document_title: Sons of Liberty (miniseries)

question_text: who plays general gage in sons of liberty

text: Sons of Liberty (miniseries)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The miniseries centers primarily on the years (1765-1776) prior to start of the American Revolutionary War, and focuses on historical figures and pivotal events between the (then) British Colonies and the mother country of Great Britain to whom then British America owed its allegiance, particularly the events that led to resistance to the crown and creation of the Sons of Liberty, a group that coalesced to resist & disrupt  attempts by the British Parliament and crown to tax and govern the colonies.

text: The actions of the Sons of Liberty were the first beginnings of what would eventually become the American or Continental Army. These take place mostly in and around Boston & the then colony of Massachusetts.

text: Various American Revolutionary figures such as Samuel Adams, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Paul Revere, George Washington and British General Thomas Gage are central characters in various episodes.

text: Additionally, creation of the Colonial Congress, the Declaration of Independence and the eventual outbreak of the Revolutionary War are depicted.

text: Tagline: (during the teaser trailer)

text: There's the revolution you know. And the one that's about to begin.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Ben Barnes as Samuel "Sam" Adams[1]
Marton Csokas as General Thomas Gage[1]
Ryan Eggold as Dr. Joseph Warren[1]
Michael Raymond-James as Paul Revere[1]
Rafe Spall as John Hancock[1]
Henry Thomas as John Adams[1]
Jason O'Mara as George Washington
Dean Norris as Benjamin Franklin[1]
Emily Berrington as Margaret Kemble Gage[1]
Sean Gilder as Thomas Hutchinson
Kevin J. Ryan as John Pitcairn
Shane Taylor as Captain Thomas Preston
Jimmy Akingbola as Peter Salem[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date

U.S. viewers(in millions)

1"A Dangerous Game[4]"Kari SkoglandKirk Ellis and Stephen David & David C. WhiteJanuary 25, 2015 (2015-01-25)§§§§3.29[5]
Still a group of colonies living under British oppression in 1765, local gangs fight each other over turf in the streets of Boston, much less thinking of starting a revolution. When tax collector and pub owner Sam Adams doesn't pay his own taxes, the Crown puts out a warrant for his arrest, leading to the destruction of Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson's mansion. Wealthy businessman, John Hancock, and Adams, establish a black-market smuggling operation and boycott all goods from Tory shops, identifying them with a "T" painted on their storefronts. But an altercation between a loyalist and a Colonist mob lead to a young boy's murder. Then, in 1770, after a conflict escalates with the Redcoats turn into a massacre, the wheels are put in motion to start a resistance against British tyranny.
2"The Uprising"Kari SkoglandStephen David & David C. WhiteJanuary 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)2.83[6]
After the Colonists destroy 600,000 pounds of tea into the Boston Harbor in 1773, King George sends General Thomas Gage to Boston to remove Governor Hutchinson from office and restore balance. Sam, Hancock, and John Adams set off for Philadelphia to gather arms and support at the Pennsylvania State House, and meet the intense George Washington, a delegate from Virginia. Hancock financially supports Sam and his recruits to begin training their own rebel army on a rural farm outside the city. When the British catches wind of it, they order their capture, leading Paul Revere to set out on his famous ride to warn of the Redcoats coming into Lexington in 1775. Meanwhile, the newly formed Colonial militia clash with the British Army in the shot heard round the world.
3"Independence"Kari SkoglandStory by: Stephen David & David C. White and Kirk EllisTeleplay by: Stephen David & David C. WhiteJanuary 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)3.30[7]
The start of the American Revolution begins as the Redcoats and the Massachusetts militia continue to fight at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Now that the battles develop into a full-blown war, Sam and Hancock enlist Ben Franklin help them convince state delegates to support their cause for freedom. Meanwhile, General Gage charges Bunker Hill, causing the Patriots to suffer a major defeat. The loss inspires a document—the Declaration of Independence—written up by Thomas Jefferson, is signed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. Colonists celebrate the evacuation of British troops in Boston. The newly formed Continental Army, led by General Washington will be put to the test when the Royal Navy's ships attack New York Harbor.

text: Production[edit]

text: According to The Hollywood Reporter, production on Sons of Liberty began in the summer of 2014.[8] The miniseries was also going to feature the minor story lines of Benedict Arnold and Patrick Henry.[9]

text: Release[edit]

text: The first teaser trailer was released on September 1, 2014, during Houdini, which incorrectly revealed a December 2014 release date and featured The Rolling Stones' "Paint It Black".[10]

text: In Australia, Sons of Liberty aired on SBS One from February 5, 2015 as a six-part series.[11]

text: In the United Kingdom, Sons of Liberty aired on History Channel from June 2, 2015, also as a six-part series.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sons of Liberty was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 26, 2015.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Historical authenticity[edit]

text: The History Channel billed the series as a "dramatic interpretation of events"[12] and a work of "historical fiction", arguing the goal of the miniseries was "to capture the spirit of the time, convey the personalities of the main characters, and focus on real events that have shaped our past".[12] Nevertheless, the series has attracted criticism for its historical inaccuracies.[13][14]


document_title: List of countries by Internet connection speeds

question_text: who has the fastest internet speeds in the world

root

text: Akamai Q4 2015 global average connection speeds rankings

text:
Rank
Country/Territory
Avg. connection speed
(Mb/s)[2]
Relative speed

-
Global
5.6
5.6

1
 South Korea
26.7
26.7

2
 Sweden
19.1
19.1

3
 Norway
18.8
18.8

4
 Japan
17.4
17.4

5
 Netherlands
17.0
17

6
 Hong Kong
16.8
16.8

7
 Latvia
16.7
16.7

8
  Switzerland
16.7
16.7

9
 Finland
16.6
16.6

10
 Denmark
16.1
16.1

tag: table

tag: p

text: Akamai Q4 2015 global average peak connection speeds rankings

text:
Rank
Country/Territory
Avg. Peak Connection speed
(Mb/s)[3]
Relative speed

-
Global
32.5
32.5

1
 Singapore
135.7
135.7

2
 Hong Kong
105.2
105.2

3
 South Korea
95.3
95.3

4
 Macau
83.1
83.1

5
 Japan
82.9
82.9

6
 Indonesia
79.8
79.8

7
 Mongolia
78.9
78.9

8
 Taiwan
78.8
78.8

9
 Qatar
77.8
77.8

10
 Romania
73.6
73.6

text: Akamai Q3 2015 rankings

text:
Country/Territory
Avg. connection speed (Mb/s)
Avg. Peak Connection Speed (Mb/s)
Above 4 Mbit/s
Above 10 Mbit/s
Above 15 Mbit/s

Global
5.1
32.2
65%
27%
15%

 Argentina
4.2
26.9
39%
3.10%
0.50%

 Bolivia
1.8
13.9
2.80%
0.20%
0.10%

 Brazil
3.6
29
32%
2.20%
0.60%

 Canada
11.9
52.4
87%
43%
21%

 Chile
5.7
42
62%
7.10%
1.60%

 Colombia
4.2
28.1
48%
1.70%
0.40%

 Costa Rica
3.2
16.4
20%
1.10%
0.50%

 Ecuador
4.1
25.5
36%
2.50%
0.60%

 Mexico
5.5
27.3
64%
6.40%
1.70%

 Panama
3.5
16.9
33%
1.50%
0.40%

 Paraguay
1.5
13.4
2.10%
0.10%
0.10%

 Peru
4.4
30.4
46%
2.90%
0.60%

 United States
12.6
57.3
80%
46%
24%

 Uruguay
5.9
60.2
68%
7.70%
1.60%

 Venezuela
1.5
11.8
2.10%
0.20%
0.10%

 Australia
7.8
41.9
72%
18%
7.40%

 China
3.7
23.1
33%
1.60%
0.30%

 Hong Kong
15.8
101.1
92%
59%
36%

 India
6.5
29.7
67%
23%
8%

 Indonesia
7.45
31
17%
0.90%
0.40%

 Japan
15
78.4
90%
54%
32%

 Malaysia
4.9
38.3
52%
4.00%
0.90%

 New Zealand
8.7
42
87%
22%
8.20%

 Philippines
2.8
25.3
10%
0.90%
0.30%

 Singapore
12.5
135.4
87%
51%
27%

 South Korea
20.5
86.6
96%
68%
45%

 Sri Lanka
5.1
33.5
76%
2.20%
0.60%

 Taiwan
10.1
77.9
88%
29%
13%

 Thailand
8.2
58.3
93%
18%
5.80%

 Vietnam
3.4
25.5
31%
0.60%
0.10%

 Austria
11.4
44
90%
33%
17%

 Belgium
12.8
59.3
91%
52%
26%

 Czech Republic
14.5
50.9
86%
46%
27%

 Denmark
14
50.1
94%
51%
29%

 Finland
14.8
57.4
91%
51%
28%

 France
8.2
38.9
74%
21%
8.70%

 Germany
11.5
49.2
87%
37%
19%

 Hungary
10.7
53.9
90%
36%
18%

 Ireland
12.4
52
76%
41%
23%

 Israel
11.2
70
94%
36%
14%

 Italy
6.5
30.1
71%
9.20%
3.40%

 Netherlands
15.6
63.5
95%
60%
34%

 Norway
16.4
55.9
88%
54%
37%

 Poland
10.6
45.6
88%
34%
17%

 Portugal
10.6
47.9
85%
37%
19%

 Romania
13.1
72.9
94%
57%
27%

 Russia
10.2
57.9
87%
38%
15%

 Slovakia
11.2
49
85%
28%
17%

 South Africa
3.7
18.9
22%
2.90%
1.70%

 Spain
10.4
53.5
85%
34%
17%

 Sweden
17.4
69
92%
55%
38%

  Switzerland
16.2
62.6
93%
61%
36%

 Turkey
6.2
38.5
77%
7.60%
2.90%

 United Arab Emirates
6.8
45.8
85%
10%
2.30%

 United Kingdom
13
54.2
87%
46%
28%


document_title: Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries

question_text: when did colour tv start in the uk

question_tokens: when did colour tv start in the uk

text: This is a list of when the first color television broadcasts were transmitted to the general public. Non-public field tests and closed-circuit demonstrations are not included.

text: Countries and territories which never had black and white television (i.e. the first broadcasts were in color), such as Zanzibar, Brunei, Botswana, Laos, South Africa, Namibia, Macau, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Palau, Bhutan, Vanuatu, Faroe Islands, Malawi, The Gambia, Tonga, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Somalia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Tanzania and Nepal are not included in this list.

text:
Country
Year
Network or channel
Color system
Notes

 Afghanistan
1977/1983
RTA
PAL
First experimental color broadcasts in late 1977 and stalled in 1979 due to the Soviet War in Afghanistan. Returned by at least 1983 in full service.

 Albania
1981
RTSH
PAL
Color broadcasts had been available from Yugoslavia since 1971, and Italy since 1977, Frequencies have been occasionally jammed due to censorship of some programs in Albania in that time.

 Algeria
1973
RTA
PAL
RTA was transmitted in the older French 819-line standard System E, until 1973 when it started broadcasting in 625-line standard System B.[1]

 American Samoa
1969
KVZK-2
NTSC
KVZK-2 was a National Educational Television affiliate.

