document_title: Rise of the Guardians

question_text: who is the voice of pitch black in rise of the guardians

text: Rise of the Guardians

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jack Frost awakens from a frozen pond with amnesia. Upon realizing no one can see or hear him, he disappears. Three hundred years later Jack, as the spirit of Winter, enjoys delivering snow days to school kids, but resents that they don't believe in him. At the North Pole, the Man in the Moon warns Nicholas St. North that Pitch Black is threatening the children of the world with his nightmares. He calls E. Aster Bunnymund, Sandy, and Tooth, to arms. They are then told that Jack Frost has been chosen to be a new Guardian. Jack is unimpressed by this position, as he still resents not being believed in, but North convinces him to aid them.

text: Visiting Tooth's world, Jack learns that baby teeth contain childhood memories of the children who lost them; Jack's teeth are included, but tells Tooth he doesn't remember. However, Pitch raids Tooth's home in order to kidnap all of her subordinate tooth fairies except Baby Tooth, whom Jack saved, so that the children's teeth can't be collected and steals all the teeth, thus preventing Tooth from sharing Jack's memories and causing children to not believe in Tooth. In order to thwart Pitch's plan, the group decides to collect children's teeth. During their journey, a quarrel between North and Bunnymund awakens a boy, Jamie. Since he still believes, he can see everybody except for Jack. Pitch's nightmares then attack, provoking Sandy as the Guardian of Dreams. Jack aids, but Sandy is killed by Pitch.

text: As Easter approaches, the dejected Guardians gather in Bunnymund's home. With the unexpected aid of Jamie's little sister, Sophie, they begin the process of painting eggs for Easter. After Jack takes Sophie home, he is lured to Pitch's lair by a voice. Pitch taunts him with his memories and fear of non-belief, distracting him long enough for Pitch to destroy the eggs, causing children to stop believing in Easter and Bunnymund. Losing his trust in the Guardians, Jack isolates himself in Antarctica, where Pitch tries to convince him to join his side. When Jack refuses, Pitch threatens to kill Baby Tooth unless Jack gives him his staff. He agrees, but Pitch breaks Jack's staff and throws him down a chasm. Unlocking his memories, he learns that he was a mortal teenager who fell into ice while saving his younger sister. Inspired, Jack fixes his staff and returns to the lair to rescue the kidnapped baby fairies.

text: Due to Pitch, every child in the world except Jamie disbelieves, weakening the Guardians. Finding Jamie's belief wavering, Jack makes it snow in his room, renewing belief and causing Jack to be seen and heard for the first time. Jack and Jamie gather the boy's friends, whose renewed belief bolsters their fight against Pitch. Pitch threatens them, but their dreams prove stronger than his nightmares, resulting in Sandy's resurrection. Defeated and disbelieved in, Pitch tries to retreat, but his nightmares turn on him and trap him in his lair. Afterward, Jamie and his friends bid goodbye to the Guardians as Jack accepts his place as the Guardian of Fun.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Pine as Jack Frost, the spirit of winter.[7] Jack Frost is a teenage hellion who enjoys creating mischief and has no interest in being bound by rules or obligations; he just wants to spread his winter magic for the sake of fun, but also wants to be believed in. At the end of the film, Jack becomes the Guardian of Fun.
Jude Law as Pitch Black (The Boogeyman), the essence of fear and the Nightmare King.[7]
Alec Baldwin as North (Santa Claus), the leader of the guardians,[7] and the Guardian of Wonder. He lives at the North Pole in his Ice Castle and is served by loyal North Pole natives, the Yetis (who built the castle and workshop) and the Christmas Elves. He carries a Russian accent/culture persona.[8]
Hugh Jackman as Bunnymund (Easter Bunny), the fabled keeper and bringer of Easter eggs and the Guardian of Hope. He has an Australian accent.[7]
Isla Fisher as Tooth Fairy or Tooth for short, the mythical tooth collector and the Guardian of Memories.[7] Tooth is part human and part hummingbird. Assisted by mini fairies that are split-off extensions of herself, she collects the children's teeth, which hold their most precious memories. Tooth stores them in her palace and returns memories when they are needed the most."[9]
The Sandman, or Sandy for short, the Guardian of Dreams is the oldest of the Guardians[10] and the first Guardian chosen by Man in the Moon.[11] He does not speak, but communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head.[12]
Dakota Goyo as Jamie Bennett, a child who has not given up on believing in the Guardians.[13]
Georgie Grieve as Sophie Bennett, Jamie's little sister
Dominique Grund as Cupcake
Olivia Mattingly as Pippa

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2005, William Joyce and Reel FX launched a joint venture, Aimesworth Amusements,[14] to produce CG-animated feature films,[15] one of which was set to be The Guardians of Childhood, based on Joyce's idea.[16] The film was not realized, but they did create a short animated film, The Man in the Moon, directed by Joyce, which introduced the Guardians idea,[16] and served as an inspiration for the film.[2]

text: Early in 2008, Joyce sold the film rights to DreamWorks Animation,[17] after the studio assured him it would respect his vision for the characters and that he would be involved with the creative process.[18] In November 2009, it was revealed that DreamWorks had hired Peter Ramsey to make his feature debut as director of what was then titled The Guardians, and playwright David Lindsay-Abaire to script.[19] Joyce acted as a co-director for the first few years, but left this position after the death of his daughter Mary Katherine,[17] who died of a brain tumor.[18] Joyce continued to assist as an executive producer, while Ramsey took over full directing, making him the first African American to direct a big-budget CG animated film.[20] As with some previous DreamWorks films, Guillermo del Toro came on board as an executive producer. Present almost from the beginning,[21] he was able to help shape the story, character design, theme and structure of the film.[22] He said he was proud that the filmmakers were making parts of the film "dark and moody and poetic," and expressed hope this might "set a different tone for family movies, for entertainment movies."[21] The final title, Rise of the Guardians was announced in early 2011, along with the first cast.[7]

text: Roger Deakins, the cinematographer who had already worked on the previous DreamWorks' film, How to Train Your Dragon, advised on the lighting to achieve its real look. He selected photographic references for color keys, and during the production gave notes on contrast, saturation, depth of field and light intensity.[23] The film contains a lot of special effects, particularly the volumetric particles for depicting Sandman and Pitch.[24] For this, DreamWorks Animation developed OpenVDB, a more efficient tool and format for manipulating and storing volume data, like smoke and other amorphous materials. OpenVDB had been already used on Puss in Boots and Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, and was released in August 2012 for free as an open source project with a hope to become an industry standard.[25]

text: Although the film is based on the Joyce's book series, it contains differences from the books. The book series, begun in 2011, explains the origins of the characters, while the film takes place about 300 years after the books, and shows how the characters function in present time. Joyce explained, "Because I don't want people to read the book and then go see the movie and go, 'Oh, I like the book better,' and I also didn't want them to know what happens in the movie. And I also knew that during the progress of film production, a lot of things can change. So I wanted to have a sort of distance, so we were able to invoke the books and use them to help us figure out the world of the movie, but I didn't want them to be openly competitive to each other."[17] The idea for the Guardians came from Joyce's daughter, who asked him "if he thought Santa Claus had ever met the Easter Bunny." The film includes a dedication to her,[18] as well a song, "Still Dream," sung over the end credits.[26]

text: Originally, the film was set to be released on November 2, 2012, but DreamWorks Animation pushed the film to November 21, 2012 to avoid competition with Pixar's upcoming film Monsters University, which in turn had been pushed to November 2, 2012 to avoid competition with The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2.[27] Monsters University was then pushed to June 21, 2013, with Disney's Wreck-It Ralph taking its place.[28]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: French composer Alexandre Desplat composed the original music for the film, which was released on November 13, 2012 by Varèse Sarabande. The score was recorded in London at Abbey Road Studios and Air Studios, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, with a choral contribution by London Voices. David Lindsay-Abaire wrote the lyrics for the end-credit song, "Still Dream," which was performed by soprano Renée Fleming.[29] Stravinsky's Firebird Suite can also be heard during the scene where North first appears. This film marks the first time that a DreamWorks Animation film has not been composed by Hans Zimmer or a member of his Remote Control Productions family of composers (mainly John Powell, Henry Jackman, Harry Gregson-Williams or his brother Rupert Gregson-Williams).

text:
Rise of the Guardians

Film score by Alexandre Desplat

Released
November 13, 2012

Recorded
2012

Genre
Score

Length
67:47

Label
Varèse Sarabande

Producer
Alexandre Desplat

Alexandre Desplat film scores chronology

Argo
(2012)Argo2012
Rise of the Guardians
(2012)
Zero Dark Thirty
(2012)Zero Dark Thirty2012

text:
Track listing:[30]

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Still Dream" (performed by Renée Fleming)
3:12

2.
"Calling the Guardians"
2:06

3.
"Alone in the World"
2:04

4.
"Fanfare of the Elves"
0:53

5.
"Wind Take Me Home!"
1:28

6.
"Dreamsand"
2:03

7.
"Pitch on the Globe"
0:57

8.
"The Moon"
1:32

9.
"Snowballs"
1:31

10.
"Busy Workshop"
1:33

11.
"Sleigh Launch"
1:45

12.
"Nightmares Attack"
7:17

13.
"Tooth Collection"
2:22

14.
"Jamie's Bedroom"
2:31

15.
"Jack & Sandman"
4:18

16.
"Memorial"
1:21

17.
"Guardians Regroup"
0:58

18.
"Easter"
3:39

19.
"Jack Betrays"
3:20

20.
"Kids Stop Believing"
2:35

21.
"Jack's Memories"
2:24

22.
"Pitch at North Pole"
2:00

23.
"Jamie Believes"
3:01

24.
"Jack's Center"
4:52

25.
"Sandman Returns"
2:36

26.
"Dreamsand Miracles"
2:18

27.
"Oath of the Guardians"
3:11

Total length:
67:47

text: Release[edit]

text: Rise of the Guardians had its premiere on October 10, 2012, at The Mill Valley Film Festival in Mill Valley, California,[1] followed by the international premiere at The International Rome Film Festival on November 13, 2012.[31][32] Under distribution by Paramount Pictures, the film was released on November 21, 2012, in American theaters.[27] Digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, it was shown in limited international and domestic IMAX theaters.[33] It was the second film released in the firm Barco's Auro 11.1 3D audio format, after Red Tails.[34] The film was also shown in Dolby Atmos, a surround sound technology introduced in 2012.[35] Rise of the Guardians was the last DreamWorks Animation film distributed by Paramount, as DreamWorks has signed a five-year distribution deal with 20th Century Fox, which started in 2013 with The Croods.[6]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Rise of the Guardians was released on Blu-ray Disc (2D and 3D) and DVD on March 12, 2013.[36]

