document_title: Telephone numbers in Australia

question_text: what is australia's country code for mobiles

question_tokens: what is australia 's country code for mobiles

text: Telephone numbers in Australia

text: Overview[edit]

text: For landline telephony, Australia is now geographically divided into four large areas, most of which cover more than one State and/or Territory. All "Local" telephone numbers within these four areas are of eight digits, consisting (mainly) of a four digit "Exchange" code plus a four digit number. The "National 'Significant' Number" consists of a single digit "Area" code followed by the "Local" eight digit number - a total of nine digits. Within Australia, to access the "Number" of a landline telephone in an "Area" other than that in which the caller is located (including a caller using a "Mobile" 'phone), firstly it is necessary to dial the Australian "Trunk Access Code" of 0 plus the "Area" code, followed by the "Local" Number. Thus, the "Full National Number" (FNN) has ten digits: 0x xxxx xxxx.

text: The Australian "Trunk Access Code" (0) and the following digit(s) specify the type of service required. The following is a high level[clarification needed] listing of the numbering plan (including the "Trunk Access Code"), presented in domestic format. (Geographical region boundaries do not exactly follow State borders.)

text:
000 Emergency access
0011 International access (Certain other prefixes are also in use by certain service providers, see below)
01 Alternative phone services
02 Geographic: Central East region (NSW, ACT)
03 Geographic: South-east region (VIC, TAS)
04 Digital Mobile services (GSM, 3G and 4G)
05 Digital Mobile services (0550 allocated to Location Independent Communication Services)
07 Geographic: North-east region (QLD)
08 Geographic: Central and West region (SA, NT, WA)
1 Non-geographic numbers (mostly for domestic use only) and override prefixes.

text: The current numbering plan would appear to be sufficient to cope with potential increase in demand for services for quite some time to come. The 06 and 09 area codes are completely unused.  In addition, each current area code has large number "ranges" unallocated.

text: When dialling from outside Australia, after dialling the appropriate International Access Code it is necessary to dial the Country Code for Australia (61) followed by the nine digit "National 'Significant' Number". (The + symbol is used to represent International Access Code, e.g. +61 3 xxxx xxxx for a number in Victoria/Tasmania or +61 4xx xxx xxx for a "Mobile" number). Some numbers beginning with a 1 may be dialled without any replacement, after dialling the required International Access Code and the Country Code for Australia (+61). (see below)

text: Australian "Local Area" numbers are of eight digits in length, conventionally written in the form xxxx xxxx.  "Mobile" (Cell Phone) numbers are written in the form of ten digits in length since, when dialed within Australia, the Trunk Access Code 0 must be included, plus 4, which indicates the Service required is a "Mobile" number. Mobile numbers are conventionally written 04xx xxx xxx. If a landline or mobile number is written where it may be viewed by an international audience (e.g. in an email signature or on a website) then the number is often written as +61 x xxxx xxxx or +61 4xx xxx xxx respectively.

text: (The Australian National "Trunk Access Code" of 0 is not used for calls originated from locations outside Australia.)

text: Geographic numbers[edit]

text: Fixed line telephone numbers in Australia exist within four "areas", each specified by a single digit "area code".

text: (Within Australia, to access a number in another "Area" it is necessary firstly to dial the "Trunk Access Code" of 0, followed by the "Area Code" and then the specific "Local" number.)

text: In major centres, the first four digits specify the CCA (Call Collection Area, also known as an "exchange"), and the remaining digits specify a number at that exchange, up to 10,000 of which may be connected. Smaller Exchanges in more remote areas may be specified by five or six "local" digits, meaning that no more than 1,000 or 100 numbers respectively could be connected to such exchanges.

text: To access numbers in the same area, it is necessary only to dial the eight digits concerned.  To access a number in another "Area" it is necessary firstly to dial the "Trunk Access Code" of 0, followed by the area code (2, 3, 7 or 8) and then the specific "Local" number.

text: The area codes do not exactly match State/Territory boundaries. Notable are the part of New South Wales around Broken Hill (a large part of the state's area but less than 1% of its population), which uses (08) 80xx numbers,[2] and Wodonga, which is in Victoria but is within the New South Wales (02) area code. Physical exchanges can be allocated one or more prefixes and modern technology allows sub-sets of these number ranges to be allocated to switching entities physically located at a distance from the "exchange" in which their controlling computer is located. (Thus, the concept of what is a "telephone exchange" can become somewhat blurred.)

text: Landlines use an open dialling plan: if the caller's phone shares the same area code as the called phone, the area code may be omitted. For example, a call from the number (02) 5551 5678, to the number (02) 7010 1111, will be connected if the caller dials only 7010 1111. Similarly, a person who dials 7010 5678 on a land-line or mobile phone in Melbourne (i.e., within the 03 area) will be connected to 03 7010 5678. For this reason, landline numbers are often specified without the area code. If a person's number and the destination number share the same area code, then the area code is not required, even if it is not a "local" (untimed) call.

text: However, the "Full National Number" may always be dialled.  In fact, the full "International Number" may always be dialled, since the Australian telephone network has the "intelligence" to recognise when the destination required is either "International", in a different "National" area or within the "Local" area –  and to switch and charge the call accordingly.  Thus, it is strongly recommended that telephone numbers should be stored in mobile phones in the form of the full "International Number", should the owner of the phone be likely to use the phone concerned in an area away from "home", either within Australia or internationally.

text: Mobile phones[edit]

text: Within Australia, mobile phone numbers traditionally begin with 04 - the Australian National "Trunk Access Code" 0, plus the Mobile indicator 4 - followed by eight digits. This is generally written as 04aa bbb ccc or 04aa bb cc dd within Australia, or as +61 4 yyyy xxxx for an international audience.  Whilst this format may be viewed as incorrect, it is the result of mobile carriers advertising numbers in such a way so as to clearly identify the owning telco prior to mobile number portability, introduced on 25 September 2001.  Prior to MNP, mobile operators generally reserved number ranges in blocks of 04aa.

text: The y-digit codes are allocated per network, although with the introduction of number portability, there is no longer a fixed relationship between the mobile phone number and the network it uses.

text: Within Australia, mobile numbers must always be dialled with all 10 digits, regardless of the caller's location. 04 is the National Trunk Access Code plus a prefix indicating the service required and not an "area code", as such.

text: In 2015 the 05 range (other than 0550) was also allocated to Digital Mobile Phones as a part of the Telecommunications Numbering Plan 2015.

text: Geographic numbers[edit]

text: Geographical areas are identified by the first few digits of the local number:

text: Central East region (02)[edit]

text:
02 33 Gosford, Central Coast [geo 1]
02 37	Armidale, Tamworth, Northern Tablelands [geo 2]
02 38 Bowral, Crookwell, Goulburn, Marulan [geo 1]
02 39	Griffith, Wagga Wagga, Riverina [geo 2]
02 40 Newcastle, Lower Hunter [geo 3]
02 41	Newcastle, Lower Hunter [geo 1]
02 42 Wollongong
02 43	Gosford, Central Coast
02 44	Batemans Bay, Moruya, Nowra
02 45 Windsor, Richmond
02 46 Campbelltown
02 47 Penrith, Blue Mountains
02 48	Bowral, Crookwell, Goulburn, Marulan
02 49	Newcastle, Lower Hunter
02 50 Albury, Corryong, Wodonga [geo 1]
02 51 Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass [geo 1]
02 52	Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass [geo 1]
02 53 Bathurst, Orange. [geo 3]
02 54	Bega, Merimbula, Tathra, Cooma [geo 2]
02 55 Kempsey, Taree, Lord Howe Island, Muswellbrook [geo 3] [geo 4]
02 56 Murwillumbah, Grafton, Lismore [geo 3]
02 57	Armidale, Tamworth, Northern Tablelands [geo 3]
02 58 Bourke, Dubbo, Far West. [geo 3]
02 59	Griffith, Wagga Wagga, Riverina [geo 3]
02 60	Albury, Corryong, Wodonga
02 61	Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass [geo 3]
02 62	Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass
02 63 Bathurst, Orange, Cowra
02 64	Bega, Merimbula, Tathra, Cooma
02 65	Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Taree, Lord Howe Island, Muswellbrook.
02 66	Coffs Harbour, Grafton, Lismore
02 67	Armidale, Glen Innes, Gunnedah, Inverell, Moree, Narrabri, Tamworth
02 68	Bourke, Dubbo, Far West
02 69	Griffith, Wagga Wagga, Riverina
02 7 Sydney [geo 1][geo 4]
02 8	Sydney [geo 3]
02 9	Sydney

