document_title: Jennifer Lopez

question_text: when did jennifer lopez released her first single

question_tokens: when did jennifer lopez released her first single

text: Jennifer Lopez

text: Early life

text: Jennifer Lynn Lopez was born on July 24, 1969, in The Bronx borough of New York City, to Puerto Rican parents Guadalupe Rodríguez and David López.[10] She has an older sister, Leslie, and a younger sister, Lynda, a journalist.[11] David worked the night shift at the Guardian Insurance Company before becoming a computer technician at the firm, while Guadalupe was a homemaker. When Lopez was born, the family was living in a small apartment in the Castle Hill neighborhood. A few years later, her parents had saved up enough money to be able to purchase a two-story house, which was considered a big deal for the relatively poor family.[12] At the age of five, Lopez began taking singing and dancing lessons. She toured New York with her school when she was seven years old. Her parents stressed the importance of work ethic and being able to speak English. They encouraged their three daughters to put on performances at home—singing and dancing in front of each other and their friends so that they would stay "out of trouble".[13] Lopez spent her entire academic career in Catholic schools, finishing at Preston High School.[14] In school, Lopez did gymnastics, ran track on a national level, and was a member of the school's softball team.[15] She excelled athletically rather than academically, competing in national track championships.[13]

text: While attending her final year of high school, Lopez learned about a film casting that was seeking several teenage girls for small roles. She auditioned and was cast in My Little Girl (1986), a low-budget film co-written and directed by Connie Kaiserman.[16] Lopez acted as Myra, a young woman at a center for troubled girls. After she finished filming her role in the film, Lopez realized that she wanted to become a "famous movie star". To please her parents, though, she enrolled in Baruch College, only to drop out after one semester. She told her parents about her dream of becoming a movie star, but they insisted that it was a "really stupid" idea and that "no Latinos did that". The differences in opinions led Lopez to move out of their family home and into an apartment in Manhattan. During this period, Lopez performed in regional productions of the musicals Jesus Christ Superstar and Oklahoma!. From there, she was hired for the chorus in a Golden Musicals of Broadway, which toured Europe for five months. She was unhappy with the role, as she was the only member of the chorus not to have a solo. She later got a job on the show Synchronicity in Japan, where she acted as a dancer, singer, and choreographer.[12]

text: Career

text: 1991–1996: Career beginnings

text: Lopez was selected as a backup dancer for the New Kids on the Block in 1991 and performed with them during their performance of "Games" at the 18th Annual American Music Awards.[17] Shortly after, Lopez gained her first regular high-profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on the television program In Living Color. She applied for the job after one of the cast members was unable to continue with the show. Out of 2,000 applicants, Lopez made it to the finals. She was the runner-up but eventually received the role when the winner was unable to accept the job. She moved to Los Angeles to film the series and remained a regular cast member until 1993, when she decided to pursue a full-time acting career. Prior to leaving the show, Lopez briefly worked as a backup dancer for American recording artist Janet Jackson.[18] Lopez was set to tour with Jackson on her Janet World Tour in late 1993 but backed out as she wanted to do her "own thing".[19]

text: Lopez received her first professional acting gig in the direct-to-video drama film Lost in the Wild (1993), co-starring with Lindsay Wagner and Robert Loggia.[20] Later in 1993, Lopez signed a deal with CBS to co-star in the television series Second Chances. Lopez received her first major big-screen role in Gregory Nava's 1995 drama My Family portraying Young Maria.[21] Although her role was uncredited, Lopez received an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female nomination for her performance.[21] In November 1995, Lopez starred in Money Train alongside Wesley Snipes and Woody Harrelson as New York City transit cops. In August 1996, Lopez had a supporting role in the comedy Jack.[22]

text: 1997–1999: Breakthrough with Selena and On the 6

text: In February 1997, Lopez starred alongside Jack Nicholson and Stephen Dorff in the neo-noir thriller Blood and Wine.[23] Lopez starred as the title role of the Selena biopic of the same name in March.[24] Despite having previously worked with the film's director on My Family, Lopez was subjected to an intense auditioning process before she was cast in the film.[25] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that even in the "forgettable films" Money Train, and Jack, Lopez's "presence and ability made her seem just one role away from stardom" and with Selena she's "seized the opportunity and turned in an incandescent presentation that is especially strong during the film's numerous musical numbers". He concluded by calling the film not just a celebration of Selena's life, but also of the actress who portrayed her.[26] The announcement was described as the "role of a lifetime." from news outlets and Lopez's salary for the film was reported at $1 million,[27][28] which made Lopez the highest-paid Hispanic actress in history. After filming Selena, Lopez was "really feeling [her] Latin roots" and cut a demo in Spanish.[29] Lopez's manager then sent the song, titled "Vivir Sin Ti" (Living without You), to Sony Music Entertainment's Work Group, who showed an interest in signing Lopez. Tommy Mottola, the head of the label suggested to her that she sing in English instead.[30]

text: In April, Lopez starred in the horror film Anaconda alongside Ice Cube and Jon Voight.[31] Lopez starred alongside Sean Penn and Billy Bob Thornton in the crime film U Turn in October. The film, which is based on the novel Stray Dogs by John Ridley, received somewhat positive reviews from critics.[32] In June, Lopez starred opposite George Clooney in Out of Sight, Steven Soderbergh's adaptation of Elmore Leonard's novel of the same name (1996).[33] Cast as a deputy federal marshal who falls for a charming criminal, Lopez won rave reviews for her performance.[34] Lopez provided the voice of Azteca in the computer-animated film Antz in October.[35]

text: Lopez's debut single, "If You Had My Love", was released in May 1999, as she began to ready her first album.[36][37] Lopez became the first artist to top the Billboard Hot 100 with a debut single since Britney Spears did so with her single "...Baby One More Time" four months prior.[38] During production of her debut album, On the 6, Lopez was aware that she received her recording contract on the basis of her looks and an already established name in the entertainment industry, and she wanted to prove she had musical talent.[39] Prior to the debut of her music, critics wondered why she would take the risk of launching a music career. It was noted that: "If the album was a flop, not only would it embarrass Lopez, but it might even damage her career."[40] "Waiting for Tonight", the third single from On the 6, is widely considered to be Lopez's best song.[41] Lopez's musical success came as a surprise to critics; its launch made the "popular actor even more popular". Both the music industry and the public became intrigued by "this woman who seemed to have so many different talents".[40] By the end of 1999, Lopez successfully converted herself from a film star to a pop star.[42] She joined a select few in achieving this feat, becoming the first since Vanessa Williams (1992) and Martika (1989).[38]

text: 2000–2002: Film success, J.Lo and This Is Me... Then

text: On February 23, 2000, Lopez, accompanied by then boyfriend Sean Combs, wore a plunging exotic green Versace silk chiffon dress on the red carpet of the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. The dress "had a low-cut neck that extended several inches below her navel, where it was loosely fastened with a sparkly brooch and then opened out again," exposing her midriff and then as cut along the front of the legs like a bath robe.[43] The dress generated controversy and media attention, with images of Lopez in the dress being downloaded from the Grammy website over half a million times 24 hours after the event.[44] Lopez was surprised by the enormous media coverage, declaring that she had no idea "it was going to become such a big deal".[45] Lopez returned to the big-screen in August, starring in the psychological thriller The Cell opposite Vincent D'Onofrio.[46]

text: During the process of recording her second album, Lopez decided to tweak her image as she began to develop into a sex symbol. She started going by J.Lo, something fans often called her.[47] She subsequently named the album J.Lo. Released on January 23, 2001, it was a commercial success, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200.[48] During the same week, her romantic comedy film The Wedding Planner in which she starred opposite Matthew McConaughey opened atop the box office. This made her the first woman to have a number one film and album simultaneously in the United States.[49] The album was preceded by the release of its lead single, "Love Don't Cost a Thing", which reached number one on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart. It was followed by the single "Play".[50] In April 2001, Lopez launched J.Lo by Jennifer Lopez, her own clothing and accessory company. Lopez felt that "the voluptuous woman [was] almost ignored" in the fashion industry, and therefore her company specialized in clothing women of all shapes.[47] The following month, she starred in the romantic drama film Angel Eyes, which performed disappointingly at the box office and generated mixed reviews.[51] After several months, J.Lo was declining on the charts; this prompted Mottola to recruit rapper Ja Rule to create an urban-oriented remix of the song "I'm Real". This led to the release of "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", which quickly reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Its success resulted in J.Lo being reissued to include the single, which was number one in the United States during the week of the September 11 attacks.[50] J.Lo became the best-selling album of Lopez's career, having sold 3.8 million copies in the US and moved over 12 million units worldwide.[52][53]

text: Having redefined Lopez's sound with "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", Epic decided to release further remixes in order to "keep the momentum going".[54] A remix album entitled J to tha L–O! The Remixes was subsequently released on February 5, 2002. It debuted at the summit of the Billboard 200, making it the first remix album to do so. Its lead single, "Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)", featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah, reached number one in the US.[55] J to tha L–O! The Remixes became one of the best-selling remix albums of all time, selling 1.5 million copies in the US.[56] It produced two more singles: "I'm Gonna Be Alright" and "Alive", a ballad co-written by her husband at the time, Cris Judd. In April 2002, Lopez opened her restaurant, Madrè's.[47] The following month, she starred in the thriller film Enough, which was described by the Boston Herald as a "kick-but, female empowerment" film.[57] While filming Enough, which required an overworked Lopez to practice Krav Maga, she suffered a nervous breakdown. She recalled feeling "sick and weird", refusing therapeutic help or medication. She confessed, "I was like – I don't want to move, I don't want to talk, I don't want to do anything."[58] In September, she released her first fragrance, Glow by JLo. It performed strongly despite predictions that it would fail, and became the top-selling fragrance in the US.[59]

text: Lopez's third studio album, This Is Me... Then, was released on November 25, 2002. It was dedicated to actor Ben Affleck, her fiancé at the time. The album's lead single "Jenny from the Block", was later described by Sam Lansky of MTV News as her most iconic single.[60] In the song, Lopez "intones her modest childhood roots".[61] The album itself performed strongly, selling 2.6 million copies in the US.[56] Its second single, "All I Have", peaked at number one in the US. That December, Lopez starred opposite Ralph Fiennes in the romantic comedy Maid in Manhattan, which became the highest-grossing film of her career.[62]

