document_title: Shark attack

question_text: where do the most shark attacks occur in the world

text: Shark attack

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Confirmed unprovoked shark attacks, 1958–2014

Region
Total
attacks
Fatal
attacks
Last
fatality

United States
(Excluding Hawaii)
1104
35
2012

Australia
536
72
2017

Africa
346
94
2015

Asia
129
48
2000

Hawaii
137
10
2015

Pacific Islands / Oceania
(Excluding Hawaii)
126
49
2016

South America
117
26
2015

Antilles and Bahamas
70
16
2013

Middle America
56
27
2011

Europe
52
27
1989

New Zealand
49
9
2013

Réunion Island
39
19
2017[4]

Unspecified / Open ocean
21
7
1995

Bermuda
3
0
—

Total:
2,785
439
2017

Sources: Australian Shark Attack File for unprovoked attacks in Australia
International Shark Attack File for unprovoked attacks in all other regions
Last Updated: 19 February 2015

text: According to the International Shark Attack File (ISAF), between 1958 and 2016 there were 2,785 confirmed unprovoked shark attacks around the world, of which 439 were fatal.[5]

text: In 2000, there were 79 shark attacks reported worldwide, 11 of them fatal.[6] In 2005 and 2006, this number decreased to 61 and 62 respectively, while the number of fatalities dropped to only four per year.[6] The 2016 yearly total of 81 shark attacks worldwide was on par with the most recent five-year (2011–2015) average of 82 incidents annually.[7] By contrast, the 98 shark attacks in 2015, was the highest yearly total on record.[7] There were four fatalities worldwide in 2016, which is lower than the average of eight fatalities per year worldwide in the 2011–2015 period and six deaths per annum over the past decade.[7] In 2016 58% of attacks were on surfers.[7]

text: Despite these reports, however, the actual number of fatal shark attacks worldwide remains uncertain. For the majority of Third World coastal nations, there exists no method of reporting suspected shark attacks; therefore, losses and fatalities near-shore or at sea often remain unsolved or unpublicized.

text: Of these attacks, the majority occurred in the United States (53 in 2000, 40 in 2005, and 39 in 2006).[8] The New York Times reported in July 2008 that there had been only one fatal attack in the previous year.[9] On average, there are 16 shark attacks per year in the United States, with one fatality every two years.[10] According to the ISAF, the US states in which the most attacks have occurred are Florida, Hawaii, California, Texas and the Carolinas, though attacks have occurred in almost every coastal state.[11]

text: Australia has the highest number of fatal shark attacks in the world, with Western Australia recently becoming the deadliest place in the world for shark attacks[12] with total and fatal shark bites growing exponentially over the last 40 years.[13] Since 2000 there have been 15 fatal shark attacks along the West Australian coast[14] with divers now facing odds of one in 16,000 for a fatal shark bite.[13][15]

text: Other shark attack hotspots include Réunion Island,[16] Boa Viagem in Brazil, Makena Beach, Maui, Hawaii and Second Beach, Port St. Johns, South Africa.[17] South Africa has a high number of shark attacks along with a high fatality rate of 27 percent.[18]

text: As of June 28, 1992, [19] Recife in Brazil began officially registering shark attacks on its beaches (mainly on the beach of Boa Viagem). Over more than two decades, 62 victims were attacked, of which 24 died. The last deadly attack occurred on July 22, 2013.[20] The attacks were caused by the species bull shark and tiger shark. [21] What shocks about the shark attacks in Recife is that so many of them are fatal - 21 of the 56, a death rate of about 37%. This is much higher than the worldwide shark attack fatality rate, which is currently about 16%, according to Florida State Museum of Natural History.[22]

text: The location with the most recorded shark attacks is New Smyrna Beach, Florida.[23] Developed nations such as the United States, Australia and, to some extent, South Africa, facilitate more thorough documentation of shark attacks on humans than developing coastal nations. The increased use of technology has enabled Australia and the United States to record more data than other nations, which could somewhat bias the results recorded. In addition to this, individuals and institutions in South Africa, the US and Australia keep a file which is regularly updated by an entire research team, the International Shark Attack File, and the Australian Shark Attack File.

text: The Florida Museum of Natural History compares these statistics with the much higher rate of deaths from other causes. For example, an average of more than 38 people die annually from lightning strikes in coastal states, while less than 1 person per year is killed by a shark in Florida.[24][25] In the United States, even considering only people who go to beaches, a person's chance of getting attacked by a shark is 1 in 11.5 million, and a person's chance of getting killed by a shark is less than 1 in 264.1 million.

text: However, in certain situations the risk of a shark attack are higher. For example, in the south west of West Australia the chances of a surfer having a fatal shark bite in winter / spring are 1 in 40,000 and for divers it is 1 in 16,000.[13][15] In comparison to the risk of a serious or fatal cycling accident, this represents 3 times the risk for a surfer and 7 times the risk for a diver.[13]

text: Species involved in incidents[edit]

text: Only a few types of sharks are dangerous to humans. Out of more than 480 shark species, only three are responsible for two-digit numbers of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans: the great white, tiger and bull;[2] however, the oceanic whitetip has probably killed many more castaways which have not been recorded in the statistics.[3] These sharks, being large, powerful predators, may sometimes attack and kill people; however, they have all been filmed in open water by unprotected divers.[26][27] The 2010 French film Oceans shows footage of humans swimming next to sharks in the ocean. It is possible that the sharks are able to sense the presence of unnatural elements on or about the divers, such as polyurethane diving suits and air tanks, which may lead them to accept temporary outsiders as more of a curiosity than prey. Uncostumed humans, however, such as those surfboarding, light snorkeling or swimming, present a much greater area of exposed skin surface to sharks. In addition, the presence of even small traces of blood, recent minor abrasions, cuts, scrapes or bruises, may lead sharks to attack a human in their environment. Sharks seek out prey through electroreception, sensing the electric fields that are generated by all animals due to the activity of their nerves and muscles.

text: Most of the oceanic whitetip shark's attacks have not been recorded,[3] unlike the other three species mentioned above. Famed oceanographic researcher Jacques Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip as "the most dangerous of all sharks".[28]

text: Modern-day statistics show the oceanic whitetip shark as seldom being involved in unprovoked attacks. However, there have been a number of attacks involving this species, particularly during World War I and World War II. The oceanic whitetip lives in the open sea and rarely shows up near coasts, where most recorded incidents occur. During the world wars, many ship and aircraft disasters happened in the open ocean, and because of its former abundance, the oceanic whitetip was often the first species on site when such a disaster happened.

