document_title: Dog whistle

question_text: what does a silent dog whistle sound like

text: Dog whistle

text: A dog whistle (also known as silent whistle or Galton's whistle) is a type of whistle that emits sound in the ultrasonic range, which people cannot hear but some other animals can, including dogs and domestic cats, and is used in their training. It was invented in 1876 by Francis Galton and is mentioned in his book Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development,[1] in which he describes experiments to test the range of frequencies that could be heard by various animals, such as a house cat.

text: The maximum upper range of human hearing is about 20 kHz for children, declining to 15–17 kHz for middle-age adults.[2] The top end of a dog's hearing range is about 45 kHz, while a cat's is 64 kHz.[3][4] It is thought that the wild ancestors of cats and dogs evolved this higher hearing range in order to hear high-frequency sounds made by their preferred prey, small rodents.[3] The frequency of most dog whistles is within the range of 23 to 54 kHz,[5] so they are above the range of human hearing, although some are adjustable down into the audible range.

text: To human ears, a dog whistle makes only a quiet hissing sound.[6] The advantage of the dog whistle is that it doesn't produce a loud irritating noise for humans that a normal whistle would produce, so it can be used to train or command animals without disturbing nearby people. Some dog whistles have adjustable sliders for active control of the frequency produced. Trainers may use the whistle simply to gather a dog's attention, or to inflict pain for the purpose of behaviour modification.

text: In addition to lung-powered whistles, there are also electronic dog whistle devices that emit ultrasonic sound via piezoelectric emitters.[3] The electronic variety are sometimes coupled with bark-detection circuits in an effort to curb barking behaviour. This kind of whistle can also be used to determine the hearing range for people and for physics demonstrations requiring ultrasonic sounds.[citation needed]


document_title: Nikki Newman

question_text: what disease does nikki have on young and restless

root

text: Nikki Newman

text: Casting[edit]

text: The role of Nikki was first portrayed by actress Erica Hope from 1978 to early 1979.[1] The role was then recast with Scott, who took over soon after and has portrayed Nikki since.[2] Scott recalled in 1989 that she was surprised to have received the role, as she hadn't acted in a few years.[3][4][5]

tag: p

text: In May 2001, Scott and the show's producers entered contract negotiations following rumors that she was unhappy because of Nikki's lack of airtime. Soap Opera Digest speculated that she was possibly joining General Hospital as Heather Webber.[6] Three months later, controversy arose when Scott was seen moving personal belongings from her dressing room.[7] However, speculation ended in August 2001, when it was announced that Scott had inked a contract to further extend her portrayal of Nikki.[8]

text: In May 2009, Nelson Branco of TV Guide Canada reported that Scott had been asked to accept a salary cut, or be taken off her contract and dropped to a recurring status. The actress reportedly refused either option.[9] Scott later began contract negotiations again, which resulted in Nikki being written out of the soap opera after an agreement could not be met.[10] Scott later signed another contract to continue her portrayal,[11] but in 2011, the actress' future was left in uncertainty, because of the soap opera's financial issues. Scott expressed disappointment, stating: "It was not handled very well. I've been in this business since I was three and I know how this works. If a show is having problems with money or budget, they call the actor very respectfully and say, "We have a little financial crunch here. Let's try to work something out, okay?" That's what should have happened. The problem was that such a phone call was never made to me and I was left in the lurch."[12] However, Scott renewed her contract and returned after an onscreen absence.[12]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: According to the soap opera's website, the character "has matured from the girl from the wrong side of the tracks to the serial’s luminous and resourceful heroine."[13] The Observer–Reporter described Nikki as "oft-married".[14] Of playing the character's ongoing tragic life, Scott stated: "Ever since I have been an actress, which is 56 years now, I have always preferred high drama, angst, and catastrophes. I find it more interesting to play. I guess it’s no accident that I found my way into soap operas."[15] In 1988, Scott stated in an interview that in her first nine years on the soap opera, she thought that Nikki had "grown up".[16] In 1995, Scott said that she was "quite bored" with her character, stating: "We seem to be in a bit of a slump — all Nikki seems to do is have coffee and do needlepoint. She has beautiful clothes and her makeup is perfect and she never leaves her house. She used to sit here and drink — that was actually more fun. But needlepoint — I'm sorry."[17] Speaking about Nikki's "desperation housewife" problems with Michael Logan of TV Guide, Scott stated, "Nikki should never have a job! She would never want a job. She's not capable of doing anything, and she wouldn't want to be trained to do anything. It's so much better when she stays home. I'm looking forward to playing her as a crazy old lady."[18]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: For over three decades, Nikki has been romantically linked with Victor Newman (Eric Braeden). Nikki was originally from the lower walks of life, having been a prostitute and stripper. After multiple failed relationships, she began a romance with Victor, who taught her about society.[19] They fall in love and have a child, Victoria Newman (Amelia Heinle), and later a son, Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow).[19] The couple are widely considered a supercouple within the soap opera media. The writers of The Young and the Restless detailed their characters to marry and divorce or depart from each other in some form or fashion in a continuous cycle, which is a take on the original supercouple formula.[20] Soap Opera Digest relayed the beginning of the pairing's creation and their impact, described as an "inspired decision", led to Victor and Nikki becoming the series' most successful supercouple.[21] In an interview with Dose magazine, Scott said that the couple always has to get back together, but not without a challenge.[22]

text:
"Nikki and Victor have played this cycle over and over again and it’s very successful because people care about them. I would imagine just because I’ve watched the show for 33 years as well as played it – they’ve got to get back together! There’s nothing else they could do! They have to get back together, as for how, I don’t know."[22]

—Scott, on Nikki and Victor's "formula" (2012)

tag: div

text: Nikki and Victor are recognized as one of daytime television's most prominent couples.[23] They have also garnered a large fan following, dubbed "Niktor" by viewers.[24] In addition, the couple's weddings have been reported by mainstream media.[25][26] Scott has said: "Let’s face facts:  Victor and Nikki will always be a huge dynamic, they’ve been in a circular cycle for over 30 years!  Finding a new leading man that you have chemistry with is like finding gold."[27] In a 1994 interview with The Los Angeles Times, the newspaper reported that Victor's relationship with Nikki had "registered an enduring appeal among viewers", with Braeden replying that, "Arguably, it's the idea of this incredibly powerful, wealthy man taking a woman who comes from the wrong side of the tracks into his life, and shaping her and forming her more to his liking. But, of course, no one can shape or form anyone, she remains who she is, has retained her strength, and that causes conflict."[28] In other interviews, Braeden stated that he loves working with Scott and that he "always thought it was an honestly felt love story with great material for conflict with Nikki".[29] He also stated in an interview that he considers Victor's storylines with Nikki to be some of his favorites.[30] Discussing Victor and Nikki's union, former As the World Turns actress Martha Byrne stated: "Young and Restless' Victor and Nikki are the perfect example of a couple who they can tear apart and put back together how many times? And [the writers] do it really well because they're so stable as characters that you can basically do anything with them now, and the audience will go on the journey with them."[31] The Museum of Television and Radio wrote: "Combined with a series of social-issue storylines covering everything from AIDS to date rape to the plight of the elderly, as well as featuring a group of popular young African-American characters, and several long-term romantic and professional relationships, Victor and Nikki's love story has kept viewers enthralled for many years." They also described their relationship as being a "dominant force" in the soap opera.[32] Daytime journalist Michael Fairman stated: "Victor and Nikki just can’t, we mean can’t, ever get it together long enough to find any happiness with each other. So, many would say that they deserve each other and the baggage and betrayals that come along with their co-dependent relationship."[33]

text: Aside from Victor, Nikki is known for her relationships with Paul Williams (Doug Davidson) and Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman), Victor's business rival. Tommy Garrett of Canyon News called the character the love of Paul's life.[34] Nikki often "ditches" other men if Victor is in trouble; Scott called her leaving Brad Carlton (Don Diamont) at the altar following Victor being shot "another dramatic ditching".[15] In 2012, she left Jack the day after their wedding to find a missing Victor; Scott commented, "It was written as it was, so I don’t speculate. She has done it before ... perhaps she will do it again."[15] She stated that she doesn't desire for Nikki and Victor to be happy together for long because it is "boring" and there must be some kind of conflict.[15] Teasing the Nikki and Victor storyline, Scott said that, "Trouble follows trouble and when it rains it pours."[15] From 2010 onward, Nikki was in a relationship with Deacon Sharpe (Sean Kanan). However, it was later revealed that he was working with Meggie McClaine (Sean Young) to ruin her sobriety and send her back to rehab.[35] However, Deacon began to fall for Nikki. Of their relationship, Scott stated: "Deacon has more balls than Nikki expected and he keeps coming back, determined to convince her he truly loves her. At one point, he slips the AA serenity prayer under her door, which she is disgusted to see. She just ignores it and drinks all night. She really does have feelings for him. But this betrayal is something she won't get over soon."[35]

text: Illnesses[edit]

text: Over the course of her duration on the soap opera, the character has battled alcoholism, breast cancer and most recently, multiple sclerosis. Scott has stated in multiple interviews that she enjoys portraying Nikki's struggle with alcohol.[15] In an interview with Entertainment Weekly in 2011, Scott said that she "loves Nikki drinking" and enjoys the material as an actress, stating: "It’s much more fun, and everybody seems to prefer a drunk Nikki."[36] During the character's battle with alcoholism, she also developed an addiction for prescription pills. To the dismay of Scott, the storyline concluded abruptly. The actress said, "It never really finished properly. Nikki just woke up one day and decided that she's fine now. I felt that was unrealistic. I would like to follow Nikki through rehab and detox. I want to find a good conclusion. Maybe this new story line will address that. It's looking like it might."[37] Scott has previously voiced her admiration for playing Nikki's alcoholism because "it's so much fun to play" a "drunk or insane or flawed".[38]

text: In February 2013, it was revealed that Nikki would be diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Jillian Bowe of Zap2it said viewers got "a bit of shock when they saw the socialite’s hands shake after she tickled the ivories in her new deluxe apartment."[39] Scott discussed the storyline with TV Guide. She said she wants the story to "educate people" that it's "controllable with the proper treatment". It should be noted, however, that not all people can easily "control" their MS. MS is a highly variable and often disabling disease, and effects each person very differently. Scott met a worker on the set of the show who was diagnosed with MS, and said it was "very encouraging" to know about her for the storyline. She further said, "I did have a sit-down meeting, a little three-way with [head writer] Josh Griffith and [executive producer] Jill Farren Phelps. They wanted to know how I felt about the idea, and I told them I thought it was great. Josh didn't know I used to play piano on Y&R way back when, so he decided to revive that and use it to show the beginnings of Nikki's symptoms — the shaky hands, the cramping, the feeling you've got arthritis."[40]

