document_title: Plywood

question_text: when did plywood come into use in furniture

text: Plywood

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "Ply" derives from the French verb plier,[1] "to fold", from the Latin verb plico, from the ancient Greek verb πλέκω.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1797 Samuel Bentham applied for patents covering several machines to produce veneers. In his patent applications, he described the concept of laminating several layers of veneer with glue to form a thicker piece – the first description of what we now call plywood.[3] Bentham was a British naval engineer with many shipbuilding inventions to his credit. Veneers at the time of Bentham were flat sawn, rift sawn or quarter sawn; i.e. cut along or across the log manually in different angles to the grain and thus limited in width and length.

text: About fifty years later Immanuel Nobel, father of Alfred Nobel, realized that several thinner layers of wood bonded together would be stronger than one single thick layer of wood understanding the industrial potential of laminated wood he invented the rotary lathe.[citation needed]

text: There is little record of the early implementation of the rotary lathe and the subsequent commercialization of plywood as we know it today, but in its 1870 edition, the French dictionary Robert describes the process of rotary lathe veneer manufacturing in its entry Déroulage.[4] One can thus presume that rotary lathe plywood manufacture was an established process in France in the 1860s. Plywood was introduced into the United States in 1865[5] and industrial production started shortly after. In 1928, the first standard-sized 4 ft by 8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m) plywood sheets were introduced in the United States for use as a general building material.[3]

text: Artists use plywood as a support for easel paintings to replace traditional canvas or cardboard. Ready-made artist boards for oil painting in three-layered plywood (3-ply) were produced and sold in New York as early as 1880.[6]

text: In India, plywood is more commonly called "Kitply" after a leading brand which pioneered the concept of waterproof plywood in the early 1970"s.

text: Structural characteristics[edit]

text: A typical plywood panel has face veneers of a higher grade than the core veneers. The principal function of the core layers is to increase the separation between the outer layers where the bending stresses are highest, thus increasing the panel's resistance to bending. As a result, thicker panels can span greater distances under the same loads. In bending, the maximum stress occurs in the outermost layers, one in tension, the other in compression. Bending stress decreases from the maximum at the face layers to nearly zero at the central layer. Shear stress, by contrast, is higher in the center of the panel, and at the outer fibres.

text: Types[edit]

text: Different varieties of plywood exist for different applications:

text: Softwood plywood[edit]

text: Softwood plywood is usually made either of cedar, Douglas fir or spruce, pine, and fir (collectively known as spruce-pine-fir or SPF) or redwood and is typically used for construction and industrial purposes.[7]

text: The most common dimension is 1.2 by 2.4 metres (3 ft 11 in × 7 ft 10 in) or the slightly larger imperial dimension of 4 feet × 8 feet. Plies vary in thickness from 1.4 mm to 4.3 mm. The number of plies—which is always odd—depends on the thickness and grade of the sheet. Roofing can use the thinner 5/8" (15 mm) plywood. Subfloors are at least 3/4" (18 mm) thick, the thickness depending on the distance between floor joists. Plywood for flooring applications is often tongue and groove; This prevents one board from moving up or down relative to its neighbor, providing a solid-feeling floor when the joints do not lie over joists. T&G plywood is usually found in the 1/2" to 1" (12–25 mm) range.

text: Hardwood plywood[edit]

text: Hardwood plywood is made out of wood from angiosperm trees and used for demanding end uses. Hardwood plywood is characterized by its excellent strength, stiffness and resistance to creep. It has a high planar shear strength and impact resistance, which make it especially suitable for heavy-duty floor and wall structures. Oriented plywood construction has a high wheel-carrying capacity. Hardwood plywood has excellent surface hardness, and damage- and wear-resistance.[8]

text: Tropical plywood[edit]

text: Tropical plywood is made of mixed species of tropical wood. Originally from the Asian region, it is now also manufactured in African and South American countries. Tropical plywood is superior to softwood plywood due to its density, strength, evenness of layers, and high quality. It is usually sold at a premium in many markets if manufactured with high standards. Tropical plywood is widely used in the UK, Japan, United States, Taiwan, Korea, Dubai, and other countries worldwide. It is the preferred choice[according to whom?] for construction purposes in many regions due to its low cost. However, many countries’ forests have been over-harvested, including the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia, largely due to the demand for plywood production and export.[citation needed]

text: Aircraft plywood[edit]

text: High-strength plywood, also known as aircraft plywood, is made from mahogany, spruce and/or birch using adhesives with an increased resistance to heat and humidity. It was used in the construction of air assault gliders during World War II and also several fighter aircraft, most notably the multi-role British Mosquito. Nicknamed "The Wooden Wonder" plywood was used for the wing surfaces, and also flat sections such as bulkheads and the webs of the wing spars. The fuselage had exceptional rigidity from the bonded ply-balsa-ply ‘sandwich’ of its monocoque shell; elliptical in cross-section, it was formed in two separate mirror-image halves, using curved moulds.

text: Structural aircraft-grade plywood is most commonly manufactured from African mahogany, spruce or birch veneers that are bonded together in a hot press over hardwood cores of basswood or poplar or from European Birch veneers throughout. Basswood is another type of aviation-grade plywood that is lighter and more flexible than mahogany and birch plywood but has slightly less[citation needed] structural strength. Aviation-grade plywood is manufactured to a number of specifications including those outlined since 1931 in the Germanischer Lloyd Rules for Surveying and Testing of Plywood for Aircraft and MIL-P-607, the latter of which calls for shear testing after immersion in boiling water for three hours to verify the adhesive qualities between the plies and meets specifications.

text: Decorative plywood (overlaid plywood)[edit]

text: Usually faced with hardwood, including ash, oak, red oak, birch, maple, mahogany, Philippine mahogany (often called lauan, luan or meranti and having no relation to true mahogany), rosewood, teak and a large number of other hardwoods.

text: Flexible plywood[edit]

text: Flexible plywood is designed for making curved parts, a practice which dates back to the 1850s in furniture making.

text: Aircraft grade plywood, often Baltic birch, is made from 3 or more plies of birch, as thin as 1/64" thick in total, and is extremely strong and light. At 3/8" thick, mahogany 3-ply "wiggle Board" or "Bendy Board" come in 4' x 8' sheets with a very thin cross grain central ply and two thicker exterior plies, either long grain on the sheet, or cross grain. Wiggle board is often glued together in two layers once it is formed into the desired curve, so that the final shape will be stiff and resist movement. Often, decorative wood veneers are added as a surface layer.

text: In the UK single ply sheets of veneer were used to make stovepipe hats in Victorian times, so flexible modern plywood is sometimes known there as "Hatters Ply",[citation needed] although the original material was not strictly plywood, but a single sheet of veneer.

text: Marine plywood[edit]

text: Marine plywood is manufactured from durable face and core veneers, with few defects so it performs longer in both humid and wet conditions and resists delaminating and fungal attack. Its construction is such that it can be used in environments where it is exposed to moisture for long periods. Each wood veneer will be from tropical hardwoods, have negligible core gap, limiting the chance of trapping water in the plywood and hence providing a solid and stable glue bond. It uses an exterior Water and Boil Proof (WBP) glue similar to most exterior plywoods.

text: Marine plywood can be graded as being compliant with BS 1088, which is a British Standard for marine plywood. There are few international standards for grading marine plywood and most of the standards are voluntary. Some marine plywood has a Lloyd's of London stamp that certifies it to be BS 1088 compliant. Some plywood is also labeled based on the wood used to manufacture it. Examples of this are Okoumé or Meranti.

text: Other plywoods[edit]

text: Other types of plywoods include fire-retardant, moisture-resistant, wire mesh, sign-grade, and pressure-treated. However, the plywood may be treated with various chemicals to improve the plywood's fireproofing. Each of these products is designed to fill a need in industry.

text: Baltic Birch plywood is a product of an area around the Baltic Sea. Originally manufactured for European cabinet makers but now popular in the United States as well. It is very stable composed of an inner void-free core of cross-banded birch plys with an exterior grade adhesive. The face veneers are thicker than traditional cabinet grade plywood.

text: Production[edit]

text: Plywood production requires a good log, called a peeler, which is generally straighter and larger in diameter than one required for processing into dimensioned lumber by a sawmill. The log is laid horizontally and rotated about its long axis while a long blade is pressed into it, causing a thin layer of wood to peel off (much as a continuous sheet of paper from a roll). An adjustable nosebar, which may be solid or a roller, is pressed against the log during rotation, to create a "gap" for veneer to pass through between the knife and the nosebar. The nosebar partly compresses the wood as it is peeled; it controls vibration of the peeling knife; and assists in keeping the veneer being peeled to an accurate thickness. In this way the log is peeled into sheets of veneer, which are then cut to the desired oversize dimensions, to allow it to shrink (depending on wood species) when dried. The sheets are then patched, graded, glued together and then baked in a press at a temperature of at least 140 °C (284 °F), and at a pressure of up to 1.9 MPa (280 psi) (but more commonly 200 psi) to form the plywood panel. The panel can then be patched, have minor surface defects such as splits or small knot holes filled, re-sized, sanded or otherwise refinished, depending on the market for which it is intended.

