document_title: Bharat Ratna

question_text: who is the only sportsperson to have been awarded india's highest civilian award bharat ratna

question_tokens: who is the only sportsperson to have been awarded india 's highest civilian award bharat ratna

text: Bharat Ratna

text: History[edit]

text: On 2 January 1954, a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards—Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pahela Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[2] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[3]

text: There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990.[6] Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour.[7] In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday.[8][a] As of 2015, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations.[10]

text: The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[11] The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977. His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[12][13] The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[14][15] The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.[11] The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[13][16]

text: Regulations[edit]

text: The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[4] The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were changed to include "any field of human endeavour".[5] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966.[3][17]

text: Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year. However, in 1999, four individuals were awarded the honour. The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Under the terms of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,[b] the recipients cannot use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name, although recipients may use either the expressions "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honoured with the award.[4] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.[19]

text: As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][3]

text: Specifications[edit]

text: The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1 3⁄8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2]

text: A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 2 5⁄16 inches (59 mm) long, 1 7⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5⁄8 inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from 5⁄6 inch (21 mm) to 1⁄2 inch (13 mm) from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[3][11][20] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2][21] The Bharat Ratna medals are produced at Alipore Mint, Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, and Param Veer Chakra.[22]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PIL) had been filed against the conferral of the award.[13][23][24][25][26]

text: On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose. The decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award.[23] The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honouring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and future recipients. It said that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission. Bose's family members expressed their unwillingness to accept the award.[27][28]

text: To deliver the judgement, the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata V. Manohar and G. B. Pattanaik. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register. Furthermore, the then presidents, R. Venkataraman (1987–92) and Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992–97), had not conferred a Sanad (certificate) with their signature and seal.[27]

text: On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled. The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[27][29]

text: In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[13] A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges; A. M. Ahmadi C. J., Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution".[16]

text: Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award. The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible". The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, he should not be presented with the award but rather should be annulled.[24] The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct. The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha, the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters of Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time.[25] Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers, "alleging a conspiracy to ignore" an Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand."[26][c]

text: On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.[30] Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.[31]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: In 1988, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran, in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[32][33] The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[34] While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award,[35] the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. The seventh Prime Minister V. P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B. R. Ambedkar to please Dalits.[36][32]

text: The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians.[37] It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka,[38] Mughal Emperor Akbar, Maratha Emperor Shivaji, Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore,[39] Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda,[40] and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[41] The then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who went missing since 18 August 1945.[41][42] Similarly in 2015, the incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, met with criticism.[41] Janardan Dwivedi, politician of the Indian National Congress, said that Malaviya, who worked predominantly in Varanasi, was "deliberately chosen" by the Prime Minister Modi, who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi.[43]

text: A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition.[44] The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[45][46] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The award was proposed by President K. R. Narayanan to Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee who agreed to the proposal.[47][48]

text: Popular demands[edit]

text: Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President,[4] there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders. In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[49][50] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal.[51] Basu, India's longest-serving chief minister, said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[52] Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[53] In September 2015, regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition.[54]

text: Per the original statutes, sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of human endeavour".[5] Subsequently, several sportspersons' names were discussed; among the most talked-about of these was field-hockey player Dhyan Chand, who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour.[55] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.[56] Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India.[57] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand.[56][58] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[7][59]

text: A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[60][61]

text: List of recipients[edit]

text:
Key

   + Naturalized citizen recipient

   * Non-citizen recipient

   # Posthumous recipient

text:
List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna[10]

Year
Laureates
Notes

1954

C. Rajagopalachari
An Indian independence activist, statesman, and lawyer, Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor-General of independent India. He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and Madras State (1952–54); and founder of Indian political party Swatantra Party.[62]

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India's first Vice-President (1952–62) and second President (1962–67).[63][64] Since 1962, his birthday on 5 September is observed as "Teachers' Day" in India.[65]

C. V. Raman
Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect, better known as "Raman scattering", Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.[66]

1955
 –
Bhagwan Das
Independence activist, philosopher, and educationist, Das is a co-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University.[67]

M. Visvesvaraya
Civil engineer, statesman, and Diwan of Mysore (1912–18), Visvesvaraya was a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. His birthday, 15 September, is observed as "Engineer's Day" in India.[68]

Jawaharlal Nehru
Independence activist and author, Nehru is the first and the longest-serving Prime Minister of India (1947–64).[49][69]

1957

Govind Ballabh Pant
Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1950–54). He served as Union Home Minister from 1955–61.[70]

1958

Dhondo Keshav Karve
Social reformer and educator, Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.[8][71]

1961
 –
Bidhan Chandra Roy
A physician, political leader, philanthropist, educationist, and social worker, Roy is often considered as "Maker of Modern West Bengal".[72] He was second Chief Minister of West Bengal (1948–62) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as National Doctors' Day in India.[51]

 –
Purushottam Das Tandon
Often titled as "Rajarshi", Tandon was an independence activist and served as speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1937–50). He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.[73]

1962

Rajendra Prasad
Independence activist, lawyer, statesman, and scholar,[74] Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-cooperation movement for Indian independence.[75] He was later elected as the first President of India (1950–62).[63]

1963
 –
Zakir Husain
Independence activist and education philosopher, Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62).[76] Later, he was elected as second Vice-President of India (1962–67) and went on to become the third President of India (1967–69).[63][64]

Pandurang Vaman Kane
Indologist and Sanskrit scholar,[77] Kane is best known for his five volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India; the "monumental" work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962.[78]

1966

Lal Bahadur Shastri[i]#
Known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer"),[79] Independence activist Shastri served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[49][80]

1971

Indira Gandhi
Known as the "Iron Lady of India",[81] Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84.[49] During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country, Bangladesh.[82]

1975
 –
V. V. Giri
While studying at the University College Dublin, Giri was involved in the Irish Sinn Féin movement. Returning to India, he organized labour unions and brought them to take active participation in Indian freedom struggle. He was elected as the first President of All India Trade Union Congress in 1926. Post-independence, Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore and various other cabinet ministries. He became the first acting President and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India (1969–74).[63][83][84]

1976

K. Kamaraj[ii]#
Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1954–57, 1957–62, and 1962–63.[85][86]

1980

Mother Teresa +
"Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta" was a catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis.[87]

1983

Vinoba Bhave[iii]#
Independence activist, social reformer, and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave is best known for his Bhoodan movement, "Land-Gift Movement".[88] He was given the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.[89]

1987

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan*
Widely known as "Frontier Gandhi", independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi. He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.[90]

1988

M. G. Ramachandran[iv][d]#
Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1977–80, 1980–84, 1985–87.[85]

1990

B. R. Ambedkar[v]#
Social reformer and leader of the Dalits ("Untouchables"),[92] Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India.[93] Ambedkar predominantly campaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits, the Hindu varna system.[94] He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religion along with his close to half a million followers on 14 October 1956.[95]

Nelson Mandela*
Leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa, Mandela was the President of South Africa (1994–99).[96] Often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa",[97] Mandela's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy.[98] In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[99]

1991

Rajiv Gandhi[vi]#
Gandhi was the ninth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989.[49]

Vallabhbhai Patel[vii]#
Widely known as the "Iron Man of India",[100] Patel was an independence activist and first Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947–50). Post independence, "Sardar" ("Leader") Patel worked with V. P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princely states into the Indian union.[101][102]

Morarji Desai[e]
Independence activist Desai was the sixth Prime Minister of India (1977–79).[49] He is the only Indian national to be awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan.[104]

1992

Abul Kalam Azad[viii][f]#
Independence activist Azad was India's first Minister of Education and worked towards free primary education. He was widely known as "Maulana Azad" and his birthday on 11 November is observed as National Education Day in India.
[107]

J. R. D. Tata
Industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, Tata founded India's first airline Air India. He is the founder of various institutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Tata Motors, TCS, National Institute of Advanced Studies, and National Centre for the Performing Arts.[108]

Satyajit Ray
Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali (1955),[109] film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema.[110] In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[111]

1997

Gulzarilal Nanda
Independence activist Nanda was two times interim Prime Minister of India (1964, 1966) and two times deputy chairman of the Planning Commission.[49][112]

 –
Aruna Asaf Ali[ix]#
Independence activist Ali is better known for hoisting the Indian flag in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post Independence, Ali was elected as Delhi's first mayor in 1958.[113]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Aerospace and defence scientist, Kalam was involved in the development of India's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and was the architect of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. He worked for Indian National Committee for Space Research, Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Laboratory and was appointed as the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister, Secretary to Department of Defence Research and Development and Director General of Defence Research and Development Organisation.[114] Later, he served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 till 2007.[63]

1998

M. S. Subbulakshmi
Carnatic classical vocalist Subbulakshmi, often hailed as "Queen of songs", is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award.[115]

Chidambaram Subramaniam
Independence activist and former Minister of Agriculture of India (1964–66), Subramaniam is known for his contribution towards Green Revolution in India. During the late 1970s, he worked for International Rice Research Institute, Manila, and the International Maize and Wheat Research Institute, Mexico.[116]

1999
 –
Jayaprakash Narayan[x]#
Independence activist, social reformer, and commonly referred as "Lok Nayak" ("People's Hero"), Narayan is better known for "Total Revolution Movement" or "JP Movement" initiated during the mid-1970s to "overthrow the corrupt and exploitative Congress government".[117]

