document_title: List of The Seven Deadly Sins episodes

question_text: when does the next episode of nanatsu no taizai come out

text: List of The Seven Deadly Sins episodes

text: Episode list[edit]

text: The Seven Deadly Sins[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1
"The Seven Deadly Sins"
"Nanatsu no Taizai" (七つの大罪)
October 5, 2014

Elizabeth Liones, the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones, is on a mission to find the Seven Deadly Sins, a group of extremely powerful but dangerous group of Holy Knights who are now wanted criminals for supposedly betraying the kingdom. She finds Meliodas, the owner of a bar named the Boar Hat, accompanied by his pet companion Hawk, a talking pig. When attacked by apprentice Holy Knight Twigo, Meliodas quickly overcomes the opponent, but reveals his identity in the process as the Dragon's Sin of Wrath and the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins. Meliodas and Hawk join Elizabeth on her journey to find the other Deadly Sins in order to defeat the Holy Knights, who have orchestrated a coup d'état to overthrow the king.

2
"The Sword of the Holy Knight"
"Seikishi no Ken" (聖騎士の剣)
October 12, 2014

Holy Knight Gilthunder plants his sword in the center of a town named the Bernia Village, thus preventing the town from making the Bernia Ale, the primary source of income. After innumerable unsuccessful attempts by the villagers to remove the sword, which blocked the water source, Meliodas easily removes the object. A celebration is held at the Boar Hat, and Meliodas is hailed as a savior of the Bernia Village. Gilthunder, wanting to confirm whether the removal of his sword was an accident or not, throws a spear imbued with his power towards the town. However, Meliodas easily stops and throws the spear back, destroying Fort Solgales. Meliodas, Elizabeth and Hawk decide to proceed to the Forest of White Dreams.

3
"The Sin in the Sleeping Forest"
"Nemureru Mori no Tsumi" (眠れる森の罪)
October 19, 2014

Meliodas, Elizabeth, Hawk travel to the Forest of White Dreams, which even the Holy Knights avoid. The Prankster Imps that inhabit the Forest of White Dreams attempt to confuse them by impersonating Hawk and Elizabeth in order to lead them astray. After defeating the Prankster Imps, the three follow them and find a giant girl named Diane, the Serpent's Sin of Envy, asleep in the forest. Gilthunder suddenly arrives and binds all of them with his lightning magic. Meliodas battles Gilthunder, purposely allowing the Holy Knight to defeat him. Under the pretense of dying due to the severe injury, Meliodas acquires information about the whereabouts of two members of the Seven Deadly Sins, Ban and King, as his apparent last wish.

4
"A Little Girl's Dream"
"Shōjo no Yume" (少女の夢)
October 26, 2014

After Diane throws Gilthunder out of the forest, Meliodas, Elizabeth, Hawk and Diane head toward Baste Dungeon, where Ban, the Fox's Sin of Greed, is imprisoned. On the way there, they decide to pass by Dalmary Town, where a doctor named Dana treats Meliodas with some medicine for his injuries. Diane and Elizabeth both show care for Meliodas, but they envy each other due to their opposites in strength and size. The town is suddenly attacked by insects controlled by Friesia, a Holy Knight belonging to the infamous Weird Fangs, but the insects are quickly destroyed by Diane, who makes her way to Baste Dungeon. Dana unexpectedly reveals to Elizabeth that the medicine is a deadly poison, while Golgius appears out of the blue to escort Elizabeth back to the Kingdom of Liones. Meanwhile, Ban escapes from his cell, but Jericho fails to subdue him.

5
"Even If You Should Die"
"Tatoe Anata ga Shindemo" (たとえあなたが死んでも)
November 2, 2014

As Golgius attempts to take Meliodas's sword, Meliodas awakens with no sign of being poisoned, proceeding to blast an aura that causes Golgius to flee. Meliodas, Elizabeth and Hawk find Golgius, who stabs Dana through the back and then attacks the three using his power of invisibility. Once Meliodas forces Golgius to retreat by horse, Meliodas later consoles Elizabeth after she blames herself for the death of Dana, whose daughter Sennett is imprisoned inside Baste Dungeon. When Meliodas, Elizabeth and Hawk set off to Baste Dungeon, they encounter Diane, who suddenly attacks them after succumbing to hypnosis by Ruin at the sound of his bell. As they run away from Diane, involving a pair of shepherds along the way, Meliodas soon succumbs to hypnosis as well and fights Diane. Meanwhile, Ban strips Jericho of her armor to wear for himself, but is subsequently stabbed in the chest by Jude.

6
"The Poem of Beginnings"
"Hajimari no Uta" (はじまりの詩)
November 9, 2014

As Meliodas and Diane continue to fight each other under hypnosis, Friesia attacks the young shepherd with her insects. When Elizabeth risks her life to protect the young shepherd, the latter is revealed to be Ruin. After Elizabeth manages to break off the bell from Ruin's staff, Meliodas and Diane regain their senses, soon defeating Ruin and Friesia, respectively. Meanwhile, Ban overpowers Jude and kills him, despite being pierced through the chest. Meliodas, Elizabeth, Hawk and Diane make it to Baste Dungeon to rescue Sennett, but Meliodas and Ban cause the destruction of the structure during their happy reunion. The six of them regroup back at Dalmary Town, where Dana, revealed to still be alive, treats them to a meal as a courtesy. Meanwhile, King, the Grizzly's Sin of Sloth, is shown to be allied with Gilthunder.

7
"A Touching Reunion"
"Kandō no Saikai" (感動の再会)
November 16, 2014

During a flashback, Ban seeks for the Fountain of Youth deep inside the Fairy King's Forest, but he is repeatedly thwarted by Elaine, Holy Maiden of the Fountain of Youth. However, Elaine realizes that Ban is different from other humans. Ban wants the Fountain of Youth in hopes of gaining something good in his life. In the present, Meliodas, Elizabeth, Hawk, Diane and Ban make plans to go to the Capital of the Dead. Ban wanders off in a nearby village and encounters King, in which the former does not recognize the latter at first. The two start fighting until the others find Ban, causing King to fly away in silence. As Meliodas, Elizabeth, Hawk, Diane and Ban later set off to the Capital of the Dead, they go to a field of flowers, which sends them to their destination. However, King follows them there and chases Ban, who sees a glimpse of Elaine from a distance.

8
"The Fearsome Pursuer"
"Osorubeki Tsuisekisha" (恐るべき追跡者)
November 23, 2014

King petrifies Ban after revealing that Elaine is actually his sister. During another flashback, Ban tries to protect Elaine while confronting a red demon that is destroying the Fairy King's Forest. However, after Elaine gets hurt, she sacrifices her life by ingesting the Fountain of Youth into Ban to allow him to defeat the red demon. In the present, Holy Knight Guila enters the Capital of the Dead and battles Meliodas and Diane, while Elizabeth and Hawk run away to safety. Elaine, first unseen to King, releases Ban from petrification with a kiss. Ban joins Meliodas and Diane in the battle against Guila, while Elaine tells King to understand Ban and save him. After being informed by Elizabeth and Hawk about the battle that is going on, King executes a surprise attack from behind through Ban to strike Guila.

9
"Dark Pulse"
"Ankoku no Myakudō" (暗黒の脈動)
November 30, 2014

King overpowers and single-handedly defeats Guila using his Sacred Treasure, the Spirit Spear Chastiefol. As Meliodas, Elizabeth, Hawk, Diane, Ban and King return to the village, King tells the others that his Sacred Treasure unlocks his full potential in combat. However, Meliodas sold his, Diane lost hers and Ban got his stolen. Meliodas, Ban and King head to the Merchant Town Vaizel during the annual fighting festival, in which the grand prize happens to be Diane's Sacred Treasure, the War Hammer Gideon. Meanwhile, Great Holy Knight Hendrickson summons Jericho and Twigo underground, offering them blood from the corpse of a red demon as a means of enhancing their strength. Twigo explodes after drinking the blood, but Jericho manages to survive the excruciating experience.

10
"The Vaizel Fighting Festival"
"Baizeru Kenka Matsuri" (バイゼル喧嘩祭り)
December 7, 2014

The fighting festival starts with an elimination round that results in eight contestants left standing. The first round of the quarterfinals is Holy Knight Griamore versus "Matrona", in which Matrona manages to break Griamore's barrier and send him flying. Matrona is revealed to be a shrunken Diane wearing Elizabeth's clothing. Diane and Elizabeth previously encountered a giant mushroom called a Chicken-Matango that shrunk them both when it felt threatened. The second round is Holy Knight Hauser versus three-time champion Taizoo, in which the former defeats the latter with one punch. The third round is King versus Cain Barzad, a drunken old man. Since King is powerless without his weapon, Cain easily knocks King out of the ring. The final round is Meliodas versus Ban, and Hauser learns from Griamore that the two are members of the Seven Deadly Sins.

11
"Pent-Up Feelings"
"Sekinen no Omoi" (積年の想い)
December 14, 2014

Meliodas and Ban engage in a fierce fight that shakes the ground beneath them, equally matched due to their incredible strength and agility. However, Meliodas grabs onto Ban's wrist and blasts him out of the ring, thereby winning the round. The first round of the semifinals is Diane versus Hauser, in which Hauser goes all out with his windy punches, but Diane does a body slam on Hauser and wins the round. The second round is Cain versus Meliodas, in which Cain believes that Meliodas betrayed the kingdom in the past. When Meliodas says that he did not betray the kingdom, Cain trusts Meliodas and forfeits the round. The round of the finals is Diane versus Meliodas, while Guila and Jericho are making their way towards Vaizel.

12
"Bloodcurdling Cannon"
"Senritsu no Kanon" (戦慄のカノン)
December 21, 2014

Guila and Jericho interrupt the tournament and cause terror upon the merchant town. King subdues Guila and Jericho after Meliodas and Ban are defeated by them, but King is later overwhelmed by Holy Knight Helbram, who was disguised as tournament referee Love Helm. Meanwhile, Elizabeth returns to her normal size and stumbles upon her elder sister Veronica Liones, who scolds Elizabeth for being involved with Meliodas. Veronica then traps Meliodas inside Goddess Amber, a stone specifically made to seal demonic beings. Elizabeth runs away with Meliodas's sword and Goddess Amber, while Griamore temporarily restrains Guila and Jericho. Veronica catches up to Elizabeth and shields her from an explosion made by Guila, which causes Veronica to pass away. When Elizabeth calls out for Meliodas, he emerges from within Goddess Amber with a darker side to him.

