document_title: Nutrition facts label

question_text: when were nutrition labels introduced in the us

text: Nutrition facts label

text: Australia and New Zealand[edit]

text: Australia and New Zealand use a nutritional information panel of the following format:

text:
NUTRITION INFORMATION

Servings per package:
Serving size: g

Quantity per Serving

Quantity per 100 g

Energy
0
kJ (Cal)

Protein
0
g

Fat, total
0
g

  - saturated
0
g

Carbohydrate
g
g

  - sugars
g
g

Sodium
mg
mg

text: Other items are included as appropriate, and the units may be varied as appropriate (e.g. substituting ml for g, or mmol for mg in the 'Sodium' row).[2] In April 2013 the New Zealand government introduced rules around common claims made on food packaging, such as 'low in fat'.[3]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada,  a standardized "Nutrition Facts" label was introduced as part of regulations passed in 2003, and became mandatory for most prepackaged food products on December 12, 2005.  (Smaller businesses were given until December 12, 2007 to make the information available.).[4] In accordance with food packaging laws in the country, all information, including the nutrition label, must be written in both English and French, the country's two official languages.[5]

text: Canadian regulation tightly controls the manner in which the nutrition fact table (NFT) data are laid out. There is a wide variety of possible formats for use on a given food package. A selection hierarchy is used to select among the many formats (28 main formats, and 2-7 sub formats for each). This results in standard (vertical) formats being considered for use before horizontal and linear formats. The selection hierarchy also allows the NFT to occupy no more than 15% of the physical package's available display area (ADS), but never to be smaller than a format that would be <=15% of ADS. In practice, determining the ADS of a package, and selecting the appropriate NFT format, can be a detailed calculation.

text: China[edit]

text: In 2011 the Chinese Ministry of Health released the National Food Safety Standard for Nutrition Labeling of Prepackaged Foods (GB 28050-2011). The core nutrients that must be on a label are: protein, fat, carbohydrate and sodium. Energy is noted in kJ. And all values must be per 100g/100ml.,[6][7]

text: European Union[edit]

text: It was regulated by the Commission Directive 2008/100/EC of 28 October 2008 amending Council Directive 90/496/EEC on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs as regards recommended daily allowances, energy conversion factors and definitions.[8] A new regulation is now in force (Regulation 1169/2011).[9] Nutritional labelling becomes mandatory for most pre-packaged foods as from December 2016.

text: In the European Union, along the "old" rules (Directive 90/496, amended), the information (usually in panel format) is most often labelled "Nutrition Information" (or equivalent in other EU languages). An example is shown on the right. The panel is optional, but if provided, the prescribed content and format must be followed. It will always give values for a set quantity — 100 g (3.5 oz) or 100 ml (3.5 imp fl oz; 3.4 US fl oz) of the product — and often also for a defined "serving", as an option. First will come the energy values, in both kilocalories and kilojoules.

text: Then will come a breakdown of constituent elements: usually most or all of protein, carbohydrate, starch, sugar, fat, fibre and sodium. The "fat" figure is likely to be further broken down into saturated and unsaturated fat, while the "carbohydrate" figure is likely to give a subtotal for sugars. With the "new" rules, the mandatory information is: energy, fat, saturates, carbohydrates, sugars, protein and salt, in that particular order, with options to extend this list to: mono-unsaturates, polyunsaturates, polyols, starch, fibre, and vitamins and minerals.[9]

text:
With regards to health claims and nutrition (composition) claims, these are harmonised in the EU through Regulation 1924/2006, amended.[10] In November 2012, the European Commission published two new regulations: Regulation (EC) No. 1047/2012 and Regulation (EC) No.1048/2012.
Certain nutrition claim groups as of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 had to be changed. Moreover, the health claims associated to barley beta-gluten were amended (e.g. lowering  blood cholesterol).[11][12]

text: Within Regulation 1924, there are legal definitions of terms such as "low fat", "high fibre", "reduced calories".[10]

text: All health claims have been harmonised in the European Union. They can be used if they have been approved by EFSA. The list of approved and rejected claims is available on a web site.[13]

text: Provided the full nutrition information is shown on the packet, additional nutritional information and formats (e.g. a traffic light rating system) may be included and this falls outside the scope of regulation.

text: The United Kingdom regulations are given in Schedules 6 and 7 of the Food Labelling Regulations 1996.[14]

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong nutrition facts labels are regulated by the subsidiary legislation Food and Drugs (Composition and Labelling) (Amendment: Requirements for Nutrition Labelling and Nutrition Claim) Regulation 2008.[15]

text: India[edit]

text: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare had, on September 19, 2008, notified the Prevention of Food Adulteration (5th Amendment) Rules, 2008, mandating packaged food manufacturers to declare on their product labels nutritional information and a mark from the  F.P.O or Agmark (Companies that are responsible for checking food products) to enable consumers make informed choices while purchasing.[16] Prior to this amendment, disclosure of nutritional information was largely voluntary though many large manufacturers tend to adopt the international practice.[17]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: Food products sold in Mexico use the NOM-051-SCFI-1994 "Información nutrimental" product labelling standard, very similar to "Nutrition Facts" in the US. The Official Mexican Standard, or NOM (Norma Oficial Mexicana), was developed by the Mexican Secretary of Commerce and Industrial Promotion (Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial), now a part of the Secretary of the Economy (SECOFI). It entered into effect on January 24, 1996[18] and defines "General specifications for labelling foods and pre-bottled non-alcoholic beverages."[19]

text: United States[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: In the United States, the Nutritional Facts label lists the percentage supplied that is recommended to be met, or to be limited, in one day of human nutrients based on a daily diet of 2,000 calories.

text: With certain exceptions, such as foods meant for babies, the following Daily Values are used.[20] These are called Reference Daily Intake (RDI) values and were originally based on the highest 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for each nutrient in order to assure that the needs of all age and sex combinations were met.[21] These are older than the current Recommended Dietary Allowances of the Dietary Reference Intake. For vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese, the current highest RDAs are up to 50% higher than the older Daily Values used in labeling, whereas for other nutrients the recommended needs have gone down. A side-by-side table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. As of October 2010, the only micronutrients that are required to be included on all labels are vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron.[22] To determine the nutrient levels in the foods, companies may develop or use databases, and these may be submitted voluntarily to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for review.[23]

text:
Nutrient

Daily Value for label (before 2016 update)

highest RDA of DRI

unit

Vitamin A
5,000
3,000
IU

Vitamin C
60
90
mg

Calcium
1,000
1,300
mg

Iron
18
18
mg

Vitamin D
400
600
IU

Vitamin E
30 IU
15 mg (33 IU synthetic)

Vitamin K
80
120
μg

Thiamin
1.5
1.2
mg

Riboflavin
1.7
1.3
mg

Niacin
20
16
mg

Vitamin B6
2
1.7
mg

Folate
400
400
μg

Vitamin B12
6
2.4
μg

Biotin
300
30
μg

Pantothenic acid
10
5
mg

Phosphorus
1,000
1,250
mg

Iodine
150
150
μg

Magnesium
400
420
mg

Zinc
15
11
mg

Selenium
70
55
μg

Copper
2
0.9
mg

Manganese
2
2.3
mg

Chromium
120
35
μg

Molybdenum
75
45
μg

Chloride
3,400
2,300
mg

text: Additionally, there is a requirement for ingredients to be listed in order from highest to lowest quantity, according to their weight.[citation needed]

text: The label was mandated for most food products under the provisions of the 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), per the recommendations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[24] It was one of several controversial actions taken during the tenure of FDA Commissioner Dr. David Kessler. The law required food companies to begin using the new food label on packaged foods beginning May 8, 1994. (Meat and poultry products were not covered by NLEA, though the U.S. Department of Agriculture proposed similar regulations for voluntary labeling of raw meat and poultry.[25])  Foods labeled before that day could use the old label. This appeared on all products in 1995. The old label was titled "Nutrition Information Per Serving" or simply, "Nutrition Information".

text: The label begins with a standard serving measurement, calories are listed second, and then following is a breakdown of the constituent elements. Always listed are total fat, sodium, carbohydrates and protein; the other nutrients usually shown may be suppressed, if they are zero. Usually all 15 nutrients are shown: calories, calories from fat, fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron.

text: Products containing less than 5 g of fat show amounts rounded to the nearest 0.5 g. Amounts less than 0.5 g are rounded to 0 g. For example, if a product contains 0.45 g of trans fat per serving, and the package contains 18 servings, the label would show 0 g of trans fat, even though the product actually contains a total of 8.1 g of trans fat.

