document_title: Latin American Canadians

question_text: toronto montreal and ____ are the three cities with the largest hispanic population in canada

question_tokens: toronto montreal and -- -- -- -- are the three cities with the largest hispanic population in canada

text: Latin American Canadians

text: History[edit]

text: The majority of Latin American Canadians are recent immigrants who arrived in the late 20th century from El Salvador, Colombia, Mexico, Chile, and Guatemala, with smaller communities from the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Ecuador, and elsewhere, with nearly all Latin American countries represented.[2] Reasons for immigrating include Canada's better economic opportunities and politics or civil war and political repression in their native countries, as in the case of Cubans fleeing from the Fidel Castro revolution, Chileans escaping from Augusto Pinochet's rule, Salvadorans fleeing from the Salvadoran Civil War, Peruvians escaping from the Juan Velasco Alvarado dictatorship, Dominicans opposed to the regimes of Rafael Trujillo and Joaquin Balaguer, Mexicans escaping from the Mexican Drug War, Colombians from the violence in their country and Venezuelans opposed to the rule of the Socialist Unity Party.[citation needed]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The largest Latin American Canadian communities are in the census metropolitan areas of Toronto (99,290), Montreal (75,400), Vancouver (22,695), Calgary (13,415), and Ottawa (10,630),[3] and there are rapidly growing ones in the provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia.

text: Latin American population of Canada by census year[edit]

text:
Census

Latin American population

Change from previous census

Total Canadian population

Change from previous census

Latin American population (%)

1996[4]

176,970

N/A

28,528,125

N/A

6999600000000000000♠0.6%

2001[5]

216,980

7001226000000000000♠22.6%

29,639,030

7000390000000000000♠3.9%

6999700000000000000♠0.7%

2006[3]

304,245

7001402000000000000♠40.2%

31,241,030

7000540000000000000♠5.4%

7000100000000000000♠1%

2011[6]

381,280

7001253000000000000♠25.3%

32,852,325

7000520000000000000♠5.2%

7000120000000000000♠1.2%

2016

447,325

17.3%

34,460,065

4.9%

1.3%

text: Latin American Canadian population in Canada by province or territory according to the 2011 NHS[edit]

text:
Province

Latin Americans 2001

% 2001

Latin Americans 2011

% 2011

Latin Americans 2016

% 2016

 Ontario

106,835

0.9%

172,560

1.4%

 Québec

59,520

0.8%

116,380

1.5%

 Alberta

18,745

0.6%

41,305

1.2%

 British Columbia

23,885

0.6%

35,465

0.8%

 Manitoba

4,775

0.4%

9,140

0.8%

 Saskatchewan

2,010

0.2%

3,255

0.3%

 Nova Scotia

520

0.0%

1,360

0.2%

 New Brunswick

425

0.0%

1,160

0.2%

 Prince Edward Island

75

0.1%

235

0.2%

 Newfoundland and Labrador

80

0.0%

185

0.0%

 Yukon

45

0.1%

105

0.3%

 Northwest Territories

60

0.2%

105

0.3%

 Nunavut

10

0.0%

30

0.1%

 Canada

216,980

0.8%

381,280

1.2%

text: Immigration[edit]

text:
Latin Americans in Canada by country of origin (2016)[7]

Region

Number of immigrants

% of Latin American immigrants

% of total immigrant population

 Mexico

80,585

7001190000000000000♠19%

7000110000000000000♠1.1%

 Colombia

70,035

7001165000000000000♠16.5%

6999900000000000000♠0.9%

 El Salvador

48,075

7001113000000000000♠11.3%

6999600000000000000♠0.6%

 Peru

29,620

7000700000000000000♠7%

6999400000000000000♠0.4%

 Brazil

29,315

7000690000000000000♠6.9%

6999400000000000000♠0.4%

 Chile

26,705

7000630000000000000♠6.3%

6999400000000000000♠0.4%

 Venezuela

20,775

7000490000000000000♠4.9%

6999300000000000000♠0.3%

 Argentina

19,425

7000460000000099999♠4.6%

6999300000000000000♠0.3%

 Cuba

17,850

7000420000000000000♠4.2%

6999200000000000000♠0.2%

 Guatemala

17,270

7000410009999999999♠4.1%

6999200000000000000♠0.2%

 Ecuador

14,970

7000350000000000000♠3.5%

6999200000000000000♠0.2%

 Dominican Republic[a]

