document_title: Smartphone

question_text: when was the first touch screen phone released

question_tokens: when was the first touch screen phone released

text: Smartphone

text: History

text: Forerunner

text: The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a "smartphone" began as a prototype called "Angler" developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show.[5][6][7] A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. In addition to placing and receiving cellular calls, the touchscreen-equipped Simon could send and receive faxes and emails. It included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports and news.[8] The term "smart phone" or "smartphone" was not coined until a year after the introduction of the Simon, appearing in print as early as 1995, describing AT&T's PhoneWriter Communicator.[9][non-primary source needed]

text: Early integration of data signals with telephony

text: The first integration of data signals with telephony was conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in 1909 and pioneered by Theodore Paraskevakos beginning in 1968 with his work on transmission of electronic data through telephone lines. In 1971, while he was working with Boeing in Huntsville, Alabama, Paraskevakos demonstrated a transmitter and receiver that provided additional ways to communicate with remote equipment. This formed the original basis for what is now known as caller ID.[10] The first caller ID equipment was installed at Peoples' Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and was demonstrated to several telephone companies. The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos.[11]

text: PDA/phone hybrids

text: In the mid-late 1990s, many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, Newton OS, Symbian or Windows CE/Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into early mobile operating systems. Most of the "smartphones" in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with basic phone hardware. The results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or PDAs, but allowed a limited amount of cellular Internet access. The trend at the time, however, that manufacturers competed on in both mobile phones and PDAs was to make devices smaller and slimmer. The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans, plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to separate standalone devices, generally limited their popularity to "early adopters" and business users who needed portable connectivity.

text: In March 1996, Hewlett-Packard released the OmniGo 700LX, a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC with a Nokia 2110 mobile phone  piggybacked onto it and ROM-based software to support it.  It had a 640×200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls, and to create and receive text messages, emails and faxes.  It was also 100% DOS 5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of Windows.

text: In August 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator, a digital cellular PDA based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated system based on the PEN/GEOS 3.0 operating system from Geoworks. The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a clamshell design, with the display above and a physical QWERTY keyboard below. The PDA provided e-mail; calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications; text-based Web browsing; and could send and receive faxes. When closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone.

text: In June 1999 Qualcomm released the "pdQ Smartphone", a CDMA digital PCS smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA and Internet connectivity.[12]

text: Subsequent landmark devices included:

text:
The Ericsson R380 (2000) by Ericsson Mobile Communications.[13] The first device marketed as a "smartphone",[14] it was the first Symbian-based phone, with PDA functionality and limited Web browsing on a resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus.[15] Users could not install their own software on the device, however.
The Kyocera 6035 (early 2001), a dual-nature device with a separate Palm OS PDA operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware. It supported limited Web browsing with the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem.[16][17]
Handspring's Treo 180 (2002), the first smartphone that fully integrated the Palm OS on a GSM mobile phone having telephony, SMS messaging and Internet access built in to the OS. The 180 model had a thumb-type keyboard and the 180g version had a Graffiti handwriting recognition area, instead.[18]

text: Mass adoption in Japan

text: In 1999, the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country. These phones ran on i-mode, which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kbit/s.[19] Unlike future generations of wireless services, NTT DoCoMo's i-mode used cHTML, a language which restricted some aspects of traditional HTML in favor of increasing data speed for the devices.  Limited functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds available.[20] The rise of i-mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001.  It was also ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally.  This power would later wane in the face of the rise of 3G and new phones with advanced wireless network capabilities.[21]

text: Early smartphones outside Japan

text: Smartphones were still rare outside Japan until the introduction of the Danger Hiptop in 2002, which saw moderate success among U.S. consumers as the T-Mobile Sidekick. Later, in the mid-2000s, business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based on Microsoft's Windows Mobile, and then BlackBerry smartphones from Research In Motion. American users popularized the term "CrackBerry" in 2006 due to the BlackBerry's addictive nature.[22]

text: Outside the U.S. and Japan, Nokia was seeing success with its smartphones based on Symbian, originally developed by Psion for their personal organisers, and it was the most popular smartphone OS in Europe during the middle to late 2000s. Initially, Nokia's Symbian smartphones were focused on business with the Eseries,[23] similar to Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time. From 2006 onwards, Nokia started producing consumer-focused smartphones, popularized by the entertainment-focused Nseries. In Asia, with the exception of Japan, the trend was similar to that of Europe.[citation needed] Until 2010, Symbian was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system.[24]

text: Form factor shift

text: In the early to mid-2000s, it was common for smartphones to have a physical T9 numeric keypad or QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor. At that time, many smartphones had resistive touchscreens, which allowed for input with a stylus in addition to fingers, thus allowing the entry of Asian characters.[25] Keyboards were also common for smartphones in the late-2000s.

text: In 2007, the LG Prada was the first mobile phone released with a large capacitive touchscreen.[26] Later that year, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, which used a multi-touch capacitive touch screen.[27] Such phones were notable for abandoning the use of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for smartphones at the time up till the early 2010s, in favor of a capacitive touchscreen for direct finger input as its only input type. The iPhone was "not a smartphone by conventional terms, being that a smartphone is a platform device that allows software to be installed",[28] until the opening of Apple's App Store a year later, which became a common means for smartphone software distribution and installation.

text: In October 2008, the first phone to use Google's Android operating system, called the HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile G1), was released.[29][30] It was also a smartphone with a large multi-touch touchscreen, but still retained a slide-out physical keyboard. Later versions of Android added and then improved on-screen keyboard support, and physical keyboards on Android devices quickly became rare. Although Android's adoption was relatively slow at first, it started to gain widespread popularity in 2012, and in early 2012 dominated the smartphone market share worldwide, which continues to this day.[31]

text: The iPhone and Android phones with their capacitive touchscreens popularized the smartphone form factor based on a large capacitive touchscreen and led to the decline of earlier, keyboard- and keypad-focused platforms. Microsoft, for instance, discontinued Windows Mobile and started a new touchscreen-oriented OS from scratch, called Windows Phone. Nokia abandoned Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its smartphones. Windows Phone became the third-most-popular smartphone OS, before being replaced by Windows 10 Mobile, which declined in share to become "largely irrelevant" at less than 0.5% of the smartphone market.[32] Palm replaced their Palm OS with webOS, which was bought by Hewlett-Packard and later sold to LG Electronics for use on LG smart TVs. BlackBerry Limited, formerly known as Research In Motion, made a new platform based on QNX, BlackBerry 10, with which it was possible to control a device without having to press any physical buttons; this platform was later discontinued.

text: By the mid-2010s, almost all smartphones were touchscreen-only, and Android and iPhone smartphones dominated the market since smartphones started to grow in use by 2012 and 2013.

text: Technological developments in the 2010s

text: In 2013, Fairphone launched its first "socially ethical" smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing.[33] In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.[34] Some companies began to release smartphones incorporating flexible displays to create curved form factors, such as the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex.[35][36][37]

text: In October 2013, Motorola Mobility announced Project Ara, a concept for a modular smartphone platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add-on modules that attached magnetically to a frame.[38][39] Ara was retained by Google following its sale of Motorola Mobility to Lenovo,[40] but was shelved in 2016.[41] That year, LG and Motorola both unveiled smartphones featuring a limited form of modularity for accessories; the LG G5 allowed accessories to be installed via the removal of its battery compartment,[42] while the Moto Z utilizes accessories attached magnetically to the rear of the device.[43]

text: By 2014, 1440p displays began to appear on high-end smartphones.[44] In 2015, Sony released the Xperia Z5 Premium, featuring a 4K resolution display, although only images and videos could actually be rendered at that resolution (all other software is upscaled from 1080p).[45] Microsoft, expanding upon the concept of Motorola's short-lived "Webtop", unveiled functionality for its Windows 10 operating system for phones that allows supported devices to be docked for use with a PC-styled desktop environment.[46][47] Other major technologies began to trend in 2016, including a focus on virtual reality and augmented reality experiences catered towards smartphones, the newly introduced USB-C connector, and improving LTE technologies.[48]  As of 2015, the global median for smartphone ownership was 43%.[49] Statista has forecast that 2.87 billion people will own smartphones in 2020.[50]