13
"The Angel of Destruction"
"Hakai no Shito" (破壊の使徒)
January 11, 2015

With his true power finally shown, Meliodas clashes with Helbram, who takes note on how Meliodas hones his dark abilities. After managing to defeat Meliodas, Helbram steals Meliodas's sword. Ban takes Elizabeth, Hawk and King to safety, while Diane returns to her normal size and wields Gideon with attacks that crumble the earth, forcing Helbram to retreat with Guila and Jericho in tow. Elizabeth embraces Meliodas after he is rescued by Diane, later lamenting the death of Veronica. Ban and King express their motives behind taking back the kingdom. With his sword now stolen, Meliodas vows to end the ongoing war once and for all.

14
"A Reader of Books"
"Hon o Yomu Hito" (本を読むひと)
January 18, 2015

News about several sightings of an Armor Giant somewhere in Ordan Forest reaches Helbram, who quickly sends Dawn Roar, an elite group of Holy Knights, to search for the Armor Giant. Meanwhile, Guila visits her younger brother Zeal, and she later kills three thugs who bullied him for his spare change. Meliodas and his friends split up in the nearby village. Elizabeth and Hawk encounter a boy named Alan, who is looking for some glue to repair armor. Upon hearing the low growls that echo in the forest, Meliodas, Ban and King find the Armor Giant being surrounded by Dawn Roar, but Meliodas, Ban and King are no match against Dawn Roar. Just as it seems that the Armor Giant is about to be slain, Alan intercepts and reveals himself as Gowther, the Goat's Sin of Lust.

15
"Unholy Knight"
"Anhōryi Naito" (アンホーリィ・ナイト)
January 25, 2015

Gowther gives the head of the Armor Giant to the members of Dawn Roar in order to convince them to withdraw from battle. However, the demon breaks through the armor and attacks Meliodas, Ban, King and Gowther. Meliodas lowers his guard upon noticing a Holy Knight merged into the demon's chest, but Gowther uses his Sacred Treasure, the Twin Bow Herritt, to stop the demon. Meanwhile, Cain visits Elizabeth in the Boar Hat, where he tells her the story of Liz, a knight from an enemy kingdom who became Meliodas's past lover after he saved her from being sentenced to death. Ban gouges out the heart of the Holy Knight, recognized as Guila's father Dale, yet the demon still remains alive. Elizabeth rushes to Meliodas and gives him Liz's sword left behind, which allows him to destroy the demon. It is realized that Dale was one of Hendrickson's failed demon experiments.

16
"The Legends, Provoked"
"Karitaterareru Densetsu-tachi" (駆り立てられる伝説たち)
February 1, 2015

Gowther is welcomed by the others into their group, but he soon finds out the true secrets behind them by delving deep into their memories and emotions. Meanwhile, Hendrickson and Helbram have the hilt of Meliodas's sword in possession, in which they plan to use it as a fragment of a ritual relic, known as the Coffin of Eternal Darkness, to resurrect the red demon race as a means to start a holy war. At the Boar Hat, Holy Knight Vivian suddenly appears and kidnaps Elizabeth and Hawk. Diane throws Meliodas, Ban and Gowther toward the Kingdom of Liones, where the three are bombarded by an army of Holy Knights on the north side of the castle. However, Arthur Pendragon, the young king of Camelot, has approached the south side of the castle with his own army.

17
"The First Sacrifice"
"Saisho no Gisei" (最初の犠牲)
February 8, 2015

Hendrickson tries to convince Arthur to leave the castle, but to no avail. Instead, Hendrickson escorts Arthur inside the castle and suddenly engages him in battle. Meanwhile, Elizabeth and Hawk are teleported inside the dungeon of the castle, and they try to find a way out. Meliodas, Ban and Gowther manage to defeat the army and sneak inside a town of the kingdom, while King summons his black hound Oslow to use its mouth to teleport Diane inside the castle. However, Diane is attacked by Guila, Jericho, Gilthunder, Hauser, Helbram and Great Holy Knight Dreyfus. Diane tries to defend herself, but Dreyfus overpowers her with an attack that sends her crashing onto the town streets. After Diane wander the streets and protects Zeal from being crushed by a falling building, both Hauser and Guila switch sides to defend Diane.

18
"Even If It Costs Me My Life"
"Kono Inochi ni Kaete mo" (この命にかえても)
February 15, 2015

The combined powers of Hauser and Guila have little to no effect. When Dreyfus attacks Guila, Gowther saves Guila in the nick of time and faces Dreyfus alone. Meanwhile, Elizabeth and Hawk encounter Margaret Liones, Elizabeth's eldest sister, in a cell. Vivian appears, teleporting Hawk elsewhere, knocking Elizabeth unconscious and releasing Margaret from her cell. Gowther traps Dreyfus in a nightmare, but Dreyfus somehow snaps out of it and pierces Gowther in the chest. Once a heavily injured Dreyfus leaves with Gilthunder, Helbram attempts to finish Diane off, but King appears and stops Helbram, who reveals himself as a fairy and King's former best friend. Helbram uses his magical tree roots to restrain King and inflict brutal lashes on Diane. However, King uses Chastifol to shield Diane from getting hurt. King says that he is fulfilling a promise that he made seven hundred years ago.

19
"The Fairy King Waits in Vain"
"Machibōke no Yōseiō" (まちぼうけの妖精王)
February 22, 2015

In the past, King met Diane when she was a child inside a cave, and they bonded as friends for many decades, though it seemed like just a few days have passed. King gradually recovered his memories, remembering that his fairy race was killed by a man wearing an eyepatch named Aldrich. When a nearby village was attacked, King left Diane with the promise that he would return. Helbram, who took on the form of Aldrich, was behind the attack due to his hatred of humans. After subduing Helbram by piercing a white rose through him, King was sentenced to a thousand years in prison, taking responsibility for the attack. In the present, King manages to defeat Helbram, who is finally able to rest in peace and atone for his grudge against humans. Meanwhile, after Arthur is overwhelmed by Hendrickson, Meliodas jumps in the scene.

20
"The Courage Charm"
"Yūki no Majinai" (勇気のまじない)
March 1, 2015

Gilthunder leaves Dreyfus to fight Meliodas alone, while Hendrickson deals with Arthur and ultimately defeats him. Meanwhile, Elizabeth wakes up in a chamber and finds her father, King Bartra Liones. Meliodas then finds himself outmatched against Gilthunder, Hendrickson and Vivian. At the same time, Margaret decides to take her own life by jumping off a castle tower. Margaret and Gilthunder are both released from their curse in the form of monsters, thanks to Meliodas. While Margaret is thus saved from falling, Hendrickson tries to finish Meliodas off, but Gilthunder stands in the way and knocks down Hendrickson at full force. Vivian tries to trap Meliodas, Gilthunder, Margaret and Arthur in illusionary places, but Merlin, the Boar's Sin of Gluttony, makes her first appearance and breaks the spell.

21
"The Looming Threat"
"Ima, Soko ni Semaru Kyōi" (今、そこにせまる脅威)
March 8, 2015

Hawk finds Ban in the catacombs underneath the kingdom, where Ban makes contact with a goddess vessel through the Horn of Cernunnos. Ban is granted the request of resurrecting Elaine, but only with the condition that he kills Meliodas. Meanwhile, Meliodas, Merlin, Gilthunder, Margaret and Arthur enter the chamber where Elizabeth and Bartra are being held captive. Merlin takes Arthur and Bartra to Camelot to safety, but Hendrickson soon causes an explosion in the chamber, showing himself embedded in darkness and causing terror in the town with the experimented Holy Knights turned into demons. After Hendrickson gravely injures Meliodas and Gilthunder with his sword, Elizabeth agrees to go with Hendrickson in order to stop a bloodbath. When Ban and Hawk find Meliodas, Ban suddenly severs Meliodas's right arm. Upon seeing Meliodas reattaching his arm using dark magic, Ban deduces that Meliodas is from the demon race.

22
"What I Can Do for You"
"Kimi no Tame ni Dekiru Koto" (君のためにできること)
March 15, 2015

Hawk tries to shake some sense into Ban, who will stop at nothing to kill Meliodas. Although Ban is fixated on resurrecting Elaine, Meliodas orders him to settle matters later, and Hawk takes Meliodas to find Elizabeth. Dreyfus, who wants to atone for his crimes, challenges Hendrickson to a duel. However, Elizabeth is accidentally injured in the process. Diane, Ban, King, Gowther, Gilthunder and Hauser destroy the demons in the town. Meliodas and Hawk arrive and find the injured Elizabeth, just after Hendrickson kills Dreyfus by melting him in acid. As Hawk takes Elizabeth to safety, Meliodas engages in combat against Hendrickson. Meliodas is soon joined by his friends and allies, who all prepare to take Hendrickson down.

23
"Despair Descends"
"Zetsubō Kōrin" (絶望降臨)
March 22, 2015

Hendrickson unveils the source of his power, the corpse of a red demon, which is the same one that Ban slayed in the Fairy King's Forest long ago. After Ban pummels Hendrickson through the ground, Meliodas, Ban, King and Gowther jump down the hole to a cave, where Hendrickson injects himself with the blood from the corpse of a gray demon to acquire even more power. A sudden burst of energy from Hendrickson sends the four of them back above ground, where Hendrickson easily overpowers all of his opponents despite all of their efforts. With Meliodas left standing and protecting Elizabeth, Hendrickson casts a large dark blast, but Hawk sacrifices himself in order to save the two of them. Shocked of losing her dear friend, Elizabeth awakens her dormant powers that repels Hendrickson and heals everyone else. However, Hendrickson survives and still has strength left in him to fight.