text: South-east region (03)[edit]

text:
03 32 Geelong, Colac [geo 2]
03 33 Ballarat [geo 2]
03 34 Bendigo [geo 2]
03 40 Mildura, Balranald [geo 3]
03 41	Traralgon, Bairnsdale [geo 1]
03 42 Geelong, Colac [geo 1]
03 43 Ballarat [geo 3]
03 44 Bendigo [geo 3]
03 45 Warrnambool [geo 1]
03 47	Wangaratta [geo 3]
03 48	Deniliquin, Numurkah, Shepparton [geo 1]
03 49	Mornington [geo 3]
03 50	Mildura, Balranald
03 51	Traralgon, Bairnsdale
03 52	Colac, Geelong
03 53	Ballarat
03 54	Bendigo
03 55	Warrnambool, Casterton, Portland [geo 4]
03 56	Drouin, Foster, Warragul, Wonthaggi
03 57	Wangaratta
03 58	Deniliquin, Shepparton
03 59	Mornington, Pakenham, Rosebud, Warburton, Yarra Ranges
03 61 Hobart [geo 3]
03 62 Hobart
03 63	Launceston
03 64	Devonport, Burnie, Queenstown
03 65	Devonport, Burnie, Queenstown [geo 1]
03 67	Launceston [geo 1]
03 7 Melbourne [geo 1][geo 4]
03 8	Melbourne [geo 3]
03 9	Melbourne

text: North-east region (07)[edit]

text:
07 2	Brisbane, Bribie Island [geo 1]
07 3 Brisbane, Bribie Island
07 40 Cairns, Far North Queensland
07 41	Bundaberg, Kingaroy
07 42	Cairns [geo 3]
07 43	Bundaberg, Kingaroy [geo 1]
07 44 Townsville, North Queensland [geo 3]
07 45 Toowoomba, Roma, south-west [geo 3]
07 46	Toowoomba, Roma, South West
07 47	Townsville, North Queensland
07 48 Rockhampton, Mackay [geo 3]
07 49	Rockhampton, Mackay, Gladstone
07 52 Sunshine Coast, Esk, Nambour, Gatton, Caboolture [geo 1]
07 53	Sunshine Coast, Esk, Nambour, Gatton, Caboolture [geo 3]
07 54	Sunshine Coast, Esk, Nambour, Gatton, Caboolture
07 55 Gold Coast, Beaudesert [geo 4]
07 56	Gold Coast, Beaudesert [geo 3]
07 57	Gold Coast, Beaudesert [geo 1]
07 70 Cairns, Far North Queensland [geo 2][geo 4]
07 75	Inglewood, Toowoomba [geo 2]
07 76	Inglewood, Toowoomba [geo 1]
07 77	Townsville, North Queensland [geo 2]
07 79	Rockhampton, Mackay, Gladstone [geo 2]

text: Central and West region (08)[edit]

text:
08 25	Riverland, Murraylands [geo 2]
08 26	Ceduna [geo 2]
08 51	Port Hedland [geo 1]
08 52 Perth [geo 1]
08 53	Perth [geo 1]
08 54	Perth [geo 1]
08 55	Bullsbrook East, Northam, Pinjarra (Mandurah) [geo 2][geo 4]
08 58	Albany [geo 2]
08 60 Kalgoorlie, Merredin, Goldfields-Esperance [geo 3]
08 61	Perth [geo 3]
08 62	Perth [geo 3]
08 63	Perth [geo 3]
08 64	Perth [geo 3]
08 65	Perth [geo 3]
08 66	Moora [geo 1]
08 67	Bridgetown, Bunbury [geo 1]
08 68	Albany [geo 3]
08 69	Geraldton [geo 2]
08 70 Adelaide [geo 3][geo 4]
08 71	Adelaide [geo 3]
08 72	Adelaide [geo 3]
08 73	Adelaide [geo 3]
08 74	Adelaide [geo 3]
08 75	Riverland, Murraylands [geo 3]
08 76	Ceduna [geo 3]
08 77	South East [geo 1]
08 78	Mid North [geo 1]
08 79 Northern Territory (Alice Springs, Darwin) [geo 3]
08 80 Broken Hill
08 81	Adelaide [geo 3]
08 82	Adelaide
08 83	Adelaide
08 84	Adelaide
08 85	Riverland, Murraylands
08 86	Ceduna
08 87	South East
08 88	Mid North
08 89	Northern Territory (Alice Springs, Darwin)
08 90	Kalgoorlie
08 91	Derby [inc. Cocos/Keeling & Christmas Islands.]
08 92 Perth
08 93	Perth
08 94	Perth
08 95	Bullsbrook East, Northam, Pinjarra (Mandurah)
08 96	Moora
08 97	Bunbury, Busselton, Bridgetown, Collie
08 98	Albany
08 99	Geraldton

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Prefixes proposed by ACMA and legislated in early 2008.[3] Note, some of these numbers are now actually in use

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o New in 2012

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Added since renumbering

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h 0x 5550 and 0x 7010 reserved for fictitious use.[4]

text: Non-geographic numbers[edit]

text: Mobile phone numbers (04, 05)[edit]

text: Each mobile phone company is allocated numbers in blocks, which are listed below. However mobile number portability means an individual number might have been "ported". There are also many MVNOs which use numbers from their wholesaler or might have their own ranges.  A search function is also available on the ACMA website.

text: ACMA planned to introduce the "05" range for mobile numbers in 2017, when the "04" range was expected to be exhausted[5]. So far, no such numbers have been introduced.

text:
Allocation for numbers in the range 04xy z00 000 – 04xy z99 999

y

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

z

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

040yz

Telstra

Optus

Vodafone

Telstra

041yz

Vodafone

Optus

Vodafone

Telstra

042yz

*

Vodafone

Optus

Vodafone

Telstra

043yz

Vodafone

Optus

Vodafone

Optus

Telstra

044yz

Spare

T

*

Spare

Telstra

Vodafone

045yz

Vodafone

Spare

Telstra

046yz

Spare

Optus

Telstra

Optus

Lycamobile

047yz

Lycamobile

Spare

Telstra

Optus

048yz

Spare

Optus

Spare

Telstra

Spare

Telstra

P

T

*

*

P

049yz

Telstra

*

Spare

Telstra

text:
*Allocation of numbers in these ranges

Multi

Range

Provider

04200

0420 000 000 – 0420 019 999

Rail Corporation New South Wales

0420 020 000 – 0420 029 999

Dialogue Communications Pty Limited

0420 030 000 – 0420 039 999

Symbio Network Pty Ltd

0420 040 000 – 0420 089 999

Spare

0420 090 000 - 0420 099 999

CLX

04201

0420 100 000 – 0420 109 999

Pivotel Satellite Pty Limited

0420 110 000 – 0420 119 999

COMPATEL Limited

0420 120 000 – 0420 199 999

Spare

04445

0444 500 000 - 0444 599 999

MBLOX

04888

0488 800 000 – 0488 899 999

Pivotel

04890

0489 000 000 – 0489 909 999

Novatel Telephony Pty Ltd

04898

0489 800 000 – 0489 839 999

Spare

0489 840 000 – 0489 849 999

Victorian Rail Track

0489 850 000 – 0489 899 999

Spare

04899

0489 900 000 – 0489 999 999

Pivotel

04915

0491 500 000 – 0491 569 999

Spare

0491 570 000 – 0491 579 999

ACMA

0491 580 000 – 0491 599 999

Spare

text: Satellite phone numbers (014)[edit]

text: Numbers beginning with 014 are predominantly used for satellite services. Parts of the 014 prefix had previously been used as a 9 digit, AMPS mobile phone access code.