 Angola
1983
TPA
PAL

 Argentina
1978/1980
LS 82 Canal 7
PAL-N
Introduced for the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Regular full color transmission began at midnight on Thursday 1 May 1980. In 1969, Canal 13 made experimental transmissions in NTSC, but did not receive government approval. Subsequently, the project was cancelled.

 Armenian SSR
1973/1978
Armenia 1
SECAM/PAL
First transmission was the May Day Parade in Yerevan. Full-time color transmissions since Christmas Eve 1978.

 Australia
1967/1975
ATV-0 (now ATV-10).
PAL
Full-time color transmissions since Saturday, March 1, 1975. First closed-circuit color test broadcast on Thursday, June 15, 1967 with live coverage of the Pakenham races.[2] Many television shows were produced and broadcast in color between 1972–1974, with limited color transmissions from mid-1974 on.

 Austria
1969/1975
ORF
PAL
First transmission was the Eurovision broadcast of New Year Concert from Vienna on Wednesday, January 1, 1969. Full-time color transmissions since January 15, 1975.

 Azerbaijan SSR
1973
AzTV
SECAM/PAL
First color broadcasts in Azerbaijan started in 1973 using the SECAM standard.

 Bahamas
1983
ZNS-TV
NTSC
Color transmissions had been available from Miami since 1954 (WTVJ) and West Palm Beach since the late-1950s[3]

 Bahrain
1972
Bahrain TV
PAL

 Bangladesh
1980
BTV
PAL

 Barbados
1971
CBC
NTSC

 Belize
1984
Channel 7
NTSC
Color broadcasts have been available from Mexico since 1967.

 Benin
1982
OTRB
PAL

 Byelorussian SSR
1961
Belteleradio
SECAM
The first Soviet Bloc country and first country in Eastern Europe to introduce color television in 1961. Full color service came around 1979.

 Belgium
1967/1971
RTB/BRT
PAL
Color broadcasts from France (SECAM), Germany and Netherlands (PAL) were available since 1967. Early receivers were very costly owing to multiple standards: PAL/SECAM/625 lines and monochrome/819 lines

 Bermuda
1968
ZBM-TV
NTSC
ZBM was an affiliate of the U.S. network CBS. Color broadcasts have been available from the United States since 1958.

 Bolivia
1977/1980
TV Boliviana
NTSC
Experimental color broadcasts began in 1977. Full-time color arrived in 1980. Color broadcasts have been available from Brazil since 1970, but were PAL.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
1971/1972/1973–1978
Televizija Sarajevo
PAL
First color transmission came from Belgrade in 1971, local service began in 1972 and in 1973.

 Brazil
1970/1972/1973–1978
Bandeirantes/Globo
PAL-M
First transmissions (unofficial and just for specific programs) were made between 1962 and 1963 in the city of São Paulo by Rede Tupi and also by Rede Excelsior, both using NTSC. Tests for the regular transmissions began in 1970 with the Mexico's FIFA World Cup, and the first official transmission was the coverage of the 12th Caxias do Sul Grape Festival in February 19, 1972. Limited color transmissions from 1973 to 1978. Full-time color transmissions since 1978.

 Bulgaria
1970/1977
BNT
SECAM
Full color transmissions achieved by 1977.

 Burma
1984
MRTV
NTSC
The last country in Southeast Asia to introduce color television.

 Burundi
1983
RTNB
SECAM

 Kampuchea
1981/1985
National Television of Kampuchea
SECAM/
PAL
Full-time color transmissions started in 1985, switched to PAL from 1991.

 Canada
1966
(CBC, SRC), CTV
NTSC
Officially launched in both English and French at 12:01 a.m. on July 1, 1966, at the beginning of Canada's 100th year as a nation. Color broadcasts from the United States had been available since the mid-1950s. A mandatory transition to color for all transmitters took place between 1969 and 1976 on all English and French channels. CBC began Full-time color broadcasts in 1974. Full-time color officially achieved between 1976–1977.

 Central African Republic
1982
RTC
SECAM

 Chad
1982
Télé Tchad
SECAM

 Chile
1978
TVN, Canal 13
NTSC
First transmission in color was in the 13th Viña del Mar Festival, but only for export until the 18th edition. First nationwide color show transmitted was Esta noche fiesta of Canal 13 on Monday, April 10, 1978.[4] First news report in color was shown at Teletrece on April 12, 1978.[5] Full-time color transmissions since mid 1979.

 China
1973
CCTV
PAL
Full-time color transmissions since 1984.

 Colombia
1979[6]/1982
Inravisión
NTSC
Test broadcasts in SECAM were held in 1966.[7] Test for the regular transmissions began in 1971 with the coverage of that year's Pan American Games held in Cali. In 1974, the inauguration of West Germany's FIFA World Cup was aired in color in closed circuit at two colosseums in Bogota and Cali.[8] Regular color transmissions since Saturday, December 1, 1979.[6] Full-time color transmissions since 1982.

 Congo (Brazzaville)
1975
TeleCongo
SECAM

 Costa Rica
1973
TICA-TV
NTSC

 Croatia
1972
Televizija Zagreb
PAL

 Cuba
1958/1975
Tele-Color, S.A.
Tele Rebelde (1975)
NTSC
Ended in 1959 as a result of the Cuban Revolution; returned in 1975.

 Cyprus
1976
CyBC
SECAM

 Czechoslovakia/ Czech Republic
1973
ČST
SECAM PAL
Regular colour broadcasts started in May 9, 1973 on second channel and in May 9, 1975 on first channel. Full color transition in late 1970's, switched to PAL broadcasting in 1993. ČST started color experiments in late 60's in PAL. After Russian invasion in 1968 SECAM was chosen for broadcasting, but not for production. TV studios worked in PAL and than it was transcoded for SECAM broadcasting till 1993.

 Denmark
1968/1970[9]
Danmarks Radio
PAL
First introduced for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France.[9] The national broadcaster's programming transitioned to color throughout 1969 and "color tests" were officially ended on Wednesday, April 1, 1970.[9] Color broadcasts had been available from Germany since 1967.

 Djibouti
1974
RTD
SECAM

 Dominican Republic
1969
Color Visión
NTSC

 Ecuador
1974
Ecuavisa
Teleamazonas
NTSC

 Egypt
1973
ETV
PAL

 Equatorial Guinea
1976
RNGE
SECAM

 El Salvador
1973
YSU-TV
NTSC

 Estonian SSR
1967/1972
ETV
SECAM/
PAL
First color broadcasts came from Moscow; first local color program was transmitted on Saturday, December 30, 1972. Transitioned from SECAM to PAL 1992–1999.

 Ethiopia
1979
ETV
PAL

 Finland
1970/1977
YLE/MTV
PAL
First test broadcast in color was the President Urho Kekkonen's New Year speech in 1969. First experimental color broadcast in 1970. Full-time color broadcasts since 1977. Color Broadcasts have been available from the Åland Islands since 1969 where there is a Sveriges Television AB (Sweden Television) transmitter on the islands, and the Soviet Union since 1967 but transmissions were in SECAM.

 France
1967/1976/1983
ORTF
SECAM
Introduced on La Deuxième Chaîne at 2:15pm (14:15) on Sunday, October 1, 1967. The first channel TF1 remained B&W for years due to being transmitted in the older 819-line standard: its transition to color 625-line began on Thursday, January 1, 1976 and the full nationwide color coverage was only achieved in 1983.[10]

 French Polynesia
1971
RFO (Télé Tahiti, now Polynésie la Première)
SECAM

 French Guiana
1974
RFO (Guyane RFO TV)
SECAM

 Gabon
1973
RTG
SECAM

 Georgian SSR
1975–1976/1984
Georgian Public Broadcaster
SECAM
Early color broadcasts came from Moscow since at least 1975 and 1976 during certain events.

 East Germany
1969
DFF
SECAM
Introduced on Friday, October 3, 1969 on the new second television channel launched for that purpose with a symbolic launch button pressed by Walter Ulbricht on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the GDR on Tuesday, October 7. The television tower in East Berlin was also opened that day.

 West Germany
1967
ARD/ZDF
PAL
Introduced on both channels simultaneously at 9:30am on Friday, August 25, 1967 with a symbolic launch button pressed by Willy Brandt on the International Radio and Television Fair in West Berlin.

 Ghana
1980
GTV
PAL

 Gibraltar
1969
GBC
PAL

 Greece
1976/1977–1979
ERT
SECAM
Test color broadcasts began in 1976. Full color broadcasts started on 1977 to 1979. ERT switched to PAL in 1992.

 Greenland
1984/1987/1990
KNR
PAL
Color broadcasts from Canada had been available since 1972, but were NTSC. Private transmitters were built to receive TV signals from Canada long before Greenland had their native TV service which came into broadcast in 1982. Full-time color service came in 1984, remote areas continued to broadcast in black and white until c. 1987–1990.

 Guadeloupe
1972
RFO (Guadeloupe 1ère)
SECAM

 Guinea
1971
RTG
PAL
Color broadcasts from the Ivory Coast had been available since 1970, but were SECAM.

 Guinea-Bissau
1981
RTGB
PAL

 Guatemala
1970
RTG
NTSC
First Central American country to introduce color television; color broadcasts available from Mexico since 1967.

 Guam
1970
KUAM-TV
NTSC
KUAM was a primary NBC affiliate that also carried some programming from ABC and CBS.

 Haiti
1971
Télé Haïti[11]
NTSC

 Honduras
1973
Canal 3 Honduras
NTSC

 Hong Kong
1969/1975
TVB
PAL
Introduced for the Festival of Hong Kong in December 1969. Full-time color broadcasts since 1975.

 Hungary
1971/1975
Magyar Televízió
SECAM
Full color broadcasts introduced in 1975.

 Iceland
1974–1976
RÚV (Sjónvarpið)
PAL
Full-time color broadcasts since 1974 to 1976.

 India
1978/1979–1981/1982
Doordarshan
PAL
Experimental color broadcasts began in 1978. Color broadcasts from Pakistan had been available since 1977. Full color broadcasts were introduced in 1979 and 1981 to 1982.

 Indonesia
1977
TVRI
PAL
Full-time color broadcasts began on Tuesday 24 August 1982.

 Iran
1973
NIRT
SECAM

 Iraq
1968
RTI
SECAM
First Muslim country to introduce color television.

 Ireland
1971
RTÉ
PAL
Introduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 in Dublin on Saturday, April 3, 1971; color broadcasts from United Kingdom available since 1967–69.
Full-time color broadcasts began in 1976.

 Israel
1977/1983
IBA/IETV
PAL
Introduced for the coverage of the Egyptian president's visit to Israel in November 1977, then reintroduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 in Jerusalem on Saturday, March 31, 1979. Gradual transition to full-time color transmissions from 1980 to 1983. Full-time color transmissions since February 1983. Color broadcasts from Jordan and Egypt had been available since 1974 and Lebanon since 1975. Since color TVs were considered more expensive, the government ordered removing the color signals, in the name of public equality. Engineers have managed to produce a device that extrapolates the colors from programs that were originally shot in color, and such devices were sold to the thousands. Major television networks in Israel have been filming programs in color for foreign audiences since at least 1974.

 Italy
1972/1977
RAI
PAL
Introduction temporarily stalled by political turmoil. Color broadcasts from France (SECAM) had been available since 1967, and from Austria (PAL) since 1969. Privately operated transmitter chains made these signals available as far as Rome. First color test was in 1972 Summer Olympic Games. The Sanremo Music Festival began to be broadcast in color in 1973, as well as, in the same year, the Jeux Sans Frontières. Full-time color transmissions started on Tuesday, February 1, 1977.