24
"The Heroes"
"Eiyū-tachi" (英雄たち)
March 29, 2015

The Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights all combine forces in an attempt to defeat Hendrickson. Meliodas, given support from his friends and allies, uses his ultimate technique to finish Hendrickson off. When Bartra appears with Merlin, he commands the Holy Knights to restore the kingdom and preserve its people as their "punishment" for starting a holy war. Bartra then thanks the Seven Deadly Sins for saving the kingdom and protecting Elizabeth. Hawk is revived as a piglet, much to a surprise. Things return to normal inside the kingdom, and a festival is held at night. The next day, Elizabeth joins Meliodas, Hawk, Diane, Ban, King, Gowther and Merlin in finding the last member of the Seven Deadly Sins, Escanor, the Lion's Sin of Pride.

text: The Seven Deadly Sins: Signs of Holy War[edit]

text:
No.
Title[8]
Original air date

1
"The Dark Dream Begins"
"Kuroki Yume no Hajimari" (黒き夢のはじまり)
August 28, 2016

Elizabeth Liones goes to the Boar Hat, where all her friends are still asleep following the festival. After Elizabeth is greeted by Hawk outside, Meliodas introduces her to a meat pie made with vegetables that looks like Hawk, but it turns out to be unfit for human consumption. Meliodas has the idea of using pork as the main ingredient, which causes Hawk to make haste out of the bar. Meliodas comes up with a contest for his friends, in which he will obey any order for a day from whoever catches Hawk first. However, Hawk manages to outsmart them due to his small size. Hawk returns to the Boar Hat and eats food scraps made by Ban, who is declared the winner as a result. At night, Meliodas takes Elizabeth back to the palace while also assuring that his purpose in life is to protect her. Meliodas then goes to the catacombs to see the Horn of Cernunnos. When the goddess vessel taunts him for his reputation as a demon, Meliodas destroys the Horn of Cernunnos in retaliation.

2
"Our Fighting Festival"
"Futari no Ken'ka Matsuri" (二人の喧嘩祭り)
September 4, 2016

Ban walks up to a mountaintop to finally settle matters with Meliodas, but the former is surprised to see Elizabeth and Hawk as well as the other members of the Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights as part of an audience. Merlin casts a gigantic cubic barrier around Meliodas and Ban in order for the spectators to safely watch the fight. Meanwhile, King and Hauser have their own fight to win the attention of Diane. Ban initiates a brutal attack on Meliodas that somehow weakens most of the spectators. The fight ends in a stalemate after the two of them exchange rapid punches that cause the barrier to break. They remain friends and head back down to the Boar Hat for a drink.

3
"In Pursuit of First Love"
"Hatsukoi o Oikakete" (初恋を追いかけて)
September 11, 2016

King still hesitates to confess his feelings for Diane. Meanwhile, Diane leaves the Boar Hat and heads to a construction site in town, recalling the devastating collateral damage she caused due to her immense size. The construction workers there apologize to her and thank her for saving the kingdom. When King comes to see Diane, the two decide to play a game of tag across town. Outside a church, a wedding ceremony is interrupted by a demon, in which Diane and King combine their skills in defeating the demon. King asks Diane if she regained her memories, and she answers him with a kiss on his cheek. The moment is ruined when a brick suddenly falls on his head, and he later wakes up next to her, having forgotten what they did during the day.

4
"The Shape of Love"
"Ai no Katachi" (愛のかたち)
September 18, 2016

Merlin agrees to be a waitress at the Boar Hat, but first she wants Meliodas and Gowther to follow Gilthunder to find out if he is being stalked by someone. Meanwhile, Gilthunder, Hauser and Griamore are each hit with falling debris in the streets, unaware of the situation. Gowther is distracted by a boy named Pelliot, who asks him to retrieve a fat cat off a roof. Since Gowther reminds Pelliot of his mother, who recently passed away, Gowther transforms into Pelliot's mother for a moment and disappears when Pelliot's father finds Pelliot. Meliodas finds Gilthunder, Hauser and Griamore at a restaurant, where he purposely spills coffee to expose Vivian, revealed as the stalker. Merlin punishes Vivian by planting a cursed ring on her finger, which will bring pain to her each time the curse is activated, and Merlin explains that the Ten Commandments are the highest class in the demon race. At the Boar Hat, Merlin quits her job as a waitress, while Hawk and Gowther fill in for the position, much to the guys' dismay.

text: The Seven Deadly Sins: Revival of The Commandments[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

0
"The Seven Deadly Sins Revival of The Commandments -Prologue-"
"Nanatsu no Taizai Imashime no Fukkatsu -Joshō-" (七つの大罪 戒めの復活 -序章-)
January 6, 2018

A recap of the first season with additional scenes.

1
"Revival of the Demon Clan"
"Majin-zoku Fukkatsu" (魔神族復活)
January 13, 2018

After the defeat of demonized Hendrickson, The Seven Deadly Sins are commended for their bravery and courage by King Bartra. However, just before the ceremony, Ban and King leave. Earlier, Ban had told Meliodas that he is quitting the Seven Deadly Sins. As Ban leaves the Boar Hat Bar, King sees him and asks where he is going. Ban tells King that he wants to go to the Fairy King Forest. King then accompanies Ban on his journey. Meanwhile, it is reveals that Hendrickson has survived the assault from the Sins and he is shocked upon seeing Dreyfus alive. Dreyfus then summons the Commandments, ten demonized warriors who intend to destroy the Sins.

2
"Existence and Proof"
"Sonzai to Shōmei" (存在と証明)
January 20, 2018

The Ten Commandments are in the process of recovering their magical powers and fly to the Kingdom of Edinburgh in the east. Meanwhile, Jericho is discovered following Ban and King on the journey to the Fairy King's Forest. In the forest, the fairy people call King a traitor because he left the Fairy King's Forest 700 years ago, his absence allowing the forest to be almost entirely destroyed, while Ban is called the new Fairy King because he planted the last Sacred Tree seed that Elaine entrusted to him. Diane and Elizabeth admit to each other their love for King and Meliodas respectively. Meanwhile Gowther, believing he needs to experience love, alters Guila's memories so she forgets Zeal is her brother and thinks Gowther is her boyfriend, while Zeal, who Gowther considers a barrier between himself and Guila, loses his entire memory. Gowthers manipulation of their memory enrages Diane and she attacks him without hesitation.

3
"Sacred Treasure Lostvayne"
"Jingi Rosutovuein" (神器ロストヴェイン)
January 27, 2018

Diane defeats Gowther. The Ten Commandments discover the remains of a magical explosion and conclude it was caused by Meliodas. Gowther restores Guila’s memories. Merlin temporarily returns Gowther to his original form, a 6 inch tall wooden doll, and gives him to Slader for safekeeping. Sensing a magical disturbance Merlin transports the Boar Hat to Camelot which is being attacked by a giant Golem which Meliodas recognises as Albion, a magical weapon created by the Demon Clan, which awoke after it sensed the return of the Commandments. Meliodas breaks the sword he received from Liz so Merlin gives him back his sacred treasure, the sword Lostvayne, which she had retrieved from the pawn shop he sold it to. With Lostvayne returned Meliodas destroys the golem instantly. In the Fairy Kings Forest King and Jericho are surprised when the trees begin growing rapidly, which they realise is due to Ban feeding the forest with his blood which contains water from the Fountain of Youth, something the other fairies reveal he does every few years in honour of Elaine’s memory. The forest is suddenly attacked by another Albion Golem.

4
"The Ten Commandments on the Move"
"Jikkai Shidō" (〈十戒〉始動)
February 3, 2018

As the Golem begins destroying the forest King battles to protect the new Sacred Tree. Gerheade, the traditional servant of all past fairy kings, refuses to acknowledge Ban as king of the Fairies. She is surprised when Ban agrees with her, as he never wanted to be king. But, rather than let him leave the forest, she attacks him, knowing that he would risk himself to protect Elaine’s body and traps him, intending to use him as the new Fountain of Youth. King fails to stop the Golem and is injured while the Sacred Tree is destroyed for a second time. Gerheade prevents King from attacking the Golem while the other fairies rush to fight it, sacrificing themselves so King can escape, for as long as King is alive the forest will always grow again. King, however, refuses to flee, gaining strength from his desire to protect the forest, fairies, and even Ban he succeeds in transforming Chastiefol into its True Spirit Spear form and destroys the Golem. Back in Camelot as they recover from destroying the Golem they are attacked by Galand, one of the Ten Commandments, who is at least several times stronger than Meliodas.

5
"Overwhelming Violence"
"Attōteki Bōryoku" (圧倒的暴力)
February 10, 2018

Merlin notices that Galand’s magical abilities are still sealed away, giving hope they can defeat him. Ban uses his blood to restore the Sacred Tree and to heal King. Ban threatens to kill Gerheade if she ever tries to harm Elaine’s body again and then departs with Jericho, refusing King’s request to re-join the Sins. Galand easily overpowers both Meliodas and Diane. Merlin attempts to trick him with a lie, but Galand, who is the Commandment of Truth, cannot be lied to and Merlin is turned to stone. Meliodas is forced to unleash his demonic power. The other nine commandments realise that the magical energy once abundant in the earth has been absorbed into the souls of living beings, and by absorbing human souls; they can recover their magic. Despite his increase in power, Meliodas is killed by Galand, Slader is impaled, Diane is wounded and Merlin’s statue is smashed. Galand departs, sparing Arthur, Elizabeth and Hawke. Gowther arrives in his human form. Gilthunder comes across a village where a Red Demon is harvesting souls for the Commandments. He destroys the demon, returning the souls to their humans. Before they can celebrate the village is attacked by a Grey Demon. Hendrickson suddenly appears to help Gilthunder defeat the Grey Demon.

6
"The Great Holy Knight Atones For His Sins"
"Tsugunai no Seikishi-chō" (償いの聖騎士長)
February 17, 2018

Hendrickson reveals that Dreyfus is still alive. Hendrickson defeats the grey demon using a druid spell previously used by Gilthunder’s father, Zaratras. Hendrickson reveals that 10 years ago he and Dreyfus investigated the destroyed country of Danafor. They encountered a demon named Fraudrin who possessed Hendrickson. Unwilling to kill Hendrickson’s body, Dreyfus was forced to allow Flaudrin to live inside Hendrickson and eventually to murder Zaratras and frame the Sins as revenge against Meliodas who had defeated him 16 years ago when Fraudrin destroyed Danafor and murdered Meliodas’ lover, Liz. Meliodas awakens in Camelot with everyone healed except for Merlin. Gowther had tampered with Galand’s memory so he believed he killed everybody. Merlin, who had transferred her soul into her sacred treasure, the small crystal orb called "Morning Star Aldan", explains that all the Sins combined have a power level of 21,840, while Galand by himself had a power level of 26,000. This means if the Commandments succeed in regaining their magic their combined power level will be over 300,000. Meliodas decides to locate the final Sin, Escanor, the Lion’s Sin of Pride. King arrives wanting to see Diane, only to find Diane has amnesia and no longer remembers who anybody is, including King.

