document_title: Food pyramid (nutrition)

question_text: what type of food group do eggs belong to

text: Food pyramid (nutrition)

text: Origin[edit]

text: Amid high food prices in 1972, Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare developed the idea of "basic foods" that were both cheap and nutritious, and "supplemental foods" that added nutrition missing from the basic foods. Anna-Britt Agnsäter, chief of the "test kitchen" for Kooperativa Förbundet (a cooperative Swedish retail chain), held a lecture the next year on how to illustrate these food groups. Attendee Fjalar Clemes suggested a triangle displaying basic foods at the base. Agnsäter developed the idea into the first food pyramid, which was introduced to the public in 1974 in KF's Vi magazine.[2][3][4] The pyramid was divided into basic foods at the base, including milk, cheese, margarine, bread, cereals and potato; a large section of supplemental vegetables and fruit; and an apex of supplemental meat, fish and egg. The pyramid competed with the National Board's "dietary circle," which KF saw as problematic for resembling a cake divided into seven slices, and for not indicating how much of each food should be eaten. While the Board distanced itself from the pyramid, KF continued to promote it, and food pyramids were developed in other Scandinavian countries, as well as West Germany, Japan and Sri Lanka. The United States later developed its first food pyramid in 1992.

text: Food pyramid published by the WHO and FAO[edit]

text: The World Health Organization, in conjunction with the Food and Agriculture Organization, published guidelines that can effectively be represented in a food pyramid relating to objectives to prevent obesity, chronic diseases and dental caries based on meta-analysis [7][8] though they represent it as a table rather than a "pyramid".  The structure is similar in some respects to the USDA food pyramid, but there are clear distinctions between types of fats, and a more dramatic distinction where carbohydrates are split on the basis of free sugars versus sugars in their natural form.  Some food substances are singled out due to the impact on the target issues the "pyramid" is meant to address, while in a later revision, some recommendations are omitted since they follow automatically from other recommendations while other sub-categories are added.  The reports quoted here explain that where there is no stated lower limit in the table below, there is no requirement for that nutrient in the diet.

text:
Dietary factor
1989 WHO Study Group recommendations
2002 Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation recommendations

Total fat
15–30%
15–30%

Saturated fatty acids (SFAs)
0–10%
<10%

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
3–7%
6–10%

n-6 PUFAs

5–8%

n-3 PUFAs

1–2%

Trans fatty acids

<1%

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)

By difference

Total carbohydrate
55–75%
55–75%

Free sugars
0–10%
<10%

Complex carbohydrate
50–70%
No recommendation

Protein
10–15%
10–15%

Cholesterol
5000000000000000000♠0–300 mg/day
< 300 mg/day

Sodium chloride (Sodium)
6997600000000000000♠< 6 g/day
< 5 g/day (< 2 g/day)

Fruits and vegetables
≥ 400 g/day
≥ 400 g/day

Pulses, nuts and seeds
≥ 30 g/day (as part of the 400 g of fruit and vegetables)

Total dietary fiber
27–40 g/day
From foods

NSP
16–24 g/day
From foods

text: All percentages are percentages of calories, not of weight or volume.  To understand why, consider the determination of an amount of "10% free sugar" to include in a day's worth of calories.  For the same amount of calories, free sugars take up less volume and weight, being refined and extracted from the competing carbohydrates in their natural form.  In a similar manner all the items are in competition for various categories of calories.

text: The representation as a pyramid is not precise, and involves variations due to the alternative percentages of different elements, but the main sections can be represented.

text: USDA food pyramid[edit]

text: History[edit]

text:
The USDA food pyramid was created in 1992 and divided into six horizontal sections containing depictions of foods from each section's food group. It was updated in 2005 with colorful vertical wedges replacing the horizontal sections and renamed MyPyramid. MyPyramid was often displayed with the food images absent, creating a more abstract design.
In an effort to restructure food nutrition guidelines, the USDA rolled out its new MyPlate program in June 2011.  My Plate is divided into four slightly different sized quadrants, with fruits and vegetables taking up half the space, and grains and protein making up the other half.  The vegetables and grains portions are the largest of the four.

text: A modified food pyramid was proposed in 1999 for adults aged over 70.[10][11]

text: Vegetables[edit]

text: A vegetable is a part of a plant consumed by humans that is generally savory but is not sweet. A vegetable is not considered a grain, fruit, nut, spice, or herb. For example, the stem, root, flower, etc., may be eaten as vegetables. Vegetables contain many vitamins and minerals; however, different vegetables contain different spreads, so it is important to eat a wide variety of types. For example, green vegetables typically contain vitamin A, dark orange and dark green vegetables contain vitamin C, and vegetables like broccoli and related plants contain iron and calcium. Vegetables are very low in fats and calories, but ingredients added in preparation can often add these.

text: Grains[edit]

text: These foods provide complex carbohydrates, which are a good source of energy but provide little nutrition.  While they may serve as a filler in low-fat meal plans, replacing these with nuts and seeds would be a better option.  Examples include corn, wheat, pasta, and rice.

text: Fruits[edit]

text:
In terms of food (rather than botany), fruits are the sweet-tasting seed-bearing parts of plants, or occasionally sweet parts of plants which do not bear seeds.
These include apples, oranges, grapes, bananas, etc. Fruits are low in calories and fat and are a source of natural sugars, fiber and vitamins. Processing fruit when canning or making into juices may add sugars and remove nutrients. The fruit food group is sometimes combined with the vegetable food group. Note that a massive number of different plant species produce seed pods which are considered fruits in botany, and there are a number of botanical fruits which are conventionally  not considered fruits in cuisine because they lack the characteristic sweet taste, e.g., tomatoes or avocados.

text: Oils and sweets[edit]

text: A food pyramid's tip is the smallest part, so the fats and sweets in the top of the Food Pyramid should comprise the smallest percentage of the diet. The foods at the top of the food pyramid should be eaten sparingly because they provide calories, but not much in the way of nutrition. These foods include salad dressings, oils, cream, butter, margarine, sugars, soft drinks, candies, and sweet desserts.

text: Dairy[edit]

text:
Dairy products are produced from the milk of mammals, usually but not exclusively cattle. They include milk, yogurt and cheese. Milk and its derivative products are a rich source of dietary calcium and also provide protein, phosphorus, vitamin A, and vitamin D. However, many dairy products are high in saturated fat and cholesterol compared to vegetables, fruits and whole grains, which is why skimmed products are available as an alternative.
Historically, adults were recommended to consume three cups of dairy products per day.[12]  More recently, evidence is mounting that dairy products have greater levels of negative effects on health than previously thought and confer fewer benefits.  For example, recent research has shown that dairy products are not related to stronger bones or less fractures; on the flip side, another study showed that milk (and yogurt) consumption results in higher bone mineral density in the hip. Overall, the majority of research suggests that dairy has some beneficial effects on bone health, in part because of milk's other nutrients.[13][14][15]

text: Meat and beans[edit]

text: Meat is the tissue – usually muscle – of an animal consumed by humans. Since most parts of many animals are edible, there is a vast variety of meats. Meat is a major source of protein, as well as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. Meats, poultry, and fish include beef, chicken, pork, salmon, tuna, shrimp, and eggs.

text: The meat group is one of the major compacted food groups in the food guide pyramid. Many of the same nutrients found in meat can also be found in foods like eggs, dry beans, and nuts, such foods are typically placed in the same category as meats, as meat alternatives. These include tofu, products that resemble meat or fish but are made with soy, eggs, and cheeses. For those who do not consume meat or animal products (see Vegetarianism, veganism and Taboo food and drink), meat analogs, tofu, beans, lentils, chick peas, nuts and other high-protein vegetables are also included in this group.  The food guide pyramid suggests that adults eat 2–3 servings per day. One serving of meat is 4 oz (110 g), about the size of a deck of cards.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Certain dietary choices that have been linked to heart disease, such as an 8 oz (230 g) serving of hamburger daily, were technically permitted under the pyramid. The pyramid also lacked differentiation within the protein-rich group ("Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nuts").[16]

text: In April 1991, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) halted publication of its Eating Right Pyramid, due to objections raised by meat and dairy lobbying groups concerning the guide’s display of their products. Despite the USDA’s explanations that the guide required further research and testing, it was not until one year later—after its content was supported by additional research—that the Eating Right Pyramid was officially released. This time, even the guide’s graphic design was altered to appease industry concerns. This incident was only one of many in which the food industry attempted to alter federal dietary recommendations in their own economic self-interest.[17]

text: Some of the recommended quantities for the different types of food in the old pyramid have also come under criticism for lack of clarity. For instance, the pyramid recommends two to three servings from the protein-rich group, but this is intended to be a maximum. The pyramid recommends two to four fruit servings, but this is intended to be the minimum.[18]

text: The fats group as a whole have been put at the tip of the pyramid, under the direction to eat as little as possible, which is largely problematic. Under the guide, one would assume to avoid fats and fatty foods, which can lead to health problems. For one, fat is essential in a person's general sustainability.[19][20][21] Research suggests that unsaturated fats aid in weight loss, reduce heart disease risk,[22] lower blood sugar, and even lower cholesterol.[23][24][25]  Also, they are very long sustaining, and help keep blood sugar at a steady level.[26][27] On top of that, these fats help brain function as well.[28]

text: Several books have claimed that food and agricultural associations exert undue political power on the USDA.[29][30] Food industries, such as milk companies, have been accused of influencing the United States Department of Agriculture into making the colored spots on the newly created food pyramid larger for their particular product. The milk section has been claimed to be the easiest to see out of the six sections of the pyramid, making individuals believe that more milk should be consumed on a daily basis compared to the others.[31] Furthermore, the inclusion of milk as a group unto itself implies that is an essential part of a healthy diet, despite the many people who are lactose intolerant or choose to abstain from dairy, and a number of cultures that have historically consumed little if any dairy products. Joel Fuhrman says in his book Eat to Live that U.S. taxpayers must contribute $20 billion on price supports to artificially reduce the price of cattle feed to benefit the dairy, beef and veal industries, and then pay the medical bills for an overweight population.[32] He asks if the USDA is under the influence of the food industry, because a food pyramid based on science would have vegetables at its foundation.[32]