text: The 01471 prefix is the ten-digit replacement for the previous, nine-digit ITERRA satellite phone code 0071 xxxxx. Prior to its use for ITERRA (and other satellite services). These numbers were allocated in March 1999.

text: 0145xxxxxx numbers are used for services utilised on the Optus network in Australia. This is predominantly used for MobileSat and Thuraya mobile satellite services. These numbers were allocated in December 1992: 220,000 with the rest "spare".

text: The prefixes 0141, 0142, 0143, 0145 and 0147 are set aside for satellite systems; the rest of the 014 prefix range is currently not allocated to any other service type. There is not a lot of demand for these services, and many satellite phones now have normal mobile phone numbers (prefix 04), so it is not likely for the entire 014 range to be allocated to satellite services.

text: Location independent communications service (0550)[edit]

text: These numbers are designed for VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) systems, where they work like a fixed number but not allocated on a geographical level. It is possible that LICS numbers will be absorbed into mobile numbers in the future, as they provide similar features. Indeed, the July 2012 variation of the numbering plan allocated the rest of the 05 range to digital mobile numbering.[6]

text: Data numbers (0198)[edit]

text: All calls to 0198 numbers are a "local call" cost like 13 and 1300 numbers but are used for internet service provider access numbers. They are used both with dial up modems and ISDN. e.g. 0198 379 000 is the Dial-Up PoP number for iiNet

text: Obsolete numbers[edit]

text: Most numbers that are no longer used have been removed from the Telecommunications Numbering Plan 2015, whether in previous variations or in this complete replacement. (See below)

text: However, the 0163 prefix is still allocated for use with pagers. This was reduced from 016 in a variation to the previous numbering plan. As of March 2011 only 1000 numbers were allocated, and by the end of 2012 there were none allocated.

text: Non-geographic numbers (domestic use)[edit]

text: The following codes are not generally dialable from international points, but used in domestic dialling:

text:
000 – Emergency (Police, Fire, Ambulance)
106 – TTY emergency (for the hearing-impaired)
11 – Community services
1100 – Dial Before You Dig
112 – Alternative access to Emergency Services (Police, Fire, Ambulance; diallable from GSM mobile phones only)
119x – Community services (e.g. 1194 is time and 1196 is weather)
12 – Network services
122x – Operator services (e.g. 1223 is directory assistance)
1225 – International directory assistance
123x – Operator services (e.g. 1234 is Sensis personal assistance)
124xx – Operator services (e.g. 12456 is Sensis Call Connect)
125xxx – Telstra Mobile Services (e.g. 125111 is Telstra Mobile Customer Service)
1268x, 1268 xxxx and 1268 xxx xxx – Internal network services
127 – Testing numbers (e.g. 12722123 reads your number from a Telstra line, 12723123 reads your number for an Optus line) (length varies), dial 12722199 then hang up and the call is returned by the exchange (used to test handset functionality)
1282 – Call information service
128xx – Call information service
13 xx xx and 1300 xxx xxx – "Local Rate" calls, except for VoIP and mobile phone users
1345 xxxx – Local rate calls (only used for back-to-base monitored alarm systems)
180 xxxx and 1800 xxx xxx – FreeCall
188 xxxx – Premium SMS (since moved to 19 range)
189 xx – Calling card service
19 xx xx and 19xx xxxx – Premium SMS
190x xxx xxx – Premium rate services (usually 1902 and 1900)

text: Some notes:

text:
These numbers do not have a Trunk Access Code prefix (0).
The 106 number is believed to be the first nationwide TTY emergency service in the world.
13 xx xx, 1300 xxx xxx and 1800 xxx xxx numbers can provide source-based routing, used by organisations such as pizza chains that advertise one number nationwide that connects customers to their nearest store.
Virtually all FreeCall numbers in use are 1800 xxx xxx, though some organisations do use the shorter 7-digit version.[7]
Some of these numbers are dialable from locations outside Australia. It is up to the individual owner to set this up correctly (for 13 and 18 numbers at least) (e.g. +61 13x xxx)
911 will not re-route to triple zero as the prefix 911x has been allocated to landlines under the current numbering plan.[8] 911 may redirect to 000 when using a mobile phone, like 112, but it is not encouraged as knowledge of these numbers causes confusion

text: Emergency services numbers (000, 106, 112)[edit]

text: 000 is the primary emergency telephone number in Australia. Secondary emergency numbers are 106 (for use by the hearing impaired with a TTY terminal) and the international GSM mobile emergency telephone number 112.

text: Increased awareness of the 112 emergency number in Australia has led to the potential for confusion over which number to call in an emergency. As a secondary emergency number, 112 is not guaranteed to work from all technologies; most notably, it does not work from landlines.[9] In order to encourage use of 000, mobile telephones imported commercially into Australia are required to be programmed to treat 000 in the same fashion as 112 (i.e. dialling with key lock enabled, use of any carrier, preferential routing, etc.).[10] On older or privately imported (e.g. roaming from another country) telephones, 000 may not receive such preferential treatment.

text: A proposed amendment to the Telecommunications (Consumer Protection and Service Standards) Act 1999 would prevent carriers from providing emergency services access to SIM-less devices, i.e. mobile telephones that do not have a SIM installed.[11]

text: Local Rate and FreeCall numbers (13, 180)[edit]

text: Australia uses the free call prefix 1800 for 10 digit freecall numbers. This is similar to the North American or NANPA prefix 1–800, but while in North America, the 1 is the long-distance or toll prefix and 800 is the area code; 1800 in Australia is itself a "virtual area code" (prior to the introduction of 8-digit numbers, the free call code was 008). There are also seven digit freecall numbers beginning with 180 – the only numbers currently allocated begin with 1802.

text: The 13 and 1300 numbers are known as Local Rate Numbers or SmartNumbers.[12]  They are also known as priority 13, and priority 1300 numbers.  These work across large areas (potentially the whole of Australia) and charge the caller only a low cost, routing the call to the appropriate place in a given area. For example, a company could have the number 139999 and have the telephone company set it up so that calls made in Melbourne would route to their Melbourne number, calls made in Brisbane to their Brisbane number, and calls made anywhere else in Australia route to their Sydney number, all at a local charge cost to the caller. 13 numbers were not available before the introduction of the current 8-digit local numbering plan. Businesses looking for local callers tend to connect to a "1300" number. Note that these numbers are called "Local Rate" and not "Local" numbers, so do not necessarily cost the same as a local call: Indeed, many (landline and mobile) phone plans do not even include them in the "included" credit and/or charge them at a higher rate than "normal" numbers.