7
"Where the Memories Lead"
"Kioku ga Mezasu Basho" (記憶が目指す場所)
February 24, 2018

Diane’s memory continues to disappear, suggesting her memories are being tampered with. Diane disappears and Gowther admits that after his fight with Diane over erasing Guila’s memories, he decided to erase Diane’s memories as part of an experiment. He fails to understand why everyone is upset with him. King throws him through a wall. The sins suspect Diane may be heading back to the giants village, Megadoza. A flashback to 16 years ago shows Diane with fellow warrior giants Matrona and Dolores. Dolores is scared of war and wants to leave Megadoza but is too afraid of humans. Diane encounters Meliodas for the first time and realises people exist who are friendly to giants. Diane rushes to tell Dolores but finds she has been killed after being sent on a dangerous mission by Matrona. Diane realises she wants more from life than constant war despite Matrona planning to train her to become chief. Matrona and Diane are hired by Holy Knight Gyannon to fight a war. However Gyannon betrays them, intending to kill Matrona and gain fame. Matrona kills Gyannon but is wounded by a poisoned spear. She urges Diane to keep growing stronger then dies in her arms.

8
"The Druids' Holy Land"
"Doruido no Seichi" (ドルイドの聖地)
March 3, 2018

Merlin senses that the Commandments are close to Diane. Diane believes Matrona has only just died and is rushing back to Megadoza to tell her people, not realising 16 years have passed. Galand and fellow Commandment Monspeet come across Diane. As Monspeet is about to drain the magic from Diane she is saved by another giant resembling Matrona who knocks Diane unconscious and hides from the Commandments. Monspeet senses what he thinks is Meliodas and fires a powerful spell at him from hundreds of miles away. However the spell is swallowed by Hawks Mom, negating its power and shocking everybody who had no idea she could do that. The giant escapes with Diane but is now injured. Merlin reveals that many years ago she took most of Meliodas power as a precaution against him losing control and hid it in Istar, the Land of Druids, but now decides he needs it back. They reach Istar and meet the Druid leaders, twin sisters Jenna and Zaneri. Meliodas must pass a trial to regain his power. As Meliodas begins the trial he suddenly awakens in the past in Danafor before it was destroyed. He is greeted by Liz, who died years ago.

9
"The Promise with the Loved One"
"Ai suru Mono to no Yakusoku" (愛する者との約束)
March 10, 2018

Ban and Jericho are searching for methods to revive the dead and are pointed to Ravens, the city of thieves, where a dead body was supposedly revived. As Meliodas undergoes his trial Elizabeth is given a trial to make a flower grow from a dead seed with healing magic. Meliodas is forced to relive happy memories of Liz and of the day she died, hundreds of thousands of times in the hope he learns to control his emotions. If he does not, the emotional strain on his heart will kill him. King and the others realize Hendrickson has been nearby the whole time, training with Gilthunder and his knights, and is human again. Rather than control his emotions Meliodas instead resolves to never again let a friend die like Liz and passes the trial. In Ravens Ban encounters a were-fox accused of raising the dead, though the fox insists it is untrue before collapsing. Ban recalls that as a child he was imprisoned for theft and met a man named Zhivago who offered to help him escape.

10
"What We Lacked"
"Bokutachi ni Kaketa Mono" (僕たちに欠けたもの)
March 17, 2018

Hendrickson tells the Sins he is ready to accept whatever his punishment is, just as soon as they defeat the Commandments. In Ravens Ban remembers the second time he met Zhivago. Ban had been kidnapped by slavers but Zhivago saved him and taught him how to steal. Eventually Ban attempted a burglary by himself but was caught. The were fox, who is revealed to be Zhivago, was forced to choose between saving Therion, his were fox son, from hunters, or to save Ban. He chose to save Therion, who ended up being killed anyway, and he spent 30 years believing Ban also died. Ban reveals who he is and does not blame Zhivago for leaving him. Hendrickson, the knights and the other Sins are made to enter the training cave. Gilthunder and Howzer fight a dragon together. Gowther and Arthur battle a golem suit of armour. King enters the cave with Meliodas, who asks King to understand that Hendrickson did what he did because of Fraudrin, who Meliodas reveals is one of the Ten Commandments. King confronts Meliodas about being a member of the Demon Clan and questions whether Meliodas is even on their side before attacking him.

11
"Father and Son"
"Chichioya to Musuko" (父親と息子)
March 24, 2018

Meliodas and King continue to fight each other. Ban talks to Zhivago and Jericho about his immortality and Elaine who he is determined to resurrect. Elsewhere in a cemetery a dead body digs its way out of its grave. Ban admits to his greatest regret, that he once tried to kill Meliodas in exchange for Elaine’s resurrection, and he hates himself even though Meliodas forgave him. Zhivago urges Ban to reconcile with Meliodas and tell him his real feelings. Zhivago then dies peacefully. King accuses Meliodas of being the Commandments secret ally. Meliodas questions whether King is a king at all, as the previous fairy kings had prominent wings, whereas King has none. The fairy twins stop them fighting before they can hurt each other. Meliodas promises to reveal the truth, eventually, so King decides to continue watching him. As they leave King senses sudden pain on his back. Meliodas regains his old power and has Merlin teleport him to the Commandments. He is challenged by Galand but with his power returned Meliodas easily beats him. He then gives the Commandments a warning, if they restart the war they lost 3000 years ago, Meliodas and the Sins will crush them.

12
"Where Love is Found"
"Ai no Arika" (愛の在り処)
March 31, 2018

The Commandments spread out to towns and cities across the country to recover their magic. Meliodas plans to defeat the Commandments one at a time rather than together. Everyone completes their training except for Elizabeth who fails to make the dead seed grow. Jenna and Zaneri, who has an unrequited love for Meliodas, discuss how Elizabeth is the reincarnation of Liz, Meliodas’ deceased lover, and how Zaneri sabotaged Elizabeth’s training to try and separate Meliodas from her so he would never realise who she really is. Meliodas announces they still need to find Escanor, the Lion's Sin of Pride, who is supposedly even stronger than Meliodas. The resurrection of the dead is revealed to be the work of Melascula, the Commandment of Faith, who is resurrecting and corrupting dead souls to form an army. One of the souls she summons is Elaine, who also returns to life corrupted, and she immediately starts searching for Ban. King senses Elaine’s revival and rushes to the forest, refusing Meliodas’ help as he still does not trust him. As Ban and Jericho bury Zhivago they are attacked by a corpse, which Ban easily destroys. Elaine appears and reunites with Ban and they kiss passionately.

13
"Farewell, My Beloved Thief"
"Saraba Itoshiki Tōzoku" (さらば愛しき盗賊)
April 14, 2018

Elaine attacks Jericho for being in love with Ban, also attacking Ban when he tries to stop her. Jericho manages to restrain Elaine and admit she also loves Ban. Elaine realises her selfish emotions are allowing Melascula to control her. Ban calms her by repeating his promise to steal her away. Elaine suddenly collapses. Galand and Melascula appear, explaining that Melascula’s soul revival is fuelled by regret and since Elaine overcame her regret, the spell is failing. Galand realises Ban is immortal and offers a fair fight. Ban uses Hunter Steal, taking most of Galands strength. Melascula congratulates him for having faith in Elaine and his friends, as it means his soul is pure. She removes his soul which Galand then devours. Ban revives again and flees with Jericho and Elaine. Ban reveals the soul Galand ate was actually Zhivago, sacrificing his own soul so Ban could live. Ban then collapses from the after-effects of using Hunter Steal, to which Jericho carries both Elaine and Ban to safety. Fraudrin, still possessing Dreyfus’ body, encounters Deldrey, a female Knight from Pleiades of the Azure Sky, who charms him with the spell Love Drive, causing him to love her and at the same time, protecting her from various attacks. Azure Sky archer Arden then nullifies all Fraudrin’s magic while Azure Sky brawler Wayeo knocks him unconscious. The fight is observed by Grayroad, the Commandment of Pacifism.

14
"Master of the Sun"
"Taiyō no Aruji" (太陽の主)
April 21, 2018

text: OVAs[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1
"Bandit Ban"
"Bandetto Ban" (バンデット・バン)
June 17, 2015

Somewhere in northern Britannia, Ban arrives at the Fairy King's Forest in search of the Fountain of Youth. He quickly climbs up the large majestic tree, and ends up meeting a mysterious young girl whom he ignores initially. He decides to ask her who she is, only to discover that she was the Guardian Saint protecting the fountain. Swiftly, she swings her hand and the winds blow Ban off the tree. However, Ban survives the fall and persistently continues to climb up again. He repeatedly climbs up and gets blown off, until both of them grows extremely annoyed. In order to obtain the fountain, Ban equips himself with his Nunchaku, leading Elaine to believe that he was planning to kill and steal like all other humans. To her surprise, he quickly grabs the Fountain of Youth and begins drinking. But before he could even take a sip, Elaine manipulates the tree branches and immobilizes him by grabbing all of his limbs. She then persuades him that without the Fountain of Youth, the forest itself will die. Astonishingly, Ban replies straightforwardly, stating that he understands. When Elaine decides to read his heart, she discovers that he really had the intentions of giving up. She releases him and the two begin to get to know each other. Ban tells her that the reason for stealing the fountain is to hope for something good to happen in his life. In response, she replies saying that she already lived for over 700 years, protecting the cup in place of her brother, King, who abandoned her. Ban decides to show her his ale label collection and the two bonded over a span of 7 days. Suddenly, when Ban was away, she quietly whispers that she wished that he had come to steal her instead of the Fountain of Youth. She was startled to discover Ban behind her and to have heard what she said, and to realize that they both had the similar thoughts and feelings. Out of the blue, a mysterious monster from the Demon Clan appears, burning the forest with its Purgatory Fire. Ban immediately confronts the monster after telling Elaine to escape with the fountain, and successfully robs one of its hearts. Not realizing that it had more than one heart, he lets down his guard and as a result, both of them gets severely injured by the monster. Both of them realizes that the only way to survive was to drink the Fountain of Youth, which means that only one of them could live. The two of them wanted each other to drink the fountain, hoping for their survival. In desperation, Elaine seemingly drinks the liquid, only to kiss Ban and deliver it to him directly. Ban immediately recovers from the injuries after consuming the liquid, and quickly defeats the monster in rage. Before passing away, Elaine gives him the forest's last seed and he repeats, Someday, I'll definitely make you mine. Sadly, before he was able to finish the phrase, she was gone. Later on, somewhere within the Kingdom of Liones, Ban is judged and sentenced to death for his apparent sins of destroying the Fairy King's Forest, taking the Fountain of Youth and killing the Guardian Saint. As the captain of the guard asked Ban if he has any last words before execution, Ban told everyone present that he is no longer "Bandit Ban" and "Undead Ban" is now his name.