text: These controversies prompted the creation of pyramids for specific audiences, particularly the mediterranean pyramid in 1993[33] and some Vegetarian Diet Pyramids.[34][35][36][37]

text: Alternatives[edit]

text:
The Harvard School of Public Health proposes a healthy eating pyramid, which includes calcium and multi-vitamin supplements as well as moderate amounts of alcohol, as an alternative to the Food Guide Pyramid.
Many observers[who?] believe that the Harvard pyramid follows the results of nutrition studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals more closely.[citation needed]
But in their book Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever, published in 2004, Ray Kurzweil and Terry Grossman M.D., point out that the guidelines provided in the Harvard Pyramid fail to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy oils. In addition, whole-grain foods are given more priority than vegetables, which should not be the case, as vegetables have a lower glycemic load. Other observations are that fish should be given a higher priority due to its high omega-3 content, and that high fat dairy products should be excluded. As an alternative, the authors postulate a new food pyramid, emphasising low glycemic-load vegetables, healthy fats, such as avocados, nuts and seeds, lean animal protein, fish, and extra virgin olive oil.

text: "MyPlate"[edit]

text: The University of Michigan Integrative Medicine’s Healing Foods Pyramid emphasizes plant-based choices, variety and balance. It includes sections for seasonings and water as well as healthy fats.

text: MyPlate is the current nutrition guide published by the United States Department of Agriculture, depicting a place setting with a plate and glass divided into five food groups. It replaced the USDA's MyPyramid guide on June 2, 2011, concluding 19 years of USDA food pyramid diagrams.


document_title: Pharaoh

question_text: who was the first king of egypt to use the title pharaoh

root

text: Pharaoh

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word pharaoh ultimately derives from the Egyptian compound pr-ˤ3 "great house," written with the two biliteral hieroglyphs pr "house" and ˤ3 "column", here meaning "great" or "high". It was used only in larger phrases such as smr pr-ˤ3 "Courtier of the High House", with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace.[6] From the twelfth dynasty onward, the word appears in a wish formula "Great House, may it live, prosper, and be in health", but again only with reference to the royal palace and not the person.

tag: p

text: During the reign of Thutmose III (circa 1479–1425 BCE) in the New Kingdom, after the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, pharaoh became the form of address for a person who was king.[7]

text: The earliest instance where pr-ˤ3 is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), who reigned circa 1353–1336 BCE, which is addressed to "Pharaoh, all life, prosperity, and health".[8] During the eighteenth dynasty (16th to 14th centuries BCE) the title pharaoh was employed as a reverential designation of the ruler. About the late twenty-first dynasty (10th century BCE), however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the twenty-fifth dynasty (eighth to seventh centuries BCE) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative.[9]

text: From the nineteenth dynasty onward pr-ˤ3 on its own was used as regularly as ḥm, "Majesty".[10][note 1] The term, therefore, evolved from a word specifically referring to a building to a respectful designation for the ruler, particularly by the twenty-second dynasty and twenty-third dynasty.[citation needed]

text: For instance, the first dated appearance of the title pharaoh being attached to a ruler's name occurs in Year 17 of Siamun on a fragment from the Karnak Priestly Annals. Here, an induction of an individual to the Amun priesthood is dated specifically to the reign of Pharaoh Siamun.[11] This new practice was continued under his successor Psusennes II and the twenty-second dynasty kings. For instance, the Large Dakhla stela is specifically dated to Year 5 of king "Pharaoh Shoshenk, beloved of Amun", whom all Egyptologists concur was Shoshenq I—the founder of the Twenty-second dynasty—including Alan Gardiner in his original 1933 publication of this stela.[12] Shoshenq I was the second successor of Siamun. Meanwhile, the old custom of referring to the sovereign simply as pr-ˤ3 continued in traditional Egyptian narratives.[citation needed]

text: By this time, the Late Egyptian word is reconstructed to have been pronounced *[par-ʕoʔ] whence Herodotus derived the name of one of the Egyptian kings, Φερων.[13] In the Old Testament of the Bible, the title also occurs as פרעה [par‘ōh];[14] from that, Septuagint φαραώ pharaō and then Late Latin pharaō, both -n stem nouns. The Qur'an likewise spells it فرعون fir'awn with "n" (here, always referring to the one evil king in the Exodus story, by contrast to the good king Aziz in sura 12's Joseph story). Interestingly, the Arabic combines the original pharyngeal ayin sound from Egyptian, along with the -n ending from Greek.

text: English at first spelt it "Pharao", but the King James Bible revived "Pharaoh" with "h" from the Hebrew. Meanwhile in Egypt itself, *[par-ʕoʔ] evolved into Sahidic Coptic ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ prro and then rro (by mistaking p- as the definite article prefix "the" from ancient Egyptian p3).[15]

text: Other notable epithets, nsw is translated to "king", ity for "monarch or sovereign", nb for "lord".[10][note 2] and heqa for "ruler".

text: Regalia[edit]

text: Scepters and staves[edit]

text: Scepters and staves were a general sign of authority in ancient Egypt.[16] One of the earliest royal scepters was discovered in the tomb of Khasekhemwy in Abydos.[16] Kings were also known to carry a staff, and Pharaoh Anedjib is shown on stone vessels carrying a so-called mks-staff.[17] The scepter with the longest history seems to be the heqa-scepter, sometimes described as the shepherd's crook.[18] The earliest examples of this piece of regalia dates to pre-dynastic times. A scepter was found in a tomb at Abydos that dates to the late Naqada period.

text: Another scepter associated with the king is the was-scepter.[18] This is a long staff mounted with an animal head. The earliest known depictions of the was-scepter date to the first dynasty. The was-scepter is shown in the hands of both kings and deities.

text: The flail later was closely related to the heqa-scepter (the crook and flail), but in early representations the king was also depicted solely with the flail, as shown in a late pre-dynastic knife handle which is now in the Metropolitan museum, and on the Narmer Macehead.[19]

text: The Uraeus[edit]

text: The earliest evidence known of the Uraeus—a rearing cobra—is from the reign of Den from the first dynasty. The cobra supposedly protected the pharaoh by spitting fire at its enemies.[20]

text: Crowns and headdresses[edit]

text:
Narmer Palette

Narmer wearing the white crown
Narmer wearing the red crown

tag: table

text: Deshret[edit]

text: The red crown of Lower Egypt, the Deshret crown, dates back to pre-dynastic times. A red crown has been found on a pottery shard from Naqada, and later, king Narmer is shown wearing the red crown on both the Narmer macehead and the Narmer palette.

text: Hedjet[edit]

text: The white crown of Upper Egypt, the Hedjet crown, was worn in the Predynastic Period by King Scorpion, and, later, by Narmer.

text: Pschent[edit]

text: This is the combination of the Deshret and Hedjet crowns into a double crown, called the Pschent crown. It is first documented in the middle of the first dynasty. The earliest depiction may date to the reign of Djet, and is otherwise surely attested during the reign of Den.[21]

text: Khat[edit]

text: The khat headdress consists of a kind of "kerchief" whose end is tied similarly to a ponytail. The earliest depictions of the khat headdress comes from the reign of Den, but is not found again until the reign of Djoser.

text: Nemes[edit]

text: The Nemes headdress dates from the time of Djoser. It is the most common type of crown that has been depicted throughout Pharaonic Egypt. Any other type of crown, apart from the Khat headdress, has been commonly depicted on top of the Nemes. The statue from his Serdab in Saqqara shows the king wearing the nemes headdress.[21]

text: Atef[edit]

text: Osiris is shown to wear the Atef crown, which is an elaborate Hedjet with feathers and disks. Depictions of Pharaohs wearing the Atef crown originate from the Old Kingdom.

text: Hemhem[edit]

text: The Hemhem crown is usually depicted on top of Nemes, Pschent, or Deshret crowns. It is an ornate triple Atef with corkscrew sheep horns and usually two uraei. The usage (depiction) of this crown begins during the Early 18th dynasty of Egypt.

text: Khepresh[edit]

text: Also called the blue crown, the Khepresh crown has been depicted since the New Kingdom.

text: Physical evidence[edit]

text: Egyptologist Bob Brier has noted that despite their widespread depiction in royal portraits, no ancient Egyptian crown has ever been discovered. Tutankhamun's tomb, discovered largely intact, did contain such regalia as his crook and flail, but no crown was found, however, among the funerary equipment. Diadems have been discovered.[22]

text: It is presumed that crowns would have been believed to have magical properties. Brier's speculation is that crowns were religious or state items, so a dead pharaoh likely could not retain a crown as a personal possession. The crowns may have been passed along to the successor.[23]

text: Titles[edit]

text: During the early dynastic period kings had three titles. The Horus name is the oldest and dates to the late pre-dynastic period. The Nesu Bity name was added during the first dynasty. The Nebty name was first introduced toward the end of the first dynasty.[21] The Golden falcon (bik-nbw) name is not well understood. The prenomen and nomen were introduced later and are traditionally enclosed in a cartouche.[24] By the Middle Kingdom, the official titulary of the ruler consisted of five names; Horus, nebty, golden Horus, nomen, and prenomen[25] for some rulers, only one or two of them may be known.