text: That was the last DreamWorks Animation home media release to be distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment, since 20th Century Fox announced its distribution agreement with DreamWorks Animation a few months before the theatrical release.[6] The film was more successful at home media sales than at the box office, having at the end of the second quarter of 2013 "the highest box office to DVD conversion ratio among major releases."[37] In the first quarter of 2013, it sold 3.2 million home entertainment units worldwide,[38] and in the second quarter 0.9 million units, for a total of 4.1 million units.[39] As of August 2013, 2 million DVDs were sold domestically.[40]

text: It was re-released on DVD on November 5, 2013 and comes with a wind-up marching elf toy.[41]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rise of the Guardians received positive reviews from critics. Based on 148 reviews, the film holds a rating of 74% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "A sort of Avengers for the elementary school set, Rise of the Guardians is wonderfully animated and briskly paced, but it's only so-so in the storytelling department."[42] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 57 based on 34 reviews, or "Mixed or average."[43] The film earned an "A" from audiences polled by CinemaScore.[44]

text: Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and found the film's characters to have "a primal familiarity, as though they were developed by a tag team of Maurice Sendak and Walt Disney."[45] Olly Richards of Empire wrote, "It's gorgeously designed, deftly written and frequently laugh-out-loud funny. For child or adult, this is a fantasy to get lost in."[46] The Washington Post's Michael O'Sullivan also gave the film a positive review and said, "Thoughts become things. That's the message of Rise of the Guardians, a charming if slightly dark and cobwebbed animated feature about how believing in something makes it real, or real enough."[47] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars and wrote in his review, "There's an audience for this film. It's not me. I gather younger children will like the breakneck action, the magical ability to fly and the young hero who has tired of only being a name." Though he did say, "Their parents and older siblings may find the 89-minute running time quite long enough."[48]

text: Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film "a lively but derivative 3D storybook spree for some unlikely action heroes."[2] Conversely, Justin Chang in Variety said, "Even tots may emerge feeling slightly browbeaten by this colorful, strenuous and hyperactive fantasy, which has moments of charm and beauty but often resembles an exploding toy factory rather than a work of honest enchantment."[49] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal found that the film "lacks a resonant center," and that the script, "seems to have been written by committee, with members lobbying for each major character, and the action, set in vast environments all over the map, spreads itself so thin that a surfeit of motion vitiates emotion."[50]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Rise of the Guardians grossed $103,412,758 in North America, and $203,528,912 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $306,941,670.[4]

text: In North America, the film opened to $32.3 million over its extended five-day weekend, and with $23.8 million over the three-day weekend, it reached fourth place behind The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, Skyfall, and Lincoln. The film's opening was the lowest debut for a DreamWorks Animation film since Flushed Away.[44] While the film did gross more than double of its $145 million budget, it still did not turn a profit for DreamWorks Animation due to its high production and marketing costs, forcing the studio to take an $83 million write-down.[51] This marked the first time that the studio had lost money on an animated film since Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas.[51][52] As a result of this combined with other factors, in February 2013, the studio announced it was laying off 350 employees as part of a company-wide restructuring.[52]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The Rome Film Festival and Vanity Fair magazine awarded the new Vanity Fair International Award for Cinematic Excellence in November 2012 to Rise of the Guardians.[31] The film also received the Hollywood Animation Award at the 16th Annual Hollywood Film Festival, held on October 22, 2012.[53]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Recipients
Result

African-American Film Critics Association
Best Animation

Won

Alliance of Women Film Journalists
Best Animated Female
Isla Fisher (Tooth)
Nominated

American Cinema Editors
Best Edited Animated Feature Film
Joyce Arrastia

Annie Awards[54][55]
Best Animated Feature

Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Andy Hayes, Carl Hooper, David Lipton
Won

Character Animation in a Feature Production
David Pate
Nominated

Phillppe LeBrun

Pierre Perifel

Music in an Animated Feature Production
Alexandre Desplat

Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Patrick Hanenberger, Max Boas, Jayee Borcar
Woonyoung Jung, Perry Maple, Peter Maynez
Stan Seo, Felix Yoon

Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Johanne Matte
Won

Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Jude Law
Nominated

Editorial in an Animated Feature Production
Joyce Arrastia

Critics Choice Awards[56]
Best Animated Feature

Cinema Audio Society
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures Animated

Golden Globe Awards[57]
Best Animated Feature Film

Golden Reel Awards
Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film

Hollywood Film Festival[53]
Best Animated Feature
Peter Ramsey
Won

International Film Music Critics Association Awards
Film Composer of the Year
Alexandre Desplat, also for Argo, Moonrise Kingdom, Rust and Bone, and Zero Dark Thirty
Nominated

Best Original Score for an Animated Feature
Alexandre Desplat
Won

Mill Valley Film Festival[58]
Audience Favorite Children's Film
Peter Ramsey

Producers Guild of America
Outstanding Producer of An Animated Theatrical Motion Picture
Nancy Bernstein, Christina Steinberg
Nominated

Satellite Awards 2012[59]
Best Animated or Mixed Media

Won

Visual Effects Society[60][61]
Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Nancy Bernstein, David Prescott, Peter Ramsey, Christina Steinberg
Nominated

Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
The North Pole: Eric Bouffard, Sonja Burchard, Andy Harbeck, Peter Maynez
Nominated

Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Last Stand: Andy Hayes, Carl Hooper, Andrew Wheeler, Stephen Wood
Nominated

Women Film Critics Circle[62]
Best Family Film
Rise of the Guardians – tied with Life of Pi
Won

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released by D3 Publisher on November 20, 2012 in North America,[63] and released on November 23, 2012 in Europe.[64] It allows gamers to lead the Guardians in their battle against Pitch. The game is a 3D beat-em-up, where the player travels through each of the worlds: Burgess, North Pole, Bunnymund Valley, Tooth Palace, and Sandman's Ship, to fight Pitch's army of Nightmares. The player can switch between all five guardians at any time, and freely customize their powers, and they learn new special abilities as they level up. All the game versions support up to 4 player gameplay.[65] It is available on the Wii, Wii U, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS.[66]

text: Possible sequels[edit]

text: After the release of the film, the creators of Rise of the Guardians expressed hope that the strong A- Cinemascore average for the film and an enthusiastic word-of-mouth would gather support for the "chance to make a sequel or two."[67] Author and co-producer of the series, William Joyce, also mentioned in March 2013 that he was still in talks about a sequel with DreamWorks Animation: "There is something that we are proposing that we hope they will want to do."[68]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures.[69]

tag: ol


document_title: Natural resource economics

question_text: what might change the resources that an economy has available over time

root

text: Natural resource economics

text: Areas of discussion[edit]

text: Natural resource economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research within economics that aims to address the connections and interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems. Its focus is how to operate an economy within the ecological constraints of earth's natural resources.[3] Resource economics brings together and connects different disciplines within the natural and social sciences connected to broad areas of earth science, human economics, and natural ecosystems.[4] Economic models must be adapted to accommodate the special features of natural resource inputs. The traditional curriculum of natural resource economics emphasized fisheries models, forestry models, and minerals extraction models (i.e. fish, trees, and ore). In recent years, however, other resources, notably air, water, the global climate, and "environmental resources" in general have become increasingly important to policy-making.

tag: p

text: Academic and policy interest has now moved beyond simply the optimal commercial exploitation of the standard trio of resources to encompass management for other objectives. For example, natural resources more broadly defined have recreational, as well as commercial values. They may also contribute to overall social welfare levels, by their mere existence.

text: The economics and policy area focuses on the human aspects of environmental problems. Traditional areas of environmental and natural resource economics include welfare theory, land/location use, pollution control, resource extraction, and non-market valuation, and also resource exhaustibility,[5] sustainability, environmental management, and environmental policy. Research topics could include the environmental impacts of agriculture, transportation and urbanization, land use in poor and industrialized countries, international trade and the environment, climate change, and methodological advances in non-market valuation, to name just a few.

text: Hotelling's rule is a 1938 economic model of non-renewable resource management by Harold Hotelling. It shows that efficient exploitation of a nonrenewable and nonaugmentable resource would, under otherwise stable economic conditions, lead to a depletion of the resource. The rule states that this would lead to a net price or "Hotelling rent" for it that rose annually at a rate equal to the rate of interest, reflecting the increasing scarcity of the resource. Nonaugmentable resources of inorganic materials (i.e. minerals) are uncommon; most resources can be augmented by recycling and by the existence and use of substitutes for the end-use products (see below).

text: Vogely has stated that the development of a mineral resource occurs in five stages: (1) The current operating margin (rate of production) governed by the proportion of the reserve (resource) already depleted. (2) The intensive development margin governed by the trade-off between the rising necessary investment and quicker realization of revenue. (3) The extensive development margin in which extraction is begun of known but previously uneconomic deposits. (4) The exploration margin in which the search for new deposits (resources) is conducted and the cost per unit extracted is highly uncertain with the cost of failure having to be balanced against finding usable resources (deposits) that have marginal costs of extraction no higher than in the first three stages above. (5) The technology margin which interacts with the first four stages. The Gray-Hotelling (exhaustion) theory is a special case, since it covers only Stages 1–3 and not the far more important Stages 4 and 5.[6]

text: Simon has stated that the supply of natural resources is infinite (i.e. perpetual) [7]

text: These conflicting views will be substantially reconciled by considering resource-related topics in depth in the next section, or at least minimized.

text: Furthermore, Hartwick's rule provides insight to the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable resources.

text: Perpetual resources vs. exhaustibility[edit]

text: Background and introduction[edit]

text: The perpetual resource concept is a complex one because the concept of resource is complex and changes with the advent of new technology (usually more efficient recovery), new needs, and to a lesser degree with new economics (e.g. changes in prices of the material, changes in energy costs, etc.). On the one hand, a material (and its resources) can enter a time of shortage and become a strategic and critical material (an immediate exhaustibility crisis), but on the other hand a material can go out of use, its resource can proceed to being perpetual if it was not before, and then the resource can become a paleoresource when the material goes almost completely out of use (e.g. resources of arrowhead-grade flint). Some of the complexities influencing resources of a material include the extent of recyclability, the availability of suitable substitutes for the material in its end-use products, plus some other less important factors.