text: Infamous examples of oceanic whitetip attacks include the sinking of the Nova Scotia, a British steamship carrying 1,000 people that was torpedoed by a German submarine on November 18, 1942, near South Africa. Only 192 people survived, with many deaths attributed to the oceanic whitetip shark.[29] The same species is believed to have been responsible for many of the 60–80 or more shark casualties following the torpedoing of the USS Indianapolis on July 30, 1945.[30]

text: Black December refers to at least nine shark attacks on humans, causing six deaths, that occurred along the coast of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, from December 18, 1957, to April 5, 1958.[31]

text: In addition to the four species responsible for a significant number of fatal attacks on humans, a number of other species have attacked humans without being provoked, and have on extremely rare occasions been responsible for a human death. This group includes the shortfin mako, hammerhead, Galapagos, gray reef, blacktip, lemon, silky shark and blue sharks.[2] These sharks are also large, powerful predators which can be provoked simply by being in the water at the wrong time and place, but they are normally considered less dangerous to humans than the previous group.

text: On the evening of 16 March 2009, a new addition was made to the list of sharks known to have attacked human beings. In a painful but not directly life-threatening incident, a long-distance swimmer crossing the Alenuihaha Channel between the islands of Hawai'i and Maui was attacked by a cookiecutter shark. The two bites, delivered about 15 seconds apart, were not immediately life-threatening.[32]

text: Types of attacks[edit]

text: Shark attack indices use different criteria to determine if an attack was "provoked" or "unprovoked." When considered from the shark's point of view, attacks on humans who are perceived as a threat to the shark or a competitor to its food source are all "provoked" attacks. Neither the International Shark Attack File (ISAF) nor the Global Shark Attack File (GSAF) accord casualties of air/sea disasters "provoked" or "unprovoked" status; these incidents are considered to be a separate category.[33][34] Postmortem scavenging of human remains (typically drowning victims) are also not accorded "provoked" or "unprovoked" status.[34][35] The GSAF categorizes scavenging bites on humans as "questionable incidents."[34] The most common criteria for determining "provoked" and "unprovoked" attacks are discussed below:

text: Provoked attack[edit]

text: Provoked attacks occur when a human touches a shark, pokes it, teases it, spears, hooks or nets it, or otherwise aggravates/provokes the animal in a certain manner. Incidents that occur outside of a shark's natural habitat, e.g., aquariums and research holding-pens, are considered provoked, as are all incidents involving captured sharks. Sometimes humans inadvertently "provoke" an attack, such as when a surfer accidentally hits a shark with a surf board.

text: Unprovoked attack[edit]

text: Unprovoked attacks are initiated by the shark—they occur in a shark's natural habitat on a live human and without human provocation.[33][34] There are three subcategories of unprovoked attack:

text:
Hit-and-run attack – Usually non-fatal, the shark bites and then leaves; most victims do not see the shark. This is the most common type of attack and typically occurs in the surf zone or in murky water. Most hit-and-run attacks are believed to be the result of mistaken identity.[36]
Sneak attack – The victim will not usually see the shark, and may sustain multiple deep bites. This kind of attack is predatory in nature and is often carried out with the intention of consuming the victim. It is extraordinarily rare for this to occur.
Bump-and-bite attack – The shark circles and bumps the victim before biting. Great whites are known to do this on occasion, referred to as a "test bite", in which the great white is attempting to identify what is being bitten. Repeated bites are not uncommon, depending on the reaction of the victim (thrashing or panicking may lead the shark to believe the victim is prey), and can be severe or fatal. Bump-and-bite attacks are not believed to be the result of mistaken identity.[36]

text: An incident occurred in 2011 when a 3-meter long great white shark jumped onto a 7-person research vessel off Seal Island, South Africa. The crew were undertaking a population study using sardines as bait, and the incident was judged to be an accident.[37]

text: Reasons for attacks[edit]

text: Large sharks species are apex predators in their environment,[38] and thus have little fear of any creature (other than orcas[39]) with which they cross paths. Like most sophisticated hunters, they are curious when they encounter something unusual in their territories. Lacking any limbs with sensitive digits such as hands or feet, the only way they can explore an object or organism is to bite it; these bites are known as test bites.[40] Generally, shark bites are exploratory, and the animal will swim away after one bite.[40] For example, exploratory bites on surfers are thought to be caused by the shark mistaking the surfer and surfboard for the shape of prey.[41] Nonetheless, a single bite can grievously injure a human if the animal involved is a powerful predator such as a great white or tiger shark.[42]

text: Feeding is not the reason sharks attack humans. In fact, humans do not provide enough high-fat meat for sharks, which need a lot of energy to power their large, muscular bodies.[41]

text: A shark will normally make one swift attack and then retreat to wait for the victim to die or weaken from shock and blood loss, before returning to feed. This protects the shark from injury from a wounded and aggressive target; however, it also allows humans time to get out of the water and survive.[43] Shark attacks may also occur due to territorial reasons or as dominance over another shark species, resulting in an attack.[44]

text: Sharks are equipped with sensory organs called the Ampullae of Lorenzini that detect the electricity generated by muscle movement.[45] The shark's electrical receptors, which pick up movement, detect signals like those emitted from fish wounded, for example, by someone who is spearfishing, leading the shark to attack the person by mistake.[44] George H. Burgess, director of the International Shark Attack File, said the following regarding why people are attacked: "Attacks are basically an odds game based on how many hours you are in the water".[46]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Shark nets[edit]

text: In Australia and South Africa shark nets are used to reduce the risk of shark attack. Since 1936 sharks nets have been utilised off Sydney beaches.[48] Nowadays they are employed on both NSW and Queensland beaches; 83 beaches are meshed in Queensland compared with NSW's current 51.[48][49] Since 1952 numerous beaches in South Africa are protected by the KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board.