text: The first mobile phone with a fingerprint scanner was the Toshiba G500 in 2007 and the first smartphone with a fingerprint scanner was the Motorola Atrix 4G in 2011.[51] In September 2013, the iPhone 5S was unveiled as the first smartphone on a major U.S. carrier since the Atrix to feature the technology, which was called Touch ID.[52] This feature proved popular with users and by 2017 all of Apple's major competitor's included a fingerprint scanner.[53]

text: Future possible developments

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2018)

text: Foldable OLED smartphones have been anticipated for years but have failed to materialize because of the relatively high failure rate when producing these screens.[citation needed] Creating a battery that can be folded is another hurdle.[54] Samsung has attempted to make a smartphone with a flexible display. Samsung is still on some finishing touches which after then may become the first OLED or flexible smartphone made.[citation needed]

text: Hardware

text: Display

text: One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the screen. On older models, it fills some of the device's front surface (about 70%), however, with the newest smartphones like the Essential Phone, Galaxy S9, and iPhone X, most of the available space on the front is dedicated to the screen in a style referred to as "edge-to-edge"; hardly any of the bezel is present on the front display. This causes edge-to-edge smartphones to possess more screen than a non-edge-to-edge phone of an equivalent size. Many smartphone displays have an aspect ratio of 16:9; others are 18:9, and some are 4:3 or other ratios. They are measured in diagonal inches, starting from 2.45 inches.[55] Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called "phablets." Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches commonly are difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands.

text: Liquid-crystal displays are the most common; others are IPS, LED, OLED, AMOLED and E Ink displays. In the 2010s, Braille screens, which can be used by visually impaired people are being developed. It is expected that Braille screens will use some type of microfluidics technology.[56] In addition, some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by Wacom and Samsung. Wacom’s models allows users to have greater precision when drawing.[57] Starting with the iPhone 6S, Apple released pressure sensitivity for their smartphones under the name 3D Touch. Apple’s 3D Touch uniquely utilizes the digitizer by giving users the availability to display additional menus and options by applying pressure to specified icons.

text: Accessories

text: A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including cases, screen protectors, power charging cables, wireless power stations, USB On-The-Go adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), add-on batteries, headphones, combined headphone-microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct calls on the device without holding it to the ear), and Bluetooth-enabled powered speakers that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly.

text: Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a "book"-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some "book"-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as wallets.

text: Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers.

text: Battery

text: By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;[58] however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.[59][60][61]

text: Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external "battery packs". External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable and custom-made models that "piggyback" onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the Galaxy Note 7 smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.[62]  For consumer convenience, wireless charging stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.[63]

text: Software

text: Mobile operating systems

text: Android

text: Android is a mobile operating system founded by Andy Rubin, now owned and developed by Google, and backed by an industry consortium known as the Open Handset Alliance.[64][65] It is a Linux-based open source platform with optional proprietary components, including a suite of flagship software for Google services, and the application and content storefront Google Play.[66] Android was officially introduced via the release of its inaugural device, the HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1) on 20 October 2008.[67] As an open source product, Android has also been the subject of third-party development. Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own modified versions of the operating system, such as CyanogenMod (now LineageOS), to add features to the OS and provide newer versions of Android to devices that no longer receive official updates from their vendor.[68][69][70] Forked versions of Android have also been adopted by other vendors, such as Amazon.com, who used its "Fire OS" on a range of tablets and the Fire Phone.[71][72] As it is a non-proprietary platform that has shipped on devices covering a wide range of market segments, Android has seen significant adoption. Gartner Research estimated that 325 million Android smartphones were sold during the fourth quarter of 2015, leading all other platforms. Samsung Electronics, who produces Android devices, was also the top smartphone vendor across all platforms in the same period of time.[73] Android is the top-selling smartphone OS in 2016.[74][75] Google Pay is available on Android software.[76]

text: iOS

text: iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. primarily for its iPhone product line. The iPhone was first unveiled in January 2007. The device introduced the use of multi-touch gestures for navigation.[77][78] In 2008, Apple introduced the App Store, a centralized storefront for purchasing new software for iPhone devices.[79][80] iOS can also integrate with Apple's desktop music program iTunes to sync media to a desktop/laptop.[81][82] The dependency of a desktop/laptop was removed with the introduction of iCloud on later versions of iOS, which provides synchronization of user data via Internet servers between multiple devices.[83] The iPhone line's early dominance was credited with helping make Apple one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011. However, the iPhone and iOS have generally been in second place in worldwide market share.[73][84][85]

text: Tizen

text: Tizen is a Linux-based operating system for devices, including smartphones, tablets, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) devices, smart TVs, laptops and smart cameras. Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) composed of Samsung and Intel among others. In April 2014, Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2 and the Gear 2 Neo, running Tizen.[86] The Samsung Z1 is the first smartphone produced by Samsung that runs Tizen; it was released in the Indian market on January 14, 2015.[87]

text: Sailfish OS

text: The Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer.[88] Additionally Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking user interface programmed by Jolla. This user interface differentiate Jolla smartphones from others.[89] Sailfish OS is intended to be a system made by many of the MeeGo team, which left Nokia to form Jolla, utilizing funding from Nokia's "Bridge" program which helps establish and support start-up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees.[90][91][92]

text: Ubuntu Touch

text: Ubuntu Touch (also known as Ubuntu Phone) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community.[93] It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers and is planned to be available on the Librem 5.[94]

text: PureOS

text: PureOS is a Debian GNU/Linux derivative using only free software, developed by Purism, SPC, already used on Purism's laptops and planned for use on the Librem 5 smartphone. Purism, in partnership with GNOME and KDE, aims to separate the CPU from the baseband processor and include hardware kill switches for the phone's Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, camera, microphone and baseband processor, and provide both GNOME and KDE Plasma Mobile as options for the desktop environment.[95][96]

text: Discontinued operating systems

text: BlackBerry OS

text: In 1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry smartphone, providing secure real-time push-email communications on wireless devices. Services such as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications into a single inbox. In September 2012, RIM announced that the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped. As of September 2014, there were around 46 million active BlackBerry service subscribers.[97] In the early 2010s, RIM underwent a platform transition, changing its company name to BlackBerry Limited and releasing devices on a new platform named "BlackBerry 10".[98]

text: Windows Mobile

text: Windows Mobile was based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system. Throughout its lifespan, the operating system was available in both touchscreen and non-touchscreen formats. It was supplied with a suite of applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API and was designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows. Third parties could develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft. Software applications were eventually purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service's brief lifespan. Windows Mobile was eventually phased out in favor of Windows Phone OS.

text: Symbian

text: Symbian was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32. It was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010, though the platform never gained popularity in the U.S., as it did in Europe and Asia. The first Symbian phone, the touchscreen Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000,[13][99] and was the first device marketed as a "smartphone".[100] It combined a PDA with a mobile phone.[15] Variants of Symbian OS began to emerge, most notably Symbian UIQ, MOAP and S60, each supported by different manufacturers. With the creation of Symbian Foundation in 2008, Symbian OS was unified under one variant under the stewardship of Nokia. In February 2011, Nokia announced that it would replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its future smartphones, with the platform being abandoned over the following few years.[101]

text: Firefox OS

text: Firefox OS was demonstrated by Mozilla in February 2012. It was designed to have a complete community-based alternative system for mobile devices, using open standards and HTML5 applications. The first commercially available Firefox OS phones were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire. As of 2014, more companies had partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic (which was making a smart TV with Firefox OS) and Sony.[102] In December 2015, Mozilla announced that it would phase out development of Firefox OS for smartphones, and would reposition the project to focus on other forms of Internet-connected devices.[103]

text: Bada

text: The Bada operating system for smartphones was announced by Samsung in November 2009.[104][105] The first Bada-based phone was the Samsung Wave S8500, released in June 2010.[106][107] Samsung shipped 4.5  million phones running Bada in Q2 of 2011.[108] In 2013, Bada merged with a similar platform called Tizen.

text: webOS

text: webOS is a proprietary mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which launched with the Palm Pre. After being acquired by HP, two phones (the Veer and the Pre 3) and a tablet (the TouchPad) running webOS were introduced in 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that webOS hardware was to be discontinued[109] but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem.[110] HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS, and plans to update it with additional features.[111] On February 25, 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to LG Electronics, who used the operating system for its current "smart" or Internet-connected TVs, but not smartphones. In January 2014, Qualcomm has announced that it has acquired technology patents from HP, which includes all the WebOS patents.[112]

text: Palm OS

text: In late 2001, Handspring launched the Springboard GSM phone module with limited success. In May 2002, Handspring released the Palm OS Treo 270 smartphone, which did not support Springboard, with both a touchscreen and a full keyboard. The Treo had wireless web browsing, email, calendar, a contact organizer and mobile third-party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer.[113] Handspring was purchased by Palm, Inc which released the Treo 600 and continued releasing Treo devices with a few Treo devices using Windows Mobile.