text: The Federal Government suddenly became compellingly interested in resource issues on December 7, 1941, shortly after which Japan cut the U.S. off from tin and rubber and made some other materials very difficult to obtain, such as tungsten. This was the worst case for resource availability, becoming a strategic and critical material. After the war a government stockpile of strategic and critical materials was set up, having around 100 different materials which were purchased for cash or obtained by trading off U.S. agricultural commodities for them. In the longer term, scarcity of tin later led to completely substituting aluminum foil for tin foil and polymer lined steel cans and aseptic packaging substituting for tin electroplated steel cans.

text: Resources change over time with technology and economics; more efficient recovery leads to a drop in the ore grade needed. The average grade of the copper ore processed has dropped from 4.0% copper in 1900 to 1.63% in 1920, 1.20% in 1940, 0.73% in 1960, 0.47% in 1980, and 0.44% in 2000.[8]

text: Cobalt had been in an iffy supply status ever since the Belgian Congo (world's only significant source of cobalt) was given a hasty independence in 1960 and the cobalt-producing province seceded as Katanga, followed by several wars and insurgencies, local government removals, railroads destroyed, and nationalizations. This was topped off by an invasion of the province by Katangan rebels in 1978 that disrupted supply and transportation and caused the cobalt price to briefly triple. While the cobalt supply was disrupted and the price shot up, nickel and other substitutes were pressed into service.[9]

text: Following this, the idea of a "Resource War" by the Soviets became popular. Rather than the chaos that resulted from the Zairean cobalt situation, this would be planned, a strategy designed to destroy economic activity outside the Soviet bloc by the acquisition of vital resources by noneconomic means (military?) outside the Soviet bloc (Third World?), then withholding these minerals from the West.[10]

text: An important way of getting around a cobalt situation or a "Resource War" situation is to use substitutes for a material in its end-uses. Some criteria for a satisfactory substitute are (1) ready availability domestically in adequate quantities or availability from contiguous nations, or possibly from overseas allies, (2) possessing physical and chemical properties, performance, and longevity comparable to the material of first choice, (3) well-established and known behavior and properties particularly as a component in exotic alloys, and (4) an ability for processing and fabrication with minimal changes in existing technology, capital plant, and processing and fabricating facilities. Some suggested substitutions were alunite for bauxite to make alumina, molybdenum and/or nickel for cobalt, and aluminum alloy automobile radiators for copper alloy automobile radiators.[11] Materials can be eliminated without material substitutes, for example by using discharges of high tension electricity to shape hard objects that were formerly shaped by mineral abrasives, giving superior performance at lower cost,[12] or by using computers/satellites to replace copper wire (land lines).

text: An important way of replacing a resource is by synthesis, for example, industrial diamonds and many kinds of graphite, although a certain kind of graphite could be almost replaced by a recycled product. Most graphite is synthetic, for example, graphite electrodes, graphite fiber, graphite shapes (machined or unmachined), and graphite powder.

text: Another way of replacing or extending a resource is by recycling the material desired from scrap or waste. This depends on whether or not the material is dissipated or is available as a no longer usable durable product. Reclamation of the durable product depends on its resistance to chemical and physical breakdown, quantities available, price of availability, and the ease of extraction from the original product.[13] For example, bismuth in stomach medicine is hopelessly scattered (dissipated) and therefore impossible to recover, while bismuth alloys can be easily recovered and recycled. A good example where recycling makes a big difference is the resource availability situation for graphite, where flake graphite can be recovered from a renewable resource called kish, a steelmaking waste created when carbon separates out as graphite within the kish from the molten metal along with slag. After it is cold, the kish can be processed.[14]

text: Several other kinds of resources need to be introduced. If strategic and critical materials are the worst case for resources, unless mitigated by substitution and/or recycling, one of the best is an abundant resource. An abundant resource is one whose material has so far found little use, such as using high-aluminous clays or anorthosite to produce alumina, and magnesium before it was recovered from seawater. An abundant resource is quite similar to a perpetual resource.[15] The reserve base is the part of an identified resource that has a reasonable potential for becoming economically available at a time beyond when currently proven technology and current economics are in operation. Identified resources are those whose location, grade, quality, and quantity are known or estimated from specific geologic evidence. Reserves are that part of the reserve base that can be economically extracted at the time of determination;[16] reserves should not be used as a surrogate for resources because they are often distorted by taxation or the owning firm's public relations needs.

text: Comprehensive natural resource models[edit]

text: Harrison Brown and associates stated that humanity will process lower and lower grade "ore". Iron will come from low-grade iron-bearing material such as raw rock from anywhere in an iron formation, not much different from the input used to make taconite pellets in North America and elsewhere today. As coking coal reserves decline, pig iron and steel production will use non-coke-using processes (i.e. electric steel). The aluminum industry could shift from using bauxite to using anorthosite and clay. Magnesium metal and magnesia consumption (i.e. in refractories), currently obtained from seawater, will increase. Sulfur will be obtained from pyrites, then gypsum or anhydrite. Metals such as copper, zinc, nickel, and lead will be obtained from manganese nodules or the Phosphoria formation (sic!). These changes could occur irregularly in different parts of the world. While Europe and North America might use anorthosite or clay as raw material for aluminum, other parts of the world might use bauxite, and while North America might use taconite, Brazil might use iron ore. New materials will appear (note: they have), the result of technological advances, some acting as substitutes and some with new properties. Recycling will become more common and more efficient (note: it has!). Ultimately, minerals and metals will be obtained by processing "average" rock. Rock, 100 tonnes of "average" igneous rock, will yield eight tonnes of aluminum, five tonnes of iron, and 0.6 tonnes of titanium.[17][18]

text: The USGS model based on crustal abundance data and the reserve-abundance relationship of McKelvey, is applied to several metals in the Earth's crust (worldwide) and in the U.S. crust. The potential currently recoverable (present technology, economy) resources that come closest to the McKelvey relationship are those that have been sought for the longest time, such as copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold and molybdenum. Metals that do not follow the McKelvey relationship are ones that are byproducts (of major metals) or haven't been vital to the economy until recently (titanium, aluminum to a lesser degree). Bismuth is an example of a byproduct metal that doesn't follow the relationship very well; the 3% lead reserves in the western U.S. would have only 100 ppm bismuth, clearly too low-grade for a bismuth reserve. The world recoverable resource potential is 2,120 million tonnes for copper, 2,590 million tonnes for nickel, 3,400 million tonnes for zinc, 3,519 BILLION tonnes for aluminum, and 2,035 BILLION tonnes for iron.[19]

text: Diverse authors have further contributions. Some think the number of substitutes is almost infinite, particularly with the flow of new materials from the chemical industry; identical end products can be made from different materials and starting points. Plastics can be good electrical conductors. Since all materials are 100 times weaker than they theoretically should be, it ought to be possible to eliminate areas of dislocations and greatly strengthen them, enabling lesser quantities to be used. To summarize, "mining" companies will have more and more diverse products, the world economy is moving away from materials towards services, and the population seems to be levelling, all of which implies a lessening of demand growth for materials; much of the materials will be recovered from somewhat uncommon rocks, there will be much more coproducts and byproducts from a given operation, and more trade in minerals and materials.[20]

text: Trend towards perpetual resources[edit]

text: As radical new technology impacts the materials and minerals world more and more powerfully, the materials used are more and more likely to have perpetual resources. There are already more and more materials that have perpetual resources and less and less materials that have nonrenewable resources or are strategic and critical materials. Some materials that have perpetual resources such as salt,stone, magnesium, and common clay were mentioned previously. Thanks to new technology, synthetic diamonds were added to the list of perpetual resources, since they can be easily made from a lump of another form of carbon. Synthetic graphite, is made in large quantities (graphite electrodes, graphite fiber) from carbon precursors such as petroleum coke or a textile fiber. A firm named Liquidmetal Technologies, Inc. is utilizing the removal of dislocations in a material with a technique that overcomes performance limitations caused by inherent weaknesses in the crystal atomic structure. It makes amorphous metal alloys, which retain a random atomic structure when the hot metal solidifies, rather than the crystalline atomic structure (with dislocations) that normally forms when hot metal solidifies. These amorphous alloys have much better performance properties than usual; for example, their zirconium-titanium Liquidmetal alloys are 250% stronger than a standard titanium alloy. The Liquidmetal alloys can supplant many high performance alloys.[21]

text: Exploration of the ocean bottom in the last fifty years revealed manganese nodules and phosphate nodules in many locations. More recently, polymetallic sulfide deposits have been discovered and polymetallic sulfide "black muds" are being presently deposited from "black smokers" [22] The cobalt scarcity situation of 1978 has a new option now: recover it from manganese nodules. A Korean firm plans to start developing a manganese nodule recovery operation in 2010; the manganese nodules recovered would average 27% to 30% manganese, 1.25% to 1.5% nickel, 1% to 1.4% copper, and 0.2% to 0.25% cobalt (commercial grade) [23] Nautilus Minerals Ltd. is planning to recover commercial grade material averaging 29.9% zinc, 2.3% lead, and 0.5% copper from massive ocean-bottom polymetallic sulfide deposits using an underwater vacuum cleaner-like device that combines some current technologies in a new way. Partnering with Nautilus are Tech Cominco Ltd. and Anglo-American Ltd., world-leading international firms.[24]

text: There are also other robot mining techniques that could be applied under the ocean. Rio Tinto is using satellite links to allow workers 1500 kilometers away to operate drilling rigs, load cargo, dig out ore and dump it on conveyor belts, and place explosives to subsequently blast rock and earth. The firm can keep workers out of danger this way, and also use fewer workers. Such technology reduces costs and offsets declines in metal content of ore reserves.[25] Thus a variety of minerals and metals are obtainable from unconventional sources with resources available in huge quantities.

text: Finally, what is a perpetual resource? The ASTM definition for a perpetual resource is "one that is virtually inexhaustible on a human time-scale". Examples given include solar energy, tidal energy, and wind energy,[26] to which should be added salt, stone, magnesium, diamonds, and other materials mentioned above. A study on the biogeophysical aspects of sustainability came up with a rule of prudent practice that a resource stock should last 700 years to achieve sustainability or become a perpetual resource, or for a worse case, 350 years.[27]

text: If a resource lasting 700 or more years is perpetual, one that lasts 350 to 700 years can be called an abundant resource, and is so defined here. How long the material can be recovered from its resource depends on human need and changes in technology from extraction through the life cycle of the product to final disposal, plus recyclability of the material and availability of satisfactory substitutes. Specifically, this shows that exhaustibility does not occur until these factors weaken and play out: the availability of substitutes, the extent of recycling and its feasibility, more efficient manufacturing of the final consumer product, more durable and longer-lasting consumer products, and even a number of other factors.