text: 2003–2005: Gigli and Rebirth

text: In August 2003, Lopez starred opposite Affleck in the romantic comedy Gigli. The film was a box office bomb, and is considered one of the worst films of all time. The film's poor reception was attributed to negative press preceding its release, as well as the media attention surrounding Lopez and Affleck's engagement which largely overshadowed the film.[62][63] Lopez would later describe this as the lowest point of her career, saying "[It] was very tough", "the tabloid press had just come into existence at the time, so I was like a poster child for that moment."[64] In October of that year, she released her next fragrance, Still Jennifer Lopez. Lopez also launched her next fashion label, Sweetface. It was described by Andy Hilfiger as a "more intellectual, more inspirational collection than J-Lo by Jennifer Lopez. Less sporty, more suede."[65] Lopez's clothing lines and two fragrances generated over $300 million in revenue throughout 2004, which made her the 19th richest person under 40.[49]

text: In March 2004, Lopez had a minor role in the film Jersey Girl, alongside Affleck. Her character, Gertrude Steiney, dies during childbirth within the first 15 minutes of the film. From the intense media scrutiny following the couple's break-up, it was noted that "they may need to put Lopez in a coffin on the poster if they want anyone to come".[66] In October, Lopez co-starred alongside Richard Gere in the drama Shall We Dance?, a re-make of the 1996 Japanese film of the same title. The film was successful at the box office, and was considered a rebound for Lopez following Gigli.[62]

text: After placing her career on hiatus, Lopez released her fourth studio album, Rebirth, in February 2005. According to Lopez, Rebirth "came about because I was on such a roller-coaster ride, that was my career from my first album to my last album, and I did a bunch of movie projects in between. I finally took some time just for myself, and [when] I came back, this was the first project I did. I felt like it was a new beginning for me, like I was, in a way, reborn."[67] Tracy Hopkins of NBC's Today Music noted that after "fawning" over Affleck on This Is Me... Then", Lopez "wisely keeps her love life out of the spotlight" on Rebirth and only references her relationship with Anthony on a few tracks.[68] The album produced the single "Get Right", which peaked at number one in the United Kingdom.[69] In May, she starred alongside Jane Fonda in the romantic comedy Monster-in-Law, for which she received a salary of $15 million.[70] The film's marketing played up Lopez's "Gigli-and-tabloid tarnished image", and it became a box office success.[62][71] In August, Lopez starred alongside Robert Redford and Morgan Freeman in An Unfinished Life, a drama film based on the novel of the same name.

text: 2006–2009: Career disappointments and Como Ama una Mujer

text: In April 2006, Lopez reappeared on the Billboard Hot 100 as a featured artist on "Control Myself", the lead single from LL Cool J's twelfth studio album Todd Smith. The song peaked at number four on the chart following its release as a music download, making it the pair's second collaboration to reach the top five.[72] Bordertown, a film based on the Female homicides in Ciudad Juárez, made its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2006. Lopez, who also acts as the film's producer, stars as Lauren Adrian, an American news reporter for the Chicago Sentinel who wants to be assigned to the Iraq front-lines to cover the war.[73] Bordertown received a direct-to-video release.[62] DanceLife, a reality series following the lives of seven dancers trying to break into the world of professional dance, aired on MTV from January 15 to March 5, 2007. Lopez produced, created and was featured in the show.[74] According to the album's co-producer Estéfano, Lopez's fifth studio album Como Ama una Mujer would "prove critics wrong" with its "big songs that require a voice"; referring to the criticism of Lopez having a "limited" vocal tone.[75][76] The album's lead single "Qué Hiciste" reached number one on Billboard's Hot Latin Songs chart. Lopez performed the song on the sixth season of American Idol on April 11, 2007, becoming the first person to perform a Spanish song on the series.[69] The album received the highest first-week sales in the United States for a debut Spanish album and the highest digital sales.[77][78]

text: In September 2007, Lopez starred in the biographical film El Cantante, which is based on the life of the late salsa singer Héctor Lavoe. In the film, Lavoe is portrayed by then-husband Marc Anthony while Lopez plays Lavoe's wife Puchi.[79] Lopez revealed that she felt her performance in the film El Cantante should have earned her an Oscar.[80] "I feel like I had that [Oscar worthy role] in 'El Cantante,' but I don't think the academy members saw it".[80] El Cantante did not perform well at the box office, earning just $7.6 million.[62] Lopez and Anthony also launched their co-headlining North American concert tour on September 28.[81] Lopez's sixth studio album Brave, released in October, was her lowest-charting album worldwide.[82] The album produced two singles, "Do It Well" and "Hold It Don't Drop It". The first peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, while the latter failed to make any significant impact on the charts. A five-part miniseries, Jennifer Lopez Presents: Como Ama una Mujer, based on the lyrics of Como Ama una Mujer aired on Univision from October 30 to November 27, 2007. She placed her career on hiatus after giving birth to twins in February 2008.[83] In late 2009, Lopez released two songs for her seventh studio album, Love? ("Louboutins" and "Fresh Out of the Oven"); however, the songs failed to make an appearance on the Billboard charts which led to her departure from Epic Records.[84]

text: 2010–2012: Career rejuvenation with American Idol and touring

text: Lopez parted ways with Epic Records in February 2010, citing that she had fulfilled her contractual obligations and now wished to release her seventh studio album Love? under a new label.[85] Her departure from the label temporarily halted production on the album, which commenced in 2009. Upon signing a new contract with Island Records, recording resumed on the album.[86] The New York Daily News revealed that Lopez would be taking some of the records recorded under Sony Music Entertainment to her new label so that they could be included on the album.[87] In April, Lopez starred in the romantic comedy The Back-up Plan, her first theatrical role in three years.[83] In June, following the departure of Ellen DeGeneres from American Idol, it was reported that Lopez was in talks to join season ten's judging panel.[88][89][90] During this same time, Lopez and Anthony were being considered for a role on The X Factor for their appeal to Latin and International markets.[91] It was officially announced in September that Lopez would be joining the tenth season of American Idol. MTV stated that the deal was "mutually beneficial to all those involved", while CNN reported that Lopez was viewing it as a decision to revive her career, while American Idol producers believed that Lopez and Steven Tyler's appointments would strengthen viewing figures.[92] In October, Lopez released her fourteenth fragrance, Love and Glamour. The perfume was inspired by Lopez's forthcoming "return to the spotlight".[93]

text:
"On the Floor" (2011)

A 22-second sample of "On the Floor", which combines a sample of "Llorando se fue" by Los Kjarkas, with dance, house and Latin music.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: L'Oreal Paris named Lopez their new Global Ambassador and the face of their brands, including EverPure hair care, Preference hair color and Youth Code skin care. Her EverSleek hair care ads made their debut in early 2011, to coincide with the release of Love? and her debut as a judge on American Idol.[94] To further promote her comeback, in February, Venus chose Lopez as their new Global Ambassador.[95] Lopez's comeback single "On the Floor" was released later that same month. The song topped the charts across the globe, becoming one of the most successful singles of the year.[96] The song also became her highest charting single commercially as a lead artist, as well as her most successful airplay hit on contemporary hit radio, since "Jenny from the Block".[97] Love?, which was released in May, was a moderate commercial success, and was viewed as a humble comeback from Lopez, as many had considered her recording career over.[82] Lopez launched her next fragrance Love and Light in July, exclusively on HSN. 51,000 bottles of the fragrance were sold at its premiere, becoming Lopez's most successful fragrance launch to date, making over $2.9 million.[98] In September, Lopez launched the Jennifer Lopez Collection, a clothing and accessories line for Kohl's with Tommy Hilfiger.[99] In addition to the clothing line, she also launched the Jennifer Lopez Home Collection, featuring bedding, towels and luggage.[100] Later that same month Fiat, an Italian automobile manufacturer, enlisted Lopez to promote their products, including the 2012 Fiat 500 Cabrio. Olivier Francois, the Chrysler chief marketing officer, stated that she "fits perfectly with the brand".[101]

text: In January 2012, Lopez returned as a judge on the eleventh season of American Idol, earning a reported $20 million.[102] Later that same month, a new talent show, ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen, created by Simon Fuller premiered on Univision and was a hit for the channel.[103][104] It followed Lopez, Anthony and director-choeographer Jamie King as they travelled across 21 countries in Latin America to find new talent for a Las Vegas show. On May 18, Lopez returned to the big screen starring alongside an ensemble cast consisting of Cameron Diaz, Elizabeth Banks, Matthew Morrison and Dennis Quaid in the film What to Expect When You're Expecting, which is based on the novel of the same name.[105] In late May, Lopez released her fragrance Glowing by JLo, which she described as an "evolution" of Glow by JLo.[106]

text: Lopez launched the Dance Again World Tour, her first headlining concert tour, on June 14.[107] It was a lucrative, grossing over $1 million per show.[108] On July 12, she launched Teeology, a luxury T-shirt e-commerce.[109] Lopez voiced Shira, a saber tooth tiger, in the animated film, Ice Age: Continental Drift, the fourth film in the Ice Age franchise.[110] The film became her highest opening weekend figure.[111]

text: Lopez's first greatest hits album, Dance Again... the Hits, was released on July 24, 2012 in the United States.[112] It was released by Epic Records, as Lopez owed them one final album to end her contract, despite previously announcing that she had fulfilled her contract with the label.[113] Lopez, who was going through a divorce with Anthony and the "breakup of a family", felt as if the album's sole single, "Dance Again", had come to her at the "perfect moment".[114][115] "Dance Again" and "Goin' In", a single from the soundtrack of the dance film Step Up Revolution, both reached the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs, giving Lopez her twelfth and thirteenth number one on that chart, respectively.[116] nuvoTV announced in September its premier partnership with Lopez, that will see her work on the creative side of the network, managing marketing and program production with her production company, Nuyorican Productions, as well as periodically appearing in network programming.[117][118]

text: 2013–2015: Television ventures and A.K.A.