text: Plywood for indoor use generally uses the less expensive urea-formaldehyde glue, which has limited water resistance, while outdoor and marine-grade plywood are designed to withstand moisture, and use a water-resistant phenol-formaldehyde glue to prevent delamination and to retain strength in high humidity.

text: Anti-fungal additives such as Xyligen (Furmecyclox)[9] may sometimes be added to the glueline to provide added resistance to fungal attack.

text: The adhesives used in plywood have become a point of concern. Both urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde are carcinogenic in very high concentrations. As a result, many manufacturers are turning to low formaldehyde-emitting glue systems, denoted by an "E" rating ("E0" possessing the lowest formaldehyde emissions). Plywood produced to "E0" has effectively zero formaldehyde emissions.[10]

text: In addition to the glues being brought to the forefront, the wood resources themselves are becoming the focus of manufacturers, due in part to energy conservation, as well as concern for natural resources. There are several certifications available to manufacturers who participate in these programs. Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), and Greenguard are all certification programs that ensure that production and construction practices are sustainable. Many of these programs offer tax benefits to both the manufacturer and the end user.[11]

text: Sizes[edit]

text: The most commonly used thickness range is from 1⁄8 to 3.0 inches (3.2 to 76.2 mm). The sizes of the most commonly used plywood sheets are 4 x 8 feet (1220 x 2440 mm) which was first used by the Portland Manufacturing Company, who developed what we know of as modern veneer core plywood for the 1905 Portland World Fair. A common metric size for a sheet of plywood is 1200 x 2400 mm. 5 × 5 feet (1,500 × 1,500 mm) is also a common European size for Baltic birch ply, and aircraft ply.[12]

text: Sizes on specialised plywood for concrete-forming can range from 15⁄64 to 13⁄16 in (6 to 21 mm), and a multitude of formats exist, though 15 × 750 × 1,500 mm (.059 inch × 30 × 59 in) (19/32in × 2 ft-6in × 4 ft-11in) is very commonly used.

text: Aircraft plywood is available in thicknesses of 1⁄8 inch (3 mm) (3 ply construction) and upwards; typically aircraft plywood uses veneers of 0.5 mm (approx 1/64 in) thickness although much thinner veneers such as 0.1 mm are also used in construction of some of the thinner panels.

text: Grades[edit]

text: Grading rules differ according to the country of origin. The most popular standards are the British Standard (BS) and the American Standard (ASTM). Joyce (1970), however, list some general indication of grading rules:[13]

text:
Grade
Description

A
Face and back veneers practically free from all defects.

A/B
Face veneers practically free from all defects. Reverse veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations.

A/BB
Face as A but reverse side permitting jointed veneers, large knots, plugs, etc.

B
Both side veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations.

B/BB
Face veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations. Reverse side permitting jointed veneers, large knots, plugs, etc.

BB
Both sides permitting jointed veneers, large knots, plugs, etc.

C/D
For structural plywood, this grade means that the face has knots and defects filled in and the reverse may have some that are not filled. Neither face is an appearance grade, nor are they sanded smooth. This grade is often used for sheathing the surfaces of a building prior to being covered with another product like flooring, siding, concrete, or roofing materials.

WG
Guaranteed well glued only. All broken knots plugged.

X
Knots, knotholes, cracks, and all other defects permitted.

WBP
Weather and Boil Proof used in Marine Ply. Designation replaced by EN 314-3.

text: JPIC Standards

text:
Grade
Description

BB/CC
Face as BB, back as CC. BB as very little knots of less than 1/4 inches, slight discoloration, no decay, split and wormholes mended skillfully, matched colors, no blister, no wrinkle. Most popular choice for most applications.[citation needed]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Plywood is used in many applications that need high-quality, high-strength sheet material. Quality in this context means resistance to cracking, breaking, shrinkage, twisting and warping.

text: Exterior glued plywood is suitable for outdoor use, but because moisture affects the strength of wood, optimal performance is achieved where the moisture content remains relatively low. Subzero conditions do not affect the dimensional or strength properties of plywood, making some special applications possible.

text: Plywood is also used as an engineering material for stressed-skin applications. It has been used for marine and aviation applications since WWII. Most notable is the British de Havilland Mosquito bomber, with a fuselage made of birch plywood sandwiching a balsa core, and using plywood extensively for the wings. Plywood was also used for the hulls in the hard-chine Motor Torpedo Boats (MTB) and Motor Gun Boats (MGB) built by the British Power Boat Company and Vosper's. Plywood is currently successfully used in stressed-skin applications.[citation needed] The American designers Charles and Ray Eames are known for their plywood-based furniture, as is Finnish Architect Alvar Aalto and his firm Artek, while Phil Bolger has designed a wide range of boats built primarily of plywood. Jack Köper of Cape Town designed the plywood Dabchick sailing dinghy, which as of 2015[update] is still sailed by large numbers of teenagers.

text: Plywood is often used to create curved surfaces because it can easily bend with the grain. Skateboard ramps often utilize plywood as the top smooth surface over bent curves to create transition that can simulate the shapes of ocean waves.

text: Softwood plywood applications[edit]

text: Typical end uses of spruce plywood are:

text:
Floors, walls and roofs in home constructions
Wind bracing panels
Vehicle internal body work
Packages and boxes
Fencing

text: There are coating solutions available that mask the prominent grain structure of spruce plywood. For these coated plywoods there are some end uses where reasonable strength is needed but the lightness of spruce is a benefit e.g.:

text:
Concrete shuttering panels
Ready-to-paint surfaces for constructions

text: Hardwood plywood applications[edit]

text: Phenolic resin film coated (Film Faced) plywood is typically used as a ready-to-install component e.g.:

text:
Panels in concrete form work systems
Floors, walls and roofs in transport vehicles
Container floors
Floors subjected to heavy wear in various buildings and factories
Scaffolding materials

text: Birch plywood is used as a structural material in special applications e.g.:

text:
Wind turbine blades
Insulation boxes for liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers

text: Smooth surface and accurate thickness combined with the durability of the material makes birch plywood a favorable material for many special end uses e.g.:

text:
High-end loud speakers
Die-cutting boards
Supporting structure for parquet
Playground equipment
Furniture
Signs and fences for demanding outdoor advertising
Musical instruments
Sports equipment

text: Tropical plywood applications[edit]

text: Tropical plywood is widely available from the South-East Asia region, mainly from Malaysia and Indonesia. Tropical plywood boasts premium quality, and strength. Depending on machinery, tropical plywood can be made with high accuracy in thickness, and is a highly preferable choice in America, Japan, Middle East, Korea, and other regions around the world.[14]

text:
Common plywood
Concrete panel
Floor base
Structure panel
Container flooring
Lamin board
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)


document_title: Genotype

question_text: the combination of alleles of an organism is referred to as the organism's

question_tokens: the combination of alleles of an organism is referred to as the organism 's

root

text: Genotype

text: Genotypic and genomic sequence[edit]

text: The genotype of an organism is the inherited map it carries within its genetic code. Not all organisms with the same genotype look or act the same way because appearance and behavior are modified by environmental and developmental conditions. Likewise, not all organisms that look alike necessarily have the same genotype. One's genotype differs subtly from one's genomic sequence. A sequence is an absolute measure of base composition of an individual, or a representative of a species or group; a genotype typically implies a measurement of how an individual differs or is specialized within a group of individuals or a species. So, typically, one refers to an individual's genotype with regard to a particular gene of interest and, in polyploid individuals, it refers to what combination of alleles the individual carries (see homozygous, heterozygous). The genetic constitution of an organism is referred to as its genotype, such as the letters Bb (B – dominant genotype and b – recessive genotype).

tag: p

text: Phenotype[edit]

text: Any given gene will usually cause an observable change in an organism, known as the phenotype. The terms genotype and phenotype are distinct for at least two reasons:

text:
To distinguish the source of an observer's knowledge (one can know about genotype by observing DNA; one can know about phenotype by observing outward appearance of an organism).
Genotype and phenotype are not always directly correlated. Some genes only express a given phenotype in certain environmental conditions. Conversely, some phenotypes could be the result of multiple genotypes. The genotype is commonly mixed up with the phenotype which describes the end result of both the genetic and the environmental factors giving the observed expression (e.g. blue eyes, hair color, or various hereditary diseases).

tag: ol

text: A simple example to illustrate genotype as distinct from phenotype is the flower colour in pea plants (see Gregor Mendel). There are three available genotypes, PP (homozygous dominant), Pp (heterozygous), and pp (homozygous recessive). All three have different genotypes but the first two have the same phenotype (purple) as distinct from the third (white).

text: A more technical example to illustrate genotype is the single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP. A SNP occurs when corresponding sequences of DNA from different individuals differ at one DNA base, for example where the sequence AAGCCTA changes to AAGCTTA. This contains two alleles : C and T. SNPs typically have three genotypes, denoted generically AA Aa and aa. In the example above, the three genotypes would be CC, CT and TT. Other types of genetic marker, such as microsatellites, can have more than two alleles, and thus many different genotypes.