text: The most recent resource information and guidance on the kinds of resources that must be considered is covered on the Resource Guide-Update [1]

text: Transitioning: perpetual resources to paleoresources[edit]

text: Perpetual resources can transition to being a paleoresource. A paleoresource is one that has little or no demand for the material extracted from it; an obsolescent material, humans no longer need it. The classic paleoresource is an arrowhead-grade flint resource; no one makes flint arrowheads or spearheads anymore—making a sharpened piece of scrap steel and using it is much simpler. Obsolescent products include tin cans, tin foil, the schoolhouse slate blackboard, and radium in medical technology. Radium has been replaced by much cheaper cobalt-60 and other radioisotopes in radiation treatment. Noncorroding lead as a cable covering has been replaced by plastics.

text: Pennsylvania anthracite is another material where the trend towards obsolescence and becoming a paleoresource can be shown statistically. Production of anthracite was 70.4 million tonnes in 1905, 49.8 million tonnes in 1945, 13.5 million tonnes in 1965, 4.3 million tonnes in 1985, and 1.5 million tonnes in 2005. The amount used per person was 84 kg per person in 1905, 7.1 kg in 1965, and 0.8 kg in 2005.[28] [2] Compare this to the USGS anthracite reserves of 18.6 billion tonnes and total resources of 79 billion tonnes;[29] the anthracite demand has dropped so much that these resources are more than perpetual.

text: Since anthracite resources are so far into the perpetual resource range and demand for anthracite has dropped so far, is it possible to see how anthracite might become a paleoresource? Probably by customers continuing to disappear (i.e. convert to other kinds of energy for space heating), the supply network atrophy as anthracite coal dealers can't retain enough business to cover costs and close, and mines with too small a volume to cover costs also close. This is a mutually reinforcing process: customers convert to other forms of cleaner energy that produce less pollution and carbon dioxide, then the coal dealer has to close because of lack of enough sales volume to cover costs. The coal dealer's other customers are then forced to convert unless they can find another nearby coal dealer. Finally the anthracite mine closes because it doesn't have enough sales volume to cover its costs.

text: Global geochemical cycles[edit]

text:
Global geochemical cycles critical for life

Nitrogen Cycle

Water Cycle

Carbon Cycle

Oxygen Cycle


document_title: 2018 Formula One World Championship

question_text: who won the 2018 formula 1 australian grand prix tournament

text: 2018 Formula One World Championship

text: Entries

text: The following teams and drivers have been entered in the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship. Teams compete with tyres supplied by Pirelli.

text:
Entrant

Constructor

Chassis

Power unit

Race drivers

Free Practice drivers

No.

Driver name

Rounds

No.

Driver name

 Scuderia Ferrari

Ferrari

SF71H

Ferrari 062 EVO

5

 Sebastian Vettel

1–10

N/A

7

 Kimi Räikkönen

1–10

 Sahara Force India F1 Team

Force India-Mercedes

VJM11

Mercedes M09 EQ Power+

11

 Sergio Pérez

1–10

34

 Nicholas Latifi

31

 Esteban Ocon

1–10

 Haas F1 Team

Haas-Ferrari

VF-18

Ferrari 062 EVO

8

 Romain Grosjean

1–10

N/A

20

 Kevin Magnussen

1–10

 McLaren F1 Team

McLaren-Renault

MCL33

Renault R.E.18

2

 Stoffel Vandoorne

1–10

N/A

14

 Fernando Alonso

1–10

 Mercedes AMG Petronas Motorsport

Mercedes

F1 W09 EQ Power+

Mercedes M09 EQ Power+

44

 Lewis Hamilton

1–10

N/A

77

 Valtteri Bottas

1–10

 Aston Martin Red Bull Racing

Red Bull Racing-TAG Heuer

RB14

TAG Heuer[note 1]

3

 Daniel Ricciardo

1–10

N/A

33

 Max Verstappen

1–10

 Renault Sport Formula One Team

Renault

R.S.18

Renault R.E.18

27

 Nico Hülkenberg

1–10

N/A

55

 Carlos Sainz Jr.

1–10

 Alfa Romeo Sauber F1 Team

Sauber-Ferrari

C37

Ferrari 062 EVO

9

 Marcus Ericsson

1–10

N/A

16

 Charles Leclerc

1–10

 Red Bull Toro Rosso Honda

Scuderia Toro Rosso-Honda

STR13

Honda RA618H

10

 Pierre Gasly

1–10

N/A

28

 Brendon Hartley

1–10

 Williams Martini Racing

Williams-Mercedes

FW41

Mercedes M09 EQ Power+

18

 Lance Stroll

1–10

40

 Robert Kubica

35

 Sergey Sirotkin

1–10

Sources:[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

tag: table

text: Team changes

text: McLaren terminated their engine partnership with Honda and instead signed a three-year deal for power units supplied by Renault.[14] The team cited Honda's repeated failure to supply a reliable and competitive power unit as the reason for ending the partnership.[14]

text: Toro Rosso parted ways with Renault—allowing McLaren to finalise their agreement with Renault—and came to an agreement to use Honda power units.[15] As part of the deal, Red Bull Racing loaned Toro Rosso driver Carlos Sainz Jr. to Renault's works team.[16][17]

text: Sauber renewed their partnership with Ferrari, upgrading to current-specification power units after using year-old power units in 2017.[18][19]

text: Driver changes

text: Toro Rosso signed 2016 GP2 Series champion Pierre Gasly and two-time World Endurance champion Brendon Hartley as their full-time drivers for 2018.[20] Both Gasly and Hartley made their Formula One débuts with the team in the latter stages of the 2017 championship.[20] Daniil Kvyat left the team and the Red Bull driver programme, securing a development role with Ferrari.[21]

text: Charles Leclerc, the reigning Formula 2 champion, made his competitive début with Sauber.[22] Leclerc, who had previously driven in Friday practice sessions in 2016 and 2017, was hired by the team to replace Pascal Wehrlein.[22] Wehrlein was ultimately unable to secure a race seat and was instead enlisted as one of Mercedes's test and reserve drivers while racing full-time in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters series.[23][24][25]

text: Williams driver Felipe Massa retired from Formula One at the end of the 2017 championship.[26] Massa was replaced by former Renault test driver and SMP Racing driver Sergey Sirotkin, who made his competitive début with the team.[27]

text: Calendar

text: The following twenty-one Grands Prix are due to be run as part of the 2018 World Championship:

text:
Round

Grand Prix

Circuit

Date

1

Australian Grand Prix

 Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne

25 March

2

Bahrain Grand Prix

 Bahrain International Circuit, Sakhir

8 April

3

Chinese Grand Prix

 Shanghai International Circuit, Shanghai

15 April

4

Azerbaijan Grand Prix

 Baku City Circuit, Baku

29 April

5

Spanish Grand Prix

 Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, Montmeló

13 May

6

Monaco Grand Prix

 Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo

27 May

7

Canadian Grand Prix

 Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, Montreal

10 June

8

French Grand Prix

 Circuit Paul Ricard, Le Castellet

24 June

9

Austrian Grand Prix

 Red Bull Ring, Spielberg

1 July

10

British Grand Prix

 Silverstone Circuit, Silverstone

8 July

11

German Grand Prix

 Hockenheimring, Hockenheim

22 July

12

Hungarian Grand Prix

 Hungaroring, Mogyoród

29 July

13

Belgian Grand Prix

 Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Stavelot

26 August

14

Italian Grand Prix

 Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Monza

2 September

15

Singapore Grand Prix

 Marina Bay Street Circuit, Singapore

16 September

16

Russian Grand Prix

 Sochi Autodrom, Sochi

30 September

17

Japanese Grand Prix

 Suzuka International Racing Course, Suzuka

7 October

18

United States Grand Prix

 Circuit of the Americas, Austin, Texas[note 2]

21 October

19

Mexican Grand Prix

 Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez, Mexico City

28 October

20

Brazilian Grand Prix

 Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo

11 November

21

Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

 Yas Marina Circuit, Abu Dhabi

25 November

Source:[29]

text: Calendar changes

text: The French Grand Prix returned to the calendar for the first time since 2008. The race has returned to the Circuit Paul Ricard, which last hosted the French Grand Prix in 1990 before the event moved to the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours.[30][note 3] The race was scheduled to be run in June, with the Azerbaijan Grand Prix brought forward to April to accommodate the change and to avoid clashing with celebrations for centenary of the Azerbaijan republic.[31] The German Grand Prix also returned to the championship after a one-year absence, with the Hockenheimring scheduled to host the race.[32]

text: The Malaysian Grand Prix—which was part of the championship from 1999 to 2017—was discontinued.[33] The Russian Grand Prix was moved from April to September, filling the vacancy left by the Malaysian Grand Prix.[34]

text: Changes

text: Sporting regulations

text: Following widespread criticism of the grid penalty system in 2017 that regularly saw multiple drivers start races outside their qualifying positions, the FIA introduced a revised set of regulations for 2018. In the event that a driver changes a power unit component, they are still subject to a five- or ten-place grid penalty depending on the component being changed; however, should they then replace a second component, they will be moved to the back of the starting grid.[35] If multiple drivers are moved to the back of the grid, their starting positions are determined by the order that components were changed based on the most recent change made by each driver.[35]

text: The rules governing starting procedures were changed for 2018, granting race stewards the power to issue penalties for improper race starts even if a driver's start does not trigger the automated detection system.[36] The changes were introduced following two incidents during 2017: at the Chinese Grand Prix, Sebastian Vettel positioned his car too far across his grid slot to be registered by the detection system; while at the Austrian Grand Prix, Valtteri Bottas's start was called into question for his reaction time despite the detection system recognising it as legal.[36]

text: In the event that a race is suspended due to a red flag, it will be restarted with a standing start. Drivers will return to the starting grid in the positions they held at the time of the suspension and the race director will repeat the race start procedure. If circuit conditions are suitable for racing but the race director deems a standing start inappropriate, the race will resume with a rolling start where the safety car returns to pit lane and drivers proceed around the circuit in single file until they are shown the green flag.[37]