10,605

7000250000000000000♠2.5%

6999200000000000000♠0.2%

 Nicaragua

9,865

7000230000000099999♠2.3%

6999100000000000000♠0.1%

 Honduras

7,785

7000180000000000000♠1.8%

6999100000000000000♠0.1%

 Paraguay

7,300

7000170000000000000♠1.7%

6999100000000000000♠0.1%

 Uruguay

6,535

7000150000000000000♠1.5%

6999100000000000000♠0.1%

 Bolivia

4,395

7000100000000000000♠1%

6999100000000000000♠0.1%

 Costa Rica

3,945

6999900000000000000♠0.9%

6999100000000000000♠0.1%

 Panama

2,620

6999600000000000000♠0.6%

5000000000000000000♠0%

 Puerto Rico

505

6999100000000000000♠0.1%

5000000000000000000♠0%

Total Latin American immigrant population

423,585

7002100000000000000♠100%

7000550000000000000♠5.5%

Total immigrant population

7,482,860

N/A

7002100000000000000♠100%

text: a The number of Dominican Republic immigrants compared to Dominica immigrants is not specified, due to both countries using the term "Dominican".

tag: ul

text: List of Canadian census subdivisions with Latin American populations higher than the national average[edit]

text: Source: Canada 2016 Census[8]National average: 1.3%

text: Alberta[edit]

text:
Brooks (7000430000000000000♠4.3%)
Calgary (7000210000000000000♠2.1%)
Edmonton (7000190000000000000♠1.9%)
Red Deer (7000180000000000000♠1.8%)
Lethbridge (7000170000000000000♠1.7%)

text: British Columbia[edit]

text:
Greater Vancouver A (7000210000000000000♠2.1%)
Burnaby (7000200000000000000♠2%)
New Westminster (7000180000000000000♠1.8%)
Vancouver (7000180000000000000♠1.8%)
Port Moody (7000170000000000000♠1.7%)
Coquitlam (7000160000000000000♠1.6%)

text: Manitoba[edit]

text: Brandon (7000500000000000000♠5%)

text: Ontario[edit]

text:
Bradford (7000340000000000000♠3.4%)
Leamington (7000300000000000000♠3%)
Toronto (7000290000000000000♠2.9%)
Kitchener (7000260000000000000♠2.6%)
Brampton (7000240000000000000♠2.4%)
London (7000240000000000000♠2.4%)
Milton (7000240000000000000♠2.4%)
Vaughan (7000240000000000000♠2.4%)
Mississauga (7000230000000099999♠2.3%)
Oakville (7000190000000000000♠1.9%)
St. Catharines (7000170000000000000♠1.7%)
Hamilton (city) (7000160000000000000♠1.6%)

text: Quebec[edit]

text:
Brossard (7000430000000000000♠4.3%)
Montreal (7000410009999999999♠4.1%)
Dorval (7000360000000000000♠3.6%)
Longueuil (7000310000000000000♠3.1%)
Laval (7000300000000000000♠3%)
Saint-Lambert (7000280000000099999♠2.8%)
L'Ile-Perrot (7000260000000000000♠2.6%)
Châteauguay (7000260000000000000♠2.6%)
Candiac (7000230000000099999♠2.3%)
Dollard-des-Ormeaux (7000210000000000000♠2.1%)
Sherbrooke (7000170000000000000♠1.7%)
Terrebonne (7000170000000000000♠1.7%)

