document_title: Height in sports

question_text: what is the average height of a basketball player in the nba

question_tokens: what is the average height of a basketball player in the nba

text: Height in sports

text: Advantages[edit]

text: Below average height[edit]

text: Advantages for below average height include:[1]

text:
Greater strength to weight ratio
Greater power to weight ratio
Faster rotational capability
Greater agility
Greater balance and lower centre of gravity
Lower risk of heat exhaustion
Less likely to break bones (as they are more dense)

text: Above average height[edit]

text: Advantages for above average height include:[1]

text:
Greater absolute strength
Greater work capacity (force multiplied by distance)
Greater work per unit of time (Power)
Greater endurance
Greater weight
Greater reach (very important in sports such as Basketball and Boxing)
Larger hands (catching)
Greater visibility
Lower resting metabolic rate
Lower heart rate
Less likely to become dehydrated

text: Amateur wrestling[edit]

text: Height can be both helpful and detrimental in wrestling. Since taller people have more bone mass, they will generally be slightly weaker than shorter people in the same weight class. This difference is made up in part by their longer arms, which allow them a longer reach and easier cradle. Long legs are detrimental in that they can easily be attacked by a lolly (shot). They do, however, assist in performing some actions and positions such as throwing, sprawling to counter a takedown or riding legs.[citation needed] The heights of amateur wrestlers vary greatly with successful athletes being as short as Sushil Kumar at 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) and as tall as Alexander Karelin at 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Artistic gymnastics[edit]

text: In artistic gymnastics, it is advantageous to be shorter. A lower center of gravity can give an athlete better balance. A smaller athlete may also have an easier time manipulating their body in the air.[citation needed]

text: Association football[edit]

text: In association football, or soccer, a player's height may somewhat determine the position that they play; however, people of all heights have an equal opportunity to excel professionally at the sport. Goalkeepers, centre backs and "target" heading forwards tend to be taller, while players in wide and attacking positions tend to be shorter. A study of the greatest male players in history showed that the distribution of heights approximated the average man and, when also looking at the typical weight distribution, an estimated 95% of the world's population would fall into the body type distribution of great footballers. A sample of reasonably select players from ages 11–18 in the United States tended to approximate the height distribution of the population.[2][3] However, there is an overwhelming tendency for the 11-most picked players in a squad to be shorter than their teammates, which could suggest a bias in the scouting system.[4]

text: For wide and attacking positions, the players are generally relatively shorter. Many of the world class players have been shorter than average and in many cases gained an advantage from their low centre of gravity. Examples include Lorenzo Insigne 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in), Sebastian Giovinco, Bernard, Ludovic Giuly 1.64 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in), Diego Maradona, Marco Verratti, Aaron Lennon 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in), Shaun Wright-Phillips 1.66 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Romário, Mathieu Valbuena 1.67 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Roberto Carlos, Paul Scholes, Claude Makélélé, N'Golo Kanté, Santi Cazorla 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), Garrincha, Alexis Sánchez, Pedro 1.69 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Lionel Messi, Xavi, David Silva, Franck Ribéry, Philipp Lahm 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in), Andrés Iniesta, Philippe Coutinho 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Zico, Luka Modrić, Robinho, Dani Alves 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Pelé, Eden Hazard, Sergio Agüero and Michael Owen 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in). However, height is considered advantageous for forwards who aim to score with their heads. Forwards who are particularly noted for their strength in the air include Lacina Traoré 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in), Jan Koller, Nikola Žigić 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Peter Crouch 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in), Fernando Llorente 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in), and Andy Carroll 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in). Many of the world's best forwards and midfielders are taller than average, while still possessing a high all round level of technical ability, such as Zlatan Ibrahimović 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in), Nemanja Matić 1.94 m (6 ft 4 1⁄2 in), Luca Toni, Patrick Vieira 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in), Sócrates 1.92 m (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in), Paul Pogba 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in), Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard, Romelu Lukaku 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in), Didier Drogba, Yaya Touré, Sergio Busquets 1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in), Thierry Henry, Eric Cantona, Robert Pirès, Michael Ballack, Marco van Basten, Ruud van Nistelrooy, Robin van Persie 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang 1.87 m (6 ft 1 1⁄2 in), Kaká, Rivaldo, Fernando Torres 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), Zinedine Zidane, Cristiano Ronaldo, Robert Lewandowski and Gabriel Batistuta 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), with their height being seen as an added bonus for their heading and physical ability, which adds to their completeness, it is seen as something desirable in modern top-level football forwards and midfielders.

text: Height is often an advantage for central defenders, who are assigned to stop forwards from scoring through the air, as exemplified by players like Matej Bagarić 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Brede Hangeland, Jannik Vestergaard 1.99 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Per Mertesacker, Naldo 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), Daniel Van Buyten 1.97 m (6 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Sebastián Coates 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in), Joël Matip 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in), Gerard Piqué, Christoph Metzelder 1.94 m (6 ft 4 1⁄2 in), Vincent Kompany, Sami Hyypiä, Marco Materazzi 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in), Laurent Blanc, Jérôme Boateng 1.92 m (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in), Tony Adams, Jaap Stam, Mats Hummels, Raphaël Varane 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in), Nemanja Vidić and Leonardo Bonucci 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in). There are, however, central defenders who are not of above-average height, such as Héctor Chumpitaz 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), Daniel Passarella, Iván Córdoba 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in), Javier Mascherano 1.74 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Fabio Cannavaro, Franco Baresi 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in), Gaetano Scirea, Carles Puyol, Roberto Ayala 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) and José Santamaría 1.79 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in).

text: Goalkeepers tend to be taller than average because their greater armspans and total reach when jumping enable them to cover more of the goal area. Examples of particularly tall goalkeepers include Simon Bloch Jorgensen 2.10 m (6 ft 10 1⁄2 in), Kristof Van Hout 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in), Vanja Iveša 2.05 m (6 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Jason Mooney 2.04 m (6 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Costel Pantilimon 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in), Zeljko Kalac 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Fraser Forster, Goran Blažević, 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in), Andreas Isaksson 2.00 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Thibaut Courtois 1.99 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Asmir Begović 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), Edwin van der Sar, Maarten Stekelenburg 1.97 m (6 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Petr Čech, Joe Hart, Dida, Wojciech Szczęsny, Diego López 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) and Vladimir Stojković 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in). In addition, there are examples of successful goalkeepers who are not significantly taller than average, such as Jorge Campos 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), František Plánička, Óscar Pérez 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), René Higuita 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in), Gyula Grosics 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) and Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1.79 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in).

text: Australian rules football[edit]

text: In Australian rules, a footballer's height is considered an advantage. This is evidenced by statistics and trends from the professional (Australian Football League) level, including an average player height of 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)[5] as well as an ongoing trend in the recruitment of tall athletes from other sports, particularly basketball such as Dean Brogan at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in)[6][7][8] and rugby football such as Mike Pyke at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in).[9]

text: In the sport players frequently compete for possession of the ball above the shoulders. Players gain "free kick"s from a marking, that is, catching the ball in the air from a kick. As such, height combined with a vertical leap ability are advantageous attributes. Long arms assist in marking and ruckwork and defensive spoiling and long legs add leverage for long distance kicking - all key components of the sport.

text: Each Australian rules football team has at least one ruckman, a specialist position requiring height and leap. These player contest first possession of the ball or "hit out" after each goal or when the ball bounces out of the playing arena. At professional AFL level, the average height of ruckmen is over 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) tall.[10] In addition, "key position" players also gain significant advantage in height. Attacking key positions such as centre half-forward, such as Lance Franklin at 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) and full-forward such as Tom Hawkins at 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) gain an advantage by being taller than their opponent centre half-back such as Heritier Lumumba at 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) and full-back such as Mal Michael at 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) and vice versa.

text: Shorter players may have an advantage in the "crumbing" role of retrieve the ball from the ground or utilising pace to evade opponents. However taller players may also have these abilities and as such versatile talls are often favoured by professional recruiters (such as in the AFL Draft).[11][12][13]

text: Mason Cox at 2.12 m (6 ft 11 in) is the tallest to play in the AFL, taking this title from Aaron Sandilands and Peter Street are both 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in) on debut in 2015.[14]

text: Brownlow medal winners have ranged in height from Tony Liberatore at 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) to Scott Wynd at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in). In 2013, professional AFL players ranged 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) to 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in).[15]

text: Baseball[edit]

text: The average height for a baseball player as evidenced by statistics is reported to be 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) tall.[16] In baseball, being taller usually means longer legs, which power pitchers use to generate velocity and a release point closer to the plate, which means the ball reaches the batter more quickly. The ball also comes from a higher release angle opposed to a shorter pitcher. While taller position players have a larger strike zone, most position players are at least of average height because the larger frame allows them to generate more power.

text: Basketball[edit]

text: Taller players are often thought to have an advantage in basketball because their shots have less distance to travel to the basket, they start out closer to the rebound, and their ability to reach higher into the air yields a better chance of blocking shorter players' shots.[17]

text: Empirically, the over-representation of extremely tall athletes in basketball lends credence to the theory that the sport provides tall players with a very significant advantage. The average American male is 5 ft 9.3 in (1.76 m) and 60% are 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) or shorter.[18] Yet, the average player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) is listed at 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m).[19]

text: Despite this, some shorter players have played, and even excelled, in the NBA (and some players 6’7” or taller have not excelled at all). The list includes 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) Muggsy Bogues, 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) Earl Boykins, 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) Spud Webb, 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) Nate Robinson and Isaiah Thomas. Spud Webb and Nate Robinson have also been crowned as NBA slam dunk contest champions, with Robinson being the only 3-time winner. In addition, a lower center of gravity allows greater ability to box out opponents for rebounds. Charles Barkley was considered to be undersized for his position at 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) but was nevertheless a powerful rebounder. As for guards, usually being the shortest position in basketball, they have better control over their dribbling, and taller players often struggle to defend against their dexterous ball handling and speed. At the same time, they can disrupt the opposing teams' offensive flow or even steal the ball to create fast breaks and offensive opportunities.