Amartya Sen
Winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1998),[118] Sen has done research over several topics including social choice theory, ethics and political philosophy, welfare economics, decision theory, development economics, public health, and gender studies.[119]

Gopinath Bordoloi[xi]#
Independence activist Bordoloi is the first Chief Minister of Assam (1946–50).[120] His efforts and association with the then Minister of Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel were widely acknowledged while keeping Assam united with India when parts of it were to merge with East Pakistan.[121]

Ravi Shankar
Winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered "the world's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music", sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work with Western musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison.[122]

2001

Lata Mangeshkar
Widely credited as the "nightingale of India",[123] playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages.[124] In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[111]

Bismillah Khan
Hindustani classical shehnai player, Khan played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music.[125]

2008

Bhimsen Joshi
Hindustani classical vocalist, Joshi was a disciple of Kirana gharana, an Indian musical school. He is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing with a "mastery over rhythm and accurate notes".[126][127]

2014

C. N. R. Rao
The recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universities including Purdue, IIT Bombay, Oxford, chemist and professor Rao has worked prominently in the fields of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure. He has authored around 1600 research papers and 48 books.[128]

Sachin Tendulkar
Having debuted in 1989, Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in a career spanning over two decades. He holds various cricket records including the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries, the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODI and Test cricket.[129][130]

2015

Madan Mohan Malaviya[xii]#
Scholar and educational reformer Malaviya is a founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu University and served as the university's vice-chancellor from 1919 till 1938. He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.[131]

Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Prime Minister of India for three terms; 1996, 1998, 1999–2004.[49] He was Minister of External Affairs during 1977–79 and was awarded the "Best Parliamentarian" in 1994.[132]

text: Explanatory notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th birthday, 18 April 1958.[9]
^ Jump up to: a b Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".[18]
Jump up ^ The PIL accused the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde, Sports Minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh and the secretary to the union home department.
Jump up ^ In 1960, Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, but declined as the invitation was written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil.[91]
Jump up ^ Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being "worthless and politicized".[103]
Jump up ^ Earlier, Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he was the Education Minister of India (1947–58) citing that the selection committee members should not themselves be the recipients.[35][105][106]

text:
Jump up ^ Lal Bahadur Shastri died on 11 January 1966, at the age of 61.
Jump up ^ K. Kamaraj died on 2 October 1975, at the age of 72.
Jump up ^ Vinoba Bhave died on 15 November 1982, at the age of 87.
Jump up ^ M. G. Ramachandran died on 24 December 1987, at the age of 70.
Jump up ^ B. R. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956, at the age of 65.
Jump up ^ Rajiv Gandhi died on 21 May 1991, at the age of 46.
Jump up ^ Vallabhbhai Patel died on 15 December 1950, at the age of 75.
Jump up ^ Abul Kalam Azad died on 22 February 1958, at the age of 69.
Jump up ^ Aruna Asaf Ali died on 29 July 1996, at the age of 87.
Jump up ^ Jayaprakash Narayan died on 8 October 1979, at the age of 76.
Jump up ^ Gopinath Bordoloi died on 5 August 1950, at the age of 60.
Jump up ^ Madan Mohan Malaviya died on 12 November 1946, at the age of 84.


document_title: Ishq (1997 film)

question_text: humko tumse pyaar hai jiya bekarar hai actress

root

text: Ishq (1997 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ranjit Rai (Sadashiv Amrapurkar) and Harbans Lal (Dalip Tahil) are two wealthy business magnates who despise the poor. Thus, they decide their children, Ajay Rai (Ajay Devgan) and Madhu Lal (Juhi Chawla), will marry wealthy spouses. They try to break their children's friendship with Raja (Aamir Khan) and Kajal (Kajol), who are both poor. They fix up Ajay's marriage with Madhu and send Ajay to meet Madhu. As fate would have it, Ajay falls in love with Kajal instead and Raja and Madhu fall in love. This angers the two men, and they try to bribe Raja and Kajal into leaving Madhu and Ajay. When this doesn't work, they try to get Raja and Kajal killed. When the children realize what their fathers really did, they refuse to back down, their determination set in stone.

tag: p

text: Eventually, the parents play a nasty trick. They make the four lovers believe that they have changed their ways and are ready for their children to marry the person they wish to. On the way to Raja and Madhu's engagement ceremony, the fathers have Kajal kidnapped. Raja saves her from being raped and comforts her. Meanwhile, without their knowledge, photos are taken of them. The fathers then show the photos of Raja comforting Kajal at the party. Taken out of context, the photos make it look like Raja and Kajal are being intimate with each other. Raja and Kajal are willing to prove their innocence, but the fathers keep them away. To make matters worse, Kajal's uncle (Mohan Joshi) falsely testifies to the fabricated illicit affair between the two. In fact, Kajal's uncle was paid to lie to Ajay and Madhu.

text: Ajay and Madhu break up with Kajal and Raja, and the fathers' plan to create a rift between Ajay and Raja, once the best of friends, succeeds. The situation worsens further when Ajay and Madhu think that Kajal is pregnant with Raja's child. They tell Raja and Kajal that they are getting married, which is what their fathers wanted all along. After hearing this, Kajal attempts to kill herself, but Raja stops her. Raja attacks Ajay and Madhu while they are in a car mobile. Raja pretends to show that he is about to rape Madhu, but Ajay saves and comforts her. The police beat Raja brutally and Kajal pleads the fathers to release him. The fathers agree, but on the condition that Kajal and Raja leave the country for good and that they would be killed if they ever did return. Kajal agrees and Raja is set free.

text: Ajay and Madhu's wedding is about to start when Ajay's uncle (Johny Lever) shows them pictures of Ajay comforting Madhu after Ajay seemingly had saved Madhu from Raja's supposed attack, taken out of context. This proves that Raja had attacked them to recreate the situation he and Kajal had been in, which in turn proved that Raja and Kajal are innocent and that the fathers were behind the initial attack on Kajal. Further proving Raja and Kajal's innocence, Kajal's uncle also confesses that he lied out of bribery. Angry and heartbroken, Ajay almost chokes his father to death but his conscience stops him. He then tries to kill himself but Madhu stops him. Ajay and Madhu rush to the shipyard and succeed to stop Raja and Kajal from leaving the country on the ship. They ask for forgiveness and the lovers get back together. The fathers arrive, having realized their grave mistake, and also ask for forgiveness. The lovers forgive them and they sing and dance to a song.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ajay Devgan as Ajay Rai
Aamir Khan as Raja
Kajol as Kajal
Juhi Chawla as Madhu Lal
Sadashiv Amrapurkar as Ranjit Rai
Dalip Tahil as Harbans Lal
Johny Lever as Ranjit's brother-in-law
Mohan Joshi as Kajal's paternal uncle
Razzak Khan as Nawaab naadin Dhinna Changezi
Shwetha Menon as a Dancer in song "Humko Tumse Pyar Hai"
Ghanashyam Nayak as a Police Officer
Achyut Potdar as Barrister Gokhale
Deepak Shirke as Damliya
Tiku Talsania as Bank manager Gaitonde
Deven Verma as Behram
Anant Mahadevan as Brijesh

tag: ul

text: Box office[edit]

text: According to "ibosnetwork" it collected ₹45.61 cr and was declared a "super hit".[3]

text: Music[edit]

text: The music by Anu Malik was one of the high points of the film.

text:
Title
Singer(s)
Lyrics
Length

"Neend Churai Meri"

Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik & Kavita Krishnamurthy

Rahat Indori

05:47

"Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai"

Abhijeet, Anu Malik

Anu Malik

05:08

"Dekho Dekho Jaanam"

Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik

Rahat Indori

05:14

"Ishq Hua... Kaise Hua"

Udit Narayan, Vibha Sharma

Javed Akhtar

07:34

"Mr. Lova Lova" (Ankhiyaan Tu Mila Le)

Udit Narayan, Abhijeet, Sudesh Bhosle, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Poornima

Dev Kohli

05:25

"Kaise Kahoon Kaise Ho Tum"

Kumar Sanu, Vibha Sharma

Javed Akhtar

06:25

"Ishq Hai Ishq Hai" (Jab Nind Na Aaye)

Jayshree Shivram

Dev Kohli

05:29

"Tu Jhootha"

Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, Abhijeet, Sadhna Sargam

Javed Akhtar

07:45

tag: table

text: Awards[edit]

text: Nomination Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role - Sadashiv Amrapurkar


document_title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day

question_text: when was the last time detroit lions won on thanksgiving

text: NFL on Thanksgiving Day

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of American football games being played on Thanksgiving Day dates back to 1876, shortly after the game had been invented, as it was a day that most people had off from work. In that year, the college football teams at Yale and Princeton began an annual tradition of playing each other on Thanksgiving Day.[1] The University of Michigan also made it a tradition to play annual Thanksgiving games, holding 19 such games from 1885 to 1905.[2][3][4][5][6] The Thanksgiving Day games between Michigan and the Chicago Maroons in the 1890s have been cited as "The Beginning of Thanksgiving Day Football."[7] In some areas, high-school teams play on Thanksgiving, usually to wrap-up the regular-season.

