document_title: List of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air characters

question_text: who played frank in fresh prince of bel air

question_tokens: who played frank in fresh prince of bel air

text: List of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air characters

text: The Banks family and friends[edit]

text: Will Smith[edit]

text:
Nickname by Geoffrey: "Master William"
Nickname by Jazz and others friends: "Prince" or "Will-man"

text: Born on July 3, 1973.

text: Philip Banks[edit]

text:
Nickname by Will: "Uncle Phil"
Nickname by Parents: "Zeeke"
Nickname by Carlton: "Big Guy"
Nickname by Geoffrey: "Mister Banks"
Nickname by Ashley and Hilary: "Daddy"
Nickname by Vivian: "Philip"
Nickname by Ernest: "Moose"

text: Philip Banks (played by James Avery) was born on January 30, 1945 in North Carolina. Philip was raised on a farm in Yamacraw, North Carolina, where he was referred to by his parents, Hattie and Joe Banks, as "Zeke". At age 16 he moved to Baltimore.

text: In the 1960s, he became an activist for the civil rights movement. He was present at the riots in Selma in 1965 and Watts Riots, and, in the pilot episode, he also mentions he heard Malcolm X speak, and that he had read every word that he wrote. In 1963, he was awarded a scholarship to study at Princeton University, after which he went to Harvard Law School. In 1975, Philip was put on the board of the NAACP and was later awarded the Urban Spirit Award for his work in promoting civil rights. He is a conservative but runs as a Democrat against his old mentor Carl Robertson in the elections. At first glance, Will had come to Bel Air with an attitude that because he came from West Philadelphia that he was hardened against anything and was dismissive of Phil and his family as too soft, until he is sternly rebuked by Phil, who reveals his past in seeing the turmoil that happened before Will was born and that it has been his hard work that has earned him a manor in Bel-Air. Philip was also shown to have admired Ronald Reagan, namely because during the series run Reagan had retired from the presidency and moved into the same neighborhood as Philip's. Reagan was said to have declined party invitations until he appears at a traditional Christmas party of the Banks; ironically shown to be a friend of Hilary's.

text: At the beginning of the series, Philip is a senior partner with the firm of Firth, Wynn and Meyer (which Will humorously compares to Earth, Wind & Fire in the pilot episode). In the third season, he is appointed to the judiciary; he becomes a judge after his ex-mentor, Judge Carl Robertson, who beat Philip by a landslide in the elections, dies suddenly, and the governor appoints Philip to the position. Philip later considers making a deeper foray into politics, but decides against it when his wife disapproves. In the episode "To Thine Own Self Be Blue...And Gold," it is revealed that Phil is a member of the fictional fraternity Pi Nu. After meeting and dating his future wife Vivian, he proposed to her while on live television during an episode of Soul Train. He claims to have been a lifelong fan of classical music in the episode "Bang the Drum, Ashley", though Vivian rebuffs that "When we met, you were into James Brown!", which Philip rebuts by stating it is possible to like both classical music and James Brown.

text: Philip is a somewhat strict and gruff, but he does have a softer side, as he is a loving and caring family man, as well as being an upstanding citizen. Nonetheless, his anger can get him into trouble at times, especially when he feels his image is being besmirched. Additionally, Philip can be financially greedy; he pays his butler Geoffrey a salary so low that Geoffrey quits after Philip gives him a mediocre additional annual raise, and only returns when Philip apologizes for taking him for granted and agrees to increase his salary, benefits and to hire more help during formal functions. In the series finale, when Geoffrey retires, Phil rewards him with both a large cash bonus and an expensive first class plane ticket to London, England. Similarly, while he always spoils Hilary, Philip refuses to increase the allowances of his children, although in later seasons he begins to tire of spending his hard-earned money on spoiling Hilary and becomes more gruff with Hilary to pay her own way in the world. A recurring gag is about Philip's children being afraid of his punishments because, while his anger is understandable, he can be incredibly sadistic and sociopathic in his punishments. For example, in season three's "The Best Laid Plans", in which Will tries to trick a girl he is dating (who does not believe in premarital sex) into marrying him in order to go all the way with her, Philip became severely disappointed and upset, and promises to impose the cruelest punishment that he could find (which he manages to do three years after the incident, when he read about medieval tortures and with a malicious smile in his face).

text: Despite being a miser, Philip is a very caring and loving husband and father. He makes sure that he does what is best for all his children, including Will. Despite being related to Will only by marriage (and though he sometimes grumbles about Will being a goof-off), he very much cares for him as his own son. Throughout the series, Philip has been there for his children in their time of need, which rubs off on his nephew as Will comes to see Philip as a genuine father-figure (as opposed to his true father, who left him and his mother when Will was a young child). When Will is eager to bond with his biological father Lou after he suddenly re-enters Will's life, Philip warns Will to be wary of Lou and comforts him when Lou is unable to rekindle their relationship.

text: Philip goes out of his way to make sure all of his children, including Will, make something of themselves. He also fights fiercely to protect his family: When Will and Carlton are arrested for "stealing a car" as they are driving it for his law firm partner, Philip threatens to tie the police station up in "so much litigation that [their] grandchildren are going to need lawyers". He is overprotective of Ashley and has trouble with her growing up into a young woman. A common occasion for humor on the show is Philip's portly shape and big appetite. Will commonly makes cracks about his girth, as do Geoffrey, Jazz and Vivian, and at times, even Carlton (though he is usually skittish and quick to apologize). Unfortunately, Philip's appetite has given him trouble and even caused him to suffer a heart attack in season four's "Home is Where the Heart Attack Is". Philip also reveals himself to be an amazingly adept pool player in the episode "Banks Shot", showing his skill by out-hustling the pool shark who hustled Will at the pool hall. He has a personal cue stick, that he has named "Lucille".

text: In the episode "Lucky Charm," it is said by Vivian that Philip's birthday is in January. But this causes a continuity error because in part one of the two-part series finale, Philip's birthday is celebrated, but the finale takes place in late May.

text: Vivian Banks[edit]

text:
Nickname by Will: "Aunt Viv"
Nickname by Her children: "Mom" or "Mommy"
Nickname by Geoffrey: "Mrs. Banks" or "Madam"
Maiden Name: Smith

text: Prof. Vivian Banks (née Smith), PhD, born on October 21, 1951, was portrayed by Janet Hubert-Whitten during the first three seasons and by Daphne Maxwell Reid for the last three. She is the mother of Nicky, Ashley, Carlton and Hillary Banks; the aunt of Will Smith and the wife of Phillip Banks. She has been a retired Doctor then earned her PhD at UCLA since 1971, and in one early episode takes a temporary job as a teacher for a unit in Black History at Bel-Air Academy, the upscale preparatory high school attended by Will and Carlton, and later by Ashley. She has one older sister, Vy (Will's mother), and two younger sisters, Helen and Janice.

text: Vivian's personality and role in the show changes over the run of the series. During the Janet Hubert-Whitten years, she is a no-nonsense, vocally talented, forthright, and career-minded woman who plays a part in the show equal to her husband Philip. It is revealed in the season one episode "Love at First Fight", that Vivian dropped out of high school as a teenager and worked menial jobs, before attending night school in order to get her high school diploma and enter college to work toward her PhD.

text: After Reid took the part in 1993 and baby Nicky was added to the cast, she was reimagined as a homemaker who showed reluctance toward ambitious career moves, such as Philip's political aspirations. The Reid-played Vivian showed a less fiery demeanor than how Whitten portrayed the role. She also supported her children in whatever they wanted, even if it was wrong. An example of this permissive behavior was when she let Hilary make the decision for herself to pose naked in a Playboy pictorial in the season four episode "Fresh Prince After Dark", as well as letting Hilary get abruptly married to her news anchor boyfriend Trevor in "Where There's a Will, There's a Way," and having a seance for Trevor in the episode "Hex and the Single Guy." It seems that Janet Hubert-Whitten's Vivian would have disapproved such attitudes; however, in the episode It's a Wonderful Lie, she's at Philip's side when he severely reprimands Ashley for lying to them and having snuck off to go to a fraternity party, where she'd been caught by Will in a locked bedroom making out with a college linebacker.

text: There has been references in the series about Janet Hubert-Whitten's replacement by Daphne Maxwell Reed as Vivian. In an occasional running gag within the series, whenever a member of the family goes through old family photos, Will would occasionally comment who the mannish-looking person is in the photo, to which it is then revealed that the person in question is the Whitten-played Vivian. In a later interview, costume designer Carlo Tang commented that Smith and other cast members would jokingly refer to Hubert-Whitten's Vivian as Marcus, a fictional bodybuilder. The change between the two is the object of two humorous quotes from Jazz in which he breaks the fourth wall. One of them is in the fourth-season premiere, when he remarks: "You know, Mrs. Banks, ever since you had that baby, there's something different about you"; after this, Will stares uneasily into the camera. The other is in the fifth-season premiere when he sees the suddenly grown Nicky and asks: "So, who's playing the wife this year?".

text: Carlton Banks[edit]

text:
Nicknames by Will: "C", or "Boogaloo Shrimp" (also "Stumpy," "Squidget", "Snigglet" or basically any name pertaining to Carlton's small stature)
Nickname by Geoffrey: "Master Carlton"
Nickname by Jazz: "C-Note" (in the episode "72 Hours")

text: Carlton Banks (played by Alfonso Ribeiro), born August 4, 1974, is Vivian and Philip's eldest son and Will's pedantic maternal cousin.

text: Carlton is a quintessential preppy. Like many of his social class, Carlton aspires to attend an Ivy League university; in earlier seasons, he states he aims to get into Yale University, but later fixes a determined focus on Princeton University, his father Philip's alma mater.

text: Like his father Phillip, Carlton is a firmly conservative Republican and this often puts him at odds with Will. Although Carlton and Will often exchange insults, and Will normally refers to Carlton as a disgrace, Carlton obviously cares about Will, referring to him in the 2nd-season episode 'Vying for Attention' as "the brother I've always wanted". At first it appears there is an antagonistic relationship between Will and Carlton, but in later seasons Will significantly warms to Carlton, ultimately accepting Carlton and the other cousins as the siblings he never had. On one occasion in the season three episode "Just Say Yo", Carlton is considerate enough to cover for Will when he is admitted to the hospital after having taken speed tablets from inside Will's locker, but allows his parents to think that Will saved him. He attributes this to "still being high at the time" when asked by Will why he covered for him. This spurs Will to tearfully confess the truth to the family; although Carlton did ingest speed, Will bore responsibility as he had accepted the pills from a schoolfriend, storing them in his locker, then absentmindedly said to Carlton he had a bottle of Vitamin E in his locker.