text: MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin

text: MeeGo is an operating system created from the source code of Moblin (produced by Intel) and Maemo (produced by Nokia). Before that, Nokia used Maemo on some of its smartphones and tablets (such as Nokia N810 and N900). MeeGo was originally envisioned to power a variety of devices from netbooks, tablets to smartphones and smart TVs. However, the only smartphones which used MeeGo was the Nokia N9 and Nokia N950 (MeeGo v1.2 Harmattan). Following Nokia's decision to move to Windows Phone OS in 2011 and to cease MeeGo development, the Linux Foundation canceled MeeGo in September 2011 in favor of the development of Tizen.

text: Other Linux

text: In 2003, Motorola launched the first smartphone to use Linux, the A760.[114] While the initial release was limited to a single high-end device only available in the Asia-Pacific region, the maker's intention was to eventually use Linux on most of its devices, including the lower-end models. Further models to use Linux such as the Motorola Ming A1200i in 2005 and several successors to the Ming line would be unveiled through 2010. In late 2009, Motorola released the Motorola Cliq,[115] the first of Motorola's smartphones to run the Linux-based Android operating system. Subsequently, Motorola stopped developing phones based on other Linux variants.

text: Windows 10 Mobile

text: Windows 10 Mobile (formerly known as Windows Phone) is from Microsoft. It is closed source and proprietary. It has the third largest installed base on smartphones behind Android and iOS.

text: Unveiled on February 15, 2010, Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft's Metro Design Language. It is integrated with Microsoft services such as OneDrive and Office, Xbox Music, Xbox Video, Xbox Live games and Bing, but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as Facebook and Google accounts. Windows Phone devices are made primarily by Microsoft Mobile/Nokia, and also by HTC and Samsung.

text: In January 2015, Microsoft announced that its Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with Windows 10 Mobile, bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart Windows 10, and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches.

text: Windows Mobile smartphone series has had poor adoption, that also led to a decrease in third-party applications, and some vendors ended their support for Windows Mobile altogether.[116][117]  As of 2016, Windows 10 Mobile global market share dropped below 0.6%.[118]

text: BlackBerry 10

text: In the early 2010s, BlackBerry Limited started making new devices on a new platform named "BlackBerry 10", which is based on their BlackBerry Tablet OS, to replace the BlackBerry OS.[98] In 2015, BlackBerry said there would be no new devices with BB10 but they will still support the OS for existing devices.[119] In 2016, BlackBerry Limited ceased making smartphones and licensed TCL Communication to manufacture them under the name BlackBerry Mobile. BlackBerry Mobile smartphones abandoned BlackBerry 10 in favor of the Android operating system, beginning with the 2017 BlackBerry KEYone.[120] The first BlackBerry phone to ship with Android, however, was BlackBerry Limited's Priv.

text: Mobile app

text: A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term "app" is a shortening of the term "software application".

text: Application stores

text: The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted online distribution for third-party applications (software and computer programs) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including video games, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on third-party sources providing applications for multiple platforms, such as GetJar, Handango, Handmark, and PocketGear. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's BlackBerry App World and Android-related app stores like F-Droid. In February 2014, 93% of mobile developers were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.[121]

text: Sales

text: Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.[122] In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.[123] Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.[3] Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012.[124] In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent year on year. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.[125]

text: By manufacturer

text:
Worldwide Smartphones Vendors Market Share

Source

Date

Samsung

Apple Inc.

Huawei

Oppo

Vivo

Others

Reference

Gartner
Q1 2017
20.7%
13.7%
9.0%
8.1%
6.8%
41.7%
[126]

IDC
Q1 2017
23.3%
14.7%
10.0%
7.5%
5.5%
39.0%
[127]

text: In 2011, Samsung had the highest shipment market share worldwide, followed by Apple. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. Huawei, LG and Lenovo were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9 percent; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92 percent.[128] In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.[129] In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.[130] In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had 12.9%.[126] In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, Oppo with 25.5 million and Vivo with 22.7 million.[131]

text: Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business has been increasing very rapidly over the past 4 years.[132]

text: By operating system

text:
Worldwide operating system market share for smartphones

Source

Date

Android

iOS

Others

Reference

Gartner
Q1 2017
86.1%
13.7%
0.2%
[133]

text: The market has been dominated by the Android operating system since 2010. Android's market share (measured by units shipment) rose from 33.2% in Q4 2011 to 81.7% of the market in Q4 2016. Apple's market share oscillated between 18% and 12.5% during the same period. Windows Phone market share also oscillated between 1.5% and 0.3% during the same time frame. As of the end of Q4 2016, Android was the most popular operating system sold with new smartphones with an 81.7% market share, followed by iOS with 17.9%, Windows 10 Mobile with 0.3% and other OSes at 0.1%.[133]

text: Historical sales figures, in millions

text:
Year

Android (Google)

iOS (Apple)

Windows Mobile/Phone (Microsoft)

BlackBerry (formerly RIM)

Symbian (Nokia)

Palm/WebOS (Palm/HP)

Bada (Samsung)

Other

Total

2007[134]

3.3

14.7

11.77

77.68

1.76

109.21

2008[134]

11.42

16.5

23.15

72.93

2.51

126.51

2009[135]

6.8

24.89

15.03

34.35

80.88

1.19

163.14

2010[136]

67.22

46.6

12.38

47.45

111.58

285.23

2011[137]

219.52

89.26

8.77

51.54

93.41

9.6

14.24

486.34

2012[138]

451.62

130.13

16.94

34.21

15.9

47.20

696.00

2013[138]

758.72

150.79

30.84

18.61

18.82

977.78

2014[139]

1,004.68

191.43

35.13

7.91

5.75

1,244.90

text: Use

text: Social

text: A 2012 University of Southern California study found that unprotected adolescent sexual activity was more common among owners of smartphones.[140] A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect sleep cycles.[141] Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.[142] A "smombie" (a combination of "smartphone" and "zombie") is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.[143] The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a "mobile lane" for walking in Chongqing, China.[144] The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of Augsburg, Germany to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.[145]

text: While driving

text: Mobile phone use while driving—including calling, text messaging, playing media, web browsing, gaming, using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as distracted driving. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents. In September 2010, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, State Farm Insurance, announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.[146] Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free calling on a mobile phone (which uses a speakerphone) is banned.  In other countries including the UK and France and in many US states, only the use of calling on handheld phones is banned, while hands-free use is permitted.

text:
A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.[147]
The scientific literature on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or texting while driving, is limited. A simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.[148] Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, GPS or satnav.

text: A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while cycling and its effects on behavior and safety.[149] In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.[150] A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.[151]

text: Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a call on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the United Kingdom, from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.[152] This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.[153] Japan prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices.  New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. Many states in the United States have banned text messaging on phones while driving. Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law.[154] As of July 2010, 30 states had banned texting while driving, with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on July 15.[155]

text: Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.[156]

text: Legal

text: A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android phone copied the interface—and possibly the hardware—of Apple's iOS for the iPhone 3GS. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving Sony Mobile, Google, Apple Inc., Samsung, Microsoft, Nokia, Motorola, HTC, Huawei and ZTE, among others. The conflict is part of the wider "patent wars" between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase market share, companies granted a patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010's the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and designs in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone OSes such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

text: Facsimile

text: Some apps allows for sending and receiving facsimile (Fax), over a smartphone, including facsimile data (composed of raster bi-level graphics) generated directly and digitally from document and image file formats.