text: In addition to the nutrition label, products may display certain nutrition information or health claims on packaging. These health claims are only allowed by the FDA for "eight diet and health relationships based on proven scientific evidence", including: calcium and osteoporosis, fiber-containing grain products, fruits and vegetables and cancer, fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain fiber—particularly soluble fiber—and the risk of coronary heart disease, fat and cancer, saturated fat and cholesterol and coronary heart disease, sodium and hypertension, and folate and neural tube defects.[26] The Institute of Medicine recommended these labels contain the most useful nutritional information for consumers: saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, calories, and serving size.[27] In January 2011, food manufacturers and grocery stores announced plans to display some of this nutrition information on processed food.[28]

text: The nutrition facts label currently appears on more than 6.5 billion food packages. President Bill Clinton issued an award of design excellence for the nutrition facts label in 1997 to Burkey Belser in Washington, DC.[29]

text: The FDA does not require any specific typeface be used in the Nutrition Facts label, mandating only that the label "utilize a single easy-to-read type style",[30] though its example label uses Helvetica.[31] However, as regulated by the FDA and the USDA, it is mandatory for certain information listed in the label to be written in English, including: name of the product, net quantity, serving size and number of servings per package, nutrition facts, ingredient list, and name of manufacturer or distributor.[32] The smallest lettering should be at least 1/16th of an inch tall (1.5875 millimeters), based on the height of a lowercase "o".[33]

text: In January 2006, Trans fat was required to be listed under saturated fat. This was the first significant change to the Nutrition Facts panel since it was introduced in 1993.[34]

text: 2016 revision[edit]

text: In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration proposed several simultaneous improvements to nutrition labeling for the first time in over 20 years.[35][36] The proposed changes were based on trends of consumption of nutrients of public health importance.[37] However, studies had shown that the majority of the U.S. population could not understand the information in the then current Nutrition Facts Label.[38] Nutrition label numeracy is particularly low in older individuals, of black and Hispanic race/ethnicity, who are unemployed, born outside of the US, have lower English proficiency, lower education achievement, lower income, or live in the South.[39]

text: Proposed changes included a new design requiring serving sizes to more accurately reflect how many servings the average individual is actually consuming. The new recommendation also proposed removing “calories from fat”, and instead focusing on total calories and type of fats being consumed in a product. The proposed labels were to also list how much sugar is added (rather than inherent) to a product, as well as declaring the amount of Vitamin D and potassium in a product.[35][40] Some of these changes sparked a major debate between the food industry and public health agencies. The proposal to indicate sugar added during food production, in particular, was brought forward by the FDA as a measure to counter the increase in per capita sugar consumption in the US, which over the last decades exceeded the limits recommended by scientific institutions and governmental agencies.[41][42] Major American food associations opposed the label change, indicating "lack of merit" and "no preponderance of evidence" to justify the inclusion of sugar added in the new label.[43][44]

text: The rules for the new design were finalized on May 20, 2016.  Manufacturers were initially given until July 26, 2018 to comply (or July 26, 2019 if they have less than $10 million in annual food sales).[45] A proposed rule by the FDA would extend the compliance deadline to January 1, 2020 (or January 1, 2021 for qualified small business).[46] For food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amounts of vitamins and nutritionally essential minerals in a serving are expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV).  Many of the definitions of 100% Daily Value were changed as part of the revision.[47] A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake.

text: Alcohol[edit]

text: In the United States, alcoholic beverages are regulated by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB). As of 2012, the TTB does not require alcoholic beverage packaging to have a nutrition facts label. Since at least 2003, consumer groups have lobbied the TTB to require labelling disclosing Nutrition Facts information.[48] Some marketing terms, such as "light" and "table wine", must follow TTB guidelines. Packaging must disclose alcohol content in some circumstances.[48][which?]

text: Mandatory information on the label varies by type of beverage, and includes:[49][50][51][52]

text:
Brand name
Name and address of manufacturer (either bottling plant or main headquarters)
Country of origin if imported (required by U.S. Customs and Border Protection regulations)
Class, the definitions of which are regulated (e.g. beer, ale, lager, gin, vodka, rum, tequilla, cordial, liqueurs)
Health warning for beverages 0.5% or more alcohol by volume
Net contents
For malt beverages, must be in United States customary units (e.g. pints or fluid ounces)
For distilled spirits, must be in metric units.  Bottles must be 50 mL, 100 mL, 200 mL, 375mL, 750 mL, 1 L, or 1.75 L. Bottles must be 50 mL, 100 mL, 200 mL, or 355 mL.
For wine, must be in metric units, and bottles must be 50 mL, 100 mL, 187 mL, 375 mL, 500 mL, 750 mL, 1L, 1.5 L, 3 L, or a larger size with an even number of liters.
Alcohol content (percent by volume):
For malt beverages, mandatory only if some alcohol is due to added flavors, or if required by state law
For distilled spirits, mandatory
For wine, optional
Declaration of sulfites required for wine sold in interstate (not intrastate) commerce if 10 ppm or more of sulfur dioxide
Optional but regulated terms:
For malt beverages: "draft", "light", "low-carbohydrate"
For wine: grape variety and appellation of origin, wine designation (e.g. "white", "red", "rose", "table"), viticultural area, "estate bottled, "vinted", vintage date
"Organic" (regulated by USDA)
Declarations for major allergens

text: Caffeine[edit]

text: Health researchers have called for the mandatory labelling of food products with added caffeine, which is a psychoactive nervous system stimulant.[who?][when?] If over-consumed, caffine can cause seizures, kidney problems, liver problems, heart arrhythmia, and death.[53] The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo began labelling caffeine content in 2007.[54]


document_title: The Young and the Restless characters (2010)

question_text: who is maddie on the young and the restless

root

text: Sarah Smythe[edit]

text:
Sarah Smythe

The Young and the Restless character

Portrayed by
Tracey E. Bregman

First appearance
April 9, 2010

Last appearance
June 4, 2010

Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell

Classification
Former, recurring

Profile

Other names
Lauren Fenmore Baldwin

showFamily

Mother
Molly Carter

Sisters
Sheila Carter

Nephews
Ryder Callahan

Nieces
Daisy Carter
Mary Carter Warwick
Diana Carter

tag: table

text: Sarah Smythe first appeared on April 19, 2010, portrayed by Tracey E. Bregman, who also portrays Lauren Baldwin, of whom Sarah is a doppelgänger. Sarah is the sister of Sheila Carter, Lauren's longtime nemesis. The character's creation was first announced in early April 2010. In an interview with TV Guide Magazine actress Tracey E. Bregman stated "I think it’d be too easy to kill Lauren. Sarah really wants Lauren to suffer because Sarah has suffered so much. In Sarah’s mind, Sheila was murdered in cold blood by Lauren. Also, Sarah had to raise Sheila’s children because Sheila was always so obsessed with Lauren that she wasn’t around to raise her kids properly."[1] Bregman also noted that Sarah was "setting up this revenge" and was as powerful as Sheila.[1]

tag: p

text: Sarah mysteriously arrived in town with her niece, Daisy, and her nephew, Ryder, to torture Lauren Fenmore months before revealing her face, to avenge her sister's death. Daisy, Ryder and Sarah kidnapped Lauren and locked her in a cage. When Sarah revealed herself to Lauren, she was revealed to have had plastic surgery to look exactly like Lauren, who thought Sarah was really Sheila. Sarah wanted revenge on Lauren for killing Sheila. Sarah planned to take over Lauren's life with her husband Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc) and her young son Fenmore, but it wasn't so easy because Michael and Fenmore were suspicious. While Sarah was in Genoa City posing as Lauren, Michael sent her to therapist Dr. Emily Peterson (who was really Patty Williams). During their first session, Sarah saw right away that "Emily" was really Patty and became reacquainted with her by reminding her they previously met as they were friends in a South American plastic surgery office when Patty had cosmetic surgery to look like Emily. The two then conspired to help each other in continuing their deceitful impersonations of Emily and Lauren. When Ryder turned on Sarah and let Lauren free, Sarah chased Lauren into a house of mirrors and Sarah, who was about to shoot Phyllis Newman who was also there,when Shelia was shot and killed by Lauren, leading Daisy and Ryder to escape and evade custody. In June 2017, Sheila Carter reappeared in Los Angeles, revealing herself to Quinn Fuller.

text: Meggie McClaine[edit]

text:
Meggie McClaine

The Young and the Restless character

Portrayed by
Sean Young

Duration
2010–11

First appearance
June 8, 2010

Last appearance
March 4, 2011

Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell

Classification
Former, recurring

Profile

Occupation
Con artist
Former assistant to Nikki Newman
Barmaid

Home
Genoa City jail

showFamily

Husband
Francis Murphy (1986–87)
Victor Newman (2010)

text: Meggie McClaine first appeared on June 8, 2010, portrayed by actress, Sean Young. Her casting was announced by multiple sources in April 2010.[2] On her casting and getting the role, Young said: "Getting the chance to work with my dear friend Eric Braeden, one of the true gentlemen in entertainment, was certainly a deciding factor for me as well as wanting to get back to work after taking a few years off to raise my kids."[2] Young had previously worked with Braeden (Victor Newman) in a film The Man Who Came Back. When introduced, Meggie is described as "a feisty barmaid who is involved in a mystery with Victor Newman."[3] Young also described her character as being "Spunky!".[3] In the same interview, Young stated that her character was "Kindhearted" however the character proved ultimately opposite.[3] In an interview with TV Guide Magazine, Young said "Meggie’s not very sophisticated. She wears an apron and a plaid shirt. She breaks up a bar brawl. She reminds me of Joan Blondell in that old TV series Here Come the Brides. I just sort of walk onto a set that way. “Sultry” was their description. [Laughs] I just call it me."[4] Initially a guest role only appearing for a 5-episode stint, Young returned to The Young and the Restless in July 2010, and Entertainment Weekly reported that she would stay until August,[5] however her storyline ended in October 2010. She returned in February 2011, with brief appearances until March 2011, with the character still being jailed at the time.