text: Carlton drives a silver Mercedes-Benz E-Class from the early 1990s, which is seen in a few episodes. Carlton also was a bit of a servant to sister Ashley when she hit it big on the singing charts. He held doors open for her and fanned Ashley while she tanned. His role model is talk show host Bryant Gumbel and his favorite singer is Tom Jones. His favorite actor is William Shatner, whom he annoys by making lame Star Trek references. Carlton also idolizes Macaulay Culkin, whom he once dressed up as for Halloween (Although, he looked more like Simon Phoenix, Wesley Snipes' Character from Demolition Man.) He is also a big fan of The Jeffersons and Beverly Hills, 90210, the latter of which he is confident enough to admit to others; this is unlike Will, who scoffs at the show in front of friends but confesses to Carlton that he is a secret 90210 fan as well.

text: Carlton is similar to Family Ties character Alex P. Keaton in many respects: he dresses in a preppy style, has conservative political leanings, is obsessed with college and his future career, is fairly short, and does not enjoy the popular music of most people his age (Besides Tom Jones, Carlton also likes Michael Bolton, Barry Manilow, Rod Stewart, and Neil Diamond.) Carlton is often called upon to do a comic, usually improvised dance routine to Tom Jones' "It's Not Unusual" (which was inspired by a dance performed by Courteney Cox in the music video for Bruce Springsteen's "Dancing in the Dark").[1] In earlier seasons, he makes frequent references to his virginity (twice referencing that he plans on losing it at some point), and also plans to attend Princeton University. In later seasons, these arcs are both resolved: Carlton does indeed lose his virginity to a woman who is married to a ULA professor, but is not initially admitted to Princeton; instead he first attends the University of Los Angeles, where he briefly manages ULA's student store, the Peacock Stop.

text: As seen in the episodes "You Bet Your Life" and "Viva Lost Wages", Carlton also seems to have a gambling problem and loses all of his money in any situation where gambling is involved and constantly imagines the gambling tables and slot machines talking to him, but seems fully aware that he is subject to compulsive gambling, and this limits his exposure to gaming. He usually declares that gambling is "evil" right before he goes all in and loses his and others' money. One exception to this was where he participated in a casino night in the season two episode "Something for Nothing", but that was done for charitable reasons and not for real money. In season five's "Bullets Over Bel-Air", Will tries to protect Carlton when they get robbed after using an automated teller machine, Will gets shot, taking a bullet for Carlton and is sent to the hospital (eventually recovering from his injuries); Carlton acquires a firearm later in the episode, as the event heightens his awareness of the need for self-defense, but later disposes of the handgun upon Will's insistence.

text: One running joke in the show involves Carlton repeatedly being slapped in the back of the head by various characters, usually in response to comments that are ridiculously self-centered (in later seasons, for example, he would often make humorous comments about gaining his father's inheritance) or due to portraying ignorance of lives other than his own. Often Will would ask to hold what Carlton is holding and once receiving it he would slap Carlton across the head with the object (e.g. a folder containing Will's testament written by Carlton, in "Ill Will"). Carlton's height is frequently made fun of, especially by Will, who, in the episode "Grumpy Young Men", jokes that Carlton is the average height for a woman.

text: He is sometimes portrayed as being extremely naïve. An example is when, in the episode Mistaken Identity, he and Will are arrested after police officers falsely believe that they stole a Mercedes-Benz belonging to Philip's law firm partner, who requested Will and Carlton drive the vehicle to Palm Springs as a favor. At the end, Carlton insists that the policemen were only doing their job, not really accepting the fact that he and Will were victims of racial profiling. However, he seems to wonder if they were wrong, as when he asks his father if he (Phil) were a policeman if he would pull over someone who was driving too slow, for which Phil answers: "I asked myself the same thing the first time I was stopped"; after that, Carlton seems in deep thought over the situation. Although he was portrayed early on as a snobby rich kid, Carlton evolved after having his view challenged when arrested for "stealing a car" and when Will is shot, Carlton is angered that the shooter will probably not face justice for harming Will.

text: He is also seen to get extremely jealous almost anytime something great happens to Will. Examples would be when, in the Season One episode "Courting Disater" Will joins the school basketball with Carlton already on it. Will becomes the star of the team and Carlton becomes jealous and the competition between the two starts. Carlton decides to steal the ball from Will and take the game winning shot.

text: In the sixth and final season, Carlton finally gains transfer admission to Princeton University however, due to his fear of not living up to Philip's achievements, Carlton decides not to attend Princeton and briefly becomes interested in pursuing a career in bowling. However, he gets over his fear and leaves for the east coast in the series finale.

text: Hilary Banks[edit]

text:
Nickname by Will: "Hil"
Nickname by Geoffrey: "Miss Hilary"
Nickname by friends and workers: "Hilary"

text: Hilary Violet Banks (played by Karyn Parsons), born May 12, 1969 (although said to be August 18th in "Love Hurts"), is Will's attractive, but dull-witted, eldest cousin, known for her notable lack of intelligence, pretentious attitude, spoiled brat behaviour, and constant dependence on Geoffrey.

text: In earlier seasons, Hilary's snobbishness is emphasized, as well as her shallow trendy environmental activism. During this time, she often claimed to hobnob with celebrities and loved being mistaken by people for Whitney Houston. Later on, Hilary is written as a self-centered airhead; she looks down on Will's upbringing and is obsessed with shopping and money (this is shown early in the series; her first line of the show is "Dad, I need $300!," which she intended to spend on a hat). However, despite her apparent shallow personality, she has a strong sense of integrity and shows obvious affection to her family members; Will gets along with her better than Carlton does, though Will is at times bewildered by Hilary's lapses of intelligence. Hilary is portrayed as a stereotypical valley girl and speaks with some strong valspeak habits, in spite of her disdain for the San Fernando Valley (as evidenced in two season three episodes: in "Asses to Ashes", when talking about what heaven and hell might be like, she describes hell to be "like, the Valley"; in "Robbing the Banks", when Will lets it slip to Hilary, Carlton and Ashley that Luther, whom Philip was coaxed into hiring to help around the house while Vivian and Geoffrey were each on vacation, spent time "in the pen", Hilary responds "The pen, please tell me that's slang for the Valley"). Hilary is pursued by Jazz and reluctantly goes on a date with him in Season 1 episode "Working it Out" in order to keep her job. The night ends with Hilary giving Jazz a kiss on the cheek.

text: During the series, Hilary attends and drops out of UCLA, after which she begins a long streak of varying luck that eventually lands her a nationally syndicated daytime talk show titled Hilary. It starts when she becomes a weather reporter at a local television station, where she meets and falls in love with the station's lead news anchor Trevor Collins (Brian Stokes Mitchell). However, Trevor dies in a bungee jumping accident while proposing marriage in the episode "Where There's a Will, There's a Way", part of an ill-conceived live televised event that Hilary and the rest of the Banks family watch at home on the living room television. At the conclusion of the series, Hilary's talk show moves to New York City, as does most of the rest of the Banks family.

text: Hilary's hair styles have changed as the series progressed; early in the series it was brown and bushy, it then became longer and curly with blonde highlights, but later it was black, straight, and shoulder-length. Hilary appeared in 145 episodes of the series.

text: Ashley Banks[edit]

text:
Nickname by Will: "Ash"
Nickname by Geoffrey: "Miss Ashley"

text: Ashley Banks (played by Tatyana Ali) is Will's younger cousin, born on October 26, 1979. Ashley was Vivian's baby girl, and always loved being with her mom. Phillip was always trying to control Ashley's life so she did not become anything like regular teenage girls. Will's devil-may-care approach to life proved to be an exciting alternative, which makes her generally more sympathetic and understanding towards him than other members of the Banks family; with that being, Ashley looked up to Will as a big brother and spent much time following him in her younger days. In fact, Will states in the episode "Will Gets A Job" that if he had a choice to be any of Phillip's kids it would be Ashley.

text: Possibly because of Will's influence towards Ashley, she often acts rebelliously as she gets older, for which her father becomes very angry at Will. One of these moments is in the episode Father Knows Best, which reveals that she dropped out of her private school and enrolled in secret at a public high school and was planning to hide this from her parents as long as possible; though after a failed plot in which Will posed as Ashley's father when she is asked to attend a parent-teacher conference, Will eventually convinces Ashley to come clean. She also spends less time with Will and sometimes gets upset with him when he becomes overprotective like Philip to the point of showing a great deal of annoyance and contempt. She believed that she was old enough to make her own decisions when it comes to boys which neither Will nor Uncle Phil enjoyed hearing or believed. Phillip never enjoyed having Ashley grow up.

text: Ashley's age is inconsistent in the first season. She is said to be nine in a few early episodes of the season. In the episode "Deck the Halls," Will says that she is 10. But in the episode "Just Infatuation," Ashley celebrates her 12th birthday. Starting with the second season, she is 13, she turns 14 in the middle of the third season, 15 at the end of the fourth season, she is 16 by the end of season five and 17 by the end of season six.

text: Ashley matures very much in the series; she becomes a one-hit wonder with a hit song called "Make Up Your Mind" in the season five premiere "What's Will Got to Do With It?"/"The Client", however her career quickly fizzles out when her album doesn't sell because as the agent Philip hired to replace Will mentioned "kids got sick of her [song]", when it gets too much exposure.[2] Beginning in the episode "Breaking Up is Hard to Do", she also strives to become a fashion model after being discovered by the president of a modeling agency at her job at a mall food court corn dog stand.

text: In the series finale, Ashley decides to attend a performing arts school in New York City. As Hilary is also moving to New York when it is announced that her talk show is relocating there, the two sisters decide to live together; they become extremely excited about the whole idea, much to the annoyance of Phillip, who does not want to lose his daughters. In the episode "The Baby Comes Out", where her brother Nicky is born, Ashley mentions she knew how to drive since she was 12 years old. She is very musically talented as shown that she plays violin and the drums, and she can sing. Ashley appeared in 144 episodes of the series.

text: Nicky Banks[edit]

text: Nickname by Will: "Little man"

text: Nicholas Andrew Michael Shawn Nathan Wanyá Banks (played first by Gregory Wheeler in Twas the Night Before Christening and then by Ross Bagley for the final two seasons) is born to Philip and Vivian on February 22, 1993, toward the end of the third season. Except for one episode, when Carlton professionally calls him "Nicholas", every member of the family calls him by his nickname, Nicky.

text: The character was primarily used as a plot device, often adding motivation for other characters, comic relief, or an emotional punch to the show's storyline. In the fifth season, Nicky grows from a newborn infant to a preschooler, which is common in television series and soap operas. In the fifth-season premiere "What's Will Got to Do With It", the first episode to feature this change, Jazz expresses amazement while Will just stares uneasily into the camera.

text: Four of his middle names are taken from the names of the members of the R&B group Boyz II Men; he was middle-named this way after they performed at his christening in the season four episode "'Twas the Night Before Christening"; however in the season three episode "The Baby Comes Out", Philip addresses Nicky's full name, with a middle name already given, as "Nicholas Andrew Banks".