text: Shark nets do not offer complete protection but work on the principle of "fewer sharks, fewer attacks". They reduce occurrence via shark mortality. Reducing the local shark populations is believed to reduce the chance of an attack. Historical shark attack figures suggest that the use of shark nets and drumlines does markedly reduce the incidence of shark attack when implemented on a regular and consistent basis.[50] The downside with shark nets is that they do result in bycatch, including threatened and endangered species.[51]

text: Drumlines[edit]

text: A drum line is an unmanned aquatic trap used to lure and capture large sharks using baited hooks. They are typically deployed near popular swimming beaches with the intention of reducing the number of sharks in the vicinity and therefore the probability of shark attack. Drum lines were first deployed to protect users of the marine environment from sharks in Queensland, Australia in 1962. During this time, they were just as successful in reducing the frequency of shark attacks as the shark nets[52] More recently, drumlines have also been used with great success in Recife, Brazil where the number of attacks has been shown to have reduced by 97% when the drumlines are deployed.[53] While shark nets and drum lines share the same purpose, drum lines are more effective at targeting the three sharks that are considered most dangerous to swimmers: the bull shark, tiger shark and great white shark.[54]

text: Other protection methods[edit]

text: Beach patrols and spotter aircraft are commonly used to protect popular swimming beaches. However aerial patrols have limited effectiveness in reducing shark attacks.[56][57] Other methods include shark tagging efforts and associated tracking and notification systems, capture and translocation of sharks to offshore waters, research into shark feeding and foraging behaviour,[58] public shark threat education programs and encouraging higher risk user groups (surfers, spear-fishers and divers) to use personal shark protection technology.[59]

text: Media impact[edit]

text: The Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 killed 4 people in the first 2 weeks of July 1916 along the New Jersey shore and Matawan Creek in New Jersey. They are generally credited as the beginning of media attention on shark attacks in the United States of America.[60]

text: In 2010 nine Australian survivors of shark attacks banded together to promote a more positive view of sharks. The survivors made particular note of the role of the media in distorting the fear of sharks.[61] Films such as Jaws were the cause of large-scale hunting and killing of thousands of sharks.[62] Jaws had a significant impact on people and gave them an unrealistic view of sharks, causing them to fear them more than they probably should. The media has continued to exploit this fear over the years by sensationalizing attacks and portraying sharks as vicious man-eaters.[63] There are some television shows, such as the famous Shark Week, that are dedicated to the preservation of these animals.[64] They are able to prove through scientific studies that sharks are not interested in attacking humans and generally mistake humans as prey.

text: List of notable victims[edit]

text:
George Coulthard (1856–1883), Australian cricketer and Australian rules footballer
Rodney Fox (1940–), Australian filmmaker and conservationist
Bethany Hamilton (1990–), American surfer
Brook Watson (1735–1807), British soldier and mayor


document_title: You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch

question_text: who sang the original you're a mean one mr grinch

question_tokens: who sang the original you 're a mean one mr grinch

root

text: You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch

text: History[edit]

text: The lyrics were written by Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, the music was composed by Albert Hague, and the song was performed by Thurl Ravenscroft. The song's lyrics describe the Grinch as being foul, bad-mannered and sinister, using increasingly creative put-downs, metaphors and similes, beginning with the opening line "you're a mean one, Mr. Grinch".

tag: p

text: Because Ravenscroft was not credited in the closing credits of the special, it is often mistakenly attributed to Boris Karloff, who served as narrator and the voice of the Grinch in the special but who himself could not sing. Until Ravenscroft was publicly credited, Tennessee Ernie Ford was also speculated to be the voice behind the song.[2]

text: Mainstream and pop acts have covered the song, usually for holiday-themed albums.

text: In 1992, an emerging alternative band from New Jersey named Whirling Dervishes covered the song for their Wish it Would Snow EP. Their cover version took on a cult status in the region and went on to outlast the band's existence eventually becoming one of their only breakthrough hits. The song is still requested regionally during the holidays.[3]

text: American singer and drag queen RuPaul covered the song for his 1997 Christmas album Ho Ho Ho, which incorporated elements from funk.[4] Billboard's Melinda Newman negatively responded to RuPaul's version, writing that "he should have left [it] alone".[5]

text: Jim Carrey sang this song in the 2000 live action film adaptation, Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas, as the Grinch himself.

text: In 2011, Electric Six performed a cover of the song as part of The AV Club's "Undercover Holiday" series.[6] They went on to perform the song at live shows on their 2011 tour.[7] The band will record the song for inclusion on their upcoming Christmas album A Very Electric SiXmas.[8]

text: In 2013 another New Jersey band, Misfits covered the song for Christmas-themed seven-inch promotion.[9]

text: In 2017, Lindsey Stirling released her version with Sabrina Carpenter singing on her holiday album Warmer in the Winter.[10]


question_text: what is the museum in night at the museum 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Larry Daley, former night guard at the American Museum of Natural History, now runs his own direct response television company that sells inventions based on his experiences. He returns to the museum, discovering most of the exhibits will be moved to the Federal Archives at the Smithsonian Institution and replaced with holographic information providers. The Tablet of Akmenrah is to remain in the museum, leaving most of the exhibits without the ability to come to life at night. After the exhibits are moved, Larry receives a phone call from the cowboy Jedediah that Dexter the monkey stole the Tablet and took it to the Smithsonian, bringing every exhibit in it to life. Larry travels to Washington, DC, navigating his way to the archives with help from his son Nick while posing as a night guard.

text: Larry finds his friends trapped in their shipping container under attack from Akmenrah’s evil older brother Kahmunrah, accidentally activating the tablet and bringing the exhibits in the Smithsonian to life again. Kahmunrah reveals his plans to use the tablet’s powers to conquer the world. Larry escapes, aided by a gigantic octopus and General George A. Custer, who is captured, and then the adventurous Amelia Earhart, who becomes his travelling companion around the museum. The two evade Kahmunrah’s men, trapping them in the portrait of V-J Day in Times Square. Kahmunrah enlists fellow evil historical leaders, Ivan the Terrible, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Al Capone to help capture Larry and retrieve the tablet. Jedediah tries to help but is placed in an hourglass. Kahmunrah is unable to open the Gate of the Underworld with the tablet, sending Larry and Amelia off to translate it or Jedediah dies.