text: List of notable Latin American Canadians[edit]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Addictiv, R&B singer
Eva Avila, pop singer and 2006 Canadian Idol winner
Boogat, rapper
Fito Blanko, tropical/urban singer-songwriter, born in Panama
Keshia Chanté, R&B singer and co-host of BET's 106 & Park
José Miguel Contreras, rock musician and lead vocalist of By Divine Right
Criollo, hip-hop group
Beto Cuevas, rock musician and former lead vocalist of La Ley
Lhasa de Sela, folk musician
Carlos del Junco, harmonica player, member of the Cuban del Junco family
Quique Escamilla, Mexican-born musician
Carole Facal, rock musician
Alberto Guerrero, music composer and pianist, born in Chile
DJ Kemo, producer and DJ for hip-hop group Rascalz
Tom Landa, Mexican-born folk-rock musician
Oscar Lopez, flamenco musician, born in Chile
Adonis Puentes, singer-songwriter
Alexis Puentes, musician known by the stage name Alex Cuba
Jessie Reyez, singer-songwriter
Alejandra Ribera, singer-songwriter

text: Writers[edit]

text:
Rodrigo Bascuñán, author and journalist, born in Chile
Gloria Escomel, writer and journalist born in Uruguay
Gabriela Etcheverry, poet and novelist, born in Chile
José Latour, novelist, born in Cuba

text: Entertainment[edit]

text:
Juan Chioran, stage actor, born in Argentina
Carlos Díaz, television and film actor, born in Chile
Ona Grauer, television and film actress, born in Mexico
Flora Martínez, actress
Emma Rabbe, television and film actress
Klea Scott, television and film actress, born in Panama
Jorgito Vargas, Jr., actor (of Bolivian and Argentinian descent)
Michael Mando, film and television actor (of Mexican descent)

text: Photography[edit]

text:
Bruce Chun, cinematographer, born in Mexico
Federico Hidalgo, filmmaker and film professor
Carlos Arturo Castaño, portrait photographer, born in Colombia.
Gloria Margarita Castaño, portrait photographer, exhibitions: born in Colombia.

text: Politics[edit]

text:
Paulina Ayala, former MP for Honore-Mercier (New Democratic Party), born in Chile
Estefania Cortes-Vargas, Canadian politician, elected in the Alberta general election, 2015 to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, representing the electoral district of Strathcona-Sherwood Park, born in Colombia
Joseph Facal, former minister in Quebec (Parti Québécois), born in Uruguay
Miguel Figueroa, leader and President of the Communist Party of Canada
Andrés Fontecilla, leader of Québec solidaire, born in Chile
Rod Loyola, Canadian politician, elected in the Alberta general election, 2015 to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, representing the electoral district of Edmonton-Ellerslie, born in Chile
Sergio Marchi, former MP (Liberal Party of Canada), born in Argentina
Ricardo Miranda, Canadian politician, elected in the Alberta general election, 2015 to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, representing the electoral district of Calgary-Cross, born in Nicaragua[9]
Osvaldo Nunez, former MP (Bloc Québécois), born in Chile
Cesar Palacio, first Hispanic person elected to the Toronto City Council, born in Ecuador
Saul Polo, MNA in Quebec, born in Colombia
Pablo Rodríguez, MP for Honore-Mercier (Liberal Party of Canada), born in Argentina
Vic Toews, Member of Parliament for Provencher (Conservative Party of Canada), born in Paraguay

text: Science and technology[edit]

text:
Ivar Mendez, MD surgeon, Professor and Chairman of Surgery at the University of Saskatchewan, born in Bolivia
Manuel Buchwald, geneticist and academic, born in Peru
Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, electronic artist, born in Mexico

text: Clergy[edit]

text:
Rafael Cruz, Christian preacher, public speaker, and father of Ted Cruz, born in Cuba
Abel Casillas, Christian Preacher, public speaker, born in Puerto Rico

text: Sport[edit]