text: By the time football had become a professional event, playing on Thanksgiving had already become an institution. Records of pro football being played on Thanksgiving date back to as early as the 1890s, with the first pro–am team, the Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1902, the "National" Football League, a Major League Baseball-backed organization based entirely in Pennsylvania and unrelated to the current NFL, attempted to settle its championship over Thanksgiving weekend; after the game ended in a tie, eventually all three teams in the league claimed to have won the title. Members of the Ohio League, during its early years, usually placed their marquee matchups on Thanksgiving Day. For instance, in 1905 and 1906 the Latrobe Athletic Association and Canton Bulldogs, considered at the time to be two of the best teams in professional football (along with the Massillon Tigers), played on Thanksgiving. A rigging scandal with the Tigers leading up to the 1906 game led to severe drops in attendance for the Bulldogs and ultimately led to their suspension of operations. During the 1910s, the Ohio League stopped holding Thanksgiving games because many of its players coached high school teams and were unavailable. This was not the case in other regional circuits: in 1919, the New York Pro Football League featured a Thanksgiving matchup between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons. The game ended in a scoreless tie, leading to a rematch the next Sunday for the league championship.

text: Several other NFL teams played regularly on Thanksgiving in the first eighteen years of the league, including the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals (1922–33; the Bears played the Lions from 1934 to 1938 while the Cardinals switched to the Green Bay Packers for 1934 and 1935), Frankford Yellow Jackets, Pottsville Maroons, Buffalo All-Americans, Canton Bulldogs (even after the team moved to Cleveland they played the 1924 Thanksgiving game in Canton), and the New York Giants (1929–38, who always played a crosstown rival). The first owner of the Lions, George A. Richards, started the tradition of the Thanksgiving Day game as a gimmick to get people to go to Lions football games, and to continue a tradition begun by the city's previous NFL teams.[8] What differentiated the Lions' efforts from other teams that played on the holiday was that Richards owned radio station WJR, a major affiliate of the NBC Blue Network; he was able to negotiate an agreement with NBC to carry his Thanksgiving games live across the network.[9]

text: During the Franksgiving controversy in 1939 and 1940, the only two teams to play the game were the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles, as both teams were in the same state (Pennsylvania). (At the time, then-president Franklin Roosevelt wanted to move the holiday for economic reasons and many states were resistant to the move; half the states recognized the move and the other half did not. This complicated scheduling for Thanksgiving games. Incidentally, the two teams were also exploring the possibility of a merger at the time.[10]) Because of the looming World War II and the resulting shorter seasons, the NFL did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 1941, nor did it schedule any in the subsequent years until the war ended in 1945. When the Thanksgiving games resumed in 1945, only the Lions' annual home game would remain on the Thanksgiving holiday. In 1951, the Packers began a thirteen-season run as the perpetual opponent to the Lions each year through 1963.

text: The All-America Football Conference and American Football League, both of which would later be absorbed into the NFL, also held Thanksgiving contests, although neither of those leagues had permanent hosts. Likewise, the AFL of 1926 also played two Thanksgiving games in its lone season of existence, while the AFL of 1936 hosted one in its first season, which featured the Cleveland Rams, a future NFL team, and the 1940–41 incarnation of the American Football League played two games in 1940 on the earlier "Franksgiving" date.

text: In 1966, the Dallas Cowboys, who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty).[11] This is only partly true; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day. In 1975 and 1977, at the behest of then-Commissioner Pete Rozelle, the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team (Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976). Although the Cardinals, at the time known as the "Cardiac Cards" due to their propensity for winning very close games, were a modest success at the time, they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys, who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era. This, combined with St. Louis's consistently weak attendance, a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three-game stretch, and opposition from the Kirkwood–Webster Groves Turkey Day Game (a local high school football contest) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978; it was then, after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games, that the Cowboys requested (and received) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever.[12]

text: Notwithstanding the aforementioned St. Louis-hosted games in 1975 and 1977, the two "traditional" Thanksgiving Day pro football games since the 1970 AFL–NFL merger have then been in Detroit and Dallas. Because of TV network commitments in place through the 2013 season, to make sure that both the AFC-carrying network (NBC from the 1970 merger to 1997, and CBS since 1998) and the NFC-carrying network (CBS from the 1970 merger to 1993, and Fox since 1994) got at least one game each, one of these games was between NFC opponents, and one featured AFC-NFC opponents. Thus, the AFC could showcase only one team on Thanksgiving, and the AFC team was always the visiting team.

text: Since 2006, a third NFL game on Thanksgiving has been played at night. It originally aired on the NFL Network as part of its Thursday Night Football package until 2011; NBC began carrying the night game in 2012. The Thanksgiving night game has no fixed opponents or conferences, enabling the league to freely choose whatever marquee match-up to feature on that night. The 2012 changes also allowed both Dallas and Detroit in the future to offer NFC games (one would be played at night), and CBS can offer a game with two AFC teams. In 2014, the NFL added the cross-flex rule, allowing CBS to televise NFC away games, and Fox to broadcast AFC away games, under select circumstances on Sunday afternoons;[13][14] however, this did not cover the Thanksgiving contests.[15] CBS also signed a separate contract to carry Thursday Night Football from the 2014 season onward, which allowed that network to carry games from either conference on Thursdays;[16] from that year through 2016, CBS carried all-NFC contests every year on Thanksgiving, and in 2014 and 2015, no AFC teams played in any of the Thanksgiving games.

text: The NFL's flexible scheduling rule currently does not apply for Thanksgiving games; however, the NFL in theory could in the future apply the rule to change start times and networks for the three games.

text: Throwback uniforms[edit]

text: Since 2001 teams playing on Thanksgiving have worn throwback uniforms on numerous occasions. In some years (namely 2002), it extended to nearly all games of the weekend, and in some cases also involved classic field logos at the respective stadiums.

text: In 2001–2004, and again in 2008, 2010, and 2017 the Detroit Lions have worn throwback uniforms based on their very early years.

text: From 2001 to 2003, Dallas chose to represent the 1990s Cowboys dynasty by wearing the navy "Double-Star" jersey not seen since 1995. In 2004, the team wore uniforms not seen since 1963. In 2009, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the AFL, both Dallas and Oakland played in a "AFL Legacy Game." In 2013, the Cowboys intended to wear their 1960s throwbacks, but chose not to do so after the NFL adopted a new policy requiring players and teams to utilize only one helmet a season to address the league's new concussion protocol; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look, the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first time since 1963.[17] In 2015, the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white "Double-Star" jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league's "Color Rush", a trial run of specially-designed, monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games.[18]

text: Memorable games[edit]

text:
1920: An urban legend states that the Chicago Tigers and Decatur Staleys challenged each other to a Thanksgiving duel, in Chicago, in the league's inaugural season, with the loser being relegated out of the league at the end of the season, purportedly explaining why the Tigers were the only NFL team to fold after the 1920 season (no other team would fold until 1921). The claims of it being a duel are unsubstantiated and no evidence exists that the Tigers were ever officially league members; nevertheless, the Tigers, after a 27–0 win over the non-league Thorn Tornadoes the next week, never played football again. The Staleys would move to Chicago during the next season, later renaming themselves the Bears.
1921: In a matchup of two of the league's best teams, the Staleys lose to the Buffalo All-Americans at home. The Staleys demand a rematch, with Buffalo agreeing to a December match only on the terms of it being considered an off-the-record exhibition game. That later match, which Chicago won, ended up counting despite the All-Americans' insistence, controversially handing Chicago the championship.
1952: The Dallas Texans are forced to move their lone remaining home game to the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio as the undercard to a high school football contest. Their opponent for that game, the Chicago Bears, underestimated the then-winless Texans and sent their second string team to the game; the Texans scored a 27–23 upset over the Bears for their only win of their existence.
1962: The Lions handed the 10–0 Green Bay Packers their lone defeat of the season.
1964–65: The 1964 and 1965 AFL contests featured the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers, the two teams that would eventually meet in those years' American Football League Championship Games.
1974: Unknown Cowboys backup quarterback Clint Longley took over for an injured Roger Staubach with the team down 16–3 and rallied them to an improbable victory over Washington on two deep passes.
1976: The Bills offense put forth one of the best and the worst performances in Thanksgiving history. O. J. Simpson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a single game, with 273. However, Bills backup quarterback Gary Marangi completed only 4 of 21 pass attempts, for 29 yards passing, and a rating of 19.7. The Lions defeated the Bills 27-14.[19]
1980: With the Lions and Bears tied 17-17 at the end of regulation, the game went to overtime, the first Thanksgiving game to do so (overtime was not added to the NFL regular season until 1974), and the first overtime game at the Silverdome. Bears running back Dave Williams returned the fifth-quarter opening kickoff 95 yards for a game-winning touchdown, ending the shortest overtime period in NFL history at the time.
1986: The Lions and the Packers had the highest scoring game in Thanksgiving history. It was the best day of receiver Walter Stanley's career; Stanley netted 207 all-purpose yards and three touchdowns, including an 83-yard punt return to win the game for Green Bay, 44–40. Stanley had an otherwise undistinguished career in the NFL.
1989: Known as the "Bounty Bowl", the Eagles crushed the Cowboys by a score of 27–0. Allegations surfaced that the Eagles had placed a bounty on the Cowboys kicker, thus becoming the first of a string of three bitterly contested games between the two teams, the other two being Bounty Bowl II and the Porkchop Bowl a year later.
1993: In one of the more famous Thanksgiving Day games in recent history, the Cowboys led the Dolphins 14–13 with just seconds remaining in a rare, snow-filled Texas Stadium. Miami's Pete Stoyanovich attempted a game winning 40-yard field goal that was blocked by the Cowboys' Jimmie Jones. Dick Enberg of NBC proclaimed "The Cowboys will win."[20] Indeed, since the kick landed beyond the line of scrimmage, once the ball stopped moving the play would be declared dead and Dallas would gain possession. However, the ball landed and began spinning on its tip, leading Cowboys lineman Leon Lett to try to gain possession. Lett slipped, fell, and knocked the ball forward. By rule, the ball was live and the Dolphins fell on it at the two yard line. With the recovery, Stoyanovich got a second chance to win the game and hit the much shorter field goal. The Dolphins won 16–14.[21]
1994: Troy Aikman was injured and third-string quarterback Jason Garrett was forced to start for Dallas against the Green Bay Packers. The Cowboys won a 42–31 shoot-out against Brett Favre.
1998: In another controversial Thanksgiving Day game, the Steelers and Lions went to overtime tied 16–16. Pittsburgh's Jerome Bettis called the coin toss in the air, but head referee Phil Luckett awarded Detroit the ball after Bettis tried to call both heads and tails at the same time. The Lions went on to kick a field goal on the first possession, winning 19–16. As a result of the fiasco, team captains are now required to call the coin toss before the coin is tossed, and a later rule change now prevents teams from automatically winning a game by scoring a field goal on the first possession. The day also saw a memorable performance by the Minnesota Vikings in a 46–36 win over the Dallas Cowboys as Vikings rookie Randy Moss caught three touchdowns, all of over 50 yards.
2008: The 10–1 Titans routed the 0–11 Lions by a score of 47–10, one of the most lopsided results in history on Thanksgiving. The Lions would go on to finish the season 0–16.
2011: The trio of games[22] was lauded as one of the better Thanksgiving Day slates of games in NFL history.[23] The night game between Baltimore and San Francisco pitted head coaches and brothers John and Jim Harbaugh against each other – a preview of Super Bowl XLVII.
2012: The prime time contest became infamous for the "Butt fumble", an incident in which Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez ran headfirst into the buttocks of his own offensive lineman. He subsequently fumbled the ball; it was recovered by New England, who returned it for a touchdown. In the earlier game, one of the NFL's most infamous rule changes came when former Lions coach Jim Schwartz challenged a play in which Texans running back Justin Forsett's knee clearly touched the ground before sprinting for an 81-yard touchdown. Referee Walt Coleman stated that, by rule, scoring plays are automatically reviewed and the play was not challengeable by a coach. Because of the improper attempted challenge, the review was cancelled and Coleman assessed a 15-yard kickoff penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct. The NFL then passed a new rule that stated that if a coach attempted to challenge a play that is automatically reviewed, the review would continue. It was called the 'Jim Schwartz rule'.