text: Geoffrey Barbara Butler[edit]

text: Nickname by Will: "G", "Chicken George" (Season 3, Episode 20) - "The Baby Comes Out"

text: Geoffrey Barbara Butler (played by Joseph Marcell), born in London on November 18, 1947, serves as the Banks family's cynical butler. Geoffrey is the first character that appears on screen in the pilot episode The Fresh Prince Project. He is seen going to answer the door to Will, who mistakes him for Philip.

text: In addition to four years at the University of Oxford and a long career working for British aristocrats, Geoffrey was an Olympic runner several years before being hired by the Banks family (as revealed in the episode "It's Better to Have Loved and Lost It..." from the fourth season, when Geoffrey shows the Banks family a videotape of a documentary called Shame of a Nation), but fled his home country in shame after being exposed for cheating while participating in the men's marathon at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, winning a Gold Medal at the marathon only because he had taken a cab ride to the stadium parking lot; Shortly after receiving his medal, Queen Elizabeth II, who apparently presented the medals, got word of Geoffrey's cheating, pushing aside the bronze medalist to hit Geoffrey with her purse and rip the medal off his neck; Geoffrey then ran from the stadium in shame. In the 1970s, he was a butler for the band Led Zeppelin. In the early 1980s, Geoffrey was sparring butler for Chuck Norris. In the episode Nice Lady, he reveals having practiced Greco-Roman wrestling in his youth.

text: Geoffrey's character changes over the series: in early episodes, he is very dutiful and gentlemanly, whereas he becomes very cynical in later episodes. Joseph Marcell explains that he began by playing Geoffrey as stereotypically English but then felt that the American audience was not accustomed to seeing Black Englishmen.[3] Geoffrey's favorite television program (as revealed in the pilot episode) is Masterpiece Theatre, which he routinely watches when he goes off duty at 9 pm

text: Geoffrey always refers to Will as "Master William" (except once in part two of the series finale "I, Done", at Will's request) and the other Banks children as "Master Carlton", "Miss Hilary", "Miss Ashley", and "Master Nicky". Known for his sarcasm, he is the voice of caustic humor on the show, often commenting on Philip's weight, his own low pay, his lack of a social or romantic life, the overall laziness of the family, or Will's goofiness. However, Geoffrey did seem to impress women by having the confidence to be himself, such as when he was set up on a blind date with a Black English woman (played by Naomi Campbell).

text: In early episodes, he has an interest in classical music and is often hinted at as leading a vibrant private life. Ironically, although a stickler for tradition, he incorrectly tells Will it is proper to refer to a butler by his first name, although this is possibly because his surname and job title are the same.[4] He considers himself to be part of the English working-class, despite speaking the Queen's English and, in one episode, being wary of a relationship with a rich woman.

text: He becomes the godfather of Nicky Banks in the fourth-season episode "Twas the Night Before Christening", after Vivian tires of the bickering amongst her sisters Vy and Helen and noted that no one has been more devoted to her youngest son than Geoffrey has. Midway into the sixth season, Geoffrey discovers he has a son he never knew about, named Frederick, born to a former lover. During the same episode, it is also revealed that his middle name is "Barbara", which he explains is a "family name". In the series finale "I, Done", Geoffrey leaves to be with his son in London; however, in the fourth-season episode "'Twas the Night Before Christening", a sequence set in 1998 (two years after the ending of the series) portrays him as still being the Banks family's butler.

text: There are two running gags centered around Geoffrey. One is that he is often compared to or confused with Benson, from the series with the same name. The other, which is more common is that whenever the doorbell rings, everyone continues with what they were previously doing, or look to Geoffrey, prompting Geoffrey to say "oh, please, will you let me get it this time?" or some variation, in a sarcastic tone. Niles, from The Nanny is very similar to him, as they are both British butlers, both went to Oxford, and both have the same sarcastic personality. Geoffrey appeared in 143 episodes of the series.

text: Jazz[edit]

text:
Nickname by Will: "Jazz, man" (also "J", Jazzy Jazzerzon, The Jazzmeister, JazzZ, Jazzertron 3000 and Jazzeroonie)
Nickname by Geoffrey: "Mr. Jazz"

text: Jazz was portrayed by Will Smith's musical partner Jeffrey A. Townes, popularly known as DJ Jazzy Jeff. Jazz was born on May 20, 1971 and is Will's ill-mannered and dim-witted best friend who lives in the inner-city community of Compton, California. He has had a long-standing crush on Hilary Banks, and almost every time his advances are rejected. Jazz eventually marries a prison inmate named Jewel who had appeared on an episode of COPS, in which she bites the arm of a police officer (this is not shown, although the officer is heard calling for police backup because of it). In the season four episode "Mother's Day", Jewel reveals that she and Jazz are expecting a baby though no other mention of their child is ever made after that point. Jazz divorces her shortly afterward, realizing he knows nothing about her, finding out that she cheated on him with several men and that her real name is not even Jewel (it is Hortense). Jazz is almost completely tactless, and succeeds in insulting or irritating Philip almost every time they are together. He knows how to play the drums very well, and once gave Ashley a lesson in the episode his character is introduced "Bang the Drum, Ashley". Jazz wears sunglasses in nearly every episode he is seen. While in an early episode of season one, Jazz wears regular glasses for the entire episode instead of his trademark sunglasses, the show's writers had initially intended for the character to be blind.[5] This is evidenced throughout early episodes, as Jazz is rarely looking directly at other characters. However, by the second season, in the episode "Cased Up", Hilary asks her boyfriend (Malcolm-Jamal Warner) to take off his glasses; thinking she was speaking to him, Jazz charmingly removes his glasses, revealing his eyes.

text: In a running gag throughout the series, Jazz usually ends up being literally thrown, or, as it was referred to the first time, drop kicked out of the house. This is usually done by Philip, although sometimes Hilary, Geoffrey, Vivian, and even Will (the only character other than Philip to do it more than once) throw him out. Whenever Jazz is thrown out of the house, he is usually wearing the same clothes; it was decided to use the same clip of Jazz being thrown out the front door as often as possible rather than returning to the exterior location each time (the reuse of the clip is evidenced by the sudden noise of a sprinkler whenever Jazz is thrown out). Will was once on the receiving end of this punishment after making egregious changes to Philip's political campaign tape in "A Night at the Oprah", and in similar jokes was thrown out of a nightclub by a bouncer while trying to dance with Geoffrey's blind date in "Kiss My Butler", and out of Jay Leno's studio in "Will's Up the Dirt Road," after trying to hog the show after apologizing to Leno. In one instance, in the third-season premiere "How I Spent My Summer Vacation", Will was even thrown out of Jazz's apartment by Jazz himself after he tried to guilt Jazz into letting him stay over after a fight with his relatives despite Jazz mentioning he already had company over. In this same episode, it is briefly mentioned by Geoffrey that Philip did also throw Will out of the house onto the front lawn when he was leaving the house, but was never shown. During the 1993 Halloween episode "Hex and the Single Guy", Jazz got revenge by throwing Philip out instead, as the main plot to the story was that misfortune-plagued the Banks family following a so-called "hex" from a con psychic communicator. This was later shown to be in a dream Will was having, though when he woke up, the dream appeared to be a premonition, and it was implied that the whole ordeal may truly happen indeed. There was also an instance where Jazz was standing outside of the house, taunting Philip because he was already standing outside; as a result, Philip throws him inside the house. In another episode, Jazz was thrown out in the backyard along with a cardboard cutout of Bill Cosby that he was lugging around. There was a time when Vivian threw Jazz out through the back door for saying that he would bring a stripper to Will's birthday party. In another episode Jazz gets a pillow for the Banks' newborn baby until Will finds a tag saying "Wendy Beth" on the back meaning that Jazz had stolen the pillow. Jazz then thinks "it's the thought that counts" only ending up with Will throwing Jazz out through the backdoor with the pillow. At the beginning of the episode "Cased Up," a nighttime version of the shot is used, with crickets as a sound effect (though the actual video of Jazz getting thrown out is simply darkened for effect).

text: It was show that Jazz enjoys being thrown out sometimes. In one episode, after Jazz and Will made up over a fight, Jazz asked Will to throw him out "like the good ol' times." In another episode, to taunt a guy for trying to walk to his car, Jazz purposely insulted Phil just so he can throw him out.

text: Jazz's last appearance was in the first part of the series finale "I, Done", in which he gave Philip his grandmother's teeth as a gift for Philip's 50th birthday, because Jazz thought Philip was getting old. Thus, Philip was once again angry and threw Jazz out of the house (it is actually mentioned that Philip broke his previous record in tossing him). After the house had been sold in the second part of the episode and Will had found an apartment, Philip was the only person to mention Jazz when asking when he was coming by to help Will pack, to which Will responded, "As soon as you leave." Philip was not surprised, but he did want to wish Jazz luck in the future.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Vy Smith-Wilkes[edit]

text:
Nickname by Will: "Mom"
Nickname by Carlton, Ashley, Nicky & Hilary: "Aunt Vy"
Nickname by Geoffrey: "Mrs. Smith"

text: Viola "Vy" Smith-Wilkes, portrayed by Vernee Watson-Johnson, is Vivian's oldest sister and Will's loving mother. She is a stern, no-nonsense disciplinarian who is not afraid to challenge anyone who gets in her way. It was her idea that Will should go to Bel Air to get a good education and avoid a life of violence in their West Philadelphia neighborhood. Vy works as a supervisor at the post office. It was due to this she opposed the decision when Janice decides to marry Frank, a white man. Though by their next encounter she is more acceptable. Vy eventually decides to marry Lisa Wilkes' father after Will and Lisa call off their second wedding attempt. However, it is unknown whether or not they married, since in Vy's next appearance, Mr. Wilkes is not seen or mentioned. Her maiden name and married name were previously the same, as Will's father was named Lou Smith.

text: Hattie Banks[edit]

text: Nicknames by Will: "Granny" or "DJ Granny"

text: Hattie Banks, played by Virginia Capers, is Philip's mother, having appeared in six episodes over the series' run. She forms a close affinity with Will (to the point where he sees her as his own grandmother) and even falls for some of his pranks, much to Philip's irritation. She embarrasses Philip by telling stories of his humble origins and refers to him by his childhood name "Zeke."

text: Joe Banks[edit]

text: Nickname by Will: "Grandpa"

text: Joseph "Joe" Banks, played by Gilbert Lewis, was Philip's father, having appeared in only one episode, "Not With My Pig, You Don't". His death sometime later (offscreen) left Phillip and Hattie feeling lost.

text: Kellogg Lieberbaum[edit]

text: Nickname by Will: "Cornflake"

text: Kellogg Lieberbaum (played by Michael Weiner) was a classmate and friend of Will and Carlton at Bel-Air Academy. Most of his appearances were in the first season, but he makes two appearances in the second season as well. As a pun on Kellogg's Corn Flakes, he is nicknamed "Cornflake" by Will. Much of the humor of his character comes from the dissonance of an unassuming Jewish preppie using such phrases as "She is one fly sister" and "Power to the people – say it loud: I'm black and I'm proud!"