text: While searching for someone in the museum who can help, Larry and Amelia end up falling in love. They travel to the National Air and Space Museum, briefly encountering the statue of Abraham Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial. Inside the museum, Larry grounds all of the aircraft and rockets from taking off, before a group of Albert Einstein bobbleheads inform him that the combination is the value of pi. Napoleon, Ivan, and Capone’s troops arrive, prompting Larry and Amelia to escape using the Wright Flyer. They crash the plane into the Smithsonian, where Kahmunrah uses the acquired combination to summon an army of bird-headed warriors. Lincoln crashes in through the window, frightening the warriors back into the Underworld.

text: Amelia gathers an army of allies including Larry’s friends and Custer, leading to a climactic battle. Larry obtains the tablet, banishing Kahmunrah back to the Underworld. Amelia flies Larry and the New York exhibits back home, giving Larry a final kiss before taking off in her plane, knowing she will become dust before reaching the Smithsonian. Larry sells his company, donating the money to the museum to renovate it, and the exhibits remain, capable of moving about at night under the pretense of being animatronics. Larry is rehired as night guard and aids a woman who resembles Amelia.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a former security guard turned CEO of Daley Devices.
Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee, the curator at the Museum of Natural History.
Jake Cherry as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley.
Amy Adams as Tess, a young woman at the end of the movie who looks like Amelia Earhart.

tag: ul

text: Exhibits[edit]

text:
Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt, the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States

Robin Williams also voices the bronze bust of Theodore Roosevelt.

Amy Adams as Amelia Earhart, a known historic pilot.
Owen Wilson as Jedediah, a cowboy minifigure.
Hank Azaria as Kahmunrah, a pharaoh who is the evil and sinister brother of Ahkmenrah.
Christopher Guest as Ivan the Terrible, the historic Tsar of Russia who allies with Kahmunrah.
Alain Chabat as Napoleon Bonaparte, the leader of the First French Empire who allies with Kahmunrah.
Jon Bernthal as Al Capone, a gangster and founder of the Chicago Outfit who allies with Kahmunrah.
Steve Coogan as Octavius, a Roman soldier minifigure.
Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea, the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt's girlfriend.
Bill Hader as George Armstrong Custer, a military figure who Larry befriends.
Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah, a pharaoh who is the good brother of Kahmunrah.
Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun
Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head (voice)
Kerry van der Griend as Neanderthal #1
Matthew Harrison as Neanderthal #2
Rick Dobran as Neanderthal #3
Randy Lee as Hun #1
Darryl Quon as Hun #2
Gerald Wong as Hun #3
Paul Chih-Ping Cheng as Hun #4
Jonas Brothers as Cupid Statues
Jay Baruchel as Joey Motorola, a sailor who resides in the V-J Day in Times Square photograph.
Keith Powell as Tuskegee Airman #1
Craig Robinson as Tuskegee Airman #2
Clint Howard as Air and Space Mission Control Tech #1
Matty Finochio as Air and Space Mission Control Tech #2
Thomas Lennon (uncredited) as Orville Wright
Caroll Spinney as Oscar the Grouch, the famous Sesame Street character that tries to ally with Kahmunrah only to be dismissed because Kahmunrah classified him as a "grouch."
Thomas Morley as Darth Vader, the infamous Star Wars character that tries to ally with Kahmunrah only to be turned away because he was "dark."

text: Others[edit]

text:
Hank Azaria as The Thinker, Abraham Lincoln Statue
Eugene Levy as Albert Einstein Bobbleheads
Mindy Kaling as Docent
George Foreman as Himself
Shawn Levy as Infomercial Father
Alberta Mayne as Kissing Nurse
Ed Helms (uncredited) as Ed, Larry Daley's assistant
Jonah Hill (uncredited) as Brandon, a security guard at the Smithsonian who likes to be called "Brundon"

text: Exhibits at the Smithsonian[edit]

text:
Gigantic Octopus
Pteranodon
Smilodon skeleton
Hippopotamus
Giraffe
Fairy Penguin
Kangaroo

text: Artwork[edit]

text:
Little Dancer of Fourteen Years
Crying Girl
American Gothic
LOVE (sculpture)
V-J Day in Times Square
Nighthawks
The Thinker
Orange Balloon Dog

text: Production[edit]

text: Writers Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon confirmed to Dark Horizons that they were writing a sequel to Night at the Museum, originally with the tentative title Another Night at the Museum. The writers said that "there'll be existing characters and plenty of new ones."

text: 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel, Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, would be released during Memorial Day weekend in 2009. Ben Stiller, Owen Wilson, Steve Coogan, Ricky Gervais, Patrick Gallagher, Jake Cherry, Rami Malek, Mizuo Peck, Brad Garrett and Robin Williams would return for the sequel, with Shawn Levy returning as director.

text: The film was mostly filmed in Vancouver and Montreal with some scenes filmed in the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C..[2] A scene was shot at the Lincoln Memorial on the night of May 21, 2008. Scenes were also shot at the American Museum of Natural History in New York on August 18 and 20, 2008.

text: The trailer was released with Bedtime Stories, Yes Man and Marley & Me in December 2008. The trailer accompanied the film Bride Wars in January, The Pink Panther 2 in February, and Dragonball Evolution in April 2009. The film was also promoted as an opening skit on American Idol, where a replica of the Idol judge seats are being held at the real Smithsonian Institution.

text: An alternate ending included on the DVD and Blu-ray releases featured the return of Dick Van Dyke as Cecil Fredericks, Bill Cobbs as Reginald, and Mickey Rooney as Gus.

text: Filmmakers loaned the Smithsonian Institution props used in the movie which were displayed in the Smithsonian Castle including the pile of artifacts featured in the film.[3] The Smithsonian also made a brochure available online and at museum visitor service desks outlining where to find artifacts.[4]

text: As of 2009, numerous artifacts which inspired the movie were on display at Smithsonian Museums along the National Mall. Many of the artifacts are labeled with "Night at the Museum" logos.[4]

text: National Air and Space Museum

text:
Able the space monkey
Lunar rover
Lunar Module
1903 Wright Flyer
Amelia Earhart's Lockheed Vega
Medal belonging to Tuskegee Airmen
Supermarine Spitfire
F-104 Starfighter

tag: ol

text: Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

text: Messerschmitt 262

text: National Museum of Natural History

text:
Gigantic octopus
Moai
Tyrannosaurus

text: National Museum of American History

text:
Oscar the Grouch puppet
George Armstrong Custer's fringed jacket
Muhammad Ali's boxing gloves
Theodore Roosevelt's chaps
Archie Bunker's chair from the television sitcom All in the Family
Theodore Roosevelt's teddy bear
Ruby Slippers from The Wizard of Oz

text: Gift shops at the Smithsonian also sell a replica of the Einstein Bobble-head, created specifically as a tie-in to the movie.