text:
Michel Acosta, professional soccer player, born in Uruguay
Oscar Albuquerque, former professional soccer player, born in Peru
Keven Aleman, professional soccer player, born in Costa Rica
Manny Aparicio, professional soccer player, born in Argentina
Mauro Biello, former professional soccer player, current assistant coach of the Montreal Impact
Marco Bustos, professional soccer player
Sergio Camargo, professional soccer player, born in Colombia
Miguel Cañizalez, professional soccer player, born in El Salvador
Lucas Cavallini, professional soccer player
Oscar Cordon, professional soccer player
Marco Dominguez, professional soccer player
Andres Fresenga, professional soccer player
Kianz Froese, professional soccer player, born in Cuba
Manny Gomez, professional soccer player, born in Argentina
Cristián Gutiérrez, professional soccer player
Juan Cruz Mascia, professional soccer player
Rosa Mendes, WWE Diva and professional wrestler
Juan Mendez, professional basketball player
Ivan Menjivar, mixed martial artist
Arturo Miranda, professional diver, born in Cuba
David Monsalve, professional soccer player
Cristian Nuñez, professional soccer player
Jonathan Osorio, professional soccer player
Carlos Patino, professional soccer player, born in Colombia
Willi Plett, professional hockey player, NHL
Robyn Regehr, professional hockey player, NHL
Bryce Salvador, professional hockey player, NHL
Davis Sanchez, professional football player, CFL and NFL
Isidro Sánchez Macip, professional soccer player, born in Mexico
O. J. Santiago, professional football player, NFL and CFL
Eduardo Sebrango, former professional soccer player, born in Cuba
Oscar Taveras, late professional baseball player in MLB, born in the Dominican Republic
Raffi Torres, professional hockey player, NHL

text: Cultural adjustment[edit]

text: In 2002, 82% of those who reported Latin American origin said they had a strong sense of belonging to Canada. At the same time, 57% said that they had a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group.

text: People with Latin American origins are also active in Canadian society. For example, 66% of Canadians of Latin American origin who were eligible to vote did so in the 2000 federal election.[10]

text: 2008 Montreal riots[edit]

text: The Latin American community of Quebec was brought into the spotlight when 18-year-old Honduran immigrant Fredy Alberto Villanueva was shot and killed by police officers of the SPVM on 9 August 2008.[11] The following day, what started out as a peaceful protest against the officers' actions in the borough of Montréal-Nord erupted into a riot in which neighborhood stores were looted, several cars and garbage cans were set on fire, one paramedic and two police officers were wounded and one female police officer was shot.[12]


document_title: Chinese checkers

question_text: how many points are on the star of a standard chinese checkers game board

root

text: Chinese checkers

text: History and nomenclature[edit]

text: Despite its name, the game is not a variation of checkers, nor did it originate in China or any part of Asia (whereas the game 象棋 xiangqi, or "Chinese chess", is from China). The game was invented in Germany in 1892 under the name "Stern-Halma" as a variation of the older American game Halma.[6] The "Stern" (German for star) refers to the board's star shape (in contrast to the square board used in Halma).

tag: p

text: The name "Chinese Checkers" originated in the United States as a marketing scheme by Bill and Jack Pressman in 1928. The Pressman company's game was originally called "Hop Ching Checkers".[7]

text: The game was introduced to Chinese-speaking regions mostly by the Japanese.[6]

text: Rules[edit]

text: The aim is to race all one's pieces into the star corner on the opposite side of the board before opponents do the same. The destination corner is called home. Each player has 10 pieces, except in games between two players when 15 are used.[8] (On bigger star boards, 15 or 21 pieces are used.[9])

text: In "hop across", the most popular variation, each player starts with their colored pieces on one of the six points or corners of the star and attempts to race them all home into the opposite corner. Players take turns moving a single piece, either by moving one step in any direction to an adjacent empty space, or by jumping in one or any number of available consecutive hops over other single pieces. A player may not combine hopping with a single-step move – a move consists of one or the other. There is no capturing in Chinese Checkers, so hopped pieces remain active and in play. Turns proceed clockwise around the board.[4]

text: In the diagram, Green might move the topmost piece one space diagonally forward as shown. A hop consists of jumping over a single adjacent piece, either one's own or an opponent's, to the empty space directly beyond it in the same line of direction. Red might advance the indicated piece by a chain of three hops in a single move. It is not mandatory to make the most number of hops possible. (In some instances a player may choose to stop the jumping sequence part way in order to impede the opponent's progress, or to align pieces for planned future moves.)

text: Starting layouts[edit]

text: Six players[edit]

text: Can be played "all versus all", or three teams of two. When playing teams, teammates usually sit at opposite corners of the star, with each team member controlling their own colored set of pieces. The first team to advance both sets to their home destination corners is the winner. The remaining players usually continue play to determine second- and third-place finishers, etc.