text: In January 2013, Lopez starred alongside Jason Statham in the crime thriller Parker, in which she played Leslie. Her performance earned positive reviews, with Chicago Tribune commending the role for giving Lopez "an opportunity to be dramatic, romantic, funny, depressed, euphoric and violent. The audience stays with her all the way".[119] The following month, she gained widespread notoriety for wearing a daring black dress at the Grammy Awards, which revealed her entire right leg; despite a conservative dress code which had been issued to celebrities in attendance.[120] In May, Lopez was announced as the chief creative officer of nuvoTV. In addition, she founded the mobile phone retail brand Viva Móvil, which is catered specifically for Latinos.[121] She lobbied for more Hispanic diversity on television,[122] hoping to empower the Latin community in these media ventures, stating: "There's a big revolution going on, it's like a media and cultural revolution of Latinos here in the United States. We're realizing our power. We're realizing that we matter here."[123] Inspired by her gay aunt who had recently died, Lopez signed on as executive producer of the television series The Fosters, which is about a same-sex couple raising a family.[124] The show premiered on ABC Family on June 3, 2013, and has since been a ratings success for the network.[125] Later that June, Lopez performed at the birthday of Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov.[126] Doing so, she garnered widespread backlash for performing for the leader of a "repressive, authoritarian regime".[127] Her publicist released an apology.[126] Lopez returned as judge on American Idol for its thirteenth season for a reported salary of $17.5 million.[128] She was ranked as the fifth highest-paid woman in music for 2013, having earned $45 million.[108]

text: After the conclusion of her Dance Again World Tour, Lopez began recording her eighth studio album, A.K.A., inspired by her travels.[129] It was released in June 2014 through Capitol Records, experiencing lackluster sales.[130] The album produced three singles: "I Luh Ya Papi", which features French Montana, "First Love", and "Booty", featuring Pitbull or rapper Iggy Azalea. "Booty" debuted inside the top twenty in the United States, making it her second-highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 after "On the Floor".[131] In April, the official song for the 2014 FIFA World Cup performed by Pitbull, Lopez and Brazilian recording artist Claudia Leitte, "We Are One (Ole Ola)", was released. She was ranked as the sixth highest-paid woman in music for the year, earning $37 million.[132] In November 2014, Lopez partnered with Endless Jewelry, designing a range of new jewelry products.[133] That month, she also released first her book, True Love, which became a New York Times best-seller.[134]

text: January 2015 saw the release of The Boy Next Door, an erotic thriller that Lopez both co-produced and starred in as a high school teacher who becomes involved with a student, which eventually leads to his dangerous obsession with her.[135] The film received negative reviews from critics.[136] Despite this, it became her most successful opening at the box office for a live action film since Monster-in-Law,[137] and ultimately grossed over $55 million at the global box office, against a production budget of $4 million.[138] The following month, she unveiled her next fragrance, JLuxe.[139] Lopez had a voice role in the animated feature Home, alongside Steve Martin, Jim Parsons, and Rihanna, and released in March 2015.[140] She contributed the single "Feel the Light" to the film's official soundtrack.[141] Lopez also starred in the independent drama film Lila & Eve, alongside Viola Davis.[142] With annual earnings of $28.5 million, she was ranked as the seventh highest-paid woman in music for 2015.[143]

text: 2016–present: Shades of Blue and residency show

text:
Lopez stars as Detective Harlee Santos in NBC's crime drama series Shades of Blue (also serving as an executive producer), a single mother and police detective who goes undercover for the FBI to investigate her own squad.[144] It premiered on January 7, 2016, giving the network its most-watched Thursday debut in seven years with 8.6 million viewers.[145] Lopez's performance received positive reviews.[146][147][148] Shades of Blue was renewed for a second season, which premiered in March 2017.[149] That same month, the series was renewed for a third season.[150][151] In May 2015, she announced her Las Vegas residency concert show, which commenced on January 20, 2016, the first of twenty initial dates. Titled All I Have, it takes place at Planet Hollywood's The AXIS theater.[152][153] The residency has been lucrative,[154] and Lopez signed a three-year contract which will see her perform 120 shows.[155]
In March 2016, six years after announcing her departure, she announced her return to Epic Records, signing a multi-album deal with the label.[52] Her first single since returning to Epic, "Ain't Your Mama", was released the following month.[156] With earnings of $39.5 million, she was among the highest-paid female artists from June 2015 to June 2016.[154] Lopez reprised her voice role as Shira in the animated film Ice Age: Collision Course, which was released in July 2016.[157]

text:
In collaboration with Giuseppe Zanotti, Lopez designed a capsule collection of shoes and jewelry. Giuseppe for Jennifer Lopez launched in January 2017.[158] In July 2016, Lopez announced a new dance competition series entitled World of Dance, for which she serves as an executive producer and judge. Created in partnership with World of Dance, the series was greenlit by NBC with a straight-to-series order for ten episodes.[159] World of Dance premiered on May 30, 2017; with 9.7 million viewers, it became the most-watched premiere for a summer alternative series in nine years.[160][161] According to Forbes, Lopez was the eleventh highest-paid female celebrity between June 2016 and June 2017, with earnings of $38 million.[162]
Lopez is working on her second full length Spanish album, which is set to be released through Sony Music Latin; Marc Anthony serves as an executive producer for the project.[78][163] It is titled Por Primera Vez, which translates to For the First Time in English.[164] The album's lead single, "Ni Tú Ni Yo" (featuring Cuban reggaeton group Gente de Zona), was released on in July 2017.[165][166] The second single "Amor, Amor, Amor" featuring Wisin followed in November 2017.[164]

text: In April 2018, Lopez launched her limited-edition makeup collection in collaboration with Inglot Cosmetics.[167] That month, she was named one of Time's 100 most influential people in the world,[8] and released a new Spanish single, "El Anillo".[168] The following month she released a bilingual single titled "Dinero", featuring DJ Khaled and Cardi B.[169]

text: Upcoming projects

text: Lopez is set to star in the comedy film Mothers I'd Like To..., for which she will also serve as a producer through her production company.[170] She will star as drug lord Griselda Blanco in a television film for HBO, which will focus on the "rise and fall" of Blanco. She will once more serve as an executive producer for the film, which is currently in development.[171] She will also produce and star in a romantic comedy film Second Act, which will be directed by Peter Segal.[172] As an executive producer, Lopez is also developing an untitled legal drama for CBS and futuristic drama series entitled C.R.I.S.P.R. for NBC.[173] Sometime in 2019, Lopez is set to executive produce and star in NBC's Bye Bye Birdie Live!, a live television production of the stage musical of the same name.[174]

text: Personal life

text: Lopez's personal life has attracted widespread media attention.[175] From February 22, 1997, to January 1998, she was married to Cuban waiter Ojani Noa.[176] Since their brief marriage, Lopez has endured many legal troubles regarding her relationship with Noa. In April 2006, she sued to prevent him from publishing a book about their marriage, contending that it violated their confidentiality agreement.[177] The following year, a court-appointed arbitrator issued a permanent injunction forbidding Noa from "criticizing, denigrating, casting in a negative light or otherwise disparaging" Lopez. She was awarded $545,000 in compensatory damages and Noa was ordered to hand over all copies of materials related to the book to Lopez or her attorney.[178] A lawsuit regarding a compromising private honeymoon video in Noa's possession is presently running.[179]

text: While working on her first album, On the 6, Lopez began dating record producer and rapper Sean Combs. On December 27, 1999, the couple was arrested along with two others in connection with a shooting outside the Times Square Club in New York. They were charged with criminal possession of a weapon as well as stolen property. Lopez was soon exonerated, having had nothing to do with the crime.[180] However, Combs was charged and indicted by a Manhattan grand jury.[181] After leaving Combs, Lopez developed a relationship with former back-up dancer Cris Judd, to whom she was married from September 29, 2001, to June 2002.[182] Following her second divorce due to irreconcilable differences, she commenced a high-profile relationship with actor and director Ben Affleck, to whom she became engaged in November 2002.[183][184] The media began to refer to them as "Bennifer", and they became a prominent supercouple in the media and popular culture. Bennifer became a popular term, which was eventually entered into urban dictionaries and neologism dictionaries as notable,[185] as the name blend started the trend of other celebrity couples being referred to by the combination of their first names.[186] The couple postponed their nuptials indefinitely a day prior to the planned ceremony in September 2003, citing the media's interference with the event as the reason.[187]

text: Following her break-up with Affleck in January 2004, Lopez began dating her longtime friend, Marc Anthony (real name: Marco Antonio Muñiz). The couple wed that June,[188][189] and lived in Brookville, New York.[190] Two men attempted to ransom a private wedding video that was stolen from the couple for one million dollars; however, they were arraigned in Manhattan Criminal Court on charges of conspiracy, attempted grand larceny and possession of stolen property.[191] On November 7, 2007, during the final night of their co-headlining tour, Lopez and Anthony officially confirmed that they were expecting their first child.[192] The announcement ended months of speculation over the pregnancy.[193] Her father confirmed that the couple were expecting twins, revealing that it runs in the family: "My sister also had twins, so it's a hereditary thing."[194] Lopez, who is a Roman Catholic, has stated that her faith discouraged her from pursuing in vitro fertilization treatment while trying to get pregnant.[195]

text: Lopez gave birth to a son, Maximilian David, and a daughter, Emme Maribel, in Long Island, New York, on February 22, 2008.[196][197] The twins were introduced in the March 11, 2008, issue of People, for which the magazine paid a reported $6 million; the photographs of the twins became the most expensive celebrity picture ever taken at the time.[198] Three years later in July 2011, the couple announced their split, with Anthony filing for divorce in April 2012.[199] Their divorce was finalized on June 16, 2014, with Lopez retaining primary physical custody of the two children.[200] On December 31, 2014, she legally changed her name back to Jennifer Lopez, dropping Anthony's last name (Muñiz).[201][202]

text: Lopez had an on-off relationship with her former backup dancer Casper Smart from October 2011 to August 2016.[203][204] In February 2017, she began dating former New York Yankees baseball player Alex Rodriguez.[205][206]

text: In March 2018, Lopez opened up about her own Me Too movement story of being sexually harassed by a director early on in her career, when she was asked to take her top off during one of her first films.[207][208] Lopez has also been an active advocate for the Time's Up movement.[209]

text: Philanthropy and activism

text: Following the September 11 attacks, Lopez was heavily involved in charitable activities. Joining various other artists, she was featured on charitable singles such as "What's Going On" and "El Ultimo Adios (The Last Goodbye)", which benefited people affected by the tragedy.[210][211] One dollar from each ticket sold at Lopez and Anthony's co-headlining North American concert tour, which grossed an estimated $10 million, was donated to Run for Something Better—a charitable organization supporting physical fitness programs for children.[81][212] In February 2007, Lopez was honored with the Artists for Amnesty prize by the human rights organisation Amnesty International, for her work in the film Bordertown, which shed light on the hundreds of female homicides in Ciudad Juárez. Lopez described it as "one of the world's most shocking and disturbing, underreported crimes against humanity."[213][214]