text: Meggie McClaine was a Canadian barmaid whom Victor Newman met while searching for his invidious son, Adam Newman, who faked his own death. Meggie helped Victor by handling a few customers at the bar that Victor needed information from. He promised Meggie that if she ever needed something that she could come to him as a repayment for her services to him. She tried to flirt with Victor, but he made it clear that he already had a special lady in his life, Nikki Newman, and he left Ottawa. Meggie picked up on Victor's offer only a few weeks later when she appeared on his doorstep and told him that she had to flee.

text: As a well-known business tycoon, Victor did a background check on Meggie, but he did not find anything that would lead him to believe that she was using him. Meggie began to work for Victor's fiancée, Nikki, as an assistant to her charity work, and she also became the right hand for planning the couple's wedding. When Meggie found out that Nikki was an alcoholic and has been sober for over a decade, she used this information to her advantage. She began to spike Nikki's drinks with vodka.

text: When Meggie got an assignment to bring a check from Victor to Katherine Chancellor, she met an old acquaintance in Katherine's husband, Patrick Murphy. Murphy planned to warn Nikki and Victor about her, but he suffered a heart attack in front of Meggie because she prevented him from taking his pills on time. Meggie watched with glee as Murphy gave into his heart attack. Murphy found himself in the hospital in recovery, not able to say anything about what happened to him. Meggie was revealed to be Murphy's ex-daughter-in-law, and she presumably killed Murphy's son. To continue her plan, Meggie found help in bartender, Deacon Sharpe, who was an alcoholic himself. He became Nikki's drinking buddy for a short while. With Victor and Nikki's wedding coming up, Meggie arranged for Nikki to be found drunk in Deacon's bed, and she was consequently shipped off to rehab.

text: Meggie used her time wisely in order to get closer to Victor so that she could become the next Mrs. Victor Newman. Like her previous husbands, Meggie most likely intended to kill Victor for his money after marrying him. Unfortunately, no one noticed how alarmed Murphy got whenever Meggie came near him, and no one noticed how dangerous she truly was. In November 2010, Meggie drugged Victor, and she finally tricked Victor into marrying her. When they arrived back at the Newman Ranch, Meggie gave Victor heart medication, trying to kill him. Victor woke up, demanding to know why she was rushing their relationship. Meggie was then exposed as a black widow, with Victor knowing about her devilish plan. With the arrival of Murphy and the police, Meggie was arrested for her crimes, just as Victor found out that Meggie was responsible for Nikki's relapse into alcoholism. Meggie currently resides in jail.

text: Sofia Dupre[edit]

text:
Sofia Dupre

The Young and the Restless character

Portrayed by
Julia Pace Mitchell

Duration
2010–12

First appearance
July 20, 2010

Last appearance
October 9, 2012

Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell

Classification
Former, regular

Profile

Other names
Sofia Winters

Occupation
Chief Financial Officer at Tucker McCall Unlimited

Home
New York City

showFamily

Father
Moses Dupre

Husband
Malcolm Winters (2011)
Neil Winters (2011–12)

Sons
Moses Winters

text: Sofia Dupre first appeared on July 20, 2010, portrayed by actress Julia Pace Mitchell. Sofia is Mitchell's first major role, despite having previous roles but only as guests on various television shows.[6] When the character arrived, she was described as "the feisty former right-hand woman to billionaire Tucker McCall and fiancée of Malcolm Winters.[7] She is also introduced as a "Savvy business woman" and a generally "no-nonsense person"[8][9] During an interview, Mitchell said she was a big fan of the show.[7] Of her character, Mitchell that "she's actually been changing just in the seven months that she's been on the air. I hate to use the word "bossy," but I definitely think that she's bossy. She's a big boss."[7] Mitchell said that Sofia runs things in her "relationship and in her business life".[7] In September 2012, it was announced that Mitchell had been taken off her contract and bumped to a recurring status; however, she was not seen again after October 9, 2012.[10][11][12]

text: Sofia arrives in Genoa City working on business for Tucker McCall.[13] Sofia meets with Katherine Chancellor and Neil Winters in Tucker's place. The meeting leads to a confrontation between Sofia and Neil. Later, Sofia is revealed to be the fiancée of Neil's brother, Malcolm Winters. Neil is unhappy about this, which causes friction between him, Sofia, and Malcolm. Despite tensions there, Sofia has positive relations with the rest of the Winters family. She became aware of, and involved with, the problem Cane Ashby had been having with the men from Australia. While furious with him at first, she later decides to help him. Tucker finds out about her and Cane's cover up of some bad reports supposedly done by a new contractor named Blake that Cane claimed had a good reputation in business. In reality, Blake is one of the Australian men after Cane, and has been blackmailing him the whole time. This turns ugly and Tucker fires both Cane and Sofia. Malcolm is furious that Sofia did not tell him any of this, since Cane is married to his legal niece, and biological daughter, Lily. He breaks their engagement, within a few weeks of their scheduled Valentine's Day wedding. Shortly thereafter, Cane is murdered. The entire Barber/Winters family comes together to support Lily and her twin babies with Cane, Charlie and Matilda. Impressed with how Sofia has taken great pains to support Lily, and with Sofia estranged from Malcolm, Neil allows his deep-seated attraction to Sofia to surface. The two have sex, just before Malcolm decides to repair his fractured relationship with Sofia.

text: As Malcolm and Sofia repair their relationship, Neil seems worried over the relationship and confronts Sofia about it. She claims that she loves Malcolm and wants to be with him. Sofia and Malcolm married. During the honeymoon, Sofia learns that she is pregnant. While Malcolm is thrilled, Sofia wonders to herself if Neil is the baby's father. The baby – named Moses after her father, is born, and DNA testing reveals that Neil is the father. Malcolm leaves Genoa City and promptly divorces Sofia, who moves in with Neil when she and Moses are discharged from the hospital. A month later, Sofia and Neil agree to get married, for the baby's sake. However, Sofia struggles to connect with Neil and fears he doesn't truly love her, especially when he continuously flirts with Harmony Hamilton. When Neil and Harmony kiss, Neil admits to Sofia that he has feelings for her. Heartbroken, Sofia attempts to work on her marriage but nothing comes of it, and they announce they are divorcing. Afterward, Sofia tells Moses that they should start packing as nothing will be keeping them in Genoa City after the divorce. Sofia was offered a job in New York. After telling to Neil about the prospect of moving there with Moses, he warned her that she would not be taking Moses with her and threatened to file for sole custody.

text: Charlie Ashby[edit]

text:
Charlie Ashby

The Young and the Restless character

Portrayed by
Parker Rose Curry (2010–12)
Aidan Clark (2013–16)
Brandin Stennis (2016–17)
Noah Alexander Gerry (2017–)

Duration
2010–

First appearance
June 25, 2010

Created by
Maria Arena Bell, Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner

Introduced by

Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch (2010)
Mal Young and Sally Sussman Morina (2017)

Classification
Present, regular

Profile

Other names
Charles Ethan Ashby

Occupation
Student

Home
Genoa City, Wisconsin

showFamily

Family
Winters

Father
Cane Ashby

Mother
Lily Winters

Sisters
Mattie Ashby

Half-brothers
Sam Ashby

Grandfathers
Malcolm Winters
Colin Atkinson
Neil Winters (legal)

Grandmothers
Drucilla Winters
Genevieve Atkinson

Uncles
Devon Hamilton (adoptive)
Caleb Atkinson
Neil Winters
Malcolm Winters (legal)

Aunts
Samantha Atkinson

First cousins
Nate Hastings

text: Charlie Ashby is the son of Cane Ashby and Lily Winters. He was first portrayed as an infant by Parker Rose Curry, from 2010 to 2012,[14] followed by Aidan Clark from 2013 to 2016, Brandin Stennis from 2016 to 2017 and Noah Alexander Gerry in 2017.

text: He was born along with his twin sister, Matilda Ashby. Lily was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Her uterus was taken out during a surgery to remove the cancer, but the doctor was able to harvest two of her eggs. Lily and Cane decided to start a family and pursued surrogacy options. Mackenzie Browning agreed to act as their surrogate and became pregnant. Mac went into labor at 28 weeks, and the twins were delivered. Mac then left Genoa City to be with JT Hellstrom, and Cane was thought to be killed, leaving Lily alone to raise the babies. Charlie and his sister, Mattie, were kidnapped by their grandfather, Colin Atkinson, in his attempt to take them back to Australia and mold them into model grandchildren that would be useful in his schemes in the mob. In a turn of events, Cane was found to be alive, while his twin brother, Caleb, was actually killed.