text: Home team controversy[edit]

text: It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades. However, in recent years, other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games. Lamar Hunt, the former owner of the Chiefs (who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967–69 as an AFL team prior to the merger), lobbied heavily in favor of his team hosting a game on the holiday. When the NFL adopted a third, prime time game, the Chiefs were selected as the first team to host such a contest, but the team was not made a permanent host, and Hunt's death shortly after the 2006 contest ended the lobbying on behalf of that team.

text: The host issue came to a head in 2008, focusing particularly on the winless Lions. Going into the game, Detroit had lost their last four Thanksgiving games, and opinions amongst the media had suggested removing Detroit and replacing them with a more attractive matchup.[24][25] The team also required an extension to prevent a local television blackout.[26] The Lions were routed by Tennessee 47–10, en route to the team's 0–16 season.[27] NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that the Lions would stay on Thanksgiving for the 2009 season, but kept the issue open to revisit in the future.[28][29]

text: Conversely, the Dallas Cowboys, who typically represent a larger television draw,[30] have had much fewer public calls to be replaced on Thanksgiving. One issue that has been debated is a perceived unfair advantage of playing at home on Thanksgiving.[31] The advantage is given in the form of an extra day of practice for the home team while the road team has to travel to the game site. This is true for most Thursday games, but with the night games, the visitor can travel to the game site after practice and hold the final walk-thru the following morning.

text: With the introduction of the prime time game, which effectively allows all teams in the league an opportunity to play on Thanksgiving, along with the introduction of year-long Thursday Night Football ensuring all teams have one Thursday game during the regular season (thus negating any on-field advantages or disadvantages to being selected for Thanksgiving), the calls for Detroit and Dallas to be removed have curtailed.

text: Game results[edit]

text: (Winning teams are denoted by boldface type; tie games are italicized.)

text:
All three of the generally recognized iterations of the American Football League that played during this era (AFL I in 1926, AFL II in 1936 and AFL III in 1940) played Thanksgiving games, which are also listed as indicated.
Non-NFL team games between league teams and non league teams counted in the 1920 standings. The All-Tonawanda Lumberjacks later joined the league as the Tonawanda Kardex, albeit only for one game.
Thanksgiving fell on the final Thursday in November until 1938 and was held on two conflicting days from 1939 to 1941.

text:
Season
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score

Nov. 25, 1920
Canton Bulldogs
0
Akron Pros
7

Decatur Staleys
6
Chicago Tigers
0

Detroit Heralds
0
Dayton Triangles
28

Columbus Panhandles
0
Elyria Athletics*
0

Hammond Pros
0
Chicago Boosters*
27

All-Tonawanda *
14
Rochester Jeffersons
3

Nov. 24, 1921
Canton Bulldogs
14
Akron Pros
0

Buffalo All-Americans
7
Chicago Staleys
6

Nov. 30, 1922
Buffalo All-Americans
21
Rochester Jeffersons
0

Chicago Bears
0
Chicago Cardinals
6

Milwaukee Badgers
0
Racine Legion
3

Oorang Indians
18
Columbus Panhandles
6

Akron Pros
0
Canton Bulldogs
14

Nov. 29, 1923
Toledo Maroons
0
Canton Bulldogs
28

Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
3

Hammond Pros
0
Green Bay Packers
19

Milwaukee Badgers
16
Racine Legion
0

Nov. 27, 1924
Buffalo Bisons
0
Akron Pros
22

Chicago Bears
21
Chicago Cardinals
0

Dayton Triangles
7
Frankford Yellowjackets
32

Milwaukee Badgers
10
Cleveland Bulldogs
(at Canton)
53

Green Bay Packers
17
Kansas City Blues
6

Nov. 26, 1925
Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
0

Kansas City Cowboys
17
Cleveland Bulldogs
(at Hartford)
0

Rock Island Independents
6
Detroit Panthers
3

Green Bay Packers
0
Pottsville Maroons
31

Nov. 25, 1926
New York Giants
17
Brooklyn Lions
0

Los Angeles Buccaneers
9
Detroit Panthers
6

Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
0

Green Bay Packers
14
Frankford Yellowjackets
20

Providence Steam Roller
0
Pottsville Maroons
8

Akron Pros
0
Canton Bulldogs
0

(AFL I) Los Angeles Wildcats
0
Chicago Bulls
0

(AFL I) Philadelphia Quakers
13
New York Yankees
10

Nov. 24, 1927
Chicago Cardinals
3
Chicago Bears
0

Providence Steam Roller
0
Pottsville Maroons
6

Green Bay Packers
17
Frankford Yellowjackets
9

Cleveland Bulldogs
30
New York Yankees
19

Season
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score

Nov. 29, 1928
Providence Steam Roller
7
Pottsville Maroons
0

Dayton Triangles
0
Detroit Wolverines
33

Green Bay Packers
0
Frankford Yellow Jackets
2

Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
34

Nov. 28, 1929
New York Giants
21
Staten Island Stapletons
7

Green Bay Packers
0
Frankford Yellow Jackets
0

Chicago Cardinals
40
Chicago Bears
6

Nov. 27, 1930
New York Giants
6
Staten Island Stapletons
7

Providence Steam Roller
12
Brooklyn Dodgers
33

Green Bay Packers
25
Frankford Yellowjackets
7

Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
6

Nov. 26, 1931
Green Bay Packers
38
Providence Steam Roller
7

New York Giants
6
Staten Island Stapletons
9

Chicago Cardinals
7
Chicago Bears
18

Nov. 24, 1932
Green Bay Packers
7
Brooklyn Dodgers
0

New York Giants
13
Staten Island Stapletons
13

Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
24

Nov. 30, 1933
New York Giants
10
Brooklyn Dodgers
0

Chicago Bears
22
Chicago Cardinals
6

Nov. 29, 1934
Green Bay Packers
0
Chicago Cardinals
6

New York Giants
27
Brooklyn Dodgers
0

Chicago Bears
19
Detroit Lions
16

Nov. 28, 1935
Green Bay Packers
7
Chicago Cardinals
9

New York Giants
21
Brooklyn Dodgers
0

Chicago Bears
2
Detroit Lions
14

Nov. 26, 1936
Chicago Bears
7
Detroit Lions
13

New York Giants
14
Brooklyn Dodgers
0

(AFL II) Cleveland Rams
7
Rochester Tigers
6

Nov. 25, 1937
Chicago Bears
13
Detroit Lions
0

New York Giants
13
Brooklyn Dodgers
13

Nov. 24, 1938
Chicago Bears
7
Detroit Lions
14

New York Giants
7
Brooklyn Dodgers
7

Nov. 23, 1939
Pittsburgh Pirates
14
Philadelphia Eagles
17

Nov. 21, 1940
(AFL III) New York Yankees
16
Columbus Bullies
17

(AFL III) Buffalo Tigers
13
Milwaukee Chiefs
30

Nov. 28, 1940
Pittsburgh Steelers
0
Philadelphia Eagles
7

text:
No Thanksgiving games were held from 1941 to 1944 due to World War II.
Thanksgiving games were played on the fourth Thursday in November from 1945 onward.
The All-America Football Conference (AAFC) also played Thanksgiving games from 1946 to 1949.

