document_title: Greg James (radio show)

question_text: what is the name of greg james going home song

text: Greg James (radio show)

text: History[edit]

text: After joining BBC Radio 1 in June 2007 and presenting the early breakfast show from October 2007, on 21 September 2009, a new schedule was launched on Radio 1, and it was announced that James would move to an Early Afternoon slot; 1pm to 4pm - replacing Edith Bowman, who moved to the weekend breakfast slot. It was in this early afternoon slot that the majority of the features in the current show were formed.[3][4][5] His early breakfast show was taken over by Dev.

text: It was announced on 28 February 2012 that James and Scott Mills would swap shows as of 2 April 2012. James currently hosts the 'drive time' show (4–7pm) weekdays, while Mills took over the weekdays 'early afternoon' show (1–4pm).[6]

text: James's drivetime show was initially produced by Laura Sayers (known as Headmistress Laura), with Sarah Underwood, and later Pippa Taylor as Assistant Producer. After Sayers left the show to go on maternity leave, she was replaced by Taylor, and new Assistant Producer Travis Walby joined. James is joined regularly by newsreader Chris Smith (referred to as Chris Smith With The News), who takes part in a number of segments during the show, when he is free of Newsbeat duties. There used to be a daily handover at 19:00 with Zane Lowe, prior to his departure from Radio 1. This tradition ended when Annie Mac took over Zane's show. Dev is the regular cover, who would also involve Smith, Taylor and Walby in the discussions, and continue some of the regular features. In June 2015, Taylor and Walby left the show; Taylor to eventually work on The Chris Moyles Show on Radio X, Walby to produce the weekend shows. Their final show was on 5 June 2015. Ian Chaloner took over producing, with Jenny Keough as assistant producer.[7] It was at this point that Chris Smith's involvement in the show was reduced somewhat, with him no longer participating in links and features between 4:30 and 5:45, including Nerd Alerts and Rage Against the Answer Machine, or regularly speaking to Greg after the news. He now appears only between 6:10 and 6:30 on certain days.

text: The show has over five million listeners, and won a Sony Radio Academy Award in 2014 for 'Best Entertainment Programme'. It won silver the year before. It won the Gold for Best Entertainment Production at the ARIAS 2016.

text: From 10 December 2012 for a week, James hosted his show from the BFBS Radio Studio in Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. Whilst in Camp Bastion, James met with a large number of troops and invited some personnel to 'shout-out' to their family and friends, and also invited celebrities to read out messages from the families of serving soldiers from the BBC Radio 1 studios in London.[8]

text: In the week leading up to T In the Park, Greg often takes the show to Scotland to take part in activities there. In 2012 and 2013, this was 'Sofa Surfing', where Greg would stay with listeners and take part in activities chosen by them. In 2014, he put on G In the Park, a mini-music festival from the BBC in Glasgow, with tents where he and several listeners would sleep, and music acts would play on a stage. Every night was live streamed online, on Radio 1's website and on YouTube..

text: On 24 October 2013, the first episode of the That's What He Said Podcast was released, featuring Greg and newsreader Chris Smith chatting about what happened on his radio show over the previous week, and playing out the highlights. This has performed well on the iTunes podcast chart.[citation needed]

text: In March 2015, following changes to the global release day for singles, Radio 1 announced its own changes to the Official Chart Show. From July 2015, it will move to Friday afternoons, between 16:00 and 17:45, integrating into James' current show, with James as host.[9]

text: In February 2015, Greg took part in the Gregathlon for Comic Relief, in which he completed five triathlons in five days in five cities.[10] This was whilst still doing the show every day at 4pm from the city he had done the triathlon in. During this week, Alice Levine co-hosted the programme from the location.