text: Nesu Bity name[edit]

text: The Nesu Bity name, also known as Prenomen, was one of the new developments from the reign of Den. The name would follow the glyphs for the "Sedge and the Bee". The title is usually translated as king of Upper and Lower Egypt. The nsw bity name may have been the birth name of the king. It was often the name by which kings were recorded in the later annals and king lists.[21]

text: Horus name[edit]

text: The Horus name was adopted by the king, when taking the throne. The name was written within a square frame representing the palace, named a serekh. The earliest known example of a serekh dates to the reign of king Ka, before the first dynasty.[26] The Horus name of several early kings expresses a relationship with Horus. Aha refers to "Horus the fighter", Djer refers to "Horus the strong", etc. Later kings express ideals of kingship in their Horus names. Khasekhemwy refers to "Horus: the two powers are at peace", while Nebra refers to "Horus, Lord of the Sun".[21]

text: Nebty name[edit]

text: The earliest example of a nebty name comes from the reign of king Aha from the first dynasty. The title links the king with the goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt Nekhbet and Wadjet.[21][24] The title is preceded by the vulture (Nekhbet) and the cobra (Wadjet) standing on a basket (the neb sign).[21]

text: Golden Horus[edit]

text: The Golden Horus or Golden Falcon name was preceded by a falcon on a gold or nbw sign. The title may have represented the divine status of the king. The Horus associated with gold may be referring to the idea that the bodies of the deities were made of gold and the pyramids and obelisks are representations of (golden) sun-rays. The gold sign may also be a reference to Nubt, the city of Set. This would suggest that the iconography represents Horus conquering Set.[21]

text: Nomen and prenomen[edit]

text: The prenomen and nomen were contained in a cartouche. The prenomen often followed the King of Upper and Lower Egypt (nsw bity) or Lord of the Two Lands (nebtawy) title. The prenomen often incorporated the name of Re. The nomen often followed the title Son of Re (sa-ra) or the title Lord of Appearances (neb-kha).[24]


question_text: when was the department of health and human services created

text: History[edit]

text: Federal Security Agency[edit]

text: The Federal Security Agency (FSA) was established on July 1, 1939, under the Reorganization Act of 1939, P.L. 76-19. The objective was to bring together in one agency all federal programs in the fields of health, education, and social security. The first Federal Security Administrator was Paul V. McNutt.[3]

text: The new agency originally consisted of the following major components: (1) Office of the Administrator, (2) Public Health Service (PHS), (3) Office of Education, (4) Civilian Conservation Corps, and (5) Social Security Board.

text: Origins[edit]

text:
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text:
These components, however, are traceable to the early days of the Republic. On July 16, 1798, President John Adams signed an act creating the Marine Hospital Service to furnish treatment to sick and disabled American merchant seamen. On April 29, 1878, the first Federal Quarantine Act enlarged the Service's responsibilities to include prevention of epidemics from abroad. On August 14, 1912, the name was changed to the Public Health Service (PHS). On May 26, 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory of the Service was redesignated the National Institutes of Health (NIH). PHS was transferred from the Treasury Department to the FSA in 1939.
Even though the first steps toward public education were taken in 1647 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and land was set aside for public schools by the Congress of the Confederation in 1785, the idea of universal, free public schools did not become firmly established until the Civil War era. Even then, only half of the States had an efficient public school system. In 1867, Congress established the Department of Education to promote the cause of education and collect and disseminate facts and statistics about education. Until it was transferred to the FSA, the Office of Education and its predecessor organization had been part of the Department of the Interior.
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was born during the Great Depression to provide employment for American youth and advance conservation of the Nation's natural resources. It operated from April 5, 1933, until June 30, 1942. During that time, the CCC provided work training to 3 million men and advanced conservation by more than 25 years. It was an independent agency until it came to FSA.
The Nation's social security and public assistance programs also were born during the Depression with approval of the Social Security Act on August 14, 1935. The initial Act of 1935 established the Social Security Board to administer Titles I, II, III, IV, and X of the Act. It remained an independent organization until its transfer to FSA. The Social Security Act Amendments of 1939 revised and expanded basic provisions of the program and eligibility requirements and extended protection to aged wives, dependent children and certain survivors of insured workers.
Organized in 1855 and incorporated by the Kentucky Legislature in 1858, the American Printing House for the Blind was established to produce educational materials for the blind and since 1879 has received an allocation of federal funds to help support this activity. Federal responsibility regarding the Printing House was transferred to FSA from the Treasury Department on July 1, 1939.
Established in 1935 to provide youth with work training, the National Youth Administration later trained young people for jobs in war industries. It was supervised by the Office of the Administrator from the time FSA was created in 1939 until 1942, when it was transferred to the War Manpower Commission.

tag: ul

text: Early years[edit]

text:
Under a Reorganization Plan that became effective on June 30, 1940, the organization of the Federal Security Agency (FSA) was enlarged:[3]

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was transferred from the Department of Agriculture; and
Saint Elizabeth's Hospital, Freedmen's Hospital, and
Federal functions relating to Howard University and the Columbia Institution for the Deaf were transferred to FSA from the Department of the Interior

As a result of pressure for the federal government to control adulterated and misbranded foods and drugs, the Food and Drugs Act was enacted on June 30, 1906. These responsibilities were entrusted to the Bureau of Chemistry in the Department of Agriculture in 1907 and were organized into a Food, Drug and Insecticide Administration in 1927, renamed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1931. Transferred to FSA in 1940, FDA also was responsible for administering the Tea Importation Act (1897), the Filled Milk Act (1923), the Caustic Poison Act (1927), and the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938).
Saint Elizabeths Hospital, created by Act of Congress in 1852 as the Government Hospital for the Insane, received its first patients on January 15, 1855. Founder of Saint Elizabeth's was Dorothea Dix, the most prominent humanitarian of the era. The name was changed by Act of Congress in 1916. Freedmen's Hospital was an outgrowth of the Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees authorized by the Act of March 3, 1865. In 1871, the hospital was transferred to the Department of the Interior.
Howard University' was established by an act of March 2, 1867, to provide higher education for Negroes. Education for the deaf was made available in the District of Columbia through the Columbia Institution for the Deaf established by the Act of February 16, 1857. The name was changed to Gallaudet College in 1954.

The Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1943 expanded functions relating to vocational rehabilitation and assigned them to the Federal Security Administrator, who established the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation on September 4, 1943, to carry out these functions. Since the original Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920, certain vocational rehabilitation and vocational education activities had been a responsibility of the Office of Education, first when it was part of the Department of Interior, then after it became part of FSA in 1939.
Impact of World War II

World War II had a broad impact on the social programs of FSA. Between 1941 and 1947, the Government recognized the need to maintain essential health and welfare services. The Federal Security Administrator also served as coordinator of the Office of Health, Welfare, and related Defense Activities, renamed the Office of Defense, Health, and Welfare Services in September 1941, which provided health care, education, and related services necessitated by the war effort. It was responsible for adjusting the distribution of remaining professional personnel to meet the requirements of the population. In 1943, the Office's title was again changed to the Office of Community War Services, which was abolished on June 30, 1947.
The FDA during the war was charged with maintaining food standards to insure delivery of properly tested foods and drugs to the military establishment.
The Public Health Service was in charge of protecting both the general population and military personnel against epidemics and carrying out medical research. DHHS history

text: Post-WWII[edit]

text: Organizational Changes[3]

text: When the war ended, President Truman moved to "strengthen the arm of the federal government for better integration of services in the fields of health, education, and welfare."

text:
1946

Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1946, effective July 16, 1946, abolished the three-member Social Security Board, creating in its place, the Social Security Administration, headed by a Commissioner of Social Security. The plan transferred the Children's Bureau (created in 1912), exclusive of its Industrial Division, from the Department of Labor to FSA, where it became part of the Social Security Administration (SSA); the US Employees Compensation Commission, formerly an independent organization, to the Office of the Administrator of FSA; functions of the Department of Commerce regarding vital statistics to the FSA Administrator, who delegated them to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service.
Legislation of major importance to the Agency also was passed in 1946: the National Mental Health Act; the Vocational Education Act; the Federal Employees Health Act; the 1946 Amendments to the Social Security Act; and the Hospital Survey and Construction Act.

1947. In 1947, the Administrator directed the establishment of a central library, consolidating the resources of three independent libraries at the SSA, the Office of Education, and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation. This library eventually became the central library of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
1948

By 1948, the retail price of food had risen 114 percent over the 1935-39 base, yet the monthly benefits under Social Security had not changed since the 1939 amendments had established a base level. On October 1, 1948, increases in Social Security benefits were authorized.
Other key pieces of legislation passed in 1948 included bills creating the National Heart Institute and the National Institute of Dental Research. On June 16, 1948, the name of the National Institute of Health was changed to the National Institutes of Health.
On June 30, 1948, the President signed the Water Pollution Bill, delegating national water pollution responsibilities to the Public Health Service.
Also in 1948, legislation authorized the transfer of the Federal Credit Union program from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to the SSA.

1949

The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 gave the Federal Security Administrator authority to dispose of surplus federal propel property to tax-supported or nonprofit educational institutions for health or educational purposes.
During 1949, the Federal Security Agency began the establishment of 10 FSA regional offices to replace the 11 previously operated by the SSA and consolidated those being operated by other FSA constituents into one common regional office structure. Previous to the consolidation, constituent agencies were maintaining five and, in some cases, six independent regional offices in a single city.

