document_title: Baby Daddy

question_text: who does ben from baby daddy end up with

text: Baby Daddy

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Ben Wheeler, a twenty-something bachelor, suddently becomes a father when his baby daughter Emma is left at his doorstep. With the help of his overbearing mother Bonnie, his older brother Danny, and his two best friends Tucker and Riley, Ben works to turn his life around in order to provide for his daughter.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Benjamin Bon Jovi "Ben" Wheeler[3] (Jean-Luc Bilodeau): The lead character of the series. He was living the life of a bachelor as a bartender in New York City with his buddy Tucker and his older brother Danny. His life was turned upside down when he opened his apartment door to find a baby girl left at his door by a one night stand. The baby turned out to be his daughter Emma. At the beginning of the series, Ben's job was the same throughout the series, with the difference in season 4 when he and Danny became owners of the bar. He and Riley, next-door-neighbor and childhood friend of Ben, dated briefly twice. The relationship fails because Ben didn't live up to Riley's expectations. Eventually, it is revealed how strong Danny's feelings are for Riley. Ben initially denies this until Bonnie intervenes and points out that "Danny has loved Riley nearly his whole life" and tries to get the two together. Throughout Season 6, Ben constantly tries to find Elle, a girl he has fallen for after seeing her three times in the same day during the season 5 finale. In the series finale, Elle is seen looking for Ben throughout the series as well.[4] At the conclusion of the series finale, Elle walks in to deliver Riley's son and Ben immediately recognizes Elle and they end up going out.
Tucker Thurgood Marshall Dobbs[5] (Tahj Mowry): Ben's best friend and roommate. Tucker is friendly towards everybody as long as they don't eat his food.[6] Tucker has a love-hate and somewhat teasing relationship with Mrs. Wheeler. Ben encouraged Tucker to drop out of law school to pursue a career in television. When his father, Marshall Dobbs (Phil Morris), finds out about this he is at first furious and disowns Tucker. Mr. Dobbs later approves of Tucker's career in the same episode. Tucker has multiple relationships throughout the series but ultimately ends up with Sondra, a talkative fellow tenant whose voice is extremely shrill.
Daniel Mellencamp "Danny" Wheeler[7] (Derek Theler): Ben's older brother, who is a professional hockey player for the New York Rangers. His little brother looks up to him, and is sometimes envious of Danny being better at everything. It is mentioned many times that Danny is their mother's favorite son, so much so that Mrs. Wheeler sometimes says she only has one son. In Season 4, Danny purchases Ben's place of employment, "Bar on B", for Ben. Danny has also been in love with Riley ever since he was six. Danny and Riley eventually end up together in seasons 5. In the season 5 finale, it is revealed that Riley is pregnant after Danny and Riley become very serious. During Season 6, Danny and Riley get married, and have a son.
Bonnie N. Walker (née Prapinski; previously Wheeler) (Melissa Peterman): Ben and Danny's mother. She is a happy, outgoing, loud, and dramatic person who has a kind heart. Bonnie loves her kids and her granddaughter more than anything. She loves to drink; her favorite wine is chardonnay. It is hinted many times throughout the series that Bonnie might have a drinking problem. Bonnie has an on and off relationship with Brad Walker since season 3. She later marries Brad in an elevator. She had originally wanted to be a model but those plans changed after having Danny. She later became a realtor. Bonnie is in love with Bon Jovi, so much so that she named her second son "Benjamin Bon Jovi Wheeler". She describes herself as "a beautiful young woman with goals and ambitions."
Riley Perrin (Chelsea Kane): Ben's close friend and Danny's best friend since they were little. Although Riley dates Ben on and off during the first few seasons of the show, she falls for Danny towards the end of Season 4, and subsequently begin a relationship with him. During the Season 5 season finale, it is revealed that Riley is pregnant. Danny and Riley get married in Season 6, and she gives birth to their son in the series finale. It has been said that she was extremely overweight in high school and, in the season 3 episode "Romancing the Phone" she says she lost 90 pounds. When they were kids, her nickname was "Rigantor" and could beat up the boys, enjoyed watching professional wrestling with Danny, and played field hockey as well as street hockey. She is highly intelligent. Despite having some difficulty with the LSATs, she did well enough to get accepted into law school.[8] Riley is also extremely competitive. She has liked Ben ever since they were young, but only Danny initially knew. In the episode "Send in the Clowns", it is revealed that her aunt was her real mother. In the episode "House of Cards," she mentions a sister, presumably her cousin in reality, whom she claims to "hate".
Emma Wheeler (Ali Louise and Susanne Allan Hartman in season 1; Mila and Zoey Beske in season 2; Ember and Harper Husak in season 3; Sura and Kayleigh Harris in seasons 4–6): Ben's daughter, who was left at his door by a one night stand. Angela, Emma's mother, and Ben went on with their lives until she realized she was pregnant and gave birth to the child. Deciding that her acting career was more important raising a child, she left Emma at Ben's front door and gave him full custody of Emma.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Brad Walker (Peter Porte): A handsome real estate agent who had an on and off relationship with Bonnie since season 3. He had a twin brother named Tad. On the season 4 episode "Parental Guidance", Brad proposed to Bonnie, with her saying yes. Brad and Bonnie officially got married in season 5.
Dr. Amy Shaw (Lacey Chabert): A psychologist for the New York Rangers and Danny's girlfriend in season 2. She cares deeply for Danny but is constantly worried his feelings for Riley will drive him away. She eventually realizes Danny still has feelings for Riley and breaks up with him in the episode "Surprise!". In season 3, Amy shows up and announces that she is engaged to another man.
Fitch Douglas (Matt Dallas): Son of a millionaire and Riley's boyfriend in season 2. Fitch does not speak to his family for he feels their money corrupts them. He constantly travels to Africa to help the children and orphanages, having a long distance relationship with Riley. He is seemingly killed in Africa but later turns up alive at his memorial and proposes to Riley. She regretfully declines claiming she is not the one for him. In season 3, he comes back and Riley attempts to make him her rebound to forget Ben.
Philip Farlow (Christopher O'Shea): A college professor whom Riley briefly dated in season 3.
Georgie Farlow (Mallory Jansen): Philip's sister who briefly dated Ben, but later developed feelings for Danny in season 3. She is a fashion photographer for Vogue magazine. She doesn't like Riley, but begins to accept her for Danny's sake in the episode "Foos it or Lose It". She breaks up with Danny via voicemail at the beginning of season 4.
Angela (Mimi Gianopulos): The mother of Emma and the ex-girlfriend of Ben. When her daughter was 3 months old, she abandoned her on Ben's doorstep. She's an aspiring actress who had since moved to California. Although she appears in several episodes, Angela never took the role of Emma's mother as she would often place her career first.
Megan (Grace Phipps): A day care worker whom Ben dated in season 2. She broke up with him after he almost lost her dog.
Ray Wheeler (Greg Grunberg): Ben and Danny's father. He is divorced from Bonnie and doesn't get along with her. He makes amends with Bonnie by finally telling his family that he's in a relationship with a man named Steve (Robert Gant).
Sondra (Rachna Khatau): A neighbor who's known for her talkativeness and distinctive high-pitched voice.
Robyn (Christa B. Allen): Riley's co worker and Danny's girlfriend in season 4.
Zoey (Jonna Walsh): A single mother living in the same building as Ben, introduced in season 5. She shares the same interests as Ben, but is reluctant to give in to her romantic feelings because of Ben's immaturity.
Sam Saffe (Daniella Monet): The manager of the Bar on B in season 5. She went to highschool with Ben, Danny and Riley. Ben had a crush on her in high school but she never reciprocated his feelings. She and Riley did not like each other, despite frequent attempts in both ends to become friends. Sam briefly dates Ben in season 5.
Elle (Katie Gill): A woman that Ben has met a few brief times and is convinced is his soulmate.
Carter (Jase Whitaker): Ben's bartender co-worker at the bar Ben eventually ends up owning.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
June 20, 2012 (2012-06-20)
August 29, 2012 (2012-08-29)