text: Rivalries and friendships[edit]

text: Nikki is known for her rivalries with Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson), Jill Abbott (Jess Walton), Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) and Diane Jenkins (Maura West).[41] She fought with Diane over Victor for years as their bitter rivalry climaxed; she later killed Diane in self-defense in August 2011.[12] Scott didn't think Nikki should have been the killer in a whodunnit? storyline.[12] She stated, "Nikki has always hated Diane and because Maura is so good in the role, Nikki hates her even more now."[35] Sharon is Nikki's former daughter-in-law, having been married to her son Nicholas (Joshua Morrow) for over a decade. Nikki later became outraged when Sharon had a brief romance with Victor.[12] Luke Kerr of Zap2it said: "It’s always reassuring to know Nikki will usually jump to "blame Sharon" for just about everything. Based on their past, it’s not surprising, but it’s a comfort food type Y&R trope."[42] Nikki and Sharon even ended up in a physical fight in the Newman stables over Victor in 2012; Jillian Bowe, also of Zap2it, called it the "Newman Divas" face off, and said, "Victor's ladies go for blood. It boggles the mind these two sophisticated women are fighting over Victor's giblets and gravy."[43] Scott stated that she loved the Newman stables fight, saying: "Our director was very gracious, and was very loose and not rigid about blocking, and let us do our own choreography. So, if you look at it again, there are many elements of an I Love Lucy episode. Guess where that came from? But I couldn’t resist it. I had to do it! All the water and hair pulling and dunking in the bucket, that was all me, because that was "Lucy"!"[44]

text: Amid her rivalries with most women in Genoa City, she is close with the show's matriarch Katherine Chancellor (Jeanne Cooper), Scott said that "Katherine and Nikki have a very special relationship, and they have a very special heartbeat".[15] However, off-screen, there was a period of time in which Scott experienced a "rocky" relationship with Cooper. Cooper explained: "It was just some silly thing, I guess [...] You think it’s strange. You should have been me! I mean, here is someone who is like a daughter to me. I really was very protective of her".[45]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Nikki was introduced with her sister Casey in 1978. The following year, she killed her abusive father Nick Reed (Quinn Redeker) in self-defense after he drunkenly tried to rape her. During the murder trial, Jill Foster (Brenda Dickson) hired a Nick look-alike named Joseph Thomas to scare Nikki and Casey. Following the trial, she dated Paul Williams (Doug Davidson), but it ended after he gave her a venereal disease. Nikki would go on to romance Greg Foster (Wings Hauser). While Paul opposed the relationship, she ultimately married Greg. Rose Deville (Darlene Conley) signed Nikki to a "modelling agency" which was later revealed to be a prostitution ring. Nikki resisted a customer, who later had a heart attack. A man named Tony was charged for the murder, with Greg representing him. Nikki was threatened not to testify in the case or Greg would be killed. She decided to leave town, but returned a little while later. Nikki would later join the New World Commune and Paul would join her. However, they discovered that it was actually a cult, and Nikki would become pregnant after being raped by a cult leader, Ian Ward. Steven Williams and Peggy Brooks worked to expose the cult, and Nikki ended up escaping to Chicago. She gave birth to the child, later to be known as Dylan McAvoy, in a church, but passed out during labor and the nuns took the baby away. Greg, thinking Nikki and Paul had reunited, divorced Nikki. Once Nikki returned to Genoa City, she became a stripper while romancing Kevin Bancroft (Christopher Holder). Kevin's mother Allison Bancroft (Lynn Wood) hated Nikki, and bought a pornographic film titled Hot Hips, purportedly starring Nikki, hoping Kevin would leave her, which he did. A criminal named Tony DiSalvo distributed the film. Nikki married him in hopes of getting her hands on the film rights, and later found out she wasn't even in the film. Paul and his partner Andy Richards investigated Tony and killed him.

text: While still a stripper, she had a fling with rich business tycoon Victor Newman (Eric Braeden), and became pregnant with his child. Initially, however, Nikki believed that the child was Kevin's, but it turned out to be Victor's. She gave birth to Victoria in 1982 while still married to Kevin. After Tony's death, Victor moved on with Lorie Brooks (Jamie Lyn Bauer), while Nikki hooked up with Rick Daros. Unknown to Nikki, Rick killed his first wife and intended on doing the same to Nikki. Once Victor learned of Rick and Victoria's true paternity, he, Paul, and Andy rushed to St. Croix to save Nikki. In a gunfight, Rick escaped while a shot Victor professed his love for Nikki and proposed. Once Victor recovered, he and Nikki married in 1984 despite interference from his ex Eve Howard. Eve had previously tried to kill Nikki before the wedding ceremony, later running off with Rick Daros. Victor and Nikki's marriage was strong until he had an affair with Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson), the sister of rival businessman Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman). At the same time, Jack was attracted to Nikki, and they began an affair. Victor left Nikki for Ashley who ended up pregnant, but secretly had an abortion. Nikki schemed to break up Victor and Ashley by using Matt Miller (Victor's brother) to seduce Ashley, but failed. Nikki was soon diagnosed with a terminal illness bringing Victor back. Once she recovered and lied to Victor about it, Victor returned to Ashley until he learned of her abortion. Nikki ended up giving birth to a son, Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow), but shortly thereafter Victor divorced Nikki thinking she was involved in Jack's role in a tell-all biography about Victor. Unknown to Victor, the book was actually written by Leanna Love (Barbara Crampton).

text: Once Victor learned the truth of Leanna's book, he tried to win back Nikki through a business deal with Jack. Yet the deal fell through and, out of spite, Jack and Nikki married in 1990 as Victor ended up marrying Ashley. Her marriage to Jack was unsuccessful; his business with Jabot Cosmetics got in the way of their "friendly" marriage. Following a riding accident where she miscarried a child of hers and Jack's, she sunk into a state of depression, developing addictions to painkillers and being an alcoholic to help her recovery. Victor would eventually return to Nikki's side in her addictions, but Nikki ended up pregnant with Jack's son. After an argument with Victor, Nikki gave birth to a stillborn, John Abbott III, and Jack divorced Nikki, but they remained friends. Nikki was devastated soon after when Victor "died" after finding a burned body inside his car in Kansas, although it turned out he was alive. Victor had been living in Kansas with Hope Adams (Signy Coleman). Nikki during this time began a relationship with Brad Carlton (Don Diamont) and later got engaged. Victor and Hope came back to Genoa City, much to everyone's amazement. On the night of Nikki and Brad's wedding, Victor was shot by Mari Jo Mason. She left Brad at the altar and rushed to Victor's side. Victor ended up choosing to return to Hope.

text: While Victor returned to Kansas, Nikki married her doctor Dr. Joshua Landers (Heath Kizzier). Victor's relationship with Hope ended, and he returned to Genoa City to stop Nikki and Joshua from marrying. However, Victor would go on to get involved with Jack's former lover Diane Jenkins (Alex Donelley). Jealous of Diane, Nikki convinced Victor to have a vasectomy before she secretly stored his sperm in a bank. Joshua was shot and killed by his presumed dead mentally ill ex-wife, Veronica (Candice Daly), who had disguised herself and had been posing as Nikki and Joshua's maid, Sarah Lindsey. Hours later, having been the victim of emotional abuse from Nikki for many months, Veronica shot and severely wounded her employer, leading Victor to divorce Diane and remarry Nikki on her deathbed. Victor promised Diane that he would remarry her after Nikki died. When Nikki miraculously recovered, Victor decided to be with her instead of Diane. Yet, Victor was still legally married to Diane and their divorce continued into 2000. Diane remained in love with Victor and stole his sperm to impregnate herself with his child. However, Ashley and Nikki too stole the sperm and a mix-up was created. Ashley became pregnant with Victor's child and Diane with Jack's. Ashley gave birth to Abby Carlton (Brad was thought to be the father) and Nikki was engaged to Victor by 2002. Their engagement was hindered by Victor's old fiancée Lorie Brooks and her soon to be ex-husband Max Hollister schemed to break them up. Max was involved in a bad business deal with Victor regarding Julia Newman Martin's design firm. In the end, Lorie couldn't follow through, and Victor and Nikki remarried in September.

text: Shortly into Victor and Nikki's remarriage, Nikki was kidnapped resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder and was shot by a carjacker. Nikki began having more memories about her childhood and ended up having an affair with Bobby Marsino, who was the brother of one of Nikki's childhood friends whom she accidentally killed. In 2005, their granddaughter Cassie (Camryn Grimes) was killed in a car accident. Then, Nikki developed more of an interest in business. Several years earlier, with Jabot in dire straits, Nikki gave them $35 million to help get the company out of debt. Nikki then became a stockholder at the company and had a seat on the board; much to everyone's dismay. Nikki later sold her stock to start her own company, NVP Retreats (a wellness spa company). In 2007, she ran against ex-husband Jack in the race for Wisconsin state senate, but after a few mistakes and being caught on tape kissing her campaign manager, David Chow (Vincent Irizarry), she lost the election. Victor and Nikki eventually divorced, fueled by her involvement with David Chow. She walked away with a $100-million divorce settlement. After Katherine Chancellor stepped down as CEO of Jabot, Nikki took over; this caused tension between Nikki and Katherine's "daughter" Jill. Nikki stepped down as CEO of Jabot after hearing that David had killed Ji Min Kim, Jill's current lover. Regardless, Nikki married David Chow in June 2008 in Mexico. It was revealed that he was addicted to gambling. Paul Williams investigated David and found that "David" was not even his real name. Upon learning David was going to drug her, Nikki was going to ask for a divorce. However, David died in a car accident, which also killed Victor's wife Sabrina Newman. Victor and Nikki's relationship as friends broke down around this time, too, after she tried to console him. After Victor disappeared again, Nikki became determined to find him, however, she ended up getting involved with her early love, private investigator and long time friend Paul, while Victor and Ashley reconnected. By May 2009, Nikki accepted Paul's marriage proposal, but the night before their wedding, she broke things off and left town. She once again returned, and after Victor was shot by Patty Williams, Nikki left with him after a heart transplant to undergo rehabilitation in a center in Europe.