 Ivory Coast
1970
RTI
SECAM

 Jamaica
1975
JBC
NTSC
Color broadcasts have been available from Haiti since 1971.

 Japan
1960
NHK/NTV
TBS
YTV
ABC
NTSC-J
The first Asian country to introduce color television, on Saturday, September 10, 1960.

 Jordan
1974
JTV
PAL

 Kazakh SSR
1977
Kazakhstan
SECAM/
PAL
Full color transmissions introduced in the 1980s.

 Kenya
1978
KBC
PAL

 North Korea
1977–1980
KCTV
PAL
Full color broadcasts were introduced by 1977 to 1980.

 South Korea
1975/1981
KBS/MBC
NTSC
Test color broadcasts began in 1975. Full-time color broadcasts since 1981. Color broadcasts have been available from North Korea since 1974.

 Kuwait
1974
KTV
PAL

 Kirghiz SSR
1981
Kyrgyz Television
SECAM
Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics.

 Latvian SSR
1968/1974
LTV
SECAM/
PAL
First color broadcasts came from Moscow. First local color program was transmitted on Monday, January 28, 1974. Switched from SECAM to PAL on February 2, 1998.

 Lebanon
1967/1975
CLT/Télé Liban
SECAM
In 1967, CLT became the third television station in the world after the Soviet Union and France to broadcast in color, utilizing the French SECAM technology. [12]

 Liberia
1975
LBS
PAL

 Libya
1976
Al-Libyah TV
PAL

 Lithuanian SSR
1968
LRT
SECAM/
PAL
Used SECAM as part of the USSR 1968–1990, and 1990–1997. PAL has been in use since 1997.

 Luxembourg
1972
Compangnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion
PAL
SECAM
The then only channel for audiences in Luxembourg, France and Belgium originally used the French/Belgian 819-line B&W standard. After Belgium and France opted for different color systems, Luxembourg broadcast two versions of the same channel. All later RTL channels aimed at French-, German- and Dutch-speaking audiences in Europe adopted the standards of their target markets.

 Macedonia
1974
Televizija Skopje
PAL

 Madagascar
1977
MBS
SECAM

 Malaysia
1978/1979–1981/1982
RTM
PAL
Introduced in Peninsular Malaysia on Thursday 28 December 1978 and in Sabah and Sarawak on Sunday 31 August 1980. Color had been available from Southern Thailand since 1972 and Singapore since 1974. Full-time color broadcasts began on 1979 to 1981 to Friday 1 January 1982.

 Maldives
1984
TVM
PAL
Color had been available from India since 1982.

 Mali
1984
ORTM
SECAM

 Malta
1981
TVM
PAL
Color broadcasts from Italy had been available since 1977, full color service began in 1981

 Martinique
1969
RFO (Martinique 1ère)
SECAM

 Mauritania
1984
TV de Mauritanie
PAL

 Mauritius
1978
MBC
SECAM
Color television arrived on a full-time schedule in 1978.

 Mexico
1963
Canal 5 Telesistema Mexicano (now Televisa)
NTSC
Launched Friday, February 8, 1963 with the program Paraiso Infantil. Color had been available previously in a few border cities from the United States, on a limited basis. Full-time color transmissions started with the 1968 Summer Olympic Games. Curiously, Mexico had its own system of color television, invented by Guillermo González, prior to NTSC adoption, which would be used in the 1964 Olympic Games.

 Moldavian SSR
1978
TeleRadio-Moldova
SECAM/
PAL

 Monaco
1973
TMC
PAL /
SECAM
Color broadcasts from France had been available since 1967.

 Mongolia
1975
MNB
SECAM

 Montenegro
1974
JRT/Televizija Titograd (now TV CG 1)
PAL

 Morocco
1973
RTM
SECAM
First test transmission was in 1972.

 Mozambique
1984
TVM
PAL

 Netherlands
1967
NPO
PAL
Introduced on both national channels on Thursday, September 21, 1967.

 Netherlands Antilles
1973
TeleCuraçao
NTSC

 New Caledonia
1972
RFO (France Ô - New Caledonia)
SECAM
New Caledonia first broadcast in color for the 1972 Munich Olympic Games and a Chinese program in 1973, full color broadcasts became official in 1978.[citation needed]

 New Zealand
1973/1975
NZBC
PAL
Introduced in November 1973, as part of preparations for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games, held in Christchurch in February 1974.[13] Full-time color was achieved by December 1975.[14] Color broadcasts have been available from Australia in parts of New Zealand since the early 1970s.

 Nicaragua
1973
Televicentro Canal 2
NTSC

 Niger
1979
Télé Sahel
SECAM
Color broadcasts had been available from Nigeria from 1974, but were PAL.

 Nigeria
1974
WNTV (now called the NTA)
PAL

 Norway
1972/1975
NRK
PAL
Experimental color broadcasts introduced for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France. Regular test transmissions from Saturday, January 1, 1972. Full-time color broadcasts since Wednesday, January 1, 1975. Color broadcasts had been available from Sweden since 1970, in parts of Norway and Finland since 1969.

 Oman
1984
Oman TV
PAL

 Pakistan
1977
PTV
PAL
Full-time color transmissions since 1982.

 Panama
1972
NTP
NTSC

 Paraguay
1979
TV Cerro Corá
PAL-N

 Peru
1978
TV Perú
América Televisión
Panamericana Televisión
NTSC
First color test transmission was done in 1967 by Panamericana Televisión for a soap opera but for economic and political reasons the project was canceled. Channel 7 made test broadcasts with their own content since 1977 that became official on January 17, 1978 when color standard adopted and official broadcasts were authorised. The first color broadcast was the coverage of the 1978 election. América Televisión and Panamericana Televisión began their regular color broadcasting with the broadcast of the 1978 Argentina's FIFA World Cup. Transition completed on October 1, 1980.

 Philippines
1966
ABS-CBN
NTSC
First color test transmission was in 1963. Commercial launch in June 1966 using RCA color; and full-time color transmissions began in 1971 when color sets became more widespread in the Manila area and suburbs.

 Poland
1971
TVP
SECAM
First time color program was broadcast on March 16, 1971 & regular broadcasting began on December 6, 1971 for 6th PUWP congress. The 1972 Munich Olympic Games Use Color in SECAM. Transitioned to PAL on January 1, 1994 for all TVP channels except for TVP1 which transitioned on January 1, 1995.

 Portugal
1976/1980
RTP
PAL
First experimental broadcasts for the coverage of the 1976 election and The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games. Introduced for the Portuguese version of Jeux Sans Frontières on Wednesday, September 5, 1979; color broadcasts from Spain available since 1972. Full-color transmissions started March 7, 1980[15].

 Puerto Rico
1979
All
PAL
Introduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 in Jerusalem on March 31, 1979. Full-time color transmissions since 1985.

 Qatar
1974
QBS
PAL
Color broadcasts from Bahrain had been available since 1973.

 Réunion
1972
RFO (1ère Réunion)
SECAM
Introduced for the 1972 Munich Summer Olympics.

 Romania
1983–1990
TVR
PAL
Despite being in the Eastern Bloc, Romania used PAL and chose not to adopt SECAM, unlike the other Warsaw Pact countries, and was introduced in time for the 39th anniversary of King Michael's Coup. Full-time color broadcasts since 1984 and 1985 to 1990. Romania became the last country to introduce color television.

 Rwanda
1982
ORINFOR
SECAM

 Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
1982
ZIZ-TV
NTSC
Color broadcasts have been available from Guadeloupe since 1972, but were SECAM.

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1971
RFO (1eré SPM TV; Previously known as ORTF)
SECAM
Color transmissions had been available from Newfoundland and Labrador since 1967, but were NTSC. There are transmitters in SPM that can carry a signal from Newfoundland and Labrador which converts it to SECAM from NTSC and in some cases, In Fortune, Newfoundland, 1eré is converted to NTSC by a transmitter that is placed there.

 Saudi Arabia
1973
SAGTS
SECAM

 Senegal
1975
RTS
SECAM

 Sierra Leone
1978[16]
SLBS
PAL

 Singapore
1974–1975
Radio Television Singapore (RTS)
PAL
Test transmissions began for the 1974 Tehran Asian Games and officially introduced on 8 July for the 1974 World Cup Final. Full-time color broadcasts began on 1 November 1975 and from 1976 to 1977.

 Slovakia
1970/1973
ČST
SECAM PAL
First color transmission in 1970 during World Ski Championship which was broadcast in PAL. Adopted SECAM in 1973 with full color transition in late 1970s. Switched to PAL in 1993.

 Slovenia
1976/1976
Televizija Ljubljana
PAL
First Testing The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games, Full Tine Color Transition in 1977

 Spain
1973
RTVE
PAL
Color broadcasts had been available from France since 1967, but were SECAM. First color test was in 1972. Full-time color broadcasts since 1977, although monochrome commercials continued to be made until 1978. The Eurovision Song Contest 1969 in Madrid was a color production, but it was televised in black-and-white to the local audience.

 Sudan
1976
Sudan TV
PAL

 Suriname
1977
STVS
NTSC

 Sweden
1970
Sveriges Radio TV
PAL
Test transmissions started on Wednesday, December 14, 1966. Regular color service and color license fee introduced Wednesday, April 1, 1970.

  Switzerland
1968
SBC
PAL
Switzerland used PAL to broadcast the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games, color transmissions had been available from France and Germany since 1967.

 Syria
1980
STV
PAL

 Taiwan
1975
CTV
NTSC
Full-time color transmissions since 1975.

 Tajik SSR
1982
TVT
SECAM
Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics.

 Thailand
1969
Channel 7
PAL
Although television in Thailand originally employed a 525-line screen (System M, US standard at the time), the country opted for PAL color, which necessitated a conversion to system B (625 lines), starting with Channel 7 in November 1967. Regional stations converted between 1972 and 1975.

 Togo
1979
TVT
SECAM

 Trinidad and Tobago
1969
TTT
NTSC

 Tunisia
1976
RTT
PAL
Color broadcasts have been available from Italy since 1972.

 Turkey
1984[17]
TRT
PAL
Test transmissions started with the New Year's Eve celebrations on Thursday, December 31, 1981 and 1 January 1982; full color television did not start until Sunday, July 1, 1984. Color broadcasts from Greece had been available since 1976 and Bulgaria since at least 1971.

 Turkmen SSR
1970
Turkmen Television
SECAM
First Central Asian country to introduce color television. Introduced on Saturday, October 31, 1970 in preparation for the start of Ramadan.

 Uganda
1975
UTV
PAL

 Ukrainian SSR
1967/1975
UT-1
SECAM/
PAL
First transmission came from Moscow in 1967, Ukraine uses SECAM in for the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games. Local color broadcasts began in 1968 and 1969 to 1975.

 United Arab Emirates
1974
UAE-TV
PAL

 United Kingdom
1967/1969/1976
BBC 2 (1967) BBC 1 (1969) ITV (1969)
PAL
Introduced on BBC 2 for Wimbledon coverage on Saturday, July 1, 1967. The launch of the BBC 2 "full" color service took place on December 2, 1967. Some British TV programs, however, had been produced in color even before the introduction of color television in 1967, for the purpose of sales to American, Canadian, and Filipino networks. Full-time color broadcasts since 1969.[18] Full nationwide color broadcasting achieved in 1976, when BBC East (Norwich) became the last region to adopt colour for regional broadcasts and locally-produced programmes.