text: The twins almost died in an explosion as Cane fought off his father in order to save his children. After the twins were both in safe hands, Lily was shocked that her husband lied to her and vowed that she wouldn't let Cane be a part of their children's lives anymore. Lily later filed for divorce from Cane, who decided to move back to Australia because he had no reason to stay in Genoa City since Lily didn't love him anymore. While at the airport, Lily arrived with the twins, and the family reunited again in an embrace. Lily then allowed Cane to see the babies for supervised and scheduled visits, much to the dismay of Neil Winters and Daniel Romalotti. After Lily learned that Cane was keeping secrets from her because he was working with law enforcement to take down his father, Colin, she forgave him for being so standoffish, and the couple reunited with their children.

text: Mattie Ashby[edit]

text:
Mattie Ashby

The Young and the Restless character

Portrayed by
Jordan Lemnah (2010–12)
McKenna Roberts (2013–17)
Lexie Stevenson (2017–)

Duration
2010–

First appearance
June 25, 2010

Created by
Maria Arena Bell, Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner

Introduced by

Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch (2010)
Mal Young and Sally Sussman Morina (2017)

Classification
Present, regular

Profile

Other names
Matilda Colleen Ashby

Occupation
Student

Home
Genoa City, Wisconsin

showFamily

Family
Winters

Father
Cane Ashby

Mother
Lily Winters

Brothers
Charlie Ashby

Half-brothers
Sam Ashby

Grandfathers
Malcolm Winters
Colin Atkinson
Neil Winters (legal)

Grandmothers
Drucilla Winters
Genevieve Atkinson

Uncles
Devon Hamilton (adoptive)
Caleb Atkinson
Neil Winters
Malcolm Winters (legal)

Aunts
Samantha Atkinson

First cousins
Nate Hastings

text: Mattie Ashby, is the daughter of Cane Ashby and Lily Winters. Jordan Lemnah first portrayed the role as an infant,[15] followed by McKenna Roberts, who took over in 2013 until 2017, then Lexi Stevenson in 2017.

text: She was born along with her twin brother, Charlie Ashby. Lily was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Her uterus was taken out during a surgery to remove the cancer, but the doctor was able to harvest two of her eggs. Lily and Cane decided to start a family and pursued surrogacy options. Mackenzie Browning agreed to act as their surrogate and became pregnant. Mac went into labor at 28 weeks, and the twins were delivered. Mac then left Genoa City to be with J.T. Hellstrom, and Cane was thought to be killed, leaving Lily alone to raise the babies. Mattie and her brother, Charlie, were kidnapped by their grandfather, Colin Atkinson, in his attempt to take them back to Australia and mold them into model grandchildren that would be useful in his schemes in the mob. In a turn of events, Cane was found to be alive, while his twin brother, Caleb, was actually killed.

text: Spencer Walsh[edit]

text: Spencer Walsh appeared from June 2010 to May 9, 2012, portrayed by Evan Parke.[16] He is the former District Attorney in Genoa City. He had handled cases including Sharon Newman, Victor Newman and been involved in the Diane Jenkins Murder Case, which he had been involved with most recently. He has also handled legal issues with Chance Chancellor.[17] In May 2012, it was revealed that Walsh had resigned from his post as District Attorney, with Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc) taking over.

text: Vance Abrams[edit]

text:
Vance Abrams

The Young and the Restless character

Portrayed by
John Sloman (2010)
Eric Roberts (2010–11)

Duration
2010–11

First appearance
July 12, 2010

Last appearance
April 11, 2011

Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell

Classification
Former, recurring

Profile

Occupation
Attorney

text: Vance Abrams first appeared on July 12, 2010, initially played by John Sloman, days later the role was recast with Eric Roberts, brother of renowned actress Julia Roberts and father of teen star Emma Roberts. Roberts remained in the role from July 23, 2010, until April 11, 2011, and hasn't been seen since. Casting was announced on June 17, 2010, by TV Guide among other sources.[18][19] Before appearing, his storyline was revealed to involve the scandalous and scheming Adam Wilson (Michael Muhney), who escaped from prison and then faked his own death –– and Vance would represent him in court.[19] His character's appearance was initially to span just over August.[19]

text: In 2010, Adam Newman and his new wife, Skye hired Vance due to charges (from his own family) that Adam was facing. Vance committed himself viciously to the case. Vance suggested that they expose Sharon Newman (Adam's true love at the time), however Adam refused to. Adam ended up winning in court. Since the Adam Newman case, Vance turned his attention to the young Abby Newman, who was being pressured by her uncle, Jack Abbott, to file a lawsuit against her father, Victor, for mishandling her trust fund. Vance offered his services to a reluctant Abby, but she ultimately agreed. Later on, Abby's sister, Victoria Newman Abbott joined the lawsuit and seemingly hijacked the case away from Abby. Regardless, Vance sparred off with Victor's longtime attorney, Michael Baldwin, regarding the operations of Newman Enterprises and the trust funds of Victoria and Abby. Adam Newman ended up testifying for Victor in his trial to suggest while he was CEO of Newman Enterprises, he forged trust documents. Thus, Victor had no idea of what was real or not. However, Neil Winters disproved Adam's testimony, and each of the three Newman children won $500 million each. Nicholas Newman joined his sisters in their lawsuit against their father upon finding out that Victor was lying about his involvement with Skye Newman.

text: Around the same time, Skye disappeared and Adam, who was back in a romance with Sharon Newman, was accused of her murder. With little money left, Sharon offered to pay for his legal fees and brought in Vance and his new legal partner, Leslie Michaelson. When Adam testified for Victor against his siblings wishes, Leslie was shocked to see Adam, but he learned that as a part of this deal, Victor pledged to come forward to the DA regarding his involvement in Sharon's case and would win a trust of his own. After some detective work by Sharon, Adam's charges were dropped, but as a result of her work, she was now accused of murder. In Hawaii, Sharon found Skye, but after an argument, Skye fell to her death in a volcano. It was soon discovered by Adam, Jack, and Phyllis Summers that Victor set Skye up in Hawaii and he was in Hawaii when Sharon was there to make sure no one learned the truth. In Sharon's trial, despite the testimony of Victor, and Vance's sharp legal tactics, Sharon was found guilty. Adam feared that this would happen, so he secretly arranged for her to escape afterward. Upon escaping, she was car-jacked and presumed to be dead after the carjackers got into a serious accident. Vance was not involved in any legal cases after Sharon's murder trial. When Sharon was found alive in New Mexico and brought back to Genoa City for sentencing, Victor hired a new lawyer, Avery Bailey Clark, to help get Sharon out of prison.

text: Blake Joseph[edit]

text:
Blake Joseph

The Young and the Restless character

Portrayed by
Paul Leyden

Duration
2010–11

First appearance
October 6, 2010

Last appearance
February 2, 2011

Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell

Classification
Former, recurring

Profile

Occupation
Worked for Colin Atkinson

text: Blake Joseph first appeared October 6, 2010,[20] harassing Cane Ashby and his family. He was portrayed by Australian actor Paul Leyden, who as well known for a role on As the World Turns he also had guest roles in Home and Away and BeastMasters. Casting for the role was announced on September 6, 2010.[21] It was also speculated (which came true) that his storyline would be about Cane (Daniel Goddard)'s "Australian Adventure".[21]

text: Blake came to town from Australia and was watching Cane's family. He disguised himself as a police officer when Cane took his wife Lily to the cottage to hide out. Blake told Cane the organization back in Australia wanted five million dollars from him in payback. When Cane devised a plan to extort the money from McCall Unlimited, Blake began posing as a consultant named James Collier to enable the scam. He has tried to insinuate himself into Lily's good graces. Blake was revealed to be Colin (Cane's father)'s henchmen. Blake ended up shooting Caleb who he believed was Cane at the time.

text: Colin Atkinson[edit]

text:
Colin Atkinson

The Young and the Restless character

Portrayed by
Tristan Rogers

Duration
2010–12, 2014–

First appearance
December 8, 2010

Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell

Classification
Present, recurring

Profile

Occupation
Crime boss, businessman

Home
Chancellor Estate, 12 Foothill Road, Genoa City, Wisconsin

showFamily

Wife
Genevieve Atkinson (divorced)
Jill Abbott (2011, 2014–)

Sons
Cane Ashby
Caleb Atkinson

Daughters
Samantha Atkinson

Grandsons
Charlie Ashby
Sam Ashby

Granddaughters
Matilda Ashby

text: Colin Atkinson first appeared on December 8, 2010, as the estranged biological father of Cane Ashby, portrayed by Tristan Rogers who previously was well known for his role as Robert Scorpio on General Hospital. TV Guide announced Rogers' casting on October 25, 2010. Prior to his appearance, he was described as "a mysterious and charming stranger named Colin who comes to Genoa City with a dark secret and a threatening agenda".[22] He began taping with The Young and the Restless on October 27.[22] His storyline was equally to "charm his way into Jill Abbott's heart."[23] By September 2011, it was announced that Rogers would be leaving The Young and the Restless.[24][25] Of his exit, Rogers said he had nothing but positive things to say and that it was a great experience.[26] He also said that the exit came as a shock to him.[26] In March 2012, it was announced that Rogers was to make a recurring return,[27] however only made one appearance on May 8, 2012. In November 2013, it was announced that Rogers would be making another return to the role. He returned on February 5, 2014.[28][29] On January 5, 2015, Rogers revealed he re-signed to the series for another year.[30] However, in August 2015, Rogers was demoted back to recurring status.