text: Four players[edit]

text: The four-player game is the same as the game for six players, except that two opposite corners will be unused.

text: Three players[edit]

text: In a three-player game, all players control either one or two sets of pieces each. If one set is used, pieces race across the board into empty, opposite corners. If two sets are used, each player controls two differently colored sets of pieces at opposite corners of the star.

text: Two players[edit]

text: In a two-player game, each player plays one, two, or three sets of pieces. If one set is played, the pieces usually go into the opponent's starting corner, and the number of pieces per side is increased to 15 (instead of the usual 10). If two sets are played, the pieces can either go into the opponent's starting corners, or one of the players' two sets can go into an opposite empty corner. If three sets are played, the pieces usually go into the opponent's starting corners.

text: Strategy[edit]

text: A basic strategy is to create or find the longest hopping path that leads closest to home, or immediately into it. (Multiple-jump moves are obviously faster to advance pieces than step-by-step moves.) Since either player can make use of any hopping 'ladder' or 'chain' created, a more advanced strategy involves hindering an opposing player in addition to helping oneself make jumps across the board. Of equal importance are the players' strategies for emptying and filling their starting and home corners. Games between top players are rarely decided by more than a couple of moves.

text: Differing numbers of players result in different starting layouts, in turn imposing different best-game strategies. For example, if a player's home destination corner starts empty (i.e. is not an opponent's starting corner), the player can freely build a 'ladder' or 'bridge' with their pieces between the two opposite ends. But if a player's opponent occupies the home corner, the player may need to wait for opponent pieces to clear before filling the home vacancies.

text: Variants[edit]

text: Fast-paced or Super Chinese Checkers[edit]

text: While the standard rules allow hopping over only a single adjacent occupied position at a time (as in checkers), this version of the game allows pieces to catapult over multiple adjacent occupied positions in a line when hopping.

text: In the fast-paced or Super Chinese Checkers variant popular in France,[10] a piece may hop over a non-adjacent piece. A hop consists of jumping over a distant piece (friendly or enemy) to a symmetrical position on the opposite side, in the same line of direction. (For example, if there are two empty positions between the jumping piece and the piece being jumped, the jumping piece lands leaving exactly two empty positions immediately beyond the jumped piece.) As in the standard rules, a jumping move may consist of any number of a chain of hops. (When making a chain of hops, a piece is usually allowed to enter an empty corner, as long as it hops out again before the move is completed.)

text: Jumping over two or more pieces in a hop is not allowed. Therefore, in this variant even more than in the standard version, it is sometimes strategically important to keep one's pieces bunched in order to prevent a long opposing hop.

text: An alternative variant allows hops over any symmetrical arrangement, including pairs of pieces, pieces separated by empty positions, and so on.

text: Capture[edit]

text: In the capture variant, all sixty game pieces start out in the hexagonal field in the center of the gameboard. The center position is left unoccupied, so pieces form a symmetric hexagonal pattern. Color is irrelevant in this variant, so players take turns hopping any game piece over any other eligible game piece(s) on the board. The hopped-over pieces are captured (retired from the game, as in English draughts) and collected in the capturing player's bin. Only jumping moves are allowed; the game ends when no further jumps are possible. The player with the most captured pieces is the winner.

text: The board is tightly packed at the start of the game; as more pieces are captured, the board frees up, often allowing multiple captures to take place in a single move.

text: Two or more players can compete in this variant, but if there are more than six players, not everyone will get a fair turn.

text: This variant resembles the game Leap Frog.[11] The main difference being that in Leap Frog the board is a square board.

text: Diamond game[edit]

text: Diamond game is a variant of Chinese Checkers played in South Korea and Japan. It uses the same jump rule as in Chinese Checkers. The aim of the game is to enter all one's pieces into the star corner on the opposite side of the board, before opponents do the same. Each player has ten or fifteen pieces. Ten-piece diamond uses a smaller gameboard than Chinese Checkers, with 73 spaces. Fifteen-piece diamond uses the same board as in Chinese Checkers, with 121 spaces. To play diamond each player selects one color and places their 10 or 15 pieces on a triangle. Two to six players can compete.[12]