1950

On May 24, 1950, Reorganization Plan No. 19 of 1950 transferred from FSA to the Department of Labor the Bureau of Employees Compensation and the Employees Compensation Appeals Board. Then, the FSA abolished the Office of Special Services that had administered the two transferred units plus the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation (OVR) and the Food and Drug Administration. The effect of this action was to elevate OVR and FDA to agency status.
In 1950, two important national conferences required months of staff work by FSA personnel. The Mid-century White House Conference on Children and Youth was held in Washington, D.C. in December 1950. Nearly 6,000 representatives of 100,000 local and community groups throughout the country met to discuss the "spiritual values, democractic practice, and the dignity and worth of the individual." In August of that year, a Conference on Aging was called by the FSA Administrator to study the needs and problems of the older segment of the population.
In September 1950, Congress authorized the impacted aid program-to relieve the impact on local school facilities of a heavy influx of federal civilian and military personnel-and in FY 1951 appropriated $96.5 million for school construction under P.L. 81-815, September 23, 1950, and $23 million for school operating expenses under P.L. 81-874, September 30, 1950.
The Social Security Act Amendments of 1950 added to the social security rolls about 10 million persons who previously had been ineligible. These persons included agricultural workers and selfemployed small shop owners. Others who benefitted from the changes were the elderly and those who had job-related disabilities. This expansion of beneficiaries was made possible by revisions to the oldage and survivors insurance and long-term disability insurance sections of the original Act.

1951. In May 1951, a citizens committee, the National Mid-century Committee for Children and Youth, was established to provide national follow-up to the problems discussed at the White House Conference. Staff of the Children's Bureau worked closely with the Committee until it was dissolved in 1953.
1952. The year 1952 was a period of transition for FSA. Despite the contributions made by the Agency during and before the Korean War, most of the defense-related activities in FSA were being phased out. The FDA continued to study chemical and bacteriological warfare agents but other FSA components were mobilized to provide disaster relief and health care assistance to a number of foreign countries. Technical assistance, under the federal "Point IV" and Mutual Security Agency programs, provided needed help to many underdeveloped countries. The Agency also furnished guidance for foreign representatives sent to this country to study American programs and methods in the fields of health and education. Later in the year, FSA accelerated its response to the Nation's social needs.
1953. FSA Becomes DHEW

By 1953, the Federal Security Agency's programs in health, education, and social security had grown to such importance that its annual budget exceeded the combined budgets of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, Labor and Interior and affected the lives of millions of people.
Consequently, in accordance with the Reorganization Act of 1949, President Eisenhower submitted to the Congress on March 12, 1953, Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, which called for the dissolution of the Federal Security Agency and elevation of the agency to Cabinet status as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. All of the responsibilities of the Federal Security Administrator would be transferred to the Secretary of Health, Education, end Welfare and the components of FSA would be transferred to the Department. A major objective of the reorganization was to improve administration of the functions of the Federal Security Agency. The plan was approved April 1, 1953, and became effective on April 11, 1953.

text: Unlike statutes authorizing the creation of other executive departments, the contents of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 were never properly codified within the United States Code, although Congress did codify a later statute ratifying the Plan. Today, the Plan is included as an appendix to Title 5 of the United States Code. The result is that HHS is the only executive department whose statutory foundation today rests on a confusing combination of several codified and uncodified statutes.[citation needed]

text: List of Federal Security Agency Administrators[edit]

text:
Name
Dates of service

Paul V. McNutt[4]
July 13, 1939 – September 14, 1945

Watson B. Miller[4]
October 11, 1945 – August 26, 1947

Oscar R. Ewing[4]
August 27, 1947 – January 20, 1953

Oveta Culp Hobby[4]
January 21, 1953 – April 11, 1953

text: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare[edit]

text: The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) was created on April 11, 1953, when Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 became effective. HEW thus became the first new Cabinet-level department since the Department of Labor was created in 1913. The Reorganization Plan abolished the FSA and transferred all of its functions to the Secretary of HEW and all components of the Agency to the Department. The first Secretary of HEW was Oveta Culp Hobby, a native of Texas, who had served as Commander of the Women's Army Corps in World War II and was editor and publisher of the Houston Post. Sworn in on April 11, 1953, as Secretary, she had been FSA Administrator since January 21, 1953.

text: The six major program-operating components of the new Department were the Public Health Service, the Office of Education, the Food and Drug Administration, the Social Security Administration, the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, and St. Elizabeth's Hospital. The Department was also responsible for three federally aided corporations: Howard University, the American Printing House for the Blind, and the Columbia Institution for the Deaf (Gallaudet College since 1954).[4]

text: List of Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare[4]

text:
Name
Dates of service

Oveta Culp Hobby
April 11, 1953 – July 31, 1955

Marion B. Folsom
August 1, 1955 – July 31, 1958

Arthur Flemming
August 1, 1958 – January 19, 1961

Abraham Ribicoff
January 21, 1961 – July 13, 1962

Anthony J. Celebrezze
July 31, 1962 – August 17, 1965

John W. Gardner
August 18, 1965 – March 1, 1968

Wilbur J. Cohen (designate)
March 22, 1968 – May 16, 1968

Wilbur J. Cohen
May 16, 1968 – January 20, 1969

Robert H. Finch
January 21, 1969 – June 23, 1970

Elliot L. Richardson
June 24, 1970 – January 29, 1973

Caspar W. Weinberger
February 12, 1973 – August 8, 1975

Forrest David Mathews
August 8, 1975 – January 20, 1977

Joseph A. Califano Jr.
January 20, 1977 – August 3, 1979

Patricia Roberts Harris
August 3, 1979 – May 4, 1980

text: Department of Health and Human Services[edit]

text: The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in 1979,[5] when its education functions were transferred to the newly created United States Department of Education under the Department of Education Organization Act.[6] HHS was left in charge of the Social Security Administration, agencies constituting the Public Health Service, and Family Support Administration.

text: In 1995, the Social Security Administration was removed from the Department of Health and Human Services, and established as an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States Government.

text: HHS is administered by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, who is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The United States Public Health Service (PHS) is the main division of the HHS and is led by the Assistant Secretary for Health. The current Secretary, Eric Hargan, assumed office on October 10, 2017, serving in an Acting capacity.

text: The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, the uniformed service of the PHS, is led by the Surgeon General who is responsible for addressing matters concerning public health as authorized by the Secretary or by the Assistant Secretary of Health in addition to his or her primary mission of administering the Commissioned Corps.

text: Federal, state, and local health departments[edit]

text: There are three tiers of health departments, the federal health department, state health department and local health department. In relation with state and local government, the federal government provides states with funding to ensure that states are able to retain current programs and are able to implement new programs. The coordination between all three health departments is critical to ensure the programs being implemented are well structured and suited to the corresponding level of health department. The health department at state level needs to safeguard good relations with legislators as well as governors in order to acquire legal and financial aid to guarantee the development and enhancements of the programs. Assemblies are set up to guide the relationships between state and local health departments. The state sets up the regulations and health policies whereas the local health departments are the ones implementing the health policies and services.[7][8]

text: Office of Inspector General[edit]

text: The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) investigates criminal activity for HHS. The special agents who work for OIG have the same title series "1811", training and authority as other federal criminal investigators, such as the FBI, ATF, DEA and Secret Service. However, OIG Special Agents have special skills in investigating white collar crime related to Medicare and Medicaid fraud and abuse. Organized crime has dominated the criminal activity relative to this type of fraud.

text: HHS-OIG investigates tens of millions of dollars in Medicare fraud each year. In addition, OIG will continue its coverage of all 50 states and the District of Columbia by its multi-agency task forces (PSOC Task Forces) that identify, investigate, and prosecute individuals who willfully avoid payment of their child support obligations under the Child Support Recovery Act.

text: HHS-OIG agents also provide protective services to the Secretary of HHS, and other department executives as necessary.

text: In 2002, the department released Healthy People 2010, a national strategic initiative for improving the health of Americans.

text: With the passage of the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 of 2009, and the Affordable Care Act of 2010, the Office of the Inspector General has taken an emboldened stance against healthcare related non-compliance, most notably for violations of Stark Law and the Anti-Kickback Statute.[9]

text: In 2015, the OIG issued a fraud alert as a warning to hospitals and healthcare systems to monitor and comply with their physician compensation arrangements.[10]

text: Recent years have seen dramatic increases in both the number and the amounts of Stark Law violation settlements, prompting healthcare experts to identify a need for automated solutions that manage physician arrangements by centralizing necessary information with regard to physician-hospital integration.[11] Contract Management software companies such as Meditract provide options for health systems to organize and store physician contracts. Ludi Inc introduced DocTime Log®, an SaaS solution that specifically addresses this growing concern, automating physician time logging in compliance with contract terms to eliminate Stark Law and Anti-Kickback Statute violations.[12]

text: Strengthening Communities Fund[edit]

text: In June 2010, the Department of Health and Human Services created the Strengthening Communities Fund[13] as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The fund was appropriated $50 million to be given as grants to organizations in the United States who were engaged in Capacity Building programs. The grants were given to two different types of capacity builders:

text: State, Local and Tribal governments engaged in capacity building: grants will go to state local and tribal governments to equip them with the capacity to more effectively partner with faith-based or non-faith based nonprofit organizations.[14]

text: and building up nonprofit organization's abilities to tackle economic problems. State, Local and Tribal governments can receive up to $250,000 in two year grants

text: Nonprofit Social Service Providers engaged in capacity building: they will make grants available to nonprofit organizations who can assist other nonprofit organizations in organizational development, program development, leadership, and evaluations. Nonprofits can receive up to $1 million in two year grants.

text: Organization[edit]

text: The Department of Health and Human Services is led by the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, a member of the United States Cabinet appointed by the President of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate. The Secretary is assisted in managing the Department by the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services, who is also appointed by the President. The Secretary and Deputy Secretary are further assisted by seven Assistant Secretaries, who serve as top Departmental administrators.

text: As of Jan. 20, 2018, this is the top level of the organizational chart. HHS provides further organizational detail on its website.

text: Several agencies within HHS are components of the Public Health Service (PHS), as noted below.

text:
Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and Chief of Staff

The Executive Secretariat (ES)
Office of Intergovernmental and External Affairs (IEA)