text: Medical

text: With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.[157]

text: Security

text: Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.[158][159]  Often, malware is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.[160][161] Malware risk also comes from what is known as an "update attack", where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.[162] As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install kill switches in their devices.[163] In 2014, Apple's "Find my iPhone" and Google's "Android Device Manager" can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.[164]

text: Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013–2016, detail the capabilities of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare, including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS and Android).[165][166]

text: Sleep

text: Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects melatonin levels and sleep cycles. In an effort to alleviate these issues, several apps that change the color temperature of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated have been developed for Android, while iOS 9.3 integrated similar, system-level functionality known as "Night Shift". Amazon released a feature known as "blue shade" in their Fire OS "Bellini" 5.0 and later. It has also been theorized that for some users, addicted use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in "ego depletion". Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.[167][168][169][170][171]

text: Bokeh cameras

text: Pocket cameras have difficulty producing bokeh in images, but nowadays, some smartphones have dual-lens cameras that produce the bokeh effect easily, and can even rearrange the level of bokeh after shooting. The iPhone 7 Plus debuted with a dual-lens camera in the back of the smartphone.[172] More advanced smartphones may come with 'quad cameras', or two dual-lens cameras such as the Honor 9 Lite smartphone. The back and front of the smartphone each have a 13MP main lens and a 2MP lens for capturing depth information.[173] The Evercoss U50A Max smartphone has 4 cameras, and costs less than $100.[174]

text: Huawei P20 Pro smartphone with triple lenses in the back of the smartphone has been launched as bokeh camera smartphone with optical zoom. First lens has 40MP RGB, second lens has 20MP monochrome and third lens has 8MP RGB telephoto 3x. The zoom can be enhanced to 5x with combination of the optical zoom and megapixel lens 40MP RGB to produce undeteriorated (optical+digital) zoom or digital zoom without loss of quality.[175]


document_title: The Unsinkable Molly Brown (film)

question_text: who played johnny brown in the unsinkable molly brown

root

text: The Unsinkable Molly Brown (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Rescued from the Colorado River as an infant and raised by Seamus Tobin, tomboy Molly Brown is determined to find a wealthy man to marry. She journeys to Leadville, Colorado and is hired as a saloon singer by Christmas Morgan. After miner Johnny Brown renovates his cabin, the two wed, and he sells his claim in a silver mine for $300,000. Soon after the money Molly hid in the stove is accidentally burnt, Johnny discovers the richest gold vein in state history.

tag: p

text: The Browns and Seamus move into a Denver mansion, and Molly sets out to improve her social status by trying to ingratiate herself with the city's elite, all of whom snub her and her nouveau riche ways. She and Johnny go to Europe, where they are embraced by royalty, and the couple return to Denver with their new friends. Molly's plan to introduce them to the people who formerly rejected her is derailed by Johnny's rough and tumble friends, whose unexpected and boisterous arrival ruins the gala party Molly is hosting.

text: Molly decides to return to Europe, leaving Johnny behind. She initially falls for the charms of Prince Louis de Lanière, but eventually decides she prefers to live with Johnny in Leadville. For the first time in her life, she realizes that someone else's feelings and priorities need to be considered. Setting sail for home aboard the Titanic, she becomes a heroine when the ship sinks and she helps rescue many of her fellow passengers. When her deed makes international headlines, Molly is welcomed home by Johnny and the people of Denver.

text: Production[edit]

text: Harve Presnell was the sole member of the original Broadway cast who was invited to reprise his stage role in the film. Although Tammy Grimes had originated the title role and had won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance, MGM executives wanted Shirley MacLaine for the film. After she signed, producer Hal Wallis claimed she was under contract to him, and MacLaine was forced to withdraw from the project. When Debbie Reynolds was cast instead, MacLaine publicly accused her of agreeing to accept a lower salary in order to land the role, and director Charles Walters, who preferred MacLaine, tried to persuade Reynolds to turn down the part.[2]

text: Exteriors were filmed in the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park in western Colorado.

text: Only five of the seventeen musical numbers from the stage musical were used in the film, and Meredith Willson wrote "He's My Friend" to extend the song score.[3] Peter Gennaro, who had choreographed the original Broadway production, staged the musical sequences.

text: During production, M-G-M was putting all its resources into its forthcoming Doctor Zhivago (1965), and at least $1 million was cut from the budget of Molly Brown. Running out of money to complete the film, director Charles Walters proposed cutting the rousing dance number "He's My Friend". To save the number, cast and crew ultimately decided to film it in one rigorous day using multiple cameras to reduce shooting time.[4]

text: The film was the 12th largest grossing attraction of 1964, grossing $11,070,559 at the domestic box office.[1] It earned $7.5 million in US theatrical rentals.[5][6]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Debbie Reynolds ..... Molly Brown
Harve Presnell ..... Johnny Brown
Ed Begley ..... Shamus Tobin
Jack Kruschen ..... Christmas Morgan
Hermione Baddeley ..... Buttercup Grogan
Vassili Lambrinos ..... Prince Louis de Lanière
Martita Hunt ..... Grand Duchess Elise Lupovinova
Harvey Lembeck ..... Polak
Maria Karnilova...........Daphne
Audrey Christie...........Gladys McGraw

tag: ul

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Belly Up to the Bar, Boys" ... Shamus Tobin, Christmas Morgan, Molly Brown, and Ensemble
"I Ain't Down Yet" ... Molly Brown
"Colorado, My Home" ... Johnny Brown
"I'll Never Say No" ... Johnny Brown and Molly Brown
"He's My Friend" ... Molly Brown, Johnny Brown, Mrs. Grogan, Grand Duchess Elise Lupovinova, Shamus Tobin, Christmas Morgan, and Ensemble
"Johnny's Soliloquy" ... Johnny Brown

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: A.H. Weiler of The New York Times called the film "big, brassy, bold and freewheeling" but added, "The tones are ringing, but often hollow. Molly is a colorful character all right, and the screen, which is as wide as can be, is filled with vivid colors that help project the fact that this is merely a satisfying musical comedy and not an inspired subject." He continued, "This is not to say that Meredith Willson's score is not tuneful and lilting but to this listener it is good, sweet corn that is more palatable than memorable. Mr. Gennaro, on the other hand, has devised dances that more than complement Mr. Willson's music. They may seem to be improvised but they have the true marks of professionalism in their carefully plotted verve, bounce and exuberance." He concluded, "The Unsinkable Molly Brown, in the person of Miss Reynolds, and the other principals, often mistakes vigor for art. But Metro's lavish and attractive production numbers make up for this basic superficiality. For all of its shallowness, Molly is a cheerful and entertaining addition to the local screen scene".[7]

text: Variety observed, "In essence, it's a pretty shallow story since the title character, when you get right down to it, is obsessed with a very superficial, egotistical problem beneath her generous, razzmatazz facade. On top of that, Willson's score is rather undistinguished. Debbie Reynolds thrusts herself into the role with an enormous amount of verve and vigor. At times her approach to the character seems more athletic than artful. Harve Presnell . . . makes a generally auspicious screen debut as the patient Johnny. His fine, booming voice and physical stature make him a valuable commodity for Hollywood".[8]

text: Channel 4 called it an "amiable comedy with a handful of good tunes" that "lacks the satirical bite which its story may suggest. Sometimes the director seems to feel more at ease with the melodramatic moments than the comedy ones".[9]

text: Time Out London noted, "As ebulliently energetic as ever, Reynolds makes the brash social climbing both funny and touching, but the film itself gets trapped in two minds between satire and sentimentality. The score . . . though pleasant, is rather thinly spread; but the sets are a delight in the best traditions of the MGM musical, and Walters does a wonderfully graceful job of direction".[10]

text: TV Guide rated the film three out of four stars and commented, "A rambunctious and spirited effort from Reynolds . . . saves this otherwise weakly scripted, familiar musical from the long list of forgotten pictures".[6]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Award nominations went to Debbie Reynolds for Best Actress; George Davis, E. Preston Ames, Henry Grace, and Hugh Hunt for Best Color Art Direction and Set Decoration; Daniel L. Fapp for Best Color Cinematography; Morton Haack for Best Color Costume Design; Robert Armbruster, Leo Arnaud, Jack Elliott, Jack Hayes, Calvin Jackson, and Leo Shuken for Best Music, Scoring of Music, Adaptation or Treatment; and Franklin Milton for Best Sound.[11]

text: The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Reynolds was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.

text: Helen Deutsch was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical.

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[12]

text: DVD release[edit]

text: Warner Home Video released the Region 1 DVD on September 19, 2000. The film is in anamorphic widescreen format with an audio track in English and subtitles in English and French. In 2016, Warner Archive released the film on Blu Ray.


document_title: O Brother, Where Art Thou?

question_text: where was old brother where art thou filmed

text: O Brother, Where Art Thou?