text: Colin arrived in Genoa City after being released from prison in Australia. He consulted with Blake Joseph, who has been keeping an eye on Cane. Colin became acquainted with Cane's adoptive mother Jill Abbott and she gave him information about Cane, without knowing who he truly was. Cane and Colin met after years, and both refused to tell anybody else (including Cane's wife, Lily Winters) about their connection. Colin wanted Cane to get involved with the family crime organization in Australia gain, or he would reveal Cane's "troubling" past. It is revealed Cane had a sister, Samantha, who died years ago. Jill and Colin have sex and later fall deeply in love (despite Colin using her) and as they wed Cane is shot by Blake (while rushing to the church to stop the wedding) and "died". Colin actually was deeply saddened, as he didn't want Cane to be killed but just manipulated and he comforted Jill too. Cane's divorce appears to Lily, however it was later revealed that the "ghost" was Cane's twin brother Caleb. Once again, this storyline was reversed, and it was revealed the ghost was in fact Cane, alive and the person that was shot was Caleb. During this storyline, Colin's estranged wife, Genevieve returned to Genoa City, wanting revenge on Colin. He later falls off the balcony at Genevieve's mansion, and was sent to hospital, and later arrested for his crimes. He was released and determined to get Jill back and divorced Genevieve after it was revealed they were still legally married. However, Jill constantly rejected him. Colin had sex with Genevieve for comfort, and Genevieve told Jill about this, putting an end to any sort of reunion between Jill and Colin. Genevieve however moved on with no problem, with businessman Jack Abbott. Colin was also locked in Genevieve's wine cellar, and this led Jill to believe that he was overseas with Genevieve. The combination to get out of the cellar was the date that they (Genevieve and Colin) had first consummated their relationship with lovemaking.

text: For a long time, Cane had been working with Ronan Malloy to expose Colin, as Cane thought Colin was setting up a scheme to kill Genevieve and even Gloria Abbott Bardwell. He set up a fake phone call to get Gloria to Genevieve's house, however, due to a family crisis, Gloria had to cancel. Cane's ex-wife Lily soon calls Genevieve and asks her if she can come over to her house to talk. However, when Lily arrives, an explosion, caused and set up by Colin, occurs. Cane rushes Lily out of the burning house, thus saving her life. Genevieve, who wasn't home at the time, gets a call from firefighters moments later. During this entire time, Colin was with Jill in his suite at the Genoa City Athletic Club, while Jill had handcuffed him to the bed, trying to get the truth out of him. Jill, eventually realizes that he can't be trusted and calls Ronan, who arrests him. Meanwhile, Genevieve rushes to the hospital to check on her housekeeper Myrna (who had never been seen, only mentioned), who was in the house at the time of the explosion. Colin is sentenced to time in prison, deported and jailed in Australia. In May 2012, Genevieve received a phone call from Colin in which he stated he had been released from jail and was somewhere comfy and cozy in the world.

text: In February 2014, Jill is abruptly kidnapped from the Chancellor Mansion grounds. It is revealed that Colin kidnapped her as he is facing deportation and he needs her to marry him again for him to stay in the country. She refuses, but he alludes that he knows the truth behind the mystery of a music box Katherine left to Jill before she died. As a result, Jill marries Colin again and they return to Genoa City, where Jill lies to her loved ones by saying she fell in love with Colin all over again and remarried him.

text: He shortly returned in September 2016, and found out that Jill knew about Phyllis and Billy's affair. He offered Jack Abbott to reveal something a secret about his wife for $1 million. Jack firstly refuses the offer but eventually comes back to Colin with a bag of cash to discover the truth.

text: Jill and Colin briefly separated in 2017 after he emptied her personal bank account.


document_title: List of Game of Thrones episodes

question_text: what is the latest episode of game of thrones called

text: List of Game of Thrones episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

First aired
Last aired

1
10
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
2.52[14]

2
10
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
3.80[14]

3
10
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
4.97[15]

4
10
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
6.84[16]

5
10
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
6.88[17]

6
10
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
7.69[18]

7
7
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
10.26[19]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Winter Is Coming"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
2.22[20]

2
2
"The Kingsroad"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2011 (2011-04-24)
2.20[21]

3
3
"Lord Snow"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 1, 2011 (2011-05-01)
2.44[22]

4
4
"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things"
Brian Kirk
Bryan Cogman
May 8, 2011 (2011-05-08)
2.45[23]

5
5
"The Wolf and the Lion"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2011 (2011-05-15)
2.58[24]

6
6
"A Golden Crown"
Daniel Minahan
Story by : David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2011 (2011-05-22)
2.44[25]

7
7
"You Win or You Die"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 29, 2011 (2011-05-29)
2.40[26]

8
8
"The Pointy End"
Daniel Minahan
George R. R. Martin
June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05)
2.72[27]

9
9
"Baelor"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2011 (2011-06-12)
2.66[28]

10
10
"Fire and Blood"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
3.04[29]

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"The North Remembers"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
3.86[30]

12
2
"The Night Lands"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)
3.76[31]

13
3
"What Is Dead May Never Die"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15)
3.77[32]

14
4
"Garden of Bones"
David Petrarca
Vanessa Taylor
April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)
3.65[33]

15
5
"The Ghost of Harrenhal"
David Petrarca
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29)
3.90[34]

16
6
"The Old Gods and the New"
David Nutter
Vanessa Taylor
May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06)
3.88[35]

17
7
"A Man Without Honor"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 13, 2012 (2012-05-13)
3.69[36]

18
8
"The Prince of Winterfell"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)
3.86[37]

19
9
"Blackwater"
Neil Marshall
George R. R. Martin
May 27, 2012 (2012-05-27)
3.38[38]

20
10
"Valar Morghulis"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
4.20[39]

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

21
1
"Valar Dohaeris"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
4.37[40]

22
2
"Dark Wings, Dark Words"
Daniel Minahan
Vanessa Taylor
April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)
4.27[41]

23
3
"Walk of Punishment"
David Benioff
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)
4.72[42]

24
4
"And Now His Watch Is Ended"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)
4.87[43]

25
5
"Kissed by Fire"
Alex Graves
Bryan Cogman
April 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)
5.35[44]

26
6
"The Climb"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 5, 2013 (2013-05-05)
5.50[45]

27
7
"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"
Michelle MacLaren
George R. R. Martin
May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)
4.84[46]

28
8
"Second Sons"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)
5.13[47]

29
9
"The Rains of Castamere"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)
5.22[48]

30
10
"Mhysa"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
5.39[49]

text: Season 4 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Two Swords"
D. B. Weiss
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
6.64[50]

32
2
"The Lion and the Rose"
Alex Graves
George R. R. Martin
April 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)
6.31[51]

33
3
"Breaker of Chains"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 20, 2014 (2014-04-20)
6.59[52]

34
4
"Oathkeeper"
Michelle MacLaren
Bryan Cogman
April 27, 2014 (2014-04-27)
6.95[53]

35
5
"First of His Name"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 4, 2014 (2014-05-04)
7.16[54]

36
6
"The Laws of Gods and Men"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
May 11, 2014 (2014-05-11)
6.40[55]

37
7
"Mockingbird"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)
7.20[56]

38
8
"The Mountain and the Viper"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 1, 2014 (2014-06-01)
7.17[57]

39
9
"The Watchers on the Wall"
Neil Marshall
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 8, 2014 (2014-06-08)
6.95[58]

40
10
"The Children"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
7.09[59]

text: Season 5 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

41
1
"The Wars to Come"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
8.00[60]

42
2
"The House of Black and White"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)
6.81[61]

43
3
"High Sparrow"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
6.71[62]

44
4
"Sons of the Harpy"
Mark Mylod
Dave Hill
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
6.82[63]

45
5
"Kill the Boy"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)
6.56[64]

46
6
"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)
6.24[65]

47
7
"The Gift"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 24, 2015 (2015-05-24)
5.40[66]

48
8
"Hardhome"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 31, 2015 (2015-05-31)
7.01[67]

49
9
"The Dance of Dragons"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 7, 2015 (2015-06-07)
7.14[68]

50
10
"Mother's Mercy"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
8.11[69]

text: Season 6 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

51
1
"The Red Woman"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
7.94[70]

52
2
"Home"
Jeremy Podeswa
Dave Hill
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)
7.29[71]

53
3
"Oathbreaker"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)
7.28[72]

54
4
"Book of the Stranger"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)
7.82[73]

55
5
"The Door"
Jack Bender
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)
7.89[74]