text: In the NBA, there is no standard on whether a player's listed height uses their measurement with shoes on or without. The NBA Draft Combine, which most players attend before the draft, provides both measurements. Thereafter, a player's team is solely responsible for their listed height, which can vary depending on the process selected.[20][21]

text: Bodybuilding[edit]

text: In bodybuilding competitors are generally average height and below 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)[citation needed]. In bodybuilding height is often considered a disadvantage due to the fact that smaller bodies have a shorter range of motion in order to lift weights. Smaller bodies also tend to look more filled out compared to taller builds in the same weight class. However, taller people at the professional level tend to have the larger overall body mass. Notable body builders are: Jay Cutler 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m), Ronnie Coleman 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m), Phil Heath 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) and Franco Columbu 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m), who have held many world records.

text: Cricket[edit]

text: In cricket, some of the great batsmen like Donald Bradman 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in), Sachin Tendulkar 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) and Sunil Gavaskar 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) are or were below average height. This may be because a smaller body makes for an advantage in footwork and balance. Similarly, the most graceful wicket-keepers have tended to be average height or below. Although there are fewer tall batsmen, the stand-outs are often noted for their heavy hitting and an ability to get a long stride forward to reach a full length delivery. Australia's Matthew Hayden at 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) India's Yuvraj Singh at 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) and West Indies' Chris Gayle at 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) are modern examples of powerful, tall batsman. Past greats like Clive Lloyd and Graeme Pollock were above 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in).

text: On the other hand, many of the most successful fast bowlers have been well above average height; for example past greats Joel Garner, Courtney Walsh, and Curtly Ambrose were all approximately 2.00 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in) tall. Glenn McGrath regarded as one of the finest bowlers to play the game, was 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) tall, well above average height similarly an example of Wasim Akram or Javagal Srinath may also be put forward who were 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m). Taller bowlers have access to a higher point of release, making it easier for them to make the ball bounce uncomfortably for a batsman. For extreme pace however, bowlers tend to be close to 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) such as Dale Steyn, Shoaib Akhtar, and Malcolm Marshall all at 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) thus combining advantage of shorter lever arms for pace generation with good ball release height. Since round arm bowling does not gain much advantage from taller release height, round arm bowlers tend to be shorter such as the classic Lasith Malinga at 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in). The fastest modern bowlers have ranged from Fidel Edwards 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) through to Brett Lee at 1.87m (6 ft 2 in), and Steve Harmison and Shaun Tait at 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Height does not appear to be an advantage to spin bowling and few international spinners are ever much taller than 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in). Tall spin bowlers like Sulieman Benn (2.01 m (6 ft 7 in)) use extra pace and bounce, whereas spin is traditionally about using a looping, plunging trajectory at slow (70–90 km/h or 40–60 mph) speeds. The most successful bowlers ever in Test cricket, Muttiah Muralitharan and Shane Warne are 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) and 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) respectively. For extracting steep bounce height is useful for fast bowlers like Steven Finn (2 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in)) Boyd Rankin(2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in))get benefit from their height players who are above six foot are Stuart Broad (1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)) Mitchell Starc (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)) Josh Hazlewood (1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)) Ishant Sharma (1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)) Morne Morkel (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in))Jason Holder (2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in)) Pankaj Singh (1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)) and Mohammad Irfan (2.17 m (7 ft 1 1⁄2 in)).[citation needed]

text: Cycling[edit]

text: Road racing cyclists can be of all heights but their height generally determines what role they choose. Taller cyclists tend to excel at the cobbled classics, as pure power helps get over the difficult and brutal cobblestones. Cyclists over 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) often understand the difficulties in hilly races, and realise their talents in cobbled classics from an early age and focus on them for their careers. This includes Johan Vansummeren 1.97 m (6 ft 5 1⁄2 in) Taylor Phinney 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) and Magnus Bäckstedt 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in). In recent years Paris–Roubaix has been dominated by Fabian Cancellara 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and Tom Boonen 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Smaller cyclists on the other hand dominate mountain stages of Grand Tours. Their lack of body mass helps as it means they have less weight to carry up the steep inclines. Marco Pantani 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Domenico Pozzovivo 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in), Joaquim Rodríguez 1.69 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Nairo Quintana 1.67 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Gilberto Simoni 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in), José Rujano 1.62 m (5 ft 4 in) and Igor Antón 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) are examples of pure climbers.

text: However none of the above-mentioned small climbers are known for their time trialing abilities, and in this slightly taller climbers, known as all rounders often gain the advantage in grand tours. Richie Porte 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in), Alberto Contador 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in), Miguel Indurain 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), and Denis Menchov 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) have all won long Time trial stages in many races. Alejandro Valverde 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in), Samuel Sánchez 1.81 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) and Vincenzo Nibali 1.81 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) are, on top of their climbing and time trialing abilities, 3 of the world's best descenders.

text: In recent years taller cyclists with low builds have become among the world's best climbers, particularly on long gradual climbs. The best examples of this are Ivan Basso 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) who won on the Monte Zoncolan in 2010, Mauricio Soler 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in), Chris Froome 1.86 metres (6 ft 1 in) winner of the 2013 Tour de France, and the brothers Andy Schleck and Fränk Schleck both 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) who specialise on the Alpine stages of the Tour de France.

text: While there are exceptions to these rules, taller climbers do feature more in cobbled races and smaller riders in mountain stages. But where cycling does become indiscriminate height wise, is in sprinting. Sprints have been contested between Robbie McEwen 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) and Mario Cipollini 1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in), or Mark Cavendish 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) and André Greipel 1.84 m (6 ft 1⁄2 in), or as the 2010 Milan–San Remo between Óscar Freire 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) and Tom Boonen 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Fencing[edit]

text: In fencing, it is generally advantageous (especially in épée) to be taller because a longer arm span allows one's weapon to reach one's opponent's body from a further distance as well as in some instances being easier to make more angulated attacks.

text: However there are some advantages a being a shorter fencer. Shorter fencers generally have less target area to defend. Furthermore it has been noted that if footwork abilities are equal, a smaller fencer finds it easier to co-ordinate their footwork when moving in and out of distance than taller opponents due to their lower center of balance. In some instances they may have a slight advantage when infighting as they can retract and replace their weapon point with more ease.

text: A good example of such a fencer is Valentina Vezzali 1.64 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) who used her small size and lower centre of gravity to confound taller opponents.

text: Differences in height can also be mitigated in sabre or foil, because those weapons have Right of Way rules. Hitting first does not necessarily result in scoring, as a riposte may take precedence.

text: It is in épée where height poses a more distinct advantage: though the entire body is a target, and the closest point of the body (the hand) is always a sword's distance away regardless of the fencers height, replacing the point in any (remise) actions generally leads to the taller person reaching the body first.[citation needed]

text: Formula 1[edit]

text: The average height is around 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)[citation needed]. 13 of the 14 F1 seasons in the 21st century have been won by a drivers under 1.80 m tall, including Fernando Alonso 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Lewis Hamilton, Michael Schumacher 1.74 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Kimi Räikkönen 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) and Sebastian Vettel 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) with the exception of Jenson Button (1.82 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)).

text: As F1 has strict size regulations for cars, designing cars for shorter drivers is easier. Shorter drivers also tend to be lighter which is seen as an advantage. This advantage has changed from season to season as FIA has altered the rules for minimum weight of the cars.

text: Gridiron football[edit]

text: A 2014 CNN survey reported the average NFL player was 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) and weighed 98 kg (216 lb).[22]

text: In American and Canadian Football, a tall quarterback is at an advantage because it is easier for him to see over the heads of large offensive and defensive linemen while he is in the pocket in a passing situation. At 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in), Doug Flutie was initially considered to be too short to become a NFL quarterback despite his Heisman Trophy-winning success at the college level. In addition, shorter quarterbacks have an advantage with their lower center of gravity and balance, which means they are better able to duck under a tackle and avoid a sack. According to the former Washington Redskins quarterback Eddie LeBaron, being shorter means you can throw the ball higher instead of a sidearm release, meaning it is harder for the defense to knock it down. Shorter quarterbacks also generally have a quicker release time than taller quarterbacks.

text: Tall wide receivers have an advantage of being able to jump considerably higher than shorter defensive backs to catch highly thrown passes. Of course, this advantage has limits because exceedingly tall receivers are normally not as agile or lack overall speed or strength. Tight ends are usually over 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) because they need greater body mass to be effective blockers and greater height is an advantage for them as receivers, since they run shorter routes based less on speed. By contrast, shorter defensive backs are utilized because of their typically greater agility, as the ability to change directions instantly is a prerequisite for the position.

text: Offensive and defensive linemen tend to be at least 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and are frequently as tall as 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) to be massive enough to effectively play their positions. Height is especially an advantage for defensive linemen, giving them the ability to knock down passes with their outstretched arms.

text: Short running backs are at an advantage because their shorter stature and lower center of gravity generally makes them harder to tackle effectively. In addition, they can easily "hide" behind large offensive linemen, making it harder for defenders to react at the beginning of a play. Thus, in the National Football League and in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football, running backs under 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) are more common than running backs over 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in). Former Heisman Trophy winner and Pro Football Hall of Famer Barry Sanders, thought by some to be the greatest running back in history, is a classic example of a running back with an extraordinarily low center of gravity, as he stood only 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in).