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three convicts, Ulysses Everett McGill, Pete Hogwallop, and Delmar O'Donnell, escape from a chain gang and set out to retrieve a supposed treasure Everett buried before the area is flooded to make a lake. The three get a lift from a blind man driving a handcar on a railway. He tells them, among other prophecies, that they will find a fortune but not the one they seek. The trio make their way to the house of Wash, Pete's cousin. They sleep in the barn, but Wash reports them to Sheriff Cooley, who, along with his men, torches the barn. Wash's son helps them escape.

text: They pick up Tommy Johnson, a young black man, who claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for the ability to play guitar. In need of money, the four stop at a radio broadcast tower where they record a song as The Soggy Bottom Boys. That night, the trio part ways with Tommy after their car is discovered by the police. Unbeknownst to them, the recording becomes a major hit.

text: Near a river, the group hears singing. They see three women washing clothes and singing. The women drug them with corn whiskey and they lose consciousness. Upon waking, Delmar finds Pete's clothes lying next to him, empty except for a toad. Delmar is convinced the women were Sirens and transformed Pete into the toad. Later, one-eyed Bible salesman Big Dan Teague invites them for a picnic lunch, then mugs them and kills the toad.

text: Everett and Delmar arrive in Everett's home town. Everett confronts his wife Penny, who changed her last name and told his daughters he was dead. He gets into a fight with Vernon T. Waldrip, her new "suitor." They later see Pete working on a chain gang. Later that night, they sneak into Pete's holding cell and free him. As it turns out, the women had dragged Pete away and turned him in to the authorities. Under torture, Pete gave away the treasure's location to the police. Everett then confesses that there is no treasure. He made it up to convince the guys he was chained with to escape with him in order to stop his wife from getting married. Pete is enraged at Everett, because he had two weeks left on his original sentence, and must serve fifty more years for the escape.

text: The trio stumble upon a Ku Klux Klan rally, who are planning to hang Tommy. The trio disguise themselves as Klansmen and attempt to rescue Tommy. However, Big Dan, a Klan member, reveals their identities. Chaos ensues, and the Grand Wizard reveals himself as Homer Stokes, a candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election. The trio rush Tommy away and cut the supports of a large burning cross, leaving it to fall on Big Dan.

text: Everett convinces Pete, Delmar and Tommy to help him win his wife back. They sneak into a Stokes campaign gala dinner she is attending, disguised as musicians. The group begins a performance of their radio hit. The crowd recognizes the song and goes wild. Homer recognizes them as the group who humiliated his mob. When he demands the group be arrested and reveals his white supremacist views, the crowd runs him out of town on a rail. Pappy O'Daniel, the incumbent candidate, seizes the opportunity, endorses the Soggy Bottom Boys and grants them full pardons. Penny agrees to marry Everett with the condition that he find her original ring.

text: The next morning, the group sets out to retrieve the ring, which is at a cabin in the valley, which Everett earlier claimed was the location of his treasure. The police, having learned of the place from Pete, arrest the group. Dismissing their claims of receiving pardons, Sheriff Cooley orders them hanged. Just as Everett prays to God, the valley is flooded and they are saved. Tommy finds the ring in a desk that floats by, and they return to town. However, when Everett presents the ring to Penny, it turns out it wasn't her ring, and she doesn't even remember where she put it.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
George Clooney as Ulysses Everett McGill, a man who is imprisoned for practicing law without a license. He claims to have escaped from prison so he can find a stash of money he had hidden, though in reality it is so he can get back to his family before his wife remarries. He corresponds to Odysseus (Ulysses) in the Odyssey.[10]
John Turturro, as Pete Hogwallop, a fellow criminal who reveals little about his past. He believes in being true to one's kin, even when his cousin Washington B. Hogwallop betrays him. He dreams of moving out west and opening a fine restaurant, where he will be the maître d'. He agreed to go along with the breakout, though he only had two weeks left on his sentence.
Tim Blake Nelson as Delmar O'Donnell, a small-time crook imprisoned for robbing a Piggly Wiggly in Yazoo City; he initially claims innocence but later admits he is guilty. Delmar says he will spend his share of Everett's nonexistent money buying back his family farm, believing, "You ain't no kind of man if you ain't got land."
Chris Thomas King as Tommy Johnson, a skilled blues musician. He is the accompanying guitarist in the Soggy Bottom Boys. He claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for his skill on the guitar. He shares his name and story with Tommy Johnson, a blues musician with a mysterious past, who is said to have sold his soul to the devil at the Crossroads (a story more often attributed to Robert Johnson).[11][12]
Frank Collison as Washington B. "Wash" Hogwallop, Pete's paternal cousin. He removes the escapees' chains but later betrays the men to the police.
John Goodman as Daniel "Big Dan" Teague, a one-eyed man who masquerades as a Bible salesman and mugs Everett and Delmar. He later reveals the identity of the trio when they are disguised at a Ku Klux Klan rally, but they kill him by cutting loose a burning cross, which falls on him and the Klansmen. He corresponds to the cyclops Polyphemus in the Odyssey.[10]
Holly Hunter as Penny, Everett's ex-wife, who is fed up with Everett's wheeling and dealing. She divorces him while he is in prison, telling their children he was hit by a Louisville & Nashville train. She is engaged to Vernon T. Waldrip until Everett wins her back. She corresponds to Penelope in the Odyssey.[10] (Penelope is an icon of the faithful wife, as she rejected her many suitors, stalling for time while awaiting Odysseus' return.)
Charles Durning as Menelaus "Pappy" O'Daniel, the incumbent Governor of Mississippi. He is frequently seen berating his son and his campaign managers, who are depicted as simpletons. The character is based on Texas governor W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel.[13] (Flensted-Jensen elaborates on the connection between the fictional and the real Pappy O'Daniel.)[10] He corresponds to Menelaus in the Odyssey.
Daniel von Bargen as Sheriff Cooley, a ruthless rural sheriff who, with his bloodhound, pursues the trio for the duration of the film. It is implied several times that he is the devil incarnate, and Cooley fits Tommy Johnson's description of Satan: Cooley's sunglasses evoke Satan's "big empty eyes." He eventually ambushes the escapees after they have been pardoned by the governor. He intends to hang them nonetheless, but when the valley is flooded, he, his men, and his dog all drown. He corresponds to Poseidon in the Odyssey.[10] He has been compared to Boss Godfrey in Cool Hand Luke.[14]
Wayne Duvall as Homer Stokes, the reform candidate in the upcoming election for Governor. He travels the countryside with a dwarf, who depicts the "little man", and a broom, with which he promises to "sweep this state clean". He is secretly an Imperial Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan. He falsely identifies Everett, Pete, and Delmar as people of color because they are dirty.
Ray McKinnon as Vernon T. Waldrip, Penny's bona fide suitor and the manager of Homer Stokes's election campaign. It has been suggested that his name is a nod to novelist Howard Waldrop, whose novella A Dozen Tough Jobs is one of the inspirations for the film.[15] He corresponds to the Suitors of Penelope in the Odyssey.[10]
Michael Badalucco as George Nelson, a bipolar bank robber who dislikes being called "Baby Face". The real George Nelson died in 1934, three years before the story is set. Nelson died in a shootout known as the Battle of Barrington rather than by electric chair, as suggested in the film.
Stephen Root as Mr. Lund, the blind radio station manager who records Everett's story in the song "Man of Constant Sorrow" and makes him known throughout the state. He corresponds to Homer.[10]
Lee Weaver as the Blind Seer, a mysterious railroad man who accurately predicts the outcome of the trio's adventure as well as several other incidents. He corresponds to Tiresias in the Odyssey.[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: The idea of O Brother, Where Art Thou? arose spontaneously. Work on the script began long before the start of production in December 1997 and was at least half-written by May 1998. Despite the fact that Ethan described the Odyssey as "one of my favorite storyline schemes", neither of the brothers had read the epic and were only familiar with its content through adaptations and numerous references to the Odyssey in popular culture.[16] According to the brothers, Nelson (who has a degree in classics from Brown University)[17][18] was the only person on the set who had read the Odyssey.[19]

text: The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 Preston Sturges film Sullivan's Travels, in which the protagonist (a director) wants to direct a film about the Great Depression called O Brother, Where Art Thou?[5] that will be a "commentary on modern conditions, stark realism, and the problems that confront the average man". Lacking any experience in this area, the director sets out on a journey to experience the human suffering of the average man but is sabotaged by his anxious studio. The film has some similarity in tone to Sturges's film, including scenes with prison gangs and a black church choir. The prisoners at the picture show scene is also a direct homage to a nearly identical scene in Sturges's film.[20]

text: Joel Coen revealed in a 2000 interview that he came to Phoenix, Arizona, to offer the lead role to Clooney. Clooney agreed to do the role immediately, without reading the script. He stated that he liked even the Coens' least successful films.[21] Clooney did not immediately understand his character and sent the script to his uncle Jack who lived in Kentucky and asked him to read the entire script into a tape recorder.[22] Unknown to Clooney, in his recording, Jack, a devout Baptist, omitted all instances of the words "damn" and "hell" from the Coens' script, which only became known to Clooney after the directors pointed this out to him in the middle of shooting.[22]

text: This was the fourth film of the brothers in which John Turturro has starred. Other actors in O Brother, Where Art Thou? who had worked previously with the Coens include John Goodman (three films), Holly Hunter (two), Michael Badalucco and Charles Durning (one film each).

