2012-10-15)[181]
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)[182]
6

3
23
September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)[183]
October 13, 2013 (2013-10-13)[184]
March 5, 2014 (2014-03-05)[185]
6

4
22
September 9, 2014 (2014-09-09)[186]
September 8, 2014 (2014-09-08)[187]
January 28, 2015 (2015-01-28)[188]
6

5
22
September 8, 2015 (2015-09-08)[189]
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)[190]
March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)[191]
6

6
22
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)[192]
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)[193]
TBA
6

7
22
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)[194][195]
TBA
TBA
6


document_title: Probation

question_text: the concept of probation began in 1841 in

root

text: Probation

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of probation, from the Latin, probatio, "testing," has historical roots in the practice of judicial reprieve. In English common law, prior to the advent of democratic rule, the courts could temporarily suspend the execution of a sentence to allow a criminal defendant to appeal to the monarch for a pardon.

tag: p

text: United States[edit]

text: Probation first developed in the United States when John Augustus, a Boston cobbler, persuaded a judge in the Boston Police Court in 1841 to give him custody of a convicted offender, a "drunkard," for a brief period and then helped the man to appear rehabilitated by the time of sentencing. Even earlier, the practice of suspending a sentence was used as early as 1830 in Boston, Massachusetts, and became widespread in U.S. courts, although there was no statutory provision for such a practice. At first, judges, most notably Peter Oxenbridge Thatcher of Boston, used "release on recognizance" or bail and simply refrained from taking any further action. In 1878 the mayor of Boston had hired a former police officer, the ironically named "Captain Savage," to become what many recognize as the first official probation officer. By the mid-19th century, however, many Federal Courts were using a judicial reprieve to suspend sentence, and this posed a legal question. In 1916, the United States Supreme Court, in the Killets Decision, held that a Federal Judge (Killets) was without power to suspend a sentence indefinitely. This decision led to the passing of the National Probation Act of 1925, thereby, allowing courts to suspend the imposition of incarceration and place an offender on probation. Probation developed from the efforts of a philanthropist, John Augustus, who looked for ways to rehabilitate the behavior of criminals.[6][7]

text: Massachusetts developed the first statewide probation system in 1878,[8] and by 1920, 21 other states had followed suit. With the passage of the National Probation Act on March 5, 1925, signed by President Calvin Coolidge, the U.S. Federal Probation Service was established. On the state level, pursuant to the Crime Control and Consent Act of 1936, a group of states entered into an agreement wherein they would supervise probationers and parolees who reside in each other's jurisdictions on each other's behalf. Known as the Interstate Compact For the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers, this agreement was originally signed by 25 states in 1937. By 1951, all the states in the United States of America had a working probation system and ratified the Interstate Compact Agreement. In 1959, the new states of Alaska and Hawaii, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories of the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa ratified the act as well.

text: Arming and increased authority[edit]

text: In the United States, most probation agencies have armed officers. In 39 states, territories and federal probation, such arming is either mandated or optional. Arming is allowed in an increasing number of jurisdictions.[9]

text: Probation officers are peace officers who possess limited police powers.

text: Types of supervision[edit]

text: Intensive probation, home detention, GPS monitoring, Computer Management These are highly intrusive forms of probation in which the offender is very closely monitored. It is common for violent criminals, higher-ranking gang members, habitual offenders, and sex offenders to be supervised at this level. Some jurisdictions require offenders under such supervision to waive their constitutional rights under the Fourth Amendment regarding search and seizure, and such probationers may be subject to unannounced home or workplace visits, surveillance, and the use of electronic monitoring or satellite tracking. Under terms of this kind of probation, a client may not change their living address and must stay at the address that is known to probation. GPS monitoring and home detention are common in juvenile cases, even if the underlying delinquency is minor.[10] Some types of supervision may entail installing some form of monitoring software and/or conducting computer searches to ascertain what an offender is doing online. Cybercrime specialist in corrections, Art Bowker, noted “This is an area more and more community corrections officers are going to have to get up to speed on, learning how to enforce conditions that restrict and/or monitor cyber offenders' computer and internet use.”[11] Bowker, also observed "The use of social media is taking off in the field of community corrections." [12]

text: Standard supervision Offenders under standard supervision are generally required to report to an officer, most commonly between biweekly and quarterly, and are subject to any other conditions as may have been ordered, such as alcohol/drug treatment, community service, and so on.

text: Unsupervised probation does not involve direct supervision by an officer or probation department. The probationer is expected to complete any conditions of the order with no involvement of a probation officer, and perhaps within a period shorter than that of the sentence itself. For example, given one year of unsupervised probation, a probationer might be required to have completed community service, paid court costs or fines, etc., within the first six months. For the remaining six months, he or she may be required merely to refrain from unlawful behavior. Probationers are allowed to go to their workplace, educational institution, or place of worship. Such probationers may be asked to meet with an officer at the onset or near the end of the probationary period, or not at all. If terms are not completed, an officer may file a petition to revoke probation.

text: Informal supervision is supervised or unsupervised probation without having been convicted of the offense. As with other forms of probation, search clauses or drug testing may be included. At the end of the informal period, the case is dismissed. This is usually offered as part of a plea bargain or pre-trial diversion, and may requires the supervisee to waive Fourth Amendment rights for the duration. Informal probation can also require the supervisee to enter a plea of "Guilty", pending the completion of the terms set forth in the agreement, at which time the charge is typically dismissed.

text: Shock probation is a program that gives a sentencing judge the power to reconsider an original jail sentence. The judge may recall the inmate from jail and put him or her on probation within the community instead. The courts have a theory that a short term in jail may “shock” a criminal into changing their behavior. Shock probation can be used only between a specific period of 30–120 days after the original sentence, and is not available in all states.[13]

text: Decision to grant probation[edit]

text: Community corrections officials are the main factors that help decide whether a criminal is granted probation or not. They are the ones who determine whether the offender is a serious risk to public safety. These officials are also the ones who make recommendations to the court on what action to take. The correction officials first go through an investigations process during the pretrial period. They assess the offenders background and history to determine if he or she can be released safely back into the community. The officers then write a report on the offender. This is an extremely important piece of information that the courts use to determine if the offender shall be put on probation instead of going to jail. After the offender is found guilty, the probation officer puts together a pre-sentence investigation report (PSI). Courts base their sentencing on it. Finally, courts make their decision whether to imprison the convict or to let him or her off on probation. If a court decides to grant a person probation, it must then determine how to impose the sentence based on the seriousness of the crime, recidivism, circumstances of the convict, and the recommendations from the corrections officials.[13]

text: Probation violations[edit]

text: A probation officer may imprison a probationer and petition the court for a violation of probation. The court will request that the defendant appear at a show cause hearing at which the prosecutor must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed a probation violation.[14] If the defendant pleads guilty to a probation violation, or is found guilty of a probation violation after the hearing, the officer or prosecutor may request that additional conditions of probation be imposed, that the duration be extended, or that a period of incarceration be ordered, possibly followed by a return to probation.[4] There is no law that specifies when probation violation proceedings must be commenced, although probation violation proceedings are near certain following the defendant's conviction of a subsequent offense, or failure to report to the probation officer as ordered.

text: If a violation is found, the severity of the penalties may depend upon the facts of the original offense, the facts of the violation, and the probationer's criminal history. For example, if an offender is on probation for a gang-related offense, subsequent "association with known criminals" may be viewed as a more serious violation than if the person were on probation for driving a car with a suspended license; the reverse may be true if the initial offense were for driving under the influence. Similarly, penalties for violation may be greater if a subsequent offense is of greater severity (such as a felony, following a misdemeanor), or if the original offense and subsequent offense are of the same type (such as a battery following an assault, or retail theft following retail theft).

text: Probation revocation[edit]

text: When a probation violation is extremely severe, or after multiple lesser violations, a probation revocation hearing could be scheduled. A judge at the hearing will consider reports from the probation officer, and if probation is revoked, the probationer will often be incarcerated in jail or prison. However, the term of incarceration might be reduced from the original potential sentence for the alleged crime(s). It is possible that an innocent defendant would choose to accept a deferred sentence rather than incur the risk of going to trial. In such a case, a probation revocation can result in conviction of the original criminal charges and a permanent record of conviction.


document_title: Kansas City Royals

question_text: where did the royals play before kauffman stadium

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Franchise history[edit]

text: 1969–1979: Taking off[edit]

text: The Royals began play in 1969 in Kansas City, Missouri. In their inaugural game, on April 8, 1969, the Royals defeated the Minnesota Twins 4–3 in 12 innings.

text: The team was quickly built through a number of trades engineered by its first General Manager, Cedric Tallis, including a trade for Lou Piniella, who won the Rookie of the Year during the Royals' inaugural season, center fielder Amos Otis, who became the team's first great star, first baseman John Mayberry, who provided power, second baseman Cookie Rojas, shortstop Fred Patek, designated hitter Hal McRae, and others. The Royals also invested in a strong farm system and soon developed such future stars as pitchers Paul Splittorff, Dennis Leonard, and Steve Busby, infielders George Brett and Frank White, and outfielder Al Cowens.