text: Penetrance is the proportion of individuals showing a specified genotype in their phenotype under a given set of environmental conditions.[3]

text: Mendelian inheritance[edit]

text: The distinction between genotype and phenotype is commonly experienced when studying family patterns for certain hereditary diseases or conditions, for example, hemophilia. Humans and most animals are diploid; thus there are two alleles for any given gene. These alleles can be the same (homozygous) or different (heterozygous), depending on the individual (see zygote). With a dominant allele, the offspring is guaranteed to inherit the trait in question irrespective of the second allele.

text: In the case of an albino with a recessive allele (aa), the phenotype depends upon the other allele (Aa, aA, aa or AA). An affected person mating with a heterozygous individual (Aa or aA, also carrier) there is a 50-50 chance the offspring will be albino's phenotype. If a heterozygote mates with another heterozygote, there is 75% chance passing the gene on and only a 25% chance that the gene will be displayed. A homozygous dominant (AA) individual has a normal phenotype and no risk of abnormal offspring. A homozygous recessive individual has an abnormal phenotype and is guaranteed to pass the abnormal gene onto offspring.

text: In the case of hemophilia, it is sex-linked thus only carried on the X chromosome. Only females can be a carrier in which the abnormality is not displayed. This woman has a normal phenotype, but runs a 50-50 chance, with an unaffected partner, of passing her abnormal gene on to her offspring. If she mated with a man with haemophilia (another carrier) there would be a 75% chance of passing on the gene.

text: Determination[edit]

text: Genotyping is the process of elucidating the genotype of an individual with a biological assay. Also known as a genotypic assay, techniques include PCR, DNA fragment analysis, allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes, DNA sequencing, and nucleic acid hybridization to DNA microarrays or beads. Several common genotyping techniques include restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-RFLP),[4] amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP),[5] and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA).[6]

text: DNA fragment analysis can also be used to determine such disease causing genetics aberrations as microsatellite instability (MSI),[7] trisomy[8] or aneuploidy, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH).[9] MSI and LOH in particular have been associated with cancer cell genotypes for colon, breast and cervical cancer.

text: The most common chromosomal aneuploidy is a trisomy of chromosome 21 which manifests itself as Down syndrome. Current technological limitations typically allow only a fraction of an individual's genotype to be determined efficiently.


document_title: Into the Woods (film)

question_text: who plays cinderella's prince in the movie into the woods

question_tokens: who plays cinderella 's prince in the movie into the woods

text: Into the Woods (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A Baker (James Corden) and his Wife (Emily Blunt) wish for a child but suffer under a curse laid upon the Baker's family by a Witch (Meryl Streep) who found the Baker's father robbing her garden when his mother was pregnant. The Baker's father also stole some beans which caused the Witch's mother to punish her with the curse of ugliness. The Witch offers to lift the curse, but only if the Baker and his Wife obtain four critical items for her: a cow as white as milk, a cape as red as blood, a hair as yellow as corn, and a slipper as pure as gold. The Witch later tells the Baker that she asked him to do this task for her because she is not allowed to touch any of the objects.

text: The Witch's demands eventually bring the Baker and his Wife into contact with Jack (Daniel Huttlestone), who is selling his beloved cow, Milky-White, and to whom the Baker offers magic beans left him by his father (which were stolen from the Witch) which grow into a large beanstalk; with Red Riding Hood (Lilla Crawford), whose ruby cape the couple notices when she stops to buy sweets on her way to grandmother's house; with Rapunzel (MacKenzie Mauzy), whose tower the Baker's Wife passes in the woods; and with Cinderella (Anna Kendrick), who also runs into the Baker's Wife while fleeing from the pursuing Prince (Chris Pine).

text: After a series of failed attempts and misadventures, the Baker and his Wife finally are able to gather the items necessary to break the spell. Meanwhile, each of the other characters receive their "happy endings": Cinderella marries the Prince; Jack provides for his mother by stealing riches from the Giant in the sky, and kills the pursuing Giant by cutting down the beanstalk; Little Red Riding Hood and her Grandmother are saved from the Big Bad Wolf (Johnny Depp); and the Witch regains her youth and beauty after drinking the potion.

text: However, each of the characters learns their "happily ever after" is not very happy: the Baker is worried he is a poor father to his newborn baby; the Baker's Wife is temporarily seduced by the Prince; Cinderella is disenchanted by the cheating Prince; and the Witch learns that she has lost her powers with her restored youth and beauty. The growth of a second beanstalk from the last remaining magic bean allows the Giant's Wife to climb down and threaten the kingdom and its inhabitants if they do not deliver Jack in retribution for killing her husband. The characters debate the morality of handing Jack over. In the process, Red Riding Hood's Mother and Grandmother, Jack's Mother, and the Baker's Wife are killed. The characters blame each other for their individual actions that lead to the tragedy, ultimately blaming the Witch for raising the beans in the first place. She curses them for their inability to accept their individual responsibilities. Casting all her remaining beans away, she begs her mother to punish her again and disappears into a large pit of boiling tar.

text: The remaining characters resolve to kill the threatening Giant's Wife, though Cinderella and the Baker try to explain to the distraught Red Riding Hood and Jack the complicated morality of retribution and revenge. The characters lure the Giant's Wife into stepping in the tar pit where she ultimately trips and falls to her death. The Giant's Wife is killed, and the characters move forward with their ruined lives. The Baker, thinking of his Wife, is determined to be a good father. Cinderella decides to leave the Prince and help the Baker, and Jack and Red Riding Hood, now orphans, are living with the Baker and Cinderella. The Baker comforts his son after he begins to cry by telling a story as the movie ends with the Witch's moral, meaning that children can change due to the parent's actions and behaviors.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meryl Streep as The Witch[8]
Emily Blunt as The Baker's Wife[9]
James Corden as The Baker[10]
Anna Kendrick as Cinderella[11]
Chris Pine as Cinderella's Prince[12]
Tracey Ullman as Jack's Mother[13]
Christine Baranski as Cinderella's Stepmother[14]
Johnny Depp as The Big Bad Wolf[15]
Lilla Crawford as Little Red Riding Hood[16]
Daniel Huttlestone as Jack[17]
MacKenzie Mauzy as Rapunzel[18]
Billy Magnussen as Rapunzel's Prince[19]
Tammy Blanchard as Florinda[8]
Lucy Punch as Lucinda[8]
Frances de la Tour as the Giant's Wife[20]
Richard Glover as the Steward[20]
Joanna Riding as Cinderella's Mother[20]
Annette Crosbie as Little Red Riding Hood's Grandmother[20]
Simon Russell Beale as the Baker's Father[20]
Tug as Milky-White[21]

tag: ul

text: Stage-to-screen changes[edit]

text: While it was initially reported that Disney had decided to make some major plot changes for the film version in order to make it more family-friendly,[22] Stephen Sondheim revealed that this was not the case and that any changes in the film version had been approved by him and James Lapine.[23][24]

text: Thus, the film does slightly differ from the stage production. The songs "I Guess This Is Goodbye",[25] "Maybe They're Magic",[26] "First Midnight" and "Second Midnight" interludes, "Ever After" (Act I finale of the original play),[25] "So Happy",[27] "Into the Woods" Reprise, "Agony" Reprise[25] and "No More" (performed by the Baker) were cut from the film,[28] although both "Ever After" and "No More" are used as instrumentals in the film. Meanwhile, many of the songs in the film have slightly different lyrics than their stage counterparts due to the slight tweaking of storylines.

text: Other changes include a major reduction of the significant role of the "Mysterious Man", who manipulates much of the action in the first act and is eventually revealed to be the Baker's father. Also, the character of the Narrator is deleted, and the film is instead narrated by the Baker.[29] The minor role of Cinderella's Father was cut, and he is instead mentioned as deceased. Due to the film's compressed storyline, Rapunzel's pregnancy is eliminated, as is the subplot where the two princes have affairs with Snow White and Sleeping Beauty.[29] In the film, the Giant's Wife attacks during the marriages of Cinderella and Rapunzel to their respective Princes, no more than a few weeks after the events of act one, while in the stage show, nearly a year passes between the first and second acts. Rapunzel's ultimate fate is also changed: rather than being killed by the giant, she refuses to cooperate with the Witch and flees with her prince.[29]

text: Similarly, much of the violence and sexual content is slightly toned down from the original musical. The death of Jack's Mother is less violent in the film; on stage, the Steward clubs her to death with his staff, in the film, he simply shoves her to the ground and she hits her head on a log. The death of the Baker's Wife is not explicitly shown in the film, and the cause of her death is changed from being crushed by a tree in the Giant's Wife's wake to accidentally backing off the edge of a cliff while fleeing from the Giant's Wife.