2
16
May 29, 2013 (2013-05-29)
December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)

3
21
January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)
June 18, 2014 (2014-06-18)

4
22
October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22)
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)

5
20
February 3, 2016 (2016-02-03)
August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03)

6
11
March 13, 2017 (2017-03-13)
May 22, 2017

text: Development and production[edit]

text: The series was given a green-light on February 2, 2012[9] and began production on March 28, 2012. On August 17, 2012, the series renewed for a second season, which premiered on May 29, 2013.[10] On March 22, 2013, ABC Family announced that Baby Daddy was renewed for a third season, two months before the second season premiered.[11] The third season premiered on January 15, 2014.[12] Baby Daddy was renewed for a fourth season on March 17, 2014.[13] It premiered on October 22, 2014, with the series' first Halloween episode "Strip or Treat".[14] On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a fifth season.[15] It premiered on February 3, 2016.[16] On June 27, 2016, Freeform renewed the show for a sixth season.[17] It premiered on March 13, 2017.[18]

text: On May 13, 2017, TVLine announced that the series would end at the conclusion of its sixth season.[19]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series premiered in the United States on June 20, 2012, on ABC Family.[2]

text: In New Zealand, the show premiered on TVNZ's TV2 beginning on December 14, 2013.[citation needed]

text: In Australia, the series airs on Fox8, with season 1 premiering 29 September 2013,[20] with season 2 returning on 4 May 2014,[21] and season 3 returning 24 August 2014.[22]

text: In the United Kingdom, the series began airing on E4 on February 16, 2015. The second season started on March 2, 2015.[23] Series 3 aired in April 2015. Series 4 aired in September 2015. Series 5 will premiere 5th September 2016.[24]

text: In Israel, the series airs weeknights (two episodes each) since July 2016. In South Africa aired 5 September 2015.

text: In Italy, the series began airing on Joi Premium, pay channel on the DTT platform Mediaset Premium from 22 February 2013 to 22 March 2013. The second, third, fourth and fifth seasons were broadcast on the streaming platform Mediaset Infinity from 2015 to 2016. The sixth season were made entirely available on October 4, 2017 on the streaming platform Mediaset Infinity.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Awards and nominations for Baby Daddy

Year
Association
Category
Nominee
Result

2012
Teen Choice Awards
Summer TV Star: Male
Jean-Luc Bilodeau
Nominated

Summer TV Star: Female
Chelsea Kane
Nominated

2013
Teen Choice Awards
Breakout Show
Baby Daddy
Nominated

Breakout Star
Derek Theler
Nominated

Scene Stealer: Male
Tahj Mowry
Nominated

Summer TV Star: Male
Jean-Luc Bilodeau
Nominated

Summer TV Star: Female
Chelsea Kane
Nominated

2014
Teen Choice Awards
Summer Show
Baby Daddy
Nominated

Scene Stealer: Male
Tahj Mowry
Nominated

Summer TV Star: Male
Jean-Luc Bilodeau
Nominated

2015
People's Choice Awards
Favourite Cable TV Comedy
Baby Daddy
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Summer TV Series
Baby Daddy
Nominated

2016
People's Choice Awards
Favourite Cable TV Comedy
Baby Daddy
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Scene Stealer
Tahj Mowry
Nominated

Choice TV: Liplock
Chelsea Kane and Derek Theler
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Show
Baby Daddy
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Jean-Luc Bilodeau
Nominated

2017
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Cable TV Comedy
Baby Daddy
Won

Art Directors Guild Awards 2016
Multi-Camera Series
Greg Grande – Baby Daddy
Nominated

text: Reception[edit]

text: Baby Daddy received mixed reviews. On Metacritic, the first season of the show holds a 51 out of 100 Metascore based on 8 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25] On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 36% approval rating based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 5.08/10. Audience score holds 84% (Season 1), 86% (Season 2), 90% (Season 3), 93% (Seasons 4 and 5), 100% (Season 6).[26]


document_title: Lord of the Flies

question_text: where was the lord of the flies published

root

text: Lord of the Flies

text: Background

text: Published in 1954, Lord of the Flies was Golding's first novel. Although it was not a great success at the time—selling fewer than three thousand copies in the United States during 1955 before going out of print—it soon went on to become a best-seller. It has been adapted to film twice in English, in 1963 by Peter Brook and 1990 by Harry Hook, and once in Filipino (1975).

tag: p

text: The book takes place in the midst of an unspecified war.[2] Some of the marooned characters are ordinary students, while others arrive as a musical choir under an established leader. With the exception of Sam and Eric and the choirboys, they appear never to have encountered each other before. The book portrays their descent into savagery; left to themselves on a paradisaical island, far from modern civilization, the well-educated children regress to a primitive state.

text: Golding wrote his book as a counterpoint to R.M. Ballantyne's youth novel The Coral Island (1858),[3] and included specific references to it, such as the rescuing naval officer's description of the children's pursuit of Ralph as "a jolly good show, like the Coral Island".[4] Golding's three central characters—Ralph, Piggy and Jack—have been interpreted as caricatures of Ballantyne's Coral Island protagonists.[5]

text: Plot

text: In the midst of a wartime evacuation, a British aeroplane crashes on or near an isolated island in a remote region of the Pacific Ocean. The only survivors are boys in their middle childhood or preadolescence. Two boys—the fair-haired Ralph and an overweight, bespectacled boy nicknamed "Piggy"—find a conch, which Ralph uses as a horn to convene all the survivors to one area. Ralph is optimistic, believing that grown-ups will come to rescue them but Piggy realizes the need to organize: ("put first things first and act proper"). Because Ralph appears responsible for bringing all the survivors together, he immediately commands some authority over the other boys and is quickly elected their "chief". He does not receive the votes of the members of a boys' choir, led by the red-headed Jack Merridew, although he allows the choir boys to form a separate clique of hunters. Ralph establishes three primary policies: to have fun, to survive, and to constantly maintain a smoke signal that could alert passing ships to their presence on the island and thus rescue them. The boys establish a form of democracy by declaring that whoever holds the conch shall also be able to speak at their formal gatherings and receive the attentive silence of the larger group.

text: Jack organises his choir into a hunting party responsible for discovering a food source. Ralph, Jack, and a quiet, dreamy boy named Simon soon form a loose triumvirate of leaders with Ralph as the ultimate authority. Upon inspection of the island, the three determine that it has fruit and wild pigs for food. The boys also use Piggy's spectacles to create a fire. Though he is Ralph's only real confidant, Piggy is quickly made into an outcast by his fellow "biguns" (older boys) and becomes an unwilling source of laughs for the other children while being hated by Jack. Simon, in addition to supervising the project of constructing shelters, feels an instinctive need to protect the "littluns" (younger boys).