text: The Coens used digital color correction to give the film a sepia-tinted look.[8] Joel stated this was because the actual set was "greener than Ireland." [22] Cinematographer Roger Deakins stated, "Ethan and Joel favored a dry, dusty Delta look with golden sunsets. They wanted it to look like an old hand-tinted picture, with the intensity of colors dictated by the scene and natural skin tones that were all shades of the rainbow."[23] Initially the crew tried to perform the color correction using a physical process, however after several tries with various chemical processes proved unsatisfactory, it became necessary to perform the process digitally.[22]

text: This was the fifth film collaboration between the Coen Brothers and Deakins, and it was slated to be shot in Mississippi at a time of year when the foliage, grass, trees, and bushes would be a lush green.[23] It was filmed near locations in Canton, Mississippi and Florence, South Carolina in the summer of 1999.[24] After shooting tests, including film bipack and bleach bypass techniques, Deakins suggested digital mastering be used.[23] Deakins subsequently spent 11 weeks fine-tuning the look, mainly targeting the greens, making them a burnt yellow and desaturating the overall image in the digital files.[8] This made it the first feature film to be entirely color corrected by digital means, narrowly beating Nick Park's Chicken Run.[8]

text: O Brother, Where Art Thou? was the first time a digital intermediate was used on the entirety of a first-run Hollywood film that otherwise had very few visual effects. The work was done in Los Angeles by Cinesite using a Spirit DataCine for scanning at 2K resolution, a Pandora MegaDef to adjust the color, and a Kodak Lightning II recorder to put out to film.[25]

text: A major theme of the film is the connection between old-time music and political campaigning in the Southern U.S. It makes reference to the traditions, institutions, and campaign practices of bossism and political reform that defined Southern politics in the first half of the 20th century.

text: The Ku Klux Klan, at the time a political force of white populism, is depicted burning crosses and engaging in ceremonial dance. The character Menelaus "Pappy" O'Daniel, the governor of Mississippi and host of the radio show The Flour Hour, is similar in name and demeanor to W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel,[26] one-time Governor of Texas and later U.S. Senator from that state.[27] W. Lee O'Daniel was in the flour business, and used a backing band called the Light Crust Doughboys on his radio show.[28] In one campaign, W. Lee O'Daniel carried a broom,[29] an oft-used campaign device in the reform era, promising to sweep away patronage and corruption.[29] His theme song had the hook, "Please pass the biscuits, Pappy", emphasizing his connection with flour.[28]

text: While the film borrows from real-life politics, differences are obvious between the characters in the film and historical political figures. The O'Daniel of the movie used "You Are My Sunshine" as his theme song (which was originally recorded by real-life Governor of Louisiana James Houston "Jimmie" Davis[30]) and Homer Stokes, as the challenger to the incumbent O'Daniel, portrays himself as the "reform candidate", using a broom as a prop.

text: Music[edit]

text: Music in the film was originally conceived as a major component of the film, not merely as a background or a support. Producer and musician T-Bone Burnett worked with the Coens while the script was still in its working phases, and the soundtrack was recorded before filming commenced.[31]

text: Much of the music used in the film is period-specific folk music,[6] including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley.[7] The musical selection also includes religious music, including Primitive Baptist and traditional African American gospel, most notably the Fairfield Four, an a cappella quartet with a career extending back to 1921 who appear in the soundtrack and as gravediggers towards the film's end. Selected songs in the film reflect the possible spectrum of musical styles typical of the old culture of the American South: gospel, delta blues, country, swing and bluegrass.[32][33]

text: The use of dirges and other macabre songs is a theme that often recurs in Appalachian music[34] ("O Death", "Lonesome Valley", "Angel Band", "I Am Weary") in contrast to bright, cheerful songs ("Keep On the Sunny Side", "In the Highways") in other parts of the film.

text: The voices of the Soggy Bottom Boys were provided by Dan Tyminski (lead vocal on "Man of Constant Sorrow"), Nashville songwriter Harley Allen, and the Nashville Bluegrass Band's Pat Enright.[35] The three won a CMA Award for Single of the Year[35] and a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals, both for the song "Man of Constant Sorrow".[9] Tim Blake Nelson sang the lead vocal on "In the Jailhouse Now".[5]

text: "Man of Constant Sorrow" has five variations: two are used in the film, one in the music video, and two in the soundtrack album. Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back-to-back, and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse.[36] Though the song received little significant radio airplay,[37] it reached #35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2002.[38] The version of "I'll Fly Away" heard in the film is performed not by Krauss and Welch (as it is on the CD and concert tour), but by the Kossoy Sisters with Erik Darling accompanying on long-neck five-string banjo, recorded in 1956 for the album Bowling Green on Tradition Records.[39]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival on October 19, 2000.[1] It grossed $71,868,327 worldwide[3] off its $26 million budget.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 77% based on 147 reviews and an average score of 7.1/10. The consensus reads: "Though not as good as Coen brothers' classics such as Blood Simple, the delightfully loopy O Brother, Where Art Thou? is still a lot of fun."[40] The film holds an average score of 69/100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews.[41]

text: Roger Ebert gave two and a half out of four stars to the film, saying all the scenes in the film were "wonderful in their different ways, and yet I left the movie uncertain and unsatisfied".[42]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was selected into the main competition of the 2000 Cannes Film Festival.[43]

text: The film also received two Academy Award nominations at the 73rd Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Cinematography. Cinematographer Roger Deakins was recognized with both Academy Award and ASC Outstanding Achievement Award nominations for his work on the film.[23]

text: For his portrayal of Ulysses Everett McGill, George Clooney received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. The film was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.

text: Soggy Bottom Boys[edit]

text: The Soggy Bottom Boys, the musical group that the main characters form, serve as accompaniment for the film. The name is an homage to the Foggy Mountain Boys, a bluegrass band led by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs.[44] In the film, the songs credited to the band are lip-synched by the actors, except that Tim Blake Nelson does sing his own vocals on "In the Jailhouse Now." The actual musicians are Dan Tyminski (guitar and lead vocals), Harley Allen, and Pat Enright.[45][46] The band's hit single is Dick Burnett's "Man of Constant Sorrow," a song that had already enjoyed much success in real life.[47] After the film's release, the fictitious band became so popular that the country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film, such as Ralph Stanley, John Hartford, Alison Krauss, Emmylou Harris, Gillian Welch, Chris Sharp, and others, all got together and performed the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD.[6]


document_title: List of Grace and Frankie episodes

question_text: how many episodes of grace and frankie in season 4

text: List of Grace and Frankie episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

2
13
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

3
13
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

4
13
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"The End"
Tate Taylor
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Grace Hanson and Frankie Bergstein are brought to dinner by their lawyer husbands, Robert and Sol, under the assumption that the men are going to announce they are retiring, but the women are shocked when their husbands reveal they are actually leaving them, for each other, and want to get married now that same-sex marriage is legal. The men also reveal that they have been having an affair with each other for more than 20 years. The news quickly spreads to their horrified children. Despite their stark personality differences, Grace and Frankie strike up a bond when they both seek escape at the beach house the couples share.