text: Production[edit]

text: Early development[edit]

text: Early attempts of adapting Into the Woods to film occurred in the early 1990s, with a script written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel. A reading was held with a cast that included Robin Williams as The Baker, Goldie Hawn as The Baker's Wife, Cher as The Witch, Danny DeVito as The Giant, Steve Martin as The Wolf, and Roseanne Barr as Jack's Mother.[30] By 1991, Columbia Pictures and Jim Henson Productions were also developing a film adaptation with Craig Zadan as producer and Rob Minkoff as director.[31][32] In 1997, Columbia put the film into turnaround, with Minkoff still attached as director, and Billy Crystal, Meg Ryan, and Susan Sarandon reportedly in talks to star.[33] After the report by Variety, a film adaptation of Into the Woods remained inactive for 15 years.

text: Development at Disney[edit]

text: After the critical and commercial success of Chicago in 2002, director Rob Marshall approached Stephen Sondheim as he was interested in adapting one of his musicals such as Follies and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, although Sondheim suggested Into the Woods instead.[34] Marshall concurred, but development of the project was then postponed while he focused on directing Memoirs of a Geisha and Nine. In 2011, Marshall's interest in the project was rekindled when he heard a speech by President Barack Obama on the tenth anniversary of the September 11th attacks to the families of the 9/11 victims, which seemed to evoke the same message as the musical's most important song, "No One Is Alone".[35] Marshall firmly believed that Into the Woods was “a fairy tale for the post-9/11 generation".[36] In January 2012, Marshall approached Walt Disney Pictures—for whom he had just directed Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides—and pitched the idea to the studio,[34] with Lapine writing the script and Sondheim "expected" to write new songs.[37] Academy Award-winner Dion Beebe, who previously collaborated with Marshall on Chicago, Memoirs of a Geisha, and Nine, served as cinematographer.[38] Sondheim confirmed that a new song had been written for the film.[39]

text: With Disney's backing, a three-day reading of the entire updated screenplay took place in New York in October 2012 under Marshall's direction, with Nina Arianda as the Baker's Wife, Victoria Clark as Cinderella's Mother/Granny/Giant, James Corden as the Baker, Donna Murphy as the Witch, Christine Baranski as Cinderella's Stepmother, Tammy Blanchard as Florinda, Ivan Hernandez as the Wolf, Megan Hilty as Lucinda, Cheyenne Jackson as Rapunzel's Prince, Allison Janney as Jack's Mother, Anna Kendrick as Cinderella, Michael McGrath as Steward/Mysterious Man, Laura Osnes as Rapunzel, Taylor Trensch as Jack, Casey Whyland as Little Red Riding Hood, and Patrick Wilson as Cinderella's Prince.[40] It was this reading which ultimately convinced Walt Disney Studios president Sean Bailey to green-light the film despite ongoing concerns about the dark nature of the original musical (which Disney executives had begun to understand since Marshall's original pitch).[34] However, Disney (which self-finances all its films)[41] provided only a relatively small production budget of $50 million (relative to other feature-length fantasy films on its development slate), in turn forcing both cast and crew to accept pay cuts to work on the film.[34]

text: Reports subsequently surfaced in January 2013 that Meryl Streep had been cast to play the Witch.[42][43] Streep had instituted a personal "no witch" rule after she turned 40 and was offered three witch roles, but ultimately broke her own rule to do a Sondheim role again.[34] (As a young Yale University student, she had participated in the original production of Sondheim's The Frogs.) During the same month, it was reported that Janney had been confirmed to join the film as well.[44] Five months later, however, Tracey Ullman was cast as Jack's Mother instead.[13]

text: In April 2013, Johnny Depp was in final negotiations, along with Streep, to join the film.[9][15] The Hollywood Reporter reported that to help make the film on such a tight budget, Depp agreed as a favor to Disney and to Marshall (whom he had just worked with in On Stranger Tides) to a "boarding" arrangement, in which he would appear in a minor role for a fee of $1 million, instead of his typical fee of $20 million for a starring role.[45] In May, James Corden, who took part in the reading of the screenplay, was in talks to play the role of the Baker.[46] On May 10, 2013, Disney confirmed the casting of Streep, Depp, and Corden as the Witch, the Big Bad Wolf, and the Baker, respectively.[10] That same month, Emily Blunt and Christine Baranski were cast, respectively, as the Baker's Wife and Cinderella's Stepmother.[14][47][48] Marshall later confirmed that Blunt was selected for her "warm[th]" and likeability to ensure the emotional impact of the sudden death of the Baker's Wife: "[T]hat’s very important for that character because it’s the heart of the piece and you really have to love her so when she’s gone it should feel like a kick in the gut."[35] After she was cast, Blunt discovered she was pregnant and her costume and choreography had to be adjusted accordingly.[34][49] However, her "overweight" appearance during production actually fit in with the role of the Baker's Wife;[34] as she explained, "I feel like she would have eaten a lot of carbs working in the bakery."[49]

text: Also in May, Jake Gyllenhaal and Chris Pine entered negotiations to play the Princes.[12] However, Gyllenhaal dropped out of the film due to scheduling conflicts with another film, Nightcrawler, and was subsequently replaced by Billy Magnussen.[19][50] One month later, Anna Kendrick began talks to play Cinderella in the film.[11] In June 2013, Walt Disney Studios publicly announced that the film had been greenlighted, and scheduled a release date for Christmas Day 2014.[6][51] In July, MacKenzie Mauzy, Tammy Blanchard, Lucy Punch and Daniel Huttlestone joined the cast.[8][17][18] In early August, Sophia Grace Brownlee's representatives announced that she had been cast as Little Red Riding Hood.[52][53] The announcement of Brownlee's casting, which was widely reported but never confirmed by Disney, was criticized as "a stunt" and was met with concern due to her age and the sexual undertones present between Little Red and the Wolf.[54][55][56] Mauzy later revealed that she first auditioned for Cinderella but did not get the part. However, director Marshall saw her audition tape and brought her back in for Rapunzel, after recognizing "the 'vulnerability' and 'emotion' Mauzy could bring to Rapunzel after she read just one line", as he recalled.[57] The film's plot synopsis and the official casting of lead actors Meryl Streep, Johnny Depp, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, and Emily Blunt were revealed at the D23 Expo on August 10, 2013.[58][59] On September 16, 2013, Lilla Crawford was confirmed as playing the character of Little Red Riding Hood, despite previous reports suggesting Brownlee.[16] Crawford auditioned for Marshall via Skype, who offered her the role within two hours; she was on a flight to London the next day.[34] Later on, Dominic Brownlee spoke about the withdrawal of his daughter Sophia Grace from the movie: "After careful consideration, we the parents of Sophia Grace, felt that as rehearsals progressed that she was too young for this part. It was a joint decision between us and the director and producer of Into the Woods to withdraw Sophia Grace from the film."[60] Apart from Crawford, the casting of Richard Glover, Frances de la Tour, Simon Russell Beale, Joanna Riding, and Annette Crosbie in other roles was also separately announced later on September 16.[20]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In July 2013, before filming began, Marshall put the cast through six weeks[34] of rehearsals on a soundstage and blocked their scenes.[2] In August, the cast members visited Angel Recording Studios to separately record their respective parts in the presence of Sondheim himself.[2] Over 90% of the vocal tracks in the final version of the film are from the recording studio sessions, while the rest were recorded on location or on the set.[2] The advantage of blocking and rehearsing all scenes first was that the cast members could then precisely calibrate their voices in the recording studio to the planned appearance of each scene when later filmed, thereby minimizing the slightly disconcerting disconnection between vocals and choreography typical of music videos.[61]

text: Principal photography took place at London's Shepperton Studios in September 2013, with additional filming taking place at Dover Castle, Hambleden, Waverley Abbey:[62][63][64] and Richmond Park.[65][66] A forest of ancient pine trees in Windsor Great Park was used for many of the scenes in the woods.[67] Marshall struggled with how to stage the melodramatic duet "Agony" in the forest until discovering online that Windsor had an artificial waterfall at Virginia Water Lake, which turned out to be the perfect location for the song.[67] The production was shot digitally, using Arri Alexa cameras configured in a two-camera setup.[61] Footage was edited together in Avid Media Composer.[61] The exterior of Byfleet Manor in Surrey served as Cinderella's home.[68]

text: The filmmakers spent a whole day shooting scenes which involved Rapunzel's hair being climbed upon.[57] Mauzy claimed that the filmmakers wanted to take advantage of her blonde hair, and that the top of Rapunzel's hair appeared in the film was her own real hair; make-up artists only braided it into the extension.[57] This hair extension was engineered by hair designer Peter King.[69] After testing loose, flowing hair which King found "uncontrollable", he decided to have twenty-seven wefts of real hair woven together into a 30-foot braid, a design which took inspiration from an Arthur Rackham illustration of Rapunzel.[69] In order to bring in enough real Russian hair strands needed for the extension, King and his team had to work with several distributors from Germany and England.[69] The hair-braiding process required three people, each holding a separate strand and weaving in and out.[69] King also dyed the wefts for them to match Mauzy's champagne blonde hair color, and blended together six different shades from ash and strawberry to create realistic gradations and highlights.[69] Between scenes, Mauzy had to "wrap [the hair] around her arm like huge rolls of wool", as recalled by King.[69] A stuntman was employed to shoot hair-climbing scenes.[57] Thin rope and metal rings were the only additional tools concealed within the braid to hold the weight of a person climbing up.[69]