text: When Victor and Nikki returned in 2010, they were engaged. Meggie McClaine, a friend of Victor, had moved in for her own protection. Meggie sabotaged Nikki, getting her drunk so that she could marry Victor instead of Nikki. Meggie recruited Deacon Sharpe to help get Nikki off the wagon. Nikki went to rehab. When she learned of Victor and Meggie's marriage (which was just a scam to have Meggie caught) she had an affair with Deacon, ending her relationship with Victor. Nikki continued her romance with Deacon, without knowing the truth. Nikki and Victor slept together after he lost a lawsuit against his children; however, he was involved with Diane Jenkins at the time. Upon learning the truth about Deacon's role in her drinking, Nikki left him but it was too late for her to return to Victor, who had married Diane. Alone, she began drinking once again. After several attempts at trying to get back together, Victor and Nikki parted ways, and she returned to rehab. Diane was killed months after, and Victor was jailed for her murder.

text: After being missing from rehab for several months, Nikki returned home. She confesses that she escaped rehab to help her family in the aftermath of the Diane Jenkin's murder investigation. Deacon threatened to confess that he saw Victor, Victoria and Nicholas in the park the night of Diane's murder unless Nikki would marry him; she agreed. Nikki began having memory lapses of her night in the park with Diane; realizing that she had killed her, not Victor. She confessed to this at Victor's trial. Detective Ronan Malloy arrested Nikki for the murder; however, footage from the night, shot by Deacon, revealed that while Nikki did kill Diane at the park, it was in self-defense. Additional footage showed that Deacon finished her off, serving the last fatal blow to Diane's head. Deacon was jailed and his marriage to Nikki ended. Nikki's brief relationship with Victor failed; she began to reconnect with Jack who was suffering from a gunshot wound from Patty Williams that had left him paralyzed. Their relationship heated up, much to the dismay of Kyle, yet he came to accept the relationship, and Nikki and Jack remarried. Yet, the day of her marriage, Victor remarried Sharon Newman, but then went suddenly missing. Nikki ended up leaving Genoa City to try to find Victor, but to no avail. When she returned, Jack decided they should divorce. Victor later returned, having lived in Los Angeles with amnesia. He reunited with Nikki and set out to destroy Sharon and Tucker McCall who took control of Newman during his absence. After Victor lost control of Newman to Jack through a hostile takeover, Victor suffered a heart attack, and later Sharon burned down the Newman Ranch during a mental breakdown. Once Victor escaped the hospital to visit the ruins, he and Nikki finally got engaged. However, their wedding was delayed because Nikki was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

text: Victor and Nikki finally remarried on March 20, 2013, in a ceremony that ended with Adam Newman (Michael Muhney) taking an assassin's bullet meant for Victor. Adam survived, and he and Victor began to rebuild their relationship. Nikki continued with her MS treatments, and held fundraisers for research. Katherine Chancellor died in August after a three-month vacation around the world. Katherine left Nikki and Jill in charge of her memorial service, and left Nikki a letter encouraging her to look into the child she had following her stay at the New World Commune.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
"Nikki has done some outrageous things, from sleeping with Victor's worst enemy, Jack Abbott, to hitting the bottle and blacking out. Victor gets disgusted with Nikki's actions, yet he always find his way right back to her bed. No matter how many men Nikki sleeps with, she finds her way back to Victor as well."[24]

—Jae Jones of Yahoo! on Nikki's storylines over the years (2011)

text: The character and actress are considered icons in American daytime television.[46] TV Guide has said that Scott has become "immensely popular" over the course of her run.[47] Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps describes Scott as the "leading lady of Y&R".[44] BuzzWorthy Radio wrote that Scott is "a true fan favorite and daytime royalty".[48] Former executive producer and head writer Maria Arena Bell called Nikki one of the "hearts and souls" on the soap opera, and said: "Melody is a phenomenal actress. Nikki is one of the great core characters of The Young and the Restless."[49] Nikki's pairing with Victor has received positive reviews from critics throughout the years; The News & Advance cited Victor and Nikki with other romances considered "epic" of the early supercouple era.[50] Global News wrote of their long-standing relationship, "Victor is the consummate womanizer and has been a part of many relationships over the years. Nonetheless, his heart belongs to one woman alone, the stunning Nikki Reed. Despite true love and good intention, the relationship between Victor and Nikki has always been troubled by poor timing and miscommunication."[51] Jae Jones of Yahoo! wrote in 2011, "Over the years fans have watch Victor and Nikki break up and get back together more times than they can keep track. The love between the two has always been strong, but it doesn't seem strong enough to keep the two together."[24] In 1987, Lilana Novakovich of the Toronto Star wrote that Nikki was the "lucky missus of the sexy Eric Braeden".[52] A syndicated article that appeared in The Vindicator in 2003 stated of Nikki and Victor's relationship, "Their relationship is both strong and mistrustful, fraught with passion and tension."[53] The Austin American-Statesman acclaimed Scott's portrayal in 1991, writing: "After 12 long years of portraying Nikki Newman Abbott on The Young and the Restless, Melody Thomas Scott has become a master at tackling one on-screen dilemma after another. Since Nikki's arrival in Genoa City back in 1979, she has been brainwashed by a bizarre religious cult; gotten caught up in the world of striptease and circa 1987 miraculously survived a "fatal" disease called sarcoidosis."[54] In October 1992, Marla Hart of the Chicago Tribune wrote of the character's life at the time, saying: "There's the Newman living room and its bar, where Nikki has gotten plastered; the ruffly bedroom where she has fretted over her two main squeezes, Jack Abbott and Victor Newman; and Victor's marble-ized office, where Nikki Newman Abbott has cried on the leather sofa scores of times."[55] In 2002, Entertainment Weekly wrote that the soap opera was "keeping it real" with Victor and Nikki's third wedding.[56] Upon their fourth wedding in 2013, the magazine stated: "Say what you will about Victor (and we’ve all said a lot), but the ol’ boy definitely knows who is best for him — Nikki."[57]

text: In 2006, when Scott celebrated 27 years on the soap opera, the Jamaica Gleaner wrote of her portrayal and the character's evolution, "As Nikki Reed Newman — a character who has been married seven times (twice to Victor), been addicted to alcohol and pain pills, killed her sexual-molester father and been shot several times — Melody has an exciting alter ego. Through it all, Nikki has matured into the strong, independent woman that she is today."[58] In 2011, the soap opera's ratings reportedly decreased when Scott was absent.[59] When she renewed her contract with the series, Michael Logan of TV Guide wrote: "Our long national nightmare is over! Execs at The Young and the Restless have finally seen the light and are bringing Melody Thomas Scott back to the show." He also wrote that it was "not a smooth move" to keep Scott off the soap opera, saying: "Considering Thomas Scott was at the top of storyline — and giving the performance of her career — when Nikki suddenly left Genoa City and went into rehab. Curiously, those money issues at Y&R didn't stop the suits from hiring lots of new high-profile faces in recent months, including Emmy-winning suds greats Genie Francis and Debbi Morgan — a fact that did not go ignored by Thomas Scott's legion of irate fans who organized a massive Twitter campaign to bring their girl back."[47] Lori Harito of Global wrote that "the woman we love to hate" would be "back on our screens, no doubt butting heads with Victor Newman".[60]

text: Sara Bibel of Xfinity wrote that she had hoped Nikki's relationship with Deacon Sharpe (Sean Kanan) would blossom into a "real romance". She also wrote about Nikki and Victor's union, stating: "Nikki and Victor’s (Eric Braeden) romance has lasted three decades because they were separated for years at a time, involved in fully developed, longterm relationships with other characters, while continuing to be drawn into each other’s orbit. It’s a shame that the current regime has not realized the story potential of keeping these characters apart."[61] Bibel criticized Nikki's reunion with Jack in 2012, blaming it on the soap opera's "creative trouble". She wrote: "They were a great couple the first time they got together. There seemed like a parallel between the back problems that Nikki was struggling with when they were married and Jack’s paralysis. It seemed like the recipe for a beautiful love story, as Nikki helped Jack realize that he was still desirable despite his injury and help him adjust to the changes in his life until, being that this is a soap, he miraculously regains the ability to walk again. Instead of watching a friendship bloom into romance, Jack and Nikki hooked up one night in Vegas and, bam, instant relationship."[62] The following year, she predicted Nikki could be potentially diagnosed with either multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease. Bibel wrote that she usually finds soap opera medical storylines "tedious because I know going in that the character will inevitably be cured. But giving a character a chronic but manageable illness is a fresh spin."[63]

text: Scott's portrayal has garnered numerous accolades throughout the years, including nominations for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1999 and the Special Fan Award in 2001.[64] She has received six Soap Opera Digest Award nominations, winning once in 2001 for Outstanding Lead Actress.[65]


document_title: Cheltenham Gold Cup

question_text: who won the cheltenham gold cup the most times

text: Cheltenham Gold Cup

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: The first horse race known as the Cheltenham Gold Cup took place in July 1819. It was a flat race, and it was contested over 3 miles on Cleeve Hill, which overlooks the present venue. The inaugural winner, Spectre, won a prize of 100 guineas for his owner Mr Bodenham.

text: The Cheltenham Gold Cup was first run as a jumps race on 12 March 1924. The race was covered by Pathe News.[5] A prize of £685 was awarded to the owner of the winning horse. The event originally took place on what is now the "Old Course" at Cheltenham. In its early years it was overshadowed at the Festival by another race, the National Hunt Chase and was worth less in prize money than the County Handicap Hurdle which had a purse of £1,000.[6]

text: The Gold Cup was abandoned in 1931 (because of frost) and 1937 (flooding), but the five intervening years saw the emergence of the most successful horse in the event's history. All five races from 1932 to 1936 were won by Golden Miller, who also won the Grand National in 1934.

text: During World War II the Gold Cup was cancelled twice, in 1943 and 1944. The first multiple winner of the post-war years was Cottage Rake, who won the three runnings from 1948 to 1950. Cottage Rake was trained in Ireland by Vincent O'Brien, and his successes helped to popularise the Gold Cup, and the Festival itself, with the Irish public.

text: Modern era[edit]

text: The Gold Cup was switched to the "New Course" in 1959, and this is now the regular track used for the event. In the mid-1960s the race was dominated by Arkle, who won three consecutive runnings from 1964 to 1966. Such was Arkle's perceived superiority before the last of these victories that he was given a starting price of 1/10 (a £10 bet would have won £1). He remains the shortest-priced winner in the race's history.