text: Horse racing[edit]

text: In horse racing, is it a considerable advantage for a jockey to be both short and light. Having a jockey who is of short stature and light weight makes it easier for the horse to run at top speed without being weighed down. At the Kentucky Derby, for example, a jockey cannot exceed 126 pounds, including his equipment[citation needed]. There is no specific height requirement, but due to the weight restrictions, most jockeys stand between 4 ft 10 in (1.47 m) and 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)[citation needed]. Examples of successful jockeys are Calvin Borel at 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m), Victor Espinoza at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m), and Mario Gutierrez at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m).

text: Ice hockey[edit]

text: While the history of the National Hockey League (NHL) is filled with shorter players who achieved greatness (Theo Fleury, Martin St. Louis), and the highest scorer in NHL history, Wayne Gretzky, is 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) tall and played at 185 lb (84 kg), the game's increasingly physical style has put a premium on imposing players, particularly over 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) tall and over 100 kg (220 lb) (Mario Lemieux, Eric Lindros, Chris Pronger). Taller, bigger players have a longer reach, are more able to give out and sustain body checks, and have greater leverage on their shooting such as a slap shot[citation needed] (examples include Tyler Myers at 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m), and Eric Staal, Rick Nash, Ryan Getzlaf, and Joe Thornton, all at 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m). The average height of an NHLer is just over 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) tall. Zdeno Chára, at 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m), is the tallest player ever to play in the NHL. In recent years, the height of goaltenders has increased as taller goaltenders can cover a larger portion of the goal when on their knees in the butterfly goaltending style. Ben Bishop at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) is the tallest goaltender currently in the NHL.

text: Judo[edit]

text: In judo, height can work both ways. The shorter person tends to have an advantage (both offensively and defensively) in hip throws, dropping techniques i.e. drop seoi nage and wrestling style pickups such as ura nage. A low center of gravity allows better position for these throws. Taller players have an advantage in sweeps because they can often use these maneuvers before getting in range of the shorter person's kuzushi. They can also use their long legs to their advantage with many ashi waza techniques and throws with a significance on legs such as uchi mata and harai goshi. In ne waza (groundwork) having shorter limbs makes it more difficult to be submitted but also more difficult to use your legs to escape from hold downs. In contrast being taller can help with escaping hold downs and certain submissions i.e. sangaku jime. The 2013 judo rules somewhat shift or even out the advantages that shorter fighters had by no longer allowing leg grabs and no longer being allowed to prevent your opponent from taking grips.

text: Mixed martial arts[edit]

text: In mixed martial arts, taller fighters have a distinct advantage in striking, because of their increased range. Shorter fighters on the other hand, tend to be stronger than taller opponents of equal weight and tend to pack a heavier punch. Shorter fighters often have the advantage while grappling defensively. Their lower centre of gravity makes it difficult to take them down and their shorter limbs make it harder to submit them. This however works both ways with smaller fighters sometimes struggling from certain positions i.e. the guard. While height is still regarded as an overall advantage, there have been many great fighters who are shorter than average such as José Aldo, Frankie Edgar and Fedor Emilianenko, once widely regarded as the greatest heavyweight fighter in the world[citation needed], stands less than 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m), and has defeated opponents mostly taller than him, most imposing being Hong-man Choi, who stands 2.18 m (7 ft 2 in) tall.

text: Rowing[edit]

text: In rowing, tallness is advantageous, because the taller a rower is, the longer his or her stroke can potentially be, thus moving the boat more effectively. The average male Olympic rower is 1.92 m (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in), and the average female Olympic rower is 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in),[23] well over the average height.

text: However, for the coxswain of the boat, it is advantageous to be shorter since having a lower body mass would contribute to a faster time for the overall crew. Most of the successful Olympic and Paralympic coxswains (Katelin Snyder, Phelan Hill) are shorter in stature and lighter in mass hitting close to the international minimum at 55kg for both men and women's crews (Both genders have adopted 55kg by an amendment by FISA to make coxswains gender-neutral on the international level. Previously, coxswains for womens' teams had a 45 kg weight minimum).

text: Rugby football[edit]

text: Rugby league[edit]

text: Height is not generally seen as an important attribute in rugby league football, often with extreme height being a hindrance rather than useful.[24] However, recent tactics of cross-field kicking have resulted in the success of taller outside backs.

text: A survey of 121 senior player for the Australian Newcastle Knights team, in 2006, found the average player was 182.1 cm (range 169.0 - 198.0 cm), with an average mass of 93.0kg (range: 73.0 - 127.0 kg)[25]

text: Fullbacks and halfbacks such as Andrew Johns (1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)), Billy Slater (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Brett Hodgson (1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)), Brett Kimmorley (1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)), Cooper Cronk (1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)), Darren Lockyer (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Hazem El Masri (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Johnathan Thurston (1.79 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)), Kurt Gidley (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Matt Orford (1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)), Rhys Wesser (1.74 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)) and Scott Prince (1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)) are usually average height due to their speed and agility.

text: Israel Folau (1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)), Greg Inglis (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)), Shaun Kenny-Dowall (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)), Mark Gasnier (1.94 m (6 ft 4 1⁄2 in)), Colin Best (1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in)), Manu Vatuvei (1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in)), Jarryd Hayne (1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)), Krisnan Inu (1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)) and Jason Nightingale (1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)) are examples of the trend in taller wingers and centres.

text: Rugby union[edit]

text: In rugby union, lineout jumpers, generally locks, are usually the tallest players, as this increases their chance of winning the ball, whereas scrum-halves are usually nearer the average. As examples, current world-class locks Victor Matfield, Chris Jack, Richie Gray and Paul O'Connell are all at least 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), while George Gregan who has 139 international appearances with Australia, is 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in).[26]

text: Sailing[edit]

text: When sailing small dinghies (rather than keelboats), the crew hiking or trapezing - essentially hanging off the side - is an important factor in keeping the boat upright and sailing it fast. A tall sailor can get their centre of gravity further out, thus providing more righting moment. For example, in the 470 class, only the crew is on trapeze, so it is beneficial to have a taller crew and a smaller skipper (because the boat requires a light overall weight). Australia's top crew of Matt Belcher and Malcolm Page exemplify this at 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) and 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) respectively.

text: Shooting[edit]

text: In shooting sports, a shorter shooter can maintain better balance when standing for long periods of time holding a gun, as well as keep their gun steady.[citation needed]

text: Sumo[edit]

text: Professional sumo wrestlers are required to be at least 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) tall.[citation needed] Some aspiring sumo athletes have silicone implants added to the tops of their heads to reach the necessary height.[27] The average height for a sumo wrestler is 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in), far above the national average in Japan.

text: Swimming[edit]

text: Elite swimmers are generally taller than the populations at large, indicating that height confers a competitive advantage. A main factor in swimming is the amount of drag the swimmer has to overcome when swimming. Drag is composed of pressure drag, friction drag, and wave-making resistance.

text: The pressure drag is related to cross section size, the friction drag is related to total skin surface (which is generally higher in tall people), and the wave-making drag decreases with body length because a longer body will generally generate less waves due to a decreasing Froude number. Studies have found that total drag does not increase as swimmer height increases, mostly due to the decrease in wave-making drag. Since taller swimmers tend to have bigger muscles and bigger hands and feet to propel them, then they are generally at an advantage.[28]

text: An example of a tall swimmer is Michael Phelps, at 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) who won eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games. The average height of the eight finalists in the 100 meter Freestyle final at the US Olympic Trials was 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m). Another exceptionally tall swimmer is Michael Groß, a German great of the 1980s who is 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) with an arm span of 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m). Notable exceptions for shorter swimmers, are Japanese Kosuke Kitajima, who at 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) is much shorter, and with a more slender build, than a typical Olympic champion swimmer, has achieved astounding results in breaststroke, and Ricardo Prado, a Brazilian medley swimmer of 1980's, who at 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) held a world record and a world title for 400 metres medley for a number of years.

text: Taekwondo[edit]

text: In taekwondo, a taller height gives the advantage of having a longer range and increased chance to strike a target when sparring. However, due to the length of the kicks, combinations and reflexes will not be as quick when compared with a fighter standing at a shorter height. A shorter height will also increase a lower centre of gravity giving a fighter better balance.[citation needed]

text: Tennis[edit]

text: Height is advantageous to a tennis player as it allows players to create more power when serving as well as giving players a greater arm span, allowing them to get to sharp-angled shots more easily and a greater chance of returning a lobbed shot. However, being tall can have some disadvantages, such as difficulty bending down to reach low volleys or striking shots close to the abdomen.

text: Examples of very tall players are Ivo Karlović 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in), John Isner 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in), Juan Martín del Potro 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), and Marin Čilić 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), all known for their powerful serves.

text: The Big Four in the current day are tall but not exceedingly in the way those mentioned prior are. Roger Federer 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), Rafael Nadal 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), Novak Djokovic 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), and Andy Murray 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in), are all between 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) in height. Other top greats of the game in the 21st century have been tall players such as Goran Ivanišević 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) and Andy Roddick 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in).

text: Lindsay Davenport 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in), Maria Sharapova 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), Venus Williams 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), and Dinara Safina 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), are successful tall players on the women's side.