text: In 1971, the Royals had their first winning season, with manager Bob Lemon leading them to a second-place finish. In 1973, under manager Jack McKeon, the Royals adopted their iconic "powder blue" road uniforms and moved from Municipal Stadium to the brand-new Royals Stadium (now known as Kauffman Stadium).

text: The 1973 All-Star Game was hosted at Royals Stadium, with Otis and Mayberry in the AL starting lineup. The event was previously held at Municipal Stadium in 1960, when the Athletics were based in Kansas City.

text: Manager Whitey Herzog replaced McKeon in 1975, and the Royals quickly became the dominant franchise in the American League's Western Division, winning three straight division championships from 1976 to 1978. However, the Royals lost to the New York Yankees in three straight American League Championship Series encounters.

text: 1980–1984: From pennant to pine tar incident[edit]

text: After the Royals finished in second place in 1979, Herzog was fired and replaced by Jim Frey. Under Frey, the Royals rebounded in 1980 and advanced to the ALCS, where they again faced the Yankees. The Royals vanquished the Yankees in a three-game sweep punctuated by a George Brett home run off of Yankees' star relief pitcher Goose Gossage. After reaching their first World Series, the Royals fell to the Philadelphia Phillies in six games. Game 6 was also significant because it remains the most-watched game in World Series history with a television audience of 54.9 million viewers.[4]

text: In July 1983, while the Royals were headed for a second-place finish behind the Chicago White Sox another chapter in the team's rivalry with the New York Yankees occurred. In what has come to be known as "the Pine Tar Incident", umpires discovered illegal placement of pine tar (more than 18 inches up the handle) on third baseman George Brett's bat after he had hit a two-run home run off Gossage that put the Royals up 5–4 in the top of the 9th. After Yankee Manager Billy Martin came out of the dugout to talk to home plate umpire Tim McClelland, McClelland and the other umpires mulled over the bat (measuring it over home plate, touching it, etc.). McClelland then pointed to Brett in the dugout and gave the "out" sign, disallowing the home run. Enraged, Brett stormed out of the dugout toward McClelland and Martin, and McClelland ejected Brett. The homer was later reinstated by AL President Lee MacPhail, and the Royals won the game after it was resumed several weeks later.

text: The 1983 season was also notable for some transitional changes in the Royals organization. First, owner Ewing Kauffman sold 49% of his interest to Memphis developer Avron Fogelman. Second, John Schuerholz was named general manager. Schuerholz soon bolstered the farm system with pitchers Bud Black, Danny Jackson, Mark Gubicza, David Cone, and Bret Saberhagen, as well as hitters such as Kevin Seitzer.

text: Thanks to the sudden and surprising maturation (specifically, in pitching) of most of the aforementioned players, the Royals won their fifth division championship in 1984, relying on Brett's bat and the young pitching staff of Saberhagen, Gubicza, Charlie Leibrandt, Black and Jackson. The Royals were then swept by the Detroit Tigers in the American League Championship Series. The Tigers went on to win the World Series.

text: 1985: "The I-70 Series"[edit]

text: In the 1985 regular season the Royals topped the Western Division for the sixth time in ten years, led by Bret Saberhagen's Cy Young Award-winning performance and George Brett's self described best "all around year." Throughout the ensuing playoffs, the Royals came back from 2-0 and 3-1 deficits, but managed to win the Series. In game three, with KC down 2 games to 0, George Brett homered twice and doubled off the fence in right field to put Kansas City back into the series. With the Royals down three-games-to-one in the American League Championship Series against the Toronto Blue Jays, the Royals eventually rallied to win the series 4–3.

text: 1985 World Series[edit]

text: In the 1985 World Series (nicknamed the "I-70 Series" because the two teams are both located in the state of Missouri and connected by Interstate 70) against the cross-state St. Louis Cardinals, the Royals again fell behind, three games to one. The key game in their comeback was Game 6. Facing elimination, the Royals trailed 1–0 in the bottom of the 9th inning, before rallying to score two runs and win.[5]

text: 1986–1994: Staying in the picture[edit]

text: The Royals maintained a reputation as one of the American League West's top teams throughout the late 1980s. The club posted a winning record in three of the four seasons following its 1985 World Series championship, while developing young stars such as Bo Jackson, Tom Gordon, and Kevin Seitzer.[6] The Royals finished the 1989 season with a 92–70 record (third-best in the major leagues) but did not qualify for the playoffs, finishing second in their division behind the eventual World Series champion Oakland Athletics.[6]

text: At the end of the 1989 season, the team boasted a powerhouse pitching rotation, including the AL Cy Young Award-winner Bret Saberhagen (who set franchise record 23 wins that year), two-time All-Star Mark Gubicza (a 15-game winner in 1989) and 1989 AL Rookie of the Year runner-up Tom Gordon (who won 17 games that year).[7] But the organization felt it was still missing a few necessary pieces to give its divisional rival Oakland Athletics a run for their money.[8] So prior to the 1990 season, the Royals acquired Mark Davis, the 1989 National League Cy Young Award-winner and league leader in saves, signing him to a 4-year, $13 million contract (the largest annual salary in baseball history at the time).[9] The Royals also signed starting pitcher Storm Davis, who was coming off a career-high 19-game win season (third-best in the AL), to a three-year $6 million contract.[9] Despite the promising off-season moves, the team suffered critical bullpen injuries while both newly signed Davises experienced lackluster seasons in 1990.[8] The Royals concluded the season with a 75–86 record, in second-to-last place in the AL West (and with the worst franchise record since 1970). Bo Jackson—the team's potential future franchise player—suffered a devastating hip injury while playing football in the off-season, so the Royals waived him during spring training in 1991.[10]

text: Though the team dropped out of contention from 1990 to 1992, the Royals still could generally be counted on to post winning records through the strike-shortened 1994 season. With no playoff appearances despite the winning records during this era, many of the team's highlights instead centered around the end of George Brett's career, such as his third and final batting title in 1990—which made him the first player to win batting titles in three different decades—and his 3,000th hit.

text: 1995–2002: Decline in the post-Kauffman era[edit]

text: At the start of the 1990s, the Royals had been hit with a double-whammy when General Manager John Schuerholz departed in 1990 and team owner Ewing Kauffman died in 1993. Shortly before Kauffman's death, he set up an unprecedented complex succession plan to keep the team in Kansas City. The team was donated at his death to the Greater Kansas City Community Foundation and Affiliated Trusts with operating decisions of the team decided by a five-member group chaired by Wal-Mart executive David Glass. According to the plan the Royals had six years to find a local owner for the team before opening ownership to an outside bidder. The new owners would be required to say they would keep the team in Kansas City. Kauffman had feared that new owners would move it noting, "No one would want to buy a baseball team that consistently loses millions of dollars and had little prospect of making money because it was in a small city."[11] If no owner could be found the Kauffman restrictions were to end on January 1, 2002 and the team was to be sold to the highest bidder.[12] In 1999, New York City lawyer and minor league baseball owner Miles Prentice, vowing not to move the team, bid $75 million for the team. This was the minimum amount Kauffman had stipulated the team could be sold for.[13] MLB rejected Prentice's first bid without specifying any reason.[14][15] In a final round of bids on March 13, 2000, the Foundation voted to accept Glass' bid of $96 million, rejecting Prentice's revised bid of $115 million.[16]

text: During the interregnum under Foundation ownership, the team declined. In 1994 season, the Royals reduced payroll by trading pitcher David Cone and outfielder Brian McRae, then continued their salary dump in the 1995 season. The team payroll, which had previously remained among the league's highest, was sliced in half from $40.5 million in 1994 (fourth-highest in the major leagues) to $18.5 million in 1996 (second-lowest in the major leagues).[17][18]

text: As attendance slid and the average MLB salary continued to rise, rather than pay higher salaries or lose their players to free agency, the Royals traded their remaining stars such as Kevin Appier, Johnny Damon and Jermaine Dye. By 1999, the team's payroll had fallen again to $16.5 million.[17] Making matters worse, most of the younger players that the Royals received in exchange for these All-Stars proved of little value, setting the stage for an extended downward spiral. Indeed, the Royals set a franchise low with a .398 winning percentage (64–97 record) in 1999, and lost 97 games again in 2001.

text: In the middle of this era, in 1997, the Royals declined the opportunity to switch to the National League as part of a realignment plan to introduce the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays as expansion teams. The Milwaukee Brewers made the switch instead.

text: In 2002, the Royals set a new team record for futility, losing 100 games for the first time in franchise history. They fired manager Tony Muser, and he was replaced by Tony Peña.

text: 2003: A winning season[edit]

text: The 2003 season saw a temporary end to the losing, when manager Tony Peña, in his first full season with the club, guided the team to its first winning record (83–79) since 1994 and finished in third place in the AL Central. He was named the American League Manager of the Year for his efforts and shortstop Ángel Berroa was named AL Rookie of the Year.

text: 2004–2008: Rock bottom[edit]

text: From the 2004 season through the 2012 season, the Royals posted nine consecutive losing records – the longest streak in team history. In six of those seasons the team finished in last place in the American League Central, and in eight of those nine seasons the team also lost at least 90 games. The worst seasons came in 2004–2006, when the Royals lost at least 100 games each year and set the franchise's all-time record for losses (56–106 in 2005).