text: Features[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text:
Big Thursday Guest - A high-profile celebrity guest will come on the show on a Thursday.
Film Reviews - Radio 1 Movie Critic Ali Plumb, and previously Rhiannna Dhillon, review the latest releases in the cinema every Thursday.
The Going Home Song - A song sung every day (except Fridays due to the Official Chart) at 16:10, with three people who are going home singing to the tune of Nut Rocker by B. Bumble and the Stingers. It is often themed, for people with specific characteristics. The feature has created some controversy on Rage Against the Answer Machine, with some saying 16:10 is too early for people to be going home, to which Greg responds that they cannot do lots of different Going Home Songs throughout the whole show. In May 2016, singer Craig David recorded his own version of the Going Home Song.[11]
Rage Against the Answer Machine - People call a special phone number (03703 333 433) to rant about things that annoy them, which Greg and a guest (usually a fellow Radio 1 DJ, including the likes of Clara Amfo, Alice Levine, Annie Mac, Huw Stephens, Scott Mills, Chris Stark and Charlie Sloth) then go through on a Wednesday. This feature has created a number of running gags, including "I can't do a survey if it's not in the right place, Simon". Messages are often started by saying, "Do you know what really (somethings) my (something else commonly associated with something). This feature began in early 2013, and uses the song Killing In The Name by Rage Against the Machine. It used to be hosted every week by Greg and Chris Smith, but this changed to a rotation of DJs in mid-2015.
The Mayor of Where - Long running feature that began in early 2014. Greg and Chris get a mayor on the phone, and ask them five questions in order to ascertain their 'mayorabouts' and guess what town they are the mayor of. This used to happen on a Thursday, but was moved to Wednesday to create time on Thursday's show for the fired Apprentice candidates, and was never returned to its original slot. When the mayor is Scottish, the feature is renamed "The Provost of Wovost", and when a mayor is unavailable, the feature is replaced with "The Claire of Where", "The Clown From Which Town" or in December 2016, "The Dame From The Town Of What Name" when Greg and Chris had to guess which town a pantomime dame was performing in.
Pun Pong - Greg and a caller compete to come up with the most puns on a given topic. The topic is revealed, after which they have the duration of one song to come up with the puns and must deliver them in a quickfire alternating style. Producer Ian is known as the "Indipundant adjudicator" with the occasions where he is absent filled by assistant producer Jenny. The loser is the first person to run out of puns. The theme tune is the Take Me Out theme. This replaced Star Caller on Mondays.
The Ten Minute Takeover - This feature began on the afternoon show, usually happening daily at about 15:00, and moved to the drivetime show happening straight after Newsbeat at 18:00, Monday to Thursday. Listeners contact the show requesting a song, of which three are chosen, one each from the text, Facebook and Twitter. The following criteria have to be met in order for it to be played: it must not have been played on the show already that day, and it must be in the Radio 1 computer system. This second rule has created much controversy over the years, because songs are regularly not in the system, leading Greg to criticize the 'music police', who delete songs they consider to be too old for the station. The feature is a parody of the former 'Ten Hour Takeover' request feature that used to happen on Bank Holidays.
Wrong 'Uns - Introduced in August 2015, a quiz in which a caller must answer a series of questions incorrectly. Broadcast every Tuesday at 17:10. Producer Ian Chaloner takes the role of 'quiz adjudicator' and gives a score at the end of the quiz, ensuring answers are not repeated or too irrelevant for the question context. Callers are encouraged to beat the previous week's score. This feature replaced Nerd Alerts.
What's My Age Again - Greg and Chris speak to three callers and ask them questions, with the objective of guessing their age. Whoever guesses the closest wins the round, and the winner is decided via the best of three. The theme tune is 'What's My Age Again' by Blink-182.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text: These features don't happen regularly, but reappear from time to time, some more frequently than others.

text:
Rent-A-Greg - A feature where Greg runs random errands for listeners, including driving a listener to the airport at 2:00am and acting as a receptionist in a nail salon. This first aired during the summer of 2016, and returned for the summer of 2017.
Accent or Faccent- This game involves three callers doing accents. Greg, Chris Smith or a guest must ask them three questions after which they must decide which caller(s) is/are doing a real accent (accent), and which are doing a fake accent (faccent). The theme tune is the theme tune to Keeping Up Appearances.
Just What the Doctor Ordered - Chris Smith plays the part of a doctor, who needs certain things. Greg must remember as many as he can. This feature happened only a few times, on the afternoon and drivetime show.
Lady Time (with Greg and Chris) - Ladies call up Greg and Chris to ask for advice about lady problems. Lady Time happens once a month, and the theme is "Lady Time, with Greg and Chris", sung over Jazz Talk by Doug Perkins. This has been done on many occasions with guests on the show, and on one occasion, whilst sitting in, Alice Levine hosted an edition of 'Lad Time'.
Talk 'Til The Cows Come Home - Two callers would compete to talk about a certain subject for as long as possible. Chris Smith With the Moos was the a-moo-dicator, who would sound a cow's moos when he believes they have run out of things to say. It is based loosely around Radio 4 comedy Just a Minute. It began in late 2014.
The Tiny Big Thursday Guest Game - On occasions where a Big Thursday Guest could not be booked, Greg and Chris play this instead. Clips from guests who have been on the show are played out, but at a higher pitch, and a caller must guess who the guest was.
North Star Caller - A variation of 'Star Caller' done at Christmas, where young children get phoned by Santa Claus (played by Chris Smith).
Tiny Celebrity Party - Chris Smith reads a story involving tiny celebrities, and Greg does their voices using a voice changer to make himself more high pitched. Tiny celebrities have included Tiny Gary Barlow, Tiny Hillary Devey, Tiny Fearne Cotton, Tiny Nick Grimshaw, and Tiny Kanye West.
Tiny Kanye's Big Quiz- Tiny Kanye West spawned his own feature. He is the host of his Big Quiz, involving questions given to a caller from him and other Tiny Celebrities.