text: The FIA introduced tighter restrictions on racing licences issued to drivers taking part in free practice sessions. Candidate drivers are required to complete a minimum number of Formula 2 races or earn twenty-five superlicense points over a three-year period. The changes were introduced to address concerns about drivers who would not be able to meet the standards required to compete in Formula One having access to Formula One cars.[38]

text: The schedule of a Grand Prix weekend was changed, with the start time of most European races pushed back by one hour in an attempt to accommodate a larger television audience. All races are scheduled to start at ten minutes past the hour so as to allow broadcasters the opportunity for pre-race coverage when their broadcast of the race starts on the hour.[39]

text: Finally, the mid-season test, which was held in Bahrain in 2017, was moved to Barcelona.[40][41]

text: Technical regulations

text: Power unit suppliers are required to provide all teams using their engines with an identical specification of power units. The change was introduced to ensure parity after Mercedes works team was observed to have access to additional engine performance settings that were not available to their customer teams.[42]

text: The quantity of power unit components a driver may use during the season was reduced from four complete power units during the entire season in 2017 to a new system where each of the power unit components is considered separately.[43] Therefore, in 2018, each driver is permitted to use up to three each of internal combustion engines (ICE), heat motor generator units (MGU-H), and turbochargers (TC); and two each of the kinetic motor generator units (MGU-K), energy stores (ES), and control electronics (CE).[43]

text: Restrictions against the practice of oil burning, where engine oils are burned as fuel to boost performance, were also introduced. The practice, which was first used in 2017 saw teams burning as much as 1.2 litres per one hundred kilometres. For the 2018 championship, this figure was revised down to a maximum of 0.6 litres per one hundred kilometres.[44] The rules were further amended to restrict teams to using a single specification of oil, which must be declared before the race. These oils are subject to stricter definitions of what is considered "oil" in order to prevent teams from using exotic blends designed to boost performance. Teams are also required to inform the stewards of the mass of oil in each oil tank before the race.[45][note 4]

text: Further changes to the technical regulations require the temperature of air in the plenum chamber—adjacent to the turbocharger—to be no more than 10°C above the ambient air temperature. The rule was introduced in a bid to stop teams from artificially heating or cooling air for possible performance gains.[45] Active control valves, which electronically regulate the flow of fluids between power unit components, will also be banned.[45]

text: The FIA banned the use of "shark fins", a carbon fibre extension to the engine cowling aimed at directing airflow over the rear wing.[46][47] The use of "T-wings", a horizontal secondary wing mounted forward of and above the rear wing, was also banned.[46]

text: Driver safety

text: Following a series of serious incidents in open-wheel racing—including the fatal accidents of Henry Surtees and Justin Wilson—in which drivers were struck in the head by tyres or debris, the FIA announced plans to introduce additional mandatory cockpit protection with 2018 given as the first year for its introduction. Several solutions were tested, with the final design subject to feedback from teams and drivers.[48] Each design was created to deflect debris away from a driver's head without compromising their visibility or the ability of safety marshals to access the cockpit and extract a driver and their seat in the event of a serious accident or medical emergency,[49] with a series of serious accidents—such as the fatal accidents of Jules Bianchi and Dan Wheldon—recreated to simulate the ability of devices to withstand a serious impact.[49] The FIA ultimately settled on the "halo", a wishbone-shaped frame mounted above and around the driver's head and anchored to the monocoque forward of the cockpit.[50] Seventeen accidents were examined as case studies, with the FIA concluding that the halo would have prevented injuries in fifteen of them. In the other two instances—most notably Jules Bianchi's fatal accident—the FIA concluded that although the halo would not have prevented driver injuries, it would not have contributed to or complicated the outcome of the accidents.[51] Once introduced, the halo concept is scheduled to be applied to other FIA-sanctioned open-wheel racing categories including Formula 2, Formula 3 and Formula E,[52][53][54][55] with 2020 earmarked as the deadline for all FIA-sanctioned open-wheel racing series to adopt the halo.

text: Following criticisms over the aesthetic value of the device, the FIA revealed plans to allow teams some design freedom in the final version of the halo,[56] with the teams permitted to attach a thin single-plane wing atop the halo to control airflow over the top of the car and into the airbox to assist with engine cooling. Where the test models of the halo had been attached to an existing monocoque structure, teams were required to incorporate the final build of the halo into the chassis design from its inception rather than attached once the design was completed. The minimum weight of the chassis was raised to 734 kg (1,618.2 lb), in order to accommodate the additional weight of the halo.[57] The mandatory crash tests that each chassis must pass were adjusted to include a new static load test. In order to simulate a serious accident, a tyre was mounted to a hydraulic ram and fired at the crash structure; to pass the test, the chassis and the mounting points for the halo had to remain intact.[58] In order to prevent teams from exploiting the halo for aerodynamic gain and potentially compromising its purpose, the FIA banned teams from developing their own devices and instead required them to purchase pre-fabricated models from approved suppliers.[58] The technical regulations were updated mid-season to allow teams to mount rear view mirrors to the halo instead of affixing them to the bodywork. The changes were introduced in response to criticism that the halo obstructed the driver's view of the mirrors; however, halo-mounted designs were also criticised for allowing teams to exploit a loophole and introduce aerodynamic device, in the form of winglets above the mirrors, into an area where aerodynamic development was prohibited under the pretense of improving driver visibility,[59] and the regulations were rewritten once more to ban the practice of mounting anything besides mirrors on the halo.[60]

text: The FIA made several changes to its trackside procedures to further accommodate the halo. The time limit on the extraction test—the test of a driver extracting himself from the survival cell of a crashed car—was extended to allow drivers more time to escape.[citation needed] The starting gantries at circuits were also lowered to improve the visibility of the starting lights.[61]

text: Tyres

text: Tyre supplier Pirelli provides teams with two new tyre compounds in 2018.[62] Each of the 2017 compounds was made softer, with a new "hypersoft" tyre becoming the softest of the nine and a new "superhard" tyre to be the hardest.[63] The hypersoft compound is marked by a pink sidewall, while the superhard will be orange. The hard compound, which previously used orange markings, will now be changed to ice blue.[64] The hypersoft compound made its début at the Monaco Grand Prix.[65] The rules dictating which tyres are available were relaxed to allow Pirelli to supply a wider range of compounds. Previously, Pirelli had to provide sequential compounds; for example, ultrasoft, supersoft and soft.[66] In 2018, Pirelli is able to supply compounds with up to two steps of difference between them; for example, the ultrasoft, supersoft and hard tyres. Pirelli is required to manufacture an additional tyre compound that is not intended for competition. This tyre is to be supplied to teams for use in demonstration events to prevent teams from using demonstration events as informal—and illegal—testing.[35]

text: For the Spanish, French and British Grands Prix, Pirelli reduced the tread depth by 0.4mm across all compounds. This is to combat blistering due to new asphalt at these circuits for the 2018 season, which resulted in higher grip and reduced tyre wear. [67] This was in response to the high level of blistering experienced by Mercedes at the re-surfaced Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in pre-season testing.[68]

text: Season report

text: Opening rounds

text: The championship started in Melbourne with the Australian Grand Prix. The race ended with a victory for Ferrari and Sebastian Vettel, who used a timely virtual safety car period—triggered by the stricken Haas of Romain Grosjean—to pass Mercedes's Lewis Hamilton and he successfully defended the position until the finish.[69] Kimi Räikkönen finished third in the other Ferrari ahead of Red Bull Racing's Daniel Ricciardo.[69] McLaren ended the first race of their partnership with Renault with a fifth and ninth place for Alonso and Vandoorne respectively.[70] Max Verstappen finished sixth after an early spin ahead of Nico Hülkenberg. Valtteri Bottas was eighth, having started fifteenth when he took a penalty for a gearbox change after a heavy crash in qualifying. Carlos Sainz Jr. completed the points-scoring positions in tenth. Charles Leclerc and Sergey Sirotkin both made their competitive débuts for Sauber and Williams respectively.[71][72] Leclerc finished thirteenth while Sirotkin retired with a brake failure.[73][72]

text: Vettel then won from pole at the next round in Bahrain, holding off a late charge from Bottas to win by seven tenths of a second. Hamilton finished third despite a 5 place grid penalty for a gearbox change and contact with Verstappen on the second lap.

text: However, in China, Vettel's winning run was broken, with Daniel Ricciardo's 2 stop strategy helping the Australian to his sixth career victory, ahead of Valtteri Bottas and Kimi Räikkönen. Ricciardo pitted for a new set of softs with 20 laps to go under safety car while the leaders stayed out on their used set of mediums, he then fought his way past both Ferraris and Mercedes to the lead.

text: Hamilton took his first win of the year in Azerbaijan and with it, the lead in the Drivers' Championship. Räikkönen finished 2nd while Sergio Pérez claimed 3rd. With 10 laps to go, Bottas was leading (but still needing to make a pitstop) followed by Vettel and Hamilton when the Red Bulls crashed bringing out the safety car. Bottas pitted under safety car and came out still leading but a puncture on the penultimate lap caused him to retire. Vettel, who was second behind him at the restart, locked up on cold tyres at turn 1 and went wide, dropping behind the remaining top three.

text: European races

text: Hamilton took pole and won comfortably in Spain, extending his lead to seventeen points. Bottas finished second while Verstappen finished third, his first podium of the season. Ricciardo took pole in Monaco and won the event despite developing an engine problem mid-race that left him severely down on power. Vettel finished second and Hamilton finished 3rd. Vettel closed his points deficit to Hamilton, while Ricciardo gained two spots in the Drivers' Championship to be third overall.

text: In Canada, Vettel won from pole taking the world championship lead by one point from Hamilton. Bottas finished 2nd for the fourth time this season as Verstappen finished third, his qualifying position. The race result was counted back to the standings at the end of lap 68 (of 70) after the chequered flag was waved a lap early in error – although this did not impact the top-10 standings.

text: Hamilton took pole position and victory (his third of the season) in the returning French Grand Prix, taking the world championship lead back with 14 points, with Vettel finishing only 5th after a first corner crash with Bottas. Verstappen finished second, taking advantage of the Vettel–Bottas crash. Räikkönen finished third, passing Ricciardo in the closing laps of the race.

text: In Austria, Bottas started the race on pole, followed by Hamilton and Räikkönen. However, in the race, both Mercedes suffered from technical problems and neither one was able to finish the race. Ricciardo also retired from the race. Verstappen won, followed by Räikkönen in 2nd and Vettel in 3rd. Haas took full advantage of the Mercedes and Ricciardo retirements and finished 4th (Grosjean) and 5th (Magnussen). Vettel re-took the lead of the championship by 1 point, following Hamilton's retirement.