56
6
"Blood of My Blood"
Jack Bender
Bryan Cogman
May 29, 2016 (2016-05-29)
6.71[75]

57
7
"The Broken Man"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
June 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)
7.80[76]

58
8
"No One"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)
7.60[77]

59
9
"Battle of the Bastards"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
7.66[78]

60
10
"The Winds of Winter"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
8.89[79]

text: Season 7 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

61
1
"Dragonstone"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
10.11[80]

62
2
"Stormborn"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
9.27[81]

63
3
"The Queen's Justice"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
9.25[82]

64
4
"The Spoils of War"
Matt Shakman
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
10.17[83]

65
5
"Eastwatch"
Matt Shakman
Dave Hill
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
10.72[84]

66
6
"Beyond the Wall"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
10.24[85]

67
7
"The Dragon and the Wolf"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
12.07[86]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
DVD and Blu-ray release date

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

1
10
March 6, 2012[87]
March 5, 2012[88]
August 10, 2012[89]

2
10
February 19, 2013[90]
March 4, 2013[91]
March 6, 2013[92]

3
10
February 18, 2014[93]
February 17, 2014[94]
February 19, 2014[95]

4
10
February 17, 2015[96]
February 16, 2015[97]
February 18, 2015[98]

5
10
March 15, 2016[99]
March 14, 2016[100]
March 16, 2016[101]

6
10
November 15, 2016[102]
November 14, 2016[103]
November 16, 2016[104]

7
7
December 12, 2017[105]
December 11, 2017[106]
December 11, 2017[107]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Average

1
2.22
2.20
2.44
2.45
2.58
2.44
2.40
2.72
2.66
3.04
2.52[108]

2
3.86
3.76
3.77
3.65
3.90
3.88
3.69
3.86
3.38
4.20
3.80[108]

3
4.37
4.27
4.72
4.87
5.35
5.50
4.84
5.13
5.22
5.39
4.97[109]

4
6.64
6.31
6.59
6.95
7.16
6.40
7.20
7.17
6.95
7.09
6.84[110]

5
8.00
6.81
6.71
6.82
6.56
6.24
5.40
7.01
7.14
8.11
6.88[111]

6
7.94
7.29
7.28
7.82
7.89
6.71
7.80
7.60
7.66
8.89
7.69[112]

7
10.11
9.27
9.25
10.17
10.72
10.24
12.07
N/A
10.26[113]


document_title: Email address

question_text: who put the @ symbol in email addresses

question_tokens: who put the @ symbol in email addresses

text: Email address

text: Overview[edit]

text: The transmission of electronic mail within the Internet uses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), defined in Internet standards RFC 5321 and RFC 5322, and extensions like RFC 6531. The mailboxes may be accessed and managed by users with the Post Office Protocol (POP) or the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) with email client software that runs on a personal computer, mobile device, or with webmail systems that render the messages on a screen or on paper printouts.

text: The general format of an email address is local-part@domain, and a specific example is jsmith@example.com. An address consists of two parts. The part before the @ symbol (local-part) identifies the name of a mailbox. This is often the username of the recipient, e.g., jsmith. The part after the @ symbol (domain) is a domain name that represents the administrative realm for the mail box, e.g., a company's domain name, example.com.

text: When delivering email, a mail server (mail transfer agent: MTA) uses the domain name system (DNS) to look up the mail exchanger record (MX record) for the recipient's domain (the part of the email address on the right of @). The returned MX record contains the name of the recipient's mailserver. The MTA next connects to this server as an SMTP client.

text: The local part of an email address has no significance for intermediate mail relay systems other than the final mailbox host. Email senders and intermediate relay systems must not assume it to be case-insensitive, since the final mailbox host may or may not treat it as such. A single mailbox may receive mail for multiple email addresses, if configured by the administrator. Conversely, a single email address may be the alias to a distribution list to many mailboxes. Email aliases, electronic mailing lists, sub-addressing, and catch-all addresses, the latter being mailboxes that receive messages regardless of the local part, are common patterns for achieving a variety of delivery goals.

text: The addresses found in the header fields of an email message are not directly used by mail exchangers to deliver the message. An email message also contains a message envelope that contains the information for mail routing. While envelope and header addresses may be equal, forged email addresses are often seen in spam, phishing, and many other Internet-based scams. This has led to several initiatives which aim to make such forgeries easier to spot.

text: To indicate the message recipient, an email address also may have an associated display name for the recipient, which is followed by the address specification surrounded by angled brackets, for example: John Smith <john.smith@example.org>.

text: Earlier forms of email addresses on other networks than the Internet included other notations, such as that required by X.400, and the UUCP bang path notation, in which the address was given in the form of a sequence of computers through which the message should be relayed. This was widely used for several years, but was superseded by the Internet standards promulgated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

text: Syntax[edit]

text: The format of email addresses is local-part@domain where the local part may be up to 64 characters long and the domain may have a maximum of 255 characters[2]. The formal definitions are in RFC 5322 (sections 3.2.3 and 3.4.1) and RFC 5321—with a more readable form given in the informational RFC 3696[3] and the associated errata. Note that unlike the syntax of RFC 1034[4] and RFC 1035[5], there is no trailing period in the domain name.

text: Local-part[edit]

text: The local-part of the email address may use any of these ASCII characters:

text:
uppercase and lowercase Latin letters A to Z and a to z;
digits 0 to 9;
special characters !#$%&'*+-/=?^_`{|}~;

tag: ul

text: dot ., provided that it is not the first or last character unless quoted, and provided also that it does not appear consecutively unless quoted (e.g. John..Doe@example.com is not allowed but "John..Doe"@example.com is allowed);[6]

text: Note that characters after a plus sign + are generally[citation needed] ignored, so fred+bah@domain and fred+foo@domain will end up in the same inbox as fred@domain This can be useful for tagging emails for sorting, see below. The minus sign - is also used in that fashion, although less often.

text:
space and "(),:;<>@[\] characters are allowed with restrictions (they are only allowed inside a quoted string, as described in the paragraph below, and in addition, a backslash or double-quote must be preceded by a backslash);
comments are allowed with parentheses at either end of the local-part; e.g. john.smith(comment)@example.com and (comment)john.smith@example.com are both equivalent to john.smith@example.com.

text: In addition to the above ASCII characters, international characters above U+007F, encoded as UTF-8, are permitted by RFC 6531, though even mail systems that support SMTPUTF8 and 8BITMIME may restrict which characters to use when assigning local-parts.

text: A local part is either a Dot-string or a Quoted-string; it cannot be a combination. Quoted strings and characters however, are not commonly used.[citation needed] RFC 5321 also warns that "a host that expects to receive mail SHOULD avoid defining mailboxes where the Local-part requires (or uses) the Quoted-string form".

text: The local-part postmaster is treated specially—it is case-insensitive, and should be forwarded to the domain email administrator. Technically all other local-parts are case-sensitive, therefore jsmith@example.com and JSmith@example.com specify different mailboxes; however, many organizations treat uppercase and lowercase letters as equivalent. Indeed, RFC 5321 warns that "a host that expects to receive mail SHOULD avoid defining mailboxes where ... the Local-part is case-sensitive".

text: Despite the wide range of special characters which are technically valid, organisations, mail services, mail servers and mail clients in practice often do not accept all of them. For example, Windows Live Hotmail only allows creation of email addresses using alphanumerics, dot (.), underscore (_) and hyphen (-).[7] Common advice is to avoid using some special characters to avoid the risk of rejected emails.[8]

text: Domain[edit]

text: The domain name part of an email address has to conform to strict guidelines: it must match the requirements for a hostname, a list of dot-separated DNS labels, each label being limited to a length of 63 characters and consisting of:[6]:§2

text:
uppercase and lowercase Latin letters A to Z and a to z;
digits 0 to 9, provided that top-level domain names are not all-numeric;
hyphen -, provided that it is not the first or last character.

text: This rule is known as the LDH rule (letters, digits, hyphen). In addition, the domain may be an IP address literal, surrounded by square brackets [], such as jsmith@[192.168.2.1] or jsmith@[IPv6:2001:db8::1], although this is rarely seen except in email spam. Internationalized domain names (which are encoded to comply with the requirements for a hostname) allow for presentation of non-ASCII domains. In mail systems compliant with RFC 6531 and RFC 6532 an email address may be encoded as UTF-8, both a local-part as well as a domain name.

text: Comments are allowed in the domain as well as in the local-part; for example, john.smith@(comment)example.com and john.smith@example.com(comment) are equivalent to john.smith@example.com.

text: Examples[edit]

text: Common local-part semantics[edit]

text: According to RFC 5321 2.3.11 Mailbox and Address, "...the local-part MUST be interpreted and assigned semantics only by the host specified in the domain of the address." This means that no assumptions can be made about the meaning of the local-part of another mail server. It is entirely up to the configuration of the mail server.