text: For both sexes, there have also been some successful players with lesser height, like Billie Jean King 1.64 m (5 ft 5 in), Justine Henin 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in), Chris Evert 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), Pancho Segura 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in), Rod Laver 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in), and Michael Chang 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in). Shorter players continue to thrive. Present-day examples include Dominika Cibulková 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in), Sara Errani 1.64 m (5 ft 5 in), David Ferrer 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in), Kei Nishikori 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in), and Fabio Fognini 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in).[29]

text: Volleyball[edit]

text: In volleyball, tall players are usually desirable, because it would be easier for them to attack or block the ball. However, shorter players usually have faster reaction time during defense and can pass the ball better. Therefore, since this game is a mixture of speed, skills and tactics, a typical team consist of players of varying height to cater for the specific roles required. The introduction of the libero since 1998 has developed the need for agile and quick-moving players who are usually of shorter stature. In professional volleyball, the men's height generally fall between 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) to 2.10 m (6 ft 11 in) while for women it is between 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) to 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in). Thus, most of them are above average height.

text: Weightlifting[edit]

text: In weightlifting shorter levers are advantageous and taller than average competitors usually compete in the 105 kg (231 lb) + group. Short people also have a lower consumption of ATP and glycogen than a tall person to make the same proportional effort.[30] So at professional level, it is more advantageous to have short stature.


document_title: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)

question_text: when was charlie and the chocolate factory movie made

root

text: Plot

text: Charlie Bucket (Freddie Highmore) is a kind and loving boy living in poverty with his parents (Noah Taylor and Helena Bonham Carter) and four bedridden grandparents. They all rely on his father for income, employed at a toothpaste factory, responsible for putting the caps on the tubes. However, Mr. Bucket eventually loses his job because the factory replaced him with a machine that puts the caps on the tubes. Down the street is Willy Wonka's (Johnny Depp) chocolate factory, which reopened after industrial espionage forced him into seclusion and sacking his employees. Charlie's Grandpa Joe (David Kelly) worked for Wonka before the termination.

tag: p

text: Wonka announces a contest whereby children that find Golden Tickets hidden in five Wonka bars will be given a tour of the factory and a lifetime supply of chocolate, and one a chance to be presented with an unknown grand prize. Four tickets are quickly found: the greedy and gluttonous Augustus Gloop (Philip Wiegratz) from Düsseldorf; the spoiled and rotten Veruca Salt (Julia Winter) from Buckinghamshire; the competitive and boastful Violet Beauregarde (AnnaSophia Robb) from Atlanta; and the arrogant and aggressive Mike Teavee (Jordan Fry) from Denver. Charlie hopes to find a ticket but his chances are small as money is tight, and the best has to be made of his annual birthday present of one Wonka bar and a bar bought by Grandpa Joe's money, both of which yield no tickets. All hope is seemingly crushed when the last ticket is apparently claimed in Russia. Charlie, on finding some money in the street, just intends to enjoy one chocolate bar when news breaks that the Russian ticket was fake. To Charlie's surprise, he finds the bar he just bought has the real last Golden Ticket. Bystanders attempt to separate him from it, only for the shopkeeper (Oscar James) to see that he keeps the ticket and gets back home with it.

text: When Grandpa Joe sees the ticket, he jumps out of bed and dances with joy. He offers to accompany Charlie on the tour, but Charlie explains how he was offered money for the ticket and intends to sell it. Grandpa George (David Morris) reminds Charlie that money is far more common than the tickets, and convinces Charlie to keep it. Upon meeting him on the day of the tour, the visitors find Wonka to be peculiar, lonely and acting odd at the mention of "parents". The tour shows how the fantastical factory operates under the efforts of the short humans called Oompa-Loompas. The other four children succumb to temptation, and end up being caught in the factory workings and have to be safely recovered by the Oompa-Loompas, albeit in worse shape than at the start of the tour: Augustus falls into a river of chocolate and is sucked up by a pipe before being rescued from the fudge processing center; Violet expands into an oversized blueberry when she tries an experimental piece of chewing gum despite Wonka's warning; Veruca is thrown away as a "bad nut" by trained squirrels down the garbage chute; and Mike is shrunk down to a few inches in height after being the first person transported by Wonka's new television advertising invention. During the tour, Wonka has flashbacks from his childhood where he remembers that he had a troubled relationship with his father, Wilbur. Due to his father being a dentist he was forbidden from candy consumption, but after managing to sneak a taste, he became hooked and later ran away from home to live his dream. He then returned several days later to find his father and home completely gone.

text: When the other children leave the factory, Augustus is covered in chocolate, Violet is still blue all over but no longer a blueberry and much more flexible, Veruca and her father are covered in garbage, and Mike is taller than his father and thin as paper after being stretched with the "taffy puller".

text: Upon arriving home in the Great Glass Elevator, Charlie is congratulated as the only remaining child and the winner of the grand prize: Wonka's heir to the factory. Unfortunately, Wonka stipulates that Charlie's family has to stay behind; therefore, to Wonka's dismay, Charlie rejects the offer. Wonka then sadly flies back to the factory in his great glass elevator, leaving a hole in the roof.

text: Some days later, Wonka's candies are selling poorly, and he comes to associate his unhappiness with the financial state of his company, so he makes an effort to find Charlie. After discovering Wonka`s troubled relationship, Charlie helps him locate his father. When they visit, it appears that despite his strict avoidance of candy, the dentist has followed Willy's success and they reconcile. Wonka allows Charlie's family to move into the factory while he and Charlie plan new product lines to produce.

text: Cast

text:
Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka

Blair Dunlop as Young Willy Wonka

Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket
David Kelly as Grandpa Joe
Deep Roy as Oompa-Loompas
AnnaSophia Robb as Violet Beauregarde
Philip Wiegratz as Augustus Gloop
Julia Winter as Veruca Salt
Jordan Fry as Mike Teavee
Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Bucket
Noah Taylor as Mr. Bucket
Missi Pyle as Mrs. Beauregarde
James Fox as Mr. Salt
Adam Godley as Mr. Teavee
Franziska Troegner as Mrs. Gloop
Christopher Lee as Dr. Wilbur Wonka
Liz Smith as Grandma Georgina
Eileen Essell as Grandma Josephine
David Morris as Grandpa George
Geoffrey Holder as the Narrator
Nitin Ganatra as Prince Pondicherry
Shelley Conn as Princess Pondicherry
Oscar James as Shopkeeper
Philip Philmar as Arthur Slugworth
Criss Cresswell as Prodnose
Tony Kirwood as Ficklegruber
Harry Taylor as Mr. Gloop
Francesca Hunt as Mrs. Salt
Todd Boyce as the Newscaster

tag: ul

text: Production

text: Development

text: Author Roald Dahl disapproved of the 1971 film adaptation and declined the film rights to produce the sequel, Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator.[5] Warner Bros. and Brillstein-Grey Entertainment entered discussions with the Dahl estate in 1991, hoping to purchase the rights to produce another film version of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. The purchase was finalized in 1998,[6] with Dahl's widow, Felicity ("Liccy"), and daughter, Lucy, receiving total artistic control and final privilege on the choices of actors, directors and writers. The Dahl Estate's subsequent protection of the source material was the main reason that Charlie and the Chocolate Factory had languished in development hell since the 1990s.[7][8]

text: Scott Frank was hired to write the screenplay in February 1999, after approaching Warner Bros. for the job.[8] Frank, a recent Oscar nominee for the R-rated crime film Out of Sight, wanted to work on a film that his children could enjoy.[9][10][11] As an enthusiastic fan of the book, he intended to remain more truthful to Dahl's vision than the 1971 film had been.[8] Nicolas Cage was under discussions for Willy Wonka, but lost interest.[5][12] Gary Ross signed to direct in February 2000,[13] which resulted in Frank completing two drafts of the screenplay,[11] before leaving with Ross in September 2001.[14] Both Warner Bros. and the Dahl Estate wanted Frank to stay on the project, but he faced scheduling conflicts and contractual obligations with Minority Report (2002) and The Lookout (2007).[11]

text: Rob Minkoff entered negotiations to take the director's position in October 2001,[15] and Gwyn Lurie was hired to start from scratch on a new script in February 2002. Lurie said she would adapt the original book and ignore the 1971 film adaptation. Dahl's estate championed Lurie after being impressed with her work on another Dahl adaptation, a live-action adaptation of The BFG, for Paramount Pictures, which was never made (Paramount distributed the earlier 1971 film version of Charlie, and later sold the rights to WB).[16] In April 2002, Martin Scorsese was involved with the film, albeit briefly, but opted to direct The Aviator instead.[5][12] Warner Bros. president Alan F. Horn wanted Tom Shadyac to direct Jim Carrey as Willy Wonka, believing the duo could make Charlie and the Chocolate Factory relevant to mainstream audiences, but Liccy Dahl opposed this.[7]

text: Pre-production

text: After receiving enthusiastic approval from the Dahl Estate, Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct in May 2003.[6] Burton compared the project's languishing development to Batman (1989), which he directed, in how there had been varied creative efforts with both films. He said, "Scott Frank's version was the best, probably the clearest, and the most interesting, but they had abandoned that."[17] Liccy Dahl commented that Burton was the first and only director the estate was happy with. He had previously produced another of the author's adaptations with James and the Giant Peach (1996), and, like Roald and Liccy, disliked the 1971 film because it strayed from the book's storyline.[7]

text:
"As a child, Dahl was the author who I connected to the most. He got the idea of writing a mixture of light and darkness, and not speaking down to kids, and the kind of politically incorrect humor that kids get. I've always liked that, and it's shaped everything I've felt that I've done."