text:
Season
League
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score

Nov. 22, 1945
NFL
Cleveland Rams
28
Detroit Lions
21

Nov. 28, 1946
NFL
Boston Yanks
34
Detroit Lions
10

AAFC
New York Yankees
21
Brooklyn Dodgers
7

Nov. 27, 1947
NFL
Chicago Bears
34
Detroit Lions
14

AAFC
Cleveland Browns
27
Los Angeles Dons
17

AAFC
San Francisco 49ers
21
Brooklyn Dodgers
7

Nov. 25, 1948
NFL
Chicago Cardinals
28
Detroit Lions
14

AAFC
Cleveland Browns
31
Los Angeles Dons
14

AAFC
Buffalo Bills
39
Chicago Rockets
35

Nov. 24, 1949
NFL
Chicago Bears
28
Detroit Lions
7

AAFC
New York Yankees
17
Los Angeles Dons
16

AAFC
Cleveland Browns
14
Chicago Hornets
6

Nov. 23, 1950
NFL
New York Yanks
14
Detroit Lions
49

Pittsburgh Steelers
28
Chicago Cardinals
17

Nov. 22, 1951
NFL
Green Bay Packers
35
Detroit Lions
52

Nov. 27, 1952
NFL
Green Bay Packers
24
Detroit Lions
48

Chicago Bears
23
Dallas Texans (at Akron, Ohio)
27

Nov. 26, 1953
NFL
Green Bay Packers
15
Detroit Lions
34

Nov. 25, 1954
NFL
Green Bay Packers
24
Detroit Lions
28

Nov. 24, 1955
NFL
Green Bay Packers
10
Detroit Lions
24

Nov. 22, 1956
NFL
Green Bay Packers
24
Detroit Lions
20

Nov. 28, 1957
NFL
Green Bay Packers
6
Detroit Lions
18

Nov. 27, 1958
NFL
Green Bay Packers
14
Detroit Lions
24

Nov. 26, 1959
NFL
Green Bay Packers
24
Detroit Lions
17

text:
The American Football League (AFL) also played Thanksgiving Day games during this decade.
The Dallas Cowboys started playing their traditional series in 1966.

text:
Season
League
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score

Nov. 24, 1960
NFL
Green Bay Packers
10
Detroit Lions
23

AFL
Dallas Texans
35
New York Titans
41

Nov. 23, 1961
NFL
Green Bay Packers
17
Detroit Lions
9

AFL
Buffalo Bills
14
New York Titans
21

Nov. 22, 1962
NFL
Green Bay Packers
14
Detroit Lions
26

AFL
New York Titans
46
Denver Broncos
45

Nov. 28, 1963
NFL
Green Bay Packers
13
Detroit Lions
13

AFL
Oakland Raiders
26
Denver Broncos
10

Nov. 26, 1964
NFL
Chicago Bears
27
Detroit Lions
24

AFL
Buffalo Bills
27
San Diego Chargers
24

Nov. 25, 1965
NFL
Baltimore Colts
24
Detroit Lions
24

AFL
Buffalo Bills
20
San Diego Chargers
20

Nov. 24, 1966
NFL
San Francisco 49ers
41
Detroit Lions
14

Cleveland Browns
14
Dallas Cowboys
26

AFL
Buffalo Bills
31
Oakland Raiders
10

Nov. 23, 1967
NFL
Los Angeles Rams
31
Detroit Lions
7

St. Louis Cardinals
21
Dallas Cowboys
46

AFL
Oakland Raiders
44
Kansas City Chiefs
22

Denver Broncos
20
San Diego Chargers
24

Nov. 28, 1968
NFL
Philadelphia Eagles
12
Detroit Lions
0

Washington Redskins
20
Dallas Cowboys
29

AFL
Buffalo Bills
10
Oakland Raiders
13

Houston Oilers
10
Kansas City Chiefs
24

Nov. 27, 1969
NFL
Minnesota Vikings
27
Detroit Lions
0

San Francisco 49ers
24
Dallas Cowboys
24

AFL
Denver Broncos
17
Kansas City Chiefs
31

San Diego Chargers
21
Houston Oilers
17

text:
From 1970 to 2005, three NFC teams and one AFC team played each Thanksgiving.
The two afternoon games were held at Detroit (12:30 p.m. EST) and Dallas (4:15 p.m. EST), respectively. Detroit always hosts the "early" game because a 12:30 p.m. EST kick-off at Dallas would be 11:30 a.m. local time (CST), and the NFL avoids starting games before noon locally. The two games rotate annually as intra-conference (NFC vs. NFC) and inter-conference (AFC vs. NFC) games. This is to satisfy the television contract balance between CBS (which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the AFC) and Fox (which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the NFC).
The "early" game kicks off at a special time of 12:30 p.m. EST as opposed to the typical afternoon start time of 1 p.m. This provides an additional 30 minutes to prevent overlapping of the "late" game, and also gave the network time for a pregame show and some additional time for an expanded halftime show (selected years). When Fox carries the "early" game, they typically start their pregame coverage (Fox NFL Sunday) at 11:30 a.m. (with the addition of Fox NFL Kickoff to the Fox lineup, its pregame will begin at 10:30 a.m. for 2015). When CBS carries the "early" game, they start their pregame coverage (The NFL Today) at 12:00 p.m., due to the fact that their morning parade coverage runs until noon. The network with the 4:15 "late" game begins pregame coverage at 3:30 p.m. EST.
Dallas was replaced by the St. Louis Cardinals as a host team in 1975 and 1977; Dallas and St. Louis faced each other at Texas Stadium in 1976. Because of the Missouri Turkey Day Game, the long-established Kirkwood–Webster Groves high school football game that takes place on Thanksgiving in St. Louis, weak fan support in St. Louis, and general national preference of the Cowboys over the historically weaker Cardinals, the Cardinals' hosting of the Thanksgiving game was not popular. Dallas returned to hosting the game in 1978 and has hosted since. Likewise, the Rams never played on Thanksgiving while in St. Louis, in part because of the Turkey Day Game and also because the Missouri State High School Activities Association has held its state football championship games on Thanksgiving weekend at The Dome at America's Center since 1996.
Since the time NFL began its current alignment in 2002, no team from the AFC North can play a Thanksgiving Day game against the traditional hosts. This is because under the current rotation, the Cowboys and the Lions each play AFC North teams in years that FOX is scheduled to broadcast its Thanksgiving Day game, requiring an NFC opponent. To date, the last game to feature a team currently in the AFC North was the Lions matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1998. AFC North teams can play in the prime time game, as the Cincinnati Bengals did in 2010.

text:
Season
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score
OT

Nov. 26, 1970
Oakland Raiders
14
Detroit Lions
28

Green Bay Packers
3
Dallas Cowboys
16

Nov. 25, 1971
Kansas City Chiefs
21
Detroit Lions
32

Los Angeles Rams
21
Dallas Cowboys
28

Nov. 23, 1972
New York Jets
20
Detroit Lions
37

San Francisco 49ers
31
Dallas Cowboys
10

Nov. 22, 1973
Washington Redskins
20
Detroit Lions
0

Miami Dolphins
14
Dallas Cowboys
7

Nov. 28, 1974
Denver Broncos
31
Detroit Lions
27

Washington Redskins
23
Dallas Cowboys
24

Nov. 27, 1975
Los Angeles Rams
20
Detroit Lions
0

Buffalo Bills
32
St. Louis Cardinals
14

Nov. 25, 1976
Buffalo Bills
14
Detroit Lions
27

St. Louis Cardinals
14
Dallas Cowboys
19

Nov. 24, 1977
Chicago Bears
31
Detroit Lions
14

Miami Dolphins
55
St. Louis Cardinals
14

Nov. 23, 1978
Denver Broncos
14
Detroit Lions
17

Washington Redskins
10
Dallas Cowboys
37

Nov. 22, 1979
Chicago Bears
0
Detroit Lions
20

Houston Oilers
30
Dallas Cowboys
24

Nov. 27, 1980
Chicago Bears
23
Detroit Lions
17
(OT)

Seattle Seahawks
7
Dallas Cowboys
51

Nov. 26, 1981
Kansas City Chiefs
10
Detroit Lions
27

Chicago Bears
9
Dallas Cowboys
10

Nov. 25, 1982
New York Giants
13
Detroit Lions
6

Cleveland Browns
14
Dallas Cowboys
31

Nov. 24, 1983
Pittsburgh Steelers
3
Detroit Lions
45

St. Louis Cardinals
17
Dallas Cowboys
35

Nov. 22, 1984
Green Bay Packers
28
Detroit Lions
31

New England Patriots
17
Dallas Cowboys
20

Nov. 28, 1985
New York Jets
20
Detroit Lions
31

St. Louis Cardinals
17
Dallas Cowboys
35

Nov. 27, 1986
Green Bay Packers
44
Detroit Lions
40

Seattle Seahawks
31
Dallas Cowboys
14

Nov. 26, 1987
Kansas City Chiefs
27
Detroit Lions
20

Minnesota Vikings
44
Dallas Cowboys
38
(OT)