text: Former[edit]

text:
Ask the Nation - This began on the afternoon show, and continued on the drivetime show until mid-2014, when it was replaced with Nerd Alerts. A listener would call up with a dilemma, to which they would put several options to the nation. Ten calls would then be taken, telling the listener which option to choose, or often creating solutions of their own. It used the theme music to Little Britain.
The Blunder Log - The natural successor to 'Best Bit of the Radio'. It involved Greg playing out clips of mistakes from other radio stations or TV programmes. This feature began on the drivetime show, and happened sporadically. It hasn't featured since early 2013.
Feet Up Friday - This began on the afternoon show. Two teams of listeners would come in and play games, including 'The Yes/No Game' and 'The Square' to win Feet Up Friday. When Greg moved to drivetime, the feature was reinvented so that the two teams make music choices to be played between 17:15 and 17:45, the winning team, that got to play their choices, was chosen by listener vote. This feature ended when The Official Chart occupied the Friday show.
Flash Flash - At the beginning of the Early Breakfast show, Greg would play the piece "In the Mood" by Glenn Miller, whilst singing "flash flash" to the tune and encouraging listeners to flash any lights they had available in time with the music.
Greg's Best Bit of the Radio From Yesterday - A daily feature on the early breakfast and afternoon shows. Greg played out a clip from another radio station that he finds amusing, usually of slip ups. On Monday, this would be Greg's Best Bit of the Radio from Friday.
Nerd Alerts - This feature began in 2014, and happens on a Tuesday. People email in to report inaccuracies (acts of nerder) spotted on TV and Radio, and Greg and Chris go through them and point them out, or at times proving the nerds to wrong. When this happens, Greg will sing the "Up Yours" song. The correspondence often causes passionate discussion amongst the nerds, with each trying to prove the last wrong. Greg has often stated that it is not a nerd hunt, but a celebration of nerds and pedantry. The theme tune is the theme from Star Wars, with Greg and/or Chris singing "Nerd Alerts" over the top. It was quietly dropped in late 2015.
Secret Teacher - This feature ran from September 2012 to early 2013 on Wednesdays. Greg would hear weekly from an anonymous 'secret teacher', in her first term as a newly qualified teacher at a secondary school. She wrote a diary, detailing her embarrassing situations, and often criticized her rival 'Miss Perfect'. The feature ended after people from her school began to discover her identity.
Star Caller - The feature began on the afternoon show, and took place on Monday. A celebrity phones up someone, who has the opportunity to chat to them and ask a question. It was decided in 2015 that people being called were no longer allowed to ask for a follow on Twitter, after people complaining about it on Rage Against the Answer Machine.
The Summer Mix - An hour of upbeat, uninterrupted music mixed together from 6pm until 7pm every day. Broadcast throughout the summer holiday period of 2015, it replaced any other features usually taking place in that slot (such as the Ten Minute Takeover Monday-Thursday and Dance Anthems on a Friday). It returned in the summer of 2016 but in a modified format, so that it was only half an hour and ran from 15:45-16:15, thus only occupying fifteen minutes of Greg's show.

text: One Off[edit]

text: These features may have only appeared once or twice.