Tim Burton[17]

tag: div

text: During pre-production Burton visited Dahl's former home in the Buckinghamshire village of Great Missenden. Liccy Dahl remembers Burton entering Dahl's famed writing shed and saying, "This is the Buckets' house!" and thinking to herself, "Thank God, somebody gets it." Liccy also showed Burton the original handwritten manuscripts, which Burton discovered were more politically incorrect than the published book. The manuscripts included a child named Herpes, after the sexually transmitted disease.[17] Burton immediately thought of Johnny Depp for the role of Willy Wonka, who in August 2003 joined the film, his fourth collaboration with the director.[18]

text: Lurie's script received a rewrite by Pamela Pettler, who worked with Burton on Corpse Bride, but the director hired Big Fish screenwriter John August in December 2003 to start from scratch.[12] Both August and Burton were fans of the book since their childhoods.[17] August first read Charlie and the Chocolate Factory when he was eight years old, and subsequently sent Dahl a fan letter. He did not see the 1971 film prior to his hiring, which Burton believed would be fundamental in having August stay closer to the book.[19] The writer updated the Mike Teavee character into an obsessive video game player, as compared to the novel, in which he fantasized about violent crime films. The characters Arthur Slugworth and Prodnose were reduced to brief cameo appearances, while Mr. Beauregarde was entirely omitted.[20]

text: Burton and August also worked together in creating Wilbur Wonka, Willy's domineering dentist father. Burton thought the paternal character would help explain Willy Wonka himself and that otherwise he would be "just a weird guy".[3] The element of an estranged father-son relationship had previously appeared in Big Fish, similarly directed by Burton and written by August. Warner Bros. and the director held differences over the characterizations of Charlie Bucket and Willy Wonka. The studio wanted to entirely delete Mr. Bucket and make Willy Wonka the idyllic father figure Charlie had longed for his entire life. Burton believed that Wonka would not be a good father, finding the character similar to a recluse.[21] Burton said, "In some ways, he's more screwed up than the kids." Warner Bros. also wanted Charlie to be a whiz kid, but Burton resisted the characterization. He wanted Charlie to be an average child who would be in the background and not get in trouble.[17]

text: Casting

text: Prior to Burton's involvement, Warner Bros. considered or discussed Willy Wonka with Bill Murray, Christopher Walken, Steve Martin, Robin Williams, Nicolas Cage, Jim Carrey, Michael Keaton, Robert De Niro, Brad Pitt, Will Smith, Mike Myers, Ben Stiller, Leslie Nielsen, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Michael Palin, Patrick Stewart, and Adam Sandler.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Dustin Hoffman and Marilyn Manson reportedly wanted the role as well.[24][30] Pitt's production company, Plan B Entertainment, however, stayed on to co-finance the film with Warner Bros.[7] Coincidentally, Cleese, Idle and Palin (as well as the other three Monty Python members) had all previously expressed interest in playing Wonka in the 1971 film adaptation.[29] Johnny Depp was the only actor Burton considered for the role,[17] although Dwayne Johnson was Burton's second choice in case Depp was unavailable.[31] Depp signed on without reading the script under the intention of going with a completely different approach than what Gene Wilder did in the 1971 film adaptation.[32] Depp said regardless of the original film, Gene Wilder's characterization of Willy Wonka stood out as a unique portrayal.[7]

text: Depp and Burton derived their Willy Wonka from children's television show hosts such as Bob Keeshan (Captain Kangaroo), Fred Rogers, and Al Lewis from The Uncle Al Show, and Depp also took inspiration from various game show hosts.[33] Burton recalled from his childhood that the characters were bizarre but left lasting impressions. He said, "It was kind of a strange amalgamation of these weird children's TV show hosts."[17] Depp based Wonka's look (over-exaggerated bob cut and sunglasses) on Vogue magazine editor Anna Wintour.[34]

text: Comparisons were drawn between Willy Wonka and Michael Jackson. Burton disagreed with the comparisons and said Jackson, unlike Wonka, liked children.[21] Depp said the similarities with Jackson never occurred to him. Instead, he compared Wonka to Howard Hughes due to his "reclusive, germaphobe, controlling" nature.[33] Burton agreed with the similarity to Hughes. He also cited Charles Foster Kane from Citizen Kane as an inspiration for Wonka, as Kane is "somebody who was brilliant but then was traumatized and then retreats into their own world".[17] Depp wanted to sport prosthetic makeup for the part and have a long, elongated nose, but Burton believed it would be too outrageous. During production, Gene Wilder, in an interview with The Daily Telegraph, accused the filmmakers of only remaking the 1971 film for the purpose of money. Depp said he was disappointed by Wilder's comment, and responded that the film was not a remake, but a new adaptation of Dahl's 1964 book.[3]

text: The casting calls for Charlie Bucket, Violet Beauregarde, Veruca Salt, and Mike Teavee took place in the United States and United Kingdom, while Augustus Gloop's casting took place in Germany. Burton said he sought actors "who had something of the character in them", and found Mike Teavee the hardest character to cast.[17] Burton was finding trouble casting Charlie, until Depp, who had worked with Freddie Highmore on Finding Neverland, suggested Highmore for the part.[5] Highmore had already read the book before, but decided to read it once more prior to auditioning.[35] The actor did not see the original film adaptation, and chose not to see it until after Burton's production, so his portrayal would not be influenced.[36]

text: Before Adam Godley was officially cast as Mr. Teavee, Dan Castellaneta, Tim Allen, Ed O'Neill, Bob Saget, and Ray Romano were all considered for the role.[22]

text: It has been rumored that Gregory Peck was considered for the role of Grandpa Joe.[37] Other actors that were considered for Grandpa Joe included Richard Attenborough, Kirk Douglas, Albert Finney, Anthony Hopkins, Paul Newman, Max von Sydow, David Warner, Christopher Lloyd and Peter Ustinov.[38]

text: Filming

text: Principal photography for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory started on June 21, 2004[12] at Pinewood Studios in England.[39] Director Tim Burton and composer Danny Elfman found filming somewhat difficult because they were simultaneously working on Corpse Bride.[21] The Wonka Factory exterior was coincidentally constructed on the same backlot Burton had used for Gotham City in Batman (1989).[17] The ceremonial scene required 500 local extras.[7] The Chocolate Room/River setpiece filled Pinewood's 007 Stage. As a consequence of British Equity rules, which state that children can only work four and a half hours a day, filming for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory took six months, ending in December 2004.[17]

text: Design

text: The architecture of the Bucket family home was influenced by Burton's visit to Roald Dahl's writing hut. Like the book, the film has a "timeless" setting and is not set in a specific country. "We've tried not to pinpoint it to any place," production designer Alex McDowell explained. "The cars, in fact, drive down the middle of the road."[7] The town, whose design was shaped by the black and white urban photography of Bill Brandt, as well as Pittsburgh and Northern England, is arranged like a medieval village, with Wonka's estate on top and the Bucket shack below.[7] The filmmakers also used fascist architecture for Wonka's factory exterior, and designed most of the sets on 360° sound stages, similar to cycloramas. Burton biographer Mark Salisbury wrote that Charlie and the Chocolate Factory "melds 1950s and '70s visuals with a futuristic sensibility that seems straight out of a 1960s sense of the future."[17] The "TV Room" was patterned after photographs from the films 2001: A Space Odyssey, Danger: Diabolik, and THX 1138. Danger Diabolik also served as inspiration for the Nut Room and Inventing Room.[17]

text: Visual effects

text: Tim Burton avoided using too many digital effects because he wanted the younger actors to feel as if they were working in a realistic environment.[40] As a result, forced perspective techniques, oversized props and scale models were used to avoid computer-generated imagery (CGI).[17] Deep Roy was cast to play the Oompa-Loompas based on his previous collaborations with Burton on Planet of the Apes and Big Fish. The actor was able to play various Oompa-Loompas using split screen photography, digital and front projection effects.[3] "Tim told me that the Oompa-Loompas were strictly programmed, like robots — all they do is work, work, work," Roy commented. "So when it comes time to dance, they're like a regiment; they do the same steps."[41]

text: A practical method was considered for the scene in which Violet Beauregarde turns blue and swells up into a giant 10-foot blueberry. A suit with an air hose was considered at one point for the beginnings of the swelling scene, before the decision was made to do the entire transformation in CGI. The visual effects house Cinesite was recruited for this assignment. In some shots of AnnaSophia Robb's head, a facial prosthetic was worn to give the impression that her cheeks had swelled up as well. Because this decision was made late in the film's production, any traces of Violet's blueberry scene were omitted from trailers or promotional material.

text: Rather than rely on CGI, Burton wanted the 40 squirrels in the Nut Room to be real. The animals were trained every day for 10 weeks before filming commenced. They began their coaching while newborns, fed by bottles to form relationships with human trainers. The squirrels were each taught how to sit upon a little blue bar stool, tap and then open a walnut, and deposit its meat onto a conveyor belt.[7] "Ultimately, the scene was supplemented by CGI and animatronics," Burton said, "but for the close-ups and the main action, they're the real thing."[17] Wonka's Viking boat for the Chocolate River sequence floats down a realistic river filled with 192,000 gallons of faux melted chocolate.[42] "Having seen the first film, we wanted to make the chocolate river look edible," McDowell said. "In the first film, it's so distasteful." The production first considered a CGI river, but Burton was impressed with the artificial substance when he saw how it clung to the boat's oars. Nine shades of chocolate were tested before Burton settled on the proper hue.[7]

text: Music

text: The original music score was written by Danny Elfman, a frequent collaborator with director Tim Burton. Elfman's score is based around three primary themes: a gentle family theme for the Buckets, generally set in upper woodwinds; a mystical, string-driven waltz for Willy Wonka; and a hyper-upbeat factory theme for full orchestra, Elfman's homemade synthesizer samples and the diminutive chanting voices of the Oompa-Loompas.[43]

text: Elfman also wrote and performed the vocals for four songs, with pitch changes and modulations to represent different singers.[44] The lyrics to the Oompa-Loompa songs are adapted from the original book, and are thus credited to Roald Dahl.[43] Following Burton's suggestion, each song in the score is designed to reflect a different archetype.[44] "Wonka's Welcome Song" is a maddeningly cheerful theme park ditty, "Augustus Gloop" a Bollywood spectacle (per Deep Roy's suggestion),[41] "Violet Beauregarde" is 1970s funk, "Veruca Salt" is 1960s bubblegum pop / psychedelic pop, and "Mike Teavee" is a tribute to late 1970s hard rock (such as Queen) and early 1980s hair bands.[43][44]

text: The original motion picture soundtrack was released on July 12, 2005 by Warner Bros. Records.