Nov. 24, 1988
Minnesota Vikings
23
Detroit Lions
0

Houston Oilers
25
Dallas Cowboys
17

Nov. 23, 1989
Cleveland Browns
10
Detroit Lions
13

Philadelphia Eagles
27
Dallas Cowboys
0

Nov. 22, 1990
Denver Broncos
27
Detroit Lions
40

Washington Redskins
17
Dallas Cowboys
27

Nov. 28, 1991
Chicago Bears
6
Detroit Lions
16

Pittsburgh Steelers
10
Dallas Cowboys
20

Nov. 26, 1992
Houston Oilers
24
Detroit Lions
21

New York Giants
3
Dallas Cowboys
30

Nov. 25, 1993
Chicago Bears
10
Detroit Lions
6

Miami Dolphins
16
Dallas Cowboys
14

Nov. 24, 1994
Buffalo Bills
21
Detroit Lions
35

Green Bay Packers
31
Dallas Cowboys
42

Nov. 23, 1995
Minnesota Vikings
38
Detroit Lions
44

Kansas City Chiefs
12
Dallas Cowboys
24

Nov. 28, 1996
Kansas City Chiefs
28
Detroit Lions
24

Washington Redskins
10
Dallas Cowboys
21

Nov. 27, 1997
Chicago Bears
20
Detroit Lions
55

Tennessee Oilers
27
Dallas Cowboys
14

Nov. 26, 1998
Pittsburgh Steelers
16
Detroit Lions
19
(OT)

Minnesota Vikings
46
Dallas Cowboys
36

Nov. 25, 1999
Chicago Bears
17
Detroit Lions
21

Miami Dolphins
0
Dallas Cowboys
20

Nov. 23, 2000
New England Patriots
9
Detroit Lions
34

Minnesota Vikings
27
Dallas Cowboys
15

Nov. 22, 2001
Green Bay Packers
29
Detroit Lions
27

Denver Broncos
26
Dallas Cowboys
24

Nov. 28, 2002
New England Patriots
20
Detroit Lions
12

Washington Redskins
20
Dallas Cowboys
27

Nov. 27, 2003
Green Bay Packers
14
Detroit Lions
22

Miami Dolphins
40
Dallas Cowboys
21

Nov. 25, 2004
Indianapolis Colts
41
Detroit Lions
9

Chicago Bears
7
Dallas Cowboys
21

Nov. 24, 2005
Atlanta Falcons
27
Detroit Lions
7

Denver Broncos
24
Dallas Cowboys
21
(OT)

text:
Since 2006, three contests have been played on Thanksgiving. In addition to the traditional Detroit and Dallas home afternoon games, a third game is now played in primetime and televised by NFL Network (2006–2011) or NBC (since 2012). Current plans call for the various NFL teams (other than the Lions and Cowboys) to take turns hosting the night game on a rotation basis.
In 2006, Kansas City hosted the first prime time Thanksgiving game. The game marked a new "Thanksgiving Tripleheader" tradition. The Denver/Kansas City game marked the first time more than two games were played on Thanksgiving (as well as the first all-AFC holiday matchup) since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970.
Rule changes in the 2012–2022 television contracts permit "cross flexing", whereby selected games can be switched between CBS and FOX, effectively allowing CBS to schedule an NFC vs. NFC matchup on Thanksgiving Day rather than an AFC at NFC game. The 2014 season was the first in which all three games feature NFC vs. NFC opponents under these rules; the league again scheduled an all-NFC Thanksgiving for 2015.[32]

text:
Season
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score
OT

Nov. 23, 2006
Miami Dolphins
27
Detroit Lions
10

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
10
Dallas Cowboys
38

Denver Broncos
10
Kansas City Chiefs
19

Nov. 22, 2007
Green Bay Packers
37
Detroit Lions
26

New York Jets
3
Dallas Cowboys
34

Indianapolis Colts
31
Atlanta Falcons
13

Nov. 27, 2008
Tennessee Titans
47
Detroit Lions
10

Seattle Seahawks
9
Dallas Cowboys
34

Arizona Cardinals
20
Philadelphia Eagles
48

Nov. 26, 2009
Green Bay Packers
34
Detroit Lions
12

Oakland Raiders
7
Dallas Cowboys
24

New York Giants
6
Denver Broncos
26

Nov. 25, 2010
New England Patriots
45
Detroit Lions
24

New Orleans Saints
30
Dallas Cowboys
27

Cincinnati Bengals
10
New York Jets
26

Nov. 24, 2011
Green Bay Packers
27
Detroit Lions
15

Miami Dolphins
19
Dallas Cowboys
20

San Francisco 49ers
6
Baltimore Ravens
16

Nov. 22, 2012
Houston Texans
34
Detroit Lions
31
(OT)

Washington Redskins
38
Dallas Cowboys
31

New England Patriots
49
New York Jets
19

Nov. 28, 2013
Green Bay Packers
10
Detroit Lions
40

Oakland Raiders
24
Dallas Cowboys
31

Pittsburgh Steelers
20
Baltimore Ravens
22

Nov. 27, 2014
Chicago Bears
17
Detroit Lions
34

Philadelphia Eagles
33
Dallas Cowboys
10

Seattle Seahawks
19
San Francisco 49ers
3

Nov. 26, 2015
Philadelphia Eagles
14
Detroit Lions
45

Carolina Panthers
33
Dallas Cowboys
14

Chicago Bears
17
Green Bay Packers
13

Nov. 24, 2016
Minnesota Vikings
13
Detroit Lions
16

Washington Redskins
26
Dallas Cowboys
31

Pittsburgh Steelers
28
Indianapolis Colts
7

Nov. 23, 2017
Minnesota Vikings
30
Detroit Lions
23

Los Angeles Chargers
28
Dallas Cowboys
6

New York Giants
10
Washington Redskins
20

text: Thanksgiving Day standings[edit]

text: Of current NFL franchises. This includes American Football League (AFL) games; however, it does not include All-America Football Conference (AAFC) games.

text:
Team
Last Game
Wins
Losses
Ties
Win %
Other names appeared under

Baltimore Ravens
2013
2
0

1.000

Carolina Panthers
2015
1
0

1.000

Houston Texans
2012
1
0

1.000

New Orleans Saints
2010
1
0

1.000

Philadelphia Eagles
2015
7
1

.875

Minnesota Vikings
2017
6
2

.750

Los Angeles Rams
1975
3
1

.750
Cleveland Rams (1937–1945), does not include 1936 AFL's Cleveland Rams

Miami Dolphins
2011
5
2

.714

Tennessee Titans
2008
5
2

.714
Houston Oilers (1960–1996)
Tennessee Oilers (1997–1998)

Indianapolis Colts
2016
2
1
1
.625
Baltimore Colts (1953–1983)

Los Angeles Chargers
2017
3
1
1
.625
San Diego Chargers (1961–2016)

Dallas Cowboys
2017
30
19
1
.622

New York Giants
2017
7
6
3
.607

New England Patriots
2012
3
2

.600

Chicago Bears
2015
17
15
2
.529
Decatur Staleys (1920)
Chicago Staleys (1921)

Kansas City Chiefs
2006
5
5

.500
Dallas Texans (1960–1962), does not include 1–0 record of unrelated NFL Dallas Texans.

New York Jets
2012
4
4

.500
New York Titans (1960–1962)

San Francisco 49ers
2014
2
2
1
.500
Does not include 1–0 record when team was a member of the AAFC.

Seattle Seahawks
2014
2
2

.500

Atlanta Falcons
2007
1
1

.500

Detroit Lions
2017
37
39
2
.494

Buffalo Bills
1994
3
4
1
.438
Does not include 1–0 record of unrelated AAFC team of same name.

Oakland Raiders
2013
3
4

.429

Green Bay Packers
2015
14
20
2
.417

Denver Broncos
2009
4
7

.364

Arizona Cardinals
2008
6
15
2
.304
Chicago Cardinals (1920–1959)
St. Louis Cardinals (1960–1987)
Phoenix Cardinals (1988–1993)

Pittsburgh Steelers
2016
2
6

.250

Washington Redskins
2017
4
7

.364

Cincinnati Bengals
2010
0
1

.000

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2006
0
1

.000

Cleveland Browns
1989
0
3

.000
Does not include 3–0 record when team was a member of the AAFC.