text: Picked by many[who?] to win their division in 2004 after faring well in the free agent market, the Royals got off to a disappointing start and by late June were back in a rebuilding mode, releasing veteran reliever Curtis Leskanic and trading veteran reliever Jason Grimsley and superstar center fielder Carlos Beltrán for prospects, all within a week of each other. The team subsequently fell apart completely, losing 104 games and breaking the franchise record set just two years earlier. The Royals did, however, see promising seasons from two rookies, center fielder David DeJesus and starting pitcher Zack Greinke. The team continued a youth movement in 2005, but finished with a 56–106 record (.346), a full 43 games out of first place, marking the third time in four seasons that the team reestablished the mark for worst record in franchise history. The season also saw the Royals lose a franchise record 19 games in a row. During the season manager Tony Peña quit and was replaced by interim manager Bob Schaefer until the Indians' bench coach Buddy Bell was chosen as the next manager. Looking for a quick turnaround, general manager Allard Baird signed several veteran players prior to the 2006 season, including Doug Mientkiewicz, Mark Grudzielanek, Joe Mays and Scott Elarton. Nevertheless, the Royals struggled through another 100-loss season in 2006, becoming just the eleventh team in major league history to lose 100 games in three straight seasons.[19] During the season Baird was fired as GM and replaced by Dayton Moore.

text: Kansas City entered the 2007 season looking to rebound from four out of five seasons ending with at least 100 losses. The Royals outbid the Cubs and Blue Jays for free agent righty Gil Meche, signing him to five-year, $55 million contract, the largest contract in Royals history. Reliever Octavio Dotel also inked a one-year, $5 million contract. The team also added several new prospects, including Alex Gordon and Billy Butler. Among Dayton Moore's first acts as General Manager was instating a new motto for the team: "True. Blue. Tradition."[20] In June 2007, the Royals had their first winning month since July 2003, and followed it up with a winning July. The Royals finished the season 69–93, but 2007 marked the club's first season with fewer than 100 losses since 2003. Manager Buddy Bell resigned following the 2007 season.[21]

text: The Royals hired Trey Hillman, formerly the manager of the Nippon Ham Fighters and a minor league manager with the New York Yankees, to be the 15th manager in franchise history.[22] The 2008 season began with the release of fan favorite Mike Sweeney and the trade of Ángel Berroa to the Dodgers. Through 13 games in 2008, the Royals were 8–5 and in first place in the AL Central, a vast improvement over their start from the previous season. However, by the All-Star break, the Royals were again in losing territory, with their record buoyed only by a 13–5 record in interleague play, the best in the American League. The team finished the season in fourth place with a 75–87 record.

text: 2009–2012: Kauffman renovations and further rebuilding[edit]

text: Prior to the 2009 season, the Royals renovated Kauffman Stadium. After the season began, the Royals ended April at the top of the AL Central, all of which raised excitement levels among fans. However, the team faded as the season progressed and finished the year with a final record of 65–97, in a fourth place tie in its division. The season was highlighted by starter Zack Greinke, who did not allow an earned run in the first 24 innings of the season, went on to finish the year with a Major League-leading 2.16 earned run average, and won the American League Cy Young Award. Greinke joined Bret Saberhagen (in 1985 and 1989) and David Cone (in 1994) as the only three players in Royals history to receive the award.

text: The Royals began the 2010 season with a rocky start, and after the team's record fell to 12–23, manager Trey Hillman was fired. Former Milwaukee Brewers skipper Ned Yost took over as manager. At the end of the 2010 season, the Royals finished with a 67–95 record, in last place in the division for the sixth time in seven years. The Royals also set a dubious franchise record during the season, allowing 42 runs in a three-day span from July 25 to 27. The Royals began 2011 with a hot start with a 10–4 record after 14 games, but success faded as the season progressed. The Royals last had a .500 record at 22–22, and by the All-Star break, the Royals had a record of 37–54, the worst in the American League. Almost all of the Royals' bullpen was called up in 2011 and the call up of the infielders Eric Hosmer, Mike Moustakas, Manny Piña, Johnny Giavotella, and Salvador Pérez. Hosmer won the AL Rookie of the Month award in July and September and finished the season with 19 home runs. Moustakas collected a fifteen-game hitting streak, which tied the largest such streak by a Royal rookie. The Royals finished the 2011 season with a 71–91 record. The 2012 team saw more of the same, as they improved by one game to 72–90.

text: The 2012 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was hosted by the Royals at Kauffman Stadium on July 10, 2012 (in addition to the 2012 Home Run Derby, All-Star Futures Game and Taco Bell All-Star Legends and Celebrity Softball Game during the All-Star break), which the National League won 8–0. The 2012 season marked the third time the "Midsummer Classic" was held in Kansas City.

text: 2013: Return to respectability[edit]

text: On December 10, 2012, in an attempt to strengthen the pitching staff (which was among the worst in baseball in 2012), the Royals traded for Rays pitchers James Shields and Wade Davis giving Tampa top prospects Wil Myers, Jake Odorizzi, Mike Montgomery, and Patrick Leonard. This trade helped catalyze a return to winning records.

text: In the 2013 season, the Royals remained over .500 nearly most of April during regular season play. The team also did not commit an error in its first seven games (for 64 2⁄3 innings) for the first time in team history. On September 22, the Royals won their 82nd game of the season to clinch the franchise's first winning season since 2003. The Royals finished the season 86–76, securing the team's best winning percentage since 1994.

text: 2014: Return to the World Series[edit]

text: The 2014 season was even more successful, featuring a return to the postseason for the first time in 29 years, and what would unfold as a historic playoff run to the 2014 World Series.

text: Entering the 2014 season, the Royals had the longest playoff drought of any team in the four main American professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NHL, and NBA).[citation needed] On July 21, 2014, the Royals had a losing record (48–50) and were eight games behind the Detroit Tigers in the AL Central standings. But spurred by a 22–5 record from July 22 to August 19 coinciding with a mediocre 12-15 stretch by the Tigers, the team surged into first-place in the AL Central. The Royals reached the top of the division standings on August 11, after winning their eighth game in a row.[23] This marked the latest date the Royals had led their division since August 29, 2003.[23] The team retained its division lead for a month, before falling out of first-place permanently on September 12. They finished the 2014 regular season with a record 89–73, still the most wins for the Royals since 1989. Though the team finished one game behind Detroit in the AL Central, the Royals secured their first-ever wild card berth.

text: After qualifying for the postseason, the Royals embarked on a record-setting eight-game winning streak. They hosted the Oakland Athletics in the 2014 American League Wild Card Game and won 9–8 on a Salvador Pérez walk-off single in the 12th inning, having earlier rallied back from a 7–3 deficit in the eighth. The Royals then swept the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the 2014 American League Division Series. In Game 1 of the ALDS, the score was 2–2 going into the 11th inning, when Mike Moustakas hit a game-winning solo home run. The next day, Kansas City beat the Angels 4–1 in another extra-innings affair, in the process setting an MLB postseason record of three straight extra-inning wins.[24] The Royals then completed the sweep at home, winning 8–3 in game three and advancing to the 2014 American League Championship Series against the Baltimore Orioles.[25]

text: In the opening game of the ALCS on October 11, 2014, the Royals defeated the Orioles 8–6, with two home runs in the 10th inning. Thus, in eight extra innings over five postseason games in 2014, they succeeded in hitting four homers in extra innings, more than any team in the history of Major League Baseball.[26] In the second ALCS game, the Royals again beat the Orioles 6–4, behind Lorenzo Cain's four hits, including an RBI single.[27] After game three, the ALCS was delayed one day due to rainy weather, when the Royals hosted the Orioles at Kauffman Stadium on October 14, 2014. Pitcher Jeremy Guthrie allowed only one run as KC beat the Orioles 2–1, taking a 3–0 lead in the series. In Game four, the Royals completed the sweep of the Orioles with another 2–1 win to advance to the World Series for the first time since 1985. The win marked the team's eighth consecutive postseason win in one year, breaking a major league record previously held by the Colorado Rockies in 2007 and Cincinnati Reds in 1976. It also marked the Royals' 11th win in a row overall in postseason play, dating back to the franchise's final three wins of the 1985 Series, the third-longest multi-year postseason streak in baseball history.[28]

text: The Royals faced the San Francisco Giants in the 2014 World Series. They had home-field advantage, due to the American League's win in the 2014 All-Star Game.

text: After setting an AL record by winning eight straight games to reach the World Series, the Royals opened the series by losing 7–1 in the first game against starter Madison Bumgarner. The Royals bounced back with a 7–2 win in game two to tie the series at 1–1. The Royals won game three in San Francisco 3-2 to take the series lead for the first time. In game four, the Royals lost 11-4, which tied the series with the Giants. In game five, they lost 5-0 to the Giants against starter Madison Bumgarner. In game six, the Royals beat the Giants 10-0. In game seven, the Royals started RHP Jeremy Guthrie against Giants pitcher Tim Hudson. Guthrie lasted 3 1⁄3 innings before he was replaced by Kelvin Herrera, who himself lasted 2 2⁄3 innings. He was then replaced by Wade Davis, who pitched in two innings. Closer Greg Holland ended the game. On the Giants side, Hudson lasted only 1 2⁄3 innings before he was replaced by Jeremy Affeldt, who was later replaced by Madison Bumgarner. The Royals lost game seven, 3–2, with the tying run (Alex Gordon) on third base in the bottom of the ninth with two outs, when Salvador Pérez fouled out to Pablo Sandoval to end the game and the series.