text: Though promoted as "local call rate" calls, calls to 13 and 1300 numbers cost more than a local call fee for those people using VoIP and having all local and national calls free.[citation needed]

text: 1800, 1300 and 13 numbers are reverse charge networks. Other than the length of the number, the differences between a 13 number and a 1300 number is that the shorter number has a higher fee for the owner of the number: there should be no difference in cost to the caller. A call to an 1800 is free when dialled from a landline, and mobile phones since 2014[13]. It depends on the individual mobile plan as how 13 and 1300 numbers are charged: all plans no longer charge for 1800 but 13 and 1300 may still be charged at a high rate, or outside included calls.

text: These numbers "forward" to a geographic or mobile number. The recipient is usually charged at a set rate per second for each call, depending on plan and destination.

text: Premium numbers (19)[edit]

text: 190x (not to be confused with 0198) is the prefix for premium rate services (e.g. recorded information, competition lines, psychics, phone sex, etc.). (Prior to the introduction of 8-digit local numbers, the prefix was 0055.) 190 numbers incur a rate as charged by the provider – either at a per-minute rate (limited at $5.50 per minute) or a fixed rate (up to $38.50 per call). The latter method is most often used for fax-back services, where a timed charge is not appropriate. Costs of 190 calls for competitions involving chance are also often limited by state legislation to $0.55 per call. (In the previous numbering plan, 0055 numbers were limited to three bands: Premium Rate, Value Rate and Budget Rate, with per minute rates of $0.75, $0.60 and $0.40 respectively.)

text: Other numbers beginning with 19 are used for premium-rate SMS services. These were originally trialled using the 188 prefix. These can range from a standard SMS cost (usually 25c), up to 55c for competition use, to several dollars for other uses, such as unique bid auctions.

text: International access[edit]

text: Default (0011)[edit]

text: The main international prefix is 0011. (E.164 international format is supported from phones with the ability to dial the '+' symbol.[14])

text: Others[edit]

text: There are other codes for using a non-default carrier or a special plan:

text:
0014 will route through the Primus network
0015 will use the Telstra network on a special mode for international faxing.
0019 will use the Optus network
Other 4 and 5 digit prefixes beginning with 001 (and even 009) are available but have not been allocated.

text: However, carrier selection codes (14xx) are now also used, and carrier pre-selection is widely used.

text: Override prefixes[edit]

text: Provider override codes (14)[edit]

text: These four-digit numbers are dialled before the destination number to complete and bill a call by a carrier other than the subscriber's service provider. For example, to use AAPT to call a number in Tokyo, Japan, subscribers would dial 1414 0011 81 3 xxxx xxxx, or to use Optus to call a Perth they would dial 1456 08 xxxx xxxx. It is not clear if all these prefixes will actually work.

text:
1410 – Telstra
1411 – Telstra
1412 - Chime
1413 – Telstra
1414 – AAPT
1415 - Vodafone
1422 - Premier Technologies
1423 - Soul Pattinson
1428 - Verizon Australia
1431 - Vodafone Hutchison
1434 – Symbio Networks
1441 – Soul Pattinson
1447 – TransACT
1450 - Pivotel
1455 - Netsip
1456 – Optus
1464 - Agile
1466 – Primus
1468 - Telpacific
1469 - Lycamobile
1474 – Powertel
1477 - Vocus
1488 – Symbio Networks
1499 - VIRTUTEL

text: Supplementary Control service (183) works from both landline and mobile[edit]

text:
1831 – Block caller-id sending
1832 – Unblock caller-id sending

text: Caller identification control, on a Call by Call basis - mobile only[edit]

text:
#31# - Block caller-id sending, for this call, then dial the number you are calling.
*31# - Unblock caller-id sending, for this call, then dial the number you are calling.

text: Unlike the feature codes below, these caller-id prefixes work with all/most carriers.

text: Other numbers and codes[edit]

text: Feature codes – Telstra[edit]

text: These codes are only true for Telstra-infrastructure based landline phones

text:
Call waiting
*#43# – Check call waiting status
*43#  – Enable call waiting
#43# – Disable call waiting
*44 – Dial before a number to disable call waiting for the call duration (Enabled on Ericsson 'AXE' and Alcatel 'S12' based exchanges)
Call forward – immediate
*#21# – Check Call Forward Immediate Status
*21 [forward number] # – Enable Call Forward Immediate on all incoming calls
#21# – Disable Call Forward Immediate
Call forward – busy
*#24# – Check Call Forward Busy Status
*24 [forward number] # – Enable Call Forward when line is Busy for incoming calls
#24# – Disable Call Forward Busy
Last call return
*10# – Check last missed call
0# – Redial last number (This is only enabled on Ericsson based Exchanges)
Call control
*30 [old pin] * [new pin] * [new pin] # – Setup/change current Call Control PIN
*#33# – Check Call Control Status
*33 [pin] # – Enable Call Control on line
#33 [pin] # – Disable Call Control on line

text: Test numbers[edit]

text:
Telstra Landline Test numbers
12722123 – Playback the last connected or current landline number (add 1832 in front for private numbers)
12722199 – Ringback the current landline number
Optus landline test numbers
1272312 – Playback the last connected or current landline number
1272399 – Ringback the current landline number
From other subscribers including VoIP providers
1800801920 – Playback the last connected or current landline number
Other
12711 – Current long-distance Carrier Name

text: Historic numbering plans[edit]

text: A lot of old numbers were officially removed from the Telecommunications Numbering Plan in the 2015 version, whether in the replacement version or a previous variation.

text:
018 AMPS phone numbers are completely removed.
0500 Personal Numbers are removed.
Unused prefixes such as 114 mass calling service are removed.

text: 0055 numbers were previously premium-rate numbers, but have been moved into 190 numbers before 1999. They are still referenced by many Australians.

text: The original toll-free area code was 008, but the format was changed to 1800.

text: Directory assistance used various numbers: 013 for local calls, 0175 for other national calls, and 0103 for international. The two domestic numbers have been replaced with 1223, while 0103 has been replaced with 1225. Other numbers for directory assistance, often with a call connection option, exist depending on the carrier.

text: 0011 was initially the code for the operator, which later became the international exit code.

text: 014 was originally the number for the time, (later 1104), which was changed to 1194 in 1976.

text: 0176 was previously the reverse-charge call operator, which has been moved to 12550 or 3rd-party companies such as 1800 REVERSE.

text: Until the early 1960s, the first one or two digits of telephone numbers in metropolitan areas were alphabetical, with each letter representing a distinct number on the telephone dial. Each one-letter or two-letter code signified an exchange within an urban area. Rural and regional areas typically relied on manual exchanges, or only one automatic exchange for the whole town, so rural and regional numbers did not feature these letter prefixes.

text: This alphanumeric scheme was significantly different from the current system used for SMS messages.

text: The former alphanumeric scheme was:

text:
A = 1;
B = 2;
F = 3;
J = 4;
L = 5;
M = 6;
U = 7;
W = 8;
X = 9;
Y = 0

text: The letters did not relate to the exchange name. For example, the exchange prefix for Essendon was FU (which translated to 37 and later became the 37x [then 937x] exchange used by the whole City of Essendon [which became the City of Moonee Valley in late 1994]). Although Melbourne city numbers began with 6, it was only rarely, and probably by accident, that any other exchanges had matching letters. Numbers using the old alphanumeric scheme were written as ab.xxxx, for example FU 1234 (the actual train of digits sent to the phone was "371234") or MW 5550 (685550). Seven-digit numbers started appearing as early as 1960, and were all numerical from the start. There were still some six-digit numbers in Melbourne as late as 1989, but by the 1990s, they all had been converted to seven-digit numbers. Footscray used 6-digit numbers in exchange code 68 until 1987, when they were changed to 687 or 689.