Jacksonville Jaguars
None
0
0

–
Only active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving.

text: Notable appearance droughts[edit]

text: The last currently active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving through 2017 is the Jacksonville Jaguars, who joined the league in 1995.

text: An idiosyncrasy in the NFL's current scheduling formula, which has been in effect since 2002 and revised in 2010, effectively prevents teams from the AFC North from playing the Lions or Cowboys on Thanksgiving, as the formula has the AFC North playing in Dallas or Detroit in years when the other team is slated to play the AFC game on Thanksgiving. These teams can, under the 2014 television contracts, play only in the third (night) game; should cross-flex be expanded to Thursdays or Fox win the Thursday Night contract in 2018 (either scenario would allow both Fox and CBS to carry AFC games), this idiosyncrasy will be eliminated.

text: The Los Angeles Rams have the longest active appearance drought of any team, with their last appearance coming in 1975. Among current NFL markets, Cleveland has had the longest wait to have a team from its city play on Thanksgiving; the Browns last appeared in 1989, several years before being suspended in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, and have not appeared in the game since rejoining the league as an expansion team.

text: Since 2010, the league has made efforts to end the longest droughts. New Orleans, Cincinnati, Baltimore, Houston, and Carolina all played their first Thanksgiving games during this time frame. San Francisco likewise played their first Thanksgiving game since 1972 in 2011, and the Los Angeles Chargers, who last played on the holiday in 1969 (while the team was still an AFL franchise in San Diego) before actually joining the league, appeared for the first time as an NFL member in 2017.[33]

text: Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams[edit]

text:
Team
Wins
Losses
Ties
Win Pct.
Other names appeared under

Frankford Yellow Jackets
2
0

1.000
Defunct (1931)

New York Yankees*
2
0

1.000
Defunct (1949)

Pottsville Maroons
2
0

1.000
Defunct (1928)

Boston Yanks
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1948)

Buffalo Bills*
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1949), unrelated to current NFL team with this name

Dallas Texans
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1952), does not count AFL's Dallas Texans, which are now the Kansas City Chiefs

Los Angeles Buccaneers
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1926)

Oorang Indians
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1923)

Rock Island Independents
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1925)

All-Tonawanda Lumberjacks
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1921)

Akron Pros
3
1
1
.700
Defunct (1926)

Buffalo Bisons
1
1
1
.500
Buffalo All-Americans (1920–1923), Defunct (1929)

Canton Bulldogs
1
1
1
.500
Defunct (1926)

Cleveland Bulldogs
1
1

.500
Defunct (1927)

Dayton Triangles
1
1

.500
Defunct (1929)

Kansas City Cowboys
1
1

.500
Kansas City Blues (1924), Defunct (1926)

Milwaukee Badgers
1
1

.500
Defunct (1926)

Brooklyn Lions
0
1

.000
Defunct (1926)

Chicago Tigers
0
1

.000
Defunct (1920)

Detroit Heralds
0
1

.000
Defunct (1920)

New York Yanks
0
1

.000
Defunct (1950)

Providence Steam Roller
0
1

.000
Defunct (1931)

Racine Legion
0
1

.000
Defunct (1926)

Toledo Maroons
0
1

.000
Defunct (1923)

Brooklyn Dodgers*
0
2

.000
Defunct (1949)

Chicago Hornets*
0
2

.000
Chicago Rockets (1946–1948), Defunct (1949)

Columbus Panhandles
0
2

.000
Defunct (1926)

Detroit Panthers
0
2

.000
Defunct (1926)

Hammond Pros
0
2

.000
Defunct (1926)

Rochester Jeffersons
0
2

.000
Defunct (1925)

Los Angeles Dons*
0
3

.000
Defunct (1949)

text: *All-America Football Conference team.

text: Game MVPs[edit]

text: Since 1989, informal and sometimes lighthearted Man of the Match awards have been issued by the networks broadcasting the respective games. Running back Emmitt Smith holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVPs with five (1990, 1992, 1994, 1996 and 2002). Voting on the respective awards is typically done informally by the announcing crew themselves, and criteria are loose. Noteworthy statistical accomplishments weigh heavily, and "group" awards are common. The announcement of the winner(s), and the presentation of the award is normally done immediately following the game, during post-game network coverage.

text: Turkey Leg Award (CBS & FOX)[edit]

text: In 1989, John Madden of CBS awarded the first "Turkey Leg Award", for the game's most valuable player. Pursuant to its name, it was an actual cooked turkey leg, and players typically took a celebratory bite out of the leg for the cameras during post-game interviews. Reggie White of the Eagles was the first recipient. The gesture was seen mostly as a humorous gimmick relating to Madden's famous multi-legged turkey,[34] cooked and delivered by local restaurant owner Joe Pat Fieseler of Harvey's Barbecue (located less than a mile from Texas Stadium). Since then, however, the award has gained subtle notoriety. Madden brought the award to FOX in 1994, and it continued through 2001.

text: Because of the loose and informal nature of the award, at times it has been awarded to multiple players. On one occasion in 1994, it was given to players of both teams.

text: Galloping Gobbler / Game Ball (FOX)[edit]

text: When John Madden left FOX after 2001, the network introduced a new award starting in 2002, named the "Galloping Gobbler." It was represented by a small figurine of a silver turkey wearing a football helmet[35] striking a Heisman-like pose.[36] Much like Cleatus and Digger, the original Galloping Gobbler trophy reflected Fox's irreverent mascots, and went through several iterations.[35] Unimpressed by its tackiness, 2002 winner Emmitt Smith (who holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVP awards and had won the Turkey Leg Award four previous times) famously threw his in a trash can.[35]

text: In 2007, the kitschy statuette was replaced with a bronze-colored statue of a nondescript turkey holding a football.[36] In 2011, the trophies were discarded altogether and replaced by an attractive plaque. Unlike the aforementioned "Turkey Leg Award", the "Galloping Gobbler" is normally awarded to only one player annually,[37] however in 2016, co-winners were honored.[38]

text: For 2017, the Galloping Gobbler was permanently retired, and replaced with the "Game Ball," an stylish, ornate football-shaped trophy, reminiscent of the tradition where game-used balls are typically awarded to players of the game. No one at Fox seemed to notice the first ball awarded has the stripe markings of a college ball.

text: All-Iron Award (CBS)[edit]

text: When the NFL returned to CBS in 1998, they introduced their own award, the "All-Iron Award", which is, suitably enough, a small silver iron, a reference to Phil Simms' All-Iron team for toughness. The All-Iron winner also receives a skillet of blackberry cobbler made by Simms' mother.

text: Through 2006, the trophy was only awarded to one player annually. Occasionally, it has been issued as a "group award" in addition to a single player award. In 2008, Simms stated it was "too close to call" and named four players to the trophy; he then gave the award to several people every year until 2013, after which he reverted to a single MVP in 2014.

text: Simms was removed from the broadcast booth for the 2017 season and no player of the game was chosen that year.

text: Prime time games (NFLN & NBC)[edit]

text: During the time when NFL Network held the broadcast rights the prime time game, from 2007 to 2011 they gave out the "Pudding Pie Award" for MVPs. The award was an actual pie. In 2009, NFL Network gave Brandon Marshall a pumpkin pie rather than the chocolate pudding pie of the previous two years.

text: NBC, which carried Thanksgiving afternoon games through 1997, did not issue an MVP award during that time. NBC began broadcasting the Thanksgiving prime time game in 2012, at which point the MVP award was added. The award is currently called the Sunday Night Football on Thanksgiving Night Player of the Game, and is typically awarded to multiple players on the winning team.[39] From 2012 to 2015, the NBC award was referred to as the "Madden Thanksgiving Player-of-the-Game", honoring John Madden (who announced NBC games from 2006 to 2008).[40][41] In the first few years, the award specifically went to players on both offense and defense, but in recent years, defensive players have not necessarily been recognized. The winning players are presented with ceremonial game balls and, as a gesture to Madden, a cooked turkey leg.[42]

text: Complete list[edit]

text:
CBS Turkey Leg Award

Year
MVP (Team)

1989
Reggie White (Phi)

1990
Troy Aikman & Emmitt Smith (Dal)

1991
Barry Sanders (Det)

1992
Emmitt Smith & Cowboys Offensive line

1993
Richard Dent (Chi)

CBS All-Iron Award

1998
Stephen Boyd (Det)

1999
Dexter Coakley (Dal)

2000
Charlie Batch (Det)

2001
Mike Anderson (Den)

2002
Troy Brown (NE)

2003
Jay Fiedler & Chris Chambers (Mia)

2004
Peyton Manning & Colts Offensive line

2005
Ron Dayne (Den)

2006
Joey Harrington (Mia)

2007
Tony Romo & Cowboys defense*

2008
Albert Haynesworth (Ten)
Chris Johnson (Ten)
Kevin Mawae (Ten)
LenDale White (Ten)

2009
Miles Austin (Dal)
Tony Romo (Dal)
Jason Witten (Dal)

2010
Tom Brady (NE)

2011
DeMarcus Ware (Dal)

2012
Andre Johnson (Hou)
Matt Schaub (Hou)
J.J. Watt (Hou)

2013
Tony Romo (Dal)
DeMarco Murray (Dal)
Lance Dunbar (Dal)
HM: Matthew McGloin (Oak)

2014
Calvin Johnson (Det)

2015
Luke Kuechly (Car)
Jerricho Cotchery (Car)
Kurt Coleman (Car)
Cam Newton (Car)

2016
Matt Prater (Det)
Darius Slay (Det)
Matthew Stafford (Det)

2017
no award

FOX Turkey Leg Award

Year
MVP (Team)