text: 2015: World Series champions[edit]

text: After earning a wild-card entry to the playoffs in 2014, in 2015 the Royals won the franchise's first division title since 1985 and first Central division title ever (the Central was created in 1994). The Royals went on to win the 2015 World Series – the first championship for the Royals since 1985 – beating the New York Mets four games to one.[29]

text: The Royals entered the 2015 All-Star break with the best record in the American League (52–34). The team continued its momentum into the second half of the season, and on July 26, Royals management traded three prospects Brandon Finnegan, John Lamb, and Cody Reed for 2014 All-Star pitcher Johnny Cueto to help bolster its starting pitching rotation, as well as trading for super-utility player Ben Zobrist.[30] The team ended the regular season with a record of 95–67, best in the American League, and the organization's best since 1980.

text: The Royals faced the Houston Astros in the ALDS. Down 2–1 in the series and trailing 6–2 in the 8th inning of Game 4, the Royals rallied for 5 runs en route to a 9–6 win before Cueto's gem in Game 5 powered the Royals to a second consecutive ALCS.[31] The Royals defeated the Toronto Blue Jays in Game 6, to win the 2015 ALCS and earn a trip to face the New York Mets in the 2015 World Series.

text: The Royals beat the New York Mets 4 games to 1 to become the 2015 World Series champions.[29] It was the Royals' first World Series title since 1985. The series win was sealed after the Royals beat the Mets 7-2 in the 12th inning of Game 5. The Royals rallied in the 9th inning down 2-0 to tie the score 2-2, forcing the game into extra innings. The five-run 12th inning was initiated by a Perez single and Dyson pinch-running for him. This was followed by a single from Christian Colon, doubles from both Alcides Escobar and Lorenzo Cain, scoring runs from Jarrod Dyson, Colon, Paulo Orlando (who reached base on an error by Daniel Murphy), Escobar and Ben Zobrist (who was intentionally walked). Wade Davis, who hadn't allowed a run yet that postseason, closed out the game with a flawless 12th, allowing a hit and striking out Wilmer Flores to end the game and win the World Series for the Royals.[32]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: St. Louis Cardinals[edit]

text: The Royals' most prominent rivalry is with the intrastate St. Louis Cardinals. For geographic reasons, the teams long played exhibition games, but a true rivalry began with the Royals' victory over the Cardinals in the 1985 World Series, known as the "I-70 Series." Notably, the manager for the Cardinals in the series was Whitey Herzog, who had been the Royals' manager from 1975 to 1979, and led Kansas City to the franchise's first three playoff appearances – in 1976, 1977, and 1978 – before getting fired just shortly after the Royals were eliminated from the playoffs in 1979. Interleague play in 1997 allowed the I-70 Series to be revived in non-exhibition games. The first few seasons of the series were rather even, with the Cardinals holding a slight advantage with a 14–13 record through the 2003 season. Through the 2016 season, the Cardinals hold the series advantage 51–39.

text: Historic rivalry[edit]

text: From 1976 to 1980, the Royals faced the New York Yankees four times in five years in the American League Championship Series. The Yankees won in 1976, 1977 and 1978, while the Royals won in 1980. In a 2013 article about the 1983 Pine Tar Incident involving the two teams, Lou Pinella said: "As a team, we didn't really like Kansas City. We had played them in the '76, '77 and '78 postseason and beaten them every time. There was no love lost between the teams. We didn't like each other. They were our big rivals..."[33] George Brett agreed: "I hated everyone on the Yankees, I really did. I hated 'em all, back in that era."[33]

text: Baseball Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Kansas City Royals Hall of Famers

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Kansas City Royals

George Brett

Orlando Cepeda
Joe Gordon

Whitey Herzog
Harmon Killebrew

Bob Lemon
Gaylord Perry

John Schuerholz*

Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Royals cap insignia.
* Inductee's plaque has no team's cap or insignia.

tag: table

text: Ford C. Frick Award recipients[edit]

text:
Kansas City Royals Ford C. Frick Award recipients

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Denny Matthews

Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Royals.

text: Other players of note[edit]

text: Team captains[edit]

text:
5 George Brett 1989–1993
20 Frank White 1989–1990
29 Mike Sweeney 2003–2007

tag: ul

text: Missouri Sports Hall of Fame[edit]

text:
Kansas City Royals in the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame

No.
Player
Position
Tenure
Notes

–
Ewing Kauffman
Founder/Owner
1969–1993
Born near Garden City, grew up in Kansas City

–
Art Stewart
Scout
1969–present

–
George Toma
Groundskeeper
1969–1999

2
Fred Patek
SS
1971–1979

5
George Brett
3B/DH/1B
1973–1993

6
Willie Wilson
CF/LF
1976–1990

6
Jim Eisenreich
OF
1987–1992

7
John Mayberry
1B
1972–1977

8
15
Mike MacFarlane
C
1987–1994
1996–1998

11
Hal McRae
OF/DH/Coach
Manager
1973–1987
1991–1994

12
John Wathan
C
Manager
1976–1985
1987–1991

15
Darrell Porter
C
1977–1980
Born in Joplin

16
Bo Jackson
OF/DH
1987–1990

18
Jamie Quirk
C
1975–1976
1978–1982
1985–1988

20
Frank White
2B
1973–1990
Attended Longview Community College in Lee's Summit

21
Jeff Montgomery
RP
1988–1999

22
Dennis Leonard
SP
1974–1986

22
Mark Gubicza
SP
1984–1996

24
Whitey Herzog
Manager
1975–1979
Elected mainly on his performance with St. Louis Cardinals

26
Amos Otis
CF
1970–1983

29, 40
Vince Coleman
LF
1994–1995

29
Dan Quisenberry
RP
1979–1988

29
Mike Sweeney
C/1B/DH
1995–2007

30
Orlando Cepeda
1B
1974
Elected mainly on his performance with San Francisco Giants

34
Paul Splittorff
SP
1970–1984

36
Gaylord Perry
SP
1983
Elected mainly on his performance with San Francisco Giants

39
Al Hrabosky
RP
1978–1979

40
Steve Busby
SP
1972–1980

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
George
Brett
3B
Retired
1994

Dick
Howser
Manager
Retired
1987

Frank
White
2B
Retired
1995

Jackie
Robinson
All MLB
Honored April 15, 1997

text: The Royals have retired the numbers of former players George Brett (No. 5) and Frank White (No. 20). Former manager Dick Howser's No. 10 was retired following his death in 1987. Former Brooklyn Dodgers player Jackie Robinson's No. 42 is retired throughout Major League Baseball.

text: Hall of Fame[edit]

text:
Key

Year
Year inducted

Bold
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame

Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a member of the Royals

Bold
Recipient of the Hall of Fame's Ford C. Frick Award

text:
Kansas City Royals Hall of Fame

Inducted
No.
Player
Position
Tenure

1986
40
Steve Busby
SP
1972–1980

26
Amos Otis
CF
1970–1983

1987
10
Dick Howser
Manager
1981–1986

1
Cookie Rojas
2B
1970–1977

34
Paul Splittorff
SP
1970–1984

1989
22
Dennis Leonard
SP
1974–1986

11
Hal McRae
OF/DH/Coach
Manager
1973–1987
1991–1994

1992
—
Joe Burke
GM
President
1974–1981
1981–1992

32
Larry Gura
SP
1976–1985

2
Freddie Patek
SS
1971–1979

1993
—
Ewing Kauffman
Owner and tributary of name of Kauffman Stadium
1969–1993

1994
5
George Brett
3B/DH/1B
1973–1993

1995
20
Frank White
2B
1973–1990

1996
—
Muriel Kauffman
Executive and wife of Ewing
1969–1995

7
John Mayberry
1B
1972–1977

1998
29
Dan Quisenberry
RP
1979–1988

2000
24
Whitey Herzog
Manager
1975–1979

6
Willie Wilson
CF/LF
1976–1990

2003
21
Jeff Montgomery
RP
1988–1999

2004
—
Denny Matthews
Radio announcer
1969–present

2005
31
Bret Saberhagen
SP
1984–1991

2006
23
Mark Gubicza
SP
1984–1996

2008
—
Art Stewart
Scout
1969–present

2011
55
Kevin Appier
SP
1989–1999
2003–2004

2012
—
George Toma
Groundskeeper
1969–1999

2015
29
Mike Sweeney
C/1B/DH
1995–2007

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Kansas City Royals 2018 spring training roster

view
talk
edit

40-man roster
Non-roster invitees
Coaches/Other

Pitchers

54 Scott Alexander
50 Miguel Almonte
-- Scott Barlow
49 Ryan Buchter
41 Danny Duffy
33 Brian Flynn
62 Sam Gaviglio
39 Jason Hammel
40 Kelvin Herrera
-- Tim Hill
65 Jake Junis
55 Nate Karns
-- Brad Keller
31 Ian Kennedy
59 Andrés Machado
32 Brandon Maurer
61 Kevin McCarthy
-- Wily Peralta
69 Eric Skoglund
-- Burch Smith
48 Joakim Soria
-- Eric Stout
45 Kyle Zimmer