text: The semblance of order quickly deteriorates as the majority of the boys turn idle; they give little aid in building shelters, spend their time having fun and begin to develop paranoias about the island. The central paranoia refers to a supposed monster they call the "beast", which they all slowly begin to believe exists on the island. Ralph insists that no such beast exists, but Jack, who has started a power struggle with Ralph, gains a level of control over the group by boldly promising to kill the creature. At one point, Jack summons all of his hunters to hunt down a wild pig, drawing away those assigned to maintain the signal fire. A ship travels by the island, but without the boys' smoke signal to alert the ship's crew, the vessel continues without stopping. Ralph angrily confronts Jack about his failure to maintain the signal; in frustration Jack assaults Piggy, breaking his glasses. The boys subsequently enjoy their first feast. Angered by the failure of the boys to attract potential rescuers, Ralph considers relinquishing his position as leader, but is convinced not to do so by Piggy, who both understands Ralph's importance and deeply fears what will become of him should Jack take total control.

text: One night, an aerial battle occurs near the island while the boys sleep, during which a fighter pilot ejects from his plane and dies in the descent. His body drifts down to the island in his parachute; both get tangled in a tree near the top of the mountain. Later on, while Jack continues to scheme against Ralph, the twins Sam and Eric, now assigned to the maintenance of the signal fire, see the corpse of the fighter pilot and his parachute in the dark. Mistaking the corpse for the beast, they run to the cluster of shelters that Ralph and Simon have erected to warn the others. This unexpected meeting again raises tensions between Jack and Ralph. Shortly thereafter, Jack decides to lead a party to the other side of the island, where a mountain of stones, later called Castle Rock, forms a place where he claims the beast resides. Only Ralph and a quiet suspicious boy, Roger, Jack's closest supporter, agree to go; Ralph turns back shortly before the other two boys but eventually all three see the parachutist, whose head rises via the wind. They then flee, now believing the beast is truly real. When they arrive at the shelters, Jack calls an assembly and tries to turn the others against Ralph, asking them to remove Ralph from his position. Receiving no support, Jack storms off alone to form his own tribe. Roger immediately sneaks off to join Jack, and slowly an increasing number of older boys abandon Ralph to join Jack's tribe. Jack's tribe continues to lure recruits from the main group by promising feasts of cooked pig. The members begin to paint their faces and enact bizarre rites, including sacrifices to the beast. One night, Ralph and Piggy decide to go to one of Jack's feasts.

text: Simon, who faints frequently and is likely an epileptic,[6][7] has a secret hideaway where he goes to be alone. One day while he is there, Jack and his followers erect an offering to the beast nearby: a pig's head, mounted on a sharpened stick and soon swarming with scavenging flies. Simon conducts an imaginary dialogue with the head, which he dubs the "Lord of the Flies". The head mocks Simon's notion that the beast is a real entity, "something you could hunt and kill", and reveals the truth: they, the boys, are the beast; it is inside them all. The Lord of the Flies also warns Simon that he is in danger, because he represents the soul of man, and predicts that the others will kill him. Simon climbs the mountain alone and discovers that the "beast" is the dead parachutist. He rushes down to tell the other boys, who are engaged in a ritual dance. The frenzied boys mistake Simon for the beast, attack him, and beat him to death. Both Ralph and Piggy participate in the melee, and they become deeply disturbed by their actions after returning from Castle Rock.

text: Jack and his rebel band decide that the real symbol of power on the island is not the conch, but Piggy's glasses—the only means the boys have of starting a fire. They raid Ralph's camp, confiscate the glasses, and return to their abode on Castle Rock. Ralph, now deserted by most of his supporters, journeys to Castle Rock to confront Jack and secure the glasses. Taking the conch and accompanied only by Piggy, Sam, and Eric, Ralph finds the tribe and demands that they return the valuable object. Confirming their total rejection of Ralph's authority, the tribe capture and bind the twins under Jack's command. Ralph and Jack engage in a fight which neither wins before Piggy tries once more to address the tribe. Any sense of order or safety is permanently eroded when Roger, now sadistic, deliberately drops a boulder from his vantage point above, killing Piggy and shattering the conch. Ralph manages to escape, but Sam and Eric are tortured by Roger until they agree to join Jack's tribe.

text: Ralph secretly confronts Sam and Eric, who warn him that Jack and Roger hate him and that Roger has sharpened a stick at both ends, implying the tribe intends to hunt him like a pig and behead him. The following morning, Jack orders his tribe to begin a hunt for Ralph. Jack's savages set fire to the forest while Ralph desperately weighs his options for survival. Following a long chase, most of the island is consumed in flames. With the hunters closely behind him, Ralph trips and falls. He looks up at a uniformed adult—a British naval officer whose party has landed from a passing warship to investigate the fire. Ralph bursts into tears over the death of Piggy and the "end of innocence". Jack and the other children, filthy and unkempt, also revert to their true ages and erupt into sobs. The officer expresses his disappointment at seeing British boys exhibiting such feral, warlike behaviour before turning to stare awkwardly at his own warship.

text: Themes

text: At an allegorical level, the central theme is the conflicting human impulses toward civilization and social organization—living by rules, peacefully and in harmony—and toward the will to power. Themes include the tension between groupthink and individuality, between rational and emotional reactions, and between morality and immorality. How these play out, and how different people feel the influences of these form a major subtext of Lord of the Flies.[citation needed] The name "Lord of the Flies" is a literal translation of Beelzebub, from 2 Kings 1:2–3, 6, 16.

text: Reception

text: In February 1960 Floyd C. Gale of Galaxy Science Fiction rated Lord of the Flies five stars out of five, stating that "Golding paints a truly terrifying picture of the decay of a minuscule society ... Well on its way to becoming a modern classic".[8]

text:
Its stances on the already controversial subjects of human nature and individual welfare versus the common good earned it position 68 on the American Library Association's list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 1900–1999.[9]
It was awarded a place on both lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels, reaching number 41 on the editor's list, and 25 on the reader's list.
In 2003, the novel was listed at number 70 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[10]
In 2005 the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.[11]

tag: ul

text: In other media

text: Film

text: There have been three film adaptations based on the book:

text:
Lord of the Flies (1963), directed by Peter Brook
Alkitrang Dugo (1975), a Filipino film, directed by Lupita A. Concio
Lord of the Flies (1990), directed by Harry Hook

text: A fourth adaptation, to feature an all-female cast, was announced by Warner Bros. in August 2017. Scott McGehee and David Siegel are slated to write and direct.[12]

text: Stage

text: Nigel Williams adapted the text for the stage. It was debuted by the Royal Shakespeare Company in July 1996. The Pilot Theatre Company has toured it extensively in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.

text: In October 2014 it was announced that the 2011 production [13] of Lord of the Flies would return to conclude the 2015 season at the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre ahead of a major UK tour. The production is to be directed by the Artistic Director Timothy Sheader who won the 2014 Whatsonstage.com Awards Best Play Revival for To Kill A Mockingbird.

text: Radio

text: In June 2013, BBC Radio 4 Extra broadcast a dramatization by Judith Adams in four 30-minute episodes directed by Sasha Yevtushenko.[14] The cast included Ruth Wilson as "The Narrator", Finn Bennett as "Ralph", Richard Linnel as "Jack", Caspar Hilton-Hilley as "Piggy" and Jack Caine as "Simon".

text:
Fire on the Mountain
Painted Faces
Beast from the Air
Gift for Darkness

tag: ol

text: Influence

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015)

tag: table

text: Many writers have borrowed plot elements from Lord of the Flies. By the early 1960s, it was required reading in many schools and colleges.[15]

text: Film

text: Stephen King's fictional town of Castle Rock, inspired by the fictional mountain fort of the same name in Lord of the Flies, in turn inspired the name of Rob Reiner's production company, Castle Rock Entertainment, which produced the film Lord of the Flies (1990).[16]

text: Literature

text: Stephen King got the name Castle Rock from the fictional mountain fort of the same name in Lord of the Flies and used the name to refer to a fictional town that has appeared in a number of his novels.[17] The book itself appears prominently in his novels Hearts in Atlantis (1999), Misery (1987), and Cujo (1981).[18]

text: Stephen King wrote an introduction for a new edition of Lord of the Flies (2011) to mark the centenary of William Golding's birth in 2011.[16]

text: The novel Garden Lakes by Jaime Clarke is an homage to Lord of the Flies.