text: The first commercial sponsorship of the race was by Piper Champagne, which began supporting the event in 1972. The Tote (now known as Totesport) became the sponsor in 1980.

text: The most remarkable feat in the Gold Cup by a trainer came in 1983, when Michael Dickinson was responsible for all of the first five horses to finish – Bregawn, Captain John, Wayward Lad, Silver Buck and Ashley House. The 1986 winner, Dawn Run, is the only horse to have ever won both this race and the leading hurdle event, the Champion Hurdle. One of the most popular horses to win the Gold Cup was Desert Orchid, a grey who won the event in 1989. The following year's running was won by Norton's Coin, whose starting price of 100/1 represents the race's longest ever winning price.

text: The entire Cheltenham Festival was cancelled in 2001 because of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. A replacement for the Cheltenham Gold Cup – the Gold Trophy Chase – was contested at Sandown in late April, but the Racing Post stated that this "lacked any strength in depth and was no substitute for the Gold Cup".[7] The next three runnings were all won by Best Mate, who is the most recent of the four horses to have won the race three or more times.

text: In 2009, Kauto Star became the first horse to regain the Gold Cup. He overcame his stablemate and conqueror in 2008, Denman, who had recovered from a heart condition to take his place in the race.[8] Timeform spokesperson Kieran Packman said of Kauto Star's performance, "it is the best Gold Cup-winning figure since the Arkle era in the mid-1960s".[9]

text: One of the cups, a different one being awarded each year, was reported stolen on 14 July 2010 after a burglary at a home in Wormington, Gloucestershire.[10]

text: Records[edit]

text: Most successful horse (5 wins):

text: Golden Miller – 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936

tag: ul

text: Leading jockey (4 wins):

text: Pat Taaffe – Arkle (1964, 1965, 1966), Fort Leney (1968)

text: Leading trainer (5 wins):

text: Tom Dreaper – Prince Regent (1946), Arkle (1964, 1965, 1966), Fort Leney (1968)

text: Leading owner (7 wins):

text: Dorothy Paget – Golden Miller (1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936), Roman Hackle (1940), Mont Tremblant (1952)

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Amateur jockeys indicated by "Mr".
Winning mares indicated by †
Winning trainers based in Great Britain unless indicated (IRE) = Ireland, (FRA) = France

text:
Date
Winner
SP
Age
Jockey
Trainer
Owner
Field
Runners-up
Time

12-03-1924 1924, 12 March
Red Splash
1005 5/1
5
Dick Rees
Fred Withington
Maj. Humphrey Wyndham
9
2nd. (hd) Conjuror II 7/1
3rd. (nk) Gerald L. 5/1
Not taken
[11]

11-03-1925 1925, 11 March
Ballinode†
1003 3/1
9
Ted Leader
Frank Morgan (IRE)
Christopher Bentley
4
2nd. (5 L) Alcazar 8/13F
3rd. (dst) Patsey 10/1
729607:29.6
[12]

9-03-19261926, 9 March
Koko
1010 10/1
8
Tim Hamey
Alfred Bickley
Frank Barbour
8
2nd. (4 L) Old Tay Bridge 3/1
3rd. (5 L) Ruddyglow 6/5F
711007:11.0
[13]

8-03-19271927, 8 March
Thrown In
1010 10/1
11
Mr Hugh Grosvenor
Owen Anthony
2nd Lord Stalbridge
8
2nd. (2 L) Grakle 5/1
3rd. (1 1⁄2 L) Silvo 13/8F
728007:28.0
[14]

13-03-19281928, 13 March
Patron Saint
1003.5 7/2
5
Dick Rees
Stanley Harrison
F. W. Keen
7
2nd. (4 L) Vive 8/1
3rd. (2 L) Koko 4/5F
729607:29.6
[15]

12-03-19291929, 12 March
Easter Hero
1001.75 7/4F
9
Dick Rees
Jack Anthony
John Hay Whitney
10
2nd. (20 L) Lloydie 100/9
3rd. (2 L) Grakle 11/4
657006:57.0
[16]

11-03-19301930, 11 March
Easter Hero
1000.7272727273 8/11F
10
Tommy Cullinan
Jack Anthony
John Hay Whitney
4
2nd. (20 L) Grakle 10/1
3rd. (dist) Gib 13/8
706007:06.0
[17]

01-01-1931 no race 1931 [1]

1-03-19321932, 1 March
Golden Miller
1006.5 13/2
5
Ted Leader
Basil Briscoe
Dorothy Paget
6
2nd. (4 L) Inverse 8/1
3rd. (dist) Aruntius 20/1
733407:33.4
[18]

7-03-19331933, 7 March
Golden Miller
1000.5714285714 4/7F
6
Billy Stott
Basil Briscoe
Dorothy Paget
7
2nd. (10 L) Thomond II 11/4
3rd. (5 L) Delaneige 20/1
733007:33.0
[19]

6-03-19341934, 6 March
Golden Miller
1001.2 6/5F
7
Gerry Wilson
Basil Briscoe
Dorothy Paget
7
2nd. (6 L) Avenger 6/1
3rd. (6 L) Kellsboro 10/1
704607:04.6
[20]

14-03-19351935, 14 March
Golden Miller
1000.5 1/2F
8
Gerry Wilson
Basil Briscoe
Dorothy Paget
5
2nd. (3⁄4 L) Thomond II 5/2
3rd. (5 L) Kellsboro' Jack 100/7
630006:30.0
[21]

12-03-19361936, 12 March
Golden Miller
1001.05 21/20F
9
Evan Williams
Owen Anthony
Dorothy Paget
6
2nd. (12 L) Royal Mail 5/1
3rd. (2 L) Kellsboro' Jack 10/1
705207:05.2
[22]

01-01-1937 no race 1937 [1]

10-03-19381938, 10 March
Morse Code
1006.5 13/2
9
Danny Morgan
Ivor Anthony
Dealtry C. Part
6
2nd. (2 L) Golden Miller 7/4F
3rd. (3 L) Macaulay 3/1
635206:35.2
[23]

9-03-19391939, 9 March
Brendan's Cottage
1008 8/1
9
George Owen
George Beeby
Jean Smith-Bingham
5
2nd. (5 L) Morse Code 4/7F
3rd. (dist) Embarrassed 25/1
734207:34.2
[24]

20-03-19401940, 20 March
Roman Hackle
1001 EvensF
7
Evan Williams
Owen Anthony
Dorothy Paget
7
2nd. (10 L) Black Hawk 20/1
3rd. (2 L) Royal Mail 100/8
646406:46.4
[25]

20-03-19411941, 20 March
Poet Prince
1003.5 7/2
9
Roger Burford
Ivor Anthony
David Sherbrooke
10
2nd. (3 L) Savon 100/30
3rd. (sh) Red Rower 8/1
615606:15.6
[26]

21-03-19421942, 21 March
Medoc II
1004.5 9/2
8
Frenchie Nicholson
Reg Hobbs
7th Earl of Sefton
12
2nd. (3 L) Red Rower 3/1F
3rd. (sh) Asterabad 20/1
638006:38.0
[27]

01-01-1943 no race 1943–44 [2]

17-03-19451945, 17 March
Red Rower
1002.75 11/4F
11
Davy Jones
2nd Lord Stalbridge
2nd Lord Stalbridge
16
2nd. (3 L) Schubert 11/2
3rd. (1 1⁄2 L) Paladin 100/30
616206:16.2
[28]

14-03-19461946, 14 March
Prince Regent
1000.5714285714 4/7F
11
Tim Hyde
Tom Dreaper (IRE)
Jimmy Rank
6
2nd. (5 L) Poor Flame 5/1
3rd. (4 L) Red April 9/2
647606:47.6
[29]

12-04-19471947, 12 April
Fortina
1008 8/1
6
Mr Richard Black
Hector Christie
3rd Baron Grimthorpe
12
2nd. (10 L) Happy Home 3/1
3rd. (5 L) Prince Blackthorn 8/1
641206:41.2
[30]

4-03-19481948, 4 March
Cottage Rake
1010 10/1
9
Aubrey Brabazon
Vincent O'Brien (IRE)
Frank Vickerman
12
2nd. (1 1⁄2 L) Happy Home 6/1
3rd. (10 L) Coloured School Boy 10/1
656406:56.4
[31]

11-04-19491949, 11 April
Cottage Rake
1000.6666666667 4/6F
10
Aubrey Brabazon
Vincent O'Brien (IRE)
Frank Vickerman
6
2nd. (2 L) Cool Customer 13/2
3rd. (6 L) Coloured School Boy 8/1
636006:36.0
[32]

9-03-19501950, 9 March
Cottage Rake
1000.8333333333 5/6F
11
Aubrey Brabazon
Vincent O'Brien (IRE)
Frank L. Vickerman
6
2nd. (10 L) Finnure 5/4
3rd. (8 L) Garde Toi 100/1
700607:00.6
[33]

25-04-19511951, 25 April
Silver Fame
1001.5 6/4F
12
Martin Molony
George Beeby
1st Baron Bicester
6
2nd. (shd) Greenogue 100/8
3rd. (2 L) Mighty Fine 10/1
623406:23.4
[34]

6-03-19521952, 6 March
Mont Tremblant
1008 8/1
6
Dave Dick
Fulke Walwyn
Dorothy Paget
13
2nd. (10 L) Shaef 7/1
3rd. (4 L) Galloway Braes 66/1
702307:02.3
[35]

5-03-19531953, 5 March
Knock Hard
1005.5 11/2
9
Tim Molony
Vincent O'Brien (IRE)
Moya Keogh
12
2nd. (5 L) Halloween 5/2F
3rd. (2 L) Galloway Braes 33/1
628406:28.4
[36]

1954
Four Ten
1016.6666666667 100/6
8
Tommy Cusack
John Roberts
Alan Strange
9
2nd. (4 L) Mariner's Log 20/1
3rd. (4 L) Halloween 100/6
712207:12.20
[37]

1955
Gay Donald
1033 33/1
9
Tony Grantham
Jim Ford
Philip Burt
9
2nd. (10 L) Halloween 7/2
3rd. (8 L) Four Ten 3/1F
659206:59.20
[37]

1956
Limber Hill
1001.375 11/8F
9
Jimmy Power
Bill Dutton
James Davey
11
2nd. (4 L) Vigor 50/1
3rd. (1 1⁄2 L) Halloween 100/8
642006:42.00
[37]