Headquarters Staff
Regional Offices
Office of Human Resources

Office of Health Reform (OHR)
Office of the Secretary

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration (ASA)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Financial Resources (ASFR)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Legislation (ASL)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) - PHS component
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (ASPA)
Office for Civil Rights (OCR)
Departmental Appeals Board (DAB)
Office of the General Counsel (OGC)
Office of Global Affairs (OGA) - PHS component
Office of Inspector General (OIG)
Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals (OMHA)
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC)

Operating Divisions

Administration for Children and Families (ACF)
Administration for Community Living (ACL)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) - PHS component
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) - PHS component
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - PHS component
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - PHS component
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) - PHS component
Indian Health Service (IHS) - PHS component
National Institutes of Health (NIH) - PHS component
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) - PHS component

text: Budget and finances[edit]

text: The Department of Health and Human Services was authorized a budget for fiscal year 2015 of $1.020 trillion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows:[15]

text:
Program
Funding (in billions)

Management and Finance

Departmental Management
$1.4

Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund
$1.4

Operating Divisions

Food and Drug Administration
$2.6

Health Resources and Services Administration
$10.4

Indian Health Service
$4.8

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
$6.7

National Institutes of Health
$30.4

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
$3.4

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
$0.4

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
$906.8

Administration for Children and Families
$51.3

Administration for Community Living
$2.1

TOTAL
1,020.3

text: Historical budgets[edit]

text: HHS.Gov provides complete details on current and historical budgets for that agency.[16] Budgets for fiscal years prior to 2014 are archived by Archive-It as requested by HHS.

text:
All HHS budget collections[17]
2009[18]
2010[19]
2011[20]
2012[21]
2013[22]
2014[23]
2015[24]
2016[25]

text: Former operating divisions and agencies[edit]

text:
Social Security Administration, made independent in 1995.
Health Care Financing Administration, renamed to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

text: Programs[edit]

text: The Department of Health and Human Services' administers 115 programs across its 11 operating divisions.[26] The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) aims to "protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves."[27] These federal programs consist of social service programs, civil rights and healthcare privacy programs, disaster preparedness programs, and health related research. HHS offers a variety of social service programs geared toward persons with low income, disabilities, military families, and senior citizens. [28] Healthcare rights are defined under HHS in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) which protect patient’s privacy in regards to medical information, protects workers health insurance when unemployed, and sets guidelines surrounding some health insurance. HHS collaborates with the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response and Office of Emergency Management to prepare and respond to health emergencies.[29][30] A broad array of health related research is supported or completed under the HHS; secondarily under HHS, the Health Resources & Service Administration houses data warehouses and makes health data available surrounding a multitude of topics.[31] [32] HHS also has vast offering of health related resources and tools to help educate the public on health policies and pertinent population health information. Some examples of available resources include disease prevention, wellness, health insurance information, as well as links to healthcare providers and facilities, meaningful health related materials, public health and safety information.[33][34][35][36][37][38]

text: Some highlights include:

text:
Health and social science research
Preventing disease, including immunization services
Assuring food and drug safety
Medicare (health insurance for elderly and disabled Americans) and Medicaid (health insurance for low-income people)
Health information technology
Financial assistance and services for low-income families
Improving maternal and infant health, including a Nurse Home Visitation to support first-time mothers
Head Start (pre-school education and services)
Faith-based and community initiatives
Preventing child abuse and domestic violence
Substance abuse treatment and prevention
Services for older Americans, including home-delivered meals
Comprehensive health services for Native Americans
Assets for Independence
Medical preparedness for emergencies, including potential terrorism
Child support enforcement[39]

text: Freedom of Information Act processing performance[edit]

text: In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act (United States) (FOIA) requests published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the DHHS ranked second to last, earning an F by scoring 57 out of a possible 100 points, largely due to a low score on its particular disclosure rules. It had deteriorated from a D- in 2013.[40]

text: Health care reform[edit]

text: The 2010 United States federal budget established a reserve fund of more than $630 billion over 10 years to finance fundamental reform of the health care system.[41]

text: Related legislation[edit]

text:
1946: Hospital Survey and Construction Act (Hill-Burton Act) PL 79-725
1949: Hospital Construction Act PL 81-380
1950: Public Health Services Act Amendments PL 81-692
1955: Poliomyelitis Vaccination Assistance Act PL 84-377
1956: Health Research Facilities Act PL 84-835
1960: Social Security Amendments (Kerr-Mill aid) PL 86-778
1961: Community Health Services and Facilities Act PL 87-395
1962: Public Health Service Act PL 87-838
1962: Vaccination Assistance PL 87-868
1963: Mental Retardation Facilities Construction Act/Community Mental Health Centers Act PL 88-164
1964: Nurse Training Act PL 88-581
1965: Community Health Services and Facilities Act PL 89-109
1965: Medicare PL 89-97
1965: Mental Health Centers Act Amendments PL 89-105
1965: Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke Amendments PL 89-239
1966: Comprehensive Health Planning and Service Act PL 89-749
1970: Community Mental Health Service Act PL 91-211
1970: Family Planning Services and Population Research Act PL 91-572
1970: Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act PL 91-695
1971: National Cancer Act PL 92-218
1974: Research on Aging Act PL 93-296
1974: National Health Planning and Resources Development Act PL 93-641
1979: Department of Education Organization Act (removed education functions) PL 96-88
1987: Department of Transportation Appropriations Act PL 100-202
1988: Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act PL 100-360
1989: Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act PL 101-164
1996: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act PL 104-191
2000: Child Abuse Reform and Enforcement Act P.L. 106-177
2010: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act PL 111-148


document_title: Piedmont, South Carolina

question_text: how far is piedmont sc from greenville sc

text: Piedmont, South Carolina

text: History[edit]

text: Native Americans and early settlers of Piedmont called the area "Big Shoals of the Saluda" after the Saluda River. The Native Americans used the shoals as a crossing. David Garrison established a grist mill around 1850 upon the shoals changing the name of the area to Garrison Shoals. Henry Pinckney Hammett bought this property for his cotton mill that used water power of the shoals. The name of the area changed again to Piedmont, "Foot of the Mountains" and became a mill town. The American Civil War disrupted Hammett's project until 1876 when his plant began operations. Piedmont was added to Hammett's charter for Piedmont Manufacturing Company and a railroad station. Water power from the Saluda River was also used to produce electricity to run the machinery from the 1880s to the 1920s. The machinery of the Piedmont Manufacturing Company was from Saco Lowell and Whitin Machine Works that helped finance Hammett's company.[4] In 1946 the mills were sold to J.P. Stevens and Company where it then was updated with modern features. Manufacturing continued until 1977 and in 1983 most of Piedmont Manufacturing Company burned down.[5]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Piedmont is located in northern Anderson County and southwestern Greenville County at 34°42′15″N 82°27′41″W / 34.70417°N 82.46139°W / 34.70417; -82.46139 (34.704140, -82.461427).[6] It is 12 miles (19 km) south of the center of Greenville. Exit 35 on Interstate 85 is 2 miles (3 km) to the west of the center of Piedmont. South Carolina state road 86 cuts through the small town also, connecting with Interstate 85 at Exit 35. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.8 square miles (22.7 km2), of which 8.6 square miles (22.3 km2) is land and 0.15 square miles (0.4 km2), or 1.93%, is water.[3] The Saluda River flows southwards over a dam through the center of town.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 4,684 people, 1,829 households, and 1,349 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 545.6 people per square mile (210.8/km²). There were 1,992 housing units at an average density of 232.0 per square mile (89.6/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.08% White, 5.85% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 1.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.

text: There were 1,829 households out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.95.

text: In the CDP, the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.

text: The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,310, and the median income for a family was $41,654. Males had a median income of $34,890 versus $23,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,982. About 7.9% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 15.8% of those age 65 or over.

text: Education[edit]

text: Schools in Piedmont include Wren High School, Wren Middle School, Wren Elementary School, Spearman Elementary School all located in Anderson School District One, and Woodmont High School, Woodmont Middle School, and Sue Cleveland Elementary School all located in the Greenville County School District.

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: The Birth of a Nation was set in Piedmont.[7]


document_title: Married at First Sight (Australian TV series)

question_text: when was the last episode of mafs filmed

text: Season overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

Season premiere
Season finale

1
6
18 May 2015
22 June 2015

2
7
4 April 2016
27 April 2016

3
8
29 August 2016
13 September 2016

4
29
30 January 2017
3 April 2017

5
32
29 January 2018
21 March 2018

6

2019
2019

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text: During the first season, four female contestants were matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples (Michael & Roni, Clare & Lachlan) met and wed. In the second episode, another two couples (Zoe & Alex, Michelle & James) did the same. They all embarked on married life together for the rest of the season.[8] In the fourth episode, all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences.

text: Couples[edit]

text:
#
Couple
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Final Decision
Status

1
Lachlan McAleer
36
Sydney, New South Wales
Farmer
Yes
Separated

Clare Tamas
37
Sydney, New South Wales
Marketing Manager

2
Roni Azzopardi
32
Melbourne, Victoria
Payroll Manager
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Michael O'Dea
31
Melbourne, Victoria
Event Manager