 United States
1950
CBS
CBS
Field-sequential color system; experimental; ended 1951.[19] The first country with black and white transmission to introduce color television.

 United States
1953
NBC
CBS
NTSC
Dot sequential system.[20] The US began a gradual transition to color in late 1953. The first color TV sets were very expensive and the audience for color was accordingly very small, so only specials and a handful of regularly scheduled shows aired in color during the 1950s. Market penetration slowly increased as more affordable sets and more color programming became available. A tipping point came in 1965, when the commercial networks first aired the majority of their prime-time shows in color. By the end of 1966, prime-time was all-color, but an ever-dwindling number of daytime, local and educational programs continued in black-and-white for a few more years.

 United States - Alaska
1966
KENI-TV (now KTUU)
NTSC
First program in color, on Monday, September 19, 1966, was the premiere episode of That Girl, an ABC show. KENI was a primary affiliate of both NBC and ABC. Transitioned to full color service by 1972. Color broadcasts have been available from the USSR since 1967 but were SECAM.

 United States - Hawaii
1965
KONA-TV, now KHON-TV; KHVH-TV, now KITV; KGMB
NTSC
KHVH was an ABC affiliate, KGMB was CBS, and KONA was NBC. Transitioned to full color service around 1969.

 Soviet Union
 Russia
1967/1975
Soviet Central Television (Now Channel One (Russia))
SECAM
Introduced specifically for the 50th Golden Jubilee Anniversary of the October Revolution. Full-time colorcasts began with the Revolution's 58th anniversary, in 1975. Some parts of the USSR received color from Alaska since 1966 in some circumstances when signals were not jammed in some parts and was received by contraband receivers to pick up signals.

 Upper Volta
1976
Volta Vision
SECAM
This country is now known as Burkina Faso.

 Uruguay
1981
CXB-10
PAL-N
Introduced for the 1980 Mundialito but locally broadcast in B&W. Local color broadcasting started in 1981.

 Uzbek SSR
1984
MTRK
SECAM
Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics. The last Central Asian country to introduce color television.

 Venezuela
1974–1980
RCTV
Venevision
NTSC
Color tests were made during the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany. Color television arrived on a full-time schedule on Monday 1 January 1973 and 1974 to Saturday 1 December 1979 by TVN5. Transition completed on Sunday 1 June 1980. Color broadcasts have been available from Trinidad and Tobago since 1969.

 Vietnam
1977
VTV
SECAM/
PAL
The first color television program aired on Tết.[21] Color televisions were available only in big cities until the late 1980s. Switched to PAL from 1990.

 U.S. Virgin Islands
1968
WBNB-TV
NTSC
WBNB was a CBS affiliate whose first color broadcasts took place during the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City, Mexico. This station was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo in 1989.

 North Yemen
1979
NYRTC
PAL

 South Yemen
1981
SYRTC
PAL
Color broadcasts had been available from North Yemen since 1979.

 Yugoslavia
 Serbia
1971
JRT/Televizija Beograd (now RTS1)
PAL
Introduced on the launch of the second TVB channel (TVB 2), as it was the first Yugoslav channel to start in color. From the late 1970s, TVB 1 switches to color, thus making all channels broadcast in color. (both TVB 1 and TVB 2, as they were only the channels available in that time) Full-time color broadcasts in SR Serbia began on May 25, 1979.

 Zaire
1980
OZRT
SECAM

 Zambia
1977
ZNBC
PAL

 Zimbabwe
1984[22]
ZBC
PAL
The last country in Africa to introduce color television. Color broadcasts have been available from Zambia since 1977 and South Africa since 1976.


document_title: Black Forest

question_text: what kind of animals live in the black forest

question_tokens: what kind of animals live in the black forest

text: Black Forest

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Black Forest stretches from the High Rhine in the south to the Kraichgau in the north. In the west it is bounded by the Upper Rhine Plain (which, from a natural region perspective, also includes the low chain of foothills); in the east it transitions to the Gäu, Baar and hill country west of the Klettgau. The Black Forest is the highest part of the South German Scarplands and much of it is densely wooded, a fragment of the Hercynian Forest of Antiquity. It lies upon rocks of the crystalline basement and Bunter Sandstone, and its natural boundary with the surrounding landscapes is formed by the emergence of muschelkalk, which is absent from the Black Forest bedrock. Thanks to the fertility of the soil which is dependent on the underlying rock, this line is both a vegetation boundary as well as the border between the Altsiedelland ("old settlement land") and the Black Forest, which was not permanently settled until the High Middle Ages. From north to south the Black Forest extends for over 160 km (99 miles), attaining a width of up to 50 kilometres in the south, and up to 30 kilometres in the north (31 mi × 19 mi).[2] Tectonically the range forms a lifted fault block, which rises prominently in the west from the Upper Rhine Plain, whilst seen from the east it has the appearance of a heavily forested plateau.

text: Natural regions[edit]

text: The natural regions of the Black Forest are separated by various features:

text: Geomorphologically, the main division is between the gentle eastern slopes with their mostly rounded hills and broad plateaux (so-called Danubian relief, especially prominent in the north and east on the Bunter Sandstone) and the deeply incised, steeply falling terrain in the west that drops into the Upper Rhine Graben; the so-called Valley Black Forest (Talschwarzwald) with its Rhenanian relief. It is here, in the west, where the highest mountains and the greatest local differences in height (of up to 1000 metres) are found. The valleys are often narrow and ravine-like; but rarely basin-shaped. The summits are rounded and there are also the remnants of plateaux and arête-like landforms.

text: Geologically the clearest division is also between east and west. Large areas of the eastern Black Forest, the lowest layer of the South German Scarplands composed of Bunter Sandstone, are covered by seemingly endless coniferous forest with their island clearings. The exposed basement in the west, predominantly made up of metamorphic rocks and granites, was, despite its rugged topography, easier to settle and appears much more open and inviting today with its varied meadow valleys.

text: The most common way of dividing the regions of the Black Forest is, however, from north to south. Until the 1930s, the Black Forest was divided into the Northern and Southern Black Forest, the boundary being the line of the Kinzig valley. Later the Black Forest was divided into the heavily forested Northern Black Forest, the lower, central section, predominantly used for agriculture in the valleys, was the Central Black Forest and the much higher Southern Black Forest with its distinctive highland economy and ice age glacial relief. The term High Black Forest referred to the highest areas of the South and southern Central Black Forest.

text: The boundaries drawn were, however, quite varied. In 1931, Robert Gradmann called the Central Black Forest the catchment area of the Kinzig and in the west the section up to the lower Elz and Kinzig tributary of the Gutach.[3] A pragmatic division, which is oriented not just on natural and cultural regions, uses the most important transverse valleys. Based on that, the Central Black Forest is bounded by the Kinzig in the north and the line from Dreisam to Gutach in the south, corresponding to the Bonndorf Graben zone and the course of the present day B 31.

text: In 1959, Rudolf Metz combined the earlier divisions and proposed a modified tripartite division himself, which combined natural and cultural regional approaches and was widely used.[4] His Central Black Forest is bounded in the north by the watershed between the Acher and Rench and subsequently between the Murg and Kinzig or Forbach and Kinzig, in the south by the Bonndorf Graben zone, which restricts the Black Forest in the east as does the Freudenstadt Graben further north by its transition into the Northern Black Forest.[5]

text: Work of the Institute of Applied Geography[edit]

text: The Handbook of the Natural Region Divisions of Germany published by the Federal Office of Regional Geography (Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde) since the early 1950s names the Black Forest as one of six tertiary level major landscape regions within the secondary level region of the South German Scarplands and, at the same time, one of nine new major landscape unit groups. It is divided into six so-called major units (level 4 landscapes).[6] This division was refined and modified in several, successor publications (1:200,000 individual map sheets) up to 1967, each covering individual sections of the map. The mountain range was also divided into three regions. The northern boundary of the Central Black Forest in this classification runs south of the Rench Valley and the Kniebis to near Freudenstadt. Its southern boundary varied with each edition.[7]

text: In 1998 the Baden-Württemberg State Department for Environmental Protection (today the Baden-Württemberg State Department for the Environment, Survey and Nature Conservation) published a reworked Natural Region Division of Baden-Württemberg.[8] It is restricted to the level of the natural regional major units and has been used since for the state's administration of nature conservation:[9]

text:
№
Natural region

Areain km²
Population
Pop./km²

Settlementareain %
Open landin %
Forestin %

Majorcentres ofpopulation
Middle-sizedcentres ofpopulation

150
Black Forest Foothills[10]

0930
268,000
289

7.69
29.33
62.92

Pforzheim
Calw,Freudenstadt

151
Black Forest Grinden and Enz Hills[11]

0699
060,000
086

1.92
06.39
91.51

152
Northern Black Forest Valleys[12]

0562
107,000
190

4.12
19.48
76.41

Baden-Baden,Gaggenau/Gernsbach

153
Central Black Forest[13]

1,422
188,000
133

3.35
30.25
66.39

Haslach/Hausach/Wolfach,Waldkirch, Schramberg

154
Southeastern Black Forest[14]

0558
080,923
112

3.03
32.44
64.49

Villingen-Schwenningen

155
High Black Forest[15]

1,990
213,000
107

2.44
26.93
70.31

Schopfheim,Titisee-Neustadt

text: The Black Forest Foothills (Schwarzwald-Randplatten, 150) geomorphologically form plateaux on the north and northeast periphery of the mountain range that descend to the Kraichgau in the north and the Heckengäu landscapes in the east. They are incised by valleys, especially those of the Nagold river system, into individual interfluves; a narrow northwestern finger extends to beyond the Enz near Neuenbürg and also borders the middle reaches of the Alb to the west as far as a point immediately above Ettlingen. To the southwest it is adjoined by the Black Forest Grinden and Enz Hills (Grindenschwarzwald und Enzhöhen, 151), along the upper reaches of the Enz and Murg, forming the heart of the Northern Black Forest. The west of the Northern Black Forest is formed by the Northern Black Forest Valleys (Nördliche Talschwarzwald, 152) with the middle reaches of the Murg around Gernsbach, the middle course of the Oos to Baden-Baden, the middle reaches of the Bühlot above Bühls and the upper reaches of the Rench around Oppenau. Their exit valleys from the mountain range are all oriented towards the northwest.

text: The Central Black Forest (153) is mainly restricted to the catchment area of the River Kinzig above Offenburg as well as the Schutter and the low hills north of the Elz.

text: The Southeastern Black Forest (Südöstliche Schwarzwald, 154) consists mainly of the catchment areas of the upper reaches of the Danube headstreams, the Brigach and Breg as well as the left side valleys of the Wutach north of Neustadt – and thus draining from the northeast of the Southern Black Forest. To the south and west it is adjoined by the High Black Forest (Hochschwarzwald, 155) with the highest summits in the whole range around the Feldberg and the Belchen. Its eastern part, the Southern Black Forest Plateau, is oriented towards the Danube, but drained over the Wutach and the Alb into the Rhine. The southern crest of the Black Forest in the west is deeply incised by the Rhine into numerous ridges. Immediately right of the Wiese above Lörrach rises the relatively small Bunter Sandstone-Rotliegendes table of the Weintenau Uplands (Weitenauer Bergland) in the extreme southwest of the Black Forest; morphologically, geologically and climatically it is separate from the other parts of the Southern Black Forest and, in this classification, is also counted as part of the High Black Forest.