text: Music

text: The final song on U2's debut album Boy (1980) takes its title, "Shadows and Tall Trees", from Chapter 7 in the book.[19]

text: Iron Maiden wrote a song inspired by the book, included in their 1995 album The X Factor.[20]

text: Blues Traveler wrote a song called "Justify the Thrill", in which a small part of the lyrics are in reference to the book:[21]

text: "The pig's head on a stick does grin. As we teeter on the brink. He's singing you are all my children. My island's bigger than you think."

text: The Radiohead song "The Daily Mail" includes lyrics that make direct reference to the title of the novel.[22]


document_title: Orbital eccentricity

question_text: which two planets of our solar system have the most eccentric orbits

text: Orbital eccentricity

text: Definition[edit]

text: In a two-body problem with inverse-square-law force, every orbit is a Kepler orbit. The eccentricity of this Kepler orbit is a non-negative number that defines its shape.

text: The eccentricity may take the following values:

text:
circular orbit: e = 0
elliptic orbit: 0 < e < 1 (see ellipse)
parabolic trajectory: e = 1 (see parabola)
hyperbolic trajectory: e > 1 (see hyperbola)

text: The eccentricity e is given by

text: where E is the total orbital energy, L is the angular momentum, mred is the reduced mass, and α the coefficient of the inverse-square law central force such as gravity or electrostatics in classical physics:

text: or in the case of a gravitational force:

text: where ε is the specific orbital energy (total energy divided by the reduced mass), μ the standard gravitational parameter based on the total mass, and h the specific relative angular momentum (angular momentum divided by the reduced mass).

text: For values of e from 0 to 1 the orbit's shape is an increasingly elongated (or flatter) ellipse; for values of e from 1 to infinity the orbit is a hyperbola branch making a total turn of 2 arccsc e, decreasing from 180 to 0 degrees. The limit case between an ellipse and a hyperbola, when e equals 1, is parabola.

text: Radial trajectories are classified as elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic based on the energy of the orbit, not the eccentricity. Radial orbits have zero angular momentum and hence eccentricity equal to one. Keeping the energy constant and reducing the angular momentum, elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic orbits each tend to the corresponding type of radial trajectory while e tends to 1 (or in the parabolic case, remains 1).

text: For a repulsive force only the hyperbolic trajectory, including the radial version, is applicable.

text:
For elliptical orbits, a simple proof shows that arcsin(

e

{\displaystyle e}

) yields the projection angle of a perfect circle to an ellipse of eccentricity e. For example, to view the eccentricity of the planet Mercury (e = 0.2056), one must simply calculate the inverse sine to find the projection angle of 11.86 degrees. Next, tilt any circular object (such as a coffee mug viewed from the top) by that angle and the apparent ellipse projected to your eye will be of that same eccentricity.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: From Medieval Latin eccentricus, derived from Greek ἔκκεντρος ekkentros "out of the center", from ἐκ- ek-, "out of" + κέντρον kentron "center". Eccentric first appeared in English in 1551, with the definition "a circle in which the earth, sun. etc. deviates from its center." Five years later, in 1556, an adjective form of the word was added.

text: Calculation[edit]

text: The eccentricity of an orbit can be calculated from the orbital state vectors as the magnitude of the eccentricity vector:

text: where:

text: e is the eccentricity vector.

text: For elliptical orbits it can also be calculated from the periapsis and apoapsis since rp = a(1 − e) and ra = a(1 + e), where a is the semimajor axis.

text: where:

text:
ra is the radius at apoapsis (i.e., the farthest distance of the orbit to the center of mass of the system, which is a focus of the ellipse).
rp is the radius at periapsis (the closest distance).

text: The eccentricity of an elliptical orbit can also be used to obtain the ratio of the periapsis to the apoapsis:

text: For Earth, orbital eccentricity ≈ 0.0167, apoapsis= aphelion = apogee and periapsis= perihelion = perigee relative to sun.

text: For Earth's annual orbit path, ra/rp ratio = longest_radius / shortest_radius ≈ 1.034 relative to center point of path.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
Eccentricities of Solar System bodies

Object
eccentricity

Triton
0.00002

Venus
0.0068

Neptune
0.0086

Earth
0.0167

Titan
0.0288

Uranus
0.0472

Jupiter
0.0484

Saturn
0.0541

Moon
0.0549

1 Ceres
0.0758

4 Vesta
0.0887

Mars
0.0934

10 Hygiea
0.1146

Makemake
0.1559

Haumea
0.1887

Mercury
0.2056

2 Pallas
0.2313

Pluto
0.2488

3 Juno
0.2555

324 Bamberga
0.3400

Eris
0.4407

Nereid
0.7507

Sedna
0.8549

Halley's Comet
0.9671

Comet Hale-Bopp
0.9951

Comet Ikeya-Seki
0.9999

text: The eccentricity of the Earth's orbit is currently about 0.0167; the Earth's orbit is nearly circular. Venus and Neptune have even lower eccentricities. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit varies from nearly 0.0034 to almost 0.058 as a result of gravitational attractions among the planets (see graph).[1]

text: The table lists the values for all planets and dwarf planets, and selected asteroid, comets and moons. Mercury has the greatest orbital eccentricity of any planet in the Solar System (e = 0.2056). Such eccentricity is sufficient for Mercury to receive twice as much solar irradiation at perihelion compared to aphelion. Before its demotion from planet status in 2006, Pluto was considered to be the planet with the most eccentric orbit (e = 0.248). Other Trans-Neptunian objects have significant eccentricity, notably the dwarf planet Eris (0.44). Even further out, Sedna, has an extremely high eccentricity of 6999855000000000000♠0.855 due to its estimated aphelion of 937 AU and perihelion of about 76 AU.

text: Most of the Solar System's asteroids have orbital eccentricities between 0 and 0.35 with an average value of 0.17.[2] Their comparatively high eccentricities are probably due to the influence of Jupiter and to past collisions.

text: The Moon's value is 0.0549, the most eccentric of the large moons of the Solar System. The four Galilean moons have eccentricity < 0.01. Neptune's largest moon Triton has an eccentricity of 6995160000000000000♠1.6×10−5 (6995160000000000000♠0.000016),[3] the smallest eccentricity of any known body in the Solar System;[citation needed] its orbit is as close to a perfect circle as can be currently[when?] measured. However, smaller moons, particularly irregular moons, can have significant eccentricity, such as Neptune's third largest moon Nereid (0.75).

text: Comets have very different values of eccentricity. Periodic comets have eccentricities mostly between 0.2 and 0.7,[4] but some of them have highly eccentric elliptical orbits with eccentricities just below 1, for example, Halley's Comet has a value of 0.967. Non-periodic comets follow near-parabolic orbits and thus have eccentricities even closer to 1. Examples include Comet Hale–Bopp with a value of 0.995[5] and comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught) with a value of 7000100001900000000♠1.000019.[6] As Hale–Bopp's value is less than 1, its orbit is elliptical and it will in fact return.[5] Comet McNaught has a hyperbolic orbit while within the influence of the planets, but is still bound to the Sun with an orbital period of about 105 years.[7] As of a 2010 Epoch, Comet C/1980 E1 has the largest eccentricity of any known hyperbolic comet with an eccentricity of 1.057,[8] and will leave the Solar System indefinitely.