2
2
"The Credit Cards"
Scott Winant
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Grace and Frankie are adjusting to living with each other, but the discovery that Robert and Sol have cut off their credit cards leaves them fuming. Frankie contemplates moving back to her home, since Sol is living with Robert, but eventually decides to stay with Grace at the beach house so they can continue supporting one another. Grace and Robert's daughter Mallory is caught between her parents when she picks up some things from Robert's for Grace, and later she bumps into Frankie and Sol's son, Coyote, with whom she has a troubled history.

3
3
"The Dinner"
Bryan Gordon
Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe-House
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Robert and Sol host a dinner party for their children, but they object to having to keep it a secret from Grace and Frankie. Meanwhile, the women have decided to take their minds off the impending divorce by returning to work; unfortunately, Grace and Robert's daughter Brianna, who now operates Grace's cosmetics company, refuses to let her return for fear of being overshadowed, and Frankie's attempt to apply for an art teacher position is derailed due to a misunderstanding. Mallory has to come to terms with being in the same room as Coyote but they eventually decide to put their troubles behind them.

4
4
"The Funeral"
Tim Kirkby
Alexa Junge
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

When Robert and Sol's law partner dies, both they and Grace and Frankie attend the funeral, which is the first function in which Robert and Sol have are to be an out and about couple together. Frankie is upset when Grace ditches her to spend time with Lydia, Robert's sister, and later Grace fears that Frankie has overheard her say that she is 'stuck with her.' Robert is surprised to find that he misses Grace almost as much as Sol misses Frankie.

5
5
"The Fall"
Betty Thomas
Billy Finnegan
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Sometime after the funeral, Brianna visits with the intention of having Grace set up an online dating profile, but winds up getting high with Frankie. They convince Grace to take them to get frozen yogurt, where Grace takes a nasty fall and breaks her hip. A series of comical and concerning events follow at the hospital, culminating in Grace's realization of how much Frankie means to her.

6
6
"The Earthquake"
Tristram Shapeero
Jacquelyn Reingold
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

A minor earthquake sets off Frankie's seismophobia, prompting Sol to drop everything to comfort her. Frankie questions how things with Sol started, and it is obvious there are still unresolved feelings between them. Grace goes on an online date but takes a face to one of Frankie's troublesome students when the date goes disastrously wrong. Meanwhile, Coyote attempts to give Mallory a gift, but bumps into Mallory's aggressive husband Mitch, who is far from thrilled to see him.

7
7
"The Spelling Bee"
Tim Kirkby
Julieanne Smolinski
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Frankie and Sol are both excited to watch the national spelling bee, but are disappointed to find that Grace and Robert aren't interested. Grace is saved from a disastrous date by Guy, an old friend of Robert's who is looking to give up his life of adventure. Brianna gets a dog as an escape from her disastrous dating life, but finds herself with the hots for the dog's foster owner.

8
8
"The Sex"
Dennie Gordon
David Budin & Brendan McCarthy
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Grace is ready to take things to the next level with Guy, but finds herself uncomfortable with the idea of being intimate after years of (not) sleeping with Robert. However, Frankie is on hand with her homemade organic lube. Frankie realizes her friend Jacob is flirting with her. Sol and Robert clear out Brianna's old room but Sol is terrified of Brianna. Bud and Coyote have a brotherly talk.

9
9
"The Invitation"
Matt Shakman
Billy Finnegan
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Frankie is upset when Grace gets an invitation to Sol and Robert's wedding and she doesn't, but soon realizes that she needs to set boundaries with her ex-husband. Robert discovers Grace and Guy are dating and gatecrashes an afternoon golfing. Looking for a new angle for her business, Brianna discovers Frankie's homemade lube and, after making all her colleagues experiment with it, realizes its potential.

10
10
"The Elevator"
Miguel Arteta
Laura Jacqmin
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Frankie, Grace, Sol, Robert and Bud become trapped in an elevator after signing their divorce papers, and remember a pivotal weekend spent at the beach house five years previously. Sol and Robert attempt to tell Grace and Frankie about their affair but are interrupted by the arrival of the kids, including a heavily pregnant Mallory and a Coyote in the height of his drug addiction. As events escalate, Mallory gives birth, Grace decides Brianna should take over her business, and Bud discovers his father's relationship with Robert but decides to keep quiet.

11
11
"The Secrets"
Andrew McCarthy
Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe-House
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Grace is thrown when coming face to face with the student of Frankie's who she kissed during the earthquake, and confides in Frankie, but is upset when Frankie tells Sol, who tells Robert, and then Guy finds out. Sol is furious to discover that Robert slept with another man 10 years ago when they had stopped seeing each other. Brianna gets closer with her co-worker but their date is gatecrashed by Coyote and Bud.

12
12
"The Bachelor Party"
Julie Anne Robinson
Jacquelyn Reingold
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Coyote and Bud enlist Brianna and Mallory's help with arranging a bachelor party for Robert and Sol but there are differing opinions on what they would like. Things get worse when Robert's conservative old boss arrives. Grace and Frankie hit the town for a "yes night" in an attempt to cheer Frankie up during her Sol purge.

13
13
"The Vows"
Dean Parisot
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris & Alexa Junge
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

It's the week before Robert and Sol's wedding, and Robert is struggling to write vows that match Sol's natural emotive words. Frankie is forced to break her purge from Sol to help him clear out their old house, but old memories reemerge and they end up sleeping with each other. Grace is furious with Sol when she finds out and orders him to tell Robert. She comforts Frankie, who finally recognizes her marriage is over. Meanwhile, Grace realizes she needs to break up with Guy, but runs into unexpected difficulties in doing so. The episode ends with Grace and Frankie walking down the beach together wrapped in a blanket comforting each other and Sol going home, but it's not clear whether he tells Robert.

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

14
1
"The Wish"
Dean Parisot
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Robert is rushed to hospital after having a heart attack, stopping Sol's plans to tell him about his affair with Frankie. With life-threatening surgery looming, Robert convinces Sol to marry him, and Grace and Frankie are forced to help, despite their own guilt about the infidelity. It's not long before the children find out as well. Mallory reveals some big news.

15
2
"The Vitamix"
Rebecca Asher
Alexa Junge
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Grace and Frankie agree to go to Robert and Sol's house ahead of them coming home, but it brings up bitter memories for both of them. Brianna, Mallory and Bud help Sol deal with Robert's health insurance, while Mallory breaks the news to her father that she is pregnant with twins.

16
3
"The Negotiation"
Trent O'Donnell
Billy Finnegan
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Negotiations between Frankie and Brianna over her Yam lube get tough, while Frankie also reconnects with her former flame Jacob. Grace competes with her rival granny for Mallory's children's affection.

17
4
"The Road Trip"
Arlene Sanford
Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe-House
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Frankie convinces Grace to track down her former flame, Phil, who Grace had an affair with many years earlier. However, the reunion doesn't go well. Sol is racked with guilt as he continues to lie to Robert.

18
5
"The Test"
Andy Ackerman
John Hoffman
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Frankie struggles with trying and failing to pass her driving test. Grace attempts to reconnect with old friends, but realizes that she has moved on from that part of her life now.

19
6
"The Chicken"
Jann Turner
Julie Durk
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Unable to keep his lie any longer, Sol admits to Robert that he slept with Frankie, and the latter furiously throws his new husband out. Grace coaches a young bartender in trying to get her a job at Brianna's business. Frankie is conflicted over Jacob's desire for romance.

20
7
"The Boar"
Michael Showalter
Julieanne Smolinski
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

When Sol turns up at the beach house having been kicked out by Robert, Frankie instead turns to Jacob and opens up about how she feels. Grace is panicked when she gets a message from Phil, despite their bad reunion.

21
8
"The Anchor"
Melanie Mayron
David Budin & Brendan McCarthy
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Frankie takes a furious stand against Brianna and her non-eco-friendly plans for her Yam lube. Phil and Grace go for lunch, but he drops the bombshell that he is still married, though his wife is very ill. Robert continues to reject a despairing Sol.

22
9
"The Goodbyes"
Jason Ensler
Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe-House
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Coyote's birth mother arrives in town, and a family lunch with Frankie and Sol goes disastrously wrong. Grace is adamant she can't be with a married Phil, but her desire gets the better of her. Robert meets a new friend at the dog park.