text: Tyriq Johnson[edit]

text: Nickname by Will: "Ty"

text: Tyriq Johnson, portrayed by Perry Moore, is one of Will's close friends in Bel-Air, who appears frequently in season 2. He is described in the episode "Eyes on the Prize" (wherein he and Jazz compete against Will and Carlton on a televised game show) as "Bel-Air's oldest tenth grader," a lover of frozen pizza, and a fan of Laverne and Shirley reruns.

text: Trevor Collins-Newsworthy[edit]

text: Trevor (portrayed by Brian Stokes Mitchell) was Hilary's news anchor fiancé back in 1992 and co-worker at the television station. Trevor often gave himself compliments. Also, he always left the air and the Banks' mansion by saying, "Goodnight and Godspeed." He was originally referred to as "Trevor Collins", but later episodes established his surname as "Newsworthy." He eventually proposes to Hilary, but she insists that he officially proposes on live television later that day. Trevor then proposes to her on television while bungee jumping, and dies during the stunt when something goes wrong with the jump and he hits the ground. Hilary mourns his death by bringing back what she presumes to be Trevor's ashes in an urn, but later learns that Trevor was not cremated, and that she grabbed a stranger's urn. His death continues to haunt Hilary for the next few episodes and his memory, unlike almost everything else (including Trevor's very name), never leaves her mind.

text: Toni[edit]

text: Toni (portrayed by Lisa Fuller) is Hilary's friend who only appeared in Season 1. She appears to be a dumb blonde. Her first appearance was in "Clubba Hubba" and her last was in "It Had to Be You". Her other appearances were "Def Poet's Society" and "Knowledge is Power".

text: Helen Smith[edit]

text: Helen Smith, portrayed by Jenifer Lewis, is Vivian's loud-mouthed younger sister. She has frequent marriage difficulties with her husband Lester (Felton Perry), whom she finally divorces after he cheats on her with "a cute little home wrecker", leaving him with custody over their delinquent son Bobby (Ahmad Stoner).

text: Janice Smith[edit]

text: Nickname by Will: "Aunt J"

text: Janice Smith, played by Charlayne Woodard, is the youngest of the Smith sisters, flighty according to Vivian, and married to a white man named Frank (portrayed by Diedrich Bader in Season 2, Robert Torti in one episode in Season 3), a marriage older sister Vy initially objects to. She also appears in the series with a baby son.

text: Judge Carl Robertson[edit]

text: Judge Carl Robertson was played by Sherman Hemsley. This man was a cunning lawyer and a one-time mentor to Phil. Judge Robertson visits a few times during the show and is known for being odd and mischievous. He also appears to have become greatly absent-minded but makes up for this with his boundless charisma. Philip begins to question the competence of his mentor and runs against him in the race for Superior Court judge and loses, largely due to Robertson's outrageous smear campaign against Phil. However, at the victory party where he is confronted by Will, Judge Robertson suffers a fatal heart attack, although it appeared that he suddenly died at the "voice" of Will who inadvertently told him to drop dead. The incident leaves Will guilt-ridden but at the funeral it's shown that quite a few people who knew the judge are quite happy to see him gone. They revealed that he was quite promiscuous and corrupt, for he wrongly convicted innocent people that he prosecuted and most of them attended just to make sure he was dead, actually applauding Will for his act. The Governor then appoints Phillip to take Judge Robertson's seat. Though Robertson dies in the third season, Hemsley played his other character George Jefferson from The Jeffersons in the series later. Hemsley as Jefferson appeared in the Season five episode "Will is from Mars", where he is with his wife (Isabel Sanford as Louise Jefferson) at counseling with Will and Lisa. George Jefferson also appears in "I Done, Part 2", having bought the Banks' mansion.

text: Lou Smith[edit]

text: Lou Smith (played by Ben Vereen) was a one-time character, appearing only in the episode "Papa's Got a Brand New Excuse." He is Will's father, and a trucker. Lou abandoned his family (Will and Viola "Vy" Smith) when Will was 3 years-old, and explains his motives for leaving by saying he wasn't ready for fatherhood, that he "started feeling trapped" and that he was scared.

text: Lou drops in unannounced at the Peacock café where Will and Carlton work. Will invites Lou to the Banks' residence but when he arrives, the family gives him the cold shoulder, especially Philip, who goes as far as to even skip dinner, shocking Geoffery (with the exception of Carlton and Hilary, who are excited to see their long lost Uncle and Ashley who's meeting him for the first time since her infancy). Will and his father go to a carnival where Lou explains to him his motives for leaving and asks for Will's forgiveness, telling Will he's a changed man and is ready to make up for his "selfish and cowardly" mistake to him. Will agrees, and calls him "Dad" for the first time after playing basketball. When they return to the house, Lou announces that Will is joining him for the summer on a nationwide trip in Lou's truck. Philip objects to this. Lou tries to convince Philip, but Philip subtly disses Lou by telling him to stay out of their "family discussion." After Lou leaves the mansion to go to the pool house, Will and Philip get into a heated argument; Will calls out Philip for dissing Lou, causing Philip to finally blow up; he can knows that Lou has not had a change of heart, noticing his behavior shows no sign of guilt or acknowledgment of his past actions. Will believes not everybody is perfect and asks why he won't give him a chance; Philip responds that he's not seeing Will for his sake, but for his own selfish intentions. Vivian tries to ease the conflict, but Will officially announces he's going on the trip anyway. Philip once again objects, but Will hollers he doesn't care, as he isn't his biological father. Shocked and hurt by Will's words, Philip begins wondering if he's a good father. The next day, Philip is still contemplating, believing that with Lou back in Will's life, Will no longer appreciates what Philip has done for him over the years. Expressing his concerns to Vivian, he eventually goes on to accuse Will of being selfish for wanting to be with Lou again, despite playing a larger role in his life. Vivian turns it around on Philip as he was the selfish one by not letting Will reconnect with Lou. As Will packs up, the two of them make amends; Will appreciates everything Philip had done for him over the years, but he still needs this trip. Although Philip meant what he said, he admits to stepping out of line, and wishes him the best. As Philip leaves, Will reminds him that he's only going to be gone for the summer.

text: After a while, Vivian and Philip are still waiting for Lou to return, being an hour late. Philip begins to suspect him running off again. Although Lou eventually shows up, he tells them he has found a "big" new job in Maine that can't afford enough space in his truck for Will. Philip then offers to buy a plane ticket to fly Will to Maine to meet up with him and continue their trip from there, but Lou refuses the offer, saying this Maine job might lead to more job opportunities for him. Vivian expresses concern for Will's reaction, which Lou requests that they tell for him instead. Finally provoked, Philip requests Vivian to leave the room, but not before she tells Lou to stay out of Will's life if he leaves again. An irate Philip bluntly reminds him of his responsibility to Will; that Will isn't some come-and-go object that he can use whenever he feels and that Lou is supposed to be there for Will, not the other way around. Lou reacts defensively; that he didn't want this job opportunity to happen and uses his same excuse on Philip as to why he left Will to begin with. However, Philip tells him to stop because fatherhood scared him too but he never let that cause him to leave his family and explains that being there for his family is what a man does. However, an annoyed Lou still refuses to listen, admitting Philip to being a better man than himself. Will then walks in before Lou can duck out again. Lou tells Will that he can't take him along because of his job. He promises that the trip is only going to be "put on hold for just a couple weeks" and promises to "call him next week to iron out the details". Knowing he's just trying to weasel out easy and is never going to do any of those things, Will realizes that Philip was right. When Lou says goodbye to Will, Will closes the bridge by addressing him as "Lou" instead of "Dad." In a state of awkwardness, Lou leaves. Will is in denial about any feelings of hurt and betrayal, claiming he doesn't need him. He starts by talking about he's managed to go through life without him but then starts turning into angry rants about how he's going to successfully finish life without him, before breaking down in tears, asking Philip why Lou doesn't want to be there for him. Having seen his father abandon him a second time, Will finally realizes that Philip is the closest thing to a father that he has.

text: Although Lou never reappeared after this, Will was so hurt by the incident that he developed a deep resentment towards his father whenever he was mentioned. It is unknown if Lou ever reappeared after this, but if he did, he was most likely angrily thrown out by the Banks for his previous actions. In a later episode, during a heated argument with Carlton, Carlton insulted Will by comparing him to his father. Shaking with anger, he calmly but clearly stated, "I am nothing like my father." In an earlier episode before Lou's appearance, when Phil suffers a heart attack and Carlton is in denial, Will confronts Carlton to go visit Phil in the hospital. Will wins the argument using reverse psychology by reminding Carlton he has a father who is always there for his children when Will asks Carlton "Do you know where my father is"? When Carlton answers in the negative, Will rebuts "Neither do I". In the finale episode, Will states that Uncle Phil is the only father he ever had and Philip says, "You are my son, end of story."

text: Will's love interests[edit]

text: Beullah (Lisa) Wilkes[edit]

text: Beullah "Lisa" Wilkes , portrayed by Nia Long, was introduced in the fifth-season episode, "Will's Misery," as the girlfriend who tames Will into forsaking his womanizing ways. The two fall deeply in love and are engaged to be married, going so far as the ceremonies twice but never actually tie the knot. The first time, they elope to Las Vegas and try a Shaft-themed wedding but walk out on the ceremony after being interrupted so many times and realizing they were not ready. The second time they try to get married, Will starts feeling some doubts, especially when he notices that, like Jazz, he also knows very little about Lisa, culminating in him asking if Lisa is her real first name, upon which she reveals it's actually Beulah. Will manages to overcome these doubts but Lisa reveals that she is also having doubts and the two decide not to marry. She is never seen again. The night before the wedding, a rivalry flared up between Will's mother and Lisa's father. In order to help them work out their differences before their wedding, Lisa and Will send them to a restaurant to get to know each other and work things out. However, the plan backfires when they get along too well and Will catches them in bed together. Ultimately the two end up getting married at the same ceremony, resulting in Will and Lisa becoming step-siblings.

text: Jackie Ames[edit]

text: Jacqueline "Jackie" Ames, portrayed by Tyra Banks, was introduced in "Where There's A Will, There's a Way (Part 1)" in season four. At first, Carlton believed that Jackie was "the girl of his dreams" after she told off some people who were making fun of his peacock costume (Carlton participated in football games as ULA's mascot, the peacock). Later that night, at a party, Will discovers that this girl Carlton was talking about was Jackie, a girl he had known but did not keep in touch with back in Philly. She is initially upset that he did not attempt to contact her but eventually forgives him. As manager of The Peacock Stop, Jackie is the object of Will's affection and frequent come-ons but continually spurns his advances, deeming him too immature. The two were old childhood friends from Philadelphia but she feels Will has not grown up since those days. There are certain innuendos indicating she still has feelings for Will. Jackie seems to warm more to Carlton, arguably because she sees him as more mature and stable than Will, although she is not as keen on dancing to Bobby Vinton as is Carlton. However, Jackie cuts all ties to Will for good when Will challenges a jock to a drinking game while at the jock's birthday party. After being rebuffed by both Will and the football player when she tries to stop them, she has Carlton drive her home and is never seen again.