3
Zoe Hendrix
25
Melbourne, Victoria
Digital Marketing Executive
Yes
Separated

Alex Garner
29
Melbourne, Victoria
Plumber

4
Michelle Worsley
34
Sydney, New South Wales
Communications Manager
Yes
Separated

James Webster
36
Sydney, New South Wales
Sign Writer

text: Lachlan & Clare[edit]

text: Lachlan and Clare met and wed in Sydney in the show's first episode. Despite their decision to continue their relationship at the end of the season, Lachlan and Clare revealed they had split but remain good friends.[9] The Nine Network announced on 26 June 2015, that Lachlan would participate in the networks upcoming revival of The Farmer Wants a Wife.[10]

text: Roni & Michael[edit]

text: Roni and Michael met and wed in Melbourne in the show's first episode. By the fifth episode, Roni and Michael found that their relationship was not working for them and they mutually decided to split.[11]

text: Zoe & Alex[edit]

text: Zoe and Alex met and wed in Melbourne in the show's second episode. Following the conclusion of the season, Zoe and Alex are the only couple currently still together. In March 2016, Zoe and Alex revealed that they are planning to get married legally.[12] After suffering a miscarriage in June 2015,[9] Zoe and Alex revealed that they were expecting their first child in October 2016.[13] On November 14, 2016, Zoe gave birth to their baby girl named Harper-Rose Garner.On April 17th 2018, Zoe announced via Instagram her and Alex had sadly split up.[citation needed]

text: James & Michelle[edit]

text: James and Michelle met and wed in Sydney in the show's second episode. In early June 2015, news reports revealed that James and Michelle had split, with Michelle having remarried to a former boyfriend.[14] It was revealed that the two are no longer in contact with each other.[9]

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text: After airing only one episode, the Nine Network on 19 May 2015, announced that the series had been renewed for a second season which aired on 4 April 2016.[15] During the second season, four female contestants are matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples (Erin & Bryce, Christie & Mark) meet and wed. In the second episode, another two couples (Clare & Jono, Simone & Xavier) do the same. They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series. In the fifth episode, all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences.

text: Couples[edit]

text:
#
Couple
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Final Decision
Status

1
Erin Bateman
26
Melbourne, Victoria
Retail Manager
Yes
Currently Together

Bryce Mohr
31
Melbourne, Victoria
Business Analyst

2
Christie Jordee
39
Sydney, New South Wales
Business Owner
Yes
Separated

Mark Hughes
36
Gippsland, Victoria
Farmer

3
Clare Verrall
32
Melbourne, Victoria
Recruitment Consultant
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Jono Pitman
28
Melbourne, Victoria
Tradie

4
Simone Lee Brennan
29
Sydney, New South Wales
Make-Up Artist
No
Separated

Xavier Forsberg
26
Sydney, New South Wales
Sales Manager

text: Erin & Bryce[edit]

text: Erin and Bryce met and wed in Melbourne in the show's first episode. In the final episode, they both decided to stay together. They are the only couple currently still together.[16] Since the show ended Erin has started her own fashion label called Boy Is Mine[17] and is writing a fashion lifestyle blog, erinbateman.com.[18]

text: Christie & Mark[edit]

text: Christie and Mark met and wed in Sydney in the show's first episode. In the final episode, they both decided to stay together. On 15 June 2016, they announced that they had split up.[18]

text: Clare & Jono[edit]

text: Clare and Jono met and wed in Melbourne in the show's second episode and quickly became the season's most controversial couple. By the fifth episode, Clare decided that their relationship was not working as she felt 'uncomfortable' with Jono's constant aggressive outbursts and she decided to end the relationship prior to the couple's dinner.[19] After the show it was revealed by investigative journalist Siobhan Duck of the Herald Sun that Jono Pitman had previously been arrested and charged with assault after a bar brawl and completed a court ordered anger management course. Jono was then matched with Clare Verrall, who had been open about being attacked on the street by a stranger only months prior to filming[20] and suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after the incident. A Nine Network spokesperson confirmed they were aware of Jono Pitman's violent history prior to coupling up the pair.[21][22]

text: Simone & Xavier[edit]

text: Simone and Xavier met and wed in Sydney in the show's second episode. In the final decision, Simone decided to walk away from the relationship and they are now separated.[18]

text: Season 3 (2016)[edit]

text: It was announced in February 2016 that show should would return with two seasons, season two & three, there will be a bold casting move this season. This season will be the first to include five couples & is set to include the series' first ever same-sex male couple.[5] During the third season, four female contestants are matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner & for the first time a male contestant is matched with his 'perfect' male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples (Keller & Nicole, Mark & Monica) met and wed. In the second episode, another two couples (Jess & Dave, Bella & Michael) did the same. In the third episode, one more couple (Craig & Andy) were wed. They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series. In the sixth episode, all couples (bar one) meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences.[23]

text: Couples[edit]

text:
#
Couple
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Final Decision
Status

1
Craig Keller
26
Brisbane, Queensland
Mechanical Fitter
Yes
Separated

Nicole Heir
28
Gold Coast, Queensland
Teacher

2
Mark Ellam
30
Sydney, New South Wales
Firefighter
Yes
Separated

Monica Vanderkley
28
Sydney, New South Wales
Project Manager

3
Jess Wardrop
31
Sydney, New South Wales
Bank Officer
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Dave Crisp
28
Melbourne, Victoria
Account Manager

4
Bella Frizza
30
Gold Coast, Queensland
Radio Announcer
Yes
Separated

Michael Hughes
32
Brisbane, Queensland
Fashion Accessories Designer

5
Craig Roach
41
Gold Coast, Queensland
Hairdresser
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Andy Ankers
41
Sydney, New South Wales
Global Account Director

text: Keller & Nicole[edit]

text: Keller and Nicole met and wed in Brisbane in the show's first episode. In the final episode, they both decided to stay together.[24] Since filming, the couple have called it quits.[25]

text: Mark & Monica[edit]

text: Mark and Monica met and wed in Sydney in the show's first episode. In the final episode, they decided to stay in the relationship.[24] Since filming, the couple have decided to break up.[25]

text: Jess & Dave[edit]

text: Jess and Dave met and wed in Sydney in the show's second episode. In the fifth episode, Dave felt their relationship was going nowhere so they broke up.[26]

text: Bella & Michael[edit]

text: Bella and Michael met and wed in Brisbane in the show's second episode. In the final episode, they both agreed to stay together.[24] Since filming, the couple had decided to split up.[25]

text: Craig & Andy[edit]

text: Craig and Andy met and wed in New Zealand in the show's third episode. In the fifth episode, Craig decided to walk away from the relationship during the honeymoon, due to a lack of intimacy.[27]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text: It was announced on 12 September 2016 the season would return in 2017 with an extended series which saw 10 couples being wed.[28] During the fourth season, 10 female contestants were matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts.[29] In the first episode, two couples (Cheryl & Jonathan, Susan & Sean) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne. In the second episode, another two couples (Scarlett & Michael, Nadia & Anthony) met and wed in Sydney. In the third episode, two more couples (Alene & Simon, Vanessa & Andy) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne respectively. In the fourth episode, another two couples (Lauren & Andrew, Deborah & John) met and wed in Sydney. In the fifth episode, the final two couples at the same time (Michelle & Jesse, Sharon & Nick) met and wed in Perth.

text: Couples[edit]

text:
#
Couple
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Final Decision
Status

1
Jonathan Troughton
30
Brisbane, Queensland
Entrepreneur
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Cheryl Maitland
25
Gold Coast, Queensland
Hair Salon Assistant

2
Sean Hollands
35
Maryborough, Queensland
Farmer
No
Separated

Susan Rawlings
37
Perth, Western Australia
Mining Truck Driver

3
Michael Tomic
30
Perth, Western Australia
Data Entry Clerk/Stripper
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Scarlett Cooper
30
Sydney, New South Wales
Aspiring Author

4
Nadia Stamp
36
Brisbane, Queensland
Flight Attendant/Model
No
Separated

Anthony Manton
33
Sydney, New South Wales
Racing Broadcaster

5
Simon McQuillan
36
Ipswich, Queensland
Business Owner
Yes
Separated

Alene Khatcherian
31
Sydney, New South Wales
Registered Nurse

6
Andy Hills
30
Gold Coast, Queensland
Aerodrome Plant Operator
No
Separated

Vanessa Belvedere
31
Melbourne, Victoria
Student

7
Lauren Bran
33
Sydney, New South Wales
Automotive Aftermarket Sales
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Andrew Jones
38
Perth, Western Australia
Firefighter

8
John Robertson
53
Melbourne, Victoria
Business Owner
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Deborah Brosnan
53
Sunshine Coast, Queensland
Ex Model

9
Michelle Marsh
31
Perth, Western Australia
Commercial Cleaner
No
Separated

Jesse Konstantinoff
31
Adelaide, South Australia
Retailer

10
Sharon Marsh
31
Perth, Western Australia
Business Owner
Yes
Separated

Nick Furphy
30
Melbourne, Victoria
Carpenter

11
Cheryl Maitland
25
Gold Coast, Queensland
Hair Salon Assistant
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Andrew Jones
38
Perth, Western Australia
Firefighter

text: Jonathan & Cheryl[edit]

text: Despite having a good start, Jonathan and Cheryl began to develop cracks during their honeymoon in New Zealand. These cracks further deepened at the dinner party which resulted in Jonathan exchanging numbers with Scarlett and the duo spent the night texting. At the first commitment ceremony, Cheryl claimed she didn't wish to continue with Jonathan as "he seemed more interested in someone else". The duo called it quits at the commitment ceremony. Jonathan is now dating someone else.

text: Sean & Susan[edit]

text: Sean and Susan broke up but decided to "stay friends" citing the fact that they lived too far away from one another and Susan could not live on Sean's farm.[30] Since the show ended, Susan has not spoken to Sean and is said to be quite upset with the way the producers portrayed her.

text: Michael & Scarlett[edit]

text: Things started unraveling for the couple when Michael told Scarlett that he would not move to meet her halfway between their current states due to the fact that he was "established" and he thought that because she was less tied down so she could move to him. From that point they really only saw each other as friends and nothing really was going to happen as Scarlett was not Michael's dream girl. After the first commitment ceremony, the couple decided to go different ways and later that night it came out that Scarlett and Jonathan (Cheryl's husband) had sent text messages to each other for hours the night before.