23
10
"The Loophole"
Lee Rose
Billy Finnegan
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Grace and Phil enjoy a passionate night together, but complications arise as his wife goes missing. When Grace is forced to face the woman she has betrayed more than once, it becomes too much for her and she ends things. Sol and Robert square off against each other when they get involved in Frankie and Brianna's lube battle.

24
11
"The Bender"
Alex Hardcastle
Brooke Wied & Alex Burnett
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Grace goes on a massive bender after her painful breakup with Phil, and crosses a line when Frankie tries to help her. Coyote and Bud meet Jacob. Frankie is reunited with Babe, an old friend, but she drops a bombshell; she has terminal cancer. Robert and Sol discuss how to move forward now that they are back together.

25
12
"The Party"
Wendey Stanzler
Alexa Junge
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Grace is shocked when Frankie reveals Babe has asked her to help her die after a party to end all parties. Can a dying Babe reunite the warring women? Sol and Robert decide to sell their house to start afresh.

26
13
"The Coup"
Rebecca Asher
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Gifts from a departed Babe prompt Grace and Frankie to reevaluate their lives. After a disastrous birthday party for Bud when they are once again faced with their ex-husbands' incompetence, they announce they are going into business making vibrators - much to the horror of their children.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

27
1
"The Art Show"
Marta Kauffman
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace and Frankie have trouble applying for a business loan. Robert and Sol provide a tour of their new house to their children. Frankie is nervous that her paintings will not sell from her art show. Sol shows up at Frankie's art show, with Frankie less than pleased. Bud brings his new date to the art show, and his siblings make fun of her eccentricity. Brianna and Barry discuss their own intentions and interpretations of their relationship. A special guest also shows up to Frankie's art show.

28
2
"The Incubator"
Arlene Sanford
Billy Finnegan
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace and Frankie head to a business incubator in an attempt to get funding for their new venture. However, Frankie obtains the funding from an unknown source. Robert and Sol ponder the thought of retirement.

29
3
"The Focus Group"
Ken Whittingham
Wil Calhoun
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Robert and Sol have conflicting ideas about retirement. Both are persuaded to audition for a local play, with mixed results. Grace and Frankie host an open house to introduce their product, but they come across a particular clientele.

30
4
"The Burglary"
Alex Hardcastle
Brendan McCarthy & David Budin
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace and Frankie come home from a night out, only to find they have been robbed. The ladies take a class to better protect themselves. Sol is upset that he is not invited to happy hour with Robert and his theater friends. Robert compromises and hosts an awkward happy hour at their home.

31
5
"The Gun"
Rebecca Asher
Julie Durk
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Frankie learns the truth about Grace owning a gun. Sharing her displeasure, Frankie wants the gun removed from the house. Robert discusses his plans of coming out to his mother. Mallory and Brianna go out clubbing, and Brianna picks up a guy. Grace finds out the truth about the source of their business venture.

32
6
"The Pot"
Andy Ackerman
Julieanne Smolinski
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace is upset at Brianna over providing the business loan to Frankie. Frankie and Coyote barge in on Bud and Allison. Robert and Sol attempt to have an intimate night together, but Robert is haunted by his mother. Grace and Frankie's children reunite the women to try and patch things up between the two.

33
7
"The Floor"
Rebecca Asher
Alexa Junge
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Coyote informs Bud that he is looking for a place of his own. Grace and Frankie injure themselves and put their business meeting in jeopardy. Robert discusses the vision of his mother with Sol and his friend John.

34
8
"The Alert"
Melanie Mayron
John Hoffman
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace and Frankie are excited about the website launch for their new product. Bud brings a questionable gift to Grace and Frankie, after their recent injury. Grace and Frankie conduct a business meeting with one of Grace's longtime friends. Brianna and Mallory have dinner out, and they encounter Brianna's escort. Brianna finds out more about her escort's personal life. Sol and his secretary have a more in depth talk about retirement, only to find out it's more of a two-way conversation about the subject at hand.

35
9
"The Apology"
Ken Whittingham
Alex Kavallierou & Sara Lohman
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Robert and Sol begin to enjoy their retirement together with various activities. Robert gets news about his mother. Frankie entertains Jacob by cooking dinner. Jacob shares news about his future plans, which upsets Frankie. Brianna and Mallory discuss the reason why Mallory cancelled her getaway vacation with Mitch.

36
10
"The Labels"
Arlene Sanford
Alex Burnett & Brooke Wied
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Coyote celebrates his sobriety birthday with his family present. Allison brings over a surprise to Bud to enhance their relationship. Grace and Frankie's business is taking off, and they recruit their ex-husbands for assistance. The ladies encounter a possible competitor on the market. Frankie is nervous when it comes to telling Grace about going to Santa Fe with Jacob in the future.

37
11
"The Other Vibrator"
Rebecca Asher
Billy Finnegan
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace is not handling Frankie's revelation well. Robert and Sol each encounter an anti-LGBT protest outside the theater where Robert is performing. However, each has a different experience. Grace is going to meet with a business competitor who she feels is trying to rip off her product. Robert is nervous over opening night. Frankie accuses Grace of moving on without her, and before she can share all her thoughts, she is unable to speak.

38
12
"The Musical"
Arlene Sanford
Wil Calhoun
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Opening night has arrived for Robert's theater performance, but the protestors make their way inside to disrupt the show. However, Frankie's medical episode has caused her family to leave during the show. Frankie eventually goes to the hospital where she learns her diagnosis. Allison reveals some surprising news to Bud.

39
13
"The Sign"
Rebecca Asher
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace shares her concerns to Frankie about her health. Grace receives news that she's being served from her competitor, but she finds an ulterior motive behind the papers. Robert and Sol have conflicting ideas about handling anti-LGBT protestors. Brianna travels to Baltimore to win back her ex Barry. Frankie makes a decision about moving to Santa Fe with Jacob. Mallory announces her separation from Mitch.

text: Season 4 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

40
1
"The Lodger"
Alex Hardcastle
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Frankie returns from Santa Fe to find Grace lodging with manicurist Sheree (Lisa Kudrow). Sol is upset when Robert wants to stop attending rallies for gay rights with him. Bud and Allison throw a party to find out the sex of their unborn child.

41
2
"The Scavengender Hunt"
Ken Whittingham
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Frankie admits how unhappy she is in Santa Fe as her jealousy towards Sheree concerns Grace. A 'scavengender' hunt to find out the sex of Bud's baby goes awry.

42
3
"The Tappys"
Rebecca Asher
Billy Finnegan
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Grace and Frankie break into Sheree's former home to help prove her claim of ownership. Sol encourages Robert to use an award acceptance speech as a platform for activism.

43
4
"The Expiration Date"
Alex Hardcastle
John Hoffman
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Grace has to deal with her newfound relationship with Nick. Frankie goes to the bank and has an unpleasant surprise.

44
5
"The Pop-Ups"
Rebecca Asher
Julia Durk
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Declared legally dead, Frankie begins to think about where her life has taken her. Grace worries about how her age might affect her relationship with Nick, with surprising results. When Sol and Robert meet their eccentric next door neighbors, they disagree about the best course of action.

45
6
"The Hinge"
Ken Whittingham
Julieanne Smolinski
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

46
7
"The Landline"
Randall Keenan Winston
Michael Platt & Barry Safchik
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Sol and Frankie team up to try and get Frankie declared "undead" as Grace faces some realities about herself and her life after attending a friend's funeral with Robert.

47
8
"The Lockdown"
Gail Lerner
David Budin & Brendan McCarthy
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

After multiple false alarms, Allison decides to have an at home water birth and wants Frankie(to Bud's horror) to deliver the baby. Robert and Sol agree to let Grace stay with them while she recovers from knee surgery. The past is confronted when the former couples (along with Robert and Sol's new neighbors) are forced into lockdown when a local zoo orangutan escapes.

48
9
"The Knee"
Rebecca Asher
Gretchen Enders
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Grace undergoes knee surgery and Nick wants to show her his ability to care for people in need. Frankie is enjoying her new role as a grandmother, but Jacob is feeling tired of coming in second in her life and makes a startling revelation.

49
10
"The Death Stick"
Ken Whittingham
Brooke Wied
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

50
11
"The Tub"
Rebecca Asher
Alex Burnett
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

51
12
"The Rats"
Alan Poul
Sara Lohman & Alex Kavallierou
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

52
13
"The Home"
Marta Kauffman
Melissa DiNicola & Billy Finnegan
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)