text: At his home race in Great Britain, Hamilton took pole on his final flying lap, with the two Ferraris of Vettel and Räikkönen both within a tenth of his time. However, he dropped down to 18th on the first lap after contact with Räikkönen sent him into a spin. Two safety cars late in the race bunched the field up, one for a single car crash involving Ericsson and the other after contact between Grosjean and Sainz. Vettel passed Bottas for the lead with 5 laps to go to take his fourth win of the season and extend his championship lead. Hamilton recovered from his first lap crash to take second ahead of Räikkönen.

text: Results and standings

text: Grands Prix

text:
Round

Grand Prix

Pole position

Fastest lap

Winning driver

Winning constructor

Report

1

 Australian Grand Prix

 Lewis Hamilton

 Daniel Ricciardo

 Sebastian Vettel

 Ferrari

Report

2

 Bahrain Grand Prix

 Sebastian Vettel

 Valtteri Bottas

 Sebastian Vettel

 Ferrari

Report

3

 Chinese Grand Prix

 Sebastian Vettel

 Daniel Ricciardo

 Daniel Ricciardo

 Red Bull Racing-TAG Heuer

Report

4

 Azerbaijan Grand Prix

 Sebastian Vettel

 Valtteri Bottas

 Lewis Hamilton

 Mercedes

Report

5

 Spanish Grand Prix

 Lewis Hamilton

 Daniel Ricciardo

 Lewis Hamilton

 Mercedes

Report

6

 Monaco Grand Prix

 Daniel Ricciardo

 Max Verstappen

 Daniel Ricciardo

 Red Bull Racing-TAG Heuer

Report

7

 Canadian Grand Prix

 Sebastian Vettel

 Max Verstappen[note 5]

 Sebastian Vettel

 Ferrari

Report

8

 French Grand Prix

 Lewis Hamilton

 Valtteri Bottas

 Lewis Hamilton

 Mercedes

Report

9

 Austrian Grand Prix

 Valtteri Bottas

 Kimi Räikkönen

 Max Verstappen

 Red Bull Racing-TAG Heuer

Report

10

 British Grand Prix

 Lewis Hamilton

 Sebastian Vettel

 Sebastian Vettel

 Ferrari

Report

11

 German Grand Prix

Report

12

 Hungarian Grand Prix

Report

13

 Belgian Grand Prix

Report

14

 Italian Grand Prix

Report

15

 Singapore Grand Prix

Report

16

 Russian Grand Prix

Report

17

 Japanese Grand Prix

Report

18

 United States Grand Prix

Report

19

 Mexican Grand Prix

Report

20

 Brazilian Grand Prix

Report

21

 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

Report

text: Scoring system

text: Points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers in every race, using the following system:

text:
Position

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

Points

25

18

15

12

10

8

6

4

2

1

text: In order for full points to be awarded, the race winner must complete at least 75% of the scheduled race distance. Half points are awarded if the race winner completes less than 75% of the race distance provided that at least two laps are completed.[note 6] In the event of a tie at the conclusion of the championship, a count-back system is used as a tie-breaker, with a driver's best result used to decide the standings.[note 7]

text: World Drivers' Championship standings

text:
Pos.

Driver

AUS

BHR

CHN

AZE

ESP

MON

CAN

FRA

AUT

GBR

GER

HUN

BEL

ITA

SIN

RUS

JPN

USA

MEX

BRA

ABU

Points

1

 Sebastian Vettel

1

1

8

4

4

2

1

5

3

1

171

2

 Lewis Hamilton

2

3

4

1

1

3

5

1

Ret

2

163

3

 Kimi Räikkönen

3

Ret

3

2

Ret

4

6

3

2

3

116

4

 Daniel Ricciardo

4

Ret

1

Ret

5

1

4

4

Ret

5

106

5

 Valtteri Bottas

8

2

2

14

2

5

2

7

Ret

4

104

6

 Max Verstappen

6

Ret

5

Ret

3

9

3

2

1

15

93

7

 Nico Hülkenberg

7

6

6

Ret

Ret

8

7

9

Ret

6

42

8

 Fernando Alonso

5

7

7

7

8

Ret

Ret

16

8

8

40

9

 Kevin Magnussen

Ret

5

10

13

6

13

13

6

5

9

39

10

 Carlos Sainz Jr.

10

11

9

5

7

10

8

8

12

Ret

28

11

 Esteban Ocon

12

10

11

Ret

Ret

6

9

Ret

6

7

25

12

 Sergio Pérez

11

16

12

3

9

12

14

Ret

7

10

24

13

 Pierre Gasly

Ret

4

18

12

Ret

7

11

Ret

11

13

18

14

 Charles Leclerc

13

12

19

6

10

18

10

10

9

Ret

13

15

 Romain Grosjean

Ret

13

17

Ret

Ret

15

12

11

4

Ret

12

16

 Stoffel Vandoorne

9

8

13

9

Ret

14

16

12

15

11

8

17

 Lance Stroll

14

14

14

8

11

17

Ret

17

14

12

4

18

 Marcus Ericsson

Ret

9

16

11

13

11

15

13

10

Ret

3

19

 Brendon Hartley

15

17

20

10

12

19

Ret

14

Ret

Ret

1

20

 Sergey Sirotkin

Ret

15

15

Ret

14

16

17

15

13

14

0

Pos.

Driver

AUS

BHR

CHN

AZE

ESP

MON

CAN

FRA

AUT

GBR

GER

HUN

BEL

ITA

SIN

RUS

JPN

USA

MEX

BRA

ABU

Points

Key

Colour
Result

Gold
Winner

Silver
2nd place

Bronze
3rd place

Green
Other points position

Blue

Other classified position

Not classified, finished (NC)

Purple
Not classified, retired (Ret)

Red

Did not qualify (DNQ)

Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)

Black
Disqualified (DSQ)

White

Did not start (DNS)

Race cancelled (C)

Blank

Did not practice (DNP)

Excluded (EX)

Did not arrive (DNA)

Withdrawn (WD)

Bold – Pole position
Italics – Fastest lap

text: Notes:

text: – Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed more than 90% of the race distance.

text: World Constructors' Championship standings

text:
Pos.

Constructor

AUS

BHR

CHN

AZE

ESP

MON

CAN

FRA

AUT

GBR

GER

HUN

BEL

ITA

SIN

RUS

JPN

USA

MEX

BRA

ABU

Points

1

 Ferrari

1

1

3

2

4

2

1

3

2

1

287

3

Ret

8

4

Ret

4

6

5

3

3

2

 Mercedes

2

2

2

1

1

3

2

1

Ret

2

267

8

3

4

14

2

5

5

7

Ret

4

3

 Red Bull Racing-TAG Heuer

4

Ret

1

Ret

3

1

3

2

1

5

199

6

Ret

5

Ret

5

9

4

4

Ret

15

4

 Renault

7

6

6

5

7

8

7

8

12

6

70

10

11

9

Ret

Ret

10

8

9

Ret

Ret

5

 Haas-Ferrari

Ret

5

10

13

6

13

12

6

4

9

51

Ret

13

17

Ret

Ret

15

13

11

5

Ret

6

 Force India-Mercedes

11

10

11

3

9

6

9

Ret

6

7

49

12

16

12

Ret

Ret

12

14

Ret

7

10

7

 McLaren-Renault

5

7

7

7

8

14

16

12

8

8

48

9

8

13

9

Ret

Ret

Ret

16

15

11

8

 Scuderia Toro Rosso-Honda

15

4

18

10

12

7

11

14

11

13

19

Ret

17

20

12

Ret

19

Ret

Ret

Ret

Ret

9

 Sauber-Ferrari

13

9

16

6

10

11

10

10

9

Ret

16

Ret

12

19

11

13

18

15

13

10

Ret

10

 Williams-Mercedes

14

14

14

8

11

16

17

15

13

12

4

Ret

15

15

Ret

14

17

Ret

17

14

14

Pos.

Constructor

AUS

BHR

CHN

AZE

ESP

MON

CAN

FRA

AUT

GBR

GER

HUN

BEL

ITA

SIN

RUS

JPN

USA

MEX

BRA

ABU

Points

Key

Colour
Result

Gold
Winner

Silver
2nd place

Bronze
3rd place

Green
Other points position

Blue

Other classified position

Not classified, finished (NC)

Purple
Not classified, retired (Ret)

Red

Did not qualify (DNQ)

Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)

Black
Disqualified (DSQ)

White

Did not start (DNS)

Race cancelled (C)

Blank

Did not practice (DNP)

Excluded (EX)

Did not arrive (DNA)

Withdrawn (WD)

Bold – Pole position
Italics – Fastest lap

text: Notes:

text: Footnotes

text:
Jump up ^ Red Bull Racing uses Renault R.E.18 power units. For sponsorship purposes, these engines are rebadged as "TAG Heuer".[1]

Jump up ^ The United States Grand Prix remains subject to the approval of the local sanctioning body.[28]

Jump up ^ The French Grand Prix used the short 3.812 km (2.369 mi) configuration of the Circuit Paul Ricard between 1986 and 1990; the longer 5.809 km (3.610 mi) circuit was used nine times between 1971 and 1985. The 5.842 km (3.630 mi) layout was used for the first time in 2018.

Jump up ^ Formula One measures fuel, oil and engine fluids in mass rather than volume as these fluids expand and contract when subject to heat and as a result the volume may change; however, the mass remains the same regardless of heat.