2
"Heroes Fun Time -Extra Stories Compilation-"
"Eiyū-tachi no Tawamure -Bangai-henshū-" (英雄たちの戯れ -番外編集-)
August 12, 2015

A series of short clips.


document_title: World Health Day

question_text: what is the theme of the 2018 world health day whd

root

text: World Health Day

text: List of World Health Days themes[edit]

text:
1995: Global Polio Eradication
1996: Healthy Cities for better life
1997: Emerging infectious diseases
1998: Safe motherhood
1999: Active aging makes the difference
2000: Safe Blood starts with me
2001: Mental Health: stop exclusion, dare to care
2002: Move for health
2003: Shape the future of life: healthy environments for children
2004: Road safety
2005: Make every mother and child count
2006: Working together for health

2007: International health security
2008: Protecting health from the adverse effects of climate change
2009: Save lives, Make hospitals safe in emergencies
2010: Urbanization and health: make cities healthier
2011: Antimicrobial resistance: no action today, no cure tomorrow
2012: Good health adds life to years
2013: Healthy heart beat, Healthy blood pressure
2014: Vector-borne diseases: small bite, big threat
2015: Food safety
2016: Halt the rise: beat diabetes
2017: Depression: Let's talk
2018: Universal Health Coverage

tag: table

text: Themes of World Health Days[edit]

text: 2006: Working together for health[edit]

text: In 2006, World Health Day was devoted to the health workforce crisis, or chronic shortages of health workers around the world due to decades of underinvestment in their education, training, salaries, working environment and management. The day was also meant to celebrate individual health workers – the people who provide health care to those who need it, in other words those at the heart of health systems.

tag: p

text: The Day also marked the launch of the WHO's World Health Report 2006, which focused on the same theme. The report contained an assessment of the current crisis in the global health workforce, revealing an estimated shortage of almost 4.3 million physicians, midwives, nurses and other health care providers worldwide, and further proposed a series of actions for countries and the international community to tackle it.[4]

text: The World Health

tag: ol

text: 2008: Protecting health from the adverse effects of climate change[edit]

text: In 2008, World Health Day focused on the need to protect health from the adverse effects of climate change and establish links between climate change and health and other development areas such as environment, food, energy, transport.

text: The theme "protecting health from climate change" put health at the centre of the global dialogue about climate change. WHO selected this theme in recognition that climate change is posing ever growing threats to global public health security.[5]

text: 2009: Save lives. Make hospitals safe in emergencies[edit]

text: World Health Day 2009 focused on the safety of health facilities and the readiness of health workers who treat those affected by emergencies. Health centres and staff are critical lifelines for vulnerable people in disasters – treating injuries, preventing illnesses and caring for people's health needs. Often, already fragile health systems are unable to keep functioning through a disaster, with immediate and future public health consequences.

text: For this year's World Health Day campaign, WHO and international partners underscored the importance of investing in health infrastructure that can withstand hazards and serve people in immediate need, and urged health facilities to implement systems to respond to internal emergencies, such as fires, and ensure the continuity of care.

text: 2010: Urbanization and health[edit]

text: With the campaign "1000 cities, 1000 lives", events were organized worldwide during the week starting 7 April 2010. The global goals of the campaign were:[6]

text:
1000 cities: to open up public spaces to health, whether it be activities in parks, town hall meetings, clean-up campaigns, or closing off portions of streets to motorized vehicles.
1000 lives: to collect 1000 stories of urban health champions who have taken action and had a significant impact on health in their cities.

tag: ul

text: 2011: Antimicrobial Resistance[edit]

text: The theme of World Health Day 2011, marked on 7 April 2011, was "Antimicrobial resistance and its global spread" and focused on the need for governments and stakeholders to implement the policies and practices needed to prevent and counter the emergence of highly resistant microorganisms.[7]

text: When infections caused by resistant microorganisms fail to respond to standard treatments, including antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines – also known as drug resistance – this may result in prolonged illness and greater risk of death.

text: On World Health Day 2011, WHO called for intensified global commitment to safeguard antimicrobial medicines for future generations. The organization introduced a six-point policy package to combat the spread of antimicrobial resistance:[8][9]

text:
Commit to a comprehensive, financed national plan with accountability and civil society engagement.
Strengthen surveillance and laboratory capacity.
Ensure uninterrupted access to essential medicines of assured quality.
Regulate and promote rational use of medicines, including in animal husbandry, and ensure proper patient care; reduce use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals.
Enhance infection prevention and control.
Foster innovations and research and development for new tools.

text: 2012: Ageing and Health[edit]

text: World Health Day 2012 was marked with the slogan "Good health adds life to years". Life expectancy is going up in most countries, meaning more and more people live longer and enter an age when they may need health care. Meanwhile, birth rates are generally falling. Countries and health care systems need to find innovative and sustainable ways to cope with the demographic shift. As stated by John Beard, director of the WHO Department of Ageing and Life Course, "With the rapid ageing of populations, finding the right model for long-term care becomes more and more urgent."[10]

text:
Different activities were organized by WHO as well as non-governmental and community organizations around the world to mark World Health Day 2012.[11] For example, Yogathon (an Art of Living Initiative) – a marathon of Surya Namaskar – happened in 100+ cities across the globe. Millions of people participated[12] in that event to make awareness of Yoga as a part of healthy living.[13]
The event focused on prevention and not just medical treatment of chronic diseases, which remain unaffordable to many people.

text: 2013: Healthy Blood Pressure[edit]

text: The theme of World Health Day 2013, marked on 7 April 2013, was the need to control raised blood pressure (hypertension) as a "silent killer, global public health crisis".[14] The slogan for the campaign was "Healthy Heart Beat, Healthy Blood Pressure”.[15] The WHO reports hypertension – which is both preventable and treatable – contributes to the burden of heart disease, stroke and kidney failure, and is an important cause of premature death and disability. The organization estimates one in 3 adults has raised blood pressure.

text: Specific objectives of the World Health Day 2013 campaign were to:

text:
raise awareness of the causes and consequences of high blood pressure;
provide information on how to prevent high blood pressure and related complications;
encourage adults to check their blood pressure and follow the advice of healthcare professionals;
encourage self care to prevent high blood pressure;
to make blood pressure measurement affordable to all;
to incite national and local authorities to create enabling environments for healthy behaviours.

text: 2014: Small bite, Big threat[edit]

text: World Health Day 2014 put the spotlight on some of the most commonly known vectors – such as mosquitoes, sandflies, bugs, ticks and snails – responsible for transmitting a wide range of parasites and pathogens that can cause many different illnesses. Mosquitoes, for example, transmit malaria – the most deadly vector-borne disease, causing an estimated 660 000 deaths annually worldwide – as well as dengue fever, lymphatic filariasis, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever.[16] More than half of the world’s population is at risk of these diseases.

text: The goal of the World Health Day 2014 campaign was better protection from vector-borne diseases, especially for families living in areas where diseases are transmitted by vectors, and travelers to countries where they pose a health threat. The campaign advocated for health authorities in countries where vector-borne diseases are a public health problem or emerging threat, to put in place measures to improve surveillance and protection.

text: 2015: Food Safety[edit]

text: The WHO promoted improvement of food safety as part of the 2015 World Health Day campaign.[17] Unsafe food — food containing harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemical substances — is responsible for more than 200 diseases, and is linked to the deaths of some 2 million people annually, mostly children. Changes in food production, distribution and consumption; changes to the environment; new and emerging pathogens; and antimicrobial resistance all pose challenges to food safety systems.

text: The WHO works with countries and partners to strengthen efforts to prevent, detect and respond to foodborne disease outbreaks in line with the Codex Alimentarius, advocating that food safety is a shared responsibility — from farmers and manufacturers to vendors and consumers — and  raising awareness about the importance of the part everyone can play in ensuring that the food on our plate is safe to eat.[18]

text: 2016: Diabetes[edit]

text: no data   ≤ 7.5   7.5–15   15–22.5   22.5–30   30–37.5   37.5–45      45–52.5   52.5–60   60–67.5   67.5–75   75–82.5   ≥ 82.5

text: The WHO focused World Health Day 2016, on diabetes – a largely preventable and treatable non-communicable disease that is rapidly increasing in numbers in many countries, most dramatically in low- and middle-income countries. Simple lifestyle measures have been shown to be effective in preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes, including maintaining normal body weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and eating a healthy diet. Diabetes can be controlled and managed to prevent complications through diagnosis, self-management education, and affordable treatment. The WHO estimates about 422 million[19] people in the world have diabetes, with the disease the direct cause of some 1.5 million deaths. The goals of WHD 2016 are (1) scale up prevention, (2) strengthen care, and (3) enhance surveillance.[20]

text: 2017: Depression: Let's Talk[edit]

text: World Health Day 2017, celebrated on 7 April, aims to mobilize action on depression.[21] This condition affects people of all ages, from all walks of life, in all countries. It impacts on people’s ability to carry out everyday tasks, with consequences for families, friends, and even communities, workplaces, and health care systems. At worst, depression can lead to self-inflicted injury and suicide. A better understanding of depression – which can be prevented and treated – will help reduce the stigma associated with the illness, and lead to more people seeking help.[22]


document_title: List of National Football League annual sacks leaders

question_text: who holds the record for most sacks in the nfl

text: This is a list of National Football League players who have led the regular season in sacks each year. Sacks became an official statistic in 1982. Michael Strahan of the New York Giants holds the record with 22.5, which he had during the 2001 season. In 2013, the NFL created the Deacon Jones Award to recognize the season leader in sacks. There have only been two players lead in sacks with 2 different teams, Jared Allen (2007 with the Chiefs and 2011 with the Vikings) and Kevin Greene (1994 with the Steelers and 1996 with the Panthers). The Chiefs and the Vikings have had the most players lead the NFL in sacks with 4.