1957
Linwell
1011.1111111111 100/9
9
Michael Scudamore
Charlie Mallon[3]
David Brown
13
2nd. (1 L) Kerstin† 6/1
3rd. (5 L) Rose Park 100/8
655606:55.6
[37]

1958
Kerstin†
1007 7/1
8
Stan Hayhurst
Verly Bewicke
George H. Moore
9
2nd. (1⁄2 L) Polar Flight 11/2
3rd. (dist) Gay Donald 13/2
655606:55.6
[37]

1959
Roddy Owen
1005 5/1
10
Bobby Beasley
Danny Morgan (IRE)
12th Earl of Fingall
11
2nd. (3 L) Linwell 11/2
3rd. (10 L) Lochroe 100/9
728407:28.4
[37]

1960
Pas Seul
1006 6/1
7
Bill Rees
Bob Turnell
John Rogerson
11
2nd. (1 L) Lochroe 12/1
3rd. (5 L) Zonda 9/1
700007:00.0
[37]

1961
Saffron Tartan
1002 2/1
10
Fred Winter
Don Butchers
Guy Westmacott
9
2nd. (1 1⁄2 L) Pas Seul 100/30
3rd. (3 L) Mandarin 100/7
649806:49.8
[37]

1962
Mandarin
1003.5 7/2
11
Fred Winter
Fulke Walwyn
Peggy Hennessy
10
2nd. (1 L) Fortria 3/1
3rd. (10 L) Cocky Consort 50/1
639406:39.4
[37]

1963
Mill House
1003.5 7/2
6
Willie Robinson
Fulke Walwyn
Bill Gollings
12
2nd. (12 L) Fortria 4/1
3rd. (4 L) Duke of York 7/1
708407:08.4
[37]

1964
Arkle
1001.75 7/4
7
Pat Taaffe
Tom Dreaper (IRE)
Duchess of Westminster
4
2nd. (5 L) Mill House 8/13F
3rd. (25 L) Pas Seul 50/1
645606:45.6
[37]

1965
Arkle
1000.3 30/100F
8
Pat Taaffe
Tom Dreaper (IRE)
Duchess of Westminster
4
2nd. (20 L) Mill House 100/30
3rd. (30 L) Stoney Crossing 100/1
645606:41.2
[37]

1966
Arkle
1000.1 1/10F
9
Pat Taaffe
Tom Dreaper (IRE)
Duchess of Westminster
5
2nd. (30 L) Dormant 20/1
3rd. (10 L) Snaigow 100/7
654206:54.2
[37]

1967
Woodland Venture
1012.5 100/8
7
Terry Biddlecombe
Fred Rimell
Harry Collins
8
2nd. (3⁄4 L) Stalbridge Colonist 11/2
3rd. (2 L) What A Myth 3/1
659206:59.2
[37]

1968
Fort Leney
1005.5 11/2
10
Pat Taaffe
Tom Dreaper (IRE)
John Thomson
5
2nd. (neck) The Laird 3/1
3rd. (1 L) Stalbridge Colonist 7/2
651006:51.0
[37]

1969
What A Myth
1008 8/1
12
Paul Kelleway
Ryan Price
Lady Lucy Weir
11
2nd. (1 1⁄2 L) Domacorn 7/2
3rd. (20 L) Playlord 4/1
730087:30.8
[37]

1970
L'Escargot
1033 33/1
7
Tommy Carberry
Dan Moore (IRE)
Raymond R. Guest
12
2nd. (1 1⁄2 L) French Tan 8/1
3rd. (10 L) Spanish Steps 9/4
647406:47.4
[37]

1971
L'Escargot
1003.5 7/2
8
Tommy Carberry
Dan Moore (IRE)
Raymond R. Guest
8
2nd. (10 L) Leap Frog 7/2
3rd. (15 L) The Dikler 15/2
800608:00.6
[37]

1972
Glencaraig Lady†
1006 6/1
8
Frank Berry
Francis Flood (IRE)
Patrick Doyle
12
2nd. (3⁄4 L) Royal Toss 22/1
3rd. (head) The Dikler 11/1
717807:17.8
[37]

1973
The Dikler
1009 9/1
10
Ron Barry
Fulke Walwyn
Peggy August
12
2nd. (shd) Pendil 4/6F
3rd. (6 L) Charlie Potheen 9/2
637206:37.2
[37]

1974
Captain Christy
1007 7/1
7
Bobby Beasley
Pat Taaffe (IRE)
Jane Samuel
7
2nd. (5 L) The Dikler 5/1
3rd. (20 L) Game Spirit 20/1
705507:05.5
[37]

1975
Ten Up
1002 2/1
8
Tommy Carberry
Jim Dreaper (IRE)
Duchess of Westminster
8
2nd. (6 L) Soothsayer 28/1
3rd. (1 1⁄2 L) Bula 5/1
751407:51.4
[37]

1976
Royal Frolic
1014 14/1
7
John Burke
Fred Rimell
Sir Edward Hanmer
11
2nd. (5 L) Brown Lad 13/8F
3rd. (5 L) Colebridge 12/1
640106:40.1
[37]

1977
Davy Lad
1014 14/1
7
Dessie Hughes
Mick O'Toole (IRE)
Anne-Marie McGowan
13
2nd. (6 L) Tied Cottage 20/1
3rd. (20 L) Summerville 15/1
713807:13.8
[37]

1978
Midnight Court
1002.5 5/2
7
John Francome
Fred Winter
Olive Jackson
10
2nd. (7 L) Brown Lad 8/1
3rd. (1 L) Master H 18/1
657306:57.3
[37]

1979
Alverton
1005 5/1
9
Jonjo O'Neill
Peter Easterby
Snailwell Stud Co.
14
2nd. (25 L) Royal Mail 7/1
3rd. (20 L) Aldaniti 40/1
701007:01.0
[37]

1980
Master Smudge [4]
1014 14/1
8
Richard Hoare
Arthur Barrow
Arthur Barrow
14
2nd. (5 L) Mac Vidi 66/1
3rd. (2 1⁄2 L) Approaching 11/1
714207:14.2
[37]

1981
Little Owl
1006 6/1
7
Mr Jim Wilson
Peter Easterby
Robin & Jim Wilson
15
2nd. (1 1⁄2 L) Night Nurse 6/1
3rd. (10 L) Silver Buck 7/2
709907:09.9
[37]

1982
Silver Buck
1008 8/1
10
Robert Earnshaw
Michael Dickinson
Christine Feather
22
2nd. (2 L) Bregawn 18/1
3rd. (12 L) Sunset Cristo 50/1
711307:11.3
[37]

1983
Bregawn
1003.3333333333 100/30
9
Graham Bradley
Michael W. Dickinson
James Kennelly
11
2nd. (5 L) Captain John 11/1
3rd. (1 1⁄2 L) Wayward Lad 6/1
657606:57.6
[37]

1984
Burrough Hill Lad
1003.5 7/2
8
Phil Tuck
Jenny Pitman
Stan Riley
12
2nd. (3 L) Brown Chamberlin 5/1
3rd. (8 L) Drumlargan 16/1
641406:41.4
[37]

1985
Forgive 'n Forget
1007 7/1
8
Mark Dwyer
Jimmy FitzGerald
Tim Kilroe & Sons Ltd
15
2nd. (1 1⁄2 L) Righthand Man 15/2
3rd. (2 1⁄2 L) Earls Brig 13/2
648306:48.3
[37]

1986
Dawn Run†
1001.875 15/8f
8
Jonjo O'Neill
Paddy Mullins (IRE)
Charmian Hill
11
2nd. (1 L) Wayward Lad 8/1
3rd. (2 1⁄2 L) Forgive 'n Forget 7/2
635006:35.0
[37]

1987
The Thinker
1006.5 13/2
9
Ridley Lamb
Arthur Stephenson
Tom McDonagh
12
2nd. (1 1⁄2 L) Cybrandian 25/1
3rd. (2 1⁄2 L) Door Latch 9/1
656106:56.1
[37]

1988
Charter Party
1010 10/1
10
Richard Dunwoody
David Nicholson
Smith / Mould
15
2nd. (6 L) Cavvies Clown 6/1
3rd. (10 L) Beau Ranger 33/1
658906:58.9
[37]

1989
Desert Orchid
1002.5 5/2
10
Simon Sherwood
David Elsworth
Richard Burridge
13
2nd. (1 1⁄2 L) Yahoo 25/1
3rd. (8 L) Charter Party 14/1
717607:17.6
[37]

1990
Norton's Coin
1100 100/1
9
Graham McCourt
Sirrel Griffiths
Sirrel Griffiths
12
2nd. (3⁄4 L) Toby Tobias 8/1
3rd. (4 L) Desert Orchid 10/11f
630906:30.9
[37]

1991
Garrison Savannah
1016 16/1
8
Mark Pitman
Jenny Pitman
Autofour Engineering
14
2nd. (shd) The Fellow 28/1
3rd. (15 L) Desert Orchid 4/1
649806:49.8
[37]

1992
Cool Ground
1025 25/1
10
Adrian Maguire
Toby Balding
Whitcombe Manor Racing
8
2nd. (shd) The Fellow 7/2
3rd. (1 L) Docklands Express 16/1
647506:47.5
[37]

1993
Jodami
1008 8/1
8
Mark Dwyer
Peter Beaumont
John Yeadon
16
2nd. (2 L) Rushing Wild 11/1
3rd. (7 L) Royal Athlete 66/1
634406:34.4
[37]

1994
The Fellow
1007 7/1
9
Adam Kondrat
François Doumen (FRA)
Marquesa de Moratalla
15
2nd. (1 1⁄2 L) Jodami 6/4F
3rd. (4 L) Young Hustler 20/1
640706:40.7
[37]

1995
Master Oats
1003.3333333333 100/30
9
Norman Williamson
Kim Bailey
Paul Matthews
15
2nd. (15 L) Dubacilla 20/1
3rd. (15 L) Miinnehoma 9/1
655906:55.9
[37]

1996
Imperial Call
1004.5 9/2
7
Conor O'Dwyer
Fergie Sutherland (IRE)
Lisselan Farms Ltd
10
2nd. (4 L) Rough Quest 12/1
3rd. (19 L) Couldn't Be Better 11/1
642306:42.3
[37]

1997
Mr Mulligan
1020 20/1
9
Tony McCoy
Noel Chance
M. & G. Worcester
14
2nd. (9 L) Barton Bank 33/1
3rd. (1⁄2 L) Dorans Pride 10/1
635506:35.5
[37]