Catchers

 9 Drew Butera
36 Cam Gallagher
13 Salvador Pérez
-- Meibrys Viloria

Infielders

19 Cheslor Cuthbert
17 Hunter Dozier
67 Samir Duenez
15 Whit Merrifield
27 Raúl A. Mondesí
46 Ramón Torres

Outfielders

38 Jorge Bonifacio
14 Billy Burns
 4 Alex Gordon
16 Paulo Orlando
12 Jorge Soler
11 Bubba Starling

Designated hitters

37 Brandon Moss

Manager

 3 Ned Yost

Coaches

80 Ryan Eigsti (bullpen catcher)
28 Pedro Grifol (quality control/catching/assistant hitting)
23 Mike Jirschele (third base)
35 Mitch Maier (first base)
21 Dale Sveum (bench)
-- Terry Bradshaw (hitting)
-- Vance Wilson (bullpen)
-- Cal Eldred (pitching)

40 active, 0 inactive, 0 non-roster invitees
 7- or 10-day disabled list
* Not on active roster
† Suspended list
Roster, coaches, and NRIs updated December 14, 2017
Transactions • Depth Chart
→ All MLB rosters

text: Managers[edit]

text: Statistics current through November 1, 2015

text:
#[a]
Manager
Seasons
Wins
Losses
Pct
PA
PW
PL
WS

1
Gordon !Joe Gordon†
1969
0069 !69
0093 !93
.426
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

2
Metro !Charlie Metro
1970
0019 !19
0033 !33
.365
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

3
Lemon !Bob Lemon†
1970–1972
0207 !207
0218 !218
.487
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

4
McKeon !Jack McKeon
1973–1975
0215 !215
0205 !205
.512
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

5
Herzog !Whitey Herzog†
1975–1979
0410 !410
0304 !304
.574
000 !3
000 !5
000 !9
000 !0

6
Frey !Jim Frey
1980–1981
0127 !127
0105 !105
.547
000 !1
000 !5
000 !4
000 !0

7
Howser !Dick Howser
1981–1986
0404 !404
0365 !365
.525
000 !3
000 !8
000 !12
000 !1

8
Ferraro !Mike Ferraro
1986
0036 !36
0038 !38
.486
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

9
Gardner !Billy Gardner
1987
0062 !62
0064 !64
.492
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

10
Wathan !John Wathan
1987–1991
0287 !287
0270 !270
.515
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

11
Schaefer !Bob Schaefer
1991
0001 !1
0000 !0
1.000
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

12
McRae !Hal McRae
1991–1994
0286 !286
0277 !277
.508
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

13
Boone !Bob Boone
1995–1997
0181 !181
0206 !206
.468
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

14
Muser !Tony Muser
1997–2002
0317 !317
0431 !431
.424
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

15
Mizerock !John Mizerock
2002
0005 !5
0008 !8
.385
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

16
Peña !Tony Peña
2002–2005
0198 !198
0285 !285
.410
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

—
Schaefer !Bob Schaefer
2005
0005 !5
0012 !12
.294
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

17
Bell !Buddy Bell
2005–2007
0174 !174
0262 !262
.399
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

18
Hillman !Trey Hillman
2008–2010
0152 !152
0207 !207
.423
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—
000 !—

19
Yost !Ned Yost
2010–present
0468 !468
0469 !469
.499
000 !2
000 !22
000 !9
000 !1

Totals
—
—
3623
3852
.485
9
40
34
2

text: Minor league affiliations[edit]

text:
Level
Team
League
Location

AAA
Omaha Storm Chasers
Pacific Coast League
Papillion, Nebraska

AA
Northwest Arkansas Naturals
Texas League
Springdale, Arkansas

Advanced A
Wilmington Blue Rocks
Carolina League
Wilmington, Delaware

A
Lexington Legends
South Atlantic League
Lexington. Kentucky

Rookie-Advanced
Idaho Falls Chukars
Pioneer League
Idaho Falls, Idaho

Burlington Royals
Appalachian League
Burlington, North Carolina

Rookie
AZL Royals
Arizona Summer League
Surprise, AZ

DSL Royals
Dominican Summer League
Dominican Republic

text: Season records[edit]

text:
Highest batting average: .390, George Brett (1980)
Most games: 162, Al Cowens (1977), Hal McRae (1977), Carlos Beltrán (2002), Billy Butler (2013), Alcides Escobar (2014, 2016)
Most runs: 136, Johnny Damon (2000)
Most hits: 230, Willie Wilson (1980)
Highest slugging %: .664, George Brett (1980)
Most doubles: 54, Hal McRae (1977)
Most triples: 21, Willie Wilson (1985)
Most home runs: 38, Mike Moustakas (2017)
Most grand slams: 3, Danny Tartabull (1988)
Most RBIs: 144, Mike Sweeney (2000)
Most stolen bases: 83, Willie Wilson (1979)
Most wins: 23, Bret Saberhagen (1989)
Lowest ERA: 2.08, Roger Nelson (1972)
Strikeouts: 244, Dennis Leonard (1977)
Most strikeouts, single game: 16, Danny Duffy (2016)
Most strikeouts, Reliever: 109, Wade Davis (2014)
Complete games: 21, Dennis Leonard (1977)
Saves: 47, Greg Holland (2013)

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: As of 2012[update], the Royals affiliate radio station is KCSP 610AM, the station having entered into a new four-year deal starting from the 2015 season.[34] The radio announcers are Denny Matthews and Ryan Lefebvre, with Steve Stewart and Steve Physioc.[35]

text: Televised games are aired on Fox Sports Kansas City, a branch of Fox Sports Midwest. For the 2012 season, Ryan Lefebvre will be joined by Jeff Montgomery for about 20 games while the rest of the broadcasts will be covered by former Angels announcer duo of Rex Hudler and Steve Physioc.[36][37] During the 2016 season, the Royals averaged an 11.7 rating and 105,000 viewers on primetime TV broadcasts.[38]

text: On February 22, 2007, Matthews was selected as the 2007 recipient of the Ford C. Frick Award, presented annually for major contributions to baseball broadcasting.[39]

text: Mascot[edit]

text: Sluggerrr is the mascot of the Royals. Sluggerrr is a lion, and made his first appearance on April 5, 1996. On game day, Sluggerrr can be found giving aggressive encouragement to players and fans, pitching in the "Little K", and firing hot dogs from an air cannon into the stands between innings.


document_title: Pancreatic juice

question_text: where do the digestive enzymes go that are produced by the pancreas

text: Pancreatic juice

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Pancreatic juiceIdentifiersMeSH
D010189FMA
62973
Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata]

text: Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas[1], which contains a variety of enzymes, including  trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. The pancreas is located in the visceral region, and is a major part of the digestive system required for proper digestion and subsequent assimilation of macronutrient substances required for living.

text: Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature due to the high concentration of bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate is useful in neutralizing the acidic gastric acid, allowing for effective enzymic changes.

text: Pancreatic juice secretion is principally regulated by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, which are produced by the walls of the duodenum, and by the action of autonomic innervation.

text: The release of these hormones into the blood is stimulated by the entry of the acidic chyme into the duodenum.

text:
The coordinated action of the forementioned hormones results in the secretion of a large volume of the pancreatic juice,  which is alkaline and enzyme-rich, into duodenum. The
pancreas also receives autonomic innervation. The blood flow into pancreas is regulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, while parasympathetic neurons stimulate the activity of acinar and centroacinar cells.

text: Pancreatic secretion is an aqueous solution of bicarbonate originating from the duct cells and enzymes originating from the acinar cells. The bicarbonate assists in neutralising the low pH of the chyme coming from the stomach, while the enzymes assist in the breakdown of the proteins, lipids and carbohydrates for further processing and absorption in the intestines.

text: Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenom through duodenal papilla. Some individuals have also an accessory duct, named accessory pancreatic duct, which may be functional (that is, it also empties the contents of the exocine pancreas into the duodenum) or non-functional.


document_title: The Hunger Games (film series)

question_text: when did the hunger games movies come out

text: The Hunger Games (film series)

text: Development[edit]

text: Following the release of Suzanne Collins' novel The Hunger Games, on September 14, 2008, Hollywood film studios began looking to adapt the book into film. In March 2009, Color Force, an independent studio founded by producer Nina Jacobson, bought the film rights to the book.[1]:12 Jacobson then sought out production company Lionsgate to help her produce the film.[2] Collins was also attached to adapt the novel; she began the first draft after completing the third novel in the series, Mockingjay (2010). The search for a director began in 2010 with three directors in the running; David Slade, Sam Mendes, and Gary Ross.[3] Ross was ultimately chosen to direct.[4] By the time Collins had finished the script, Ross decided to go through the script with Collins and screenwriter Billy Ray.