text: Mean eccentricity[edit]

text: The mean eccentricity of an object is the average eccentricity as a result of perturbations over a given time period. Neptune currently has an instant (current Epoch) eccentricity of 0.0113,[9] but from 1800 to 2050 has a mean eccentricity of 6997859000000000000♠0.00859.[10]

text: Climatic effect[edit]

text: Orbital mechanics require that the duration of the seasons be proportional to the area of the Earth's orbit swept between the solstices and equinoxes, so when the orbital eccentricity is extreme, the seasons that occur on the far side of the orbit (aphelion) can be substantially longer in duration. Today, northern hemisphere fall and winter occur at closest approach (perihelion), when the earth is moving at its maximum velocity—while the opposite occurs in the southern hemisphere. As a result, in the northern hemisphere, fall and winter are slightly shorter than spring and summer—but in global terms this is balanced with them being longer below the equator. In 2006, the northern hemisphere summer was 4.66 days longer than winter, and spring was 2.9 days longer than fall due to the Milankovitch cycles.[11][12]

text: Apsidal precession also slowly changes the place in the Earth's orbit where the solstices and equinoxes occur. Note that this is a slow change in the orbit of the Earth, not the axis of rotation, which is referred to as axial precession (see Precession § Astronomy). Over the next 10,000 years, the northern hemisphere winters will become gradually longer and summers will become shorter. However, any cooling effect in one hemisphere is balanced by warming in the other, and any overall change will be counteracted by the fact that the eccentricity of Earth's orbit will be almost halved.[13] This will reduce the mean orbital radius and raise temperatures in both hemispheres closer to the mid-interglacial peak.

text: Exoplanets[edit]

text: Of the many exoplanets discovered, most exoplanets have a higher orbital eccentricity than our solar system. Exoplanets found with low orbital eccentricity, near circular orbits, are very close to its star and are tidally locked to the star. All eight planets in the Solar System have near-circular orbits. The exoplanets discovered show that the solar system, with its unusually low eccentricity, is rare and unique.[14] One theory attributes this low eccentricity to the high number of planets in the Solar System; another suggests it arose because of its unique asteroid belts. A few other multiplanetary systems have been found, but none resemble the Solar System. The Solar System has unique planetesimal systems, which led the planets to have near-circular orbits. Solar planetesimal systems include the asteroid belt, Hilda family, Kuiper belt, Hills cloud, and the Oort cloud. The exoplanet systems discovered have either no planetesimal systems or one very large planetesimal system. Low eccentricity is needed for habitability, especially advanced life.[15] High multiplicity planet systems are much more likely to have habitable exoplanets.[16][17] The grand tack hypothesis of the Solar System also helps understand its near-circular orbits and other unique features.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] [26]


document_title: Country Music Association Awards

question_text: who won cma male vocalist of the year

question_tokens: who won cma male vocalist of the year

text: Country Music Association Awards

text: History[edit]

text: The first CMA awards were presented at an untelevised ceremony at the Nashville Municipal Auditorium in 1967; the Entertainer of the Year award that night went to Eddy Arnold. The second annual CMA awards were presented in October 1968; NBC taped the ceremony and televised it a few weeks later. Since then, the awards have been televised live, usually in October or November, by NBC from 1969 through 1971, by CBS from 1972 through 2005, and by ABC beginning in 2006. Starting in 1968 they were held at Nashville's Grand Ole Opry (initially at Ryman Auditorium, and from 1974 through 2004 at the new Grand Ole Opry House).

text: In 2005, the awards show was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Since 2006, they have been held at Nashville's Bridgestone Arena.[3]

text: The awards are generally held on the first Wednesday in November, but the 2017 ceremony was held on November 8 (the second Wednesday), rescheduled to avoid a potential conflict with game seven of the 2017 World Series, a game that turned out to be inevitable (as it was with the previous Series).

text: Eligibility and voting[edit]

text: Albums and songs released between July 1 of the previous calendar year and June 30 of the award show's year are eligible for consideration.[4] More than 7,300 individuals from the Country Music Association trade group vote for the nominees and winners through three rounds of balloting.[4]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Annual awards are given in the following twelve categories: Entertainer, Male Vocalist, Female Vocalist, New Artist (previously known as the Horizon Award until 2008), Vocal Group, Vocal Duo (introduced in 1970), Single, Album, Song, Musical Event (split off from the Vocal Duo award in 1988 as Vocal Event), Music Video (introduced in 1985), and Musician.[1] The distinction between the Duo and Event awards is that the former is presented to two artists who normally perform together, while the latter was specifically created to honor one-off collaborations. Nine awards are also given to radio broadcasters for Station of the Year and Personality of the Year (divided into four categories each, based on market size), as well as National Personality of the Year to the host of a nationally syndicated show.[1] Since 2012, the ceremony features a Lifetime Achievement Award.[5]

text: Major awards[edit]

text:
Year
Entertainer of the Year
Male Vocalist of the Year
Female Vocalist of the Year
New Artist of the Year
Song of the Year
Album of the Year

Horizon Award

2017
Garth Brooks
Chris Stapleton
Miranda Lambert
Jon Pardi
Taylor Swift – "Better Man"
From A Room: Volume 1

2016
Carrie Underwood
Maren Morris
Lori McKenna – "Humble and Kind"
Mr. Misunderstood

2015
Luke Bryan
Miranda Lambert
Chris Stapleton
Liz Rose, Lori McKenna and Hillary Lindsey – "Girl Crush"
Traveller

2014
Blake Shelton
Brett Eldredge
Kacey Musgraves, Shane McAnally, Brandy Clark – "Follow Your Arrow"
Platinum

2013
George Strait
Kacey Musgraves
Jessi Alexander, Connie Harrington, Jimmy Yeary – "I Drive Your Truck"
Based on a True Story...

2012
Blake Shelton
Hunter Hayes
Miranda Lambert, Blake Shelton – "Over You"
Chief

2011
Taylor Swift
The Band Perry
Kimberly Perry – "If I Die Young"
My Kinda Party

2010
Brad Paisley
Zac Brown Band
Tom Douglas, Allen Shamblin – "The House That Built Me"
Revolution

2009
Taylor Swift
Brad Paisley
Taylor Swift
Darius Rucker
Jamey Johnson, Lee Thomas Miller, James Otto – "In Color"
Fearless

2008
Kenny Chesney
Carrie Underwood
Lady Antebellum
Jennifer Nettles – "Stay"
Troubadour

2007
Taylor Swift
Bill Anderson, Jamey Johnson, Buddy Cannon – "Give It Away"
It Just Comes Natural

2006
Keith Urban
Carrie Underwood
Craig Wiseman, Ronnie Dunn – "Believe"
Time Well Wasted

2005
Keith Urban
Gretchen Wilson
Dierks Bentley
Bill Anderson, Jon Randall – "Whiskey Lullaby"
There's More Where That Came From

2004
Kenny Chesney
Martina McBride
Gretchen Wilson
Craig Wiseman, Tim Nichols – "Live Like You Were Dying"
When the Sun Goes Down

2003
Alan Jackson
Alan Jackson
Joe Nichols
Doug Johnson, Kim Williams – "Three Wooden Crosses"
The Man Comes Around

2002
Rascal Flatts
Alan Jackson – "Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)"
Drive

2001
Tim McGraw
Toby Keith
Lee Ann Womack
Keith Urban
Larry Cordle, Larry Shell – "Murder on Music Row"
O Brother, Where Art Thou?