1998
Cool Dawn
1025 25/1
10
Andrew Thornton
Robert Alner
Dido Harding
17
2nd. (1 3⁄4 L) Strong Promise 14/1
3rd. (hd) Dorans Pride 9/4
639706:39.7
[37]

1999
See More Business
1016 16/1
9
Mick Fitzgerald
Paul Nicholls
Barber / Keighley
12
2nd. (1 L) Go Ballistic 66/1
3rd. (17 L) Florida Pearl 5/2F
641906:41.9
[37]

2000
Looks Like Trouble
1004.5 9/2
8
Richard Johnson
Noel Chance
Tim Collins
12
2nd. (5 L) Florida Pearl 9/2
3rd. (nck) Strong Promise 20/1
630306:30.3
[37]

01-01-2001 no race 2001 [5]

2002
Best Mate
1007 7/1
7
Jim Culloty
Henrietta Knight
Jim Lewis
18
2nd. (1 3⁄4 L) Commanche Court 25/1
3rd. (8 L) See More Business 40/1
650106:50.10
[38]

2003
Best Mate
1001.625 13/8F
8
Jim Culloty
Henrietta Knight
Jim Lewis
15
2nd. (10 L) Truckers Tavern 33/1
3rd. (2 1⁄2 L) Harbour Pilot 40/1
639006:39.10
[39]

2004
Best Mate
1000.7272727273 8/11F
9
Jim Culloty
Henrietta Knight
Jim Lewis
10
2nd. (1⁄2 L) Sir Rembrandt 33/1
3rd. (1 1⁄4 L) Harbour Pilot 20/1
642606:42.60
[40]

2005
Kicking King
1004 4/1F
7
Barry Geraghty
Tom Taaffe (IRE)
Conor Clarkson
15
2nd. (5 L) Take The Stand 25/1
3rd. (8 L) Sir Rembrandt 12/1
642906:42.90
[41]

2006
War of Attrition
1007.5 15/2
7
Conor O'Dwyer
Mouse Morris (IRE)
Gigginstown House Stud
22
2nd. (2 1⁄2 L) Hedgehunter 16/1
3rd. (7 L) Forget The Past 9/1
631706:31.70
[42]

2007
Kauto Star
1001.25 5/4F
7
Ruby Walsh
Paul Nicholls
Clive D. Smith
15
2nd. (2 1⁄2 L) Exotic Dancer 9/2
3rd. (2 1⁄2 L) Turpin Green 40/1
640466:40.46
[43]

2008
Denman
1002.25 9/4
8
Sam Thomas
Paul Nicholls
Barber / Findlay
12
2nd. (7 L) Kauto Star 10/11f
3rd. (shd) Neptune Collonges 25/1
647846:47.84
[44]

2009
Kauto Star
1001.75 7/4F
9
Ruby Walsh
Paul Nicholls
Clive D. Smith
16
2nd. (13 L) Denman 7/1
3rd. (2 1⁄2 L) Exotic Dancer 8/1
644956:44.95
[45]

2010
Imperial Commander
1007 7/1
9
Paddy Brennan
Nigel Twiston-Davies
Our Friends in the North
11
2nd. (7 L) Denman 4/1
3rd. (23 L) Mon Mome 50/1
643906:43.90
[46]

2011
Long Run
1003.5 7/2F
6
Mr Sam Waley-Cohen
Nicky Henderson
Robert Waley-Cohen
13
2nd. (7 L) Denman 8/1
3rd. (4 L) Kauto Star 5/1
629706:29.70
[47]

2012
Synchronised
1008 8/1
9
Tony McCoy
Jonjo O'Neill
J. P. McManus
14
2nd. (2 1⁄4 L) The Giant Bolster 50/1
3rd. (3⁄4 L) Long Run 7/4f
636196:36.19
[48]

2013
Bobs Worth
1002.75 11/4F
8
Barry Geraghty
Nicky Henderson
The Not Afraid Partnership
9
2nd. (7 L) Sir Des Champs 4/1
3rd. (2 3⁄4 L) Long Run 7/2
705067:05.06
[49]

2014
Lord Windermere
1020 20/1
8
Davy Russell
Jim Culloty (IRE)
Dr. Ronan Lambe
13
2nd. (shd) On His Own 16/1
3rd. (3⁄4 L) The Giant Bolster 14/1
643886:43.88
[50]

2015
Coneygree
1007 7/1
8
Nico de Boinville
Mark Bradstock
The Max Partnership
16
2nd. (1 1⁄2 L) Djakadam 10/1
3rd. (2 L) Road To Riches 8/1
642506:42.5
[51]

2016
Don Cossack
1002.25 9/4F
9
Bryan Cooper
Gordon Elliott (IRE)
Gigginstown House Stud
9
2nd. (4 1⁄2 L) Djakadam 9/2
3rd. (10 L) Don Poli 9/2
635006:35.00
[52]

2017
Sizing John
1007 7/1
7
Robbie Power
Jessica Harrington (IRE)
Ann & Alan Potts
13
2nd. (2 3⁄4 L) Minella Rocco 18/1
3rd. (shd) Native River 7/2
636106:36.10

2018
Native River
1005 5/1
8
Richard Johnson
Colin Tizzard
Brocade Racing
15
2nd. (4 1⁄2 L) Might Bite 4/1F
3rd. (4 L) Anibale Fly 33/1
702607:02.60

tag: table

text:
1 The race was abandoned in 1931 because of frost, and in 1937 because of flooding.
2 It was cancelled in 1943 and 1944 because of World War II.
3 The 1957 winner, Linwell, was actually trained by Ivor Herbert, who was prevented from holding a trainer's licence by working as a journalist.[53]
4 Tied Cottage finished first in 1980, but he was subsequently disqualified after testing positive for a banned substance.
5 The 2001 running was cancelled due to a foot-and-mouth crisis. A substitute race at Sandown was won by Marlborough.

text: Race sponsors[edit]

text: In December 2015 an agreement was reached between Timico and the Jockey Club in a four-year deal starting in 2016. It will be the first time that the race has been sponsored by a non-bookmaker since the Tote took over from Piper Champagne in 1980.[54] The Cheltenham Gold Cup has had the following sponsors:[55]

text:
No sponsor before 1972
Piper Champagne Cheltenham Gold Cup (1972 – 1979)
Tote Cheltenham Gold Cup (1980 – 2003)
totesport Cheltenham Gold Cup (2004 – 2011)
Betfred Cheltenham Gold Cup (2012 – 2015)
Timico Cheltenham Gold Cup (2016 – 2019)[4]

text: Further reading[edit]

text: Declan Colley, 2010, When Bobby Met Christy – The Story of Bobby Beasley and a Wayward Horse, Collins Press


document_title: Sole (foot)

question_text: where is the dorsum of the foot located

question_tokens: where is the dorsum of the foot located

text: Sole (foot)

text: Structure[edit]

text: The glabrous skin on the sole of the foot lacks the hair and pigmentation found elsewhere on the body, and it has a high concentration of sweat pores. The sole contains the thickest layers of skin on the body due to the weight that is continually placed on it. It is crossed by a set of creases that form during the early stages of embryonic development. Like those of the palm, the sweat pores of the sole lack sebaceous glands.

text: The sole is a sensory organ by which we can perceive the ground while standing and walking. The subcutaneous tissue in the sole has adapted to deal with the high local compressive forces on the heel and the ball (between the toes and the arch) by developing a system of "pressure chambers." Each chamber is composed of internal fibrofatty tissue covered by external collagen connective tissue. The septa (internal walls) of these chambers are permeated by numerous blood vessels, making the sole one of the most vascularized, or blood-enriched, regions in the human body. [1]

text: The sole and the longitudinal arch of the foot are supported by a thick connective tissue, the plantar fascia. The central component of this tissue extends to the supporting bones and gives two divisions–the medial component and lateral component; thus they define the boundaries of the three muscle compartments of the sole (see below).[2]

text: The bones underlying the sole form the arch of the foot. The arches might collapse later in life, resulting in flat feet.

text: Muscles[edit]

text: Intrinsic[edit]

text: The intrinsic muscles in the sole are grouped in four layers:

text: In the first layer, the flexor digitorum brevis is the large central muscle located immediately below the plantar aponeurosis. It flexes the second to fifth toes and is flanked by abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi.[2]

text: In the second layer, the quadratus plantae, located below flexor digitorum brevis, inserts into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus on which the lumbricals originate.[2]

text: In the third layer, the oblique head of adductor hallucis joins the muscle's transversal head on the lateral side of the big toe. Medially to adductor hallucis are the two heads of flexor hallucis brevis, deep to the tendon of flexor hallucis longus. The considerably smaller flexor digiti minimi brevis on the lateral side can be mistaken for one of the interossei.[2]

text: In the fourth layer. the dorsal and plantar interossei are located between and below the metatarsal bones and act as antagonists.[2]

text: The central compartment is shared by the lumbricals, quadratus plantae, flexor digitorum brevis, and adductor hallucis; the medial compartment by abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi (often considered part of the former muscle); whilst the lateral compartment is occupied by extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis. [3]

text: Extrinsic[edit]

text: The tendons of several extrinsic foot muscle reach the sole:

text:
The tendons of the deep foot flexors in the posterior compartment of the leg, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus, passes behind the medial malleolus into the sole.
The tendon of fibularis longus similarly passes behind the lateral malleolus into the sole.[4]

text: Innervation[edit]

text: The soles of the feet are extremely sensitive to touch due to a high concentration of nerve endings, with as many as 200,000 per sole.[5] This makes them sensitive to surfaces that are walked on, ticklish and some people find them to be erogenous zones.[6]

text: Medically, the soles are the site of the plantar reflex, the testing of which can be painful due to the sole's sensitivity.