text: Mountains[edit]

text: At 1,493 m above sea level (NHN) the Feldberg in the Southern Black Forest is the range's highest summit. Also in the same area are the Herzogenhorn (1,415 m) and the Belchen (1,414 m).

text: In general the mountains of the Southern or High Black Forest are higher than those in the Northern Black Forest. The highest Black Forest peak north of the Freiburg–Höllental–Neustadt line is the Kandel (1,241.4 m). Like the highest point of the Northern Black Forest, the Hornisgrinde (1,163 m), or the Southern Black Forest lookout mountains, the Schauinsland (1,284.4 m) and Blauen (1,164.7 m[16]) it lies near the western rim of the range.

text: Rivers and lakes[edit]

text: Rivers in the Black Forest include the Danube (which originates in the Black Forest as the confluence of the Brigach and Breg rivers), the Enz, the Kinzig, the Murg, the Nagold, the Neckar, the Rench, and the Wiese. The Black Forest occupies part of the continental divide between the Atlantic Ocean drainage basin (drained by the Rhine) and the Black Sea drainage basin (drained by the Danube).

text: The longest Black Forest rivers are (length includes stretches outside the Black Forest):

text:
Enz (105 kilometres, 65 mi)
Kinzig (93 kilometres, 58 mi)
Elz (90 kilometres, 56 mi)
Wutach (91 kilometres, 57 mi)
Nagold (90 kilometres, 56 mi), hydrological main artery of the Nagold-Enz systems
Danube (86 kilometres, 53 mi), headstreams:
Breg (46 kilometres, 29 mi)
Brigach (40 kilometres, 25 mi)
Murg (79 kilometres, 49 mi)
Rench (57 kilometres, 35 mi)
Schutter (56 kilometres, 35 mi)
Wiese (55 kilometres, 34 mi)
Acher (54 kilometres, 34 mi)
Dreisam (incl. Rotbach 49 kilometres, 30 mi)
Alb (incl. Menzenschwander Alb 43 kilometres, 27 mi)
Glatt (37 kilometres, 23 mi),
Möhlin (32 kilometres, 20 mi)
Wolf (31 kilometres, 19 mi)
Schiltach (30 kilometres, 19 mi)
Wehra (incl. Rüttebach 28 kilometres, 17 mi)
Oos (25 kilometres, 16 mi)
Glasbach (18 kilometres, 11 mi), hydrological main artery of the Neckar system

tag: ul

text: Important lakes of natural, glacial origin in the Black Forest include the Titisee, the Mummelsee and the Feldsee. Especially in the Northern Black Forest are a number of other, smaller tarns. Numerous reservoirs like the — formerly natural but much smaller — Schluchsee with the other lakes of the Schluchseewerk, the Schwarzenbach Reservoir, the Kleine Kinzig Reservoir or the Nagold Reservoir are used for electricity generation, flood protection or drinking water supply.

text: Geology[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Black Forest consists of a cover of sandstone on top of a core of gneiss and granites. Formerly it shared tectonic evolution with the nearby Vosges Mountains. Later during the Middle Eocene a rifting period affected the area and caused formation of the Rhine graben. During the last glacial period of the Würm glaciation, the Black Forest was covered by glaciers; several tarns (or lakes) such as the Mummelsee are remains of this period.

text: Basement[edit]

text: The geological foundation of the Black Forest is formed by the crystalline bedrock of the Variscan basement. This is covered in the east and northeast by bunter sandstone slabs, the so-called platforms. On the western edge a descending, step-fault-like, foothill zone borders the Upper Rhine Graben consisting of rocks of the Triassic and Jurassic periods.

text: The dominant rocks of the basement are gneiss (ortho- and paragneisses, in the south also migmatites and diatexites, for example on the Schauinsland and Kandel). These gneisses were penetrated by a number of granitic bodies during the Carboniferous period. Among the bigger ones are the Triberg Granite and the Forbach Granite, the youngest is the Bärhalde Granite. In the south lies the zone of Badenweiler-Lenzkirch, in which Palaeozoic rocks have been preserved (volcanite and sedimentary rocks), which are interpreted as the intercalated remains of a microcontinental collision. Still further in the southeast (around Todtmoos) is a range of exotic inclusions: gabbro from Ehrsberg, serpentinites and pyroxenites near Todtmoos, norite near Horbach), which are possibly the remnants of an accretionary wedge from a continental collision. Also noteworthy are the basins in the rotliegendes, for example the Schramberg or the Baden-Baden Basin, with, in places thick, quartz-porphyry and tuff plates (exposed, for example, on the rock massif of Battert near Baden-Baden). Thick rotliegendes rock, covered by bunter, also occurs in the north of the Dinkelberg block (several hundred metres thick in the Basel geothermal borehole). Even further to the southeast, under the Jura, lies the North Swiss Permocarboniferous Basin.

text: Uplift of the mountains[edit]

text: Since the downfaulting of the Upper Rhine Graben during the Eocene epoch, the two shoulders on either side have been uplifted: the Black Forest to the east and the Vosges to the west. In the centre lies the Kaiserstuhl volcano which dates to the Miocene. In the times that followed, the Mesozoic platform on the uplands was largely eroded, apart from remains of bunter sandstone and Rotliegendes, but it has survived within the graben itself. During the Pliocene a pronounced, but uneven bulge occurred which especially affected the southern Black Forest, including the Feldberg. As a result, the upper surface of the basement in the northern part of the forest around the Hornisgrinde is considerably lower. In the central Black Forest, the tectonic syncline of the Kinzig and Murg emerged.

text: Geomorphologist Walther Penck (1888–1923) regarded the Black Forest as an uplifting geologic dome and modelled his theory of piedmonttreppen (piedmont benchlands) on it.[17][18]

text: Platform[edit]

text: Above the crystalline basement of the Northern Black Forest and the adjacent parts of the Central Black Forest the bunter sandstone platforms rise in prominent steps. The most resistant surface strata on the stepped terrain of the grinden uplands and the heights around the upper reaches of the Enz, which have been heavily eroded by the tributaries of the Murg, is the silicified main conglomerate (Middle Bunter). To the east and north are the nappes of the Upper Bunter (platten sandstones and red clays). South of the Kinzig the bunter sandstone zone narrows to a fringe in the east of the mountain range.

text: Ice age and topography[edit]

text: It is considered proven that the Black Forest was heavily glaciated during the peak periods of at least the Riss and Würm glaciations. (up to about 10,000 years ago). This glacial geomorphology characterizes almost all of the High Black Forest as well as the main ridge of the Northern Black Forest. Apart from that, it is only discernible from a large number of cirques mainly facing northeast. Especially in this direction snow accumulated on the shaded and leeward slopes of the summit plateau to form short cirque glaciers that made the sides of these funnel-shaped depressions. There are still tarns in some of these old cirques, partly a result of the anthropogenic elevation of the low-side lip of the cirque, such as the Mummelsee, Wildsee, Schurmsee, Glaswaldsee, Buhlbachsee, Nonnenmattweiher and Feldsee. The Titisee formed as glacial lake behind a glacial moraine.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Climatically the mountain range differs from its surrounding countryside in having lower temperatures and higher rainfall. The highlands of the Black Forest are characterized by regular rainfall throughout the year. However, temperatures do not fall evenly with increasing elevation, nor does the rainfall increase uniformly. Rather, the precipitation rises quickly even in the lower regions and is disproportionately heavy on the rainier western side of the mountains.

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: The wettest areas are the highlands around the Hornisgrinde in the north and around the Belchen and Feldberg in the south, where annual rainfall reaches 1,800-2,100 mm.[19] Moisture-laden Atlantic westerlies dump about as much rain in the Northern Black Forest, despite its lower elevation, than in the higher area of the Southern Black Forest.[20] There, the Vosges act as a rain shield in the face of the prevailing winds. On the exposed east side of the Central Black Forest, it is much drier again. Thus, the annual rainfall here is only about 750 l/m² in places.

text: Temperature and sunshine[edit]

text: Thermally, the higher elevations of the Black Forest are characterized by relatively small annual fluctuations and steamed extreme values. This is due to the frequent light winds and greater cloud cover in summer. During the winter months, frequent high pressure means that the summits are often bathed in sunshine, while the valleys disappear under a thick blanket of fog as a result of pockets of cold air (temperature inversion).

text: History[edit]

text: In ancient times, the Black Forest was known as Abnoba mons, after the Celtic deity, Abnoba. In Roman times (Late Antiquity), it was given the name Silva Marciana ("Marcynian Forest", from the Germanic word marka = "border").[21] The Black Forest probably represented the border area of the Marcomanni ("border people") who were settled east of the Roman limes. They, in turn, were part of the Germanic tribe of Suebi, who subsequently gave their name to the historic state of Swabia. With the exception of Roman settlements on the perimeter (e.g. the baths in Badenweiler, and mines near Badenweiler and Sulzburg) and the construction of the Roman road of Kinzigtalstraße, the colonization of the Black Forest was not carried out by the Romans, but by the Alemanni. They settled and first colonized the valleys, crossing the old settlement boundary, the so-called "red sandstone border", for example, from the region of Baar. Soon afterwards, increasingly higher areas and adjacent forests were colonized, so that by the end of the 10th century, the first settlements could be found in the red (bunter) sandstone region. These include, for example, Rötenbach, which was first mentioned in 819.

text: Some of the uprisings (including the Bundschuh movement) that preceded the German Peasants' War, originated in the 16th century from the Black Forest. Further peasant unrest, in the shape of the saltpetre uprisings, took place over the next two centuries in Hotzenwald.

text: Remnants of military fortifications dating from the 17th and 18th centuries can be found in the Black Forest, especially on the mountain passes. Examples include the multiple baroque fieldworks of Margrave Louis William of Baden-Baden or individual defensive positions such as Alexander's Redoubt, the Röschenschanze and the Swedish Redoubt (Schwedenschanze).

text: Originally, the Black Forest was a mixed forest of deciduous trees and firs - see the history of the forest in Central Europe. At the higher elevations spruce also grew. In the middle of the 19th century, the Black Forest was almost completely deforested by intensive forestry and was subsequently replanted, mostly with spruce monocultures.

text: In 1990, extensive damage to the forest was caused by Hurricanes Vivian and Wiebke.[22] On 26 December 1999, Hurricane Lothar raged across the Black Forest and caused even greater damage, especially to the spruce monocultures. As had happened following the 1990 storms, large quantities of fallen logs were kept in provisional wet storage areas for years. The effects of the storm are demonstrated by the Lothar Path, a forest educational and adventure trail at the nature centre in Ruhestein on a highland timber forest of about 10 hectares that was destroyed by a hurricane.