2000
Dixie Chicks
Tim McGraw
Faith Hill
Brad Paisley
Mark D. Sanders, Tia Sillers – "I Hope You Dance"
Fly

1999
Shania Twain
Martina McBride
Jo Dee Messina
Beth Neilsen Chapman, Annie Roboff, Rob Lerner – "This Kiss"
A Place in the Sun

1998
Garth Brooks
George Strait
Trisha Yearwood
Dixie Chicks
Steve Wariner, Billy Kirsch – "Holes in the Floor of Heaven"
Everywhere

1997
LeAnn Rimes
Matraca Berg, Gary Harrison – "Strawberry Wine"
Carrying Your Love with Me

1996
Brooks & Dunn
Patty Loveless
Bryan White
Vince Gill – "Go Rest High on That Mountain"
Blue Clear Sky

1995
Alan Jackson
Vince Gill
Alison Krauss
Alison Krauss
Gretchen Peters – "Independence Day"
When Fallen Angels Fly

1994
Vince Gill
Pam Tillis
John Michael Montgomery
Alan Jackson, Jim McBride – "Chattahoochee"
Common Thread

1993
Mary Chapin Carpenter
Mark Chesnutt
John Barlow Jarvis, Vince Gill – "I Still Believe in You"
I Still Believe in You

1992
Garth Brooks
Suzy Bogguss
Max D. Barnes, Vince Gill – "Look at Us"
Ropin' the Wind

1991
Tanya Tucker
Travis Tritt
Tim DuBois, Vince Gill – "When I Call Your Name"
No Fences

1990
George Strait
Clint Black
Kathy Mattea
Garth Brooks
Don Henry, Jon Vezner – "Where've You Been"
Pickin' on Nashville

1989
Ricky Van Shelton
Clint Black
Max D. Barnes, Vern Gosdin – "Chiseled in Stone"
Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume II

1988
Hank Williams, Jr.
Randy Travis
K. T. Oslin
Ricky Van Shelton
K. T. Oslin – "80's Ladies"
Born to Boogie

1987
Reba McEntire
Holly Dunn
Paul Overstreet, Don Schlitz – "Forever and Ever, Amen"
Always & Forever

1986
Reba McEntire
George Strait
Randy Travis
Paul Overstreet, Don Schlitz – "On the Other Hand"
Lost in the Fifties Tonight

1985
Ricky Skaggs
Sawyer Brown
Lee Greenwood – "God Bless the USA"
Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind

1984
Alabama
Lee Greenwood
The Judds
Larry Henley, Jeff Silbar – "Wind Beneath My Wings"
A Little Good News

1983
Janie Fricke
John Anderson
Wayne Carson Thompson, Johnny Christopher, Mark James – "Always on My Mind"
The Closer You Get...

1982
Ricky Skaggs
Ricky Skaggs
Always on My Mind

1981
Barbara Mandrell
George Jones
Barbara Mandrell
Terri Gibbs
Bobby Braddock, Curly Putman – "He Stopped Loving Her Today"
I Believe in You

1980
Emmylou Harris
No award presented
Coal Miner's Daughter Soundtrack

1979
Willie Nelson
Kenny Rogers
Barbara Mandrell
Don Schlitz – "The Gambler"
The Gambler

1978
Dolly Parton
Don Williams
Crystal Gayle
Richard Leigh – "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue"
It Was Almost Like a Song

1977
Ronnie Milsap
Ronnie Milsap
Roger Bowling, Hal Bynum – "Lucille"
Ronnie Milsap: Live

1976
Mel Tillis
Dolly Parton
Larry Weiss – "Rhinestone Cowboy"
Wanted! The Outlaws

1975
John Denver
Waylon Jennings
John Denver – "Back Home Again"
A Legend in My Time

1974
Charlie Rich
Ronnie Milsap
Olivia Newton-John
Don Wayne – "Country Bumpkin"
A Very Special Love Song

1973
Roy Clark
Charlie Rich
Loretta Lynn
Kenny O'Dell – "Behind Closed Doors"
Behind Closed Doors

1972
Loretta Lynn
Charley Pride
Freddie Hart – "Easy Loving"
Let Me Tell You About a Song

1971
Charley Pride
Lynn Anderson
I Won't Mention It Again

1970
Merle Haggard
Merle Haggard
Tammy Wynette
Kris Kristofferson – "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down"
Okie from Muskogee

1969
Johnny Cash
Johnny Cash
Bob Ferguson – "The Carroll County Accident"
Johnny Cash at San Quentin

1968
Glen Campbell
Glen Campbell
Bobby Russell – "Honey"
Johnny Cash At Folsom Prison

1967
Eddy Arnold
Jack Greene
Loretta Lynn
Dallas Frazier – "There Goes My Everything"
There Goes My Everything

text: CMA Awards hosts[edit]

text: Brad Paisley and Carrie Underwood have co-hosted the ceremonies together since 2008. Vince Gill has been the longest consecutive host from 1992 to 2003, co-hosting with Reba McEntire in 1992 and Clint Black in 1993. The first ceremony in 1967 was co-hosted by Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry, but that ceremony was not televised.


document_title: Phrases from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

question_text: the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy meaning of life

question_tokens: the hitchhiker 's guide to the galaxy meaning of life

text: Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything (42)[edit]

text: In the radio series and the first novel, a group of hyper-intelligent pan-dimensional beings demand to learn the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, The Universe, and Everything from the supercomputer, Deep Thought, specially built for this purpose. It takes Deep Thought 7½ million years to compute and check the answer, which turns out to be 42. Deep Thought points out that the answer seems meaningless because the beings who instructed it never actually knew what the Question was.[1]

text: When asked to produce The Ultimate Question, Deep Thought says that it cannot; however, it can help to design an even more powerful computer that can. This new computer will incorporate living beings into the "computational matrix" and will run for ten million years. It is revealed as being the planet Earth, with its pan-dimensional creators assuming the form of white lab mice to observe its running. The process is hindered after eight million years by the unexpected arrival on Earth of the Golgafrinchans and is then ruined completely, five minutes prior to completion, when the Earth is destroyed by the Vogons to make way for a new Hyperspace Bypass. In The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, this is revealed to have been a ruse: the Vogons had been hired to destroy the Earth by a consortium of psychiatrists, led by Gag Halfrunt, who feared for the loss of their careers when the ultimate question became known.[2]

text: Lacking a real question, the mice decide not to go through the whole thing again and settle for the out-of-thin-air suggestion "How many roads must a man walk down?" from Bob Dylan's song "Blowin' in the Wind".

text: At the end of the radio series, the television series and the novel The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, Arthur Dent, having escaped the Earth's destruction, potentially has some of the computational matrix in his brain. He attempts to discover The Ultimate Question by extracting it from his brainwave patterns, as abusively[3] suggested by Ford Prefect, when a Scrabble-playing caveman spells out forty two. Arthur pulls random letters from a bag, but only gets the sentence "What do you get if you multiply six by nine?"

text: "Six by nine. Forty two."

text: "That's it. That's all there is."

text: "I always thought something was fundamentally wrong with the universe"[2]

text: Six times nine is, of course, fifty-four. The answer is deliberately wrong. The program on the "Earth computer" should have run correctly, but the unexpected arrival of the Golgafrinchans on prehistoric Earth caused input errors into the system—computing (because of the garbage in, garbage out rule) the wrong question—the question in Arthur's subconscious being invalid all along.[2]

text: Quoting Fit the Seventh of the radio series, on Christmas Eve, 1978:

text: Narrator: There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable.