text: In October 2010, scripts were sent to the actors, and casting occurred between March and May 2011. The first role cast was of the protagonist, Katniss Everdeen. As many as 30 actresses were in talks to play the part, with Jennifer Lawrence, Hailee Steinfeld, Abigail Breslin, and Chloë Grace Moretz being mentioned most.[5] The role was given to Lawrence.[6]

text: The roles of Peeta Mellark, Katniss' fellow tribute, and Gale Hawthorne, her best friend, began casting later that month. Top contenders for Peeta included Josh Hutcherson, Alexander Ludwig (later cast as Cato), Hunter Parrish, Evan Peters, and Lucas Till.[7] Contenders for Gale included Robbie Amell, Liam Hemsworth, David Henrie, and Drew Roy.[7] On April 4, it was reported that Hemsworth had been cast as Gale, and Hutcherson had been cast as Peeta.[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming for the franchise began on May 23, 2011 and finished on June 20, 2014.[1]:138

text: Suzanne Collins and Louise Rosner acted as executive producers on the first two films. Other executive producers of the first film include Robin Bissell and Shantal Feghali. Co-producers are Diana Alvarez, Martin Cohen, Louis Phillips, Bryan Unkeless, and Aldric La'auli Porter.[9] Color Force and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films. It was announced on November 1, 2012 that the studio had decided to split the final book, Mockingjay (2010), into two films: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015), much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) and 2 (2011), and The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011) and 2 (2012).[10]

text: Directors[edit]

text: Gary Ross directed the first film (The Hunger Games), and despite initially stating otherwise on April 10, 2012, Lionsgate announced that Ross would not return to direct the sequel.[11] On April 19, 2012, it was confirmed that Francis Lawrence would direct the sequel instead, and on November 1, 2012, it was confirmed that he would return and direct the final two films in the series, based on the novel Mockingjay.[12][13]

text: Scripts[edit]

text: Suzanne Collins began adapting the first book to film after she finished writing Mockingjay. Collins had experience in writing screenplays after writing Clifford's Puppy Days and other children's television shows. When Gary Ross was announced as director for the film in 2010, he began to work with Collins and veteran writer Billy Ray to bring the novel to life. The script was large and resulted in a two-hour and 20 minute film.

text: After Francis Lawrence took over as director, he brought in Simon Beaufoy and Michael Arndt to write the script for Catching Fire.[14]

text: The final two films of the series were written by Danny Strong and Peter Craig.[15]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Once the three leads were cast, casting shifted to the other tributes. Jack Quaid was cast as Marvel, Leven Rambin as Glimmer, Amandla Stenberg as Rue, and Dayo Okeniyi as Thresh.[16] Alexander Ludwig (who auditioned for Peeta) was cast as Cato, Isabelle Fuhrman (who auditioned for Katniss) as Clove,[17] and Jacqueline Emerson as Foxface.[18] Following the casting of tributes, the adult cast began to come together. Elizabeth Banks was cast as Effie Trinket, the District 12 escort.[19] Woody Harrelson was cast as Haymitch Abernathy, District 12's mentor.[20] Lenny Kravitz was cast as Cinna, Katniss' stylist.[21] Wes Bentley was cast as game maker Seneca Crane.[22] Stanley Tucci was cast as Caesar Flickerman, Panem's celebrity host.[23] Donald Sutherland was cast as Coriolanus Snow, Panem's President.[24] Willow Shields was cast as Primrose Everdeen, Katniss' younger sister.[25]

text: In July 2012, the cast for the second film was announced. Jena Malone would play Johanna Mason.[26] Philip Seymour Hoffman would play Plutarch Heavensbee,[27] Sam Claflin would play Finnick Odair.[28] It was later announced that Jeffrey Wright was cast as Beetee, Alan Ritchson as Gloss, Lynn Cohen as Mags, and Amanda Plummer as Wiress.

text: In August and September 2013, it was revealed that Stef Dawson would play Annie Cresta,[29] Natalie Dormer would play Cressida,[30] Evan Ross would play Messalla, and Julianne Moore would play President Alma Coin[31] in the final two films.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for The Hunger Games began on May 24, 2011 and concluded on September 15, 2011. The entirety of filming for the first movie took place in North Carolina including the following cities; Asheville, Barnardsville, Black Mountain, Cedar Mountain, Charlotte, Concord, Hildebran and Shelby.[32] All of the Games scenes were filmed on location. All of the Capitol scenes were filmed in a studio in Shelby and Charlotte, North Carolina.

text: Principal photography for The Hunger Games: Catching Fire began on September 10, 2012 in Atlanta, Georgia[33] and concluded in April 2013. In November 2012, production moved to Hawaii to film the arena scenes. Filming took a Christmas break before filming resumed for two weeks in mid-January. In March 2013, the film went back to Hawaii for re-shoots.[34] Atlanta was used for all the Capitol scenes, Hawaii for the arena scenes, and Oakland, New Jersey for District 12 scenes.

text: Principal photography for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay began on September 23, 2013[35] and concluded on June 20, 2014. The majority of filming for the Mockingjay films was filmed in soundstages in a studio in Atlanta, until April 18, 2014. Production then moved to Paris, France, with filming beginning there on May 5, 2014.

text: Philip Seymour Hoffman, who portrays Plutarch Heavensbee, was found dead on February 2, 2014. At the time of his death, he had completed filming his scenes for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and had a week left of shooting for Part 2. Lionsgate released a statement stating that, since the majority of Hoffman’s scenes were completed, the release date for Part 2 would not be affected.[36][37]

text: Films[edit]

text: This section contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Hunger Games (2012)[edit]

text: Every year, in the ruins of what was once North America, the Capitol of the nation of Panem forces each of its 12 districts to send a teenage boy and girl, between the ages of 12 and 18, to compete in the Hunger Games: a nationally televised event in which 'tributes' fight each other within an arena, until one survivor remains. When Primrose Everdeen is 'reaped', her older sister Katniss Everdeen volunteers in her place to enter the games and is forced to rely upon her sharp instincts when she's pitted against highly trained tributes.

text: The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)[edit]

text: Along with fellow District 12 victor Peeta Mellark, Katniss Everdeen returns home safely after winning the 74th Annual Hunger Games. Winning means that they must leave their loved ones behind and embark on a Victory Tour throughout the districts. Along the way Katniss senses a rebellion simmering - one that she and Peeta may have sparked - but the Capitol is still in control as President Snow prepares the 75th Hunger Games - the Quarter Quell - that could change Panem forever.

text: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014)[edit]

text: Katniss Everdeen finds herself in District 13 after she shatters the games forever. Under the leadership of President Alma Coin and the advice of her trusted friends, Katniss spreads her wings as she fights to save Peeta, along with other victors and a nation moved by her courage.

text: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015)[edit]

text: Realizing the stakes are no longer just for survival, Katniss Everdeen teams up with her closest friends and allies, including Peeta, Gale, and Finnick, for the ultimate mission. Together, they leave District 13 to liberate the citizens of war-torn Panem and assassinate President Snow.

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text:
This table only includes characters which have appeared in more than one film in the series.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.

text:
Character
Films

The Hunger Games
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

Katniss Everdeen
Jennifer Lawrence

Peeta Mellark
Josh Hutcherson

Gale Hawthorne
Liam Hemsworth

Haymitch Abernathy
Woody Harrelson

Effie Trinket
Elizabeth Banks

President Coriolanus Snow
Donald Sutherland

Caesar Flickerman
Stanley Tucci

Primrose Everdeen
Willow Shields

Mrs. Everdeen
Paula Malcomson

Cinna
Lenny Kravitz

Plutarch Heavensbee

Philip Seymour Hoffman

Beetee Latier

Jeffrey Wright

Finnick Odair

Sam Claflin

Johanna Mason

Jena Malone

Annie Cresta

Stef Dawson

President Alma Coin

Julianne Moore

Boggs

Mahershala Ali

Cressida

Natalie Dormer

Commander Paylor

Patina Miller

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Role
Films

The Hunger Games
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

Director
Gary Ross
Francis Lawrence

Producer
Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik

Writer
Suzanne Collins, Gary Ross and Billy Ray
Simon Beaufoy and Michael Arndt
Danny Strong and Peter Craig

Composer
James Newton Howard

Cinematographer
Tom Stern
Jo Willems

Editor
Stephen Mirrione and Juliette Welfling
Alan Edward Bell
Alan Edward Bell and Mark Yoshikawa

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
Release date
Box office gross
Box office ranking
Production budget
Ref(s)

North America
Other territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide

The Hunger Games
March 23, 2012 (2012-03-23)
$408,010,692
$286,384,032
$694,394,724
19
87
$78 million
[38]

The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
November 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)
$424,668,047
$440,343,699
$865,011,746
14
50
$130 million
[39]

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
November 21, 2014 (2014-11-21)
$337,135,885
$418,220,826
$755,356,711
40
70
$125 million
[40]

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
$281,723,902
$371,704,359
$653,428,261
77
97
$160 million
[41]

Total
[42]

$7009145153852600000♠1,451,538,526
$7009151665291600000♠1,516,652,916
$7009296819144200000♠2,968,191,442

$493 million

text: All the Hunger Games films finished first at the North American box office during both their opening and second weekend.[43][44][45] In North America, The Hunger Games film series is the second highest-grossing film series based on young adult books, after the Harry Potter series, earning over $1.4 billion.[46] Worldwide, it is the third highest-grossing film series based on young-adult books after the film series of Harry Potter and The Twilight Saga, respectively, having grossed over $2.9 billion.[47] In North America, it is the eighth highest-grossing film franchise of all time.[48] Worldwide, it is the 15th or 16th highest-grossing film franchise of all time.[49][50]

text: Critical and public response[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore

The Hunger Games
84% (282 reviews)[51]
68 (49 reviews)[52]
A[53]

The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
89% (259 reviews)[54]
76 (49 reviews)[55]
A[53]

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
65% (252 reviews)[56]
64 (46 reviews)[57]
A-[53]

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
70% (250 reviews)[58]
65 (44 reviews)[59]
A-[53]

text: All The Hunger Games films received a "Fresh Rating" in the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with the first two films receiving a "Certified Rating" stub.[60]


document_title: Pass laws

question_text: who came up with pass laws and when

question_tokens: who came up with pass laws and when

text: Pass laws

text: Early history[edit]

text: The first internal passports in South Africa were introduced on 27 June 1797 by the Earl Macartney in an attempt to prevent natives from entering the Cape Colony.[1] The Cape Colony was merged with other states in the region to form the Union of South Africa in 1910, under the UK. By this time, versions of pass laws existed elsewhere. A major boost for their utilisation was the rise of the mining sector from the 1880s: pass laws provided a convenient means of controlling workers' mobility and enforcing contracts.

text: In 1896 the South African Republic brought in two pass laws which required Africans to carry a metal badge.  Only those employed by a master were permitted to remain on the Rand. Those entering a "labour district" needed a special pass which entitled them to remain for three days.[2]

text: Later legislation[edit]

text: The Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923 deemed urban areas in South Africa as "white" and required all black African men in cities and towns to carry around permits called "passes" at all times. Anyone found without a pass would be arrested immediately and sent to a rural area. It was replaced in 1945 by the Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act, which imposed "influx control" on black men and also set up guidelines for removing people deemed to be living idle lives from urban areas. This act outlined requirements for African peoples' "qualification" to reside legally in white metropolitan areas. To do so, they had to have Section 10 rights, based on whether[3]

text:
the person had been born there and resided there always since birth;
the person had laboured continuously for ten years in any agreed area for any employer, or lived continuously in any such area for fifteen years;

text: The Black (Natives) Laws Amendment Act of 1952 amended the 1945 Native Urban Areas Consolidation Act, stipulating that all black people over the age of 16 were required to carry passes, and that no black person could stay in an urban area more than 72 hours unless allowed to by Section 10.[4] The Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act of 1952, commonly known as the Pass Laws Act, repealed the many regional pass laws and instituted one nationwide pass law, which made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry the "passbook" at all times within white areas. The law stipulated where, when, and for how long a person could remain. [5]

text: The document was similar to an internal passport, containing details on the bearer such as their fingerprints, photograph, the name of his/her employer, his/her address, how long the bearer had been employed, as well as other identification information. Employers often entered a behavioural evaluation, on the conduct of the pass holder. (done by Caleb Lane)

text: An employer was defined under the law and could only be a white person. The pass also documented permission requested and denied or granted to be in a certain region and the reason for seeking such permission. Under the terms of the law, any government employee could strike out such entries, basically cancelling the permission to remain in the area.

text: A passbook without a valid entry then allowed officials to arrest and imprison the bearer of the pass. These passes often became the most despised symbols of apartheid. The resistance to the Pass Law led to many thousands of arrests and was the spark that ignited the Sharpeville Massacre on March 21, 1960, and led to the arrest of Robert Sobukwe that day.

text: Colloquially, passes were often called the dompas, literally meaning the "dumb pass."

text: Apart from discrimination against black people, there was also discrimination against the so-called "coloured people." The "coloured" included all Indians, Chinese and Arabs, as well as those of "mixed" black/white ethnicity. Indian people, for example, were barred from the Orange Free State.[6]

text: Resistance by syndicalists and nationalists[edit]

text: These discriminatory regulations fueled growing discontent from the black population. The 1910s saw significant opposition to pass laws being applied to black women.

text: In 1919, the revolutionary syndicalist International Socialist League (South Africa), in conjunction with the syndicalist Industrial Workers of Africa and the early African National Congress organised a major anti-pass campaign.

text: The 1950s saw the ANC begin the Defiance Campaign to oppose the pass laws. This conflict climaxed at the Sharpeville Massacre, where the anti-pass protestors led by the rival breakaway Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) surrounded the Sharpeville police station, prompting the police to open fire, killing 69 people and injuring over 180. Subsequent protests and strikes were met with major repression and the ANC and PAC were both banned.

text: Repeal in 1986[edit]

text: On July 23, 1986, as part of a process of removing some apartheid laws, the South African government lifted the requirement to carry passbooks, although the pass law system itself was not yet repealed.[7] The system of pass laws was formally repealed retroactive on April 23, 1986, with the Abolition of Influx Control Act. Helen Suzman (MP) mentioned the act the most eminent reform of a government had ever introduced.[8]


document_title: Don't Let Me Down (Beatles song)

question_text: who played keyboard on don't let me down

question_tokens: who played keyboard on do n 't let me down

text: Don't Let Me Down (Beatles song)

text: Composition[edit]

text: Written by Lennon as an anguished love song to Yoko Ono,[1] it was interpreted by Paul McCartney as a "genuine plea", with Lennon saying to Ono, "I'm really stepping out of line on this one. I'm really just letting my vulnerability be seen, so you must not let me down."[2]

text: The song is in the key of E major and is in 4/4 time during the verse, chorus and bridge, but changes to 5/4 in the pick-up to the verse.[3] It grew (like "Sun King") from the F♯m7- E changes from Fleetwood Mac's "Albatross" ("like she does" [F♯m7] "yes she does" [A, Am] "yes she does" [E]) with McCartney arranging instrumental and vocal parts and Harrison adding a descending two-part lead guitar accompaniment to the verse and a countermelody in the bridge.[4] Alan W. Pollack states that "the counterpoint melody played in octaves during the Alternate Verse by the bass and lead guitars is one of the more novel, unusual instrumental touches you'll find anywhere in the Beatles catalogue."[5]

text: Recording and release[edit]

text: Multiple versions of "Don't Let Me Down" were recorded by the Beatles during the tumultuous Get Back (Let It Be) recording sessions. The version recorded on 28 January 1969 was released as a B-side to the single "Get Back", recorded the same day.[6] "Get Back" reached number one and "Don't Let Me Down" reached number 35 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[7]

text: They performed "Don't Let Me Down" twice during their rooftop concert of 30 January 1969, one of which was included in the Let It Be (1970) film, directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg.[8] When the "Get Back" project was revisited, Phil Spector dropped "Don't Let Me Down" from the Let It Be (1970) album.[9]

text: The B-side version of the song was included on the Beatles' compilations Hey Jude, 1967-1970 and Past Masters Volume 2 and Mono Masters. The same recording also appears on the soundtrack to the 1988 documentary, Imagine: John Lennon. In November 2003, an edit of the two rooftop versions was included on Let It Be... Naked.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Richie Unterberger of AllMusic called it "one of the Beatles' most powerful love songs",[11] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the song as "heart-wrenching soul"[12] and Roy Carr and Tony Tyler called it "a superb sobber from misery-expert J. W. O. Lennon, MBE. And still one of the most highly underrated Beatle underbellies."[13] Author Ian MacDonald praised "Don't Let Me Down" and declared that "this track vies with Come Together for consideration as the best of Lennon's late-style Beatles records".[14]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Rod Stewart's 1976 song "The Killing of Georgie (Part I and II)" employs a melody almost identical to the Beatles' "Don't Let Me Down". In a 1980 interview, a clearly annoyed John Lennon said, "the lawyers never noticed".[15]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text:
In 1969, Dillard & Clark covered the song on their album Through the Morning, Through the Night.
In 1969, Marcia Griffiths did a reggae version.
In 1969, Harry J Allstars covered the song on their album Liquidator
In 1970, Ben E. King covered the song on his Rough Edges album.
In 1971, Charlotte Dada recorded an afro-rhythm version in Ghana.
On her 1977 album It Looks Like Snow, Phoebe Snow covered this song.
In 1992, Annie Lennox recorded the song and it was included as the B-side to "Walking on Broken Glass". A live version is also available on the "Cold" single.
In 1992, Danish band The Sandmen covered the song on their Sleepyhead album.
In 1993, Italian pop singer Ryan Paris recorded a high-energy version of the song.
In 1996, U.S. rock band The Black Crowes covered the song live a few times and again in 2005.
In 1999, Garbage performed a live cover at the opening of the Scottish Parliament.[16]
Gene covered the song on their 1999 rarities / B-sides compilation To See The Lights.
In 2001, Stereophonics covered this song on the I Am Sam soundtrack.
Paul Weller covered the song on his album Fly on the Wall - B Sides and Rarities.
Matchbox Twenty turned the song into a duet, with lead singer Rob Thomas on piano and vocals and with guitarist Kyle Cook also singing.
In 2004, Greg Brown covered the song on his album In the Hills of California.
Dana Fuchs and Martin Luther McCoy performed the song in the 2007 film Across the Universe.
In 2008, Maroon 5 covered the song for ReAct Now: Music & Relief.
The Aggrolites, a California ska-punk/reggae band have played a ska-punk version of the song at their live shows. It has proven to be a hit with their fans despite never being on one of their albums.
Munro Chambers has covered this song live as a duet
John Mayer and Keith Urban did a cover version at the Crossroads festival as well as during the TV special, The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles.
Tackhead recorded a dub and R&B version which appeared on the digital release of their 2014 album For the Love of Money.
Paolo Nutini covered this song in 2014 while promoting his album Caustic Love.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
John Lennon – lead vocal, rhythm guitars
Paul McCartney – bass guitar, harmony vocal
George Harrison – lead guitar, backing vocal
Ringo Starr – drums
Billy Preston – electric piano