text: Sack leaders[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Sacks
Team

1982
Doug Martin
11.5
Minnesota Vikings

1983
Mark Gastineau
19.0
New York Jets

1984
Mark Gastineau
22.0
New York Jets

1985
Richard Dent
17.0
Chicago Bears

1986
Lawrence Taylor
20.5
New York Giants

1987
Reggie White
21.0
Philadelphia Eagles

1988
Reggie White
18.0
Philadelphia Eagles

1989
Chris Doleman
21.0
Minnesota Vikings

1990
Derrick Thomas
20.0
Kansas City Chiefs

1991
Pat Swilling
17.0
New Orleans Saints

1992
Clyde Simmons
19.0
Philadelphia Eagles

1993
Neil Smith
15.0
Kansas City Chiefs

1994
Kevin Greene
14.0
Pittsburgh Steelers

1995
Bryce Paup
17.5
Buffalo Bills

1996
Kevin Greene
14.5
Carolina Panthers

1997
John Randle
15.5
Minnesota Vikings

1998
Michael Sinclair
16.5
Seattle Seahawks

1999
Kevin Carter
17.0
St. Louis Rams

2000
La'Roi Glover
17.0
New Orleans Saints

2001
Michael Strahan
22.5
New York Giants

2002
Jason Taylor
18.5
Miami Dolphins

2003
Michael Strahan
18.5
New York Giants

2004
Dwight Freeney
16.0
Indianapolis Colts

2005
Derrick Burgess
16.0
Oakland Raiders

2006
Shawne Merriman
17.0
San Diego Chargers

2007
Jared Allen
15.5
Kansas City Chiefs

2008
DeMarcus Ware
20.0
Dallas Cowboys

2009
Elvis Dumervil
17.0
Denver Broncos

2010
DeMarcus Ware
15.5
Dallas Cowboys

2011
Jared Allen
22.0
Minnesota Vikings

2012
J. J. Watt
20.5
Houston Texans

2013
Robert Mathis
19.5
Indianapolis Colts

2014
Justin Houston
22.0
Kansas City Chiefs

2015
J. J. Watt
17.5
Houston Texans

2016
Vic Beasley
15.5
Atlanta Falcons


document_title: Geography of Brazil

question_text: what is latitude and longitude extent of brazil

text: Geography of Brazil

text: Size and geographical location[edit]

text: Brazil occupies most of the eastern part of the South American continent and its geographic heartland (48% of South America), as well as various islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The only countries in the world that are larger are Russia, Canada, China, and the United States. The national territory extends 4,395 kilometers (2,731 mi) from north to south (5°16'20" N to 33°44'32" S latitude), and 4,319 kilometers (2,684 mi) from east to west (34°47'30" W to 73°59'32" W longitude). It spans three time zones, the westernmost of which is one hour ahead of Eastern Standard Time in the United States. The time zone of the capital (Brasília) and of the most populated part of Brazil along the east coast (UTC-3) is two hours ahead of Eastern Standard Time, except when it is on its own daylight saving time, from October to February. The Atlantic islands are in the easternmost time zone.

text: Brazil possesses the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, located 350 kilometers (217 mi) northeast of its "horn", and several small islands and atolls in the Atlantic - Abrolhos, Atol das Rocas, Penedos de São Pedro e São Paulo, Trindade, and Martim Vaz. In the early 1970s, Brazil claimed a territorial sea extending 362 kilometers (225 mi) from the country's shores, including those of the islands.

text: On Brazil's east coast, the Atlantic coastline extends 7,367 kilometers (4,578 mi). In the west, in clockwise order from the south, Brazil has 15,719 kilometers (9,767 mi) of borders with Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana (overseas department of France). The only South American countries with which Brazil does not share borders are Chile and Ecuador. A few short sections are in question, but there are no true major boundary controversies with any of the neighboring countries.

text: Brazil has six major ecosystems: the Amazon Basin, a tropical rainforest system; the Pantanal bordering Paraguay and Bolivia, a tropical wetland system; the Cerrado, a savanna system that covers much of the center of the country; the Caatinga or thorny scrubland habitat of the Northeast; the Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica) that extends along the entire coast from the Northeast to the South; and the Pampas or fertile lowland plains of the far South.

text: Geology, geomorphology and drainage[edit]

text: In contrast to the Andes, which rose to elevations of nearly 7,000 meters (22,966 ft) in a relatively recent epoch and inverted the Amazon's direction of flow from westward to eastward, Brazil's geological formation is very old.  Precambrian crystalline shields cover 36% of the territory, especially its central area.  The dramatic granite sugarloaf mountains in the city of Rio de Janeiro are an example of the terrain of the Brazilian shield regions, where continental basement rock has been sculpted into towering domes and columns by tens of millions of years of erosion, untouched by mountain-building events.

text: The principal mountain ranges average elevations just under 2,000 meters (6,562 ft). The Serra do Mar Range hugs the Atlantic coast, and the Serra do Espinhaço Range, the largest in area, extends through the south-central part of the country. The highest mountains are in the Tumucumaque, Pacaraima, and Imeri ranges, among others, which traverse the northern border with the Guianas and Venezuela.

text:
In addition to mountain ranges (about 0.5% of the country is above 1,200 m or 3,937 ft), Brazil's Central Highlands include a vast central plateau (Planalto Central). The plateau's uneven terrain has an average elevation of 1,000 meters (3,281 ft). The rest of the territory is made up primarily of sedimentary basins, the largest of which is drained by the Amazon and its tributaries. Of the total territory, 41% averages less than 200 meters (656 ft) in elevation. The coastal zone is noted for thousands of kilometers of tropical beaches interspersed with mangroves, lagoons, and dunes, as well as numerous coral reefs.[citation needed]
The Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park off the coast of Maranhão protects the largest coral reef in South America.[1]

text: Brazil has one of the world's most extensive river systems, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic Ocean. Two of these basins — the Amazon and Tocantins-Araguaia account for more than half the total drainage area. The largest river system in Brazil is the Amazon, which originates in the Andes and receives tributaries from a basin that covers 45.7% of the country, principally the north and west. The main Amazon river system is the Amazonas-Solimões-Ucayali axis (the 6,762-kilometer (4,202 mi)-long Ucayali is a Peruvian tributary), flowing from west to east. Through the Amazon Basin flows one-fifth of the world's fresh water. A total of 3,615 kilometers (2,246 mi) of the Amazon are in Brazilian territory. Over this distance, the waters decline only about 100 meters (330 ft). The major tributaries on the southern side are, from west to east, the Javari, Juruá, Purus (all three of which flow into the western section of the Amazon called the Solimões), Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu, and Tocantins. On the northern side, the largest tributaries are the Branco, Japurá, Jari, and Rio Negro. The above-mentioned tributaries carry more water than the Mississippi (its discharge is less than one-tenth that of the Amazon). The Amazon and some of its tributaries, called "white" rivers, bear rich sediments and hydrobiological elements. The black-white and clear rivers—such as the Negro, Tapajós, and Xingu—have clear (greenish) or dark water with few nutrients and little sediment.

text: The major river system in the Northeast is the Rio São Francisco, which flows 1,609 kilometers (1,000 mi) northeast from the south-central region. Its basin covers 7.6% of the national territory. Only 277 kilometers (172 mi) of the lower river are navigable for oceangoing ships. The Paraná system covers 14.5% of the country. The Paraná flows south among the Río de la Plata Basin, reaching the Atlantic between Argentina and Uruguay. The headwaters of the Paraguai, the Paraná's major eastern tributary, constitute the Pantanal, the largest contiguous wetlands in the world, covering as much as 230,000 square kilometers (89,000 sq mi).

text: Below their descent from the highlands, many of the tributaries of the Amazon are navigable. Upstream, they generally have rapids or waterfalls, and boats and barges also must face sandbars, trees, and other obstacles. Nevertheless, the Amazon is navigable by oceangoing vessels as far as 3,885 kilometers (2,414 mi) upstream, reaching Iquitos in Peru. The Amazon river system was the principal means of access until new roads became more important. Hydroelectric projects are Itaipu, in Paraná, with 12,600 MW; Tucuruí, in Pará, with 7,746 MW; and Paulo Afonso, in Bahia, with 3,986 MW.

text: Natural resources[edit]

text: Natural resources include: bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, clay, rare earth elements, uranium, petroleum, hydropower and timber.

text: Rivers and lakes[edit]

text: List of rivers of Brazil

text: According to organs of the Brazilian government there are 12 major hydrographic regions in Brazil. Seven of these are river basins named after their main rivers; the other five are groupings of various river basins in areas which have no dominant river.

text:
7 Hydrographic Regions named after their dominant rivers:
Amazonas
Paraguai
Paraná
Parnaíba
São Francisco
Tocantins
Uruguay
5 coastal Hydrographic Regions based on regional groupings of minor river basins (listed from north to south):
Atlântico Nordeste Ocidental (Western North-east Atlantic)
Atlântico Nordeste Oriental (Eastern North-east Atlantic)
Atlântico Leste (Eastern Atlantic)
Atlântico Sudeste (South-east Atlantic)
Atlântico Sul (South Atlantic)

text: The Amazon River is the widest and second longest river (behind the Nile) in the world. This huge river drains the greater part of the world's rainforests. Another major river, the Paraná, has its source in Brazil. It forms the border of Paraguay and Argentina, then winds its way through Argentina and into the Atlantic Ocean, along the southern coast of Uruguay.