text: There is another theory mentioned, which states that this has already happened.[4]

text: Some readers who were trying to find a deeper meaning in the passage soon noticed that 613 × 913 is actually 4213 (as (4 × 13) + 2 = 54, i.e. 54 in decimal is equal to 42 expressed in base 13).[4]:128 When confronted with this, the author claimed that it was a mere coincidence, stating that "I may be a sorry case, but I don't write jokes in base 13."[5]

text: In Life, the Universe and Everything, Prak, a man who knows all that is true, confirms that 42 is indeed The Answer, and confirms that it is impossible for both The Answer and The Question to be known in the same universe as they will cancel each other out and take the Universe with them—to be replaced by something even more bizarre (as described in the first theory) and that it may have already happened (as described in the second).[6] Though the question is never found, 42 is the table number at which Arthur and his friends sit when they arrive at Milliways at the end of the radio series. Likewise, Mostly Harmless ends when Arthur stops at a street address identified by his cry of, "There, number 42!" and enters the club Beta, owned by Stavro Mueller (Stavromula Beta). Shortly after, the Earth is destroyed in all existing incarnations.

text: The number 42[edit]

text: Douglas Adams was asked many times why he chose the number 42. Many theories were proposed, including that 42 is 101010 in binary code, that light refracts through a water surface by 42 degrees to create a rainbow, that light requires 10−42 seconds to cross the diameter of a proton.[7] Adams rejected them all. On 3 November 1993, he gave this answer[8] on alt.fan.douglas-adams:

text: The answer to this is very simple. It was a joke. It had to be a number, an ordinary, smallish number, and I chose that one. Binary representations, base thirteen, Tibetan monks are all complete nonsense. I sat at my desk, stared into the garden and thought '42 will do' I typed it out. End of story.

text: Adams described his choice as 'a completely ordinary number, a number not just divisible by two but also six and seven. In fact it's the sort of number that you could without any fear introduce to your parents.'[4]

text: While 42 was a number with no hidden meaning, Adams explained in more detail in an interview with Iain Johnstone of BBC Radio 4 (recorded in 1998 though never broadcast)[9] to celebrate the first radio broadcast's 20th anniversary. Having decided it should be a number, he tried to think what an "ordinary number" should be. He ruled out non-integers, then he remembered having worked as a "prop-borrower" for John Cleese on his Video Arts training videos. Cleese needed a funny number for the punchline to a sketch involving a bank teller (himself) and a customer (Tim Brooke-Taylor). Adams believed that the number that Cleese came up with was 42 and he decided to use it.[10]

text: Adams had also written a sketch for The Burkiss Way called "42 Logical Positivism Avenue", broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 12 January 1977[11] – 14 months before the Hitchhiker's Guide first broadcast "42" in Fit the Fourth, 29 March 1978.[4]

text:
Burkiss Way, "Logical Positivism" sketch excerpt

An excerpt from Douglas Adams' The Burkiss Way sketch, "Logical Positivism" excerpt

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: In January 2000, in response to a panelist's "Where does the number 42 come from?" on the radio show "Book Club", Adams explained that he was "on his way to work one morning, whilst still writing the scene, and was thinking about what the actual answer should be. He eventually decided that it should be something that made no sense whatsoever – a number, and a mundane one at that. And that is how he arrived at the number 42, completely at random."

text: Stephen Fry, a friend of Adams, claims that Adams told him "exactly why 42", and that the reason is "fascinating, extraordinary and, when you think hard about it, completely obvious."[12] However, Fry says that he has vowed not to tell anyone the secret, and that it must go with him to the grave. John Lloyd, Adams' collaborator on The Meaning of Liff and two Hitchhiker's fits, said that Adams has called 42 "the funniest of the two-digit numbers."[13]

text: The number 42 appears frequently in the work of Lewis Carroll, and some critics have suggested that this was an influence. They note, in particular, that Alice's attempt at her times tables (chapter two of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) breaks down at 4 x 13 answered in base 42,[14][15] which virtually reverses the failure of 'the Question' ("What do you get if you multiply six by nine?"), in that the latter would equal "42" if calculated in base 13. They find further evidence of Carroll's influence in the fact that Adams entitled the episodes of the original radio series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy "fits", the word Carroll used to name the chapters of The Hunting of the Snark.

text: There is the persistent tale that 42 is Adams' tribute to the indefatigable paperback book, and is the average number of lines on an average page of an average paperback.[16] Another common guess is that 42 refers to the number of laws in cricket, a recurring theme of the books.[17]

text: The number 42 also happens to be the ASCII code for the asterisk '*' which is a wildcard character indicating any number of characters or even an empty string in programming. This could be interpreted as the answer 'anything you want it to be'. [18]

text: 42 Puzzle[edit]

text: The 42 Puzzle is a game devised by Douglas Adams in 1994 for the United States series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books. The puzzle is an illustration consisting of 42 multi-coloured balls, in 7 columns and 6 rows. Douglas Adams has said,

text: Everybody was looking for hidden meanings and puzzles and significances in what I had written (like 'is it significant that 6×9 = 42 in base 13?' As if.) So I thought that just for a change I would actually construct a puzzle and see how many people solved it. Of course, nobody paid it any attention. I think that's terribly significant.[19]

text: In the puzzle the question is unknown, but the answer is already known to be 42. This is similar to the book where the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" is known but not the question. The puzzle first appeared in The Illustrated Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. It was later incorporated into the covers of all five reprinted "Hitchhiker's" novels in the United States.

text: Adams has described the puzzle as depicting the number 42 in ten different ways. Six possible questions are:[20]

text:
(1) How many spheres are in the diagram? (six rows of seven is 42)
(2) What position in the grid does the Earth occupy? (42)

(3) The barcode on one of the spheres is the number 42 as an Interleaved 2 of 5 barcode

(4) Considering red-hued spheres (red, purple, orange, black) as a '1' and those without as a '0', what number does each line represent in decimal form? (In binary, each line reads '0101010', or '42' in decimal form.)
(5) What number do the blue-tinted spheres (blue, green, purple, black) spell out? (Similar to a colour blindness test.) (42)
(6) What number is represented by Roman numerals spelled out by the yellow-tinted spheres (yellow, orange, green, black) in the first three rows? (XLII = 42)

text: On the Internet and in software[edit]

text: The number 42 and the phrase, "Life, the universe, and everything" have attained cult status on the Internet. "Life, the universe, and everything" is a common name for the off-topic section of an Internet forum and the phrase is invoked in similar ways to mean "anything at all". Many chatbots, when asked about the meaning of life, will answer "42". Several online calculators are also programmed with the Question. Google Calculator will give the result to the answer to life the universe and everything as 42, as will Wolfram's Computational Knowledge Engine.[21] Similarly, DuckDuckGo also gives the result of the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe and everything as 42.[22] In the online community Second Life, there is a section on a sim called "42nd Life." It is devoted to this concept in the book series, and several attempts at recreating Milliways, the Restaurant at the End of the Universe, were made.

text: In OpenOffice.org software (prior to version 3.4) if =ANTWORT("Das Leben, das Universum und der ganze Rest") (German for =ANSWER("life, the universe and everything")) is typed into any cell of a spreadsheet, the result is 42.[23]

text: ISO/IEC 14519-2001/ IEEE Std 1003.5-1999, IEEE Standard for Information Technology – POSIX(R) Ada Language Interfaces – Part 1: Binding for System Application Program Interface (API) , uses the number 42 as the required return value from a process that terminates due to an unhandled exception. The Rationale says "the choice of the value 42 is arbitrary" and cites the Adams book as the source of the value.