text: Music[edit]

text: Alan Silvestri returned to score the sequel.[5][6]

text:
Night At the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by Alan Silvestri

Released
19 May 2009 (2009-05-19)

Recorded
2008

Genre
Film score

Length
49:51

Label
Varese Sarabande

tag: table

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Varese Sarabande issued the score on May 19, 2009.[7]

text: All tracks written by Alan Silvestri.

text:
Night At the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian"
02:38

2.
"Daley Devices"
00:36

3.
"This Night is Their Last"
04:35

4.
"To Washington"
00:37

5.
"Getting Past Security"
01:49

6.
"Finding Jed and the Others"
03:16

7.
"I Have Come Back to Life"
01:04

8.
"The Tablet"
03:25

9.
"I Smell Adventure"
04:31

10.
"He Doesn't Have All Night"
01:46

11.
"The Adventure Continues"
03:25

12.
"Octavius Attacks"
01:22

13.
"Entering the Air & Space Museum"
01:32

14.
"Escape in Wright Flyer"
03:29

15.
"Got the Combination"
02:19

16.
"Gate to the Underworld"
01:02

17.
"I Ride the Squirrel"
01:25

18.
"On Your Toes"
01:54

19.
"The Battle"
01:44

20.
"Divide the House"
01:28

21.
"Victory is Ours"
01:19

22.
"Goodbye"
02:43

23.
"Museum Open Late"
02:02

Total length:
49:51

text: "Museum Open Late" incorporates excerpt of "Life in Technicolor" written by Coldplay

text: Release[edit]

text: A trailer of Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian was released on December 19, 2008.[9] The film premiered on May 14, 2009 in Washington, D.C.. The film released in UK on May 20, 2009, on May 22, 2009 in United States, and in Japan on August 12, 2009.[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: At the end of its box office run, Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian earned a gross of $177,243,721 in North America and $235,862,449 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $413,106,170 against a budget of $150 million.[1]

text: On Friday, May 22, 2009, its opening day, the film's estimated gross was $15,568,708, for second day the film grossed $20,086,972 and for third day the gross was $18,517,606 coming in ahead of Terminator Salvation (which released on Thursday) in 4,096 theaters at #1, reaching up to $54.1 million, with a $13,226 per-theater average over the Memorial Day weekend.[11] By comparison, Night at the Museum reached up to $30 million on its opening weekend in December 2006. For its second weekend, the film grossed $24.35 million, for third weekend $14.6 million.[12]

text: For the opening weekend of May 22, 2009 the film grossed $49,036,322 while playing in theaters of 56 territories; the film debuted in UK ($6.6 million), Russia ($5.23 million) and France ($5.05 million).[13] The largest market in other territories being UK, Japan, Germany, Australia and France where the film grossed $32.8 million, $21.49 million, $18.78 million, $14.03 million and $13.3 million.[14]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Like its predecessor, the sequel has received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 44% "rotten" approval rating, based on 163 reviews, with an average score of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Night at the Museum: Battle at the Smithsonian is busy enough to keep the kids interested but the slapstick goes overboard and the special effects (however well executed) throw the production into mania".[15] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, gave the film an average score of 42% based on 31 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[16]

text: Despite mixed reviews from critics, most critics praised Amy Adams' and Hank Azaria's performances. Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune awarded the film 3 stars stating that "[Adams]'s terrific -- a sparkling screen presence."[17] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ stating "Battle of the Smithsonian has plenty of life. But it's Adams who gives it zing."[18] Also, many reviews noted the costume worn by Amy Adams during the movie.[19] Perry Seibert of TV Guide gave the film 2 stars despite honoring that "thanks to Azaria, a master of comic timing. His grandiose, yet slightly fey bad guy is equally funny when he's chewing out minions as he is when deliberating if Oscar the Grouch and Darth Vader are evil enough to join his team.[20] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter and A.O. Scott of The New York Times enjoyed both performances.[21][22]

text: One critic panned the movie on its excessive use of special effects as noted by Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club when he described the film as "a baffling master plot and a crowded pileup of special effects in search of something to do."[23] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times awarded the film 1½ stars out of 4 claiming "its premise is lame, its plot relentlessly predictable, its characters with personalities that would distinguish picture books."[24]

text: In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[25]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Year
Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.

2009
Teen Choice Award
Choice Movie: Comedy
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian
Won
[26]

Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Ben Stiller
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Comedy
Amy Adams
Nominated

Choice Movie: Villain
Hank Azaria
Nominated

2010
MTV Movie Award
Best Comedic Performance
Ben Stiller
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Family Movie
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian
Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian was made available December 1, 2009 on DVD and Blu-ray as a two-disc Special Edition and a three-disc Digital Copy Edition.[27]

text: As of 12 February 2015[update], the film has sold 4,083,829 DVDs and 585,023 Blu-ray discs grossing $51,481,903 and $11,674,546 totalling $63,156,449 in North America.[28]

text: In other media[edit]

text: The video game based on the film was released on May 5, 2009. It was fairly well received in comparison to the majority of film-based video-games, netting a 7.5 out of 10 from IGN.com.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Ben Stiller admitted that a sequel was "a possibility" and on January 22, 2010, co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood, "That after the success of two Night at the Museum films, it's no surprise that 20th Century Fox is looking to develop a third and that those suspicions are indeed true and how could you not? I think it's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3, in fact," he said. "I wonder if someone's not even already working on a script for that," he added with a raised eyebrow. "I cannot confirm that for a fact, but I cannot deny it for a fact either... It might be in the works." In an interview, Stiller confirmed the sequel, however, he said that it was only in the "ideas stage".[29]

text: It was announced in February 2013 that the film, directed by Shawn Levy, would be released on December 25, 2014.[30] On September 10, 2013, it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014.[31] On November 8, 2013, English actor Dan Stevens was cast as Sir Lancelot.[32] On November 15, 2013, it was announced Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry for the role of Nicky Daley.[33] On December 18, 2013 it was announced that Robin Williams, Stiller, and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel.[34] On January 9, 2014, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum.[35] On January 14, 2014, the film's release date was moved up from December 25, 2014, to December 19, 2014.[36] On January 23, 2014, it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum.[37] Principal photography and production began on January 27, 2014.[38] In May 2014, principal photography ended.[39]


document_title: Sometimes They Come Back (film)

question_text: who played wayne in sometimes they come back

text: Sometimes They Come Back (film)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Jim Norman, 36, a high school history teacher, moves back to his old hometown after accepting a teaching job there. He moved from the town after he witnessed his brother, Wayne, murdered by a gang of greasers in 1963. The murderers themselves were killed shortly afterwards by an oncoming train, having parked on the tracks. Jim has nightmares about his brother's murder as he starts teaching in the town. Students that are close to him start to be involved in various accidents that look like suicides. One by one, students are slain so the greasers, disguised as living teens, can return to class.