text: Soils and vegetation[edit]

text: Brazil's tropical soils produce almost 210 million tons of grain crops per year,[2] from about 70 millions hectares of crops. The country also has the largest arable land in the world. Burning also is used traditionally to remove tall, dry, and nutrient-poor grass from pasture at the end of the dry season. Until mechanization and the use of chemical and genetic inputs increased during the agricultural intensification period of the 1970s and 1980s, coffee planting and farming in general moved constantly onward to new lands in the west and north. This pattern of horizontal or extensive expansion maintained low levels of technology and productivity and placed emphasis on quantity rather than quality of agricultural production.

text: The largest areas of fertile soils, called terra roxa (red earth), are found in the states of Paraná and São Paulo. The least fertile areas are in the Amazon, where the dense rainforest is. Soils in the Northeast are often fertile, but they lack water, unless they are irrigated artificially.

text: In the 1980s, investments made possible the use of irrigation, especially in the Northeast Region and in Rio Grande do Sul State, which had shifted from grazing to soy and rice production in the 1970s. Savanna soils also were made usable for soybean farming through acidity correction, fertilization, plant breeding, and in some cases spray irrigation. As agriculture underwent modernization in the 1970s and 1980s, soil fertility became less important for agricultural production than factors related to capital investment, such as infrastructure, mechanization, use of chemical inputs, breeding, and proximity to markets. Consequently, the vigor of frontier expansion weakened.

text: The variety of climates, soils, and drainage conditions in Brazil is reflected in the range of its vegetation types. The Amazon Basin and the areas of heavy rainfall along the Atlantic coast have tropical rain forest composed of broadleaf evergreen trees. The rain forest may contain as many as 3,000 species of flora and fauna within a 2.6-square-kilometer (1 sq mi) area. The Atlantic Forest is reputed to have even greater biological diversity than the Amazon rain forest, which, despite apparent homogeneity, contains many types of vegetation, from high canopy forest to bamboo groves.

text: In the semiarid Northeast, caatinga, a dry, thick, thorny vegetation, predominates. Most of central Brazil is covered with a woodland savanna, known as the cerrado (sparse scrub trees and drought-resistant grasses), which became an area of agricultural development after the mid-1970s. In the South (Sul), needle-leaved pinewoods (Paraná pine or araucaria) cover the highlands; grassland similar to the Argentine pampa covers the sea-level plains. The Mato Grosso swamplands (Pantanal Mato-grossense) is a Florida-sized plain in the western portion of the Center-West (Centro-Oeste). It is covered with tall grasses, bushes, and widely dispersed trees similar to those of the cerrado and is partly submerged during the rainy season.

text: Brazil, which is named after reddish dyewood (pau brasil), has long been famous for the wealth of its tropical forests. These are not, however, as important to world markets as those of Asia and Africa, which started to reach depletion only in the 1980s. By 1996 more than 90% of the original Atlantic forest had been cleared, primarily for agriculture, with little use made of the wood, except for araucaria pine in Paraná.

text: The inverse situation existed with regard to clearing for wood in the Amazon rain forest, of which about 15% had been cleared by 1994, and part of the remainder had been disturbed by selective logging. Because the Amazon forest is highly heterogeneous, with hundreds of woody species per hectare, there is considerable distance between individual trees of economic value, such as mahogany and cerejeira. Therefore, this type of forest is not normally cleared for timber extraction but logged through high-grading, or selection of the most valuable trees. Because of vines, felling, and transportation, their removal causes destruction of many other trees, and the litter and new growth create a risk of forest fires, which are otherwise rare in rainforests. In favorable locations, such as Paragominas, in the northeastern part of Pará State, a new pattern of timber extraction has emerged: diversification and the production of plywood have led to the economic use of more than 100 tree species.

text: Starting in the late 1980s, rapid deforestation and extensive burning in Brazil received considerable international and national attention. Satellite images have helped document and quantify deforestation as well as fires, but their use also has generated considerable controversy because of problems of defining original vegetation, cloud cover, and dealing with secondary growth and because fires, as mentioned above, may occur in old pasture rather than signifying new clearing. Public policies intended to promote sustainable management of timber extraction, as well as sustainable use of nontimber forest products (such as rubber, Brazil nuts, fruits, seeds, oils, and vines), were being discussed intensely in the mid-1990s. However, implementing the principles of sustainable development, without irreversible damage to the environment, proved to be more challenging than establishing international agreements about them.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Although 90% of the country is within the tropical zone, the climate of Brazil varies considerably from the mostly tropical North (the equator traverses the mouth of the Amazon) to temperate zones below the Tropic of Capricorn (23°27' S latitude), which crosses the country at the latitude of the city of São Paulo. Brazil has five climatic regions: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, and subtropical.

text: Temperatures along the equator are high, averaging above 25 °C (77 °F), but not reaching the summer extremes of up to 40 °C (104 °F) in the temperate zones. There is little seasonal variation near the equator, although at times it can get cool enough for wearing a jacket, especially in the rain. At the country's other extreme, there are frosts south of the Tropic of Capricorn during the winter (June–August), and there is snow in the mountainous areas, such as Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Temperatures in the cities of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, and Brasília are moderate (usually between 15 and 30 °C or 59 and 86 °F), despite their relatively low latitude, because of their elevation of approximately 1,000 meters (3,281 ft). Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and Salvador on the coast have warm climates, with average temperatures ranging from 23 to 27 °C (73.4 to 80.6 °F), but enjoy constant trade winds. The southern cities of Porto Alegre and Curitiba have a subtropical climate similar to that in parts of the United States and Europe, and temperatures can fall below freezing in winter.

text: Precipitation levels vary widely. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 millimetres (39.4 and 59.1 in) a year, with most of the rain falling in the winter (between December and April) south of the Equator. The Amazon region is notoriously humid, with rainfall generally more than 2,000 millimetres (78.7 in) per year and reaching as high as 3,000 millimetres (118.1 in) in parts of the western Amazon and near Belém. It is less widely known that, despite high annual precipitation, the Amazon rain forest has a three- to five-month dry season, the timing of which varies according to location north or south of the equator.

text: High and relatively regular levels of precipitation in the Amazon contrast sharply with the dryness of the semiarid Northeast, where rainfall is scarce and there are severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years. The Northeast is the driest part of the country. The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil, where during the dry season between May and November, temperatures of more than 38 °C (100 °F) have been recorded. However, the sertão, a region of semidesert vegetation used primarily for low-density ranching, turns green when there is rain. Most of the Center-West has 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59.1 to 78.7 in) of rain per year, with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year, while the South and most of the year without a distinct dry season.

text: Geographic regions[edit]

text: Brazil's 26 states and the Federal District (Distrito Federal) are divided conventionally into five regions: North (Norte), Northeast (Nordeste), Southeast (Sudeste), South (Sul), and Center-West (Centro-Oeste) - see fig. 4. In 2015 there were 5,570 municipalities (municípios), which have municipal governments. Many municipalities, which are comparable to United States counties, are in turn divided into districts (distritos), which do not have political or administrative autonomy. In 2015 there were 10,424 districts. All municipal and district seats, regardless of size, are considered officially to be urban. For purely statistical purposes, the municipalities were grouped in 1990 into 558 micro-regions, which in turn constituted 137 meso-regions. This grouping modified the previous micro-regional division established in 1968, a division that was used to present census data for 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1985.

text: Each of the five major regions has a distinct ecosystem. Administrative boundaries do not necessarily coincide with ecological boundaries, however. In addition to differences in physical environment, patterns of economic activity and population settlement vary widely among the regions. The principal ecological characteristics of each of the five major regions, as well as their principal socioeconomic and demographic features, are summarized below.

text: Centre west[edit]

text: The Center-West consists of the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul (separated from Mato Grosso in 1979) and the Federal District, where Brasília is located, the national capital. Until 1988 Goiás State included the area that then became the state of Tocantins in the North.

text: The Center-West has 1,612,077 square kilometers (622,426 sq mi) and covers 18.9% of the national territory. Its main biome is the cerrado, the tropical savanna in which natural grassland is partly covered with twisted shrubs and small trees. The cerrado was used for low-density cattle-raising in the past but is now also used for soybean production. There are gallery forests along the rivers and streams and some larger areas of forest, most of which have been cleared for farming and livestock. In the north, the cerrado blends into tropical forest. It also includes the Pantanal wetlands in the west, known for their wildlife, especially aquatic birds and caimans. In the early 1980s, 33.6% of the region had been altered by anthropic activities, with a low of 9.3% in Mato Grosso and a high of 72.9% in Goiás (not including Tocantins). In 1996 the Center-West region had 10.2 million inhabitants, or 6% of Brazil's total population. The average density is low, with concentrations in and around the cities of Brasília, Goiânia, Campo Grande, and Cuiabá. Living standards are below the national average. In 1994 they were highest in the Federal District, with per capita income of US$7,089 (the highest in the nation), and lowest in Mato Grosso, with US$2,268.

text: Northeast[edit]

text: The nine states that make up the Northeast are Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe. The Fernando de Noronha archipelago (formerly the federal territory of Fernando de Noronha, now part of Pernambuco state) is also included in the Northeast.

text: The Northeast, with 1,561,178 square kilometers (602,774 sq mi), covers 18.3% of the national terrest concentration of rural population, and its living standards are the lowest in Brazil. In 1994 Piauí had the lowest per capita income in the region and the country, only US$835, while Sergipe had the highest average income in the region, with US$1,958.

text: North[edit]

text: The equatorial North, also known as the Amazon or Amazônia, includes, from west to east, the states of Rondônia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Pará, Amapá, and, as of 1988, Tocantins (created from the northern part of Goiás State, which is situated in the Center-West). Rondônia, previously a federal territory, became a state in 1986. The former federal territories of Roraima and Amapá were raised to statehood in 1988.

text: With 3,869,638 square kilometers (1,494,076 sq mi), the North is the country's largest region, covering 45.3% of the national territory. The region's principal biome is the humid tropical forest, also known as the rain forest, home to some of the planet's richest biological diversity. The North has served as a source of forest products ranging from "backlands drugs" (such as sarsaparilla, cocoa, cinnamon, and turtle butter) in the colonial period to rubber and Brazil nuts in more recent times. In the mid-twentieth century, nonforest products from mining, farming, and livestock-raising became more important, and in the 1980s the lumber industry boomed. In 1990, 6.6% of the region's territory was considered altered by anthropic (man-made) action, with state levels varying from 0.9% in Amapá to 14.0% in Rondônia.