text: The film's final shot, which essentially merges into and links back to its first shot, actually transitions digitally between three shots: a Technocrane on location lifting as high as possible into the sky, an aerial drone flying down a valley in Wales, and a shot of an overcast sky in Manhattan, New York City.[70] Filming concluded on November 27, 2013.[71]

text: On July 14, 2014, Steve Baldwin posted on a social networking site that reshoots were made during the whole month of July.[72] The following month, however, Rob Marshall denied the film went through re-shoots.[73] Instead, they spent three days shooting new material that had been cut and re-added to the script after Disney screened the movie.[73] For his role as the Wolf, Depp worked closely with the film's costume designer Colleen Atwood to create a Tex Avery-inspired costume, complete with zoot suit and fedora.[74]

text: Music[edit]

text: As noted above, the majority of the songs were pre-recorded by the cast.[2] Music producer Mike Higham, who had previously worked with Sondheim on Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, recorded the film's score with the London Symphony Orchestra and London Philharmonic.[21] Music supervisor and conductor Paul Gemignani instructed the actors on how to sing, including singing live to a camera on set, to prerecorded music in studio, and with a live studio orchestra. Jonathan Tunick orchestrated Sondheim's original music.[21] The key to the song, "Hello, Little Girl," was altered to better suit Johnny Depp's lower vocal range. In regards to the song's musical arrangement, Higham explained; "we emphasized the woodwinds to make it feel a little lighter, especially the flutes. And we just made it a little jazzier — played more on the walking bass line. Inherently, when it has a jazz feel, it just feels lighter."[75] The film's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15, 2014.[76]

text: While it was initially reported that the film version would feature two new songs: a duet for the Baker and his Wife, titled "Rainbows"—originally written for a 1992 film adaptation that was never made—and a new song for the Witch, eventually titled "She'll Be Back".[77] In the end, neither song appears in the finished film: "Rainbows" was cut before shooting began and "She'll Be Back", though filmed, was cut from the film on the grounds that it slowed the story down. "She'll Be Back" was included as a bonus feature on the film's home media release.[78][79]

text: Release[edit]

text: The first official company presentation took place at the 2013 Disney D23 expo.[80] The official teaser trailer debuted on July 31, 2014.[81][82] A featurette was released showing behind-the-scenes clips and the vocals of Streep, Kendrick, Blunt and others.[83] A second trailer was released on November 6, 2014.[84]

text: The film held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8, 2014.[85] It was released theatrically in the United States on December 25, 2014.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download in North America on March 24, 2015.[86] The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.[87] The home media version includes Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine's original song "She'll Be Back".[79]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Into the Woods grossed $128 million in North America, and $85.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $213.1 million, against a budget of $50 million.[3]

text: Into the Woods began playing across North American theaters on December 24, 2014, and earned $1.1 million from late-night Christmas Eve showings[88][89] and $15.08 million on its opening day (including previews) from 2,440 theaters.[90] Its opening day gross was the fourth-biggest Christmas Day debut and the sixth-biggest Christmas Day gross ever.[91] The film was among one of four films put into wide release on December 25, 2014, the other three being Universal Pictures' Unbroken (3,131 theaters), Paramount Pictures' The Gambler (2,478 theaters), and TWC's Big Eyes (1,307 theaters).[92] It earned $31.1 million in its traditional three-day opening ($46.1 million including its Christmas Day gross) debuting at #2 at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, achieving the highest opening weekend for a film based on a Broadway musical (previously held by Mamma Mia!).[93][94] The film's $3.5 million debut in Japan marked the largest opening for a 21st-century live-action musical film.[95]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Despite early screenings prior to the film's release, Disney issued an embargo on professional reviews of the film until two weeks before general theatrical release.[96] Into the Woods received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 71% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 196 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's consensus reads: "On the whole, this Disney adaptation of the Sondheim classic sits comfortably at the corner of Hollywood and Broadway—even if it darkens to its detriment in the final act." The cast—particularly the performances by Streep, Blunt and Pine—received wide acclaim as well as its production design, and costume design[97] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, calculates a score of 69 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[98] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave Into the Woods an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[99]

text: Streep was immensely applauded for her performance as the Witch, with many critics and audiences believing she was the film's heart. Lou Lumenick of the New York Post called her and Blunt's portrayals as "two of the greatest female performances of the year". For her performance, Streep received Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and Broadcast Film Critics Association Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress.

text: The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film "benefits from respect for the source material, enticing production values and a populous gallery of sharp character portraits from a delightful cast".[100] Stephen Holden of The New York Times lauded the film, writing; "Into the Woods, the splendid Disney screen adaptation of the Stephen Sondheim-James Lapine musical, infuses new vitality into the tired marketing concept of entertainment for 'children of all ages'".[101] Leonard Maltin called the movie as "one of the year's best films". Similarly, Pete Hammond of Deadline praised the film as "the most dazzling movie musical since Marshall's own Chicago." and praised the performance of the cast, particularly Streep. Lou Lumerick of the New York Post called the film "this century's best musical" and lauded the performances of Streep and Blunt as the best female performances of the year. Scott Mendelson of Forbes gave a positive review declaring the film "Rob Marshall's best movie ever" and praised it for its genuine entertainment and strong cast performances.[102] Richard Corliss of Time gave a positive review, stating that the film was a "smart, appealing, upside-down children’s story for adults of all ages".[103] Gregory Ellwood of HitFix tipped Streep as an Academy Award contender in the Best Supporting Actress category, and also praised the performance of Chris Pine.[104]

text: Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair,[105] Karen D'Souza of the San Jose Mercury News,[106] and Dana Stevens of Slate[107] all published critical reviews of the film. All three found much to like in the acting (especially Blunt and Pine's performances), but all three also concluded that after the various cuts and changes, the final version of the film had failed to adequately preserve the power of the dark existentialist message at the heart of the original musical's second act.[105][106][107] Stevens characterized the result as a "generic dystopian bummer,"[107] while Lawson criticized the film as a "dutiful but perfunctory adaptation" which lacked "genuine heart".[105] Paul Katz of The Huffington Post felt the change in tone between the last two acts was too abrupt, and also criticized the film's faithfulness to the stage musical.[108] Conversely, Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post disliked the performances by Streep and Depp, while simultaneously calling the film's first two acts a "surprising delight".[109]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result

Academy Awards[110]
February 22, 2015
Best Supporting Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Production Design
Production Design: Dennis Gassner; Set Decoration: Anna Pinnock
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

AACTA International Awards[111]
January 31, 2015
Best Supporting Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Art Directors Guild Awards[112]
January 31, 2015
Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film
Dennis Gassner
Nominated

American Cinema Editors[113]
January 30, 2015
Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical
Wyatt Smith
Nominated

American Film Institute[114]
December 9, 2014
Top Eleven Films of the Year
Into the Woods
Won

British Academy Film Awards[115]
February 8, 2015
Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

Best Makeup and Hair
Peter Swords King, J. Roy Helland
Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association[116]
January 15, 2015
Best Supporting Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Acting Ensemble
The Cast of Into the Woods
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Dennis Gassner/Production Designer, Anna Pinnock/Set Decorator
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

Best Hair & Makeup

Nominated

Casting Society of America[117]
January 22, 2015
Big Budget Comedy
Francine Maisler, Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield
Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association
December 15, 2014
Best Art direction/Production Design
Dennis Gassner, Anna Pinnock
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild[118]
February 17, 2015
Excellence in Fantasy Film
Colleen Atwood
Won

Detroit Film Critics Society
December 15, 2014
Best Ensemble
The Cast of Into the Woods
Nominated

Empire Awards[119]
March 29, 2015
Best Male Newcomer
Daniel Huttlestone
Nominated

Florida Film Critics Circle
December 19, 2014
Best Art Direction/Production Design
Dennis Gassner, Anna Pinnock
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards[120]
January 11, 2015
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Into the Woods
Nominated

Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical
Emily Blunt
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards[121]
March 28, 2015
Best Villain
Meryl Streep
Nominated

MPSE Golden Reel Awards[122]
February 15, 2015
Feature Musical
Mike Higham, Jennifer Dunnington
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards[123][124]
April 12, 2015
Best Villain
Meryl Streep
Won

San Diego Film Critics Society
December 15, 2014
Best Production Design
Dennis Gassner, Anna Pinnock
Nominated

Satellite Awards[125][126]
February 15, 2015
Best Ensemble – Motion Picture
Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, James Corden, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, Johnny Depp, Lilla Crawford, Daniel Huttlestone, MacKenzie Mauzy, Tracey Ullman, Christine Baranski, Tammy Blanchard, Lucy Punch, Billy Magnussen, and Frances de la Tour
Won

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

Best Sound (Editing and Mixing)
Blake Leyh, John Casali, Michael Keller, Michael Prestwoood Smith, and Renee Tondelli
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
Christian Irles, Matt Johnson, and Stefano Pepin
Nominated