text: In 2009, Lopez launched the Lopez Family Foundation (originally known as the Maribel Foundation) alongside her sister, Lynda. The nonprofit organization seeks to increase the availability of healthcare for underprivileged women and children, offering a telemedicine program supported by a partnership with the Children's Hospital Los Angeles. The foundation has led to the expansion of medical facilities in Panama and Puerto Rico, and created the Center for a Healthy Childhood at the Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx.[215][216]

text: In December 2012, Lopez held a charity drive that would affect her three favorite charities: the Gloria Wise Boys and Girls Club, the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles as well as the American Red Cross, mainly benefiting victims of Hurricane Sandy, which devastated parts of her home town, New York City.[217] In May 2015, she became the first national celebrity spokesperson for the Children's Miracle Network Hospitals and the BC Children's Hospital Foundation (BCCHF), appearing in a campaign entitled "Put Your Money Where the Miracles Are".[218] That September, Lopez was announced as the first Global Advocate for Girls and Women at the United Nations Foundation.[219] This role sees her mobilizing action to address challenges faced by girls and women around the world, including maternal health care programs, education and violence against women.[220] In September 2017, following Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria, Lopez announced that she would be donating $1 million from the proceeds of her Las Vegas residency to humanitarian aid for Puerto Rico.[221][222] Along with ex-husband Marc Anthony, she launched a humanitarian relief campaign entitled Somos Una Voz (English: We Are One Voice), an effort supported by various celebrities to rush supplies to areas affected by Hurricane Maria.[223] Lopez and Anthony presented a subsequent concert and telethon for disaster relief, "One Voice: Somos Live!", which raised over $35 million.[224] She was also among various artists featured on Lin-Manuel Miranda's charity single "Almost Like Praying" which benefits Puerto Rico.[225]

text: Lopez is an avid supporter of LGBT rights, and has raised millions of dollars for HIV/AIDS research.[226] In June 2013, amfAR presented Lopez with its humanitarian award for her philanthropic work.[226] That September, she was awarded the Ally for Equality award presented by the Human Rights Campaign, for her support of the LGBT community.[227] The following year, she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award.[228] In July 2016, Lopez released a single entitled "Love Make the World Go Round", a collaboration with Lin-Manuel Miranda, which benefits victims of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting.[229] She was also featured on the song "Hands" along with numerous other artists, also benefiting those affected by the Orlando shooting.[230] Among numerous other artists, Lopez signed an open letter from Billboard magazine to the United States Congress in 2016, which demanded action on gun control.[231]

text: Lopez endorsed President Barack Obama in his 2012 presidential campaign, speaking in television advertisements and attending a fundraising event for Obama in Paris.[232][233] She endorsed Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton in 2016, headlining a free concert in Florida in support of her that October.[233][234]

text: Artistry

text: Musical style

text:
"Waiting for Tonight"

A twenty-five-second sample of "Waiting for Tonight". It is a dance-pop party song that incorporates Latin and European influences.[235][236]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: According to author Ed Morales in The Latin Beat: The Rhythms And Roots Of Latin Music From Bossa Nova To Salsa And Beyond (2003), Lopez's music explores the "romantic innocence" of Latin music, while strongly identifying with hip hop.[237] Growing up, she was influenced by Latin styles ranging from salsa to bachata, but it was the 1979 hip hop song "Rapper's Delight" by The Sugarhill Gang that she said changed her life.[238] Her debut album On the 6 fuses the influence of Latin music with R&B and hip hop, which Lopez described as Latin soul. To the contrary, Morales described it as "state-of-the-art dance pop".[239] Dee Lockett, writing for the Chicago Tribune, stated that songs such as "Waiting for Tonight" made Lopez "arguably the leading artist in the dance-pop movement at the time".[240] While primarily sung in English, she speaks in Spanish and asserts her Latin heritage throughout the album, which is apparent in the song "Let's Get Loud".[241][242][243] She has also recorded bilingual songs, including the Latin pop song "Cariño", for her second album J.Lo.[244] A departure from her previous albums, This Is Me... Then blends 1970s soul with "streetwise" hip hop.[245] "Get Right", from Rebirth, is built around a sample of "Soul Power 74" by Maceo and the Macks, and is characterized by a repetitive saxophone riff. The New York Times called it "one of the year's most unusual R&B songs" which sounded "like nothing else on the radio".[246]

text: Described as autobiographical,[247] much of Lopez's music has centered around the "ups and downs" of love.[248] The lyrical content of This Is Me... Then is largely focused on her relationship with Ben Affleck, with the song "Dear Ben" being described as the album's "glowing centerpiece".[249] Her first full length Spanish-language album, Como Ama una Mujer features introspective lyrics about romance, heartache and self-loathing.[250] When explaining her seventh studio album Love?, Lopez stated: "There's still so much to learn and that's why the question mark."[248] Other recurrent themes in Lopez's music have included her upbringing in the Bronx[239][251] and women's empowerment.[252]

text: Lopez has been influenced by artists such as Tina Turner, James Brown, Michael Jackson, Madonna and Barbra Streisand.[253][254] She credited Rita Moreno's performance in the 1961 musical film West Side Story as a major inspiration.[239] Critics have considered Lopez's voice to be limited,[255][256] and obscured by the production of her music, while remaining "radio-friendly".[257] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone observed: "Instead of strained vocal pyrotechnics, Lopez sticks to the understated R&B murmur of a round-the-way superstar who doesn't need to belt because she knows you're already paying attention [...] She makes a little va-va and a whole lot of voom go a long way."[258] Meanwhile, AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine called her voice "slight" and wrote: "Lopez was never, ever about singing; she was about style".[259] Entertainment Weekly criticized her vocal performance for lacking the trademark "husky-voiced voluptuousness" she has in her films.[260] J. D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun regards Lopez as having a "breathy" stylistic range, but lacking personality.[261]

text: Dance and stage

text: Considered one of dance's "greatest success stories",[159] Lopez felt an emotional connection to dance since her youth, when she specialized in ballet, jazz and flamenco.[262][263] Her career commenced on the variety television sketch comedy series In Living Color, where she was a part of an ethnically diverse dance group known as The Fly Girls.[264] Janet Jackson, whom she briefly served as a backup dancer for, has been credited by Lopez as an inspiration for her own dance and videos.[265] Since beginning her own recording career, Lopez has become known for her body-emphasizing music videos, which often include dance routines.[266] Some of them have been the subject of controversy, including "Jenny from the Block", "Dance Again" and "Booty".[267][268] Her provocatively choreographed music video for "If You Had My Love" allowed Lopez to become a dominant figure on MTV networks worldwide,[269] while the accompanying video for "Waiting for Tonight" established her as a "dance princess" according to MTV.[270]

text: On stage, Lopez is recognized for her showmanship and sex appeal,[271] and often includes costumes such as bodysuits as part of her performance.[272][273][274] Author Priscilla Peña Ovalle stated in Dance and the Hollywood Latina: Race, Sex and Stardom (2011) that Lopez was one of the Latin stars who "used dance to gain agency as working performers with mainstream careers, yet many of their roles paradoxically racialized and sexualized their bodies".[275] Troy Patterson of Entertainment Weekly also observed that she used her body for emphasis on stage, "She turned herself out as the fly girl hyperversion of postfeminist power, flaunting her control by toying with the threat of excess. In consequence, her star went supernova."[276] Her signature movements include "clock-wise pivoting with salsa hip circles and sequential torso undulations".[277] While being noted to lip sync in the early stages of career, Lopez's Dance Again World Tour was praised for showcasing live vocals and choreography synchronously.[278][279][280] In a review of her Las Vegas residency All I Have, Los Angeles Times writer Nolan Feeney called her "Queen of the Strip" and remarked that her dancing is "undoubtedly the centerpiece of the show".[271]

text: Lopez's provocative stage performances have also drawn scrutiny at times. In May 2013, her performance on the finale of the television series Britain's Got Talent was deemed inappropriate for family-friendly television, and drew viewer complaints to Ofcom.[281][282] Following her controversial performance at the musical festival Mawazine in 2015, Moroccan Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane called it "indecent" and "disgraceful", while an education group claimed that she "disturbed public order and tarnished women's honor and respect".[283]

text: Public image

text: Speaking of Lopez's image, Andrew Barker of Variety observed: "Despite a carefully cultivated image as an imperious pop empress in ludicrously expensive outfits, her signature hits bear the titles "I'm Real" and "Jenny From the Block". She managed the perilous transition from actress to music star without ever seeming to pick either as a primary gig. She established herself as an oft-provocative sex symbol while her demeanor made it abundantly clear that she's not asking you to come hither."[236] In 2002, Lynette Holloway of The New York Times described Lopez as overexposed. She wrote: "Forgive yourself if you are seeing Jennifer Lopez in your sleep. She is everywhere." Holloway noted her image to be "a dash of ghetto fabulousness" and "middle-class respectability" for mass appeal.[284] Entertainment Weekly observed a change in her public profile upon joining American Idol in 2011, writing: "Gone was her old cut-a-bitch swagger; J. Lo 2.0 is an all-embracing, Oprahfied earth madre."[285] Lopez is considered an icon of popular culture.[286] Television presenter Ray Martin describes her as a "showbiz phenomenon".[287]

text: Lopez has developed an image as a sex symbol and "one of the most desirable women on the planet".[288] She is widely celebrated for her callipygian figure,[289] which was the inspiration for Sir Mix-a-Lot's 1992 hit "Baby Got Back".[290] She has been credited with influencing a change in mainstream female body image.[291] In Latin Sensations (2001), Herón Marquez wrote: "Because she wasn't rail thin, Lopez had broken the mold and allowed millions of women to feel good about their bodies. Suddenly, it was okay for women to have hips, curves, and a big backside."[40] Vanity Fair described her buttocks as "in and of themselves, a cultural icon".[292] Details magazine named Lopez the "Sexiest Woman of the Year" in 1998,[293] and she led FHM's "100 Sexiest Women" list twice.[294] In 2011, she was named "The Most Beautiful Woman" by People.[295] The following year, VH1 ranked her the fourth on their list of "100 Sexiest Artists",[296] while Vibe magazine named her the most "lustable" celebrity of the past twenty years.[297] In 2014, Lopez stated, "There's this funny notion in America that you can't be a mom and be sexy (...) It's the craziest thing I've ever heard... The truth is that women can be sexy until the day they die."[135]