text: Local-part normalization[edit]

text: Interpretation of the local part of an email address is dependent on the conventions and policies implemented in the mail server. For example, case sensitivity may distinguish mailboxes differing only in capitalization of characters of the local-part, although this is not very common.[9] Gmail ignores all dots in the local-part for the purposes of determining account identity.[10] This prevents the creation of user accounts your.user.name or yourusername when the account your.username already exists.

text: Subaddressing[edit]

text: Some mail services support a tag appended to the local-part, such that the modified address is an alias to the unmodified one. For example, the address joeuser+tag@example.com denotes the same delivery address as joeuser@example.com. RFC 5233, refers to this convention as sub-addressing, but it is also known as plus addressing or tagged addressing.

text: Addresses of this form, using various separators between the base name and the tag, are supported by several email services, including Runbox (plus), Gmail (plus),[11] Yahoo! Mail Plus (hyphen),[12] Apple's iCloud (plus), Outlook.com (plus),[13] ProtonMail (plus),[14] FastMail (plus and Subdomain Addressing),[15] MMDF (equals), Qmail and Courier Mail Server (hyphen).[16][17] Postfix allows configuring an arbitrary separator from the legal character set.[18]

text: The text of the tag may be used to apply filtering,[16] or to create single-use, or disposable email addresses.[19]

text: In practice, the form validation of some web sites may reject special characters such as "+" in an email address – treating them, incorrectly, as invalid characters. This can lead to an incorrect user receiving an e-mail if the "+" is silently stripped by a website without any warning or error messages. For example, an email intended for the user-entered email address foo+bar@example.com could be incorrectly sent to foobar@example.com. In other cases a poor user experience can occur if some parts of a site, such as a user registration page, allow the "+" character whilst other parts, such as a page for unsubscribing from a site's mailing list, do not.

text: Validation and verification[edit]

text: Email addresses are often requested as input to website as user identification for the purpose of data validation. While there are companies that provide services to validate an email address at the time of entry, normally using an Application programming interface, there is no guarantee that it will provide accurate results.[20]

text: An email address is generally recognized as having two parts joined with an at-sign (@). However, the technical specification detailed in RFC 822 and subsequent RFCs are more extensive.[21] A regular expression can be used to check for all of these criteria, except that of bracketed nested comments.[22]

text: Syntactically correct, verified email addresses do not guarantee email box existence. Thus many mail servers use other techniques and check the mailbox existence against relevant systems such as the Domain Name System for the domain or using callback verification to check if the mailbox exists. This is however often disabled to avoid directory harvest attack.

text: Assuring an email address is of a good quality requires a combination of various validation techniques. Large websites, bulk mailers and spammers require fast algorithms that predict validity of email address. Such methods depend heavily on heuristic algorithms and statistical models.[23]

text: Many websites evaluate the validity of email addresses differently than the standards specify, rejecting addresses containing valid characters, such as + and /, or enforcing arbitrary length limitations. RFC 3696 provides specific advice for validating Internet identifiers, including email addresses.

text: HTML5 forms implemented in many browsers, allow email address validation to be handled by the browser.[24]

text: Email address internationalization provides for a much larger range of characters than many current validation algorithms allow, such as all Unicode characters above U+0080, encoded as UTF-8.

text: Identity validation[edit]

text: Email addresses are the primary means of account activation (user identification and validation on websites), but other methods are available, such as cell phone number validation, postal mail validation, fax validation. Email address validation is accomplished by the website sending an email to the user-provided email address with a special temporary hyperlink. On receipt, the user opens the link, immediately activating the account. Email addresses are also useful as means of forwarding messages from a website, e.g., user messages, user actions, to the email inbox.

text: Internationalization[edit]

text: The IETF conducts a technical and standards working group devoted to internationalization issues of email addresses, entitled Email Address Internationalization (EAI, also known as IMA, Internationalized Mail Address).[25] This group produced RFC 6530, RFC 6531, RFC 6532, and RFC 6533, and continues to work on additional EAI-related RFCs.

text: The IETF's EAI Working group published RFC 6530 "Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email", which enabled non-ASCII characters to be used in both the local-parts and domain of an email address. RFC 6530 provides for email based on the UTF-8 encoding, which permits the full repertoire of Unicode. RFC 6531 provides a mechanism for SMTP servers to negotiate transmission of the SMTPUTF8 content.

text: The basic EAI concepts involve exchanging mail in UTF-8. Though the original proposal included a downgrading mechanism for legacy systems, this has now been dropped.[26] The local servers are responsible for the local-part of the address, whereas the domain would be restricted by the rules of internationalized domain names, though still transmitted in UTF-8. The mail server is also responsible for any mapping mechanism between the IMA form and any ASCII alias.

text: EAI enables users to have a localized address in a native language script or character set, as well as an ASCII form for communicating with legacy systems or for script-independent use. Applications that recognize internationalized domain names and mail addresses must have facilities to convert these representations.

text: Significant demand for such addresses is expected in China, Japan, Russia, and other markets that have large user bases in a non-Latin-based writing system.

text: For example, in addition to the .in top-level domain, the government of India in 2011[27] got approval for ".bharat", (from Bhārat Gaṇarājya), written in seven different scripts[28][29] for use by Gujrati, Marathi, Bangali, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi and Urdu speakers. Indian company XgenPlus.com claims to be the world's first EAI mailbox provider,[30] and the Government of Rajasthan now supplies a free email account on domain राजस्थान.भारत for every citizen of the state.[31] A leading media house Rajasthan Patrika launched their IDN domain पत्रिका.भारत with contactable email.

text: Internationalization examples[edit]

text: The example addresses below would not be handled by RFC 5322 based servers, but are permitted by RFC 6530. Servers compliant with this will be able to handle these:

text:
Latin alphabet (with diacritics): Pelé@example.com
Greek alphabet: δοκιμή@παράδειγμα.δοκιμή
Traditional Chinese characters: 我買@屋企.香港
Japanese characters: 甲斐@黒川.日本
Cyrillic characters: чебурашка@ящик-с-апельсинами.рф
Hindi email address: संपर्क@डाटामेल.भारत

text: Internationalization support[edit]

text:
Postfix mailer supports internationalized mail since 2015-02-08 with a stable release 3.0.0.[32]
Google has support for sending emails to and from internationalized domains, but does not allow the registration of non-ASCII email addresses.[33]
Microsoft added similar functionality in Outlook 2016[34]
DataMail launches internationalized email support for 8 Indian languages using the XgenPlus email platform in India.[35]

text: Standards documents[edit]

text:
RFC 821 – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Obsoleted by RFC 2821)
RFC 822 – Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages (Obsoleted by RFC 2822) (Errata)
RFC 1035 – Domain names, Implementation and specification (Errata)
RFC 1123 – Requirements for Internet Hosts, Application and Support (Updated by RFC 2821, RFC 5321) (Errata)
RFC 2142 – Mailbox Names for Common Services, Roles and Functions (Errata)
RFC 2821 – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Obsoletes RFC 821, Updates RFC 1123, Obsoleted by RFC 5321) (Errata)
RFC 2822 – Internet Message Format (Obsoletes RFC 822, Obsoleted by RFC 5322) (Errata)
RFC 3696 – Application Techniques for Checking and Transformation of Names (Errata)
RFC 4291 – IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture (Updated by RFC 5952) (Errata)
RFC 5321 – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Obsoletes RFC 2821, Updates RFC 1123) (Errata)
RFC 5322 – Internet Message Format (Obsoletes RFC 2822, Updated by RFC 6854) (Errata)
RFC 5952 – A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation (Updates RFC 4291) (Errata)
RFC 6530 – Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email (Obsoletes RFC 4952, 5504, 5825)
RFC 6854 – Update to Internet Message Format to Allow Group Syntax in the "From:" and "Sender:" Header Fields (Updates RFC 5322)


document_title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

question_text: who plays calvin in a wrinkle in time 2018

text: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: Plot

text: Thirteen-year-old middle school student Meg Murry struggles to adjust to both her school and home life ever since her father Alex, a well-renowned scientist, mysteriously disappeared (while he was studying astrophysics) when she was very young. Both Meg and her mother Kate believe he solved the question of humanity's existence and theorize he was teleported to another world.

text: During the night, Meg's younger brother Charles Wallace welcomes Mrs. Whatsit, a red-haired stranger in an extravagant white dress, into the Murry family house. Mrs. Whatsit claims that the tesseract, a type of space-travel Alex was working on, is real, and leaves soon after. The next day, one of Meg's classmates, Calvin O'Keefe, joins them to go to the house of Mrs. Who, another strange woman who speaks only in quotations and seems to know Charles Wallace.

text: When Calvin joins Meg and Charles Wallace in their backyard, Mrs. Whatsit appears with Mrs. Who and another woman, Mrs. Which, who is the oldest and appears as a giant. The three reveal themselves as astral travelers, and lead Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace through a tesseract taking them to a distant planet named Uriel.

text: Mrs. Whatsit transforms into a beautiful green flying creature, and takes the children up into the atmosphere, where they see a dark shadow known as The IT. Mrs. Which tells Meg her father's experiments resulted in his being captured by The IT, a malevolent entity plotting to take over the universe. Gaining the women's trust, Meg and the others tesser to another planet where a seer known as the Happy Medium resides.