Saturn Awards[127]
June 25, 2015
Best Fantasy Film
Into the Woods
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Production Design
Dennis Gassner
Nominated

Best Costume
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

Best Make-up
Peter King and Matthew Smith
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards[128]
January 25, 2015
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
Meryl Streep
Nominated

St. Louis Film Critics
December 15, 2014
Best Music Soundtrack

Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[129]
December 8, 2014
Best Ensemble

Nominated

Best Art Direction
Dennis Gassner and Anna Pinnock
Nominated

Young Artist Awards[130]
May 15, 2015
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actor
Daniel Huttlestone
Nominated

Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress
Lilla Crawford
Won

tag: table


document_title: Time Person of the Year

question_text: when did time person of the year begin

question_tokens: when did time person of the year begin

text: Time Person of the Year

text: Background[edit]

text: The tradition of selecting a "Man of the Year" began in 1927, with Time editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans-Atlantic flight. By the end of the year, it was decided that a cover story featuring Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes.[3]

text: Selection[edit]

text: U.S. Presidents[edit]

text: Since the list began, every serving President of the United States has been a Man or Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge, in office at time of the first issue, Herbert Hoover, the next U.S. president, and Gerald Ford. Most were named Man or Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while they were in office; the only one to be given the title before being elected is Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1944 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force, eight years before his election. He subsequently received the title again in 1959, while in office. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have received the title three times, first as president-elect (1932) and later as the incumbent president (1934 and 1941).

text: Women[edit]

text: In 1999, the title was changed to Person of the Year.[4] Women who have been selected for recognition after the renaming include "The Whistleblowers" (Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley, and Sherron Watkins in 2002), Melinda Gates (jointly with Bill Gates and Bono, in 2005), Angela Merkel in 2015 and "The Silence Breakers" (Isabel Pascual, Adama Iwu, Ashley Judd, Susan Fowler and Taylor Swift in 2017). Prior to 1999, four women were granted the title as individuals: three as "Woman of the Year"—Wallis Simpson (1936), Queen Elizabeth II (1952), and Corazon Aquino (1986)–and one as half of the "Man and Wife of the Year", Soong Mei-ling (1937).[5] "American Women" were recognized as a group in 1975. Other classes of people recognized comprise both men and women, such as "Hungarian Freedom Fighters" (1956), "U.S. Scientists" (1960), "The Inheritors" (1966), "The Middle Americans" (1969), "The American Soldier" (2003), "You" (2006), "The Protester" (2011) represented on the cover by a woman, and "Ebola fighters" (2014). Although the title on the magazine remained "Man of The Year" for both the 1956 "Hungarian Freedom Fighter" and the 1966 "Twenty-five and Under" editions which both featured a woman standing behind a man, and "Men of the Year" on the 1960 "U.S. Scientists" edition which exclusively featured men on its cover. It wasn't until the 1969 edition on "The Middle Americans" did the title embrace "Man and Woman of the Year".

text: Groups and non-humans[edit]

text: Despite the name, the title is not just granted to individuals. Pairs of people such as married couples and political opponents, classes of people, and inanimate objects have all been selected for the special year-end issue.

text:
Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling, President and First Lady of China (1937)
William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell, crew of Apollo 8 (1968)
Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, political allies (1972)
Ronald Reagan and Yuri Andropov, Cold War rivals (1983)
Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk; Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin, political leaders leading peace negotiations (1993)
Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, key figures in the Clinton impeachment (1998)
Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins, whistleblowers (2002)
Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Bono, philanthropists (2005)

text:
The American fighting-man (1950)
The Hungarian freedom fighter (1956)
U.S. Scientists (1960)
The Inheritor (1966)
Middle Americans (1969)
American women (1975)
The American soldier (2003)
You (2006)
The Protester (2011)
Ebola fighters (2014)
The Silence Breakers (2017)

text:
The Computer (Machine of the Year, 1982)
The Endangered Earth (Planet of the Year, 1988)

text: Special awards[edit]

text: In 1949, Winston Churchill was named "Man of the Half-Century", and the last issue of 1989 named Mikhail Gorbachev as "Man of the Decade". The December 31, 1999 issue of Time named Albert Einstein the "Person of the Century". Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi were chosen as runners-up.[6]

text: Controversial choices[edit]

text: Despite the magazine's frequent statements to the contrary, the designation is often regarded as an honor, and spoken of as an award or prize, simply based on many previous selections of admirable people.[7] However, Time magazine points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler (1938), Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942), Nikita Khrushchev (1957) and Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) have also been granted the title for their impacts.[8]

text: As a result of the public backlash it received from the United States for naming Khomeini as Man of the Year in 1979, Time has since shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States for commercial reasons, fearing reductions in sales or advertising revenue.[9]

text: Time's Person of the Year 2001, immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, was New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani. The stated rules of selection, the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest effect on the year's news, made Osama bin Laden a more likely choice that year. The issue that declared Giuliani the Person of the Year included an article that mentioned Time's earlier decision to select the Ayatollah Khomeini and the 1999 rejection of Hitler as "Person of the Century". The article seemed to imply that Osama bin Laden was a stronger candidate than Giuliani, as Adolf Hitler was a stronger candidate than Albert Einstein. The selections were ultimately based on what the magazine describes as who they believed had a stronger influence on history and who represented either the year or the century the most. According to Time, Rudolph Giuliani was selected for symbolizing the American response to the September 11th attacks, and Albert Einstein selected for representing a century of scientific exploration and wonder.

text: Another controversial choice was the 2006 selection of "You", representing most if not all people for advancing the information age by using the Internet (via e.g. blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and Wikipedia).[10]

text: Withdrawn selections[edit]

text: In 1941, the fictional elephant Dumbo from the Disney movie of the same name was selected to be "Mammal of the Year", and a cover was created showing Dumbo in a formal portrait style. However, the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 pre-empted the cover. The U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt was named Man of the Year for a record third time, although Dumbo's Mammal of the Year profile still appeared on the inside pages of the magazine.[11]

text: Film-maker Michael Moore claims that director Mel Gibson cost him the opportunity to be Person of the Year alongside Gibson in 2004. Moore's controversial political documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 became the highest-grossing documentary of all time the same year Gibson's The Passion of the Christ became a box-office success and also caused significant controversy. Moore said in an interview "I got a call right after the '04 election from an editor from Time Magazine. He said,' Time Magazine has picked you and Mel Gibson to be Time's Person of the Year to put on the cover, Right and Left, Mel and Mike. The only thing you have to do is pose for a picture with each other. And do an interview together.' I said 'OK.' They call Mel up, he agrees. They set the date and time in LA. I'm to fly there. He's flying from Australia. Something happens when he gets home... Next thing, Mel calls up and says, 'I'm not doing it. I've thought it over and it is not the right thing to do.' So they put Bush on the cover."[12]

text: On November 24, 2017, U.S. president Donald Trump posted on the social media network Twitter that Time editors had told him he would "probably" be named Person of the Year for a second time, conditional on an interview and photo shoot which he had refused. Time denied that they had made any such promises or conditions to Trump, who was named a runner-up.[13]

text: Online poll[edit]

text: Time magazine also holds an online poll for the readers to vote for who they believe to be the Person of the Year. While many mistakenly believe the winner of the poll to be the Person of the Year, the title, as mentioned above, is decided by the editors of Time. In the first online poll held in 1998, wrestler and activist Mick Foley won with over 50% of the votes.[14][15] Foley was removed from the poll, and the title was given to Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, which led to outrage from the fans of Foley who mistakenly believed the winner of the poll would be the winner of the title. In 2006, the poll winner by a wide margin was Hugo Chávez, with 35% of the votes. The president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, came in second. Time again ignored those results, not mentioning them in the announcement of the Person of the Year.[16] Time continues to annually run an online poll for the "People's Choice", but stresses the decision on whom the magazine recognizes is not made by the poll, but by the magazine's editors.[17]

text: Persons of the Year[edit]

text:
Year
Image
Choice
Lifetime
Notes
Runners-up

1927

Lindbergh, CharlesCharles Lindbergh
1902–1974
In 1927, Lindbergh became the first person to fly a plane solo non-stop across the Atlantic, from New York to Paris.

1928

Chrysler, WalterWalter Chrysler
1875–1940
In 1928, Chrysler oversaw a merger of his Chrysler Corporation with Dodge before beginning work on the Chrysler Building.

1929

Young, Owen D.Owen D. Young
1874–1962
Young chaired a committee which authored 1929's Young Plan, a program for settlement of German reparations after World War I.

1930

Gandhi, MahatmaMahatma Gandhi
1869–1948
Gandhi was the leader of the India's independence movement. In 1930, he led the Salt Satyagraha, a 240-mile march to protest the imposition of taxes on salt by the British Raj.

1931

Laval, PierrePierre Laval
1883–1945
Laval was first elected Prime Minister of France in 1931. Laval was popular in the American press at the time for opposing the Hoover Moratorium, a temporary freeze on World War I debt payments that was disliked in both France and the US.[18]

1932

Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945
Roosevelt won the 1932 US Presidential election by a landslide, defeating the incumbent, Herbert Hoover.