text: The greasers plan to kill Jim the same way they murdered Wayne to keep themselves out of Hell. They intend to have a child witness the event, leading them to try to kidnap Jim's son Scott. Jim finds out that there is a way to let his own brother return. The gang also needs the remaining living member of their gang, Carl Mueller, who left before the train struck. Jim finds Carl, who panics, thinking Jim wants revenge. He runs back to town, fulfilling the gang's plan for a reunion.

text: The gang harasses Jim's family to ensure Jim's compliance in reenacting the murder. After the gang releases the family, Jim hides them inside a church, which the demonic gang cannot enter. Jim tries to bring his brother back in the church's graveyard as the gang lures his wife and son outside and hold them hostage. Jim finds that something is blocking Wayne's return, and must cooperate with the thugs in reenacting the murder. It also reveals that when Jim was a boy, Jim took the murderers' car keys that lead to their deaths. He returns to the train tunnel in which the first murder took place, though both he and Carl change their dialogue and actions from those taken 27 years before. Frustrated, the gang leader stabs Carl, which allows Wayne to come back. Wayne distracts the gang while Jim gets his family out of the gang's car. Jim gave the gang back their car keys. The gang tries to escape in their car, only to have it struck by a ghost train that resembles the one that killed them years ago, which sends them back to Hell.

text: Wayne offers to have Jim come with him to the afterlife, which Jim refuses. Wayne says he can move on to heaven and see his parents because the greasers are no longer a threat. Wayne goes back to the afterlife as Jim's family heads home.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tim Matheson as Jim Norman
Brooke Adams as Sally Norman
Chris Demetral as Wayne Norman
Robert Rusler as Richard Lawson
Robert Hy Gorman as Scott Norman
Nicholas Sadler as Vinnie Vincent
Bentley Mitchum as David North
William Sanderson as Carl Mueller
Chadd Nyerges as Chip
Tasia Valenza as Kate
Matt Nolan as Billy Sterns
William Kuhlke as Principal Simmons

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The original short story, "Sometimes They Come Back", is set in Stratford High School in Stratford, Connecticut. The film adaptation was filmed in Kansas City, Kansas, and Kansas City, Missouri.[1]

text: The locomotive used as the ghost train in the film was Southern Pacific 5021.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ray Loynd of the Los Angeles Times called it "a tight, moody work".[2] TV Guide rated it 2/5 stars and wrote, "The solid cast can't lift the material above the routine."[3]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The TV film was followed by straight-to-video sequels in 1996 (Sometimes They Come Back... Again) and 1998 (Sometimes They Come Back... for More).


document_title: Private (rank)

question_text: where did the rank of private come from

question_tokens: where did the rank of private come from

text: Private (rank)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term derives from the medieval term "private soldiers" (a term still used in the British Army), denoting individuals who were either hired, conscripted, or mustered into service by a feudal nobleman commanding a battle group of an army. The usage of "private" dates from the 18th century.

text: Asia[edit]

text: Israel[edit]

text: In the Israel Defense Forces, טוראי Turai ("private") refers to the lowest enlisted rank. After 7–10 months of service (7 for combatants, 8 for combat support and 10 for non-combatants) soldiers are promoted from private to corporal (rav-turai or rabat), if they performed their duties appropriately during this time. Soldiers who take a commander's course, are prisoner instructors or practical engineers become corporals earlier. An IDF private wears no uniform insignia and is sometimes described as having a "slick sleeve" for this reason.

text:
Israel Defense Forces ranks : נגדים חוגרים hogrim - enlisted

IDF NCO
Rank
טוראי
Turai
רב טוראי
Rav turai
סמל
Samal
סמל ראשון
Samal rishon

NATO
OR–2
OR–3
OR–4

Abbreviation
טוראי
Turai
רב"ט
Rabat
סמל
Samal
סמ"ר
Samar

Corresponding
Rank
Private
Corporal
Sergeant
Staff sergeant

Insignia

More details at Israel Defense Forces ranks & IDF 2012 - Ranks (idf.il, English)

text: Korea[edit]

text: The equivalent ranks to privates within the North and South Korean armies are il-byong(private first class) and e-byong(private second class). The symbol for this rank is 1 line ( | ) or 2 lines ( || ). Private second class is known by 1 line, while private first class is 2 lines.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: Once recruits complete their Basic Military Training (BMT) or Basic Rescue Training (BRT), they attain the rank of private (PTE). Privates (列兵) do not wear ranks on their rank holder. PTEs who performed well are promoted to the rank of Private First Class (PFC). The PFC rank insignia is a single chevron pointing downward.[1]

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia, this rank is referred to as Tamtama (specifically Prajurit), which is the lowest rank in the Indonesian Armed Forces and special Police Force. In the Indonesian Army, "Private" has three levels, which are: Private (Prajurit Dua), Private First Class (Prajurit Satu), and Master Private (Prajurit Kepala). After this rank, it is promoted the rank: Corporal.

text:
Private (Prajurit Dua)

Private First Class (Prajurit Satu)

Master Private (Prajurit Kepala)

text: Commonwealth[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In the Australian Army, a soldier of private rank wears no insignia.[2] Like its British Army counterpart, the Australian Army rank of private (PTE) has other titles, depending on the corps and specification of that service member.