text: The old call back number was 199, and could be used on public pay phones, and private numbers too. This has been moved to a new number 12722199.


document_title: An apple a day keeps the doctor away

question_text: where did an apple a day keeps the doctor away come from

root

text: An apple a day keeps the doctor away

text: "An apple a day keeps the doctor away" is a common English-language proverb of Welsh origin. It espouses the folk-wisdom that apple consumption (or consumption of fruits and vegetables in general) has identifiable health benefits.

tag: p

text: Origin[edit]

text: First recorded in the 1860s, the proverb originated in Wales, and was particularly prevalent in Pembrokeshire. The first English version of the saying was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you’ll keep the doctor from earning his bread." The current english phrasing, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away", began usage at the end of the 19th century, [1][2] early print examples found as early as 1899.[3]

text: Scientific evaluation[edit]

text: A 2011 study found that consumption of apples and pears might prevent strokes.[1] A 2012 study found that apple consumption significantly lowered bad cholesterol levels in middle-aged adults.[1] In 2013, the BMJ published a study as part of its humorous Christmas issue comparing the effects of prescribing everyone in the UK over age 50 either an apple or a statin a day. The study concluded that both interventions would be similarly effective.[4]

text: A 2015 study looked directly at the relationship between apple consumption and physician visits and found no evidence that the proverb was true. The study did, however, find that people who ate an apple a day did use fewer prescription medications.[5]

text: However, a 2011 study found that adding one ‘Golden Delicious’ apple to the daily diet of a small group of overweight men led to higher levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. The results were attributed to the higher sugar and low-phenolic content of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples.[6]


document_title: James Russell Lowell

question_text: when was the first snowfall by james russell lowell written

text: James Russell Lowell

text: Biography[edit]

text: Early life[edit]

text: James Russell Lowell was born February 22, 1819.[1] He was a member of the eighth generation of the Lowell family,[2] the descendants of Percival Lowle who settled in Newbury, Massachusetts, in 1639.[3] His parents were the Reverend Charles Russell Lowell Sr. (1782–1861), a minister at a Unitarian church in Boston who had previously studied theology at Edinburgh, and Harriett Brackett Spence Lowell.[4] By the time that James Russell Lowell was born, the family owned a large estate in Cambridge called Elmwood.[5] He was the youngest of six children; his siblings were Charles, Rebecca, Mary, William, and Robert.[6] Lowell's mother built in him an appreciation for literature at an early age, especially in poetry, ballads, and tales from her native Orkney.[4] He attended school under Sophia Dana, who later married George Ripley; he later studied at a school run by a particularly harsh disciplinarian, where one of his classmates was Richard Henry Dana Jr.[7]

text: Lowell attended Harvard College beginning at age 15 in 1834, though he was not a good student and often got into trouble.[8] In his sophomore year, he was absent from required chapel attendance 14 times and from classes 56 times.[9] In his last year there, he wrote, "During Freshman year, I did nothing, during Sophomore year I did nothing, during Junior year I did nothing, and during Senior year I have thus far done nothing in the way of college studies."[8] In his senior year, he became one of the editors of Harvardiana literary magazine, to which he contributed prose and poetry that he admitted was of low quality. As he said later, "I was as great an ass as ever brayed & thought it singing."[10] During his undergraduate years, Lowell was a member of Hasty Pudding and served both as Secretary and Poet.

text: Lowell was elected the poet of the class of 1838[11] and, as was tradition, was asked to recite an original poem on Class Day, the day before Commencement on July 17, 1838.[9] He was suspended, however, and not allowed to participate. Instead, his poem was printed and made available thanks to subscriptions paid by his classmates.[11] He had composed the poem in Concord,[12] where he had been exiled by the Harvard faculty to the care of the Rev. Barzallai Frost because of his neglect of his studies.[13] During his stay in Concord, he became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and got to know the other Transcendentalists. His Class Day poem satirized the social movements of the day; abolitionists, Thomas Carlyle, Emerson, and the Transcendentalists were treated.[12]

text: Lowell did not know what vocation to choose after graduating, and he vacillated among business, the ministry, medicine, and law. He ultimately enrolled at Harvard Law School in 1840 and was admitted to the bar two years later.[14] While studying law, however, he contributed poems and prose articles to various magazines. During this time, he was admittedly depressed and often had suicidal thoughts. He once confided to a friend that he held a cocked pistol to his forehead and considered killing himself at the age of 20.[15]

text: Marriage and family[edit]

text: In late 1839, Lowell met Maria White through her brother William, a classmate at Harvard,[16] and the two became engaged in the autumn of 1840. Maria's father Abijah White, a wealthy merchant from Watertown, insisted that their wedding be postponed until Lowell had gainful employment.[17] They were finally married on December 26, 1844,[18] shortly after the groom published Conversations on the Old Poets, a collection of his previously published essays.[19] A friend described their relationship as "the very picture of a True Marriage".[20] Lowell himself believed that she was made up "half of earth and more than half of Heaven".[17] She, too, wrote poetry, and the next twelve years of Lowell's life were deeply affected by her influence. He said that his first book of poetry A Year's Life (1841) "owes all its beauty to her", though it only sold 300 copies.[17]

text: Maria's character and beliefs led her to become involved in the movements directed against intemperance and slavery. She was a member of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society and persuaded her husband to become an abolitionist.[21] James had previously expressed antislavery sentiments, but Maria urged him towards more active expression and involvement.[22] His second volume of poems Miscellaneous Poems expressed these antislavery thoughts, and its 1,500 copies sold well.[23]

text: Maria was in poor health, and the couple moved to Philadelphia shortly after their marriage, thinking that her lungs could heal there.[24] In Philadelphia, he became a contributing editor for the Pennsylvania Freeman, an abolitionist newspaper.[25] In the spring of 1845, the Lowells returned to Cambridge to make their home at Elmwood. They had four children, though only one (Mabel, born 1847) survived past infancy. Blanche was born December 31, 1845, but lived only fifteen months; Rose, born in 1849, survived only a few months as well; their only son Walter was born in 1850 but died in 1852.[26] Lowell was very affected by the loss of almost all of his children. His grief over the death of his first daughter in particular was expressed in his poem "The First Snowfall" (1847).[27] He again considered suicide, writing to a friend that he thought "of my razors and my throat and that I am a fool and a coward not to end it all at once".[26]

text: Literary career[edit]

text: Lowell's earliest poems were published without remuneration in the Southern Literary Messenger in 1840.[28] He was inspired to new efforts towards self-support and joined with his friend Robert Carter in founding the literary journal The Pioneer.[20] The periodical was distinguished by the fact that most of its content was new rather than material that had been previously published elsewhere, and by the inclusion of very serious criticism, which covered not only literature but also art and music.[29] Lowell wrote that it would "furnish the intelligent and reflecting portion of the Reading Public with a rational substitute for the enormous quantity of thrice-diluted trash, in the shape of namby-pamby love tales and sketches, which is monthly poured out to them by many of our popular Magazines."[20] William Wetmore Story noted the journal's higher taste, writing that "it took some stand & appealled to a higher intellectual Standard than our puerile milk or watery namby-pamby Mags with which we are overrun".[30] The first issue of the journal included the first appearance of "The Tell-Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe.[31] Lowell was treated for an eye disease in New York shortly after the first issue, and in his absence Carter did a poor job of managing the journal.[23] The magazine ceased publication after three monthly numbers beginning in January 1843, leaving Lowell $1,800 in debt.[31] Poe mourned the journal's demise, calling it "a most severe blow to the cause—the cause of a Pure Taste".[30]