text: The deep fibular nerve from the common fibular nerve provides the sensory innervation of the skin between the first and second toes and the motor innervation of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal foot. Damage to the deep fibular nerve can result in foot drop.[7]

text: The plantar digital nerves from the medial plantar nerve provide sensory innervation to the skin of the plantar aspect of the toes, except the medial part of the big toe and the lateral part of the little toe and the motor innervation of the first lumbrical.[7]

text: The proper plantar nerve from the common plantar digital nerve provide sensory innervation to the plantar surface of the toes as well as the dorsal aspect of the distal interphalangeal phalanges. It also provides motor innervation to flexor hallucis brevis.[7]

text: The superficial and deep branches of the lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve provide sensory innervation to the skin of the lateral side of the sole, to the fifth and half the fourth toes, and the nail bed of these toes. They also provide motor innervation to quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, lateral three lumbricals, adductor hallucis, and the dorsal and plantar interossei.[7]

text: The medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial side of the sole, the skin of the medial three and a half toes, and the nail beds of these toes. It also provides motor innervation to abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis, and the first lumbrical.[7]

text: The saphenous nerve from the femoral nerve provides sensory innervation to the medial side of the foot as well as the medial side of the leg. Likewise, the sural nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin on the lateral side of the foot as well as the skin on the posterior aspect of the lower leg.[7]

text: The tibial nerve from the sciatic nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the sole and toes, and the dorsal aspect of the toes. It provides motor innervation to plantaris, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus as well as posterior muscles in the leg.[7]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: The purpose of protecting the sole against uncomfortable and harmful impacts of the environment during locomotion initiated the general introduction of footwear in early human history.

text: The beating of the soles of a person's bare feet (foot whipping or bastinado) has served as a traditional means of corporal punishment and discipline in various civilizations to this day and is also used as a method of torture.

text: The sensitivity of the sole makes it an objective for sensual touch, tickling or sexual stimulation.[8]

text: In Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and Muslim countries it is considered offensive to sit raising the leg so the uncovered sole of the foot is visible.[9]

text: In other animals[edit]

text: Terrestrial animals using their soles for locomotion are called plantigrade.

text: In chimpanzees, the soles are furrowed with creases deeper and more distinct than in their palms. In the palms, the pattern density is thickest in the central part, but in the sole, the density is thickest near the big toe whilst large part of the remaining sole is covered by thick, tight, and smooth skin almost without furrows.[10]

text: In bonobos, the pattern intensity of the epidermal ridges (i.e. "fingerprints") of the palms and soles is considerably higher than in chimpanzees. Whilst the pattern intensity in the palm is the highest of all species of apes, in the sole, the density decreases and is comparable to other apes.[11]


document_title: Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones

question_text: where in the bible talks about dry bones

text: Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones

text: The Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones (or The Valley of Dry Bones or The Vision of Dry Bones) is a prophecy in chapter 37 of the Book of Ezekiel.[1] The chapter details a vision revealed to the prophet Ezekiel, conveying a dream-like realistic-naturalistic depiction.

text: In his vision the prophet sees himself standing in the valley full of dry human bones. He is commanded to carry a prophecy. Before him the bones connect into human figures, then the bones become covered with tendon tissues, flesh and skin. Then God reveals the bones to the prophet as the People of Israel in exile and commands the Prophet to carry another prophecy in order to revitalize these human figures, to resurrect them and to bring them to the Land of Israel.


document_title: Groot

question_text: who plays groot in guardians of the galaxy

text: Groot

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Groot first appeared in Tales to Astonish #13 (November 1960), and was created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby.[2] "Groot" is the Dutch word for "large", possibly referring to his stature and ability to grow in size.[3] He appeared again in The Incredible Hulk Annual #5 (Oct. 1976), alongside five other monsters from Marvel's anthology horror comics of the late 1950s and early 1960s. In The Sensational Spider-Man #−1 (July 1997), Groot was featured in a nightmare of the young Peter Parker.

text: Groot reappeared in 2006 in the six-issue limited series Nick Fury's Howling Commandos, and appeared in the Annihilation: Conquest and Annihilation: Conquest – Star-Lord limited series. Groot went on to join the Guardians of the Galaxy in the series of the same name, and remained a fixture of the title until its cancellation with issue #25 in 2010. Groot appeared in its follow-up, the limited series The Thanos Imperative, and, alongside fellow Guardian Rocket Raccoon, Groot starred in backup features in Annihilators #1–4 (March–June 2011) and Annihilators: Earthfall #1–4 (September–December 2011).

text: Groot appeared in issues #6–8 of Avengers Assemble as a member of the Guardians. Groot is one of the stars of Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3, a part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch.[4]

text: In March 2015, it was announced that Groot would be getting his very first solo series by writer Jeff Loveness and artist Brian Kesinger.[5]

text: The Groot that debuted in Tales to Astonish and the one that was introduced in Annihilation: Conquest were retroactively established as being separate members of the same species in the sixth and final issue of the Groot ongoing series that launched in June 2015.[6] With Infinity Wars in August of 2018, however, Groot specifically references the fact that during his first visit to the planet Earth, he had promised to "march across the surface of the planet and doom all who dared to oppose Groot."[7] This seemingly reverted the character's origins to having both eras of Groot referencing the same persona, therefore invalidating the retroactive change from issue six of the Groot series.

text: Origins[edit]

text: Groot is a Flora colossus from Planet X, the capital of the branch worlds. The Flora colossi are tree-like beings whose language is almost impossible to understand due to the stiffness of their larynges, causing their speech to sound like they are repeating the phrase "I am Groot". Other beings try to be friendly but become angry with the Flora colossi for not being able to speak. (Groot was shown to be capable of speaking not just understandably but eloquently throughout Annihilation: Conquest.) The Flora colossi are ruled over by the "Arbor Masters" and teach the children of the species with "Photonic Knowledge", which is the collected knowledge of the Arbor Masters of the generations and is absorbed through photosynthesis; this is a highly advanced education method, making the Flora colossi geniuses. Planet X's biome is managed by "Maintenance Mammals" which are small squirrel-like beings.[volume & issue needed]

text: The Flora colossus sapling that would come to be known as "Groot" came from an "Ennobled Sap-line" and gifted with a tremendous grasp of quasi-dimensional super-positional engineering. Groot did not get along with fellow saplings but instead preferred the company of the "Maintenance Mammals", which the other saplings treated with prejudice. Groot was exiled by the "Arbor Masters" in GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY #14[8] after killing another sapling to defend a maintenance mammal it was brutalizing.

text: An alternate origin was presented in the Groot ongoing series. In the story, it is revealed that the other Flora colossi had been abducting organisms from other planets, including a young human girl named Hannah. After seeing Hannah, Groot realized what his people were doing was wrong and managed to save the child and send her back to Earth. However, for his disobedience, Groot was exiled from Planet X and forced to wander the universe until he met Rocket Raccoon many decades later where this version of Groot later became a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy.[6]

text: Yet another alternate origin was presented in "Guardians of Infinity", written by Edgardo Miranda Rodriguez, wherein a woman makes the claim that Groot is a ceiba tree from Ponce, Puerto Rico. According to Puerto Rican folklore, a ceiba tree is believed to possess the spirits of the indigenous Taino population that formerly thrived on the Caribbean island. By her logic, the woman considers Groot to be Puerto Rican.[9]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Original Groot[edit]

text: Groot is an extraterrestrial tree monster who initially came to Earth seeking humans to capture and study. Groot was seemingly destroyed by termites used by Leslie Evans.[10]

text: Xemnu made a duplicate of Groot by making a human and tree hybrid that was used to fight the Hulk, but it was destroyed in the battle.[11]

text: Groot was later revealed to have survived, but was a captive of the Collector and held in his zoo in Canada until Groot and the other captive creatures were freed by the Mole Man. Groot and the other creatures rampaged in New York City until they were stopped by a band of superheroes, and were then dumped through a portal to the Negative Zone.[12]

text: Groot was later tracked down and captured by S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Paranormal Containment Unit, nicknamed the Howling Commandos when his tree scent was detected by Sasquatch and Abominable Snowman.[13] While Groot was being held captive, Gorilla-Man talked to Groot about joining the Howling Commandos.[14] When Merlin and his forces attacked the base, the Howling Commandos let Groot and their other captives free and they stampeded on Merlin's army; Groot was the only one to turn back and offered to join the Howling Commandos.[15] Groot aided the Howling Commandos as they assaulted Merlin's forces.[16]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy's Groot[edit]

text: A different Groot played a part in Annihilation: Conquest, at which time it was shown Groot may be the last remaining member of the Flora Colossi, and was under arrest by the Kree for an unknown reason. Groot earned freedom by joining Star-Lord's strike force, where Groot and Rocket Raccoon formed a bond, Rocket being one of the few beings with the ability to understand Groot's language.[17] Star-Lord's team fought their way through the Phalanx, but after the death of Deathcry the team decided to escape through a drainage pipe that Groot could not fit into.

text: As a consequence of the battle, Groot dies, buying the team some time to escape.[18] A new Groot was created as a sprig offshoot and went on to accompany the team on their continued mission against the Phalanx, but was one of the team members captured by the Phalanx.[19] Groot and the others were freed by Mantis, and escaped back to the lines of the Kree’s resistance. In time, Groot's body regenerated from the twig, growing back to full size. Groot and the others intended to carry on as part of Star-Lord's team.[20]

text: Groot and the team returned to Hala to prepare another assault against the Phalanx, but their agent Blastaar was captured by the Phalanx and taken to their Babel Spire as he tried to carry Groot's pollen spores.[21] Groot and Rocket Raccoon continued their mission by sneaking into the sub-basement of the Babel Spire.[22] When Star-Lord was captured by Ultron, the original  plan of laying explosives in the Spire failed, so Rocket Raccoon and Groot needed to come up with a new plan.[23] Groot decided to sprout inside the Spire, growing to colossal size and filling a large portion of the building.