text: Release

text: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory had its premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre, on July 10, 2005, where money for the Make-a-Wish Foundation was raised.[45] The film was released in the United States on July 15, 2005 in 3,770 theaters[46] (including IMAX theaters).[47]

text: Marketing

text: Early in the development of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in February 2000, Warner Bros. announced their intention of marketing the film[13] with a Broadway theatre musical after release. The studio reiterated their interest in May 2003,[6] however, the idea was postponed by the time filming began in June 2004.[7] The main tie-in for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory focused on The Willy Wonka Candy Company, a division of Nestlé. A small range of Wonka Bars were launched, utilizing their prominence in the film.[48] The release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory also rekindled public interest in Roald Dahl's 1964 book, and appeared on the New York Times Best Seller list from July 3 to October 23, 2005.[49][50]

text: Box office

text: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory earned $56,178,450 in its opening weekend,[46] the fifth-highest opening weekend gross for 2005, and stayed at #1 for two weeks.[51] The film eventually grossed $206,459,076 in US totals and $268,509,687 in foreign countries, coming to a worldwide total of $474,968,763. It was the fifty-eighth highest-grossing film of all time when released,[46] as well as seventh-highest for the US[51] and eighth-highest worldwide for the year of 2005.[52]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 83% based on 222 reviews, with an average rating 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Closer to the source material than 1971's Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is for people who like their Chocolate visually appealing and dark."[53] On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[54] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[55]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, writing "Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka may be a stone freak, but he is also one of Burton's classic crackpot conjurers, like Beetlejuice or Ed Wood."[56] Roger Ebert gave an overall positive review and enjoyed the film. He was primarily impressed by Tim Burton's direction of the younger cast members, but was disappointed with Depp's performance: "What was Depp thinking of? In Pirates of the Caribbean he was famously channeling Keith Richards, which may have primed us to look for possible inspirations for this performance."[57] Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle found Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Burton's "best work in years. If all the laughs come from Depp, who gives Willy the mannerisms of a classic Hollywood diva, the film's heart comes from Highmore, a gifted young performer whose performance is sincere, deep and unforced in a way that's rare in a child actor."[58] Peter Travers wrote in Rolling Stone magazine that "Depp's deliciously demented take on Willy Wonka demands to be seen. Depp goes deeper to find the bruises on Wonka's secret heart than what Gene Wilder did. Depp and Burton may fly too high on the vapors of pure imagination, but it's hard to not get hooked on something this tasty. And how about that army of Oompa-Loompas, all played by Deep Roy, in musical numbers that appear to have been choreographed by Busby Berkeley on crack."[59]

text: Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post criticized Depp's acting. "The cumulative effect isn't pretty. Nor is it kooky, funny, eccentric or even mildly interesting. Indeed, throughout his fey, simpering performance, Depp seems to be straining so hard for weirdness that the entire enterprise begins to feel like those excruciating occasions when your parents tried to be hip. Aside from Burton's usual eye-popping direction, the film's strenuous efforts at becoming a camp classic eventually begin to wear thin."[60]

text: In 2007, Gene Wilder said he chose not to see the film. "The thing that put me off ... I like Johnny Depp, I like him, as an actor I like him very much ... but when I saw little pieces in the promotion of what he was doing, I said I don't want to see the film, because I don't want to be disappointed in him."[61] In 2013, when Wilder was asked about the Burton remake, he said "I think it's an insult. It's probably Warner Bros.' insult." He also criticized the choices that Burton made as a director, saying "I don't care for that director. He's a talented man, but I don't care for him doing stuff like he did."[62]

text: Accolades

text: Costume designer Gabriella Pescucci received an Academy Award nomination, but lost to Colleen Atwood for Memoirs of a Geisha.[63] Johnny Depp lost the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy to Joaquin Phoenix in Walk the Line.[64] More nominations followed from the British Academy Film Awards for Visual Effects, Costume Design (Pescucci), Makeup & Hair (Peter Owen and Ivana Primorac) and Production Design (Alex McDowell).[65] Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Performance by a Younger Actor (Freddie Highmore), Music (Danny Elfman) and Costume (Pescucci).[66] Elfman and screenwriter John August were nominated for a Grammy Award with "Wonka's Welcome Song".[67]


document_title: No Woman, No Cry

question_text: what is no woman no cry song about

question_tokens: what is no woman no cry song about

text: No Woman, No Cry

text: Writing credit[edit]

text: Though Bob Marley may have written the song,[1][2] or at least the melody,[3] songwriter credits were given to Vincent Ford, a friend of Marley's who ran a soup kitchen in Trenchtown, the ghetto of Kingston, Jamaica where Marley grew up. The royalty payments received by Ford ensured the survival and continual running of his soup kitchen.[4]

text: Early versions[edit]

text: The original demo version of the song which is unreleased was a Gospel version. This version had only the piano riff as the main instrument and was recorded in London for Island Records in 1973 with Peter Tosh and some unknown female backing singers. At the same time of this recording, the demo of the Island version of "Lively up Yourself" was also recorded. This was the last time all three original Wailers (Bob Marley, Peter Tosh and Neville "Bunny" Livingston - also known as Bunny Wailer) recorded together in a studio. These versions remain unreleased.

text: 1974 studio recording[edit]

text: On Natty Dread, Jean Roussel provided the arrangement and Hammond organ parts for this recording.

text: Charts and certifications[edit]

text: Peak positions[edit]

text:
Chart (1975)
Peak
position

UK Singles Chart
22

Dutch Top 40
23

New Zealand Singles Chart
30

tag: table

text:
Chart (1981)
Peak
position

UK Singles Chart
8

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification

Italy (FIMI)[5]
Gold

United Kingdom (BPI)[6]
Silver

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The title and main refrain, "No Woman, No Cry" is rendered "No, woman, nuh cry" in Jamaican Patois. The "nuh" is pronounced with a short schwa vowel (a "mumbled" vowel, often represented as "uh" in spelling) and represents a clitic ("weakened") form of "no". It is the equivalent to the contraction "don't". The song is about growing up in the ghetto and persuading a woman that things will get better, entreating her not to cry.[7]

text: The Fugees version[edit]

text:
"No Woman, No Cry"

Single by Fugees

from the album The Score

Released
1996

Format
CD single

Recorded
1995

Genre
Hip hop, reggae fusion

Label
Ruffhouse Records

Producer(s)
Salaam Remi

Fugees singles chronology

"Ready or Not"
(1996)
"No Woman, No Cry"
(1996)
"Rumble in the Jungle"
(1997)

"Ready or Not"
(1996)
"No Woman, No Cry"
(1996)
"Rumble in the Jungle"
(1997)

text: "No Woman, No Cry" is the fourth single from the Fugees' second studio album, The Score. The song was produced by Salaam Remi. The Fugees' version of the track features Wyclef Jean on lead vocals, and changes the lyric "in a government yard in Trenchtown" to "in a government yard in Brooklyn". An official remix of the track, featuring Stephen Marley, was included on the group's third release, Bootleg Versions. Wyclef Jean recorded a solo version of the track for his Greatest Hits compilation in 2003.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"No Woman, No Cry" (LP version) - 4:03
"No Woman, No Cry" (Remix) - 3:55
"No Woman, No Cry" (Remix instrumental) - 3:55
"Killing Me Softly" (Live) - 4:25

tag: ol

text:
"Don't Cry, Dry Your Eyes" - 5:03
"Don't Cry, Dry Your Eyes" (Instrumental) - 5:03
"No Woman, No Cry" (LP version) - 4:03
"A Change Is Gonna Come" (Live) - 6:04

text: Other cover versions[edit]

text: The song has been covered by numerous other artists including:

text:
Nina Simone
Billy Ocean
Katherine Jenkins
Gym Class Heroes
Londonbeat
Sublime
Blues Traveler (with Ziggy Marley),
Cas Haley, O.A.R.
Devon Allman's Honeytribe
Joan Baez
Xavier Rudd
Isaiah Firebrace
Jimmy Buffett
Boney M.
Jonathan Butler
James "The King" Brown
Tim Barry
No Use for a Name
Whoopi Goldberg and the Reggae Rodents
Hikaru Utada
The String Cheese Incident
NOFX (live), with El Hefe playing and singing alone
Tila Tequila
Pearl Jam
Andrés Calamaro
Hugh Masekela
Hedley
Twenty One Pilots
Jimmy Cliff
Chaif, a Russian rock band, covered the song at many of their live performances
Pauline Black
Peter Rowan
Show of Hands
John Mayer
Colbie Caillat
Bill Bourne
Matisyahu
Matt Maher
Graham Parker[8]
Edwin McCain
Keller Williams
Eterna Inocencia
Linkin Park - covered the song and played part of it during their 2010-2011 A Thousand Suns tour. It can be heard at the beginning of "The Messenger" in Tel Aviv, Israel.[9]
as a duet by Faith Hill with Tim McGraw
Sean Kingston [10]
Byron Lee and the Dragonaires
Lithuanian pop group ŽAS
the Arabic singer Ali Bahar.
Hed PE - The "G-punk" band began covering the song after 2002 at many of their live shows.
5nizza - the Ukrainian reggae band covered the song at many live performances
The Collective Sound in Bournemouth, England (2011)
Wizkid - the Nigerian recording artist performed a cover of the song at Koga Studios for BBC's Destination Africa.[11]