text: Other guest stars[edit]

text:
Mark Burch
Antonio Fargas
Michael Clarke Duncan
Marc Thompson
John Amos
Vivica A. Fox
Cree Summer
Phil LaMarr
Bernie Kopell
Pat Morita
Kadeem Hardison
Queen Latifah*
Jasmine Guy
Glenn Shadix
Richard Roundtree*
Bo Jackson
Doctor Dré
Quincy Jones
Heavy D
Whoopi Goldberg
Tony Longo
Chris Rock
D.L. Hughley
Sherrié Austin
John Witherspoon
Don Cheadle
Vanessa Williams
Malcolm-Jamal Warner*
Milton Berle
Evander Holyfield
Tom Lister, Jr.
Nancy Cartwright
Miguel A. Núñez, Jr.
Brandon Quintin Adams*
Darryl Sivad*
Robert Costanzo
Jaleel White
Garcelle Beauvais*
Jim Meskimen*
Nicole Bilderback
Morgan Nagler
Tom Devanney
Conrad Bain
Tisha Campbell-Martin
Adrienne-Joi Johnson
Daryl "Chill" Mitchell
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Bell Biv DeVoe
Boyz II Men
Ben Vereen
Don Yesso
Kim Fields
Tyra Banks
Raven-Symoné
Zachery Ty Bryan
Robin Givens
Brad Garrett
Isiah Thomas
Olivia Brown
Nia Long
Jenifer Lewis
Donald Trump
Dick Clark
Susan Powter
Regis Philbin
Robert Guillaume
Sherman Hemsley
Isabel Sanford
Marla Gibbs
Tevin Campbell
Victoria Rowell
Oprah Winfrey
Branford Marsalis
Bree Walker
Reno Wilson
Hill Harper
Pam Grier
Tempestt Bledsoe
Phil Morris
Monica Allison
Craig Kirkwood
Tatiana Thumbtzen
Leeza Gibbons
Lark Voorhies
Riddick Bowe
Isaac Hayes
William Shatner
Anna Maria Horsford
Tom Jones
Joan Van Ark
B.B. King
Zsa Zsa Gabor
Genesis P-Orridge
Ken Griffey, Jr.
Hugh Hefner
Naomi Campbell
Wayne Newton
Bob Eubanks
Jay Leno
Stacey Dash
Al B. Sure!
Gary Coleman
Tim Russ
Allen Payne
Kathy Griffin
Robert Hooks
Milo Ventimiglia
Dante Basco
Karen Malina White
Elise Neal
Don Cornelius
Keith Hamilton Cobb
Leann Hunley
Arthel Neville
Ajai Sanders
Tamala Jones
Kathie Lee Gifford
Stephen Lang (Uncredited)
Naya Rivera
Michole Briana White


document_title: Anna Chandy

question_text: who was the first lady magistrate of india

root

text: Anna Chandy

text:
Anna Chandy

Justice Anna Chandy

Born
Anna
(1905-05-04)4 May 1905
Trivandrum, Travancore

Died
20 July 1996(1996-07-20) (aged 91)
Kerala, India

Nationality
Indian

Occupation
Judge

Employer
Kerala High Court

Known for
First woman Judge of India

Title
Hon. Justice

Term
9 February 1959 to 5 April 1967

tag: table

text: Justice Anna Chandy (1905-1996), also known as Anna Chandi, was the first female judge in India and also the first woman in India to become a high court judge. In fact, she was the first woman judge in the entire Anglo-Saxon world[1], decades before Elizabeth Lane.[1]

tag: p

text: Anna Chandy was born in 1905 and raised in Trivandrum. She was a Syrian Christian. After obtaining a post-graduate degree in 1926, she then became the first woman in her state to get a law degree. She practised as a barrister from 1929 while simultaneously promoting the cause of women's rights, most notably in Shrimati, a magazine that she both founded and edited.[2]

text: Often described as a "first generation feminist",[2][3] Chandy campaigned for election to the Shree Mulam Popular Assembly in 1931. She met with hostility from both her competition and newspapers[4] but was elected for the period 1932-34.

text: Chandy was appointed as a munsif in Travancore by Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer, the Dewan of Travancore, in 1937. This made her the first female judge in India and, in 1948, she was raised to the position of District Judge.[2][5] She became the first female judge in an Indian high court when she was appointed to the Kerala High Court on 9 February 1959. She remained in that office until 5 April 1967.[6]

text: In her retirement, Chandy served on the Law Commission of India and also wrote an autobiography titled Atmakatha (1973). She died in 1996.[2]


document_title: Coming Home for Christmas (2017 film)

question_text: where was the movie coming home for christmas filmed

text: Coming Home for Christmas (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Lizzie Richfield is at a crossroads when she lands a job as house manager for the exclusive Ashford Estate in the Virginia countryside.

text: The estate is being sold; prior to its sale, Lizzie plans one final Christmas Eve gala for the owners: the Marley family, who appear to be a "family" in name only. The clan consists of Kip Marley (who never met a party he didn’t like); Robert (the handsome but all-business executor of the estate); Sloane (who arrives with her two young children, sans husband), and Pippa (the 80-year-old matriarch, a spitfire who doesn’t want to put the house up for sale at all).

text: As Lizzie is inserted into the home and the lives of the Marley family she finds herself drawn to Robert – even as Kip pursues her.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Danica McKellar as Lizzie Richfield
Neal Bledsoe as Robert Marley
Andrew Francis as Kip Marley
Lindsay Maxwell as Megan Richfield
Paula Shaw as Pippa Marley
Andrew Kavadas as Gerard
Brenda Crichlow as Anna
Chelan Simmons as Sloane
Rebecca Staab as Camille Richfield
Bekham Skoddje as Sammy
Christian Convery as Paul
Scott Perrie as Jackson
Tosca Baggoo as Carla
Roz Murray as Gladys

tag: ul

text: Development[edit]

text: The film was developed from an original novel of the same name by author Jenny Hale. Hale was approached by a screenwriter who wished to adapt the novel after reading the book.[1]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming took place in British Columbia, in the Abbotsford, Vancouver and Langley areas in August 2017, with a mansion in the Aldergrove area of Langely serving as the property at the centre of the story.[2]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The film premiered on the Hallmark Channel on November 18, 2017, as part of the channel's 'Countdown to Christmas' season of programming.[2]


document_title: The Bachelorette (season 13)

question_text: the bachelorette season 13 episode 4 release date

text: The Bachelorette (season 13)

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Outcome
Place

Bryan Abasolo[3][4]
37
Miami, Florida
Chiropractor
Winner
1

Peter Kraus[5]
31
Madison, Wisconsin
Business Owner
Runner-Up
2

Eric Bigger[6]
29
Baltimore, Maryland
Personal Trainer
Week 9
3

Dean Unglert[7][4]
26
Aspen, Colorado
Startup Recruiter
Week 8
4

Adam Gottschalk[8]
27
Dallas, Texas
Real Estate Agent
Week 7
5

Matthew "Matt" Munson[9]
32
Meriden, Connecticut
Construction Sales Rep
6

Alex Bordyukov[10]
28
Grosse Pointe, Michigan
Information Systems Supervisor
Week 6
7

Will Gaskins[3]
28
White Plains, New York
Sales Manager
8

Kenny Layne[4][11][12]
35
Orlando, Florida
Professional Wrestler
9

Anthony Battle[5]
26
Chicago, Illinois
Education Software Manager
Week 5
10-11

Josiah Graham[3][13]
28
Plantation, Florida
Prosecuting Attorney

Lee Garrett[11]
30
Jacksonville, Florida
Singer/Songwriter
12

Ignacio "Iggy" Rodriguez[5]
30
Pasadena, California
Consulting Firm CEO
Week 4
13-14[14]

Jonathan Treece[11][15]
31
New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Tickle Monster

Jack Stone[8]
32
Dallas, Texas
Attorney
15

Brady Ervin[3]
29
Eden Prairie, Minnesota
Male Model
Week 3
16-18[16]

Bryce Powers[17]
30
Orlando, Florida
Firefighter

Kenneth "Diggy" Moreland[5]
31
Chicago, Illinois
Senior Inventory Analyst

Fred Johnson[4][8]
27
Dallas, Texas
Executive Assistant
19[18]

Blake Elarbee[19]
31
Marina del Rey, California
Aspiring Drummer
Week 2
20-22[18]

Jamey Kocan[20]
32
Santa Monica, California
Sales Account Executive

Lucas Yancey[20][21]
30
Woodside, California
Whaboom

DeMario Jackson[4][22]
30
Century City, California
Executive Recruiter
23[23]

Blake Killpack[24]
29
San Francisco, California
U.S. Marine Veteran
Week 1
24-31[25]

Grant Hubsher
29
Palm Harbor, Florida
Emergency Medicine Physician

Jedidiah Ballard[26]
35
Augusta, Georgia
ER Physician

Kyle Sherwood[27]
26
Stratford, Connecticut
Marketing Consultant

Michael Black[5][28]
26
Chicago, Illinois
Former Professional Basketball Player

Milton LaCroix[3]
31
North Bay Village, Florida
Hotel Recreation Supervisor

Mohit Sehgal
26
Pacifica, California
Product Manager

Robert "Rob" Howard[8][29]
30
Calgary, Canada
Law Student

text: Future appearances[edit]

text: Bachelor in Paradise[edit]

text: Season 4

text: DeMario Jackson was set to appear in the fourth season of Bachelor in Paradise. When production re-started after the misconduct allegations had halted production, Jackson did not return for filming.[30] After Dean Unglert was eliminated during hometowns, it was announced that he would appear in season 4.[31] Diggy Moreland, Matt Munson, Iggy Rodriguez, Jack Stone, Jonathan Treece, Fred Johnson, Blake Elarbee, and Adam Gottschalk would also appear on season 4. When production restarted, Rodriguez was eliminated in week one. Munson quit in week two. Elarbee and Johnson were eliminated in week three.

text: Call-out order[edit]

text:
Order
Bachelors
Week

1[25]
2[18]
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
Peter
Bryan
Dean
Alex
Dean
Bryan
Eric
Bryan
Bryan
Bryan
Bryan