1933

Johnson, Hugh S.Hugh S. Johnson
1882–1942
In 1933, Johnson was appointed director of the National Recovery Administration, tasked by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to bring industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.

1934

Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt (2)
1882–1945
Roosevelt was President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. In 1934, Roosevelt's New Deal reforms were beginning to bear fruit.

1935

Selassie, HaileHaile Selassie
1892–1975
Selassie was Emperor of Ethiopia in 1935, when Italian forces invaded Ethiopia, starting the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.

1936

Simpson, WallisWallis Simpson
1896–1986
In 1936, Simpson's relationship with King Edward VIII led the king to abdicate his throne in order to marry her.

1937

Kai-shek, ChiangChiang Kai-shek
1887–1975
Chiang was Premier of the Republic of China at the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.

Mei-ling, SoongSoong Mei-ling
1898–2003
Soong was wife of Chiang Kai-shek from 1927 until his death in 1975. Addressed as Madame Chiang Kai-Shek by the magazine, she was recognized together with her husband as "Man & Wife of the Year".[5]

1938

Hitler, AdolfAdolf Hitler
1889–1945
As German Chancellor, Hitler oversaw the unification of Germany with Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938, after the Anschluss and Munich Agreement respectively.

1939

Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin
1878–1953
In 1939, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and de facto leader of the Soviet Union. He oversaw the signing of a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany before invading eastern Poland.

1940

Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill
1874–1965
Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the 1940 Dunkirk evacuation and the Battle of Britain.

1941

Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt (3)
1882–1945
Roosevelt was President of the United States in 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor, declaration of war against Japan and resulting entry of the United States into World War II. The editors had already chosen Dumbo as their "Mammal of the Year" before the Pearl Harbor attack, but quickly changed it to Roosevelt.[11]

1942

Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin (2)
1878–1953
By 1942, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Premier of the Soviet Union, overseeing the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943).

1943

Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall
1880–1959
As United States Army Chief of Staff in 1943, General Marshall was instrumental in organizing US actions in World War II.

1944

Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
1890–1969
General Eisenhower was Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during 1944's Operation Overlord.

1945

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
1884–1972
Truman became President of the United States after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, authorizing the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

1946

Byrnes, James F.James F. Byrnes
1879–1972
In 1946, Byrnes was United States Secretary of State during the Iran crisis of 1946, taking an increasingly hardline position in opposition to Stalin. His speech, "Restatement of Policy on Germany", set the tone of future US policy, repudiating the Morgenthau Plan economic policies and giving Germans hope for the future.

1947

Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall (2)
1880–1959
Appointed United States Secretary of State in 1947, Marshall was the architect of the Marshall Plan.

1948

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman (2)
1884–1972
Truman was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1948, considered to be one of the greatest election upsets in American history.[19][20][21]

1949

Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill (2)
1874–1965
Proclaimed as the "Man of the half-century", Churchill had led Britain and the Allies to victory in WWII. In 1949, Churchill was Leader of the Opposition.

1950

American fighting !The American fighting-man

Representing U.S. troops involved in the Korean War (1950–1953).

1951

Mossadegh, MohammadMohammad Mossadegh
1882–1967
In 1951, Mossadegh was elected as Prime Minister of Iran and expelled western oil companies, starting the Abadan Crisis

1952

Elizabeth !Elizabeth II
Born in 1926
In 1952, Elizabeth acceded to the throne of the United Kingdom[a] upon the death of her father, King George VI

1953

Adenauer, KonradKonrad Adenauer
1876–1967
In 1953, Adenauer was re-elected as Chancellor of West Germany.

1954

Dulles, John FosterJohn Foster Dulles
1888–1959
As United States Secretary of State in 1954, Dulles was architect of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.

1955

Curtice, HarlowHarlow Curtice
1893–1962
Curtice was President of General Motors (GM) from 1953 to 1958. In 1955, GM sold five million vehicles and became the first corporation to earn US$1 billion in a single year.[22]

1956

Hungarian !The Hungarian freedom fighter

Representing Hungarian revolutionaries involved in the failed 1956 uprising.

1957

Khrushchev, NikitaNikita Khrushchev
1894–1971
In 1957, Khrushchev consolidated his leadership of the Soviet Union, surviving a plot to dismiss him by members of the Presidium, and leading the Soviet Union into the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1.

1958

de Gaulle, CharlesCharles de Gaulle
1890–1970
De Gaulle was appointed Prime Minister of France in May 1958 and, following the collapse of the Fourth Republic and establishment of the Fifth Republic, was then elected President of France in December.

1959

Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower (2)
1890–1969
Eisenhower was President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

1960

Us Scientists !U.S. Scientists

Represented by George Beadle, Charles Draper, John Enders, Donald A. Glaser, Joshua Lederberg, Willard Libby, Linus Pauling, Edward Purcell, Isidor Rabi, Emilio Segrè, William Shockley, Edward Teller, Charles Townes, James Van Allen and Robert Woodward.

1961

Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
1917–1963
Kennedy was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1961, ordering the failed invasion of Cuba by U.S.-trained Cuban exiles.

1962

John XXIII, PopePope John XXIII
1881–1963
John XXIII was head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963. In 1962, he volunteered as a mediator in the Cuban Missile Crisis, gaining praise from both sides. He also initiated the Second Vatican Council that same year.

1963

King Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King Jr.
1929–1968
A leader of the Civil Rights Movement, King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963.

1964

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
1908–1973
Johnson was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1964, before securing the passage of the Civil Rights Act, declaring a War on Poverty and escalating U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

1965

Westmoreland, WilliamWilliam Westmoreland
1914–2005
General Westmoreland was commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

1966

Inheritor !The Inheritor

Representing a generation of American men and women, aged 25 and under.

1967

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson (2)
1908–1973
Johnson was President of the United States from 1963 to 1969.

1968

Apollo !The Apollo 8 astronauts

In 1968, the crew of Apollo 8 (William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell) became the first humans to travel beyond low Earth orbit, orbiting the Moon and paving the way for the first manned Moon landings in 1969.

1969

Middle America !The Middle Americans

Also referred to as the silent majority.[23]

1970

Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt
1913–1992
As Chancellor of West Germany, Brandt was acknowledged for "seeking to bring about a fresh relationship between East and West" through his "bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc".[24]

1971

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
1913–1994
Nixon was President of the United States from 1969 to 1974.

1972

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon (2)
1913–1994
As President of the United States, Nixon visited China in 1972, the first U.S. President to do so. Nixon later secured the SALT I pact with the Soviet Union before being re-elected in one of the largest landslide election victories in American history

Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger
Born in 1923
Kissinger, as Nixon's National Security Advisor, travelled with the President to China in 1972.

1973

Sirica, JohnJohn Sirica
1904–1992
In 1973, as Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Sirica ordered President Nixon to turn over Watergate-related recordings of White House conversations.

1974

Faisal !King Faisal
1906–1975
Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia, was acknowledged in the wake of the oil crisis of 1973–1974, caused by Saudi Arabia withdrawing its oil from world markets in protest at Western support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War.

1975

American women !American women

Represented by Susan Brownmiller, Kathleen Byerly, Alison Cheek, Jill Conway, Betty Ford, Ella Grasso, Carla Hills, Barbara Jordan, Billie Jean King, Carol Sutton, Susie Sharp, and Addie Wyatt.

1976

Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
Born in 1924
In 1976, Carter was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford.

1977

Sadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat
1918–1981
Sadat, as President of Egypt, traveled to Israel in 1977—the first Arab leader to do so—to discuss normalization of Egypt-Israel relations.

1978

Xiaoping, DengDeng Xiaoping
1904–1997
China's Vice Premier. Deng overthrew Hua Guofeng to assume de facto control over China in 1978, as Paramount Leader.

1979

Khomeini, RuhollahRuhollah Khomeini
1902–1989
Khomeini led the 1979 Iranian Revolution, establishing himself as Supreme Leader.

1980

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
1911–2004
Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980, defeating incumbent President Jimmy Carter.

1981

Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa
Born in 1943
Leader of the Polish Solidarity trade union and architect of the Gdańsk Agreement until his arrest and the imposition of martial law in December 1981.

1982

Computer !The Computer

Denoted "Machine of the Year" to herald the dawn of the Information Age.

1983

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan (2)
1911–2004
In 1983, as President of the United States, Reagan ordered the invasion of Grenada and championed the Strategic Defense Initiative.

Andropov, YuriYuri Andropov
1914–1984
Andropov, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was a strong critic of the Strategic Defense Initiative. Andropov was hospitalized in August 1983 and subsequently died in 1984.

1984

Ueberroth, PeterPeter Ueberroth
Born in 1937
Ueberroth orchestrated the organization of the 1984 Summer Olympics, which involved a Soviet-led boycott.

1985

Xiaoping, DengDeng Xiaoping (2)
1904–1997
As Paramount Leader of China, Deng was acknowledged for "sweeping economic reforms that have challenged Marxist orthodoxies".[25]

1986

Aquino, CorazonCorazon Aquino
1933–2009
Aquino was a prominent figure in 1986's People Power Revolution, being elected President of the Philippines.