text: Art Ensemble Of Chicago (instrumental version)

text: With other lyrics/in other languages[edit]

text:
in 1978 Joe Dassin recorded "Si Tu Penses À Moi" (If you think of me),[12] a version of No Woman No Cry totally rewritten with French lyrics by Claude Lemesle and Pierre Delanoë.[13]
Gilberto Gil sung a version of the song in Portuguese with new lyrics as Não chores mais, as a hymn to the political activists returned from exile upon the passing of the Brazilian amnesty law of 1979
Daniela Mercury, sang the Gilberto Gil version on Balé Mulato – Ao Vivo[14]
German metal band JBO parodied the song in East Franconian dialect as "Ka Alde, ka G'schrei"
The ska punk band Spunge is the only band to ever have officially been given permission by the Marley family to change the lyrics, for their cover on the album Room For Abuse.[15]
Murder 1 featuring Kid Rock has a version of the song with changed lyrics on their 1999 album "American Junkie"[16]

text: Partial use, parodies and sampling[edit]

text:
The pop rap band Sweetbox used a part of the song for the chorus of their song "Everything's Gonna Be Alright".
Naughty by Nature sampled Boney M's version of the song for their hit single "Everything's Gonna Be Alright."
The song "City of Love" by Yes includes "No woman, no cry" as part of the lyrics.
American pianist Louis Durra, recorded an instrumental trio version on "Tangled Up in Blue EP" and "Arrogant Doormats" (2011).
The Christian music rapper Redimi2 recorded a single "No woman, don't cry" which part of the chorus is "Everything is gonna be alright ", the songs is a call for stopping woman abuse.
Fergie used interpolations of the song in her song "Mary Jane Shoes" from the album The Dutchess.
In the 2004 video game Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney: Trials and Tribulations, precinct detective Dick Gumshoe sings a parody of the song titled "No Motive, No Crime", much to the annoyance of the title character.
Russian rock singer Nikolai Noskov used words No Woman, No Cry in chorus of reggae fusion style-song Иду ко дну (I go to the bottom) from the album By belt in the sky (По пояс в небе).
In 2013, an a-cappella satirical video parody "No Woman, No Drive" about Saudi Arabia banning women from driving, went viral on YouTube with over 11,000,000 hits.[17]
Comedy bands Ninja Sex Party and Tupperware Remix Party have performed a short song parodying the song title called "No Buttsex, No Cry" during their "Rock Hard 2017" tour.


document_title: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

question_text: who plays elena in one day at a time

question_tokens: who plays elena in one day at a time

text: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The show depicts the everyday life of a Cuban-American family with each character finding their own journey. Following the story of Penelope Alvarez (Justina Machado) a United States Army Nurse Corps[2] veteran, facing her return to civilian life with a lot of unresolved issues from her time in the Army. She works as a nurse in the office of Dr. Leslie Berkowitz (Stephen Tobolowsky). After her husband's alcoholism due to post-traumatic stress disorder from his time in the Army make it, in Penelope's words, 'unsafe to be in the house', she separates from Victor (James Martínez), taking the children with her. With the help of her Mother, Lydia (Rita Moreno), a refugee who left Cuba as a teen following Fidel Castro's rise to power, she is raising her two children: Elena (Isabella Gómez) and Alex (Marcel Ruiz). Apart from planning her daughter's quinceañera, Penelope starts dating and finds a love interest. Elena, resistant to have a quinces, starts dating a teenager from her class; to later realize that she is a lesbian. After struggling in ways to tell her family about her sexuality she finds the right time to come out. Alex starts working in a school project about Cuba with the help of Schneider (Todd Grinnell) and Lydia. Lydia talks about leaving Cuba escaping from Castro's dictatorship and how she fell in love with her late husband Berto (Tony Plana).

text: Each episode of the series focuses on important issues that face the Hispanic community and families in general. It has dealt with topics such as veterans' struggles with PTSD, depression, and anxiety, as well as sexuality, gender identity, sexism, and religion, amongst others.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Justina Machado as Penelope Riera Alvarez, a United States Army Nurse Corps and mother of Alex and Elena. She works as a nurse for Dr. Leslie Berkowitz. After coming back from army service, she joins a therapy group to help her with her depression and anxiety. In the first season she separates from her husband Victor and starts dating Ben. Later she breaks up with Ben after Victor's visit for Elena's quinceañera. In season two Penelope decides to go back to school to become a nurse practitioner. She begins dating an Army Veteran, now EMT Max Ferraro, but breaks up with him after finding out he wanted children of his own, and decides to let him find that chance with someone else, as she believes that she is too old for another child, and has two children of her own.
Todd Grinnell as Dwayne Schneider, the rich landlord of the building. He is a close friend of the family and Penelope's best friend. Schneider is frequently having one-night stands with different women. Often in the series he talks about having multiple stepmothers and how dysfunctional his family was, while also occasionally discussing his history of addictions. He is Canadian and after years of having a green card decides to become a US citizen.
Isabella Gomez as Elena Maria Alvarez Riera Calderón Leytevidal Inclán, the activist and feminist teenage daughter of Penelope. After dating Josh, a classmate, and watching gay porn, she discovers that she is a lesbian and comes out to her family. The news doesn't sit well with her father, which upsets Elena. In season two she finds a love interest and founds a Gay-Straight Alliance club at her Catholic School.
Marcel Ruiz as Alejandro "Alex" Alberto Alvarez Riera Calderon Leytevidal Inclan, the son of Penelope. He wants to gain popularity at school and is part of the baseball team. He starts a school project about Cuba. In season two he begins working during the summer at Dr. Berkowitz's office.
Rita Moreno as Lydia Riera, a faithful Cuban, Penelope's mother and grandmother of Elena and Alex. She fled Cuba after Castro seized power. She was a dancer and a performer back in the day. Over the course of the season, she develops a relationship with Dr. Berkowitz.
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Leslie Berkowitz, Penelope's boss and Lydia's love interest.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Fiona Gubelmann as Lori (season 1): Penelope's co-worker.
Ariela Barer as Carmen (season 1): Elena's best friend. She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico, but Penelope finds out. She later moves to Austin, Texas to live with her brothers.
Froy Gutierrez as Josh Flores (season 1)
Eric Nenninger as Scott (season 1–present): Penelope's co-worker.
Haneefah Wood as Jill Riley (season 1–present): Penelope's friend.
Mackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine (season 1–present): the leader of Penelope's female veteran therapy group.
Judy Reyes as Ramona (season 1–present): Penelope's friend from the therapy group.
Tony Plana as Berto Riera (season 1–present): Lydia's late husband.
James Martínez as Victor Alvarez (season 1–present): Penelope's ex-husband.
Ed Quinn as Max Ferraro (season 2): a military veteran, EMT, and Penelope's boyfriend[14]
Sheridan Pierce as Syd (season 2): Elena's girlfriend who identifies as non-binary.[15][16]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Cedric Yarbrough as Jerry
Jay Hayden as Ben
Gabrielle Elyse as Dani
Jolie Jenkins as Nikki
Ivonne Coll as Esme
Emiliano Díez as Padre Jose
Georgia Engel as Sister Barbara
Tim Bagley as Henry
Mindy Sterling as Delia
Timm Sharp as Nurse Wally

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
January 6, 2017 (2017-01-06)

2
13
January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)

text: Music[edit]

text: The theme song for the original One Day at a Time series, “This is It", was re-recorded for the newer version of the series, with a new arrangement by Emilio Estefan featuring Cuban instrumentation and lead vocals by Gloria Estefan. The song was composed by husband-and-wife songwriters Jeff Barry and Nancy Barry. Recording artist Polly Cutter sang the original version of the theme song.[17]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
97% (29 reviews)
79 (23 reviews)

2
100% (14 reviews)
88 (6 reviews)

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 97% based on 30 reviews with an average rating of 7.62/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "One Day at a Time breathes fresh life into the classic Norman Lear original with a lively, sharp, and proudly old-school sitcom bolstered by a surfeit of heart and terrific performances from Rita Moreno and Justina Machado."[18]

text: Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times found the first season to be "lively without being rushed" thanks to the full 30 minute run time.[19] "The show is nicely written ... and the performances [especially Moreno's] are almost universally engaging," according to David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle.[20] The Newsday review by Verne Gay particularly praises Machado as "flat-out terrific" and calls the first season "congenial, good-hearted, easy going, sentimental, old-fashioned and surprisingly new-fashioned. There’s also a deep emotional core here which refuses to be devalued by the typical (or tired) beat of a multicamera sitcom."[21]

text: A USA Today review by Kelly Lawler noted that Elena's coming-out arc in the first season has drawn special praise from LGBT critics for its "unique, realistic and refreshing take on the subject... the depiction of a young, happy Latinx lesbian comes as a hopeful sign for many."[22] Autostraddle senior editor Yvonne Marquez called the arc "mind-blowing" [22] and the show revolutionary because "it centers the family’s brownness and provides ample social commentary to deliver a fantastic modern-day sitcom."[23]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Comedy
One Day at a Time
Nominated
[24]