2
Josiah
Peter
Peter
Anthony
Bryan
Will
Peter
Dean
Eric
Peter
Peter

3
Bryan
Will
Josiah
Eric
Eric
Kenny
Bryan
Peter
Peter
Eric

4
Kenny
Jack
Bryan
Will
Peter
Dean
Matt
Eric
Dean

5
Rob
Jamey
Bryce
Dean
Adam
Eric
Dean
Adam

6
Iggy
Iggy
Eric
Jonathan
Will
Peter
Adam
Matt

7
Bryce
Eric
Anthony
Peter
Matt
Alex
Alex

8
Will
DeMario
Will
Adam
Alex
Adam
Will

9
Diggy
Jonathan
Jonathan
Bryan
Josiah
Matt
Kenny

10
Kyle
Bryce
Jack
Matt
Anthony
Anthony
Josiah

11
Blake K.
Alex
Matt
Josiah
Kenny

12
Brady
Kenny
Alex
Jack
Lee
Lee

13
Dean
Dean
Adam
Iggy
Iggy
Jonathan

14
Eric
Matt
Kenny
Kenny

15
DeMario
Anthony
Brady
Lee
Jack

16
Blake E.
Brady
Lee
Brady
Bryce
Diggy

17
Fred
Josiah
Iggy

18
Jonathan
Lee
Fred

19
Lee
Diggy
Diggy
Fred

20
Alex
Fred
Blake E.
Jamey
Lucas

21
Milton
Adam

22
Adam
Blake E.

23
Matt
Lucas
DeMario

24
Grant
Blake K.
Grant
Jedidiah
Kyle
Michael
Milton
Mohit
Rob

25
Anthony

26
Jamey

27
Jack

28
Mohit

29
Jedidiah

30
Michael

31
Lucas

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

138
1
"Week 1: Season Premiere"
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)
1301
5.66[32]

Rachel and her dog, Copper, met up with former Bachelor contestants Raven Gates, Alexis Waters, Kristina Schulman, Astrid Loch, Whitney Fransway, Jasmine Goode, and Corinne Olympios, for advice on being the new Bachelorette. Rachel greeted the 31 men as the limos arrived. Bryan spoke in Spanish, calling himself "trouble," and kissed her during the cocktail party. Bryce wore his firefighter uniform and literally swept Rachel off her feet. Jonathan tickled her. Lee serenaded Rachel with his guitar. Adam brought along his doll, "Adam Jr." Matt wore a penguin costume. Grant pulled up in an ambulance with sirens sounding. Michael brought brownies and said "the blacker the brownie the sweeter the dude." Lucas was boisterous and comedic, showcasing his catchphrase, "Whaboom!" Bryan got the first impression rose. At the rose ceremony, Blake K., Grant, Jedidiah, Kyle, Michael, Milton, Mohit, and Rob were eliminated.

139
2
"Week 2: Malibu"
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
1302
5.68[33]

For the first group date, eight men competed in a domestic-themed obstacle course to identify "husband material," hosted by franchise fans Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis. Lucas won, and used his time alone with Rachel to read her a poem. Dean received the group-date rose. Peter got the first one-on-one date with Rachel; they flew with Rachel's dog to Palm Springs to attend BarkFest by BarkBox. Rachel gave Peter a rose at dinner, and they kissed during a fireworks display. Ten men attended a group date where they played basketball for Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and an audience of strangers. After the game, a woman named Lexi told Rachel that DeMario was her boyfriend and ghosted her to become a Bachelorette contestant, which would indicate DeMario lied on his application. Rachel asked DeMario to join the conversation; he claimed the relationship with Lexi wasn't serious and that he did break things off, but Rachel decided that DeMario was not being honest and she eliminated him. Rachel gave Josiah the group-date rose. Lucas and Blake E., who were acquainted prior to filming, criticized each other to Rachel during the cocktail party. DeMario arrived and asked to speak with Rachel.

140
3
"Week 3: Los Angeles"
June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
1303
6.04[34]

Rachel heard DeMario out and instructed him to leave. In the Rose Ceremony, Blake E, Jamey, and Lucas were eliminated. The first group date went to The Ellen DeGeneres Show where they danced shirtless for the audience and played Never Have I Ever. Fred kissed Rachel during the date; she admitted that she still thinks of him as a little boy, and eliminated him. Alex got the first group-date rose. Anthony got the one-on-one date and they went horseback riding in Beverly Hill; she gave him a rose before they kissed and slow danced. Rachel's The Bachelor co-contestants planned the second group date. The guys danced on the stripper pole of a party bus, then had to mud wrestle each other; Bryce defeated Kenny in the final round. Eric got the group-date rose. At the cocktail party, tensions ran high because Bryce and Lee had spoken against Eric to Rachel's friends during the group date.

141
4
"Week 4: South Carolina"
June 19, 2017 (2017-06-19)
1304
5.90[35]

Note: This episode's original airing was delayed a week due to the ongoing NBA Finals.

As the cocktail party continues, Lee stirs up more drama with the other contestants. During Rachel and Kenny's one-on-one time, Lee interrupts twice, angering Kenny. Kenny and Lee later get into a loud argument, which Rachel overhears. Rachel becomes frustrated by the drama overshadowing her time with the guys, but continues to the rose ceremony where Brady, Bryce, and Diggy are eliminated. The remaining contestants go to Hilton Head Island, where Dean is selected for a one-on-one date. Rachel and Dean enjoy a picnic and take a ride on a blimp. At dinner, Dean opens up about his family and receives a rose from Rachel. For the group date, Rachel and the contestants go on a booze cruise and the contestants later participate in a spelling bee, with Josiah emerging as the winner. Later that evening, Iggy warns Rachel about Josiah. Lee tells Rachel about the fight with Kenny and she later confronts Kenny about Lee's words. After his time with Rachel, Kenny pulls Lee aside to speak.

142
5
"Week 5: Norway"
June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)
1305
5.39[36]

Kenny and Lee get into another argument and at the end of the group date, Bryan receives the rose. Jack gets a one-on-one date where they go dancing and walk around the city. Rachel does not feel a connection with Jack at dinner and sends him home. During the rose ceremony, Jonathan and Iggy are eliminated and the remaining men travel to Norway. Bryan receives a one-on-one date with Rachel and the two go rappelling down the Olympic Ski Jump in Oslo. At dinner, Bryan receives a rose. The other men are selected to go on a group date, where they play handball. Will impresses Rachel during the game and opens up to her that evening, he receives the group date rose. Lee and Kenny go on a two-on-one date. They take a helicopter ride through the Norwegian forest. Rachel goes back and forth between the two men about their side of the story. Rachel tells Kenny that Lee claimed he threw him out of a van and Kenny confronts Lee after his time with Rachel.

143
6
"Week 6: Denmark"
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
1306
4.51[37]

As the two-on-one date continues, Kenny confronts Lee about his lies. Rachel returns and sends Lee home, but does not give the rose to Kenny. Before getting into the helicopter to leave, Kenny goes back to Lee to say his final words. At the end of the night, Rachel and Kenny spend time together and she gives him the rose. At the rose ceremony, Josiah and Anthony are sent home. The remaining group goes to Denmark, where Eric receives a one-on-one date. The two explore the city and go to an amusement park. Eric opens up about his relationship with his mom and receives a rose from Rachel. On the group date, the men row an ancient Viking ship and play Viking games. During the final round of the game, Kenny and Adam face off, where both men get superficial cuts. At the cocktail party after the group date, Kenny misses his daughter and is unsure about continuing on the show. Rachel understands Kenny's dilemma and the two mutually agree for Kenny to return home. Peter receives the group date rose. Will and Rachel go on a one-on-one date touring the city. Rachel is surprised by Will's lack of intimacy and his relationship history, so she sends him home. At the rose ceremony, Alex is sent home.

144
7
"Week 7: Switzerland"
July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)
1307
5.68[38]

The six remaining men travel to Geneva, Switzerland. Rachel reveals there will be three one-on-one dates, one group date, and no rose ceremony. Bryan goes on first one-on-one date with Rachel. The two drive around Geneva, purchase watches, and explore the city. At dinner, they discuss their former relationships and Bryan receives a rose. Dean is selected for the next one-on-one-date. Rachel and Dean attend a church service and walk around the city. Rachel hopes Dean will reveal another side to him, but during the day he remains very goofy and brushes it off, much to Rachel's frustration. Dean finally opens up at dinner about his insecurities about Rachel meeting his family. Rachel appreciates Dean opening up and he receives a rose. Peter goes on the final one-on-one date, where they ride a dog sled in the Alps. Peter discusses his doubts about this experience and at dinner, opens up about his past relationships. Rachel questions if he is ready for marriage and Peter receives a rose at the end of the date. Matt, Adam, and Eric go on the group date in France. During the day, Matt is eliminated. During dinner, Adam and Eric discuss their respective possible hometown dates with Rachel. Eric receives the rose and Adam is eliminated.

145
8
"Week 8: Hometowns"
July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)
1308
6.21[39]

Rachel first visits Eric's hometown of Baltimore. They play basketball and meet his friends and family. Rachel discusses the hardships of being on TV and the first black bachelorette with Eric's family. As Eric has never brought a girl home before, Rachel becomes concerned with his readiness to be married. Rachel then goes to Miami to visit Bryan and his family. He takes her around to small local spots and authentic Spanish bars. When Rachel meets his family, Bryan's mom becomes overprotective about Bryan, intimidating Rachel. The next hometown date is to Wisconsin, to meet Peter and his family. Peter takes Rachel around some local markets and she meets his friends. Later that night, Rachel meets his family and expresses her concern about Peter's interest in marriage to his mother. Rachel then heads to Colorado to meet Dean and his family. Dean hasn't spoken to his father in two years and this is the first time his entire family has been together in a long time. Tensions rise as Dean and his father talk one-on-one, discussing their hardships over his mother's death. At the rose ceremony, Dean is sent home.

146
9
"Week 9: Dallas, Spain"
July 24, 2017 (2017-07-24)
1309
6.43[40]

The three remaining guys each get to meet Rachel's family in Dallas. The dates go well, but Rachel's family raises concerns over Bryan's sincerity. Eric, Peter, and Bryan each have a one-on-one date with Rachel in Spain.

147
10
"The Men Tell All"
July 31, 2017 (2017-07-31)
1310
5.76[41]

Chris Harrison recaps the drama from Rachel's season. They cover DeMario's girlfriend, Kenny and Lee's fight, and racist tweets from Lee's twitter account. Rachel later joins to the men to discuss sad breakups and fun memories.

148
11
"Week 10: Finale"
August 7, 2017 (2017-08-07)
1311
7.57[42]

Rachel eliminates Eric at the rose ceremony. Peter and Rachel have a tearful break-up the night before the final rose. Bryan proposes to Rachel in Rioja, Spain.


document_title: Vaudeville

question_text: low-brow variety show that originated in new york city

text: Vaudeville

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The origin of this term is obscure, but is often explained as being derived from the French expression voix de ville ("voice of the city"). A second speculation is that it comes from the fifteenth-century songs on satire by poet Olivier Basselin, "Vaux de Vire".[2] In his Connections television series, science historian James Burke argues that the term is a corruption of the French "Vau de Vire" ("Vire River Valley", in English), an area known for its bawdy drinking songs and where Basselin lived;[3] Jean le Houx circa 1610 collected these works as Le Livre des Chants nouveaux de Vaudevire, which is probably the direct origin of the word. Some, however, preferred the earlier term "variety" to what manager Tony Pastor called its "sissy and Frenchified" successor. Thus, vaudeville was marketed as "variety" well into the 20th century.