text: The Happy Medium shows them Meg's father is trapped on a planet called Camazotz, The IT's homeworld. Mrs. Which also explains that The IT represents all of the greed, anger, pride, selfishness, and low self-esteem in the world. He shows them examples of these characteristics, including a friend and neighbor of Charles Wallace getting mugged at a bus stop, her school enemy Veronica Kiley’s extreme self-consciousness about her weight and her resulting dieting habits, and that Calvin, despite being popular at school, is neglected and bullied by his father. The three Mrs. propose that they travel back to Earth to regroup, but Meg's strong will to find her father overrides the tesseract, and she accidentally redirects them to Camazotz instead.

text: Upon arriving on Camazotz, Mrs. Which, Mrs. Whatsit, and Mrs. Who find that they are unable to stay, because Camazotz's evil is stronger than their light. Before they depart, they bestow gifts upon Meg: Mrs. Who's glasses, the knowledge of Meg's faults, and the command to never separate.

text: The trio treks through Camazotz's hazardous traps before reaching a crowded beach where they meet the IT's bodyguard, Red. He offers the starving children food and tells them that Alex is safe and happy. He reveals to them there is nothing to worry about here, but Calvin and Meg realize something is wrong when Charles Wallace proclaims that all of the food tastes like sand. When Red starts repeating the times tables, Charles Wallace is hypnotized by the rhythm, allowing the IT to take full control of his mind.

text: When Meg and Calvin pursue Charles Wallace, they find themselves in a seemingly empty room. Using Mrs. Who's glasses, Meg finds an invisible staircase leading to the room where her father is being kept prisoner. After bringing him out of captivity, the IT's power allows Charles Wallace to forcefully drag them to finally meet his master. As Calvin and Meg fall under the IT's power, Alex opens another tesser and prepares to leave with the children, abandoning Charles Wallace. Meg refuses and projects out of the tesser herself, leaving her alone. When she confronts Charles Wallace, she realizes the IT uses deception and hatred for power. Using her love for her brother and the knowledge that she is imperfect, Meg frees Charles Wallace from the control of the IT and releases Camazotz from the control of the evil entity. The three Mrs. return and tell Meg that it is time for her to tesser for herself.

text: After returning home, Meg thanks the women for their help rescuing her father. They part ways, and Veronica begins acting nicer to her. The film ends with the Murry family celebrating a joyful reunion and Calvin going home to confront his father.

text: Cast

text:
Oprah Winfrey as Mrs. Which
Reese Witherspoon as Mrs. Whatsit
Mindy Kaling as Mrs. Who
Storm Reid as Meg Murry, a gifted young girl
Levi Miller as Calvin O'Keefe, Meg's classmate and friend
Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace Murry, Meg's prodigious adoptive 6-year-old brother
Chris Pine as Dr. Alexander Murry, Meg and Charles Wallace's long-lost father
Gugu Mbatha-Raw as Dr. Kate Murry, Meg and Charles Wallace's mother
Zach Galifianakis as The Happy Medium
Michael Peña as Red[10]
David Oyelowo as the IT, Red's true diabolical form[10]
André Holland as Principal James Jenkins[10]
Rowan Blanchard as Veronica Kiley[10]
Bellamy Young as Camazotz Woman[10]
Conrad Roberts as Elegant Man[10]
Yvette Cason as a teacher[10]
Will McCormack as another teacher[10]
Daniel MacPherson as Calvin's father[10]

text: Production

text: In October 2010, it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained the film rights for the 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time, by Madeleine L'Engle, which had previously been made as a 2003 television film. Following the financial success of Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland (2010), Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios. Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films.[11] The project's budget was slated to be $35 million, which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia, both of which were made for less than $30 million.[12] On August 5, 2014, Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter, taking over from Stockwell, who wrote the first draft.[13][14] On February 8, 2016, it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film, and she was confirmed to direct later that same month.[15][16] She became the first woman of color to direct a live-action film with a production budget over $100 million.[17]

text: On July 26, 2016, Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey had begun final negotiations to join the film, to play Mrs. Which, the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws, celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey.[18] On September 7, 2016, Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were reported as being in talks to join the film, with Witherspoon to play Mrs. Whatsit, who presents as a chatty, grandmotherly hobo, and Kaling set for the quotation-reciting Mrs. Who.[19] On September 13, 2016, Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry, a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before.[20] In October 2016, Gugu Mbatha-Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg, Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry, respectively.[21][22] On November 1, 2016, more cast were announced, including Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium, André Holland as Principal Jenkins, Levi Miller as Calvin, and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace, along with Bellamy Young, Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack.[23] Michael Peña later also joined the cast to play the character Red.[24] The producers on the film are James Whitaker and Catherine Hand.[23]

text: Filming

text: Principal photography on the film began on November 2, 2016, in Los Angeles, California.[23][25][26] After Los Angeles, production moved to New Zealand for two weeks.[23] Tobias A. Schliessler was the film's cinematographer, Naomi Shohan its production designer, Paco Delgado its costume designer, and Rich McBride its visual effects supervisor.[23][27] During production, DuVernay asked McBride to be as flexible as possible on visual effects sequences to allow her to make changes and incorporate new ideas during shooting.[28]

text: Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in multiple locations including Eureka, California, in Humboldt County, starting on November 29, 2016.[29] Filming also took place at Eureka's Sequoia Park, located next to Sequoia Park Zoo. None of the film's major actors were present in Eureka.[30] In mid-December, Pine was spotted during filming in Los Angeles.[31]

text: During the last two weeks of February 2017, filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were established to be in Central Otago, New Zealand.[32] Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps, including at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea, with cast and crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia.[33] Filming wrapped in New Zealand's South Island after two weeks, and DuVernay declared the cast and crew's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post.[34]

text: Music

text: On September 28, 2017, Ramin Djawadi was announced as the composer for the film, replacing Jonny Greenwood, who was initially chosen to compose, and scored the film.[35] On February 20, 2018, it was announced that the soundtrack would feature appearances from Sade, Sia, Kehlani, Chloe x Halle, Freestyle Fellowship, DJ Khaled, and Demi Lovato.[36]

text: Release

text: The film was released in the United States on March 9, 2018.[37] It was previously set for an April 6, 2018 release.[38]

text: Home media

text: A Wrinkle in Time was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray, Blu-Ray, and DVD on June 5, 2018.[39]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: As of June 17, 2018[update], A Wrinkle In Time has grossed $99.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $32.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.1 million.[5] With a combined $250 million spent on production and advertisement, the film needed to gross at least $400 million worldwide to turn a profit.[40][8][9] Following Disney's Q2 earnings report in May 2018, Yahoo! Finance deduced the film would lose the studio anywhere from $86–186 million.[41]

text: In the United States and Canada, A Wrinkle in Time was released alongside The Hurricane Heist, Gringo and The Strangers: Prey at Night, and was projected to gross $30–38 million from 3,980 theaters in its opening weekend.[42] It made $10.2 million on its first day, including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $33.3 million, finishing second behind Disney's own Black Panther ($41.1 million in its fourth weekend).[4] In its second weekend the film made $16.6 million, dropping 50% to 4th place.[43] On June 15, in its 15th week of playing, the film returned to a total of 285 theaters in an effort to cross the century mark domestically. It ended up making $1.7 million (an increase of over 1,600% from the previous weekend), pushing the total US gross to $100 million.[44]

text: Internationally the film opened in six countries alongside the United States and grossed $6.3 million in its opening weekend, Russia being the largest market with $4.1 million.[45]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 40%, based on 245 reviews, and an average rating of 5.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A Wrinkle in Time is visually gorgeous, big-hearted, and occasionally quite moving; unfortunately, it's also wildly ambitious to a fault, and often less than the sum of its classic parts."[46] On Metacritic, which assigns normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[47] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 75% overall positive score; audience members under the age of 18 gave it a respective average grade of "A–" and positive score of 89%.[4]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the film's visuals and performances, writing, "Awash in bold colors, bright patterns and ebullient kids, director Ava DuVernay's new take on A Wrinkle in Time dazzles its way across time and space even if it doesn't quite stick the landing."[48] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C+" and praised what he described as its ambition, saying: "It almost doesn't matter that the movie is too emotionally prescriptive to have any real power, or too high on imagination to leave any room for wonder; DuVernay evinces such faith in who she is and what she's doing that A Wrinkle in Time remains true to itself even when everything on screen reads false."[49]

text: Alex Hudson of Exclaim! gave the film a 5 out of 10, saying that it felt "like a missed opportunity. Rather than a family classic, all we get is a perfectly fine kids movie."[50] Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a negative review, saying, "...if anything, the trouble with Wrinkle is that you never really get a sense of DuVernay's personal touch. In fact, it feels a lot like Brad Bird's big budget, equally smarmy 2015 Disney film, Tomorrowland. Both attempt to be so broad and universal that they feel disconnected from anything human. But universality doesn't work that way, no matter how much you tell everyone to think like a kid."[51]