Jump up ^ Daniel Ricciardo set the fastest lap on lap 70, but an error in the chequered flag being waved early saw the race results validated on lap 68. Max Verstappen was officially recognised as setting the fastest lap.[74]

Jump up ^ In the event that two laps cannot be completed, no points are awarded and the race is abandoned.[75]

Jump up ^ In the event that two or more drivers achieve the same best result an equal number of times, their next-best result will be used. If two or more drivers achieve equal results an equal number of times, the FIA will nominate the winner according to such criteria as it sees fit.[75]


document_title: Death of a Salesman

question_text: who starred in 1949 death of a salesman

question_tokens: who starred in 1949 death of a salesman

text: Death of a Salesman

text: Characters[edit]

text:
William "Willy" Loman: The salesman.  He is 63 years old and unstable, insecure, and self-deluded. Willy tends to re-imagine events from the past as if they were real.  He vacillates between different eras of his life. Willy seems childlike and relies on others for support, coupled with his recurring flashbacks to various moments throughout his career.  His first name, Willy, reflects this childlike aspect as well as sounding like the question "Will he?"  His last name gives the feel of Willy's being a "low man", someone who won't succeed; however, this popular interpretation of his last name was dismissed by Miller, who stated that the character's name is due to his relation to the English queen.[3]
Linda Loman: Willy's loyal and loving wife.  Linda is passively supportive and docile when Willy talks unrealistically about hopes for the future, although she seems to have a good knowledge of what is really going on.  She chides her sons, particularly Biff, for not helping Willy more, and supports Willy lovingly even though Willy sometimes treats her poorly, ignoring her opinions over those of others. She is the first to realize that Willy is contemplating suicide at the beginning of the play, and urges Biff to make something of himself, while expecting Willy to help Biff do so.
Biff Loman: Willy's elder son.  Biff was a football star with a lot of potential in high school, but failed math his senior year and dropped out of summer school when he saw Willy with another woman while visiting him in Boston.  He wavers between going home to try to fulfill Willy's dream for him as a businessman or ignoring his father by going out West to be a farmhand where he feels happy.  He likes being outdoors and working with his hands, yet wants to do something worthwhile so Willy will be proud of him.  Biff steals because he wants evidence of success, even if it is false evidence, but overall Biff remains a realist and informs Willy that he is just a normal guy and will not be a great man.
Harold "Happy" Loman:  Willy's younger son. He's lived in the shadow of his older brother Biff most of his life and seems to be almost ignored, but he still tries to be supportive towards his family. He has a restless lifestyle as a womanizer and dreams of moving beyond his current job as an assistant to the assistant buyer at the local store, but he is willing to cheat a little in order to do so, by taking bribes. He is always looking for approval from his parents, but he rarely gets any, and he even goes as far as to make things up just for attention, such as telling his parents he is going to get married. He tries often to keep his family's perceptions of each other positive or "happy" by defending each of them during their many arguments, but still has the most turbulent relationship with Linda, who looks down on him for his lifestyle and apparent cheapness, despite his giving them money.
Charley: Willy's somewhat wise-cracking yet kind and understanding neighbor.  He pities Willy and frequently lends him money and comes over to play cards with him, although Willy often treats him poorly.  Willy is jealous of him because his son is more successful than Willy's. Charley offers Willy a job many times during visits to his office, yet Willy declines every time, even after he loses his job as a salesman.
Bernard: Charley's son.  In Willy's flashbacks, he is a nerd, and Willy forces him to give Biff test answers.  He worships Biff and does anything for him.  Later, he is a very successful lawyer, married, and expecting a second son – the same successes that Willy wants for his sons, in particular Biff. Bernard makes Willy contemplate where he has gone wrong as a father.
Uncle Ben: Willy's older brother who became a diamond tycoon after a detour to Africa.  He is dead, but Willy frequently speaks to him in his hallucinations of the past. He is Willy's role model, although he is much older and has no real relationship with Willy, preferring to assert his superiority over his younger brother. He represents Willy's idea of the American Dream success story, and is shown coming by the Lomans' house while on business trips to share stories.
The Woman: A woman, whom Willy calls "Miss Francis", with whom Willy cheated on Linda.
Howard Wagner: Willy's boss.  Willy worked originally for Howard's father and claims to have suggested the name Howard for the newborn son. He however sees Willy as a liability for the company and fires him, ignoring all the years that Willy has given to the company.  Howard is extremely proud of his wealth, which is manifested in his new wire recorder, and of his family.
Jenny: Charley's secretary.
Stanley: A waiter at the restaurant who seems to be friends or acquainted with Happy.
Miss Forsythe: A girl whom Happy picks up at the restaurant.  She is very pretty and claims she was on several magazine covers.  Happy lies to her, making himself and Biff look like they are important and successful.  (Happy claims that he attended West Point and that Biff is a star football player.)
Letta: Miss Forsythe's friend.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Willy Loman returns home exhausted after a business trip he has cancelled. Worried over Willy's state of mind and recent car accident, his wife Linda suggests that he ask his boss Howard Wagner to allow him to work in his home city so he will not have to travel. Willy complains to Linda that their son, Biff, has yet to make good on his life. Despite Biff's promising showing as an athlete in high school, he failed in mathematics and was unable to enter a university.

text: Biff and his brother Happy, who is temporarily staying with Willy and Linda after Biff's unexpected return from the West, reminisce about their childhood together. They discuss their father's mental degeneration, which they have witnessed in the form of his constant indecisiveness and daydreaming about the boys' high school years. Willy walks in, angry that the two boys have never amounted to anything. In an effort to pacify their father, Biff and Happy tell their father that Biff plans to make a business proposition the next day.

text: The next day, Willy goes to ask his boss, Howard, for a job in town while Biff goes to make a business proposition, but both fail. Willy gets angry and ends up getting fired when the boss tells him he needs a rest and can no longer represent the company. Biff waits hours to see a former employer who does not remember him and turns him down. Biff impulsively steals a fountain pen. Willy then goes to the office of his neighbor Charley, where he runs into Charley's son Bernard (now a successful lawyer); Bernard tells him that Biff originally wanted to do well in summer school, but something happened in Boston when Biff went to visit his father that changed his mind. Charley gives the now-unemployed Willy money to pay his life-insurance premium; Willy shocks Charley by remarking that ultimately, a man is "worth more dead than alive."

text: Happy, Biff, and Willy meet for dinner at a restaurant, but Willy refuses to hear bad news from Biff. Happy tries to get Biff to lie to their father. Biff tries to tell him what happened as Willy gets angry and slips into a flashback of what happened in Boston the day Biff came to see him. Willy had been having an affair with a receptionist on one of his sales trips when Biff unexpectedly arrived at Willy's hotel room. A shocked Biff angrily confronted his father, calling him a liar and a fraud. From that moment, Biff's views of his father changed and set Biff adrift.

text: Biff leaves the restaurant in frustration, followed by Happy and two girls that Happy has picked up. They leave a confused and upset Willy behind in the restaurant. When they later return home, their mother angrily confronts them for abandoning their father while Willy remains outside, talking to himself. Biff tries unsuccessfully to reconcile with Willy, but the discussion quickly escalates into another argument. Biff conveys plainly to his father that he is not meant for anything great, insisting that both of them are simply ordinary men meant to lead ordinary lives. The feud reaches an apparent climax with Biff hugging Willy and crying as he tries to get Willy to let go of the unrealistic expectations. Rather than listen to what Biff actually says, Willy appears to believe his son has forgiven him and will follow in his footsteps, and after Linda goes upstairs to bed (despite her urging him to follow her), lapses one final time into a hallucination, thinking he sees his long-dead brother Ben, whom Willy idolized. In Willy's mind, Ben approves of the scheme Willy has dreamed up to kill himself in order to give Biff his insurance policy money. Willy exits the house. Biff and Linda cry out in despair as the sound of Willy's car blares up and fades out.

text: The final scene takes place at Willy's funeral, which is attended only by his family, Charley and Bernard (Bernard says nothing at the funeral, but in the stage directions, he is present). The ambiguities of mixed and unaddressed emotions persist, particularly over whether Willy's choices or circumstances were obsolete. At the funeral Biff retains his belief that he does not want to become a businessman like his father. Happy, on the other hand, chooses to follow in his father's footsteps, while Linda laments her husband's decision just before her final payment on the house.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Reality and Illusion[edit]

text: Death of a Salesman uses flashbacks to present Willy’s memory during the reality. The illusion not only “suggests the past, but also presents the lost pastoral life.” Willy has dreamed of success his whole life and makes up lies about his and Biff’s success. The more he indulges in the illusion, the harder it is for him to face reality. Biff is the only one who realizes that the whole family lived in the lies and tries to face the truth.[4]

text: The American Dream[edit]

text: The American Dream is the theme of the play, but everyone in the play has their own way to describe their American Dreams.

text: Willy Loman[edit]

text: Willy Loman dreams of being a successful salesman like Dave Singleman, somebody who has both wealth and freedom. Willy believes that the key to success is being well-liked, and his frequent flashbacks show that he measures happiness in terms of wealth and popularity.[5] One analyst of the play writes: “Society tries to teach that, if people are rich and well-liked, they will be happy. Because of this, Willy thought that money would make him happy. He never bothered to try to be happy with what he had …”.[6] Willy also believes that to attain success, one must have a suitable personality. According to another analyst, “He believes that salesmanship is based on ‘sterling traits of character’ and ‘a pleasing personality.’ But Willy does not have the requisite sterling traits of character; people simply do not like him as much as he thinks is necessary for success.”[7]

text: Uncle Ben[edit]

text: Ben symbolizes another kind of successful American Dream for Willy: to catch opportunity, to conquer nature, and to gain a fortune. His mantra goes: “Why, boys, when I was seventeen I walked into the jungle, and when I was twenty-one I walked out. (He laughs.) And by God I was rich.” [5]

text: Biff[edit]

text: After seeing his father’s real identity, Biff does not follow his father’s “dream” because he knows that, as two analysts put it, “Willy does see his future but in a blind way. Meaning that he can and cannot see at the same time, since his way of seeing or visualizing the future is completely wrong.”[8][5]

text: Bernard and Charley[edit]

text: One thing that is apparent from the Death of a Salesman is the hard work and dedication of Charley and Bernard. Willy criticizes Charley and Bernard throughout the play, but it is not because he hates them. Rather, it's argued that he is jealous of the successes they have enjoyed, which is outside his standards.[7]

text: The models of business success provided in the play all argue against Willy’s "personality theory." One is Charley, Willy’s neighbor and apparently only friend. Charley has no time for Willy’s theories of business, but he provides for his family and is in a position to offer Willy a do-nothing job to keep him bringing home a salary. (Bloom 51)[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (June 2015)

text: In the United States[edit]

text: Death of a Salesman first opened on February 10, 1949, to great success. Drama critic John Gassner wrote that “the ecstatic reception accorded Death of Salesman has been reverberating for some time wherever there is an ear for theatre, and it is undoubtedly the best American play since A Streetcar Named Desire.” [9]

text: In the United Kingdom[edit]

text: The play reached London on July 28, 1949. London responses were mixed, but mostly favorable. The Times criticized it, saying that “the strongest play of New York theatrical season should be transferred to London in the deadest week of the year.” However, the public understanding of the ideology of the play was different from that in America. Some people, such as Eric Keown, think of Death of a Salesman as "a potential tragedy deflected from its true course by Marxist sympathies."[9]

text: In Germany[edit]

text: The play was hailed as “the most important and successful night” in Hebbel-Theater in Berlin. It was said that “it was impossible to get the audience to leave the theatre”[by whom?] at the end of the performance. The Berlin production was more successful than New York, possibly due to better interpretation.[9]

text: In India[edit]

text: Compared to Tennessee Williams and Beckett, Arthur Miller and his Death of Salesman were less influential. Rajinder Paul said that “Death of a Salesman has only an indirect influence on Indian theatre practitions.”[9] However, it was translated and produced in Bengali as 'Pheriwalar Mrityu' by the theater group Nandikar. Director Feroz Khan adapted the play in Hindi and English by the name "Salesman Ramlal" played brilliantly by Satish Kaushik and with the role of his son portrayed by Kishore Kadam.