text: Mantis was able to remix Groot's sap in a way as to make it extremely flammable, and again Groot died for the team, this time by purposefully igniting so the resulting fire would destroy the Babel Spire.[24] A cutting of Groot was kept by Rocket Raccoon, though, and Groot was again able to regrow.[25] Groot then joined the new Guardians of the Galaxy (or, as Groot would have it, "Groot and Branches"), and began regrowing under the care of Mantis.[26][27]

text: When the Guardians reformed, Groot joined with Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, Drax the Destroyer and Gamora, whom Groot counted as friends.[28]

text: During the 2015 Secret Wars storyline, Groot is with the Guardians of the Galaxy when they take part in the incursion between Earth-616 and Earth-1610. Groot and Rocket Raccoon are killed by the Children of Tomorrow.[29] However, when Peter Quill — one of the few survivors of the incursions from Earth-616 — finds himself confronted by Black Swan in the castle of Emperor Doom, he reveals that he has been carrying a small twig of Groot in his pocket ever since the incursion, slamming it into the roots of the World Tree and causing Groot to transform the giant tree into his body, decimating Doom's castle as the surviving heroes mount their final assault.[30]

text: During the "Civil War II" storyline, Groot and the Guardians of the Galaxy are summoned by Captain Marvel to help her in her fight against Iron Man's side when it came to the fate of the Inhuman Ulysses Cain. The resulting battle damaged the Guardians of the Galaxy's ship stranding them on Earth.[31]

text: During the "Monsters Unleashed" storyline, the Guardians of the Galaxy defend Groot from a snake-headed Leviathon.[32]

text: During the "Secret Empire" storyline, Groot and the rest of the Guardians of the Galaxy assist Captain Marvel, the Alpha Flight Space Program, members of the Ultimates, Hyperion, and Quasar in intercepting a fleet of Chitauri that are approaching Earth until a Hydra-aligned Steve Rogers activated the Planetary Defense Shield trapping those fighting the Chitauri outside of Earth's atmosphere.[33] Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, and Groot try to enlist representatives of the Skrulls, Kree, Brood, Shi'ar and Spartax empires that are on the Galactic Council in helping against the Chitauri hordes and to break down the Planetary Defense Shield and get rid of Hydra. Realizing they are now facing a galaxy without human interference, the Galactic Council refuses aid and attempt to kill the three Guardians as they flee.[34] After the Planetary Defense Shield is shut down, Groot and the Guardians of the Galaxy join the final battle against Hydra.[35]

text: Rocket Raccoon and Groot are on their way to the Stohlad Ring when they are ambushed by Gardener where he shattered Groot because the Guardians of the Galaxy "corrupted" him and devated him from his true purpose. Rocket Raccoon escaped with a splinter where Groot grew a new body from it.[36]

text: During the "Infinity Countdown" storyline, Groot was with the Guardians of the Galaxy when they notice that the planet Telferina is under attack by the Flora Colossi that Gardener grew from Groot's splinters. Groot got close to Gardener and used his healing powers to purge the poison that Loki put in him from his body. Gardener repaid Groot by using his abilities to restore Groot back to his previous size. In addition, Groot can now speak in full sentences and refers to himself in the third person.[37]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: Groot can absorb wood as food, and has the ability to regenerate. Groot can control trees and plants, using them to attack others, and appears to be resistant to fire. Groot is able to sprout dramatically increasing mass which then severely inhibits movement.[volume & issue needed]

text: Groot has been seemingly killed on multiple occasions, each time regrowing from a sprig.[volume & issue needed]

text: "I am Groot"[edit]

text: Black Bolt's brother Maximus the Mad asserted that whenever Groot is saying the trademark "I am Groot!" he has actually been saying a number of things, and his varying inflections of the sentence are the equivalent of words and sentences. People who have interacted with Groot are gradually able to decipher the meaning of the inflections and can carry on full conversations with Groot as time goes on. The mature form of Groot's species is robust and heavyweight, which causes the organs of acoustic generation to become stiff and inflexible. It is this hardened nature of Groot's larynx that causes people, who are oblivious to the subtle nuances of Flora Colossi speech, to misinterpret Groot as merely repeating his name. It could not be determined whether Maximus's claim was true or merely another manifestation of his madness, though Groot did genuinely seem to be assisting Maximus with highly advanced engineering.[38] Later, in All New X-Men #23, Jean Grey telepathically links with Groot, showing that Groot's thought processes are indeed complex, and the declaration of "I am Groot!" usually represents attempts at highly intelligent communication.[39]

text: In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the Flora colossi language is offered as an elective in Asgardian schools; in Avengers: Infinity War, Thor reveals that he understands what Groot is saying because he had taken said elective class.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Groot appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Troy Baker.[40] He (along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy) appear in the episode "Michael Korvac".
Groot appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man cartoon series, initially voiced by Michael Clarke Duncan (in "Guardians of the Galaxy"), and later by Kevin Michael Richardson (for subsequent episodes). He first appears in the episode "Guardians of the Galaxy" in his stick form before later growing to his full size to defeat Korvac and some of the Chitauri soldiers. At the end of the episode, two irises briefly open up as Groot says 'I am Groot' and Spider-Man says 'He is Groot', a dedication due to Duncan's passing in 2012 where the episode was dedicated in memory of him.[41] Groot returns in "The Return of the Guardians of the Galaxy" alongside the other Guardians to repair their spaceship at the same time when Titus was leading the Chitauri army into targeting Nova's helmet. While on Earth, Groot blended in by posing as a tree in front of Aunt May's house. The episode "Return to the Spider-Verse" Pt. 2 featured an alternate version of Groot who resides in a pirate reality and is the sentient pirate ship of Web Beard with his head being the figurehead of the pirate ship.
Groot appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson.[42]
Groot appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., with Kevin Michael Richardson reprising the role.[43]
Groot appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers episode "Guardians of the Galaxy".
Kevin Michael Richardson reprises his role in the animated series Guardians of the Galaxy.[44] The episode "Origins" revealed that Groot's planet was invaded by Ronan the Accuser and Groot was the last of his kind once Ronan's army was done with the Flora Colossus. In the episode "Can't Fight This Seedling", Star-Lord fell into the green thing within Groot while fighting the parasitic fungus and had a vision that the green thing can be used to recreate the Flora Colossus race. Baby Groot appears in "Mission: Breakout", the title of the third season.
Groot appears in the Christmas TV special Marvel Super Hero Adventures: Frost Fight! voiced again by Kevin Michael Richardson. In order to obtain money to repair their ship, Groot and Rocket Raccoon take up the bounty to apprehend Santa Claus where they have an encounter with Mrs. Claus.
Groot appears in the Rocket and Groot shorts, voiced again by Kevin Michael Richardson.
Groot appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy: The Thanos Threat, voiced again by Kevin Michael Richardson.[45]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Groot appears in the 2014 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced by Vin Diesel (who performed the voice work for a number of languages the movie was released in and also provided some motion capture elements for the character).[46][47][48] Although initially simply described as Rocket's hired muscle, he shows a softer side throughout the film, growing a flower to give to a little girl and saving Drax the Destroyer's life even after Drax's actions brought Ronan the Accuser's forces to them. He agrees with Peter Quill's plan to stand up to Ronan, and later seemingly sacrifices himself to save the rest of the team by enveloping them in a wooden ball grown from himself as Ronan's ship crashes. At the film's conclusion, Rocket has recovered a twig from Groot, which is shown to be regrowing into a miniature Groot; this new Groot is actually Groot's offspring.[49] When sacrificing himself, he actually speaks another phrase, "We are Groot", which implies a bond formed among the heroes.
Vin Diesel again voices and motion-captures Groot in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, released in May 2017.[50] Still a small child in the film, Baby Groot continues to travel with the Guardians, but genuinely acts like a child, such as dancing to music while the rest of the team are trying to defeat a monster. He is briefly captured by the Ravagers, along with Rocket and Yondu, while Quill, Drax and Gamora are visiting Quill's father Ego, but when the Ravagers mockingly decide to make him their mascot, Groot is able to help Rocket and Yondu escape capture and go to assist the other Guardians in the confrontation with Ego. In the final battle, Groot is entrusted with planting a bomb on Ego's core as the only person small enough to fit through the cracks, although he was initially unable to remember which button on the bomb would start the timer and which would set it off immediately. In a mid-credits sequence, Groot has grown to a rebellious adolescent stage.
Diesel reprised his role again in the 2018 film Avengers: Infinity War[51], with Groot in his adolescent form from Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[52] In the film, Groot accompanies Rocket and Thor to Nidavellir, a dwarf planet where  Thor asks the dwarf king Eitri to forge a weapon. He assists Eitri in molding the weapon, and severs one of his hands, which forms the handle of Thor's new weapon, the Stormbreaker. He later joins the rest of the Avengers and Rocket in the battle of Wakanda. Groot is one of the victims of Thanos after he claims all of the Infinity Stones and wipes out half of all life in the universe.

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Groot appears as a summon skill for Rocket Raccoon called "My Friend Groot", in Marvel Heroes. He also appears in the game as a team-up hero.
Groot appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes,[53] voiced by Troy Baker.[54]
Groot was a playable character in the Marvel: Avengers Alliance game on Facebook.
Groot is a playable character in Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson.
Groot is a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
Groot is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.
Groot is a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
Groot appears in Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series, voiced by Adam Harrington.
Groot appears in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite as part of Rocket Raccoon's assist call-based moves during Rocket's gameplay. Kevin Michael Richardson reprises his role.[55]
Groot is as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2, voiced by Stefan Ashton Frank[56]. He has three variations including Small Groot (based off Baby Groot from the second film), Small Groot with a Ravager uniform, and normal-sized Groot.[57]

text: Toys[edit]

text:
A Groot action figure was included with the Guardians of the Galaxy pack in 2011 part of the Marvel Universe toyline.[citation needed]
A Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set with a "Dancing Baby Groot" will be released by Hot Toys.[58]
Funko announced the "Dancing Groot Funko POP" vinyl figure on August 26, 2014 and released it shortly after Christmas 2014.[59]

text: Telecommunications[edit]

text: In 2014 Twilio employee Ricky Robinett set up a phone number at which Groot can be texted, (866) 740-4531, which results in the character's familiar response "I am Groot".[60]

text: Theme Parks[edit]

text: Baby Groot appears in the ride Guardians of the Galaxy Mission Breakout at Disney's California Adventure voiced by Fred Tatasciore. He and the other Guardians are captured by the Collector and have to be rescued by Rocket and the guests. In the Halloween version of the ride titled "Monsters After Dark," the Guardians accidentally left Groot behind during their escape, so Rocket goes back and has the guests distract Surtur's Fire Dragon so they can escape.[61]

text: Collected editions[edit]

text:
Rocket Raccoon & Groot: The Complete Collection (softcover, April 2013, ISBN 978-0-7851-6713-6) collects: a story from Tales to Astonish #13, the story from Marvel Preview #7, The Incredible Hulk #271, Rocket Raccoon Vol. 1 #1–4, Annihilators #1–4, and Annihilators: Earthfall #1–4.
Groot (hardcover, February 2016, ISBN 978-0785195528) collects: Groot (2015) #1-6
Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 0: Bite and Bark (softcover, October 2016, ISBN 978-1302902186) collects: Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 #1-11, Groot #1-6, and material from Guardians of the Galaxy: Tomorrow's Avengers #1.
Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 1: Tricks of the Trades! (softcover, August 2016, ISBN 978-0785199731) collects: Rocket Raccoon & Groot #1-6.
Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 2: (softcover, November 2016, ISBN 978-0785199748) collects: Rocket Raccoon & Groot #7-10, TBD.