text: Despite the failure of The Pioneer, Lowell continued his interest in the literary world. He wrote a series on "Anti-Slavery in the United States" for the Daily News, though his series was discontinued by the editors after four articles in May 1846.[32] He had published these articles anonymously, believing that they would have more impact if they were not known to be the work of a committed abolitionist.[33] In the spring of 1848, he formed a connection with the National Anti-Slavery Standard of New York, agreeing to contribute weekly either a poem or a prose article. After only one year, he was asked to contribute half as often to the Standard to make room for contributions from Edmund Quincy, another writer and reformer.[34]

text: A Fable for Critics was one of Lowell's most popular works, published anonymously in 1848. It proved a popular satire, and the first 3,000 copies sold out quickly.[35] In it, he took good-natured jabs at his contemporary poets and critics—but not all the subjects were pleased. Edgar Allan Poe was referred to as part genius and "two-fifths sheer fudge"; he reviewed the work in the Southern Literary Messenger and called it "'loose'—ill-conceived and feebly executed, as well in detail as in general… we confess some surprise at his putting forth so unpolished a performance."[36] Lowell offered his New York friend Charles Frederick Briggs all the profits from the book's success (which proved relatively small), despite his own financial needs.[35]

text: In 1848, Lowell also published The Biglow Papers, later named by the Grolier Club as the most influential book of 1848.[37] The first 1,500 copies sold out within a week and a second edition was soon issued—though Lowell made no profit, as he had to absorb the cost of stereotyping the book himself.[38] The book presented three main characters, each representing different aspects of American life and using authentic American dialects in their dialogue.[39] Under the surface, The Biglow Papers was also a denunciation of the Mexican–American War and war in general.[24]

text: First trip to Europe[edit]

text: In 1850, Lowell's mother died unexpectedly, as did his third daughter, Rose. Her death left Lowell depressed and reclusive for six months, despite the birth of his son Walter by the end of the year. He wrote to a friend that death "is a private tutor. We have no fellow-scholars, and must lay our lessons to heart alone."[40] These personal troubles as well as the Compromise of 1850 inspired Lowell to accept an offer from William Wetmore Story to spend a winter in Italy.[41] To pay for the trip, Lowell sold land around Elmwood, intending to sell off further acres of the estate over time to supplement his income, ultimately selling off 25 of the original 30 acres (120,000 m2).[42] Walter died suddenly in Rome of cholera, and Lowell and his wife, with their daughter Mabel, returned to the United States in October 1852.[43] Lowell published recollections of his journey in several magazines, many of which would be collected years later as Fireside Travels (1867). He also edited volumes with biographical sketches for a series on British Poets.[44]

text: His wife Maria, who had been suffering from poor health for many years, became very ill in the spring of 1853 and died on October 27[45] of tuberculosis.[26] Just before her burial, her coffin was opened so that her daughter Mabel could see her face while Lowell "leaned for a long while against a tree weeping", according to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and his wife, who were in attendance.[46] In 1855, Lowell oversaw the publication of a memorial volume of his wife's poetry, with only fifty copies for private circulation.[44] Despite his self-described "naturally joyous" nature,[47] life for Lowell at Elmwood was further complicated by his father becoming deaf in his old age, and the deteriorating mental state of his sister Rebecca, who sometimes went a week without speaking.[48] He again cut himself off from others, becoming reclusive at Elmwood, and his private diaries from this time period are riddled with the initials of his wife.[49] On March 10, 1854, for example, he wrote: "Dark without & within. M.L. M.L. M.L."[50] Longfellow, a friend and neighbor, referred to Lowell as "lonely and desolate".[51]

text: Professorship and second marriage[edit]

text: At the invitation of his cousin John Amory Lowell, James Russell Lowell was asked to deliver a lecture at the prestigious Lowell Institute.[52] Some speculated the opportunity was because of the family connection, offered as an attempt to bring him out of his depression.[53] Lowell chose to speak on "The English Poets", telling his friend Briggs that he would take revenge on dead poets "for the injuries received by one whom the public won't allow among the living".[52] The first of the twelve-part lecture series was to be on January 9, 1855, though by December, Lowell had only completed writing five of them, hoping for last-minute inspiration.[54] His first lecture was on John Milton and the auditorium was oversold; Lowell had to give a repeat performance the next afternoon.[55] Lowell, who had never spoken in public before, was praised for these lectures. Francis James Child said that Lowell, whom he deemed was typically "perverse", was able to "persist in being serious contrary to his impulses and his talents".[54] While his series was still in progress, Lowell was offered the Smith Professorship of Modern Languages at Harvard, a post vacated by Longfellow, at an annual salary of $1,200, though he never applied for it.[56] The job description was changing after Longfellow; instead of teaching languages directly, Lowell would supervise the department and deliver two lecture courses per year on topics of his own choosing.[57] Lowell accepted the appointment, with the proviso that he should have a year of study abroad. He set sail on June 4 of that year,[58] leaving his daughter Mabel in the care of a governess named Frances Dunlap.[56] Abroad, he visited Le Havre, Paris, and London, spending time with friends including Story, Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Leigh Hunt. Primarily, however, Lowell spent his time abroad studying languages, particularly German, which he found difficult. He complained: "The confounding genders! If I die I shall have engraved on my tombstone that I died of der, die, das, not because I caught them but because I couldn't."[58]

text: He returned to the United States in the summer of 1856 and began his college duties.[59] Towards the end of his professorship, then-president of Harvard Charles William Eliot noted that Lowell seemed to have "no natural inclination" to teach; Lowell agreed, but retained his position for twenty years.[60] He focused on teaching literature, rather than etymology, hoping that his students would learn to enjoy the sound, rhythm, and flow of poetry rather than the technique of words.[61] He summed up his method: "True scholarship consists in knowing not what things exists, but what they mean; it is not memory but judgment."[62] Still grieving the loss of his wife, during this time Lowell avoided Elmwood and instead lived on Kirkland Street in Cambridge, an area known as Professors' Row. He stayed there, along with his daughter Mabel and her governess Frances Dunlap, until January 1861.[63]

text: Lowell had intended never to remarry after the death of his wife Maria White. However, in 1857, surprising his friends, he became engaged to Frances Dunlap, who many described as simple and unattractive.[64] Dunlap, niece of the former governor of Maine Robert P. Dunlap,[65] was a friend of Lowell's first wife and formerly wealthy, though she and her family had fallen into reduced circumstances.[56] Lowell and Dunlap married on September 16, 1857, in a ceremony performed by his brother.[66] Lowell wrote, "My second marriage was the wisest act of my life, & as long as I am sure of it, I can afford to wait till my friends agree with me."[59]

text: War years and beyond[edit]

text: In the autumn of 1857, The Atlantic Monthly was established, and Lowell was its first editor. With its first issue in November of that year, he at once gave the magazine the stamp of high literature and of bold speech on public affairs.[67] In January 1861, Lowell's father died of a heart attack, inspiring Lowell to move his family back to Elmwood. As he wrote to his friend Briggs, "I am back again to the place I love best. I am sitting in my old garret, at my old desk, smoking my old pipe ... I begin to feel more like my old self than I have these ten years."[68] Shortly thereafter, in May, he left The Atlantic Monthly when James Thomas Fields took over as editor; the magazine had been purchased by Ticknor and Fields for $10,000 two years before.[69] Lowell returned to Elmwood by January 1861 but maintained an amicable relationship with the new owners of the journal, continuing to submit his poetry and prose for the rest of his life.[68] His prose, however, was more abundantly presented in the pages of the North American Review during the years 1862–1872. For the Review, he served as a coeditor along with Charles Eliot Norton.[70] Lowell's reviews for the journal covered a wide variety of literary releases of the day, though he was writing fewer poems.[71]