text: Lopez is a tabloid fixture[298][299] and has admitted to having a "less-than-perfect" public image.[300] The media often draw comparisons between Lopez and actress Elizabeth Taylor, due to her numerous failed relationships.[301][302] In fact, Lopez has been dubbed a "modern-day Liz Taylor" by the media.[303] Lynn Hirschberg of W compared her glamorous public persona to that of Taylor.[304] Her style is described by Billboard's Lauren Savage as scantily clad.[305] Lopez has been criticized by the animal rights organization PETA for inclusion of fur in her fashion lines and outfits.[306] She has received a bad reputation as being a demanding "diva",[307] but she constantly refutes this.[308] In 2003, The Observer remarked that Lopez was "the woman immortalised in a million headlines as 'Hollywood's most demanding diva' ... Lopez must wonder what heinous crime she has committed to become the most vilified woman in modern popular culture."[309]

text: Legacy and cultural impact

text: Lopez is regarded as the most influential Hispanic performer in the United States, credited with breaking racial barriers in the entertainment industry.[15][310] In 1999, The Record newspaper observed that she was responsible for the introduction of a Latina presence in the film industry, which was a "whites-only preserve" for much of its history.[311] Described as a "multidimensional artist who had turned into a financial powerhouse",[6] Lopez became the highest-paid actress of Hispanic descent in history.[312] Miriam Jiménez Román stated in The Afro-Latin Reader: History and Culture in the United States (2009) that "[she] was able to traverse the difficult racial boundaries".[313]  In 2012, business magazine Forbes suggested that Lopez "may be the most powerful entertainer on the planet",[314] and named her "the world's most powerful Latino celebrity".[315]

text: Upon launching her music career in the late 1990s, Lopez contributed to the "Latin explosion" occurring in entertainment at the time.[316] Writing for The Recording Academy, Brian Haack described her as the "breakout female star" of the Latin pop movement in American music.[317] She was featured on the cover of the first issue of Latina magazine in 1996, with editor Galina Espinoza stating that there is "no recounting of modern Latina history without Jennifer".[318] Around the time her career began to burgeon, the emphasis on Lopez's curvaceous figure grew; scholar Sean Redmond wrote that this was a sign of her role and social power in the cultural changes occurring in the United States.[319] In August 2005, Time listed Lopez as one of the most influential Hispanics in America, remarking: "Why? Because over a decade ago, she was an anonymous background dancer on the second-rated sketch-comedy show. Today she's known by two syllables."[49] In February 2007, People en Español named her the most influential Hispanic entertainer.[310] In 2014, scientists named a species of aquatic mite found in Puerto Rico, Litarachna lopezae, after Lopez.[320][321]

text: Lopez is considered a global icon, and is often described as a triple threat performer.[322][323][324] VH1 ranked her at number 15 on their list of 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons,[325] number 16 on 100 Greatest Women In Music,[326] and number 21 on 50 Greatest Women of the Video Era.[327] Lopez has been cited as an influence or inspiration by a range of entertainers, including Jessica Alba,[328] Adrienne Bailon,[329] Kat DeLuna,[330] Mike Doughty,[331] Fifth Harmony,[332] Becky G,[333] Selena Gomez,[334] Ryan Guzman,[335] Kelly Key,[336] Q'orianka Kilcher,[337] Demi Lovato,[338] Normani,[339] Pitbull,[340] Francia Raisa,[329] Naya Rivera,[341] Bebe Rexha,[342] Gwen Stefani,[343] Stooshe,[344] and Kerry Washington.[345]

text: Famed for her distinct style and fashion sense, Us Weekly named Lopez "Style Icon" of the 2000s decade.[346] The Green Versace "Jungle Dress" that she wore at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2000 was voted the fifth most iconic red carpet dress of all time in a poll run by The Daily Telegraph.[347] The images of Lopez wearing the dress became the most popular search query of all time at that point, and subsequently led to the creation of Google's image search.[348][349] Her style has influenced a range of celebrities, including Kelly Rowland, Kim Kardashian and Jennifer Love Hewitt.[350][351][352] Her record-breaking fragrance line has become the most successful celebrity line in the world, with sales exceeding $2 billion as of 2012.[353] Her first fragrance, Glow by JLo, has been credited with influencing the rise of celebrity fragrances in the 2000s,[354] with perfume critic Chandler Burr stating: "Elizabeth Taylor was one of the first [to have her own scent], but Glow kicked the whole thing into overdrive."[355] Following the success of Lopez's appointment as a judge on American Idol in 2010, a trend of networks hiring "big names" for judging panels on reality shows ensued. The Hollywood Reporter branded this "The J.Lo Effect".[356]

text: Achievements

text:
Lopez remains the only female entertainer to have a number one album and film simultaneously in the United States.[357][358]
With her second studio album J.Lo (2001), Lopez became the first female solo recording artist under Epic Records to achieve a number one album in the United States since its inception in 1953.[359] Her album J to tha L-O! The Remixes was acknowledged by the Guinness World Records as the first number one remix album in the United States.[360] In 2010, Lopez was honored by the World Music Awards with the Legend Award for her contribution to the arts.[361] Lopez's return to prominence the following year with her single "On the Floor"—among the best-selling singles of all time, and its music video recognized as the "Highest Viewed Female Music Video of All Time" by Guinness World Records in 2012—is regarded as one of the greatest musical comebacks in history.[362][363] In 2013, she was presented with the prestigious landmark 2,500th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her musical contributions,[364] and Univision presented her with the World Icon Award in its Premios Juventud.[365] In 2014, she became the first female recipient of the Billboard Icon Award.[366] Billboard magazine ranked her as the ninth greatest dance club artist of all time in 2016.[367] In 2017, she was awarded the Telemundo Star Award.[368]

text: Discography

text:
On the 6 (1999)
J.Lo (2001)
This Is Me... Then (2002)
Rebirth (2005)
Como Ama una Mujer (2007)
Brave (2007)
Love? (2011)
A.K.A. (2014)
Por Primera Vez (2018)[369][370]

text: Filmography

text: Films

text:
My Little Girl (1986)
Nurses on the Line: The Crash of Flight 7 (1993)
My Family (1995)
Money Train (1995)
Jack (1996)
Blood and Wine (1996)
Selena (1997)
Anaconda (1997)
U Turn (1997)
Out of Sight (1998)
Antz (1998)
The Cell (2000)
The Wedding Planner (2001)
Angel Eyes (2001)
Enough (2002)
Maid in Manhattan (2002)
Gigli (2003)
Jersey Girl (2004)
Shall We Dance? (2004)
Monster-in-Law (2005)
An Unfinished Life (2005)
Bordertown (2006)
El Cantante (2007)
The Back-up Plan (2010)
What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012)
Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)
Parker (2013)
The Boy Next Door (2015)
Home (2015)
Lila & Eve (2015)
Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)
Second Act (2018)

text: Television

text:
In Living Color (1991–1993)
Second Chances (1993–1994)
South Central (1994)
Hotel Malibu (1994)
Will & Grace (2004, 2018)
How I Met Your Mother (2010)
American Idol (2011–2012, 2014–2016)
Q'Viva! The Chosen (2012)
Shades of Blue (2016–2018)
World of Dance (2017–)
Bye Bye Birdie Live! (2019)

text: Tours and concerts

text: Tours

text:
Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony en Concierto (2007)
Dance Again World Tour (2012)

text: Residency concerts

text:
Let's Get Loud (2001)
¡Q'Viva! The Chosen Live (2012)
Jennifer Lopez: All I Have (2016–18)


document_title: Ohio gubernatorial election, 2018

question_text: who is the democrat running for governor in ohio

root

text: Ohio gubernatorial election, 2018

text: Republican primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text:
Mike DeWine, Ohio Attorney General and former U.S. Senator[1][2]

Running mate: Jon A. Husted, Ohio Secretary of State[3]

Mary Taylor, Lieutenant Governor of Ohio[4]

Running mate: Nathan Estruth, businessman[5]

tag: ul

text: Withdrew[edit]

text:
Jon A. Husted, Ohio Secretary of State (running for Lieutenant Governor)[6][3]
Jim Renacci, U.S. Representative (running for the U.S. Senate)[7]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showMike DeWine

U.S. Presidents

Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States[8]
Mike Pence, 48th Vice President of the United States[9]

Notable individuals

Julie Jakmides, Alliance Councilwoman[10]
David Johnson, Chair of the Columbiana County Republican Party[11]
Richard K. Jones, Butler County Sheriff[12]
Dave Levacy, Fairfield County Commissioner[13]
Amy Murray, Cincinnati City Council member[14]
Gerard Neugebauer, Green Mayor[15]
Rick Santorum, former United States Senator from Pennsylvania and candidate for President of the United States in 2012 and 2016[16]
Zachary Hall, Chairman of the Lucas County Teenage Republicans[17]

U.S. Representatives

Steve Stivers (OH-15)[18]
Mike Turner (OH-10)[19]

State Senators

Larry Obhof (President)[20]
Bob Peterson (President pro tempore)[21]
Randy Gardner (Majority Leader)[21]
Gayle Manning (Majority Whip)[21]
Kevin Bacon[21]
Troy Balderson[21]
Bill Beagle[21]
David Burke[21]
Matt Dolan[21]
John Eklund[21]
Bob Hackett[21]
Frank Hoagland[21]
Jay Hottinger[21]
Stephanie Kunze[21]
Peggy Lehner[21]
Rob McColley[21]
Scott Oelslager[21]
Joe Uecker[21]

State Representatives

Cliff Rosenberger (Speaker)[22]
Kirk Schuring (Speaker pro tempore)[22]
Sarah LaTourette (Assistant Majority Leader)[22]
Tom Patton (Majority Whip)[22]
Bill Reineke (Assistant Majority Whip)[22]
Gary Scherer[23]

County parties

Adams County Republican Party[24]
Belmont County Republican Party[25]
Brown County Republican Party[24]
Clinton County Republican Party[24]
Columbiana County Republican Party[26]
Cuyahoga County Republican Party[27]
Franklin County Republican Party[28]
Fulton County Republican Party[24]
Greene County Republican Party[23]
Highland County Republican Party[29]
Holmes County Republican Party[30]
Knox County Republican Party[24]
Lucas County Republican Party[31]
Mahoning County Republican Party[24]
Montgomery County Republican Party[32]
Morgan County Republican Party[25]
Perry County Republican Party[33]
Pike County Republican Party[34]
Preble County Republican Party[32]
Scioto County Republican Party[35]
Summit County Republican Party[36]

State parties

Ohio Republican Party[37]

Organizations

Buckeye Firearms Association[38]
Ohio Right to Life[39]

Newspapers

The Plain Dealer[40]
Akron Beacon Journal[41]

tag: table

text:
showJim Renacci (withdrawn)

Organizations

Asian American GOP Coalition[42]
Bikers for Trump[43]
Citizens for Trump[43]