text: In China[edit]

text: Death of a Salesman was welcomed in China. There, Arthur Miller directed the play himself. As Miller stated, “It depends on the father and the mother and the children. That’s what it’s about. The salesman part is what he does to stay alive. But he could be a peasant, he could be, whatever.” Here, the play focuses on the family relationship. It is easier for the Chinese public to understand the relationship between father and son because “One thing about the play that is very Chinese is the way Willy tries to make his sons successful." The Chinese father always wants his sons to be ‘dragons.’[10]

text: Productions[edit]

text: The original Broadway production was produced by Kermit Bloomgarden and Walter Fried. The play opened at the Morosco Theatre on February 10, 1949, closing on November 18, 1950, after 742 performances. The play starred Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman, Mildred Dunnock as Linda, Arthur Kennedy as Biff, Howard Smith as Charley and Cameron Mitchell as Happy. Albert Dekker and Gene Lockhart later played Willy Loman during the original Broadway run. It won the Tony Award for Best Play, Best Supporting or Featured Actor (Arthur Kennedy), Best Scenic Design (Jo Mielziner), Producer (Dramatic), Author (Arthur Miller), and Director (Elia Kazan), as well as the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play. Jayne Mansfield performed in a production of the play in Dallas, Texas, in October 1953. Her performance in the play attracted Paramount Pictures to hire her for the studio's film productions.[11]

text: The play has been revived on Broadway four times:

text:
June 26, 1975, at the Circle in the Square Theatre, running for 71 performances. George C. Scott starred as Willy.
March 29, 1984, at the Broadhurst Theatre, running for 97 performances. Dustin Hoffman played Willy. In a return engagement, this production re-opened on September 14, 1984, and ran for 88 performances. The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival.
February 10, 1999, at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre, running for 274 performances, with Brian Dennehy as Willy. The production won the Tony Award for: Best Revival of a Play; Best Actor in Play; Best Featured Actress in a Play (Elizabeth Franz); Best Direction of a Play (Robert Falls). This production was filmed.
February 13, 2012, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, in a limited run of 16 weeks. Directed by Mike Nichols, Philip Seymour Hoffman played Willy, Andrew Garfield played Biff, Linda Emond played Linda, and Finn Wittrock played Happy.[12]

text: It was also part of the inaugural season of the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1963.

text: Christopher Lloyd portrayed Willy Loman in a 2010 production by the Weston Playhouse in Weston, Vermont, which toured several New England venues.[13]

text: Antony Sher played Willy Loman in the first Royal Shakespeare Company production of the play directed by Gregory Doran in Stratford-upon-Avon in the spring of 2015, with Harriet Walter as Linda Loman. This production transferred to London's West End, at the Noel Coward Theatre for ten weeks in the summer of 2015. This production was part of the centenary celebrations for playwright Arthur Miller.[14]

text: Adaptations in other media[edit]

text:
1951: Adapted by Stanley Roberts and directed by László Benedek who won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director. The film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Fredric March), Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Kevin McCarthy), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Mildred Dunnock), Best Cinematography, Black-and-White and Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture.
1960: In USSR (1960) directed by Theodore Wolfovitch as "You can't cross the bridge".
1961: En Handelsresandes död starring Kolbjörn Knudsen and directed by Hans Abramson (in Swedish)
1968: Der Tod eines Handlungsreisenden starring Heinz Rühmann and directed by Gerhard Klingenberg
1966 (CBS): Starring Lee J. Cobb, Gene Wilder, Mildred Dunnock, James Farentino, Karen Steele and George Segal and directed by Alex Segal.
1966 (BBC): Starring Rod Steiger, Betsy Blair, Tony Bill, Brian Davies and Joss Ackland and directed by Alan Cooke.
1985: Starring Dustin Hoffman, Kate Reid, John Malkovich, Stephen Lang and Charles Durning and directed by Volker Schlöndorff.
1996: Starring Warren Mitchell, Rosemary Harris, Iain Glen and Owen Teale and directed by David Thacker.
2000: Starring Brian Dennehy, Elizabeth Franz, Ron Eldard, Ted Koch, Howard Witt and Richard Thompson and directed by Kirk Browning.
2008: Play within the film in Synecdoche, New York, starring Philip Seymour Hoffman.
2015: Radio drama, starring David Suchet and Zoë Wanamaker, directed by Howard Davies, and broadcast on BBC Radio 3.[15]
2016: Play within the film in The Salesman (Forushande),  acting as counterpoint to the main plot. Starring Shahab Hosseini, Taraneh Alidoosti, Babak Karimi, and directed by Asghar Farhadi.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
New York Drama Critics' Circle Best Play (win)
Pulitzer Prize for Drama (win)
Tony Award for Best Play (win)
Tony Award, Best Supporting or Featured Actor (Dramatic) — Arthur Kennedy (win)
Tony Award, Best Scenic Design — Jo Mielziner (win)
Tony Award Author — Arthur Miller (win)
Tony Award Best Director — Elia Kazan (win)

text: Tony Award Best Actor in Play — George C. Scott (nominee)

text:
Olivier Award Director of the Year — Michael Rudman (nominee)
Olivier Award Actor of the Year in a Revival — Warren Mitchell (win)
Olivier Award Actor of the Year in a Supporting Role — Stephen Greif (nominee)
Olivier Award Actress of the Year in a Supporting Role — Doreen Mantle (win)
Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Actor — Warren Mitchell (win)

text:
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival (win)
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Play — Dustin Hoffman (win)
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play — John Malkovich (win); David Huddleston (nominee)
Tony Award for Best Reproduction (win)

text:
Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play (win)
Tony Award Best Actor in Play — Brian Dennehy (win)
Tony Award Best Featured Actor in a Play — Kevin Anderson (nominee); Howard Witt (nominee)
Tony Award Best Featured Actress in a Play — Elizabeth Franz (win)
Tony Award Best Direction of a Play — Robert Falls (win)
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Play (win)
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Play — Brian Dennehy (win)
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Play — Elizabeth Franz (nominee)
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play — Kevin Anderson (win); Howard Witt (nominee)
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Director of a Play — Robert Falls (nominee)
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Music in a Play — Incidental music by Richard Woodbury (nominee)

text: 2012 Broadway revival

text:
Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play (win)
Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play — Mike Nichols (win)
Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play — Philip Seymour Hoffman (nominee)
Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play — Andrew Garfield (nominee)
Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play — Linda Emond (nominee)
Tony Award for Best Lighting Design of a Play — Brian MacDevitt (nominee)
Tony Award for Best Sound Design of a Play — Scott Lehrer (nominee)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play — Philip Seymour Hoffman (nominee)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play (nominee)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play — Mike Nichols (win)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design — Brian MacDevitt (win)


document_title: Bird on a Wire (film)

question_text: cast of the movie bird on a wire

question_tokens: cast of the movie bird on a wire

text: Bird on a Wire (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Rick Jarmin (Mel Gibson) helped convict a drug-dealing DEA agent named Eugene Sorenson (David Carradine) and was placed in the witness protection program. Fifteen years later his former fiancée Marianne Graves (Goldie Hawn) crosses paths with him at a gas station in Detroit, Michigan. Rick refuses to recognize Marianne, as the witness protection program does not allow contact with people from the witness' previous life. If she recognizes him it may lead to Sorenson finding and killing him.

text: Sorenson has been let out of the United States penitentiary in fictional Hudolin, Pennsylvania, after serving his sentence. With his partner Albert "Diggs" Diggins (Bill Duke), they are out to kill Rick in order to smooth the passage of their latest deal with drug dealers. Marianne has blown Rick's cover and he makes a frantic call to his relocation officer for a new identity, only to discover that his old contact has retired and is later revealed to have Alzheimer's.

text: His new contact is Joe Weyburn (Stephen Tobolowsky), a corrupt FBI agent in league with Diggs and Sorenson. Just as Marianne prepares to confront Rick they are surprised by Sorenson and Diggs, who show up at the gas station with guns blazing.

text: They shoot Rick's kindly old boss at the gas station, pinning the murder on Rick and Marianne, and Rick is shot in the buttocks. A witness sees them and her rental car, a blue BMW, and they are forced to go on the run, which occupies most of the movie, during which they revisit some of Rick's former life-in-hiding, including a beauty salon where he was a star employee, an old flame of a veterinarian who still wants to marry him, who owns an animal farm and operates on the wound in his behind, in her operating room.

text: Rick and Marianne spend a night in a hotel room, where they later share their feelings and have passionate sex.

text: The climax of the film takes place the next night in a zoo where Rick used to work and knows his way around. He releases the various large cats and other animals from their cages, and these and crocodiles and piranhas complicate the pitched battle with Sorenson, Diggs and Weyburn, who meet various ends. At the end Rick is suspended over a large cat in a pit and Marianne can't quite reach him. He offers her the extra incentive of marriage and children, which does the trick. To tease her afterwards, he pretends to back out of his promise, but the next scene shows them boating in the Caribbean, and their repartee, and wedding rings, suggest that they have tied the knot.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mel Gibson as Richard "Rick" Jarmin
Goldie Hawn as Marianne Graves
David Carradine as Eugene Sorenson
Bill Duke as Albert "Diggs" Diggins
Stephen Tobolowsky as Joe Weyburn
Joan Severance as Rachel Varney
Jeff Corey as Lou Baird

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2016)

text: Bird on a Wire gained a mixed to negative reception.[2][3][4][5] The film holds a 32% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 22 reviews.

text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[6]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Bird on a Wire debuted at #1 at the box office with $15.3 million[7] and went on to gross over $138.6 million worldwide.