text: As early as 1845, Lowell had predicted the debate over slavery would lead to war[72] and, as the Civil War broke out in the 1860s, Lowell used his role at the Review to praise Abraham Lincoln and his attempts to maintain the Union.[70] Lowell lost three nephews during the war, including Charles Russell Lowell Jr., who became a Brigadier General and fell at the Battle of Cedar Creek. Lowell himself was generally a pacifist. Even so, he wrote, "If the destruction of slavery is to be a consequence of the war, shall we regret it? If it be needful to the successful prosecution of the war, shall anyone oppose it?"[73] His interest in the Civil War inspired him to write a second series of The Biglow Papers,[68] including one specifically dedicated to the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation called "Sunthin' in the Pastoral Line" in 1862.[74]

text: Shortly after Lincoln's assassination, Lowell was asked to present a poem at Harvard in memory of graduates killed in the war. His poem, "Commemoration Ode", cost him sleep and his appetite, but was delivered on July 21, 1865,[75] after a 48-hour writing binge.[76] Lowell had high hopes for his performance but was overshadowed by the other notables presenting works that day, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes. "I did not make the hit I expected", he wrote, "and am ashamed at having been tempted again to think I could write poetry, a delusion from which I have been tolerably free these dozen years."[77] Despite his personal assessment, friends and other poets sent many letters to Lowell congratulating him. Emerson referred to his poem's "high thought & sentiment" and James Freeman Clarke noted its "grandeur of tone".[78] Lowell later expanded it with a strophe to Lincoln.[76]

text: In the 1860s, Lowell's friend Longfellow spent several years translating Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy and regularly invited others to help him on Wednesday evenings.[79] Lowell was one of the main members of the so-called "Dante Club", along with William Dean Howells, Charles Eliot Norton and other occasional guests.[80] Shortly after serving as a pallbearer at the funeral of friend and publisher Nathaniel Parker Willis on January 24, 1867,[81] Lowell decided to produce another collection of his poetry. Under the Willows and Other Poems was released in 1869,[71] though Lowell originally wanted to title it The Voyage to the Vinland and Other Poems. The book, dedicated to Norton, collected poems Lowell had written within the previous twenty years and was his first poetry collection since 1848.[82]

text: Lowell intended to take another trip to Europe. To finance it, he sold off more of Elmwood's acres and rented the house to Thomas Bailey Aldrich; Lowell's daughter Mabel, by this time, had moved into a new home with her husband Edward Burnett, the son of a successful businessman-farmer from Southborough, Massachusetts.[83] Lowell and his wife set sail on July 8, 1872,[84] after he took a leave of absence from Harvard. They visited England, Paris, Switzerland, and Italy. While overseas, he received an honorary Doctorate of Law from the University of Oxford and another from Cambridge University. They returned to the United States in the summer of 1874.[83]

text: Political appointments[edit]

text: Lowell resigned from his Harvard professorship in 1874, though he was persuaded to continue teaching through 1877.[60] It was in 1876 that Lowell first stepped into the field of politics. That year, he served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, speaking on behalf of presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes.[85] Hayes won the nomination and, eventually, the presidency. In May 1877, President Hayes, an admirer of The Biglow Papers, sent William Dean Howells to Lowell with a handwritten note proffering an ambassadorship to either Austria or Russia; Lowell declined, but noted his interest in Spanish literature.[86] Lowell was then offered and accepted the role of Minister to the court of Spain at an annual salary of $12,000.[86] Lowell sailed from Boston on July 14, 1877, and, though he expected he would be away for a year or two, did not return to the United States until 1885, with the violinist Ole Bull renting Elmwood for a portion of that time.[87] The Spanish media referred to him as "José Bighlow".[88] Lowell was well-prepared for his political role, having been trained in law, as well as being able to read in multiple languages. He had trouble socializing while in Spain, however, and amused himself by sending humorous dispatches to his political bosses in the United States, many of which were later collected and published posthumously in 1899 as Impressions of Spain.[89] Lowell's social life improved when the Spanish Academy elected him a corresponding member in late 1878, allowing him contribute to the preparation of a new dictionary.[90]

text: In January 1880, Lowell was informed of his appointment as Minister to England, his nomination made without his knowledge as far back as June 1879. He was granted a salary of $17,500 with about $3,500 for expenses.[91] While serving in this capacity, he addressed an importation of allegedly diseased cattle and made recommendations that predated the Pure Food and Drug Act.[92] Queen Victoria commented that she had never seen an ambassador who "created so much interest and won so much regard as Mr. Lowell".[93] Lowell held this role until the close of Chester A. Arthur's presidency in the spring of 1885, despite his wife's failing health. Lowell was already well known in England for his writing and, during his time there, befriended fellow author Henry James, who referred to him as "conspicuously American".[93] Lowell also befriended Leslie Stephen many years earlier and became the godfather to his daughter, future writer Virginia Woolf.[94] Lowell was popular enough that he was offered a professorship at Oxford after his recall by President Grover Cleveland, though the offer was declined.[95]

text: His second wife, Frances, died on February 19, 1885, while still in England.[96]

text: Later years and death[edit]

text: He returned to the United States by June 1885, living with his daughter and her husband in Southboro, Massachusetts.[97] He then spent time in Boston with his sister before returning to Elmwood in November 1889.[98] By this time, most of his friends were dead, including Quincy, Longfellow, Dana, and Emerson, leaving him depressed and contemplating suicide again.[99] Lowell spent part of the 1880s delivering various speeches,[100] and his last published works were mostly collections of essays, including Political Essays, and a collection of his poems Heartsease and Rue in 1888.[98] His last few years he traveled back to England periodically[101] and when he returned to the United States in the fall of 1889, he moved back to Elmwood[102] with Mabel, while her husband worked for clients in New York and New Jersey.[103] That year, Lowell gave an address at the centenary of George Washington's inauguration. Also that year, the Boston Critic dedicated a special issue to Lowell on his seventieth birthday to recollections and reminiscences by his friends, including former presidents Hayes and Benjamin Harrison and British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone as well as Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Francis Parkman.[102]

text: In the last few months of his life, Lowell struggled with gout, sciatica in his left leg, and chronic nausea; by the summer of 1891, doctors believed that Lowell had cancer in his kidneys, liver, and lungs. His last few months, he was administered opium for the pain and was rarely fully conscious.[104] He died on August 12, 1891, at Elmwood.[105] After services in the Appleton Chapel, he was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery.[106] After his death, Norton served as his literary executor and published several collections of Lowell's works and his letters.[107]

text: Writing style and literary theory[edit]

text: Early in his career, James Russell Lowell's writing was influenced by Swedenborgianism, a Spiritualism-infused form of Christianity founded by Emanuel Swedenborg, causing Frances Longfellow (wife of the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow) to mention that "he has been long in the habit of seeing spirits".[108] He composed his poetry rapidly when inspired by an "inner light" but could not write to order.[109] He subscribed to the common nineteenth-century belief that the poet was a prophet but went further, linking religion, nature, and poetry, as well as social reform.[108] Evert Augustus Duyckinck and others welcomed Lowell as part of Young America, a New York-based movement. Though not officially affiliated with them, he shared some of their ideals, including the belief that writers have an inherent insight into the moral nature of humanity and have an obligation for literary action along with their aesthetic function.[110] Unlike many of his contemporaries, including members of Young America, Lowell did not advocate for the creation of a new national literature. Instead, he called for a natural literature, regardless of country, caste, or race, and warned against provincialism which might "put farther off the hope of one great brotherhood".[29] He agreed with his neighbor Longfellow that "whoever is most universal, is also most national".[110] As Lowell said:

text: I believe that no poet in this age can write much that is good unless he gives himself up to [the radical] tendency ... The proof of poetry is, in my mind, that it reduces to the essence of a single line the vague philosophy which is floating in all men's minds, and so render it portable and useful, and ready to the hand ... At least, no poem ever makes me respect its author which does not in some way convey a truth of philosophy.[111]

text: A scholar of linguistics, Lowell was one of the founders of the American Dialect Society.[112] He used this interest in his writing, particularly in The Biglow Papers, presenting a heavily ungrammatical phonetic spelling of the Yankee dialect,[26] a method called eye dialect. In using this vernacular, Lowell intended to get closer to the common man's experience and was rebelling against more formal and, as he thought, unnatural representations of Americans in literature. As he wrote in his introduction to The Biglow Papers, "few American writers or speakers wield their native language with the directness, precision, and force that are common as the day in the mother country".[113] Though intentionally humorous, this accurate presentation of the dialect was pioneering work in American literature.[114] For example, Lowell's character Hosea Biglow says in verse:

text:
Ef you take a sword an' dror it,
An go stick a feller thru,
Guv'ment aint to answer to it,
God'll send the bill to you.[115]

text: Lowell is considered one of the Fireside Poets, a group of writers from New England in the 1840s who all had a substantial national following and whose work was often read aloud by the family fireplace. Besides Lowell, the main figures from this group were Longfellow, Holmes, John Greenleaf Whittier, and William Cullen Bryant.[116]

text: Beliefs[edit]

text: Lowell was an abolitionist, but his opinions wavered concerning African-Americans. He advocated suffrage for blacks, yet he noted that their ability to vote could be troublesome. Even so, he wrote, "We believe the white race, by their intellectual and traditional superiority, will retain sufficient ascendancy to prevent any serious mischief from the new order of things."[117] Freed slaves, he wrote, were "dirty, lazy & lying".[118] Even before his marriage to abolitionist Maria White, Lowell wrote: "The abolitionists are the only ones with whom I sympathize of the present extant parties."[119] After his marriage, Lowell at first did not share his wife's enthusiasm for the cause, but he was eventually pulled in.[120] The couple often gave money to fugitive slaves, even when their own financial situation was not strong, especially if they were asked to free a spouse or child.[121] Even so, he did not always fully agree with the followers of the movement. The majority of these people, he said, "treat ideas as ignorant persons do cherries. They think them unwholesome unless they are swallowed, stones and all."[27] Lowell depicted Southerners very unfavorably in his second collection of The Biglow Papers but, by 1865, admitted that Southerners were "guilty only of weakness" and, by 1868, said that he sympathized with Southerners and their viewpoint on slavery.[122] Enemies and friends of Lowell alike questioned his vacillating interest in the question of slavery. Abolitionist Samuel Joseph May accused him of trying to quit the movement because of his association with Harvard and the Boston Brahmin culture: "Having got into the smooth, dignified, self-complacent, and change-hating society of the college and its Boston circles, Lowell has gone over to the world, and to 'respectability'."[123]

text: Lowell was also involved in other reform movements. He urged better conditions for factory workings, opposed capital punishment, and supported the temperance movement. His friend Longfellow was especially concerned about his fanaticism for temperance, worrying that Lowell would ask him to destroy his wine cellar.[23] There are many references to Lowell's drinking during his college years, and part of his reputation in school was based on it. His friend Edward Everett Hale denied these allegations. Lowell considered joining the "Anti-Wine" club at Harvard, and he became a teetotaler during the early years of his first marriage.[124] However, as he gained notoriety, he became popular in social circles and clubs and he drank rather heavily when away from his wife. When he drank, he had wild mood swings, ranging from euphoria to frenzy.[125]

text: Criticism and legacy[edit]

text: In 1849, Lowell said of himself, "I am the first poet who has endeavored to express the American Idea, and I shall be popular by and by."[126] Poet Walt Whitman said: "Lowell was not a grower—he was a builder. He built poems: he didn't put in the seed, and water the seed, and send down his sun—letting the rest take care of itself: he measured his poems—kept them within formula."[127] Fellow Fireside Poet John Greenleaf Whittier praised Lowell by writing two poems in his honor and calling him "our new Theocritus" and "one of the strongest and manliest of our writers–a republican poet who dares to speak brave words of unpopular truth".[128] British author Thomas Hughes referred to Lowell as one of the most important writers in the United States: "Greece had her Aristophanes; Rome her Juvenal; Spain has had her Cervantes; France her Rabelais, her Molière, her Voltaire; Germany her Jean Paul, her Heine; England her Swift, her Thackeray; and America has her Lowell."[116] Lowell's satires and use of dialect were an inspiration for writers like Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, H. L. Mencken, and Ring Lardner.[129]

text: Contemporary critic and editor Margaret Fuller wrote, "his verse is stereotyped; his thought sounds no depth, and posterity will not remember him."[130] Duyckinck thought Lowell was too similar to other poets like William Shakespeare and John Milton.[131] Ralph Waldo Emerson noted that, though Lowell had significant technical skill, his poetry "rather expresses his wish, his ambition, than the uncontrollable interior impulse which is the authentic mark of a new poem ... and which is felt in the pervading tone, rather than in brilliant parts or lines."[132] Even his friend Richard Henry Dana Jr. questioned Lowell's abilities, calling him "very clever, entertaining & good humored ... but he is rather a trifler, after all."[133] In the twentieth century, poet Richard Armour dismissed Lowell, writing: "As a Harvard graduate and an editor for the Atlantic Monthly, it must have been difficult for Lowell to write like an illiterate oaf, but he succeeded."[134] The poet Amy Lowell featured her relative James Russell Lowell in her poem A Critical Fable (1922), the title mocking A Fable for Critics. Here, a fictional version of Lowell says he does not believe that women will ever be equal to men in the arts and "the two sexes cannot be ranked counterparts".[135] Modern literary critic Van Wyck Brooks wrote that Lowell's poetry was forgettable: "one read them five times over and still forgot them, as if this excellent verse had been written in water."[132] Nonetheless, in 1969 the Modern Language Association established a prize named after Lowell, awarded annually for "an outstanding literary or linguistic study, a critical edition of an important work, or a critical biography."[136]

text: Lowell's poem "The Present Crisis", an early work that addressed the national crisis over slavery leading up to the Civil War, has had an impact in the modern civil rights movement. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People named its newsletter The Crisis after the poem, and Martin Luther King Jr. frequently quoted the poem in his speeches and sermons.[137] The poem was also the source of the hymn Once to Every Man and Nation.[138]

text: Several schools and places have been named in honor of Lowell. These include Lowell High School in San Francisco and the James Russell Lowell School in Philadelphia, and the town of Lowell, Nebraska, which includes Lowell Township, among others,

text: List of selected works[edit]

text: Poetry collections

text:
A Year's Life (1841)[17]
Miscellaneous Poems (1843)[23]
The Biglow Papers (1848)[24]
A Fable for Critics (1848)[24]
Poems (1848)[24]
The Vision of Sir Launfal (1848)[24]
Under the Willows (1869)[71]
The Cathedral (1870)[139]
Heartsease and Rue (1888)[98]

tag: ul

text: Essay collections

text:
Conversations on the Old Poets (1844)[19]
Fireside Travels (1864)[139]
Among My Books (1870)[139]
My Study Windows (1871)[139]
Among My Books (second collection, 1876)[139]
Democracy and Other Addresses (1886)[98]
Political Essays (1888)[98]