1994
Emmitt Smith & Jason Garrett (Dal)
Brett Favre & Sterling Sharpe (GB)

1995
Herman Moore (Det)
Brett Perriman (Det)
Johnnie Morton (Det)

1996
Emmitt Smith (Dal)

1997
Luther Ellis (Det)

1998
Randy Moss (Min)

1999
Gus Frerotte (Det)
Greg Hill (Det)
Johnnie Morton (Det)
Robert Porcher (Det)

2000
Robert Smith (Min)
Randy Moss (Min)
Daunte Culpepper (Min)
Cris Carter (Min)

2001
Brett Favre & Ahman Green (GB)

FOX Galloping Gobbler Award

2002
Emmitt Smith (Dal)

2003
Dré Bly (Det)

2004
Julius Jones (Dal)

2005
Michael Vick (Atl)

2006
Tony Romo (Dal)

2007
Brett Favre (GB)

2008
DeMarcus Ware (Dal)

2009
Donald Driver (GB)

2010
Drew Brees (NO)

2011
Aaron Rodgers (GB)

2012
Robert Griffin III (Was)

2013
Reggie Bush (Det)

2014
LeSean McCoy (Phi)

2015
Matthew Stafford (Det)

2016
Dak Prescott & Ezekiel Elliott (Dal)

FOX Game Ball

2017
Case Keenum (Min)

NFLN Pudding Pie Award

Year
MVP (Team)

2006
Not given

2007
Reggie Wayne (Ind)

2008
Donovan McNabb & Brian Westbrook (Phi)

2009
Brandon Marshall (Den)

2010
Brad Smith & Darrelle Revis (NYJ)

2011
Terrell Suggs (Bal)

NBC Player of the Game

2012
Tom Brady (NE)
Vince Wilfork (NE)
Steve Gregory (NE)

2013
Jacoby Jones (Bal)
Justin Tucker (Bal)

2014
Russell Wilson (Sea)
Richard Sherman (Sea)

2015
Jay Cutler (Chi)
Tracy Porter (Chi)

2016
Le'Veon Bell (Pit)
Ben Roethlisberger (Pit)
Antonio Brown (Pit)

2017
Kirk Cousins (Was)
Jamison Crowder (Was)
Ryan Kerrigan (Was)

text:
Of the members of the 2007 Cowboys defense, Chris Canty, DeMarcus Ware, Terence Newman and Greg Ellis were particularly noted.
In 2017 no official CBS award was handed out, though Phillip Rivers (Chargers) was interviewed after the game during post-game coverage.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: DuMont was the first network to televise Thanksgiving games in 1953; CBS took over in 1956, and in 1965, the first ever color television broadcast of an NFL game was the Thanksgiving match between the Lions and the Baltimore Colts.

text: Starting in 2012, all three broadcast networks with NFL rights will carry one game apiece. The first two games are split between CBS and Fox. These games are rotated annually, with CBS getting the 12:30 p.m. (EST) "early" game, and Fox getting the 4:25 p.m. "late" game in even-numbered years, while Fox likewise gets the "early" game and CBS the "late" game in odd-numbered years. The third game, with a prime time 8:30 p.m. start, is carried by NBC[43]. The NFL may involve the Flexible Scheduling rule in the future to reassign games if the night game has less importance than the Dallas or Detroit game.

text: Westwood One holds national radio broadcast rights to all three games, with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest. (Under league rules, only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast.) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks.

text: The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year, with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five.


document_title: Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (film)

question_text: who played the mother in ya ya sisterhood

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The film opens in 1937 Louisiana with four little girls out in the woods at night, each wearing a home-made headdress. The leader, Viviane Abbott (Caitlin Wachs), initiates them into a secret order she dubs the "Ya-Ya Sisterhood," which they seal by cutting their palms and taking a blood oath of undying loyalty.

text: The film then moves to New York City in the 1990s, where Viviane's eldest daughter, playwright Siddalee Walker (Sandra Bullock), while overseeing production of her newest release, gives an interview with a reporter from Time, mentioning her unhappy childhood as a major source of inspiration for her work. The reporter sensationalizes Sidda's complaint, implying abuse and deep, dark family secrets.

text: Vivi (Ellen Burstyn) reads the article and becomes extremely upset. She calls Sidda, but instead of speaking can only bang the phone on the table while crying that she is dead to her. Sidda, equally frustrated by her mother's behavior, also bangs her phone against the counter after Vivi has hung up on her. Much to the frustration of her fiancé, Connor McGill (Angus Macfadyen), Sidda takes her mother's behavior as a declaration of all-out war. Vivi takes down all the pictures of Sidda in her house, cuts her face out of family pictures, and mails the defaced pictures to Sidda, along with a copy of her will with Sidda's name marked out. Sidda in turn sends Vivi a newly printed wedding invitation with the time and place cut out, plus torn-up tickets to her play.

text: When the Ya-Ya Sisters learn of Vivi's war, they decide to take matters into their own hands to resolve it. Led by Caroline Eliza "Caro" Benett (Maggie Smith), Aimee Malissa "Teensy" Whitman (Fionnula Flanagan), and Denise Rose "Necie" Kelleher (Shirley Knight) visit Sidda in New York, then drug her, kidnap her, and take her back to Louisiana. There they show her a scrapbook album her mother has kept, titled Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, which they believe they must reveal to Sidda.

text: They explain to Sidda her mother's experiences, depicted in flashbacks of their childhood, then as young women and mothers, including Sidda's own childhood: Vivi (Ashley Judd), Teensy (Jacqueline McKenzie), Caro (Katy Selverstone), Necie (Kiersten Warren). Troubles include: Vivi encountering racism as a child at Teensy's uncle and aunt's house; a bitter, jealous mother (Cherry Jones) who falsely accuses her of incest with her father, and the loss of her true love, Teensy's older brother Jack (Matthew Settle) who is killed in World War II. She settles for an unhappy marriage with Shepherd James "Shep" Walker (David Lee Smith/James Garner), a good and faithful man who loves her, despite the abuse she heaps on him because he isn't Jack.

text: This is all well and good to Sidda, but doesn't change her opinion of her mother as a self-centered person unable to deal with her troubles, which she has unfairly inflicted on Sidda to the point of needing psychotherapy. Meanwhile, she tells Connor not to send out the wedding invitations, which troubles him enough to come down to Louisiana to find her. The Sisters then realize that Sidda must be told Vivi's deepest, darkest secret in order to understand. They try to persuade Vivi that she must do this herself, but she doesn't have the courage to tell her daughter, so they do it for her with Sidda's father present. In the meantime, Vivi tells Connor herself. The secret is that Vivi eventually had a nervous breakdown, and brutally beat Sidda and her siblings. What the children never knew was that Vivi had taken an overdose of Dexamyl, (an amphetamine used as an antidepressant), and had to be hospitalized.

text: Sidda finally understands the depth of her mother's suffering, and that she didn't have to waste money on therapy trying to find out why it was her fault. She also recalls a happy memory of her mother: when Sidda missed out on an airplane ride because she was too scared but then changed her mind, Vivi borrowed money to get the pilot to give one more ride, which she took with Sidda. Vivi and Sidda reconcile, and Sidda decides that she wants to marry Connor in Louisiana. Vivi makes her daughter a Ya-Ya headdress, and the Sisters induct her into the order.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sandra Bullock as Siddalee "Sidda" Walker

Allison Bertolino as the child Sidda

Angus Macfadyen as Connor McGill
Ellen Burstyn as Viviane Joan "Vivi" Abbott Walker

Ashley Judd as young Vivi Abbott-Walker
Caitlin Wachs as the child Vivi Abbott

James Garner as Shepherd James "Shep" Walker

David Lee Smith as young Shep

Maggie Smith as Caroline Eliza "Caro" Brewer Bennett

Katy Selverstone as young Caro
Mary Katherine Weiss as the child Caro

Fionnula Flanagan as Aimee Malissa "Teensy" Whitman

Jacqueline McKenzie as young Teensy
Alyssa May Gold as the child Teensy

Shirley Knight as Denise Rose "Necie" Kelleher Ogden

Kiersten Warren as young Necie
Nicki Tschudi as the child Necie

Matthew Settle as Jack Whitman
Cherry Jones as "Buggy" Abbott, Vivi's mother
David Rasche as Taylor Abbot, Vivi's father
Gina McKee as Genevieve Whitman, Teensy's mother
Mark Joy as Mr. Whitman, Teensy's father

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Divine Secrets grossed a domestic total of $69,599,016 and $4,240,224 outside the States, totaling $73,839,240 worldwide.[1] The film opened at #2 the weekend of its release with $16,167,412 behind The Sum of All Fears's second weekend.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood received a mixed response from film critics. The film holds a 44% "Rotten" rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus, "Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood is more melodramatic than emotionally truthful, and uneven in its mixture of time periods, actresses, laughter and tears."[3]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film only one-and-a-half out of four stars, writing, "The Ya-Ya Sisterhood is rubber-stamped from the same mold that has produced an inexhaustible supply of fictional Southern belles who drink too much, talk too much, think about themselves too much, try too hard to be the most unforgettable character you've ever met, and are, in general, insufferable." He added, "There is not a character in the movie with a shred of plausibility, not an event that is believable, not a confrontation that is not staged, not a moment that is not false."[4] Todd McCarthy of Variety similarly remarked, "While there are pleasures to be had from watching so many grand actresses strut their stuff, the fact is that the overriding preoccupation here rests with surface impressions rather than psychological probity."[5]

text: Conversely, Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film a more positive review, describing it as "resolutely for and about women" and observing, "For all its failed connections, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood is nurturing, in a gauzy, dithering way."[6] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times also praised the film, saying, "This is a work of excess and passion, an untidy sprawl of a motion picture that is sometimes ragged, occasionally uncertain, but--and this is what's important--always warm, accessible and rich in emotional life."[7]