Notable individuals

Corey Lewandowski, former campaign manager of Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign[44]

text:
showMary Taylor

U.S. Senators

Mike Lee, U.S. Senator (R-UT)[45]
Steve Daines, U.S. Senator (R-MT)[46]
Rand Paul, U.S. Senator (R-KY)[47]
Ted Cruz, U.S. Senator (R-TX)[48]

Governors

John Kasich, Ohio Governor and 2016 presidential candidate[49]

Lieutenant Governors

Billy Nungesser, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana

Statewide Officials

Ken Blackwell, former Secretary of State of Ohio[50]

Notable Individuals

Michele Bachmann, former U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 6th Congressional District[51]
Mike Huckabee, former Governor of Arkansas, former Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas[52]
Seth Morgan, former Ohio State Representative[53]
Jill Stanek, Pro Life Leader[54]

State Senators

Louis Terhar[55]

State Representatives

Tom Brinkman[56]
Mark Romanchuk[57]
Bill Seitz[58]
Andy Thompson[59]

County Parties

Miami County Republican Party[60]

Party leaders

Matt Gilmore, Chair of Mercer County Republican Party[61]

Organizations

Ohioans for Concealed Carry[38]
Republican Liberty Caucus of Ohio[62]
Totaly Endangered Americans[63]
Family Research Council[64]
Ohio Tea Party

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Mike
DeWine
Mary
Taylor
Other
Undecided

Baldwin Wallace University
April 24 – May 2, 2018
323
–
52%
24%
–
25%

Remington Research Group (R-Taylor)
April 10, 2018
1,064
± 3.1%
42%
32%
–
26%

Fallon Research
April 4–7, 2018
502
± 4.4%
43%
26%
–
31%

SurveyUSA
March 16–20, 2018
541
± 5.8%
50%
18%
–
31%

TRZ Communications Services, Inc. (R-We the People Convention)
February 17, 2018
1,152
± 3.0%
61%
39%
–
–

35%
16%
15%
33%

Fallon Research
January 16–19, 2018
286
–
54%
14%
–
32%

text:
[show]
Hypothetical polling

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Mike
DeWine
Jon
Husted
Jim
Renacci
Mary
Taylor
Undecided

Axis Research (R-Taylor)
August 13–15, 2017
602
± 4.1%
36%
20%
8%
17%
19%

The Tarrance Group (R)
July 24–26, 2017
800
± 3.5%
42%
18%
5%
11%
24%

49%
29%
–
–
21%

Luntz Global
June 12, 2017
500
± 4.4%
27%
13%
3%
8%
–

Gravis Marketing
April 27 – May 2, 2017
686
± 2.7%
31%
14%
6%
10%
40%

The Tarrance Group (R)
January 23–26, 2017
800
± 3.5%
47%
18%
4%
10%
22%

text: Results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[65]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Republican
Mike DeWine
494,766
59.8

Republican
Mary Taylor
332,273
40.2

Total votes
827,039
100%

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text:
Richard Cordray, former Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and former Ohio Attorney General[66][67]

Running mate: Betty Sutton, former U.S. Representative[68]

Larry Ealy, former male stripper and candidate for Governor in 2014[69]

Running mate: Jeffrey Lynn

Dennis Kucinich, former U.S. Representative, former Mayor of Cleveland, and candidate for President of the United States in 2004 and 2008[70]

Running mate: Tara Samples, Akron City Councilwoman[71]

Bill O'Neill, Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court and nominee for OH-14 in 2008 and 2010[72]

Running mate: Chantelle Lewis, elementary school principal and former East Cleveland City Councilwoman[73]

Paul Ray[74]

Running mate: Jerry Schroeder

Joe Schiavoni, state senator and former Minority Leader of the Ohio Senate[75][76]

Running mate: Stephanie Dodd, State Board of Education Member[77]

text: Failed to qualify for ballot[edit]

text:
Jon Heavey, physician[78]
Dave Kiefer, former Wayne County Commissioner and Republican candidate for state representative in 2016[79]

text: Withdrew[edit]

text:
Connie Pillich, former state representative and nominee for Ohio State Treasurer in 2014[80][81] (endorsed Richard Cordray)[82]
Betty Sutton, former U.S. Representative (running for Lieutenant Governor)[68]
Nan Whaley, Mayor of Dayton[83] (endorsed Richard Cordray)

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showRichard Cordray

U.S. Senators

Elizabeth Warren, Massachusetts[84][85]

U.S. Representatives

Steve Driehaus, U.S. Representative from Ohio (former)[86]
Marcia Fudge, U.S Representative from Ohio[87]
Marcy Kaptur, U.S. Representative from Ohio[88]

Governors

Ted Strickland, former Governor of Ohio[89]

State Representatives

Peter Lawson Jones (former)
Matt Lundy (former)
Connie Pillich, (former) nominee for Ohio State Treasurer in 2014, candidate for Governor in 2018[82]
Stephen Slesnick (former)
Fred Strahorn, Minority Leader of the Ohio House of Representatives[90]

Mayors

John Cranley, Cincinnati
Tim DeGeeter, Parma
Dean DePiero, Parma (former)
Carty Finkbeiner, Toledo (former)
Andrew Ginther, Columbus
Don Walters, Cuyahoga Falls
Nan Whaley, Dayton

County officials

Dallas Baldwin, Franklin County Sheriff
Steve Barry, Summit County Sheriff
Willis Blackshear, Montgomery County Recorder[90]
John Donofrio, Summit County Treasurer (former)
John Ferraro, Stark County Prosecutor
Ted Kalo, Lorain County Commissioner
Lori Kokoski, Lorain County Commissioner
Sandra Kurt, Summit County Clerk
Judy Nedwick, Lorain County Recorder
Tom Orlando, Lorain County Clerk
Aftab Pureval, Hamilton County Clerk[91]
Sherri Bevan Walsh, Summit County Prosecuting Attorney
Dennis Will, Lorain County Prosecutor

City Council members

Paul Colavecchio, Cuyahoga Falls
Jeff Fusco, Akron
Mary Nichols-Rhodes, Cuyahoga Falls
P.G. Sittenfeld, Cincinnati[91]
Margo Somerville, Akron

Labor unions and organizations

AFL–CIO[92]
Ohio Federation of Teachers
Ohio State Association Union of Plumbers and Pipefitters
NARAL Pro-Choice Ohio
Lorain County Democratic Party

Notable individuals

Valerie Jarrett, Senior Advisor to President Barack Obama[85]
Jerry Springer, talk show host, former Mayor of Cincinnati, nominee for OH-02 in 1970 and candidate for governor in 1982[85]
Mary Ellen Withrow, Former U.S. Treasurer

Newspapers

Akron Beacon Journal[41]
Kenyon Collegian[93]
The Vindicator[94]

text:
showDennis Kucinich

Organizations

Our Revolution, progressive organization started from Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign
National Nurses United[95]
Cuyahoga County Progressive Caucus

Governors

Jesse Ventura, (former) Governor of Minnesota[96]

U.S. Representatives

Alan Grayson (former)[97]
Tulsi Gabbard[98]

State Senators

Nina Turner (former)

County officials

Todd Portune, Hamilton County Commissioner[99]

City Council Members

Chris Seelbach, Cincinnati[100]

Notable individuals

Danny Glover, actor, film director and political activist[101]
Jimmy Dore, comedian and political commentator[102]
Josh Fox, filmmaker and environmental activist[103]
Robert F. Kennedy Jr, environmental attorney, activist, and son of Robert F. Kennedy[104]
Dave Matthews, musician and actor [105]

Newspapers

The Plain Dealer[106]

text:
showJoe Schiavoni

Political organizations

Democratic Progressives of Ohio[107]
Mahoning County Democratic Party[108]
Trumbull County Democratic Party[109]

Labor unions

Canton Professional Educators' Association[110]
Pickaway Dems - Citizens in Action [111]
UWUA - Utility Workers Union of America[112]
Western Reserve Building & Construction Trades Council[113]

Notable individuals

Ed O'Neill, actor[114]

text:
showConnie Pillich (withdrawn)

Governors

Ed Rendell, (former) Governor of Pennsylvania and (former) Democratic National Committee Chairman

State Representatives

Kathleen Chandler (former)[115]
Catherine Ingram[115]
Brigid Kelly[115]

Mayors

Jim Brown, Lockland[115]
Charles Johnson, Forest Park[115]
Dick Mavis, Mount Vernon[115]
LaVerne Mitchell, Lincoln Heights (former)[115]
Earl Schmidt, Reading (former)[115]
John Smith, Silverton[115]
James C. Wolf, Mount Healthy[115]

Notable individuals

Denise Driehaus, Hamilton County Commissioner and former State Representative[115]
David S. Mann, Vice Mayor of Cincinnati, former Mayor of Cincinnati, and former U.S. Representative[115]
Alice Robie Resnick, former Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio[115]

Labor unions

Cincinnati Building Trades[116]
UNITE HERE Local 24[117]

Organizations

VoteVets.org[118]
EMILY's List[119]

text:
showBetty Sutton (withdrawn)

U.S. Representatives

Marcy Kaptur, Ohio[120]
Marcia Fudge, Ohio[121]

Labor unions

Akron Education Association[122]
Cleveland Building & Construction Trades Council[113]
IAFF - International Association of Fire Fighters Local 1690[123]
IBEW - International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 38[124]
International Brotherhood of Boilermakers Local Lodge 900[125]
International Longshoremen's Association, AFL-CIO Local 1768[126]
IUPAT - International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 6[127]
Laborers Local 860, Cleveland[128]
Lorain Professional Firefighters Local 267[129]
Plumbers & Pipefitters Local Union #219[130]
Teamsters Local 436[131]

text:
showNan Whaley (withdrawn)

Mayors

Dick Church, Jr., Miamisburg[132]
Warren Copeland, Springfield[132]
John Cranley, Cincinnati[133]
Steven Patterson, Athens[134]
Luke Feeney, Chillicothe[135]
Ben Kessler, Bexley[132]
David Seagraves, Brookville[132]
Cheryl Stephens, Cleveland Heights[132]

City Council members

Elizabeth Brown, Columbus[136]
Jaiza Page, Columbus[136]
Lindsay Webb, Toledo[137]

County officials

Judy Dodge, Montgomery County Commissioner[132]
Dan Foley, Montgomery County Commissioner[132]
Paul Gruner, Montgomery County Engineer[132]
Larry Hartlaub, Ottawa County Auditor[137]
Mat Heck, Jr., Montgomery County Prosecuting Attorney[132]
Karl Keith, Montgomery County Auditor[132]
Debbie Lieberman, Montgomery County Commissioner[132]
Carolyn Rice, Montgomery County Treasurer[132]
Liz Walters, Summit County Council[132]