1987

Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev
Born in 1931
As General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and leader of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev oversaw Perestroika political reforms in 1987.

1988

Endangered !The Endangered Earth

Planet of the Year, involving an aspect of Mother Nature.

1989

Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev (2)
Born in 1931
Acknowledged as "Man of the Decade". Gorbachev, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Soviet leader), oversaw 1989's first free Soviet elections before the fragmentation of the Eastern Bloc.

1990

Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
Born in 1924
As President of the United States, Bush oversaw U.S. involvement in the Gulf War (1990–1991).

1991

Turner, TedTed Turner
Born in 1938
Founder of CNN. The piece particularly highlighted CNN's coverage of Operation Desert Storm and the Gulf War, proclaiming it "History as it happens".

1992

Clinton, BillBill Clinton
Born in 1946
Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent President George H. W. Bush.

1993

Peacemakers !The Peacemakers

Represented by Yasser Arafat, F. W. de Klerk, Nelson Mandela, and Yitzhak Rabin.
De Klerk, as State President of South Africa, oversaw Mandela's release from prison in 1990. The pair worked together to end the Apartheid system.
Arafat, as President of the Palestinian National Authority, and Rabin, as Prime Minister of Israel, signed the 1993 Oslo Accord, the first face-to-face agreement between Palestinian and Israeli authorities.

1994

John Paul II, PopePope John Paul II
1920–2005
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005.

1995

Gingrich, NewtNewt Gingrich
Born in 1943
Leader of the "Republican Revolution", a Republican party election landslide, which led to Gingrich being elected Speaker of the House.

1996

Ho, DavidDavid Ho
Born in 1952
Ho, a scientist, pioneered much AIDS research.

1997

Grove, AndrewAndrew Grove
1936–2016
In 1997, Grove was Chairman and CEO of Intel, recognized as a pioneer in the semiconductor industry.

1998

Clinton, BillBill Clinton (2)
Born in 1946
As President of the United States, Clinton was impeached in 1998 following the Lewinsky scandal. The Senate acquitted him of the charges.

Starr, KenKen Starr
Born in 1946
Starr, a lawyer investigating various figures within the Clinton administration, published his Starr Report in 1998, opening the door for the impeachment of Bill Clinton.

1999

Bezos, JeffJeff Bezos
Born in 1964
Bezos is founder and CEO of Amazon.com.

2000

Bush, George W.George W. Bush
Born in 1946
In 2000, Bush was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent Vice President Al Gore.

2001

Giuliani, RudyRudy Giuliani
Born in 1944
Giuliani was Mayor of New York City at the time of the September 11 attacks in 2001, was selected as a symbol of America's response to the attacks.

2002

Whistleblowers !The Whistleblowers

Represented by Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins.
In 2001, Watkins uncovered accounting irregularities in the financial reports of Enron, testifying before Congressional committees the following year. In 2002, Cooper exposed a $3.8 billion fraud at WorldCom. At the time, this was the largest incident of accounting fraud in U.S. history. In 2002, Rowley, an FBI agent, gave testimony about the FBI's mishandling of information related to the September 11 attacks of 2001.

2003

American soldier !The American soldier (2)

Representing U.S. forces around the world, especially in the Iraq War (2003–2011).

2004

Bush, George W.George W. Bush (2)
Born in 1946
In 2004, Bush was re-elected President of the United States, overseeing U.S. involvement in the Iraq War.

2005

Good Samaritans !The Good Samaritans

Represented by Bono, Bill Gates and Melinda Gates.
Bono, philanthropist and member of the rock band U2, helped to organise the 2005 Live 8 concerts. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft and richest person in the world, and his wife Melinda, founded the philanthropic Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

2006

You !You[10]

Representing individual content creators on the World Wide Web.

4 runners-up[show]

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Hu Jintao
Kim Jong-il
James Baker
[26]

2007

Putin, VladimirVladimir Putin[27]
Born in 1952
In 2007, Putin was serving as President of Russia.

4 runners-up[show]

Al Gore
J. K. Rowling
Hu Jintao
David Petraeus
[28]

2008

Obama, BarackBarack Obama[29]
Born in 1961
In 2008, Obama was elected President of the United States, defeating John McCain.

4 runners-up[show]

Henry Paulson
Nicolas Sarkozy
Sarah Palin
Zhang Yimou
[30]

2009

Bernanke, BenBen Bernanke[31]
Born in 1953
Chairman of the Federal Reserve during the Financial crisis of 2007–08.

4 runners-up[show]

Stanley McChrystal
The Chinese Worker
Nancy Pelosi
Usain Bolt
[32]

2010

Zuckerberg, MarkMark Zuckerberg[33]
Born in 1984
Founder of social-networking website Facebook.

4 runners-up[show]

The Tea Party
Hamid Karzai
Julian Assange
The Chilean Miners
[34]

2011

Protester !The Protester[35]

Representing many global protest movements — for example, the Arab Spring, the Indignants Movement, the Occupy Movement and the Tea Party movement — as well as protests in Chile, Greece, India and Russia among others.

4 runners-up[show]

William McRaven
Ai Weiwei
Paul Ryan
Kate Middleton
[36]

2012

Obama, BarackBarack Obama (2)[37]
Born in 1961
In 2012, Obama was re-elected President of the United States, defeating Mitt Romney.

8 runners-up[show]

Marissa Mayer
Mohammed Morsi
Undocumented Americans
Bill and Hillary Clinton
Malala Yousafzai
Tim Cook
The Higgs boson
Fabiola Gianotti
[38]

2013

Francis, PopePope Francis[39]
Born in 1936
Elected head of the Roman Catholic Church in 2013, following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.

9 runners-up[show]

Bashar Assad
Jeff Bezos
Ted Cruz
Miley Cyrus
Barack Obama
Hassan Rouhani
Kathleen Sebelius
Edward Snowden
Edith Windsor
[40]

2014

Ebola !Ebola fighters[41]

"Ebola fighters" refers to health care workers who helped stop the spread of Ebola virus disease during the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, including not only doctors and nurses, but also ambulance attendants, burial parties and others.[42]
Represented on the covers by Dr. Jerry Brown, the medical director at the Eternal Love Winning Africa Hospital in Monrovia, Liberia,[43][44] Dr. Kent Brantly, a physician with Samaritan's Purse and the first American to be infected in the 2014 outbreak,[44][45] Ella Watson-Stryker, a health promoter for Doctors Without Borders who is originally from the United States,[44][46] Foday Gallah, an ambulance supervisor and Ebola survivor from Monrovia, Liberia,[44][47] and Salome Karwah, a trainee nurse and counselor from Liberia whose parents died of Ebola,[44][48] as well as others mentioned in the article itself, such as Dr. Pardis Sabeti from the Broad Institute.

7 runners-up[show]

The Ferguson protesters
Vladimir Putin
Taylor Swift
Jack Ma
Tim Cook
Masoud Barzani
Roger Goodell
[49]

2015

Merkel, AngelaAngela Merkel
Born in 1954
Chancellor of Germany since 2005, recognized for leadership in the Greek debt crisis and European migrant crisis.[50]

7 runners-up[show]

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Black Lives Matter activists
Caitlyn Jenner
Travis Kalanick
Vladimir Putin
Hassan Rouhani
Donald Trump
[51]

2016

Trump, DonaldDonald Trump
Born in 1946
In 2016, Trump was elected President of the United States, defeating Hillary Clinton.

10 runners-up[show]

Simone Biles
Hillary Clinton
CRISPR scientists
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Nigel Farage
The Flint Whistleblowers
Beyoncé Knowles
Narendra Modi
Vladimir Putin
Mark Zuckerberg
[52]

2017

Silence Breakers !The Silence Breakers

The people who spoke out against sexual abuse and harassment, including the figureheads of the Me Too movement. Represented on the cover by strawberry picker Isabel Pascual (pseudonym), lobbyist Adama Iwu, actress Ashley Judd, software engineer Susan Fowler, singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, and a sixth woman, a hospital worker who wished to remain anonymous and whose face cannot be seen. The feature also specifically spotlights, in order, actress Alyssa Milano, activist Tarana Burke, actress Selma Blair, the seven plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the Plaza Hotel, politician Sara Gelser, entrepreneur Lindsay Meyer, dishwasher Sandra Pezqueda, actress Rose McGowan, psychotherapist and writer Wendy Walsh, blogger Lindsey Reynolds, housekeeper Juana Melara, journalist Sandra Muller, actor Terry Crews, University of Rochester professors Celeste Kidd and Jessica Cantlon, journalist Megyn Kelly, journalist Jane Merrick, producer Zelda Perkins, European Parliament member Terry Reintke, charity worker Bex Bailey, art curator Amanda Schmitt, filmmaker Blaise Godbe Lipman, and an anonymous former office assistant. [53][54]

6 runners-up[show]

Donald Trump[b]
Xi Jinping
Robert Mueller
Kim Jong-un
Colin Kaepernick
Patty Jenkins
[56]