text: Nadia & Anthony[edit]

text: As of the last Commitment Ceremony, they decided to stay together and Anthony said that Nadia would have to move in order for him to provide for them both as he was in a "niche market". Nadia turned up to the reunion dinner alone, and when asked where Anthony was she confided that he had dumped her the day after filming had stopped saying that "his feelings weren't progressing"

text: Simon & Alene[edit]

text: As of the Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they had both decided to stay and said that they told everyone that they had feelings for each other. They had decided to stay committed to each other after the experiment. They have since separated.

text: Andy & Vanessa[edit]

text: The Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they decided to stay, though the fact that they may have to do long distance for a while before they decides what happens may cause contention in the long run. Even though the difference in communication made it hard the couple have decided to stay together after the experiment. Andy and Vanessa broke up because of the difference in communication styles.

text: Lauren & Andrew[edit]

text: On the wedding night Lauren disappeared leaving Andrew unaware of her whereabouts. After a confrontation meeting, Lauren said she wanted to try again, but Andrew decided that he did not wish to continue the experiment with Lauren.[31] Andrew has since re-entered the experiment with Hair Salon Manager Cheryl. A friend of Lauren's has since done an interview in which she said the reason that Lauren ran away is because when she went out to a club with Andrew he started abusing a bouncer who wouldn't let them in because it was past 1am.

text: John & Deborah[edit]

text: After meeting and Deborah's initial disappointment that John was not a Polynesian man or someone with culture, John and Deborah seemed to get on each other's nerves because John was simply everything she hated. During the honeymoon in Samoa they ended up sleeping in separate beds, and John removed his wedding ring which caused further tension between them. At the commitment ceremony Deborah wanted to give it another crack and so they ended up staying, but the next day John left the experiment saying "They wouldn't be anything but friends and that's not what he was there for".

text: Michelle & Jesse[edit]

text: As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they are still together, despite Michelle's doubt on whether she sees Jesse more as a friend than her husband. In their Vow Renewal ceremony, Jesse told Michelle he wants to stay in the relationship but Michelle reveals to him that she wants him in her life forever, but not as her partner, they are now broken up.[32]

text: Sharon & Nick[edit]

text: As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they have decided to stay, Nick even going so far as to say "That he would go where as long as Sharon was by his side". Although the original plan was for Nick to move to Perth because of Sharon's cleaning business, Nick got news that his father has a medical condition so he is unable to leave his family as they would need his help. They have since broken up. Nick has renewed his membership at the strip club.

text: Cheryl & Andrew[edit]

text: After Cheryl left the experiment after the Jonathan & Scarlett texting scandal, she spoke to the experts and ask if they could set up a date between Andrew and herself. They went on two dates before they deciding that they would re-enter the experiment together as an unmarried couple, this caused controversy around the table at the dinner party as she was at the dinner the week prior with Jonathan. Even though the couple originally had some sparks, they were thrown into the deep end of the experiment having to jump right into the home stays, tensions started to rise when Andrew met Cheryl's abrasive father for the first time and it didn't go well, Andrew feeling like Cheryl didn't have his back enough against her bullying dad. Andrew chose to leave while Cheryl chose to stay to see if the relationship could be salvaged.

text: When the couples all had a family get together the couple was put into an intense boot camp to see if John the expert could overhaul the bond that they had. They decided to give it another go, but when the boys and girls night came about Andrew spent most of the night bagging out and putting down Cheryl even going as far to say that his runaway bride, Lauren, "was way more fun". Some of the boys took offense to this, namely Sean and Simon, and even silently Andy. Sean and Susan told Cheryl about it the next day but when Cheryl confronted Andrew about it he got snarky and condescending even going so far to start mimicking Cheryl. Andrew and Cheryl chose to leave the experiment at the Final Commitment Ceremony after the video of the boys night was aired to the girls.

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text: In February 2017, the season was renewed for a fifth season which aired on January 29, 2018.[33] On 11 October 2017, the fifth season was officially confirmed at Nine’s upfronts and again will include 11 couples like the previous season. During the fifth season, 11 female contestants are matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, the first two couples (Tracey & Dean, Sarah & Telv) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne.[34] In the second episode, another two couples (Jo & Sean, Alycia & Mat) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne.[35] In the third episode, two more couples (Davina & Ryan, Charlene & Patrick) met and wed in Warrawong and Melbourne.[36] In the fifth episode, two more couples (Ashley & Troy, Melissa & John) met and wed in Gold Coast and Melbourne.[37] In the sixth episode, another two couples (Gabrielle & Nasser, Carly & Justin) met and wed in Sydney.[38] In the seventh episode, the final couple (Blair & Sean) met and wed in Sydney.[39]

text: Couples[edit]

text:
#
Couple
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Final Decision
Status

1
Sarah Roza
38
Melbourne, Victoria
Beauty Specialist
Yes
Separated

Telv Williams
33
Perth, Western Australia
Machinery Technician

2
Dean Wells
39
Sydney, New South Wales
Executive Creative Director
No
Separated

Tracey Jewel
34
Perth, Western Australia
Marketing Consultant

3
Mathew Lockett
32
Melbourne, Victoria
Plumber
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Alycia Galbraith
29
Adelaide, South Australia
Student

4
Jo McPharlin
39
Adelaide, South Australia
Single Mother
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Sean Donnelly
39
Adelaide, South Australia
Pub Manager

5
Davina Rankin
26
Brisbane, Queensland
Personal Trainer/Bikini Model
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Ryan Gallagher
29
Sydney, New South Wales
Tradesman

6
Charlene Perera
33
Melbourne, Victoria
Brand Manager
Yes
Separated

Patrick Miller
34
Melbourne, Victoria
Operations Manager

7
Melissa Walsh
53
Mornington Peninsula, Victoria
Journalist
Yes
Separated

John Robertson
54
Melbourne, Victoria
Business Owner

8
Troy Delmege
35
Sydney, New South Wales
IT Accounts Manager
No
Separated

Ashley Airvin
28
Brisbane, Queensland
Flight Attendant

9
Gabrielle Bartlett
44
Sydney, New South Wales
Marketing Coordinator/Plus Size Model
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Nasser Sultan
50
Sydney, New South Wales
Fitness Instructor

10
Justin Fischer
41
Sydney, New South Wales
Entrepreneur
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Carly Bowyer
32
Melbourne, Victoria
Marketing Manager

11
Sean Thomsen
34
Perth, Western Australia
Railway Technician
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Blair Rachel
31
Sydney, New South Wales
Executive Assistant

text: Sarah & Telv[edit]

text: As of the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together but are now separated.

text: Dean & Tracey[edit]

text: In the first commitment ceremony, Dean chose to leave (which blindsided Tracey), while Tracey decided to stay, meaning that they had to stay another week. When they had a second week he stepped up, but at the same time he started a secret flirtationship with Davina. At the dinner party, Dean hooked up with Davina, and at the end of the night Dean and Tracey decided to be intimate. Dean confessed that he had a thing with Davina and that he wanted to make it work with Tracey. As of the fifth commitment ceremony, they are still together. When it came to the vow renewal, Dean said yes and said that he was falling in love with Tracey, but a bomb was dropped when Tracey said that she could not get past the betrayal and hurt at the first two weeks of the experiment. She ultimately said no, leaving Dean gobsmacked at the 'altar'.

text: Mat & Alycia[edit]

text: They have left the experiment between the first and second commitment ceremonies.

text: Jo & Sean D[edit]

text: Jo and Sean met in the second episode of the weddings and from the start, Sean wasn't very interested. When the first commitment ceremony came about Jo decided to stay while Sean decided to leave so they had to stay. Even though Jo tried Sean had no communication. As of the second commitment, they have both decided to leave.

text: Davina & Ryan[edit]

text: Between the first and second commitment ceremonies, Davina started a secret flirtationship with Dean. At the dinner party, Davina hooked up with Dean, leading her to write leave at the second commitment ceremony. Ryan had written stay, so the couple had to stay another week. As of the third commitment ceremony Davina and Ryan have called it quits after the shock of Davina's cheating scandal.

text: Charlene & Patrick[edit]

text: At their final decision they stated that they would stay together and are still currently together to common knowledge. In March 2018, the couple announced they had split up.[40]

text: Melissa & John[edit]

text: As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment. At the Dinner Party, Melissa had to leave early due to her daughter being in labour, and as of the Commitment Ceremony there was still no baby so John was flying solo. From the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together and Melissa's daughter had welcomed a baby into the world.

text: Troy & Ashley[edit]

text: As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment. However at the altar both Ashley and Troy said the relationship wasn't working out.

text: Gabrielle & Nasser[edit]

text: As of the third commitment ceremony, Gabrielle decided to leave due to a lack of intimacy past the friend stage. Nasser decided to stay, and they came to an impasse at the end meaning that Nasser had a week to turn around. On the wife homestay, Gabrielle rented a apartment so that she wouldn't bring a strange man around her daughter. On the first night the bed broke and Nasser wanted to leave, but he stayed until they got into an argument and he left refusing to meet Gabrielle's friends who were on their way over for drinks and a chat. They finally left in the fifth ceremony, they were at peace with everything that went on

text: Justin & Carly[edit]

text: As of the second commitment ceremony Carly decided to leave where as Justin decided to stay, so they have to stay for another week. As of the third commitment ceremony, they have decided to stay even though they only spent three days at the homestay. After the blow up at the dinner party, Carly got fed up with Justin's lack of trying. They have decided to split up. A few weeks after the experiment she entered a relationship with Troy who originally married Ashley.

text: Sean T & Blair[edit]

text: They both choose to stay at the second commitment ceremony, but during the grooms home-stay, Sean revealed he had no feelings for Blair. He chose to leave at the third commitment ceremony, while Blair wanted to stay. Although obligated to work it out over the next week, Sean refused to go on Blair's home stay, essentially ending their relationship. Sean is now in a relationship with Tracey who was in the experiment with Dean.