Imagen Foundation Awards
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
One Day at a Time
Won
[25][26]

Best Actress – Television
Justina Machado
Won

Best Supporting Actress – Television
Rita Moreno
Nominated

Isabella Gomez
Won

Best Young Actor – Television
Marcel Ruiz
Won

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series
Pat Barnett
Nominated
[27]

Gold Derby Awards
Best Comedy Supporting Actress
Rita Moreno
Nominated
[28]

2018

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Rita Moreno
Nominated

GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series
One Day at a Time
Pending
[29]


document_title: Creed Bratton

question_text: who does creed bratton play in adventure time

text: Creed Bratton

text: Background and education[edit]

text: He was born William Charles Schneider in Los Angeles, and he grew up in Coarsegold, California, a small town near Yosemite National Park. His father died when he was two years old after an airplane he was working on exploded while he was stationed in Hawaii. His grandparents, mother, and father were musicians, and he took a liking to music at a very early age. At 13, he ordered his first guitar from a Sears mail order catalog. He became a professional musician during his high school and college years.

text: Musical career[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: He decided to try life as a traveling musician and made his way on a global excursion, during which he changed his name to Creed Bratton. He traveled through Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. He played guitar at a large folk festival in Israel, appearing with his group the Young Californians. Fellow American and guitarist Warren Entner witnessed Bratton's performance and asked him to give him a call when he got back to the United States. In 1966, they formed a partnership and recruited the remaining members needed for their group, the 13th Floor. Bratton played lead guitar, Rick Coonce played drums, Entner played rhythm guitar, and Kenny Fukomoto played bass. They{{who|date=October 2018} (the Young Californians, as clearly stated just a few lines above) recorded a demo and sent it to Dunhill, a new record company headed by Lou Adler.

text: The Grass Roots[edit]

text: Producers/songwriters P. F. Sloan and Steve Barri heard the demo and liked it. They needed new band members for a folk rock group that they had created in 1965. The 13th Floor lost its bass player to the draft during this time, and quickly recruited Rob Grill, changing its name to The Grass Roots for prior name recognition. The group went straight to the top 10 with the song "Let's Live for Today" in 1967. The group continued in its hit-making vein and toured the United States. Iconic hit songs such as "Midnight Confessions" cemented the group's standing as major contributors to the rock music scene.

text: The Grass Roots had top songwriters offering their best songs to them and wrote many songs themselves. On its major songs, music on the recordings was played by LA studio musicians known as The Wrecking Crew.[1] Bratton co-wrote the songs "Beatin' Round the Bush", "No Exit", and "Hot Bright Lights", and self-composed "Dinner for Eight" and "House of Stone". He sang lead vocals on "This Precious Time" and "Dinner for Eight". Bratton played with the group on its albums Let's Live for Today, Feelings, Golden Grass (a compilation), and Lovin' Things. Three of the albums charted, and Golden Grass received a gold record certification. He took part in ten of the group's singles, eight of which charted; "Midnight Confessions" received a gold record certification.

text: The Grass Roots played at the Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival on Sunday, June 11, 1967 during the "Summer of Love" as their top ten hit "Let's Live for Today" was hitting the airwaves. This music festival occurred before the Monterey Pop Festival, but did not have a movie to document it for the ages (see List of electronic music festivals). On Sunday, October 27, 1968, the group played at the San Francisco Pop Festival and then played at the Los Angeles Pop Festival and Miami Pop Festival in December of that year as top ten hit "Midnight Confessions" was hitting the airwaves.

text: In April 1969, Bratton became frustrated by Dunhill's refusal to allow the band to write its own songs and play the instruments on its records (although the members did play alone at concerts). After a disastrous appearance at the Fillmore West in April 1969, Bratton was asked to leave the band.[1]

text: Solo years[edit]

text: In 2001 and 2002, Bratton released three albums showcasing his solo recordings since the 1960s with the assistance of Peter White. In 2007, he presented an induction award to The Wrecking Crew at the Musicians' Hall of Fame. In 2008, he released another album of new music with producer Jon Tiven. In 2010, Bratton released another new album titled "Bounce Back" with producer Dave Way. In 2011, Bratton released an album of greatest hits from his first three solo albums titled "Demo". In 2010 & 2012, Bratton performed live at the SXSW festival. In 2013, Bratton released an original work in three acts, as an audio biography, titled 'Tell Me About It'. Songs ranged from recently written to pieces he had written decades ago. Bratton cites that he listens to lots of jazz and classical music.[2]

text: On January 18, 2014, Bratton joined his friend Zachary Scot Johnson for a duet for the 500th consecutive day of thesongadayproject on YouTube. The video was recorded in Bratton's home and has received over 300,000 views.[3]

text: Acting career[edit]

text: Bratton began to pursue an acting career in 1979. He has appeared in films such as Mask and Heart Like a Wheel.  He was a cast member (playing a fictional version of himself) on NBC's Emmy and SAG award-winning The Office. In the "Booze Cruise" episode (Season Two deleted scenes DVD) he speaks about his time with the Grass Roots.

text: In 2008, he appeared in a short film with Kyle Gass titled Just One Of The Gynos, which won an award for best short film at the 2008 Malibu International Film Festival. He appeared in the feature film Labor Pains in 2009. His recent film projects are The Ghastly Love of Johnny X, written, produced and directed by Paul Bunnell; I Am Ben, written, produced and directed by Mathew Brady and Gaelan Connell; and Terri produced by David Guy Levy. Terri was selected by the Sundance Film Festival 2011 to appear in the US dramatic competition. It was one of only 16 films selected from 1,102 submissions to the US dramatic category.[4] In 2012, he appeared as special guest star in Staged with Brandon Olive who appeared with him in Just One Of The Gynos. Bratton's latest[when?] film project is Saving Lincoln, a biography set in the civil war period.

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1967–1969

American Bandstand

Himself

1967

The Hollywood Palace

Himself

1968

With Six You Get Eggroll

Himself

1968–1969

It's Happening

Himself

1969

Playboy After Dark

Himself

1975

Kolchak: The Night Stalker

Man Entering Lab

Episode "Primal Scream"

1977

Quincy M.E.

Young Man

Episode "No Deadly Secret"

1977

Eight is Enough

Episode "Mortgage Burnin' Blues"

1983

Heart Like a Wheel

Photographer

1985

Mask

Carnival Ticket Taker

1986

A Fighting Choice

Court Clerk

1987

U.S. Marshals: Waco & Rhinehart

Agent Jones

1987

The Wild Pair

Dalton

1988

Seven Hours To Judgement

Subway Worker

1991

Neon City

Guard at Neon

He was also a grip

1994

Secret Sins Of The Father

Gas Station Worker

2005

The War Of Gene

Captain Clark

2005–2013

The Office

Creed Bratton (fictitious version of himself)

2006

The Bernie Mac Show

Funeral Home Employee

Episode "Bernie's Angels"

2006

The Manual

Major. Edwards

2007–2008

Today

Himself

Episodes dated 10/26/07, 6/24/08

2008

Just One Of The Gynos

Dr. Gus Callery

2008

6th Annual TV Land Awards

Himself

2008

Celebrity Family Feud

Himself

2009

Labor Pains

John Abbotts

2010

In Gayle We Trust

Denny Potter

Two episodes

2010

Funny or Die Presents

Himself

Four episodes

2010

The Forgotten

Guy

Episode "Double Doe"

2012

The Ghastly Love of Johnny X

Mickey O'Flynn (the Man with the Grin)

2012

Liz & Dick

Darryl Zanuck

TV movie

2011

I Am Ben

Dr. Cobb

2011

Terri

Uncle James

2013

Saving Lincoln

Senator Charles Sumner

2014

Adventure Time

Phlannel Boxingday

2015

Comedy Bang! Bang!

Grandfather

Episode: "Ty Burrell Wears a Chambray Shirt & Clear Frame Glasses"

2015

Grace and Frankie

Seth

Episode: "The Bachelor Party"

2015

Band of Robbers

Dobbins

2018

The Sisters Brothers

Quarrel Saloon Guy Town 2

text: Discography[edit]

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Release date

Title

Flip side

Record Label

Chart Positions

US Billboard

 US Cashbox

UK

1967

Let's Live for Today

Depressed Feeling

Dunhill

8

5

Things I Should Have Said

Tip Of My Tongue

Dunhill

23

36

Wake Up, Wake Up

No Exit

Dunhill

68

61

1968

Melody For You

Hey Friend

Dunhill

123

Feelings

Here's Where You Belong

Dunhill

Midnight Confessions ++

Who Will You Be Tomorrow

Dunhill

5

5

1969

Bella Linda +++

Hot Bright Lights

Dunhill

28

20

Melody For You

All Good Things Come To An End

Dunhill

Lovin' Things

You And Love Are The Same

Dunhill

49

35

River Is Wide, The

(You Gotta) Live For Love

Dunhill

31

16

text: ++ - Gold Record - RIAA Certification

text: +++ - Composed by Lucio Battisti

text: Albums[edit]

text:
Release date

Title

Record Label

Chart Positions

US Billboard

 US Cashbox

UK

1967

Let's Live for Today

Dunhill

75

1968

Feelings

Dunhill

Golden Grass ++

Dunhill

25

1969

Lovin' Things

Dunhill

73

2001

Chasin’ The Ball

Kindred

The 80’s

Kindred

2002

Coarsegold

Kindred

2008

Creed Bratton

Kindred

2010

Bounce Back

Kindred

2011

Demo

Kindred

2018

While The Young Punks Dance

Alien Chicken

text: ++ - Gold Record - RIAA Certification