text: Several areas of storm damage, both large and small, were left to nature and have developed today into a natural mixed forest again.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Mining[edit]

text: Mining developed in the Black Forest due to its ore deposits, which were often lode-shaped. The formation of these deposits (Schauinsland Pit: zinc, lead, about 700–1000 g silver/ton of lead; baryte, fluorite, less lead and zinc in the Kinzig valley; BiCoNi ores near Wittichen, uranium discovered in the Krunkelbach valley near Menzenschwand but never officially mined) often used to be linked to the intrusion of Carboniferous granite in the para- and orthogneisses. More recent research has revealed that most of these lode fillings are much younger (Triassic to Tertiary). Economic deposits of other minerals included: fluorite in the Northern Black Forest near Pforzheim, baryte in the central region near Freudenstadt, fluorite along with lead and silver near Wildschapbach, baryte and fluorite in the Rankach valley and near Ohlsbach, in the Southern Black Forest near Todtnau, Wieden and Urberg.

text: Small liquid magmatic deposits of nickel-magnetite gravel in norite were mined or prospected in the Hotzenwald forest near Horbach and Todtmoos. Strata-bound deposits include iron ores in the Dogger layer of the foothill zone and uranium near Müllenbach/Baden-Baden. Stone coal is only found near Berghaupten and Diersburg, but was always only of local importance.

text: Chronology: Stone Age mining of haematite (as red pigment) near Sulzburg. By the 5th and 6th centuries B.C. iron ore was being mined by the Celts in the Northern Black Forest (for example in Neuenbürg). Especially in the Middle Black Forest, but also in the south (for example in the Münster valley) ore mining was already probably taking place in Roman times (mining of silver and lead ore; evidence of this at Sulzburg and possibly Badenweiler). Until the High Middle Ages the High Black Forest was practically unsettled. In the course of inland colonisation in the Late High Middle Ages even the highlands were cultivated by settlers from the abbeys (St. Peter's, St. Märgen's). In the Late High Middle Ages (from about 1100) mining experienced another boom, especially around Todtnau, in the Münster and Suggen valleys and, later, on the Schauinsland too. It is believed that around 800–1,000 miners lived and worked in the Münster valley until the end of the Middle Ages. After the Plague, which afflicted the valley in 1516, the German Peasants' War (1524–26) and the Thirty Years' War, mining in the region declined until just a few pits remained.

text: An important mining area was the Kinzig valley and its side valleys. The small mining settlement of Wittichen near Schenkenzell in the upper Kinzig valley had many pits in which in baryte, cobalt and silver of many kinds were mined. A circular, geological footpath runs today past the old pits and tips.

text: Another boom began in the early 18th century after the loss of the Alsace to France. It lasted until the 19th century. May pits from this period may be visited today as show mines; for example the Teufelsgrund Pit (Münstertal), the Finstergrund Pit near Wieden, the Hoffnungsstollen ("Hope Gallery") at Todtmoos, the mine in the Schauinsland, the formerly especially silver-rich Wenzel Pit in Oberwolfach and Gr. Segen Gottes ("God's Great Blessing") in Haslach-Schnellingen.

text: Non-ferrous metal mining in the Black Forest continued until the middle of the 20th century near Wildschapbach and on the Schauinsland (to 1954); fluorite and baryte are still mined today at the Clara Pit in the Rankach valley in Oberwolfach. Iron ores of the Dogger formation was worked until the 1970s near Ringsheim and was smelted in Kehl.

text: Compared with the Harz and Ore Mountains the quantities of silver extracted in the Black Forest were rather modest and reached only about 10 per cent of that produced in the other silver-mining regions.

text:
There are many show mines in the Black Forest. These include:
the Frischglück Pit near Neuenbürg, the Hella Glück Pit near Neubulach, the Silbergründle Pit near Seebach, the Himmlich Heer Pit near Hallwangen, the Heilige Drei Könige Pit near Freudenstadt, the Segen Gottes Pit near Haslach, the Wenzel Pit near Oberwolfach, the Caroline Pit near Sexau, the Suggental Silver Mine near Waldkirch, the Schauinsland Pit near Freiburg, the Teufelsgrund Pit near Münstertal, the Finstergrund Pit near Wieden and the Hoffnungsstollen Pit near Todtmoos.

text: Forestry[edit]

text: For several centuries logs from the Black Forest were rafted down the Enz, Kinzig, Murg, Nagold and Rhine rivers for use in the shipping industry, as construction timber and for other purposes. This branch of industry boomed in the 18th century and led to large-scale clearances. As most of the long, straight pine logs were transported downriver for shipbuilding in the Netherlands, they were referred to as "Dutchmen". The logs were used in the Netherlands, above all, as piles for house construction in the sandy and wet ground. Even today in Amsterdam large numbers of historic building are built on these posts and the reforestation of the Black Forest with spruce monocultures testifies to the destruction of the original mixed forest. With the expansion of the railway and road network as alternative transportation, rafting largely came to an end in the late 19th century.

text: Today, fir trees, especially those which are very tall and branchless to a great height, are shipped mainly to Japan. The global advertising impact of Expo 2000 fuelled a resurgence of timber exports. The importance of the timber resources of the Black Forest has also increased sharply recently due to the increasing demand for wood pellets for heating.

text: Glass making, charcoal burning and potash mining[edit]

text: The timber resources of the Black Forest provided the basis for other sectors of the economy that have now largely disappeared. Charcoal burners (Köhler) built their wood piles (Meiler) in the woods and produced charcoal which, like the products of the potash boilers - further processed inter alia for the glassmaking industry. The Black Forest supplied raw materials and energy for the manufacture of forest glass. This is evinced today by a number of glassblowing houses e.g. in the Hoellental in Todtnau and Wolfach and the Forest Glass Centre in Gersbach (Schopfheim), which is open to visitors.

text: Precision engineering, clock and jewellery manufacture[edit]

text: In the relatively inaccessible Black Forest valleys industrialization did not arrive until late in the day. In winter, many farmers made wooden cuckoo clocks to supplement their income. This developed in the 19th century into the precision engineering and watch industry, which boomed with the arrival of the railway in many of the Black Forest valleys. The initial disadvantage of their remote location, which led to the development of precision-engineered wooden handicrafts, became a competitive advantage because of their access to raw materials: timber from the forest and metal from the mines. As part of a structural support programme the Baden State Government founded the first clockmaking school in 1850 in Furtwangen to ensure that small artisans were given good training and thus better sales opportunities. Due to the increasing demand for mechanical devices, large companies such as Junghans and Kienzle became established. In the 20th century, the production of consumer electronics was developed by companies such as SABA, Dual and Becker. In the 1970s, the industry declined due to Far Eastern competition. Nevertheless, the Black Forest remains a centre for the metalworking industry and is home to many high-tech companies.

text: Since the start of industrialisation there have been numerous firms in Pforzheim that manufacture jewellery and work with precious metals and stones. There is also a goldsmith's school in Pforzheim.

text: Hydropower[edit]

text: Due to the large amounts of precipitation and elevation changes the Black Forest has significant hydropower potential. This was used until the 19th century especially for operating numerous mills, including sawmills and hammer mills and was one of the local factors in the industrialization of some Black Forest valleys.

text: Since the 20th century, the Black Forest has seen the large scale generation of electrical power using run-of-the-river power plants and pumped storage power stations. From 1914 to 1926, the Rudolf Fettweis Company was established in the Murg valley in the Northern Black Forest with the construction of the Schwarzenbach Dam. In 1932, the Schluchsee reservoir, with its new dam, became the upper basin of a pumped storage power plant. In 2013 the association of the Southern Black Forest's Schluchseewerk owned five power plants with 14 storage tanks. At the Hornberg Basin topographical conditions allow an average head of water of 625 m to drive the turbines before it flows into the Wehra Reservoir.

text: In the 21st century, in the wake of the Renewable Energy Sources Act, numerous smaller run-of-the-river power stations were re-opened or newly constructed.

text: Political jurisdiction[edit]

text: Administratively, the Black Forest belongs completely to the state of Baden-Württemberg and comprises the cities of Pforzheim, Baden-Baden and Freiburg as well as the following districts (Kreise). In the north: Enz, Rastatt and Calw; in the middle: Freudenstadt, Ortenaukreis and Rottweil; in the south: Emmendingen, Schwarzwald-Baar, Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, Lörrach and Waldshut.

text: Tourism and transport[edit]

text: The main industry of the Black Forest is tourism. Black Forest Tourism (Schwarzwald Tourismus) assesses that there are around 140,000 direct full-time jobs in the tourist sector and around 34.8 million tourist overnight stays in 2009.[23]

text: In spring, summer and autumn an extensive network of hiking trails and mountain bike routes enable different groups of people to use the natural region. In winter, of course, it is the various types of winter sport that come to the fore. There are facilities for both downhill and Nordic skiing in many places.

text: Tourist attractions[edit]

text: The most heavily frequented tourist destinations and resorts in the Black Forest are the Titisee and the Schluchsee. Both lakes offer opportunities for water sports like diving and windsurfing. From Freiburg these lakes may be reached on the B 31 through the Höllental, via the Hirschsprung monument located at the narrowest point in the valley, and the Oswald Chapel below the Ravenna Gorge.

text: One oft-visited town is Baden-Baden with its thermal baths and festival hall. Other thermal baths are found in the spa resorts of Badenweiler, Bad Herrenalb, Bad Wildbad, Bad Krozingen, Bad Liebenzell and Bad Bellingen.

text: Other tourist destinations are the old imperial town of Gengenbach, the former county towns of Wolfach, Schiltach and Haslach im Kinzigtal (both on the German Timber-Frame Road) and the flower and wine village of Sasbachwalden at the foot of the Hornisgrinde. Picturesque old towns may be visited in Altensteig, Dornstetten, Freiburg im Breisgau, Gernsbach, Villingen and Zell am Harmersbach. Baiersbronn is a centre of gastronomic excellence, Freudenstadt is built around the largest market place in Germany. Gersbach's floral displays have won awards as the German Golden Village of 2004 and the European Golden Village of 2007.

text:
Noted for their fine interiors are the former monastery of St. Blasien as well as the abbeys of Sankt Trudpert, St. Peter and St. Märgen.
Alpirsbach Abbey and the ruined Hirsau Abbey were built of red sandstone in the Hirsau style. Another idyllic rural edifice is Wittichen Abbey near Schenkenzell.

text: The Murg valley, the Kinzig valley, the Triberg Waterfalls and the Open Air Museum at Vogtsbauernhof are also popular.

text: Lookout mountains include the Feldberg, the Belchen, the Kandel and the Schauinsland in the Southern Black Forest; and the Hornisgrinde, the Schliffkopf, the Hohloh, the Merkur and the Teufelsmühle in the Northern Black Forest.

text: There are well known winter sports areas around the Feldberg, near Todtnau with its FIS downhill ski run of Fahler Loch and in Hinterzarten, a centre and talent forge for German ski jumpers. In the Northern Black Forest the winter sports areas are concentrated along the Black Forest High Road and on the ridge between the Murg and Enz rivers around Kaltenbronn.

text: The height differences in the mountains are used in many places for hang gliding and paragliding.

text: Hiking trails[edit]

text: The Black Forest has a great number of very varied trails; some of pan-regional significance. The European long-distance path E1 crosses the Black Forest following the routes of some of the local long-distance paths.  Their framework is a network of long distance paths with main routes and side branches, many of which were laid out in the early 20th century by the Black Forest Club (Schwarzwaldverein). The best known of these is the challenging West Way (Westweg) with its many steep inclines. After 1950, circular walks were constructed to meet the changing demand, initially from the relatively dense railway network and, later, mainly from locally established hiking car parks. Currently, special, more experience-oriented themed paths are being laid out, such as the Dornstetten Barefoot Park (Barfußpark Dornstetten), the Park of All Senses (Park mit allen Sinnen) in Gutach (Black Forest Railway), as well as those designed to bring the walker more directly in contact with nature (e.g. the Schluchtensteig). Roads and wide forest tracks are thus less often used than hitherto.