text: The random seed chosen to procedurally create the whole universe of the online multi-player computer game EVE Online was chosen as 42 by its lead game designer in 2002.[24]

text: In the computer game Gothic "42" is a code that deactivates all activated cheats. After typing "42" in a right place, text "What was the question?" appears.

text: The OpenSUSE team decided the next version will be based on SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop and named "Leap 42". The number 42 was chosen as a reference to the answer to life, the universe and everything.[25]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The Allen Telescope Array, a radio telescope used by SETI, has 42 dishes in homage to the Answer.[26]

text: In the American TV show Lost, 42 is the last of the mysterious numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42. In an interview with Lostpedia, producer David Fury confirmed this was a reference to Hitchhiker's.[27]

text: The British TV show The Kumars at No. 42 is so named because show creator Sanjeev Bhaskar is a Hitchhiker's fan.[28]

text: The band Coldplay's album Viva la Vida includes a song called "42". When asked by Q magazine if the song's title was Hitchhiker's-related, Chris Martin said, "It is and it isn't."[29]

text: The band Level 42 chose its name in reference to the book.[30]

text: The episode "42" of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who was named in reference to the Answer. Writer Chris Chibnall acknowledged that "it's a playful title".[31]

text: Ken Jennings, defeated along with Brad Rutter in a Jeopardy! match against IBM's Watson, writes that Watson's avatar which appeared on-screen for those games showed 42 "threads of thought," shown as colorful lines spinning around Watson's logo, and that the number was chosen in reference to this meme.[32]

text: The Hitchhiker knitting pattern, designed by Martina Behm, is a scarf with 42 teeth.[33]

text: In The Flash, Season 4, Episode 1, Cisco in trying to decipher what Barry is writing explicitly says that what Barry says might solve answer to the Life, the Universe and Everything, which Caitlin suggests is 42. [34]

text: In The X-Files, Fox Mulder lives in apartment 42. This has been acknowledged by the show's creator, Chris Carter, as a reference to Hitchhikers[35]

text: Don't Panic[edit]

text: In the series, Don't Panic is a phrase on the cover of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[1] The novel explains that this was partly because the device "looked insanely complicated" to operate, and partly to keep intergalactic travellers from panicking.[36] "It is said that despite its many glaring (and occasionally fatal) inaccuracies, the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy itself has outsold the Encyclopedia Galactica because it is slightly cheaper, and because it has the words 'DON'T PANIC' in large, friendly letters on the cover."[1]

text: Arthur C. Clarke said Douglas Adams' use of "don't panic" was perhaps the best advice that could be given to humanity.[37]

text: Knowing where one's towel is[edit]

text: Somebody who can stay in control of virtually any situation is somebody who is said to know where his or her towel is. The logic behind this statement is presented in chapter 3 of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy thus:

text: ... a towel has immense psychological value. For some reason, if a strag (strag: nonhitchhiker) discovers that a hitchhiker has his towel with him, he will automatically assume that he is also in possession of a toothbrush, washcloth, soap, tin of biscuits, flask, compass, map, ball of string, gnat spray, wet-weather gear, space suit etc., etc. Furthermore, the strag will then happily lend the hitchhiker any of these or a dozen other items that the hitchhiker might accidentally have "lost". What the strag will think is that any man who can hitch the length and breadth of the galaxy, rough it, slum it, struggle against terrible odds, win through, and still knows where his towel is, is clearly a man to be reckoned with.

text: Adams got the idea for this phrase when he went travelling and found that his beach towel kept disappearing. In 'The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy -The Radio Scripts', his friends describe how he would always "mislay" his towel. On Towel Day, fans commemorate Adams by carrying towels with them.

text: Mostly Harmless[edit]

text: The only entry about Earth in the Guide used to be "Harmless", but Ford Prefect managed to change it a little before getting stuck on Earth. "Mostly Harmless" provoked a very upset reaction from Arthur when heard. (Those two words are not what Ford submitted as a result of his research—merely all that was left after his editors were done with it.) It is the title of the fifth book in the Hitchhiker series. Its popularity is such that it has become the definition of Earth in many standard works of sci-fi reference, like The Star Trek Encyclopedia. Additionally, "Harmless" and "Mostly Harmless" both feature as ranks in the computer game Elite. Also, in World of Warcraft, there is a rifle that fires (mostly) harmless pellets.[38] In the MMORPG RuneScape, there is an island called Mos Le Harmless (Mostly Harmless). Low-scoring players in the multiplayer version of the game Perfect Dark and GoldenEye 007 are awarded with the designation "mostly harmless". In the 2008 edition of the board game Cosmic Encounter, the Human race is given the attribute "Mostly Harmless". In the game Kerbal space program, there is an atomic rocket motor with the description "mostly harmless".

text: Not entirely unlike[edit]

text: In the novel The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, Arthur Dent tries to get a Nutrimatic drinks dispenser to produce a cup of tea. Instead, it invariably produces a concoction (which most people found unpleasant) that is "almost, but not quite, entirely unlike tea". One of the primary goals of the player, as Arthur Dent, in the computer game The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, is to thwart the machine and find some decent tea, a mission that the player is constantly reminded of by the inventory item "no tea". According to the Jargon File, the briefer "not entirely unlike" has entered hacker jargon.[39]

text: Share and Enjoy[edit]

text: "Share and Enjoy" is the slogan of the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation Complaints Division. In the radio version, this phrase had its own song (sung in Fit the Ninth of the radio series), which was sung by a choir of robots during "special occasions". The Sirius Cybernetics Corporation tends to produce inherently faulty goods, which renders the statement ironic since few people would want to "Share and Enjoy" something that was defective. Among the design flaws is the choir of robots that perform this song: they sing a tritone out of tune with the accompaniment. The Guide relates that the words "Share and Enjoy" were displayed in illuminated letters three miles high near the Sirius Cybernetics Complaints Division, until their weight caused them to collapse through the underground offices of many young executives. The upper half of the sign that now protrudes translates in the local tongue as "Go stick your head in a pig", and is lit up only for special celebrations.

text: The episode Fit the Twentieth of the radio series features a personal computer OS booting sound (à la The Microsoft Sound) set to the tune of "Share and Enjoy". Furthermore, Fit the Twenty-First of the radio series, the last episode in the adaptation of the novel So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish, features a polyphonic ringtone version of the tune. The "Share and Enjoy" tune also is used in the TV series as the backing for a Sirius Cybernetics Corporation robot commercial (slogan: "Your plastic pal who's fun to be with!").

text: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish[edit]

text: After mice, the second most intelligent species on Earth were the dolphins.

text: The dolphins had long known of the impending demolition of Earth and had made many attempts to alert mankind to the danger...The last ever dolphins message was misinterpreted as a surprisingly sophisticated attempt to do a double backward somersault through a hoop whilst whistling "The Star-Spangled Banner," but in fact the message was this: "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish."

text: The line was also the title of the fourth book in the trilogy, and appears in that book as a message inscribed on crystal bowls left as parting gifts from the dolphins to the human race. Its popularity was such that it was the title of the opening song for the 2005 movie The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.

text: The phrase was spoofed for the NOFX album So Long, and Thanks for All the Shoes.[citation needed]

text: The phrase was also spoofed for the All Time Low track "So Long, and Thanks for All the Booze", from the appropriately-titled album Don't Panic.[citation needed]

text: When the air traffic control unit at Perth Airport (ICAO code: EGPT) in Scotland was closed following a downturn in commercial pilot training, for which the airport was best known, the final NOTAM (notice to airmen) issued by the unit via the AFTN stated, "This is Perth ATC signing off. So long and thanks for all the fish."[citation needed]