text: The following alternative ranks are available for privates in the Australian Army:

text:
Craftsman (CFN) – Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Gunner (GNR) – Royal Australian Artillery
Sapper (SPR) – Royal Australian Engineers;
Musician (MUSN) – Australian Army Band Corps
Signalman (SIG) – Royal Australian Corps of Signals
Trooper (TPR) – Royal Australian Armoured Corps, Australian Army Aviation and the Australian Special Air Service Regiment

text: Canada[edit]

text: The Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force have had an identical rank structure since 1968, with private being the lowest rank in the Canadian Army. There are three levels of private: private (recruit), private (basic), and private (trained). All persons holding the rank of private are referred to as such and the qualifier shown in brackets is used on employment records only. A private is considered an "apprentice" in their trade, and there are no pay raises between the various levels of private except for time in rank raise.

text: In the Royal Canadian Air Force, the rank is called Aviator and is also broken into three levels: aviator (recruit), aviator (basic) and aviator (trained). The rank is in most regards identical to the army rank of Private. The insignia for aviator (trained) is a propeller.

text:
Private (recruit) (Pte(R)) / Aviator (recruit) (Avr(R))– fresh recruit, untrained; holds this rank through recruit training.
Private (basic) (Pte(B)) / Aviator (basic) (Avr(B)) – after finishing recruit training, a member becomes a private (basic). This rank is held through training and beyond.
Private (trained) (Pte(T)) / Aviator (trained) (Avr(T)) – A private (basic) becomes a private (trained) a year after completion of their DP 1 training depending on their regiment; some regiments may promote them right away. Typically in the Regular Force, this rank is awarded after two and a half years of service, not a year after completion of one's trade qualifications. A private (trained) is the only private to wear rank insignia, a single chevron. An aviator (trained) is the only aviator to wear rank insignia, a propeller.

text: In the Canadian Army a private may be known by other titles, depending on unit and personnel branch:

text:
Craftsman – Corps of Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Fusilier – Royal Canadian Infantry Corps (RCIC) members of fusilier regiments
Guardsman – RCIC members of foot guards regiments
Gunner – Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery
Rifleman – RCIC members of rifle regiments
Sapper – Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers
Signaller – Royal Canadian Corps of Signals
Trooper – Royal Canadian Armoured Corps

text: The Royal Canadian Navy's equivalents are:

text:
Ordinary seaman (OS) – private (recruit/basic)
Able seaman (AB) – private (trained)

text: India and Pakistan[edit]

text: In the Indian Army and Pakistan Army the lowest enlisted rank is sepoy (/ˈsiːpɔɪ/), literally meaning "soldier" in Hindi and Urdu. A sepoy does not wear any rank insignia on his uniform.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the British Army, a private (Pte) equates to both OR-1 and OR-2 on the NATO scale, although there is no difference in rank. Privates wear no insignia. Many regiments and corps use other distinctive and descriptive names instead of private, some of these ranks have been used for centuries, others are less than 100 years old.[3] In the contemporary British Armed Forces, the army rank of private is broadly equivalent to able seaman in the Royal Navy, aircraftman, leading aircraftman and senior aircraftman in the Royal Air Force, and marine (Mne) or bandsman, as appropriate equivalent rank in the Royal Marines. Also in the Boys Brigade the rank of private is used when a boy moves from the junior section to the company section.

text: Notably, both Sir Fitzroy Maclean and Enoch Powell are examples of rare, rapid career progression with the British Army, both rising from the rank of private to at least brigadier during World War II.

text: Distinctive equivalents for private include:

text:
Airtrooper (AirTpr) – Army Air Corps
Bugler (Bgr) – buglers in The Rifles and formerly also in other Rifle regiments
Craftsman (Cfn) – Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (women as well as men use this rank)
Drummer (Dmr) – drummers in infantry regiments
Fusilier (Fus) – Fusilier regiments
Gunner (Gnr) – Royal Artillery
Guardsman (Gdsm) – Foot Guards
Highlander (Hldr) – The Highlanders
Kingsman (Kgn) – Duke of Lancaster's Regiment
Musician (Musn) – military bands (formerly if a military band had a Bandmaster, they would be known as Bandsman (Bdsm))
Piper (Ppr) – bagpipers in Scottish and Irish regiments
Ranger (Rgr) – Royal Irish Regiment and Royal Irish Rangers
Rifleman (Rfn) – Rifle regiments
Sapper (Spr) – Royal Engineers
Signaller (Sig) – Royal Corps of Signals (formerly called signalman)
Trooper (Tpr) – Household Cavalry, Royal Armoured Corps, Special Air Service and Honourable Artillery Company
Trumpeter (Tptr) – trumpeters in the Household Cavalry (and formerly in all cavalry regiments)

text: Europe and Latin America[edit]

text: Austria[edit]

text: The lowest rank in the Austrian Armed Forces is the Rekrut (literally Recruit). For recruits in training to become non-commissioned or commissioned officers the rank bears an additional silver crossbar.

text: Up until 1998 the rank was called Wehrmann. In 2017 the silver crossbar was removed, as the system of the 'officers career' changed.

text: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico and Spain[edit]

text: The equivalent rank to private in the Spanish, Mexican, Colombian, Dominican and Argentinian army is the soldado raso meaning "rankless soldier" or simply soldado.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: On enlistment in the Belgian army one is given the rank of soldaat (Dutch) or soldat (French), whether one wishes to be a volunteer, non-commissioned officer or officer. Subsequent rank depends on the branch of the service: for example, at the Royal Military Academy (for officer training) one is soon promoted to the rank of corporaal (Dutch) or caporal (French) i.e. "corporal". The insignia is a simple black mark.

text: Brazil and Portugal[edit]

text: Soldado is the rank equivalent to private in the Brazilian and Portuguese Armed Forces. Soldado means "soldier" in Portuguese.

text: Finland[edit]

text: The Finnish equivalent rank is sotamies (literally "war man"), although since 1973 this has been purely a paper term as all infantry troopers were renamed as jääkäri troops, previously reserved only to mobile light infantry. As in the British army, the various branches use different names:

text:
Infantry – jääkäri ("jaeger")
Military engineers – pioneeri ("pioneer")
Signal corps – viestimies ("message man")
Cavalry – rakuuna ("dragoon")
Artillery – tykkimies ("cannon man")
Tank corps – panssarimies ("tank man")

text: In the Finnish Air Force, the basic rank is lentosotamies ("flight war man"). In the Finnish Navy, the basic rank is matruusi ("seaman").