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: With its first subtle appearances within the early 1860s, vaudeville was not initially a common form of entertainment. The form gradually evolved from the concert saloon and variety hall into its mature form throughout the 1870s and 1880s. This more gentle form was known as "Polite Vaudeville".[4]

text: In the years before the American Civil War, entertainment existed on a different scale. Certainly, variety theatre existed before 1860 in Europe and elsewhere. In the US, as early as the first decades of the 19th century, theatregoers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy.[citation needed] As the years progressed, people seeking diversified amusement found an increasing number of ways to be entertained. Vaudeville was characterized by traveling companies touring through cities and towns.[5] A handful of circuses regularly toured the country; dime museums appealed to the curious; amusement parks, riverboats, and town halls often featured "cleaner" presentations of variety entertainment; compared to saloons, music halls, and burlesque houses, which catered to those with a taste for the risqué. In the 1840s, the minstrel show, another type of variety performance, and "the first emanation of a pervasive and purely American mass culture", grew to enormous popularity and formed what Nick Tosches called "the heart of 19th-century show business".[6] A significant influence also came from Dutch minstrels and comedians.[7] Medicine shows traveled the countryside offering programs of comedy, music, jugglers, and other novelties along with displays of tonics, salves, and miracle elixirs, while "Wild West" shows provided romantic vistas of the disappearing frontier, complete with trick riding, music and drama. Vaudeville incorporated these various itinerant amusements into a stable, institutionalized form centered in America's growing urban hubs.

text: In the early 1880s, impresario Tony Pastor, a circus ringmaster turned theatre manager, capitalized on middle class sensibilities and spending power when he began to feature "polite" variety programs in several of his New York City theatres.[8] The usual date given for the "birth" of vaudeville is October 24, 1881 at New York's Fourteenth Street Theater, when Pastor famously staged the first bill of self-proclaimed "clean" vaudeville in New York City.[2] Hoping to draw a potential audience from female and family-based shopping traffic uptown, Pastor barred the sale of liquor in his theatres, eliminated bawdy material from his shows, and offered gifts of coal and hams to attendees. Pastor's experiment proved successful, and other managers soon followed suit.

text: Popularity[edit]

text:
Performance bill for Temple Theatre, Detroit, December 1, 1902
The manager's comments, sent back to the circuit's central office weekly, follow each act's description. The bill illustrates the typical pattern of opening the show with a "dumb" act to allow patrons to find their seats, placing strong acts in second and penultimate positions, and leaving the weakest act for the end, to clear the house.
As well, note that in this bill, as in many vaudeville shows, acts often associated with "lowbrow" or popular entertainment (acrobats, a trained mule) shared a stage with acts more usually regarded as "highbrow" or classical entertainment (opera vocalists, classical musicians).

(1) Burt Jordan and Rosa Crouch. "Sensational, grotesque and 'buck' dancers. A good act..."
(2) The White Tscherkess Trio. "A man and two women who do a singing turn of the operatic order. They carry special scenery which is very artistic and their costumes are original and neat. Their voices are good and blend exceedingly well. The act goes big with the audience."
(3) Sarah Midgely and Gertie Carlisle. "Presenting the sketch 'After School.' ... they are a 'knockout.'"
(4) Theodor F. Smith and Jenny St. George-Fuller. "Refined instrumentalists."
(5) Milly Capell. "European equestrienne. This is her second week. On account of the very pretty picture that she makes she goes as strong as she did last week."
(6) R. J. Jose. "Tenor singer. The very best of them all."
(7) The Nelson Family of Acrobats. "This act is composed of three men, two young women, three boys and two small girls. The greatest acrobatic act extant."
(8) James Thornton. "Monologist and vocalist. He goes like a cyclone. It is a case of continuous laughter from his entrance to his exit."
(9) Burk and Andrus and Their Trained Mule. "This act, if it can be so classed, was closed after the evening performance."

Typical provincial venue on the circuit: "The Opera" in Kirksville, Missouri

text: B. F. Keith took the next step, starting in Boston, where he built an empire of theatres and brought vaudeville to the US and Canada. Later, E. F. Albee, adoptive grandfather of the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Edward Albee, managed the chain to its greatest success. Circuits such as those managed by Keith-Albee provided vaudeville's greatest economic innovation and the principal source of its industrial strength. They enabled a chain of allied vaudeville houses that remedied the chaos of the single-theatre booking system by contracting acts for regional and national tours. These could easily be lengthened from a few weeks to two years.

text: Albee also gave national prominence to vaudeville's trumpeting "polite" entertainment, a commitment to entertainment equally inoffensive to men, women and children. Acts that violated this ethos (e.g., those that used words such as "hell") were admonished and threatened with expulsion from the week's remaining performances or were canceled altogether. In spite of such threats, performers routinely flouted this censorship, often to the delight of the very audience members whose sensibilities were supposedly endangered. He eventually instituted a set of guidelines to be an audience member at his show, and these were reinforced by the ushers working in the theater.[2]

text: This "polite entertainment" also extended to Keith's company members. He went to extreme measures to maintain this level of modesty. Keith even went as far as posting warnings backstage such as this: "Don't say 'slob' or 'son of a gun' or 'hully gee' on the stage unless you want to be canceled peremptorily ... if you are guilty of uttering anything sacrilegious or even suggestive you will be immediately closed and will never again be allowed in a theater where Mr. Keith is in authority." Along these same lines of discipline, Keith's theater managers would occasionally send out blue envelopes with orders to omit certain suggestive lines of songs and possible substitutions for those words. If actors chose to ignore these orders or quit, they would get "a black mark" on their name and would never again be allowed to work on the Keith Circuit. Thus, actors learned to follow the instructions given them by B. F. Keith for fear of losing their careers forever.[2]

text: By the late 1890s, vaudeville had large circuits, houses (small and large) in almost every sizable location, standardized booking, broad pools of skilled acts, and a loyal national following. One of the biggest circuits was Martin Beck's Orpheum Circuit. It incorporated in 1919 and brought together 45 vaudeville theaters in 36 cities throughout the US and Canada and a large interest in two vaudeville circuits. Another major circuit was that of Alexander Pantages. In his heyday, Pantages owned more than 30 vaudeville theaters and controlled, through management contracts, perhaps 60 more in both the US and Canada.

text: At its height, vaudeville played across multiple strata of economic class and auditorium size. On the vaudeville circuit, it was said that if an act would succeed in Peoria, Illinois, it would work anywhere. The question "Will it play in Peoria?" has now become a metaphor for whether something appeals to the American mainstream public. The three most common levels were the "small time" (lower-paying contracts for more frequent performances in rougher, often converted theatres), the "medium time" (moderate wages for two performances each day in purpose-built theatres), and the "big time" (possible remuneration of several thousand dollars per week in large, urban theatres largely patronized by the middle and upper-middle classes). As performers rose in renown and established regional and national followings, they worked their way into the less arduous working conditions and better pay of the big time. The capital of the big time was New York City's Palace Theatre (or just "The Palace" in the slang of vaudevillians), built by Martin Beck in 1913 and operated by Keith. Featuring a bill stocked with inventive novelty acts, national celebrities, and acknowledged masters of vaudeville performance (such as comedian and trick roper Will Rogers), the Palace provided what many vaudevillians considered the apotheosis of remarkable careers. A standard show bill would begin with a sketch, follow with a single (an individual male or female performer); next would be an alley oop (an acrobatic act); then another single, followed by yet another sketch such as a blackface comedy. The acts that followed these for the rest of the show would vary from musicals to jugglers to song-and-dance singles and end with a final extravaganza – either musical or drama – with the full company. These shows would feature such stars as ragtime and jazz pianist Eubie Blake, the famous and magical Harry Houdini, and child star Baby Rose Marie, adds Gilbert.[9] In the New-York Tribune's article about Vaudeville, it is said that at any given time, Vaudeville was employing over twelve thousand different people throughout its entire industry. Each entertainer would be on the road 42 weeks at a time while working a particular "Circuit" – or an individual theatre chain of a major company.[10]

text: While the neighborhood character of vaudeville attendance had always promoted a tendency to tailor fare to specific audiences, mature vaudeville grew to feature houses and circuits specifically aimed at certain demographic groups. Black patrons, often segregated into the rear of the second gallery in white-oriented theatres, had their own smaller circuits, as did speakers of Italian and Yiddish. (For a brief discussion of Black vaudeville, see Theater Owners Booking Association.) This foreign addition combined with comedy produced such acts as "minstrel shows of antebellum America" and Yiddish theater. PBS adds that many of these ethnic families joined in on this entertainment business, and for them, this traveling lifestyle was simply a continuation of the adventures that brought them to America. Through these acts, they were able to assimilate themselves into their new home while also bringing bits of their own culture into this new world.[11] White-oriented regional circuits, such as New England's "Peanut Circuit", also provided essential training grounds for new artists while allowing established acts to experiment with and polish new material. At its height, vaudeville was rivaled only by churches and public schools among the nation's premiere public gathering places.

text: Another slightly different aspect of Vaudeville was an increasing intrigue with the female figure. The previously mentioned ominous idea of "the blue envelopes" led to the phrase "blue" material, which described the provocative subject matter present in many Vaudeville acts of the time.[2] Many managers even saw this scandalous material as a marketing strategy to attract many different audiences. As stated in Andrew Erdman's book Blue Vaudeville, the Vaudeville stage was even marked with descriptions like, "a highly sexualized space ... where unclad bodies, provocative dancers, and singers of 'blue' lyrics all vied for attention." Such performances highlighted and objectified the female body as a "sexual delight", a phenomenon that historians believe emerged in the mid-19th century. But more than that, these historians think that Vaudeville marked a time in which the female body became its own "sexual spectacle" more than it ever had before. This sexual image began sprouting everywhere an American went: the shops, a restaurant, the grocery store, etc. The more this image brought in the highest revenue, the more Vaudeville focused on acts involving women. Even acts that were as innocent as a sister act were higher sellers than a good brother act. Consequently, Erdman adds that female Vaudeville performers such as Julie Mackey and Gibson's Bathing Girls began to focus less on talent and more on physical appeal through their figure, tight gowns, and other revealing attire. It eventually came as a surprise to audience members when such beautiful women actually possessed talent in addition to their appealing looks. This element of surprise colored much of the reaction to the female entertainment of this time.[12]

text: Selected vaudeville artists[edit]

text: List of vaudeville performers: A–K

text: List of vaudeville performers: L-Z

text: Immigrant America[edit]