text: There are numerous shorter paths suitable for day walks, as well as mountain biking and cross-country skiing trails. The total network of tracks amounts to around 23,000 kilometres (14,000 mi), and is maintained and overseen by volunteers of the Black Forest Club, which has around 90,000 members (figures from Bremke, 1999, p. 9).

text:
West Way (Westweg) Pforzheim–Basel
Middle Way (Mittelweg) Pforzheim-Waldshut
East Way (Ostweg) Pforzheim-Schaffhausen
Rottweil-Lahr Trail (Querweg Rottweil-Lahr) (4 days)
Gengenbach-Alpirsbach Trail (Querweg Gengenbach-Alpirsbach) (2–3 days)
Hansjakob Way I (Hansjakobweg I, circular walk, 3 days)
Hansjakob Way II (circular walk, 4 days)
Murgleiter (5 days, premium trail)
Gernsbach Circular Walk (Gernsbacher Runde, 2–3 days, premium trail)
Schluchtensteig (long distance path, 5–6 days)
Baiersbronn Lake Trail (Baiersbronner Seensteig) (circular walk, 5 days)
Freiburg-Lake Constance Trail (Querweg Freiburg-Bodensee) (6–7 days)
Kandel Ridgway (Kandelhöhenweg), Oberkirch–Freiburg (5 days)
Two Valleys Trail (Zweitälersteig) (5 days)
Black Forest-Swabian Jura-Allgäu Way (Schwarzwald-Schwäbische-Alb-Allgäu-Weg), also Main Path (Hauptwanderweg) 5, runs for over 311 kilometres into the Allgäu

text: Museums[edit]

text: The Black Forest Open Air Museum at Vogtsbauernhof farm in Gutach has original Black Forest houses that offer insights into farming life of the 16th and 17th centuries. The buildings were dismantled at their original sites, the individual pieces numbered and then re-erected to exactly the same plan in the museum. The German Clock Museum in Furtwangen gives a comprehensive cross-section of the history of the watchmaking and clockmaking industries. From this early precision engineering a formerly important phonographic industry developed in the 20th century; the history of leisure electronics is presented in the German Phono Museum in St. Georgen. The Schüttesäge Museum in Schiltach has information and living history demonstrations covering the themes of lumbering and timber rafting in the Kinzig valley as well as tanning. The Black Forest Costume Museum in Haslach im Kinzigtal offers an overview of the traditional costume of the whole of the Black Forest and its peripheral regions. Also in Haslach is the Hansjakob Museum and the Hansjakob Archive with numerous works of the writer, priest, politician, historian and chronicler, Heinrich Hansjakob. The MiMa Mineralogy and Mathematics Museum in Oberwolfach houses minerals and mining exhibits from the whole of the Black Forest and links them to mathematical explanations.

text: Road transport[edit]

text: Several tourist routes run through the Black Forest. Well known holiday routes are the Black Forest High Road (B 500) and the German Clock Road.

text:
Thanks to its winding country roads, the Black Forest is a popular destination for motorcyclists. This arm of tourism
is viewed as controversial due to the high number of accidents and the wide-ranging noise pollution[24] and has been restricted through the introduction of speed limits and by placing certain roads out of bounds. For example, since 1984, motorcyclists have been banned from using the mountain racing route on the Schauinsland during summer weekends.[25]

text: Railway transport[edit]

text: The whole of the Black Forest was once linked by the railway. In the eastern part of the Northern Black Forest by the Enz Valley Railway from Pforzheim to Bad Wildbad, by the Nagold Valley Railway from Pforzheim via Calw and Nagold to Horb am Neckar, by the Württemberg Black Forest Railway from Stuttgart to Calw and the Gäu Railway from Stuttgart to Freudenstadt or its present-day section from Eutingen to Freudenstadt.

text: Many railway lines run from the Rhine Plain up the valleys into the Black Forest: the Alb Valley Railway runs from Karlsruhe to Bad Herrenalb, the Murg Valley Railway from Rastatt to Freudenstadt, the Acher Valley Railway from Achern to Ottenhöfen im Schwarzwald and the Rench Valley Railway from Appenweier to Bad Griesbach. The Baden Black Forest Railway has linked Offenburg with Konstanz on Lake Constance since 1873, running via Hausach, Triberg, St. Georgen, Villingen and Donaueschingen. In Hausach the Kinzig Valley Railway branches off to Freudenstadt, in Denzlingen the Elz Valley Railway peels off towards Elzach, the Höllental Railway runs from Freiburg im Breisgau through the Höllental valley to Donaueschingen, the Münstertal Railway from Bad Krozingen to Münstertal, the Kander Valley Railway from Haltingen near Basel through the Kander valley to Kandern and the Wiesen Valley Railway from Basel to Zell im Wiesental.

text: The Three Lakes Railway branches off at the Titisee from the Höllental Railway and runs to the Windgfällweiher and the Schluchsee. The Wutach Valley Railway runs along the border between Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland, linking Waldshut-Tiengen with Immendingen on the Black Forest Railway.

text: Most of these routes are still busy today, whilst some are extremely popular heritage lines.

text: Administration[edit]

text: Since January 2006 the Black Forest Tourist organisation,  Schwarzwald Tourismus, whose head office is in Freiburg, has been responsible for the administration of tourism in the 320 municipalities of the region. Hitherto there had been four separate tourist associations.

text: Points of interest[edit]

text: There are many historic towns in the Black Forest. Popular tourist destinations include Baden-Baden, Freiburg, Calw (the birth town of Hermann Hesse), Gengenbach, Staufen, Schiltach, Haslach and Altensteig. Other popular destinations include such mountains as the Feldberg, the Belchen, the Kandel, and the Schauinsland; the Titisee and Schluchsee lakes; the All Saints Waterfalls; the Triberg Waterfalls, not the highest, but the most famous waterfalls in Germany; and the gorge of the River Wutach.

text: The Black Forest Open Air Museum shows the life of 16th or 17th century farmers in the region, featuring a number of reconstructed Black Forest farms. The German Clock Museum in Furtwangen portrays the history of the clock industry and of watchmakers.

text: For drivers, the main route through the region is the fast A 5 (E35) motorway, but a variety of signposted scenic routes such as the Schwarzwaldhochstraße (60 km (37 mi), Baden-Baden to Freudenstadt), Schwarzwald Tälerstraße (100 km (62 mi), the Murg and Kinzig valleys) or Badische Weinstraße (Baden Wine Street, 160 km (99 mi), a wine route from Baden-Baden to Weil am Rhein) offers calmer driving along high roads.[26] The last is a picturesque trip starting in the south of the Black Forest going north and includes numerous old wineries and tiny villages. Another, more specialized route is the German Clock Route,[27] a circular route which traces the horological history of the region.

text: Due to the rich mining history dating from medieval times (the Black Forest was one of the most important mining regions of Europe circa 1100) there are many mines re-opened to the public. Such mines may be visited in the Kinzig valley, the Suggental, the Muenster valley, and around Todtmoos.

text: The Black Forest was visited on several occasions by Count Otto von Bismarck during his years as Prussian and later German chancellor (1862–1890). Allegedly, he was especially interested in the Triberg Waterfalls.[28] There is now a monument in Triberg dedicated to Bismarck, who apparently enjoyed the tranquility of the region as an escape from his day-to-day political duties in Berlin.

text: The Black Forest featured in the philosophical development of Martin Heidegger. Heidegger wrote and edited some of his philosophical works in a small hut in the Black Forest,[29] and would receive visitors there for walks, including his former pupil Hannah Arendt. This hut features explicitly in his essay Building, Dwelling, Thinking.[30] His walks in the Black Forest are supposed to have inspired the title of his collection of essays Holzwege, translated as Off The Beaten Track.[31]

text: Conservation areas[edit]

text: The Black Forest National Park, established in 2014, was the first national park in Baden-Württemberg. It covers an area of 10,062 hectares and lies on the main crest of the Northern Black Forest between Baiersbronn and Baden-Baden.

text: There are two nature parks named after the Black Forest that cover the region: the Central/North Black Forest Nature Park (Naturpark Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord) and the Southern Black Forest Nature Park (Naturpark Südschwarzwald). Their aim is to preserve the countryside as a cultural landscape, to market local produce more effectively and to make the area more suitable for tourism. The 370,000 ha Southern Black Forest Nature Park, which is the second largest in Germany, encloses the southern part of the Central Black Forest, the Southern Black Forest and adjacent areas. The Central/North Black Forest Nature Park covers 375,000 ha and is thus the largest in Germany. It begins in the southern part of the Central Black Forest, bordering on the Southern Black Forest Nature Park and covers the rest of the Black Forest to the north.

text: In addition there are numerous nature reserves, protected areas, forest reserves and bird reserves.

text: Fauna[edit]

text: In addition to the expected kinds of wildlife to be found in a European forest area, the following types of animals may be observed in the Black Forest.[32]

text:
The Black Forest cattle belong to the rare breed of Hinterwald cattle.
The giant earthworm Lumbricus badensis is found only in the Black Forest region.[33]
Black Forest Horses are a breed of horse, previously indispensable for heavy field work.
In some regions of the Black Forest, the Western Capercaillie can be found.

text: Culture[edit]

text: The Black Forest is mainly rural and comprises many scattered villages and a few large towns. Tradition and custom are celebrated in many places.

text: The forest is best known for its typical farmhouses with their sweeping half-hipped roofs, its Black Forest gâteaus, Black Forest ham, Black Forest gnomes,[34][35] Kirschwasser and the cuckoo clock.

text: Dialects[edit]

text: The main dialects spoken in the Black Forest area are Alemannic and Swabian.

text: Traditional costume[edit]

text: Traditional costume or Trachten is still sometimes worn today, usually at festive occasions. The appearance of such costume varies from region to region, sometimes very markedly. One of the best known Black Forest costumes is that of the villages of Kirnbach, Reichenbach and Gutach im Kinzigtal with the characteristic Bollenhut headdress. Unmarried women wear the hats with red bobbles or Bollen, married women wear black. Engaged women sometimes wear a bridal crown before and on the day of their wedding, the so-called Schäppel, whose largest examples from the town of St. Georgen weigh up to 5 kilogrammes.

text: Art[edit]

text: Its rural beauty as well as the sense of tradition of its inhabitants had already attracted many artists in the 19th and early 20th centuries, whose works made the Black Forest famous the world over. Especially notable were Hans Thoma from Bernau and his fellow student, Rudolf Epp, who was sponsored by the Grand Duke of Baden, Frederick I. Both artists painted motifs from the Black Forest throughout their lives. The artist, J. Metzler, from Düsseldorf travelled through the Black Forest to paint his landscapes. The works of the Gutach artist colony around Wilhelm Hasemann were widely admire, their landscape and genre motifs capturing the character of the Black Forest. Like local author, Heinrich Hansjakob, they were part of a Baden folk costume movement.[36]

text: Crafts[edit]

text: In the field of handicrafts, wood carving not only produces folk art like the Longinus crosses, but also famous sculptors like Matthias Faller (de). Wood-carving is a traditional cottage industry in the region and carved ornaments now are produced in substantial numbers as souvenirs for tourists. Cuckoo clocks are a popular example; see above.