Labor unions

Dayton Building & Construction Trades Council[113]
IUE-CWA - International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers[138]
Ohio State Council of Machinists[139]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Richard
Cordray
Dennis
Kucinich
Bill
O'Neill
Connie
Pillich
Joe
Schiavoni
Betty
Sutton
Nan
Whaley
Other
Undecided

Baldwin Wallace University
April 24 – May 2, 2018
333
–
31%
15%
6%
–
6%
–
–
–
41%

Fallon Research
April 4–7, 2018
500
± 4.4%
28%
13%
3%
–
5%
–
–
1%[A]
51%

SurveyUSA
March 16–20, 2018
509
± 5.3%
21%
21%
4%
5%
–
–
–
3%[B]
46%

Fallon Research
January 16–19, 2018
248
–
23%
16%
3%
2%
4%
–
–
–
52%

Luntz Global
June 12, 2017
500
± 4.4%
17%
–
–
9%
20%
21%
10%
–
–

Gravis Marketing
April 27 – May 2, 2017
558
± 2.7%
–
–
–
8%
12%
13%
–
–
67%

text: Results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results[65]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Democratic
Richard Cordray
423,264
62.3

Democratic
Dennis Kucinich
155,694
22.9

Democratic
Joe Schiavoni
62,315
9.2

Democratic
Bill O'Neill
22,196
3.3

Democratic
Paul Ray
9,373
1.4

Democratic
Larry Ealy
6,896
1.0

Total votes
679,738
100%

text: Green primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text:
Constance Gadell Newton, attorney, co-chair of the Ohio Green Party and nominee for the State House in 2016[140]

Running mate: Brett Joseph

text: Independents[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text:
Travis Irvine, comedian[141] (Libertarian)[a]
Bruce Jaynes (Libertarian)[a][141]

text: Failed to qualify for ballot[edit]

text: Collin Hill[143]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Libertarian Party does not have ballot access. Appears on ballot as "Independent."[142]

tag: ol

text: General election[edit]

text:
Richard Cordray

Running mate: Betty Sutton, former U.S. Representative[68]

text:
Mike DeWine

Running mate: Jon A. Husted, Secretary of State of Ohio[3]

text:
Constance Gadell-Newton

Running mate: Brett R. Joseph

text:
General election results

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Democratic
Richard Cordray

Republican
Mike DeWine

Green
Constance Gadell-Newton

Total votes

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showMike DeWine

Federal officials

Donald Trump, President of the United States[8]
Mike Pence, Vice President of the United States[144]

Notable individuals

Julie Jakmides, Alliance Councilwoman[10]
David Johnson, Chair of the Columbiana County Republican Party[11]
Richard K. Jones, Butler County Sheriff[12]
Dave Levacy, Fairfield County Commissioner[13]
Amy Murray, Cincinnati City Council member[14]
Gerard Neugebauer, Green Mayor[15]
Rick Santorum, former United States Senator from Pennsylvania and candidate for President of the United States in 2012 and 2016[16]
Zachary Hall, Chairman of the Lucas County Teenage Republicans[17]

U.S. Representatives

Steve Stivers (OH-15)[18]
Mike Turner (OH-10)[19]

State Senators

Larry Obhof (President)[20]
Bob Peterson (President pro tempore)[21]
Randy Gardner (Majority Leader)[21]
Gayle Manning (Majority Whip)[21]
Kevin Bacon[21]
Troy Balderson[21]
Bill Beagle[21]
David Burke[21]
Matt Dolan[21]
John Eklund[21]
Bob Hackett[21]
Frank Hoagland[21]
Jay Hottinger[21]
Stephanie Kunze[21]
Peggy Lehner[21]
Rob McColley[21]
Scott Oelslager[21]
Joe Uecker[21]

State Representatives

Cliff Rosenberger (Speaker)[22]
Kirk Schuring (Speaker pro tempore)[22]
Sarah LaTourette (Assistant Majority Leader)[22]
Tom Patton (Majority Whip)[22]
Bill Reineke (Assistant Majority Whip)[22]
Gary Scherer[23]

County parties

Adams County Republican Party[24]
Belmont County Republican Party[25]
Brown County Republican Party[24]
Clinton County Republican Party[24]
Columbiana County Republican Party[26]
Cuyahoga County Republican Party[27]
Franklin County Republican Party[28]
Fulton County Republican Party[24]
Greene County Republican Party[23]
Highland County Republican Party[29]
Holmes County Republican Party[30]
Knox County Republican Party[24]
Lucas County Republican Party[31]
Mahoning County Republican Party[24]
Montgomery County Republican Party[32]
Morgan County Republican Party[25]
Perry County Republican Party[33]
Pike County Republican Party[34]
Preble County Republican Party[32]
Scioto County Republican Party[35]
Summit County Republican Party[36]

State parties

Ohio Republican Party[37]

Organizations

Buckeye Firearms Association[38]
Ohio Right to Life[39]

Newspapers

The Plain Dealer[40]
Akron Beacon Journal[41]

text:
showRichard Cordray

Federal officials

Joe Biden, former Vice President of the United States[145]

U.S. Senators

Elizabeth Warren, Massachusetts[84][85]

U.S. Representatives

Steve Driehaus, U.S. Representative from Ohio (former)[86]
Marcia Fudge, U.S Representative from Ohio[87]
Marcy Kaptur, U.S. Representative from Ohio[88]

Governors

Ted Strickland, former Governor of Ohio[89]

State Representatives

Peter Lawson Jones (former)
Matt Lundy (former)
Connie Pillich (former), nominee for Ohio State Treasurer in 2014, candidate for Governor in 2018[82]
Stephen Slesnick (former)
Fred Strahorn, Minority Leader of the Ohio House of Representatives[90]

Mayors

John Cranley, Cincinnati
Tim DeGeeter, Parma
Dean DePiero, Parma (former)
Carty Finkbeiner, Toledo (former)
Andrew Ginther, Columbus
Don Walters, Cuyahoga Falls
Nan Whaley, Dayton

County officials

Dallas Baldwin, Franklin County Sheriff
Steve Barry, Summit County Sheriff
Willis Blackshear, Montgomery County Recorder[90]
John Donofrio, Summit County Treasurer (former)
John Ferraro, Stark County Prosecutor
Ted Kalo, Lorain County Commissioner
Lori Kokoski, Lorain County Commissioner
Sandra Kurt, Summit County Clerk
Judy Nedwick, Lorain County Recorder
Tom Orlando, Lorain County Clerk
Aftab Pureval, Hamilton County Clerk[91]
Sherri Bevan Walsh, Summit County Prosecuting Attorney
Dennis Will, Lorain County Prosecutor

City Council members

Paul Colavecchio, Cuyahoga Falls
Jeff Fusco, Akron
Mary Nichols-Rhodes, Cuyahoga Falls
P.G. Sittenfeld, Cincinnati[91]
Margo Somerville, Akron

Labor unions and organizations

AFL–CIO[92]
Ohio Federation of Teachers
Ohio State Association Union of Plumbers and Pipefitters
NARAL Pro-Choice Ohio
Lorain County Democratic Party

Notable individuals

Valerie Jarrett, Senior Advisor to President Barack Obama[85]
Jerry Springer, talk show host, former Mayor of Cincinnati, nominee for OH-02 in 1970 and candidate for governor in 1982[85]
Mary Ellen Withrow, Former U.S. Treasurer

Newspapers

Akron Beacon Journal[41]
Kenyon Collegian[93]
The Vindicator[94]

text: Predictions[edit]

text:
Source
Ranking
As of

The Cook Political Report[146]
102 !Lean R
January 26, 2018

Rothenberg Political Report[147]
101 !Tilt R
April 6, 2018

Sabato's Crystal Ball[148]
102 !Lean R
April 5, 2018

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Mike
DeWine (R)
Richard
Cordray (D)
Undecided

Public Policy Polling (D-Ohio Democratic Party)
May 6–7, 2018
618
± 3.9%
39%
44%
17%

Public Policy Polling (D-Ohio Democratic Party)
April 25–26, 2018
770
± 3.5%
38%
47%
14%

SurveyUSA
March 16–20, 2018
1,408
± 3.5%
47%
39%
14%

Public Policy Polling (D-Ohio Democratic Party)
January 22–23, 2018
585
± 4.1%
45%
44%
11%

Fallon Research
January 16–19, 2018
801
± 3.5%
49%
28%
23%

Luntz Global
June 12, 2017
500
± 4.4%
55%
31%
14%

text:
[show]
Hypothetical polling

with DeWine and Kucinich

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Mike
DeWine (R)
Dennis
Kucinich (D)
Undecided

SurveyUSA
March 16–20, 2018
1,408
± 3.5%
51%
38%
12%

Public Policy Polling (D-Ohio Democratic Party)
January 22–23, 2018
585
± 4.1%
48%
37%
14%

with DeWine and Pillich

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Mike
DeWine (R)
Connie
Pillich (D)
Undecided

Public Policy Polling (D-Ohio Democratic Party)
January 22–23, 2018
585
± 4.1%
47%
35%
18%

with Jon Husted

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Jon
Husted (R)
Richard
Cordray (D)
Undecided

Luntz Global
June 12, 2017
500
± 4.4%
47%
35%
18%

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Paul Ray 1%, Larry Ealy 0%
Jump up ^ Paul Ray 2%, Larry Ealy 1%


document_title: Hammer and sickle

question_text: who came up with the hammer and sickle

question_tokens: who came up with the hammer and sickle

text: Hammer and sickle

text: History[edit]

text: Worker symbolism[edit]

text: Farm and worker instruments and tools have long been used as symbols for proletarian struggle.

tag: p

text: The combination of hammer and sickle symbolised the combination of farmers and construction workers. One example of use prior to its political instrumentalisation by the Soviet Union is found in Chilean currency circulating since 1895.[3]

text: An alternative example is the combination of a hammer and a plough, with the same meaning (unity of peasants and workers). In Ireland, the symbol of the plough remains in use. The Starry Plough banner was originally used by the Irish Citizen Army, a socialist republican workers' militia. James Connolly, co-founder of the Irish Citizen Army with Jack White, said the significance of the banner was that a free Ireland would control its own destiny from the plough to the stars. A sword is forged into the plough to symbolise the end of war with the establishment of a Socialist International. This was unveiled in 1914 and flown by the Irish Citizen Army during the 1916 Easter Rising.