text: In addition to vaudeville's prominence as a form of American entertainment, it reflected the newly evolving urban inner city culture and interaction of its operators and audience. Making up a large portion of immigration to the United States in the mid-19th century, Irish Americans interacted with established Americans, with the Irish becoming subject to discrimination due to their ethnic physical and cultural characteristics. The ethnic stereotypes of Irish through their greenhorn depiction alluded to their newly arrived status as immigrant Americans, with the stereotype portrayed in avenues of entertainment.[13]

text: Following the Irish immigration wave, several waves followed in which new immigrants from different backgrounds came in contact with the Irish in America's urban centers. Already settled and being native English speakers, Irish Americans took hold of these advantages and began to assert their positions in the immigrant racial hierarchy based on skin tone and assimilation status, cementing job positions that were previously unavailable to them as recently arrived immigrants.[14] As a result, Irish Americans became prominent in vaudeville entertainment as curators and actors, creating a unique ethnic interplay between Irish American use of self-deprecation as humor and their diverse inner city surroundings.[15]

text: The interactions between newly arrived immigrants and settled immigrants within the backdrop of the unknown American urban landscape allowed vaudeville to be utilized as an avenue for expression and understanding. The often hostile immigrant experience in their new country was now used for comic relief on the vaudeville stage, where stereotypes of different ethnic groups were perpetuated.[16] The crude stereotypes that emerged were easily identifiable not only by their distinct ethnic cultural attributes, but how those attributes differed from the mainstream established American culture and identity.[17]

text: Coupled with their historical presence on the English stage for comic relief,[15] and as operators and actors of the vaudeville stage, Irish Americans became interpreters of immigrant cultural images in American popular culture. New arrivals found their ethnic group status defined within the immigrant population and in their new country as a whole by the Irish on stage.[18] Unfortunately, the same interactions between ethnic groups within the close living conditions of cities also created racial tensions which were reflected in vaudeville. Conflict between Irish and African Americans saw the promotion of black-face minstrelsy on the stage, purposefully used to place African Americans beneath the Irish in the racial and social urban hierarchy.[19]

text: Although the Irish had a strong Celtic presence in vaudeville and in the promotion of ethnic stereotypes, the ethnic groups that they were characterizing also utilized the same humor. As the Irish donned their ethnic costumes, groups such as the Chinese, Italians, Germans and Jews utilized ethnic caricatures to understand themselves as well as the Irish.[20] The urban diversity within the vaudeville stage and audience also reflected their societal status, with the working class constituting 2/3 of the typical vaudeville audience.[20]

text: The ethnic caricatures that now comprised American humor reflected the positive and negative interactions between ethnic groups in America's cities. The caricatures served as a method of understanding different groups and their societal positions within their cities.[20] The use of the greenhorn immigrant for comedic effect showcased how immigrants were viewed as new arrivals, but also what they could aspire to be. In addition to interpreting visual ethnic caricatures, the Irish American ideal of transitioning from the shanty[21] to the lace curtain[17] became a model of economic upward mobility for immigrant groups.

text: Decline[edit]

text: The continued growth of the lower-priced cinema in the early 1910s dealt the heaviest blow to vaudeville. This was similar to the advent of free broadcast television's diminishing the cultural and economic strength of the cinema. Cinema was first regularly commercially presented in the US in vaudeville halls. The first public showing of movies projected on a screen took place at Koster and Bial's Music Hall in 1896. Lured by greater salaries and less arduous working conditions, many performers and personalities, such as Al Jolson, W. C. Fields, Mae West, Buster Keaton, the Marx Brothers, Jimmy Durante, Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, Edgar Bergen, Fanny Brice, Burns and Allen, and Eddie Cantor, used the prominence gained in live variety performance to vault into the new medium of cinema. In doing so, such performers often exhausted in a few moments of screen time the novelty of an act that might have kept them on tour for several years. Other performers who entered in vaudeville's later years, including Jack Benny, Abbott and Costello, Kate Smith, Cary Grant, Bob Hope, Milton Berle, Judy Garland, Rose Marie, Sammy Davis, Jr., Red Skelton, and The Three Stooges, used vaudeville only as a launching pad for later careers. They left live performance before achieving the national celebrity of earlier vaudeville stars, and found fame in new venues.

text: The line between live and filmed performances was blurred by the number of vaudeville entrepreneurs who made more or less successful forays into the movie business. For example, Alexander Pantages quickly realized the importance of motion pictures as a form of entertainment. He incorporated them in his shows as early as 1902. Later, he entered into partnership with the Famous Players-Lasky, a major Hollywood production company and an affiliate of Paramount Pictures.

text: By the late 1920s, most vaudeville shows included a healthy selection of cinema. Earlier in the century, many vaudevillians, cognizant of the threat represented by cinema, held out hope that the silent nature of the "flickering shadow sweethearts" would preclude their usurpation of the paramount place in the public's affection. With the introduction of talking pictures in 1926, the burgeoning film studios removed what had remained the chief difference in favor of live theatrical performance: spoken dialogue. Historian John Kenrick wrote:

text: Top vaudeville stars filmed their acts for one-time pay-offs, inadvertently helping to speed the death of vaudeville. After all, when "small time" theatres could offer "big time" performers on screen at a nickel a seat, who could ask audiences to pay higher amounts for less impressive live talent? The newly-formed RKO studios took over the famed Orpheum vaudeville circuit and swiftly turned it into a chain of full-time movie theaters. The half-century tradition of vaudeville was effectively wiped out within less than four years.[22]

text: Inevitably, managers further trimmed costs by eliminating the last of the live performances. Vaudeville also suffered due to the rise of broadcast radio following the greater availability of inexpensive receiver sets later in the decade. Even the hardiest in the vaudeville industry realized the form was in decline; the perceptive understood the condition to be terminal. The standardized film distribution and talking pictures of the 1930s confirmed the end of vaudeville. By 1930, the vast majority of formerly live theatres had been wired for sound, and none of the major studios were producing silent pictures. For a time, the most luxurious theatres continued to offer live entertainment, but most theatres were forced by the Great Depression to economize.

text: Some in the industry blamed cinema's drain of talent from the vaudeville circuits for the medium's demise. Others argued that vaudeville had allowed its performances to become too familiar to its famously loyal, now seemingly fickle audiences.

text: There was no abrupt end to vaudeville, though the form was clearly sagging by the late 1920s. Joseph Kennedy, Sr. in a hostile buyout, acquired the Keith-Albee-Orpheum Theaters Corporation (KAO), which had more than 700 vaudeville theaters across the United States which had begun showing movies. The shift of New York City's Palace Theatre, vaudeville's epicenter, to an exclusively cinema presentation on November 16, 1932 is often considered to have been the death knell of vaudeville.[23] No single event is more reflective of its gradual withering.

text: Though talk of its resurrection was heard during the 1930s and later, the demise of the supporting apparatus of the circuits and the higher cost of live performance made any large-scale renewal of vaudeville unrealistic.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The most striking examples of Gilded Age theater architecture were commissioned by the big time vaudeville magnates and stood as monuments of their wealth and ambition. Examples of such architecture are the theaters built by impresario Alexander Pantages. Pantages often used architect B. Marcus Priteca (1881–1971), who in turn regularly worked with muralist Anthony Heinsbergen. Priteca devised an exotic, neo-classical style that his employer called "Pantages Greek".

text: Though classic vaudeville reached a zenith of capitalization and sophistication in urban areas dominated by national chains and commodious theatres, small-time vaudeville included countless more intimate and locally controlled houses. Small-time houses were often converted saloons, rough-hewn theatres, or multi-purpose halls, together catering to a wide range of clientele. Many small towns had purpose-built theatres.

text: Vaudeville's cultural influence and legacy[edit]

text: Some of the most prominent vaudevillians successfully made the transition to cinema, though others were not as successful. Some performers such as Bert Lahr fashioned careers out of combining live performance with radio and film roles. Many others later appeared in the Catskill resorts that constituted the "Borscht Belt".

text: Vaudeville was instrumental in the success of the newer media of film, radio, and television. Comedies of the new era adopted many of the dramatic and musical tropes of classic vaudeville acts. Film comedies of the 1920s through the 1940s used talent from the vaudeville stage and followed a vaudeville aesthetic of variety entertainment, both in Hollywood and in Asia, including China.[24]

text: The rich repertoire of the vaudeville tradition was mined for prominent prime-time radio variety shows such as The Rudy Vallée Show. The structure of a single host introducing a series of acts became a popular television style and can be seen consistently in the development of television, from The Milton Berle Show in 1948 to Late Night With David Letterman in the 1980s.[25] The multi-act format had renewed success in shows such as Your Show of Shows with Sid Caesar and The Ed Sullivan Show. Today, performers such as Bill Irwin, a MacArthur Fellow and Tony Award-winning actor, are frequently lauded as "New Vaudevillians".[26][27]

text: References to vaudeville and the use of its distinctive argot continue throughout Western popular culture. Words such as "flop" and "gag" were terms created from the vaudeville era and have entered the American idiom. Though not credited often, vaudevillian techniques can commonly be witnessed on television and in movies.

text: There would later be a Professional wrestling tag team based in WWE called The Vaudevillains

text: Archives[edit]

text: The records of the Tivoli Theatre are housed at the State Library of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, with additional personal papers of vaudevillian performers from the Tivoli Theatre, including extensive costume and set design holdings, held by the Performing Arts Collection, Arts Centre Melbourne.

text: The American Vaudeville Museum, one of the largest collection of vaudeville memorabilia, is located at the University of Arizona.[28]

text: The Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres in Toronto houses the world's largest collection of vaudeville props and scenery.

text: The Benjamin Franklin Keith and Edward F. Albee Collection housed at the University of Iowa includes a large collection of managers' report books recording and commenting on the lineup and quality of the acts each night.[29]


document_title: List of Nigerian states by area

question_text: edo state and lagos state which is bigger

text: List of Nigerian states by area

text: The following table presents a listing of Nigeria's 36 states ranked in order of their surface area.

text:
Rank

State

km²

1

Niger State

76,363

2

Borno State

70,898

3

Taraba State

54,473

4

Kaduna State

46,053

5

Bauchi State

45,837

6

Yobe State

45,502

7

Zamfara State

39,762

8

Adamawa State

36,917

9

Kwara State

36,825

10

Kebbi State

36,800

11

Benue State

34,059

12

Plateau State

30,913

13

Kogi State

29,833

14

Oyo State

28,454

15

Nasarawa State

27,117

16

Sokoto State

25,973

17

Katsina State

24,192

18

Jigawa State

23,154

19

Cross River State

20,156

20

Kano State

20,131

21

Gombe State

18,768

22

Edo State

17,802

23

Delta State

17,698

24

Ogun State

16,762

25

Ondo State

15,500

26

Rivers State

11,077

27

Bayelsa State

10,773

28

Osun State

9,251

-

Federal Capital Territory

7,315

29

Enugu State

7,161

30

Akwa Ibom State

7,081

31

Ekiti State

6,353

32

Abia State

6,320

33

Ebonyi State

5,670

34

Imo State

5,530 km

35

Anambra State

4,844

36

Lagos State

3,345