text: No official producer's credit was included for the single release owing to "the confused roles of George Martin and Glyn Johns".[18] However the 1967-1970 album liner notes credit George Martin as the song's producer.[citation needed]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Sheff 2000, p. 204.
Jump up ^ Miles 1997, pp. 535–536.
Jump up ^ Hal Leonard 1993, pp. 220–224.
Jump up ^ Walter Everett. The Beatles as Musicians. Revolver through the Anthology. Oxford University Press 1999. pp222-223.
Jump up ^ Alan W Pollack. Notes on 'Don't Let Me Down" http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/dlmd.shtml (accessed 12 Nov 2013)
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 168.
Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 169.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, pp. 196, 199.
Jump up ^ The Beatles Bible.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2007.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Hey Jude at AllMusic. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carr & Tyler 1975, p. 78.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005.
Jump up ^ English, Timothy (Oct 12, 2007). Sounds Like Teen Spirit. iUniverse. p. 107.
Jump up ^ Fontenot, Robert. "Don't Let Me Down - History". About.com. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 332–333.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 172.

tag: ol


document_title: U.S. state temperature extremes

question_text: what is the hottest it has ever been in the us

text: U.S. state temperature extremes

text: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries.[1]

text:
State

Record high  temperature
Date
Place(s)
Record low  temperature
Date
Place(s)

Alabama
112 °F / 44 °C
September 5, 1925
Centreville

−27 °F / −33 °C
January 30, 1966
New Market

Alaska
100 °F / 38 °C
June 27, 1915
Fort Yukon

−80 °F / −62 °C
January 23, 1971
Prospect Creek

Arizona
128 °F / 53 °C
June 29, 1994
Lake Havasu City

−40 °F / −40 °C
January 7, 1971
McNary

Arkansas
120 °F / 49 °C
August 10, 1936
Ozark

−29 °F / −34 °C
February 13, 1905
Gravette

California
134 °F / 56 °C
July 10, 1913
Furnace Creek, California

−45 °F / −43 °C
January 20, 1937
Boca

Colorado
114 °F / 46 °C
July 11, 1954
Sedgwick

−61 °F / −52 °C
February 1, 1985
Maybell

Connecticut
106 °F / 41 °C
July 15, 1995
Danbury

−37 °F / −38 °C
February 16, 1943
Norfolk[2]

Delaware
110 °F / 43 °C
July 21, 1930
Millsboro

−17 °F / −27 °C
January 17, 1893
Millsboro

District of Columbia[citation needed]
106 °F / 41 °C
July 20, 1930
Washington

−15 °F / −26 °C
February 11, 1899
Washington

Florida
109 °F / 43 °C
June 29, 1931
Monticello

−2 °F / −19 °C
February 13, 1899
Tallahassee

Georgia
112 °F / 44 °C
August 20, 1983*
Greenville

−17 °F / −27 °C
January 27, 1940
Chatsworth

Hawaii
98 °F / 37 °C
July 14, 1957
Puunene*[3]

15 °F / -9 °C
January 5, 1975
Mauna Kea Observatories[3]

Idaho
118 °F / 48 °C
July 28, 1934
Orofino

−60 °F / −51 °C
January 18, 1943
Island Park

Illinois
117 °F / 47 °C
July 14, 1954
East Saint Louis

−36 °F / −38 °C
January 5, 1999
Congerville

Indiana
116 °F / 47 °C
July 14, 1936
Collegeville

−36 °F / −38 °C
January 19, 1994
New Whiteland

Iowa
118 °F / 48 °C
July 20, 1934
Keokuk

−47 °F / −44 °C
February 3, 1996*
Elkader

Kansas
121 °F / 49 °C
July 24, 1936*
Alton

−40 °F / −40 °C
February 13, 1905
Lebanon

Kentucky
114 °F / 46 °C
July 28, 1930
Greensburg

−37 °F / −38 °C
January 19, 1994
Shelbyville

Louisiana
114 °F / 46 °C
August 10, 1936
Plain Dealing

−16 °F / −27 °C
February 13, 1899
Minden

Maine
105 °F / 41 °C
July 10, 1911*
North Bridgton

−50 °F / −46 °C
January 16, 2009
Clayton Lake

Maryland
109 °F / 43 °C
July 10, 1936*
Cumberland

−40 °F / −40 °C
January 13, 1912
Oakland

Massachusetts
107 °F / 42 °C
August 2, 1975
New Bedford

−40 °F / −40 °C
January 22, 1984
Chester[2]

Michigan
112 °F / 44 °C
July 13, 1936
Mio

−51 °F / −46 °C
February 9, 1934
Vanderbilt

Minnesota
115 °F / 46 °C
July 29, 1917
Beardsley

−60 °F / −51 °C
February 2, 1996
Tower

Mississippi
115 °F / 46 °C
July 29, 1930
Holly Springs

−19 °F / −28 °C
January 30, 1966
Corinth

Missouri
118 °F / 48 °C
July 14, 1954*
Warsaw

−40 °F / −40 °C
February 13, 1905
Warsaw

Montana
117 °F / 47 °C
July 5, 1937
Medicine Lake

−70 °F / −57 °C
January 20, 1954
Lincoln (Rogers Pass)

Nebraska
118 °F / 48 °C
July 24, 1936*
Minden

−47 °F / −44 °C
December 22, 1989*
Oshkosh

Nevada
125 °F / 52 °C
June 29, 1994
Laughlin

−50 °F / −46 °C
January 8, 1937
San Jacinto

New Hampshire
106 °F / 41 °C
July 4, 1911
Nashua

−50 °F / −46 °C
January 22, 1885
Randolph

New Jersey
110 °F / 43 °C
July 10, 1936
Runyon

−34 °F / −37 °C
January 5, 1904
River Vale

New Mexico
122 °F / 50 °C
June 27, 1994
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

−50 °F / −46 °C
February 1, 1951
Gavilan

New York
109 °F / 43 °C
July 22, 1926
Troy

−52 °F / −47 °C
February 18, 1979*
Old Forge

North Carolina
110 °F / 43 °C
August 21, 1983
Fayetteville

−34 °F / −37 °C
January 21, 1985
Burnsville

North Dakota
121 °F / 49 °C
July 6, 1936
Steele

−60 °F / −51 °C
February 15, 1936
Parshall

Ohio
113 °F / 45 °C
July 21, 1934
Gallipolis

−39 °F / −39 °C
February 10, 1899
Milligan

Oklahoma
120 °F / 49 °C
August 12, 1936*
Altus

−31 °F / −35 °C
February 10, 2011
Nowata

Oregon
117 °F / 47 °C
July 27, 1939
Umatilla[2]

−54 °F / −48 °C
February 10, 1933*
Seneca

Pennsylvania
111 °F / 44 °C
July 10, 1936*
Phoenixville

−42 °F / −41 °C
January 5, 1904
Smethport

Rhode Island
104 °F / 40 °C
August 2, 1975
Providence

−28 °F / −33 °C
January 17, 1942
Richmond

South Carolina
113 °F / 45 °C
June 30, 2012*
Camden

−22 °F / −30 °C
January 21, 1985
Landrum[2]

South Dakota
120 °F / 49 °C
July 15, 2006*
Fort Pierre*

−58 °F / −50 °C
February 17, 1936
McIntosh

Tennessee
113 °F / 45 °C
August 9, 1930*
Perryville

−32 °F / −36 °C
December 30, 1917
Mountain City

Texas
120 °F / 49 °C
June 28, 1994*
Monahans

−23 °F / −31 °C
February 8, 1933*
Seminole

Utah
117 °F / 47 °C
July 5, 1985
Saint George

−69 °F / −56 °C
February 1, 1985
Peter Sinks[4]

Vermont
105 °F / 41 °C
July 4, 1911
Vernon[2]

−50 °F / −46 °C
December 30, 1933
Bloomfield

Virginia
110 °F / 43 °C
July 15, 1954
Balcony Falls

−30 °F / −34 °C
January 22, 1985
Pembroke

Washington
118 °F / 48 °C
August 5, 1961*
Burbank

−48 °F / −44 °C
December 30, 1968
Mazama

West Virginia
112 °F / 44 °C
July 10, 1936*
Martinsburg

−37 °F / −38 °C
December 30, 1917
Lewisburg

Wisconsin
114 °F / 46 °C
July 13, 1936
Wisconsin Dells

−55 °F / −48 °C
February 4, 1996
Couderay

Wyoming
115 °F / 46 °C
August 8, 1983
Basin

−63 °F / −53 °C
February 9, 1933
Moran[2]

text: *Also on earlier date or dates in that state

text: See Also[edit]

text: Canadian provincial and territorial temperature extremes