text: Special corps troopers may be referred by their function or unit, such as kaartinjääkäri (Guards jaeger), panssarijääkäri (panzerjäger), laskuvarjojääkäri (paratroop jaeger), rajajääkäri (border jaeger) or rannikkojääkäri (coastal jaeger).

text: France[edit]

text: In the French army soldat de seconde classe is the lowest military rank. This rank is also referred to as recrue ("recruit").

text: Germany[edit]

text: The German Bundeswehr modern-day equivalent of the private rank (NATO-standard code OR-2) is Gefreiter.

text: The equivalent of the lowest rank (NATO-standard code OR-1) is either Schütze (rifleman), Kanonier (gunner) or Jäger (light-infantryman otherwise ranger), and sometimes in general simply Soldat (soldier), as well as other unit-specific distinctions.[4] Up until 1918 it was Gemeine[5] (Ordinary [soldier]) as well as unit-specific distinctions such as Musketier (musketeer), Infanterist (infantryman), Kürassier (cuirassier), Jäger (light-infantryman otherwise ranger), Füsilier (fusilier) etc., until 1945 Soldat (soldier) and unit-specific distinctions such as Schütze (rifleman), Grenadier (grenadier) etc. The navy equivalent of the OR-1 rank is known as Matrose[4] (sailor or seaman), and the German Air Force equivalent is Flieger[4] (aviator or airman) which is also used by army aviators.

text:
Bundeswehr OR-1-rank: Soldat (Heer), Flieger (German Air Force) and Matrose (German Navy)

Schütze, Kanonier, Jäger rank
shoulder epaulette
Army (Heer) uniform jacket

Schütze, Kanonier, Jäger rank
Army (Heer) combat uniform

Flieger rank
Air Force (Luftwaffe) combat uniform

Schütze, Kanonier, Jäger Unteroffizieranwärter (UA) NCO-candidate rank
Army (Heer) combat uniform

Matrose rank
Navy service uniform

text: Hungary[edit]

text: The name of the lowest rank in the Hungarian army (Magyar Honvédség) is the honvéd which means "homeland defender". The word is also used informally for a soldier in general of any rank (i.e. "our honvéds" or an officer referred as a honvédtiszt, honvéd officer). This is because Hungarian military traditions are strictly defensive, despite the Hungarian army participating in offensives on foreign soil in both world wars. The word honvéd has been in use since the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.

text: Ireland[edit]

text:
2* private

3* private

text: Private (Pte) (saighdiúr singil in Irish), is the lowest enlisted rank in the Irish Army. Soldiers enlist as recruits then undergo a basic course of instruction. There are three grades of private in the army. After basic training the soldier is upgraded (rather than promoted) from recruit to private 2 star (Pte 2*) (saighdiúr singil, 2 réalta). After more corps-specific training (usually lasting eight weeks) the soldier is upgraded to private 3 star (Pte 3*) (saighdiúr singil, 3 réalta). All are usually just addressed as "private", although before being upgraded, recruits may be addressed as "recruit".

text: In corps units, the rank designation changes. In the artillery, the rank is known as gunner (Gnr), but usually only after the completion of a gunners' course, and in the cavalry it is known as trooper (Tpr). Communications and Information Services privates are known as signalman or signalwoman. Medical orderlies are sometimes referred to as medic, although this can apply to privates and corporals.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In the Italian Army soldato is the lowest military rank. This rank is also referred to as recluta (meaning recruit). Soldato is the generic term for private. But in many specialized corps this term is never used, as a more specific, corp related, term is preferred. For instance the lowest rank in Alpine troops is alpino, and the lowest rank in the artillery is artigliere. In the air force this is ranked as aviere and in the navy as marinaio.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2008)

text: In the Royal Netherlands Army, the Landmacht, the equivalent ranks are soldaat (soldier), similar to the original French, with different classes:

text:
Soldaat der derde klasse (soldier/private 3rd class), for soldiers in Algemene Militaire Opleiding or AMO (General Military Training), with insignia.
Soldaat der tweede klasse (soldier/privat 2nd class), the basic infantry rank, an insignia single striped red band, obtained after AMO but before completion of Initiële Functie Opleiding or IFO (initial job training).
Soldaat der eerste klasse (soldier/privat 1st class), comparable to private first class, with an insignia with two neighbouring striped red bands, obtained automatically a year after completion of IFO.

text: Depending on where the soldaat serves, he may be deemed a kanonnier (gunner in the artillery), huzaar (hussar in the cavalry) or fuselier (rifleman in the rifles) as well as commando, jager or rijder. There is less differentiation than in other countries between different armed forces. A soldaat can be promoted to korporaal (corporal).

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In the Swiss Armed Forces a recruit is given the rank of Soldat when he finishes basic training, mostly after 13 weeks.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: In the Turkish Land Forces, Turkish Air Force and Turkish Naval Forces; Er (Private) is the lowest rank possible. This rank does not have any insignia.

text: United States[edit]

text: United States Army[edit]

text: In the U.S. Army, private is used for the two lowest enlisted ranks, just below private first class. The lowest rank is "private E-1" (PV1) and sometimes referred to as recruit, but also held by some soldiers after punishment through the Uniform Code of Military Justice or prisoners after conviction until they are discharged. A PV1 wears no uniform insignia; since the advent of the Army Combat Uniform, the term "fuzzy" has come into vogue, referring to the blank velcro patch on the ACU where the rank would normally be placed. The second rank, private E-2 (PV2), wears a single chevron, known colloquially as "mosquito wings". Advancement to the PV2 is automatic after six months' time in service, but may get shortened to four months if given a waiver. A person who earned the Eagle Scout award, the Gold Award, or completed at least two years of JROTC may enlist at any time at the rank of PV2.[6] The term of address, "Private", may be properly applied to any Army soldier E-1 (PV1) to E-3 (PFC). It should also be noted that while a soldier is currently in Initial Enlistment Training, he or she will often be referred to as "Private" by the training cadre, regardless of actual rank, even if the soldier enlisted as a Specialist/E-4.

text: United States Marine Corps[edit]

text: In the U.S. Marine Corps, private (Pvt) refers only to the lowest enlisted rank, just below private first class. A Marine Corps private wears no uniform insignia and is sometimes described as having a "slick sleeve" for this reason. Most new, non-officer Marines begin their military career as a private. In the Marine Corps, privates first class are not referred to as "private"; it is more appropriate to use either "private first class" or "PFC".