text: In 1996 the North had 11.1 million inhabitants, only 7% of the national total. However, its share of Brazil's total had grown rapidly in the 1970s and early 1980s as a result of interregional migration, as well as high rates of natural increase. The largest population concentrations are in eastern Pará State and in Rondônia. The major cities are Belém and Santarém in Pará, and Manaus in Amazonas. Living standards are below the national average. The highest per capita income, US$2,888, in the region in 1994, was in Amazonas, while the lowest, US$901, was in Tocantins.

text: Southeast[edit]

text: The Southeast consists of the four states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo. Its total area of 927,286 square kilometers (358,027 sq mi) corresponds to 10.9% of the national territory. The region has the largest share of the country's population, 63 million in 1991, or 39% of the national total, primarily as a result of internal migration since the mid-19th century until the 1980s. In addition to a dense urban network, it contains the megacities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, which in 1991 had 18.7 million and 11.7 million inhabitants in their metropolitan areas, respectively. The region combines the highest living standards in Brazil with pockets of urban poverty. In 1994 São Paulo boasted an average income of US$4,666, while Minas Gerais reported only US$2,833.

text: Originally, the principal biome in the Southeast was the Atlantic Forest, but by 1990 less than 10% of the original forest cover remained as a result of clearing for farming, ranching, and charcoal making. Anthropic activity had altered 79.7% of the region, ranging from 75% in Minas Gerais to 91.1% in Espírito Santo. The region has most of Brazil's industrial production. The state of São Paulo alone accounts for half of the country's industries. Agriculture, also very strong, has diversified and now uses modern technology.

text: South[edit]

text: The three states in the temperate South: Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina—cover 577,214 square kilometers (222,864 sq mi), or 6.8% of the national territory. The population of the South in 1991 was 23.1 million, or 14% of the country's total. The region is almost as densely settled as the Southeast, but the population is more concentrated along the coast. The major cities are Curitiba and Porto Alegre. The inhabitants of the South enjoy relatively high living standards. Because of its industry and agriculture, Paraná had the highest average income in 1994, US$3,674, while Santa Catarina, a land of small farmers and small industries, had slightly less, US$3,405.

text: In addition to the Atlantic Forest and Araucaria moist forests, much of which were cleared in the post-World War II period, the southernmost portion of Brazil contains the Uruguayan savanna, which extends into Argentina and Uruguay. In 1982, 83.5% of the region had been altered by anthropic activity, with the highest level (89.7%) in Rio Grande do Sul, and the lowest (66.7%) in Santa Catarina. Agriculture—much of which, such as rice production, is carried out by small farmers—has high levels of productivity. There are also some important industries.

text: Environmental issues[edit]

text: The environmental problem that attracted most international attention in Brazil in the 1980s was deforestation in the Amazon. Of all Latin American countries, Brazil still has the largest portion (66%) of its territory covered by forests, but clearing and burning in the Amazon proceeded at alarming rates in the 1970s and 1980s. Most of the clearing resulted from the activities of ranchers, including large corporate operations, and a smaller portion resulted from slash and burn techniques used by small farmers. Technical changes involved in the transition from horizontal expansion of agriculture to increasing productivity also accounted for decreasing rates of deforestation.

text: Desertification, another important environmental problem in Brazil, only received international attention following the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. Desertification means that the soils and vegetation of drylands are egraded, not necessarily that land turns into desert. In the early 1990s, it became evident that the semiarid caatinga ecosystem of the Northeast was losing its natural vegetation through clearing and that the zone was therefore running the risk of becoming even more arid, as was occurring also in some other regions.

text: In areas where agriculture is more intense and developed, there are serious problems of soil erosion, siltation and sedimentation of streams and rivers, and pollution with pesticides. In parts of the savannas, where irrigated soybean production expanded in the 1980s, the water table has been affected. Expansion of pastures for cattle raising has reduced natural biodiversity in the savannas. Swine effluents constitute a serious environmental problem in Santa Catarina in the South.

text: In urban areas, at least in the largest cities, levels of air pollution and congestion are typical of, or worse than, those found in cities in developed countries. At the same time, however, basic environmental problems related to the lack of sanitation, which developed countries solved long ago, persist in Brazil. These problems are sometimes worse in middle-sized and small cities than in large cities, which have more resources to deal with them. Environmental problems of cities and towns finally began to receive greater attention by society and the government in the 1990s.

text: According to many critics, the economic crisis in the 1980s worsened environmental degradation in Brazil because it led to overexploitation of natural resources, stimulated settlement in fragile lands in both rural and urban areas, and weakened environmental protection. At the same time, however, the lower level of economic activity may have reduced pressure on the environment, such as the aforementioned decreased level of investment in large-scale clearing in the Amazon. That pressure could increase if economic growth accelerates, especially if consumption patterns remain unchanged and more sustainable forms of production are not found.

text: In Brazil public policies regarding the environment are generally advanced, although their implementation and the enforcement of environmental laws have been far from ideal. Laws regarding forests, water, and wildlife have been in effect since the 1930s. Brazil achieved significant institutional advances in environmental policy design and implementation after the Stockholm Conference on the Environment in 1972. Specialized environmental agencies were organized at the federal level and in some states, and many national parks and reserves were established. By 1992 Brazil had established 34 national parks and fifty-six biological reserves. In 1981 the National Environment Policy was defined, and the National System for the Environment (Sistema Nacional do Meio Ambiente—Sisnama) was created, with the National Environmental Council (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente—Conama) at its apex, municipal councils at its base, and state-level councils in between. In addition to government authorities, all of these councils include representatives of civil society.

text: The 1988 constitution incorporates environmental precepts that are advanced compared with those of most other countries. At that time, the Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) established its permanent Commission for Defense of the Consumer, the Environment, and Minorities. In 1989 the creation of the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis--Ibama) joined together the federal environment secretariat and the federal agencies specializing in forestry, rubber, and fisheries. In 1990 the administration of Fernando Collor de Mello (president, 1990–92) appointed the well-known environmentalist José Lutzemberger as secretary of the environment and took firm positions on the environment and on Indian lands. In 1992 Brazil played a key role at the Earth Summit, not only as its host but also as negotiator on sustainable development agreements, including the conventions on climate and biodiversity. The Ministry of Environment was created in late 1992, after President Collor had left office. In August 1993, it became the Ministry of Environment and the Legal Amazon and took a more pragmatic approach than had the combative Lutzemberger. However, because of turnover in its leadership, a poorly defined mandate, and lack of funds, its role and impact were limited. In 1995 its mandate and name were expanded to include water resources—the Ministry of Environment, Hydraulic Resources, and the Legal Amazon—it began a process of restructuring to meet its mandate of "shared management of the sustainable use of natural resources." In 1997 the Commission on Policies for Sustainable Development and Agenda 21 began to function under the aegis of the Civil Household. One of its main tasks was to prepare Agenda 21 (a plan for the twenty-first century) for Brazil and to stimulate preparation of state and local agendas.

text: Institutional development at the official level was accompanied and in part stimulated by the growth, wide diffusion, and growing professional development of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) dedicated to environmental and socio-environmental causes. The hundreds of NGOs throughout Brazil produce documents containing both useful information and passionate criticisms. Among the Brazilian environmental NGOs, the most visible are SOS Atlantic Forest (SOS Mata Atlântica), the Social-Environmental Institute (Instituto Sócio-Ambiental—ISA), the Pro-Nature Foundation (Fundação Pró-Natureza—Funatura), and the Amazon Working Group (Grupo de Trabalho Amazônico—GTA). The Brazilian Forum of NGOs and Social Movements for the Environment and Development and the Brazilian Association of Nongovernmental Organizations (Associacão Brasileira de Organizações Não-Governamentais—ABONG) are national networks, and there are various regional and thematic networks as well. The main international environmental NGOs that have offices or affiliates in Brazil are the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Conservation International (CI), and Nature Conservancy.

text: Especially after the events of the late 1980s, international organizations and developed countries have allocated significant resources for the environmental sector in Brazil. In 1992 environmental projects worth about US$6.8 million were identified, with US$2.6 in counterpart funds (funds provided by the Brazilian government). More than 70% of the total value was for sanitation, urban pollution control, and other urban environmental projects. Thus, the allocation of resources did not accord with the common belief that funding was influenced unduly by alarmist views on deforestation in the Amazon.

text: Among the specific environmental projects with international support, the most important was the National Environmental Plan (Plano Nacional do Meio Ambiente—PNMA), which received a US$117 million loan from the World Bank. The National Environmental Fund (Fundo Nacional do Meio Ambiente—FNMA), in addition to budgetary funds, received US$20 million from the Inter-American Development Bank to finance the environmental activities of NGOs and small municipal governments. The Pilot Program for the Conservation of the Brazilian Rain Forests (Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil—PPG-7) was supported by the world's seven richest countries (the so-called G-7) and the European Community, which allocated US$258 million for projects in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest regions. The Global Environment Facility (GEF), created in 1990, set aside US$30 million for Brazil, part of which is managed by a national fund called Funbio. GEF also established a small grants program for NGOs, which focused on the cerrado during its pilot phase. The World Bank also made loans for environmental and natural resource management in Rondônia and Mato Grosso, in part to correct environmental and social problems that had been created by the World Bank-funded development of the northwest corridor in the 1980s.

text: Despite favorable laws, promising institutional arrangements, and external funding, the government has not, on the whole, been effective in controlling damage to the environment. This failure is only in small measure because of the opposition of anti-environmental groups. In greater part, it can be attributed to the traditional separation between official rhetoric and actual practice in Brazil. It is also related to general problems of governance, fiscal crisis, and lingering doubts about appropriate tradeoffs between the environment and development. Some of the most effective governmental action in the environmental area has occurred at the state and local levels in the most developed states and has involved NGOs. In 1994 the PNMA began to stress decentralization and strengthening of state environmental agencies, a tendency that subsequently gained momentum.

text:
Environment - current issues:
Deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers the existence of a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills
note:
President Cardoso in September 1999 signed into force an environmental crime bill which for the first time defines pollution and deforestation as crimes punishable by stiff fines and jail sentences

text:
Environment - international agreements:
party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of selected agreements