text: Inception[edit]

text: In 1917, Vladimir Lenin and Anatoly Lunacharsky held a competition to create a Soviet emblem. The winning design was a hammer and sickle on top of a globe in rays of the sun, surrounded by a wreath of grain and under a five-pointed star, with the inscription "proletariats of the world, unite!" in six languages (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani). It originally featured a sword, but Lenin strongly objected, disliking the violent connotations.[4] The winning designer was Yevgeny Ivanovich Kamzolkin (1885–1957).[5][6]

text: On 6 July 1923, the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee (CIK) adopted this emblem.[4]

text: Usage in the Soviet Union[edit]

text:
The Coat of Arms of the Soviet Union and the Coats of Arms of the Soviet Republics showed the hammer and sickle, which also appeared on the red star badge on the uniform cap of the Red Army uniform and in many other places.
Serp i Molot (transliteration of Russian: cерп и молот, "sickle and hammer") is the name of the Moscow Metallurgical Plant.
Serp i Molot is also the name of a stop on the electric railway line from Kurski railway station in Moscow to Gorky, featured in Venedikt Yerofeyev's novel, Moscow-Petushki.

text: Meaning[edit]

text: At the time of creation, the hammer and sickle stood for worker-peasant alliance, with the hammer a traditional symbol of the industrial proletariat (who dominated the proletariat of Russia) and the sickle a traditional symbol for the peasantry, but the meaning has since broadened to a globally recognizable symbol for Marxism, Marxist parties, or socialist states.[4]

text: In the Soviet Union, the hammer and sickle came to take on a gendered meaning, with the sickle coming to be associated with women and the hammer men.[4]

text: Current usage[edit]

text: Post-Soviet states[edit]

text: Two federal subjects of the post-Soviet Russian Federation use the hammer and sickle in their symbols: the Vladimir Oblast has them on its flag and the Bryansk Oblast has them on its coat of arms, which is also the central element of its flag. In addition, the Russian city of Oryol also uses the hammer and sickle on its flag.

text: The former Soviet (now Russian) national airline, Aeroflot, continues to use the hammer and sickle in its symbol.

text: The hammer and sickle can be found as a logo on most ushanka hats, usually the Soviet-styled ones

text: The de facto government of Transnistria uses (with minor modifications) the flag and the emblem of the former Moldavian SSR, which includes the hammer and sickle. The flag can also appear without the hammer and sickle in some circumstances, for example on Transnistrian-issued license plates.

text: Communist parties[edit]

text: Three out of the four currently ruling Communist parties use a hammer and sickle as the party symbol: the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. All of these use the yellow-on-red colour scheme. In Laos and Vietnam, the hammer and sickle party flags can often be seen flying side-by-side with their respective national flags.

text: Many communist parties around the world also use it, including the Communist Party of Greece[7] Communist Party of Chile, the Communist Party of Brazil, the Egyptian Communist Party, the Communist Party of Pakistan, the Communist Party of Spain, the Communist Party of Denmark, the Communist Party of Norway, the Romanian Communist Party, the Lebanese Communist Party, the Communist Party of the Philippines and the Shining Path. The Communist Party of Sweden, the Portuguese Communist Party[8]  and the Mexican Communist Party use the hammer and sickle imposed on the red star. The hammer and sickle accompanied by the yellow star is used by the Communist Refoundation Party, the main communist party in Italy.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Many symbols having similar structures and messages to the original have been designed. For example, the Angolan flag shows a segment of a cog, crossed by a machete and crowned with a socialist star while the flag of Mozambique features an AK-47 crossed by a hoe. In the logo of the Communist Party USA, a circle is formed by a half cog and a semicircular sickle-blade. A hammer is laid directly over the sickle's handle with the hammer's head at the logo's center. The logo of the Communist Party of Turkey consists of half a cog wheel crossed by a hammer, with a star on the top.

text: Tools represented in other designs include: the brush, sickle and hammer of the Workers' Party of Korea; the spade, flaming torch and quill used prior to 1984 by the British Labour Party (which was a socialist and not a communist party); the pickaxe and rifle used in communist Albania; and the hammer and compasses of the East German emblem and flag. The Far Eastern Republic of Russia used an anchor crossed over a spade or pickaxe, symbolising the union of the fishermen and miners. The Fourth International, founded by Leon Trotsky, uses a hammer and sickle symbol on which the number 4 is superimposed. The hammer and sickle in the Fourth International symbol are the opposite of other hammer and sickle symbols in that the head of the hammer is on the right side and the sickle end tip on the left. The Trotskyist League for the Fifth International merges a hammer with the number 5, using the number's lower arch to form the sickle.

text: The Communist Party of Britain (CGB) uses the hammer and dove symbol. Designed in 1988 by Michal Boncza, it is intended to highlight the party's connection to the peace movement. It is usually used in conjunction with the hammer and sickle and it appears on all of the CPB's publications. Some members of the CPB prefer one symbol over the other, although the party's 1994 congress reaffirmed the hammer and dove's position as the official emblem of the party. Similarly, the Communist Party of Israel uses a dove over the hammer and sickle as its symbol. The flag of the Guadeloupe Communist Party uses a sickle, turned to look like a majuscule G, to represent Guadeloupe.[9]

text: The flag of the Black Front, a Strasserist group founded by early Nazi Party members and expelled around the time of the Night of the Long Knives purge, along with his supporters and the Sturmabteilung and originator of the ideology and the Black Front himself Otto Strasser, featured a crossed hammer and sword, symbolizing the unity of the workers and military.

text: The flag of Burma (from 1974–2010) featured a bushel of rice superimposed on a cogwheel.

text: The flag of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM, Party of the Revolution in Swahili), currently the ruling political party of Tanzania, has a slightly different symbol with a hammer and a hoe (jembe) instead of a sickle to represent the most common farm tool in Africa.

text: The National Bolshevik Party used the hammer and sickle in their flag, but it had them colored black instead of yellow and put in the design of the Nazi swastika flag; and a black hammer and sickle inside of a white circle on a red banner.

text: Art[edit]

text: The hammer and sickle has long been a common theme in socialist realism, but it has also seen some depiction in non-Marxist popular culture. Andy Warhol who created many drawings and photographs of the hammer and sickle is the most famous example of this.

text:
The metro station, Ploshchad Lenina, Minsk

Sándor Pinczehelyi, Hammer and Sickle

A tableau in a communist rally in Kerala, India

text: Legal status[edit]

text: In several countries in the former Eastern Bloc, there are laws that define the hammer and sickle as the symbol of a "totalitarian and criminal ideology" and the public display of the hammer and sickle and other Communist symbols such as the red star is considered a criminal offence. Georgia,[10] Hungary,[11] Latvia,[12] Lithuania,[13] Moldova (1 October 2012 – 4 June 2013)[14] and Ukraine[15][16][17] have banned communist symbols including this one. A similar law was considered in Estonia, but it eventually failed in a parliamentary committee.

text: The foreign ministers of Lithuania, Latvia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and the Czech Republic called for a European Union-wide ban on communist symbols in 2010, urging the European Union "to criminalize the approval, denial or belittling of communist crimes" and stating that "the denial of such crimes should be treated the same way as the denial of the Holocaust and must be banned by law".[18]

text: In February 2013, the Constitutional Court of Hungary annulled the ban on the use of symbols of fascist and communist dictatorships, including the hammer and sickle, the red star and the swastika, saying the ban was too broad and imprecise. The court also pointed to a judgement of the European Court of Human Rights in which Hungary was found guilty of violation of article 10, the right to freedom of expression.[19] On June 2013, the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the Moldovan Communist Party’s symbols—the hammer and sickle—are legal and can be used.[20]

text: In Indonesia, the public display of communist symbols like the hammer and sickle is banned by decree following the 1965–1966 killings of communists.[21] In addition to being banned, the symbols are also highly stigmatized, similar to Nazi symbolism in the West.

text: In Poland, dissemination of items which are "mediums of fascist, communist or other totalitarian symbolism" was criminalized in 1997. However, the Constitutional Tribunal found this sanction to be unconstitutional in 2011.[22] In contrast to this treatment of the symbolism, promotion of fascist, communist and other ideology deemed totalitarian remains illegal.

text: A ban on the Hammer and sickle and other Communist symbols is currently also being considered in Brazil, the bill was introduced in 2016 but it has yet to be voted in Congress.

text: Usage[edit]

text: Flags[edit]

text:
Flag of the Soviet Union from 15 August 1980 to 25 December 1991

Naval Jack of the Soviet Union from 16 November 1950 to 12 July 1992

Naval ensign of the Soviet Union from 16 November 1950 to 27 July 1992

The flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam

Flag of the Lebanese Communist Party

Flag of Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army

Flag of the Romanian Communist Party

Flag of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation

Flag of Bryansk Oblast

Flag of Vladimir Oblast

Flag of the Italian Communist Party

Hammer, sickle and ink brush of the Workers' Party of Korea

The flag of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (1978–1995)

The flag of the Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front

Flag of Communist Party of India

Flag of the Communist Party of China before 1996

Flag of the Communist Party of China after 1996

text: State emblems[edit]

text: Soviet Union (in the constitutional order)[edit]

text:
State emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Emblem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

Emblem of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1923‒1936)

Emblem of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1941‒1956)

text: Other[edit]

text:
State emblem of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943‒1944)

Emblem of the self-proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic

State emblem of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (1975‒1991)

text: Logos[edit]

text:
Emblem of the Communist Party of China

Emblem of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

Emblem of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia

Emblem of the Romanian Communist Party

Logo of the Italian Communist Party

Logo of the Communist Party (Sweden)

Logo of the Communist Party of Germany.

Logo of the Mexican Communist Party

Logo of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party

Logo of the Communist Party of Spain

Logo of Aeroflot

Logo of the Communist Party of Chile

Logo of the Communist Party of Greece

Logo of the Italian Communist Party

Emblem of the Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain

Logo of the Communist Party of Ireland

Logo of the New Communist Party of the Netherlands

Logo of the Brazilian Communist Party

Logo of the Communist Party of Brazil

Symbol of the Communist Party of Indonesia (1914‒1966)

Emblem of the Communist Party USA

text: Unicode[edit]

text: In Unicode, the "hammer and sickle" symbol is U+262D (☭). It is part of the Miscellaneous Symbols (2600–26FF) code block. On systems where Compose key is available, it could be written as [Compose]+CCCP.