text: Cuisine[edit]

text:
Black Forest ham originated from this region, and so, by name and reputation at least, did the Black Forest gâteau. It is also known as "Black Forest Cherry Cake" or "Black Forest Cake" and is made with chocolate cake, cream, sour cherries and Kirsch.[37] The Black Forest variety of Flammkuchen is a Baden specialty made with ham, cheese and cream. Pfannkuchen, a crêpe or crêpe-like (Eierkuchen or Palatschinken) pastry, is also common.
The Black Forest is also known for its long tradition in gourmet cuisine. No fewer than 17 Michelin starred restaurants are located in the region, among them two restaurants with 3 stars (Restaurants Bareiss and Schwarzwaldstube in Baiersbronn)[38] as well as the only restaurant in Germany that has been awarded a Michelin star every year since 1966. At Schwarzwald Hotel Adler in Häusern, three generations of chefs from the same family have defended the award from the first year the Michelin Guide selected restaurants in Germany until today.[39]

text: Fasnet[edit]

text: The German holiday of Fastnacht, or Fasnet, as it is known in the Black Forest region, occurs in the time leading up to Lent. On Fasnetmendig, or the Monday before Ash Wednesday, crowds of people line the streets, wearing wooden, mostly hand-carved masks. One prominent style of mask is called the Black Forest Style, originating from the Black Forest Region.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The Feldberg

View from the Belchen towards the Alps

Cattle near Simonswald

The Titisee, popular year-round

The Minster in Freiburg, the region's biggest city

The River Kinzig passing through the Black Forest

The Mummelsee

Ortenberg Castle near Offenburg (now a youth hostel)

The Murg Valley Railway

The Black Forest is known for its native clockmakers

Traditional farmhouse of the Black Forest

Hausach

Schiltach

Paragliding above Baden-Baden


document_title: List of most lethal American battles

question_text: greatest loss of american lives in one day

text: List of most lethal American battles

text: It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to List of most lethal battles of the United States military. Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page. Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed.

text: The following is a list of the most lethal battles fought by the military of the United States of America. This list shows battles where the number of Americans killed was higher than 1000. The battles that reached that number of deaths in the field are so far limited to the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, Korean War and one battle during the Vietnam War, the Tet Offensive (January 30 to September 23, 1968). The bloodiest battle with the most American soldiers killed was the Battle of Normandy / and Northern France (June 6 to September 14, 1944) where 34,137 soldiers were killed trying to gain a foothold in Axis-occupied France.[1] The Americans' bloodiest single day in the Battle of Normandy was the first day, D-day (June 6, 1944) with 2,499 killed.[2] The bloodiest single day in American military history was during the Battle of Antietam when 3,654 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed on September 17, 1862.[3][A 1][4]

text: The origins of the United States military can be traced to the Americans' fight for independence from their former colonial power, Great Britain, in the War for independence (1775–83). The three bloodiest conflicts have been American Civil War (1861–65), World War I (1917–1918) and World War II (1941–45). Since 1945 the United States has been almost constantly at war, notably in the Korean War (1950–1953), Vietnam War (1955–1975), the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) and various conflicts in the Middle East. For most of its existence, America has been involved in one or another military conflict.[5]

text: The term Casualty in warfare can often be confusing. It often does not refer to those that are killed on the battlefield; rather, it refers to those who can no longer fight. This can include disabled by injuries, disabled by psychological trauma, captured, deserted, or missing. A casualty is just a soldier who is no longer available for the immediate battle or campaign, the major consideration in combat; the number of casualties is simply the number of members of a unit who are not available for duty. For example during the Seven Days Battles in the American Civil War (June 25 to July 1, 1862) there were 5,228 killed, 23,824 wounded and 7,007 missing or taken prisoner for a total of 36,059 casualties.[6][A 2] The word casualty has been used in a military context since at least 1513.[7] In this article the numbers killed refer to those killed in action, killed by disease or someone who died from their wounds.

text:
Battle, siege, or offensive
Conflict
Date
Estimated number killed
Opposing force
References

Battle of Normandy / Northern France
World War II
1944–06-06 !June 6 to September 14, 1944
34,137 killed[A 3]
Germany
[8]

Meuse-Argonne Offensive
World War I
1918–09-26 !September 26 to November 11, 1918
26377 !26,277 killed
Germany
[9]

Battle of Okinawa
World War II
1945–04-01 !April 1 to June 22, 1945
20195 !20,195 killed
Japan
[10]

Battle of the Bulge
World War II
1944–12-16 !December 16, 1944, to January 25, 1945
19276 !19,276 killed
Germany
[11]

Battle of Hürtgen Forest
World War II
1944–09-19 !September 19, 1944, to February 10, 1945
Over 12,000~ killed
Germany
[A 4]

Battle of Luzon
World War II
1945–01-09 !January 9 to August 15, 1945
10640 !10,640 killed
Japan
[12]

Battle of Côte d'Azur / Southern France
World War II
1944-08-15 !August 15 to September 14, 1944
7,301 killed
Germany
[1]

Battle of Guadalcanal
World War II
1942–08-07 !August 7, 1942, to February 9, 1943
7100 !7,100 killed
Japan
[13]

Battle of Gettysburg
American Civil War
1863–07-06 !July 1 to July 3, 1863
7,058 killed[A 5]
Confederacy
[14]

Operation Nordwind
World War II
1944–12-31 !December 31, 1944, to January 25, 1945
7,000 killed[15]
Germany
[15]

Battle of Iwo Jima
World War II
1945–02-16 !February 16 to March 26, 1945
6,821 killed
Japan
[16]

Lorraine Campaign
World War II
1944–09-01 !September 1 to December 18, 1944
6,657 killed
Germany
[17]

Battle of Anzio
World War II
1944–01-22 !January 22 to June 5, 1944
5,538 killed
Germany
[8]

Seven Days Battles
American Civil War
1862–06-25 !June 25 to July 1, 1862
5,228 killed[A 6]
Confederacy
[6]

Battle of Pusan Perimeter
Korean War
1950–08-04 !August 4 to September 18, 1950
4,599 killed
North Korea
[18]

Chinese Second Phase Offensive in North Korea
Korean War
1950–11-25 !November 25 to December 15, 1950
4,538 killed[A 7]
China
[19]

Battle of Spotsylvania
American Civil War
1864–05-08 !May 8 to May 21, 1864
4,240 killed[A 8]
Confederacy
[20]

Battle of Chickamauga
American Civil War
1863–09-19 !September 19 to September 20, 1863
3,968 killed[A 9]
Confederacy
[20]

Battle of the Wilderness
American Civil War
1864–05-05 !May 5 to May 7, 1864
3,741 killed[A 10]
Confederacy
[20]

Battle of Antietam
American Civil War
1862–09-17 !September 17, 1862
3,654 killed[A 11]
Confederacy
[20]

Battle of Leyte
World War II
1944–10-17 !October 17-December 26, 1944
3,593 killed
Japan
[A 12]

Battle of Shiloh
American Civil War
1862–04-06 !April 6 to April 7, 1862
3,482 killed[A 13]
Confederacy
[20]

Battle of Saipan
World War II
1944–06-15 !June 15 to July 9, 1944
3,426 killed
Japan
[22]

Battle of Chancellorsville
American Civil War
1863–04-30 !April 30 to May 6, 1863
3,330 killed[A 14]
Confederacy
[20]

Tet Offensive
Vietnam War
1968–01-30 !January 30 to September 23, 1968
3,178 Killed
North Vietnam
[A 15]

Operation Diadem (part of Battle of Monte Cassino)
World War II
1944–05-11 !May 11–18, 1944
3,145 killed
Germany
[24]

Second Battle of Bull Run
American Civil War
1862–08-26 !August 26 to August 30, 1862
3,052 killed[A 16]
Confederacy
[20]

Battle of Stones River
American Civil War
1862–12-31 !December 31, 1862 to January 2, 1863
3,024 killed[A 17]
Confederacy
[20]

Battle of Chosin Reservoir
Korean War
1950–11-27 !November 27 to December 13, 1950
2,840~ killed[A 18]
China
[25]

Battle of Sicily
World War II
1943–07-09 !July 9 to August 17, 1943
2,811 killed
Germany
[26]

Battle of Leyte Gulf
World War II
1944–10-23 !October 23–25, 1944
2,800 killed
Japan
[27]

Battle of Cold Harbor
American Civil War
1864–05-21 !May 21 to June 12, 1864
2,632 killed[A 19]
Confederacy
[20]

D-day (first day of Operation Overlord)
World War II
1944–06-06 !June 6, 1944
2,499 killed
Germany
[2]

Pearl Harbor Attack
World War II
1941–12-07 !December 7, 1941
2,403 killed[A 20]
Japan
[28]

Battle of Peleliu
World War II
1944–09-15 !September 15 to November 25, 1944
2,336 killed
Japan
[29]

Battle of Aachen
World War II
1944-09-12 !September 12 to October 21, 1944
2,000 killed
Germany
[30]

Ruhr Pocket
World War II
1945-04-01 !April 1 to April 18, 1945
2,000~ killed
Germany

Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
1864–11-30 !November 30, 1864
1,939 killed[A 21]
Confederacy
[31][32]

Second Battle of the Marne
World War I
1918–07-15 !July 15 to August 6, 1918
1,926 killed[A 22]
Germany
[34]

Po Valley Offensive
World War II
1945-04-06 !April 5 to May 8, 1945
1,914 killed
Germany
[1]

Battle of Fredericksburg
American Civil War
1862–12-11 !December 11 to December 15, 1862
1,892 killed[A 23]
Confederacy
[35]

Battle of Guam
World War II
1944–07-21 !July 21 to August 10, 1944
1,777 killed
Japan
[36]

Battle of Seven Pines
American Civil War
1862–05-31 !May 31 to June 1, 1862
1,770 killed[A 24]
Confederacy
[37][38]

Battle of Tarawa
World War II
1943–11-20 !November 20 to November 23, 1943
1,759 killed[A 25]
Japan
[39]

Battle of Salerno
World War II
1943–09-03 !September 3 to September 16, 1943
1,635~ killed[A 26]
Germany
[40]

Operation Undertone
World War II
1945-3-15 !March 15 to March 24, 1945
1,600~ killed[A 27]
Germany
[41]

Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River
Korean War
1950–11-25 !November 25 to December 2, 1950
1,489 killed[A 28]
China
[42]

Task Force Faith
Korean War
1950–11-27 !November 27 to December 2, 1950
1,450~ killed[A 29]
China
[43]

Battle of Perryville
American Civil War
1862–10-08 !October 8, 1862
1,422 killed[A 30]
Confederacy
[45][44]

Battle of Chattanooga
American Civil War
1863–09-21 !September 21 to November 25, 1863
1,114 killed[A 31]
Confederacy
[46]

Battle of Belleau Wood
World War I
1918–06-01 !June 1 to June 26, 1918
1,062 killed
Germany
[47]

Battle of Mindanao
World War II
1945-03-10 !March 10 to August 15, 1945
1,041 killed[A 32]
Japan
[48] [49]

Battle for Manila (part of Battle of Luzon)
World War II
1945–02-03 !February 3 to March 3, 1945
1,010 killed
Japan
[50]