text: Season 6 (2019)[edit]

text: Viewership[edit]

text: Season ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Preliminary
Consolidated

Season premiere
Season finale
Average viewers
Average rank
Average viewers
Average rank

1
6
18 May 2015
22 June 2015
1.115
#4
1.195
#3

2
7
4 April 2016
27 April 2016
0.915
#7
0.999
#6

3
8
29 August 2016
13 September 2016
0.880
#7
0.970
#5

4
29
30 January 2017
3 April 2017
1.081
#3
1.186
#2

5
32
29 January 2018
21 March 2018
1.223
#1
1.328
#1

6

2019
2019

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
18 May 2015
1,134,000
5
65,000
2
1,199,000
[41][42]

2
Episode 2
25 May 2015
1,103,000
4
77,000
2
1,180,000
[43][44]

3
Episode 3
1 June 2015
1,116,000
3
84,000
3
1,200,000
[45][46]

4
Episode 4
8 June 2015
971,000
7
99,000
6
1,070,000
[47][48]

5
Episode 5
15 June 2015
1,079,000
3
85,000
2
1,164,000
[49][50]

6
Episode 6
22 June 2015
1,290,000
1
71,000
1
1,361,000
[51][52]

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
4 April 2016
771,000
13
86,000
9
857,000
[53][54]

2
Episode 2
5 April 2016
905,000
6
91,000
5
996,000
[55][56]

3
Episode 3
11 April 2016
874,000
8
62,000
7
936,000
[57][58]

4
Episode 4
12 April 2016
880,000
8
85,000
6
965,000
[59][60]

5
Episode 5
18 April 2016
899,000
6
122,000
7
1,021,000
[61][62]

6
Episode 6
19 April 2016
831,000
9
93,000
8
924,000
[63][64]

7
Finale
27 April 2016
1,048,000
4
66,000
2
1,114,000
[65][66]

7
Finale - Follow Up
27 April 2016
1,110,000
1
66,000
1
1,176,000
[65][66]

text: Season 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
29 August 2016
805,000
11
74,000
7
879,000
[67][68]

2
Episode 2
30 August 2016
810,000
7
60,000
7
870,000
[69][70]

3
Episode 3
31 August 2016
788,000
9
79,000
7
867,000
[71][72]

4
Episode 4
5 September 2016
843,000
8
97,000
6
940,000
[73][74]

5
Episode 5
6 September 2016
919,000
5
93,000
4
1,012,000
[75][76]

6
Episode 6
7 September 2016
974,000
2
117,000
1
1,091,000
[77][78]

7
Episode 7
12 September 2016
814,000
9
100,000
8
914,000
[79][80]

8
Episode 8
13 September 2016
1,083,000
3
101,000
1
1,184,000
[81][82]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
30 January 2017
820,000
10
84,000
9
904,000
[83][84]

2
Episode 2
31 January 2017
927,000
5
79,000
5
1,006,000
[85][86]

3
Episode 3
1 February 2017
824,000
6
75,000
5
899,000
[87][88]

4
Episode 4
5 February 2017
909,000
4
90,000
4
999,000
[89][90]

5
Episode 5
6 February 2017
893,000
6
100,000
6
993,000
[91][92]

6
Episode 6
7 February 2017
920,000
6
96,000
2
1,016,000
[93][94]

7
Episode 7
8 February 2017
905,000
6
112,000
3
1,017,000
[95][96]

8
Episode 8
12 February 2017
1,064,000
3
103,000
2
1,167,000
[97][98]

9
Episode 9
13 February 2017
1,107,000
2
108,000
2
1,215,000
[99][100]

10
Episode 10
14 February 2017
1,024,000
1
119,000
2
1,143,000
[101][102]

11
Episode 11
20 February 2017
1,096,000
2
96,000
2
1,192,000
[103][104]

12
Episode 12
21 February 2017
1,062,000
2
152,000
2
1,214,000
[105][106]

13
Episode 13
26 February 2017
1,113,000
1
129,000
1
1,242,000
[107][108]

14
Episode 14
27 February 2017
1,101,000
2
123,000
1
1,224,000
[109][110]

15
Episode 15
28 February 2017
1,092,000
1
144,000
1
1,236,000
[111][112]

16
Episode 16
5 March 2017
1,170,000
1
86,000
1
1,256,000
[113][114]

17
Episode 17
6 March 2017
1,099,000
1
101,000
1
1,200,000
[115][116]

18
Episode 18
7 March 2017
1,122,000
1
117,000
1
1,239,000
[117][118]

19
Episode 19
12 March 2017
1,160,000
1
91,000
1
1,251,000
[119][120]

20
Episode 20
13 March 2017
1,060,000
1
103,000
1
1,163,000
[121][122]

21
Episode 21
14 March 2017
1,148,000
1
104,000
1
1,252,000
[123][124]

22
Episode 22
19 March 2017
1,190,000
1
102,000
1
1,292,000
[125][126]

23
Episode 23
20 March 2017
1,239,000
1
108,000
1
1,347,000
[127][128]

24
Episode 24
21 March 2017
1,194,000
1
93,000
1
1,287,000
[129][130]

25
Episode 25
26 March 2017
1,157,000
1
72,000
1
1,229,000
[131][132]

26
Episode 26
27 March 2017
1,163,000
2
137,000
2
1,300,000
[133][134]

27
Episode 27
28 March 2017
1,034,000
5
112,000
2
1,146,000
[135][136]

28
Finale - Part 1
2 April 2017
1,379,000
1
98,000
1
1,477,000
[137][138]

29
Finale - Part 2
3 April 2017
1,389,000
1
107,000
1
1,496,000
[139][140]

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
29 January 2018
912,000
7
102,000
5
1,014,000
[141][142]

2
Episode 2
30 January 2018
907,000
5
101,000
4
1,008,000
[143][144]

3
Episode 3
31 January 2018
929,000
4
81,000
2
1,010,000
[145][146]

4
Episode 4
1 February 2018
995,000
1
96,000
1
1,091,000
[147][148]

5
Episode 5
4 February 2018
835,000
5
102,000
4
937,000
[149][150]

6
Episode 6
5 February 2018
879,000
6
101,000
4
978,000
[151][152]

7
Episode 7
6 February 2018
899,000
7
130,000
3
1,029,000
[153][154]

8
Episode 8
8 February 2018
938,000
1
124,000
1
1,062,000
[155][156]

9
Episode 9
11 February 2018
1,163,000
1
76,000
2
1,239,000
[157][158]

10
Episode 10
12 February 2018
1,158,000
1
89,000
2
1,247,000
[159][160]

11
Episode 11
13 February 2018
1,057,000
1
91,000
2
1,148,000
[161][162]

12
Episode 12
14 February 2018
1,133,000
1
107,000
1
1,240,000
[163][164]

13
Episode 13
18 February 2018
1,351,000
1
101,000
1
1,452,000
[165][166]

14
Episode 14
19 February 2018
1,296,000
1
104,000
1
1,400,000
[167][168]

15
Episode 15
20 February 2018
1,233,000
1
104,000
1
1,337,000
[169][170]

16
Episode 16
21 February 2018
1,341,000
1
132,000
1
1,473,000
[171][172]

17
Episode 17
25 February 2018
1,536,000
1
92,000
1
1,628,000
[173][174]

18
Episode 18
26 February 2018
1,325,000
1
107,000
1
1,432,000
[175][176]

19
Episode 19
27 February 2018
1,253,000
1
102,000
1
1,355,000
[177][178]

20
Episode 20
28 February 2018
1,315,000
1
127,000
1
1,442,000
[179][180]

21
Episode 21
4 March 2018
1,535,000
1
108,000
1
1,643,000
[181][182]

22
Episode 22
5 March 2018
1,271,000
1
98,000
1
1,369,000
[183][184]

23
Episode 23
6 March 2018
1,267,000
1
119,000
1
1,386,000
[185][186]

24
Episode 24
7 March 2018
1,260,000
1
112,000
1
1,372,000
[187][188]

25
Episode 25
11 March 2018
1,342,000
1
107,000
1
1,429,000
[189][190]

26
Episode 26
12 March 2018
1,256,000
1
102,000
1
1,358,000
[191][192]

27
Episode 27
13 March 2017
1,230,000
1
103,000
1
1,333,000
[193][194]

28
Episode 28
14 March 2018
1,188,000
1
132,000
1
1,320,000
[195][196]

29
Episode 29
18 March 2018
1,446,000
1
76,000
1
1,522,000
[197][198]

30
Episode 30
19 March 2018
1,525,000
1
78,000
1
1,603,000
[199][200]

31
Finale - Part 1
20 March 2018
1,623,000
1
127,000
1
1,750,000
[201][202]

32
Finale - Part 2
21 March 2018
1,753,000
1
136,000
1
1,889,000
[203][204]

text: Season 6 (2019)[edit]

text: Controversy and legality[edit]

text: Before the first season went to air, an online petition calling for the series to be axed attracted over 15,000 signatures.[205]

text: There was also criticism that, unlike the original Danish series, such marriages would not be legal under Australian law. Channel 9 admitted that participants would not actually marry. A spokesman said "In order to comply with the Australian Marriage Act (1961) which requires one month and one day notification, a marriage in law was not conducted. Each participant embarked on a commitment ceremony with a wedding celebrant with all due intention to commit fully to this union for the duration of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, they are given the option to continue with the relationship or go their separate ways".[205]

text: Second season participant Simone Lee Brennan described the program as "never [being] portrayed to its full authenticity," suggesting the man she had been paired with, Xavier Forsberg, had been recruited by producers and was seeking a sports-presenting role, rather than an applicant also looking for a relationship.[206]