text:
Count the Cocks - An audio montage was played out containing clips of cockerels. Greg and Chris had to count them up, with the person with the least accurate answer having to present with a live cockerel called Penny on their head, as can be seen in this video. The theme tune was the words, "all you have to do is count the cocks / count the little cocks", to the tune of 'Old Macdonald Had a Farm'.
Don't Put All Your Gregs In One Basket - This feature involved Chris Smith reading the entertainment news from a cardboard box as a forfeit, and the theme tune was the James Bond theme. It can be heard on the 31st January 2014 podcast.
How's Your Father - Greg gets people on the phone and asks them how their father is. The theme tune is the Thomas the Tank Engine theme.
John Romero Thursdays - Since the 5th May 2016 the Going Home song has been a special recording of accordion player and Britain's Got Talent contestant, John Romero, who played Nut Rocker for his audition on his show. It has become tradition that on Thursdays listeners will text the studio to remind Greg that they don't need participants for Friday's Going Home Song as there is no Going Home Song on a Friday (thanks to The Official Chart), and he kept incorrectly informing them this was the case by mistake.

text: Parody videos[edit]

text: A common way in which James promotes his show is his parody videos, in which he dresses up as popular (often female) pop artists and does ridiculous parodies of their music videos. A popular recreation was of Miley Cyrus' 'Wrecking Ball'. It is one of Radio 1's most viewed YouTube videos.

text: He has also done a version of Kiesza's 'Hideaway' and recently drove Taylor Swift around London while performing a 'lip-sync' video for her new song 'Blank Space'.

text: In 2013, Chris Smith wrote a Christmas parody of the Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams song, Blurred Lines. Called Mulled Wines, and sung by Father Chris Smith and Pharrelf, the video featured celebrities such as Chris Martin, Fearne Cotton, Charlie Sloth, Jamie Oliver, and Jake Bugg. Zane Lowe said that if the song got more than one million views on YouTube, he would play it on his show. The video can be seen here, and the unofficial lyrics video starring Travis Walby can be seen here.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Ceremony
Award
Result

2013
Sony Radio Academy Award
Best Entertainment Programme
Silver[12]

2014
Sony Radio Academy Award
Best Entertainment Programme
Gold[13]

2016
Audio & Radio Industry Awards (ARIAS)
Best Entertainment Production
Gold[14]


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Himachal Pradesh

question_text: who is the ruling party in himachal pradesh

root

text:
Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh(Himachal Pradesh Mukhya Mantri)
IncumbentJai Ram Thakursince 27 December 2017Residence
Oakover, ShimlaAppointer
Governor of Himachal PradeshInaugural holder
Yashwant Singh ParmarFormation
8 March 1952

tag: table

text: The Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh is the chief executive of the north Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]

tag: p

text: Since 1952, five people have been Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh. Three of these belonged to the Indian National Congress party, including inaugural office-holder Yashwant Singh Parmar. After his first term ended in 1956, Himachal Pradesh was made a union territory, and the office of Chief Minister ceased to exist. In 1963, Parmar once again became Chief Minister, and during his reign, in 1971, Himachal regained full statehood. Until March 2015, when he was surpassed by Virbhadra Singh, Parmar was the state's longest-serving chief minister. Since 1993, the chief ministership has changed hands every five years between Virbhadra Singh of the Congress and Prem Kumar Dhumal of the Bharatiya Janata Party. The current incumbent is Jai Ram Thakur of the Bharatiya Janata Party having been sworn in on 27 December 2017.

text: Chief Ministers of Himachal Pradesh[edit]

text:
No[a]

Name

Portrait

Term of office

Party[b]

Days in office

1

Yashwant Singh ParmarMLA for Pachhad

8 March 1952

31 October 1956

Indian National Congress

1699 Days

Office abolished, 1956–63

(1)

Yashwant Singh ParmarMLA for Renuka

1 July 1963

28 January 1977

Indian National Congress

4961 Days [Total 6660 Days]

2

Thakur Ram LalMLA for Jubbal Kotkhai

28 January 1977

30 April 1977

93 Days

–

Vacant[c](President's rule)

30 April 1977

22 June 1977

N/A

3

Shanta KumarMLA for Sullah

–

22 June 1977

14 February 1980

Janata Party

968 Days

(2)

Thakur Ram Lal [2]MLA for Jubbal Kotkhai

14 February 1980

7 April 1983

Indian National Congress

1148 Days [Total 1241 Days]

4

Virbhadra SinghMLA for Jubbal Kotkhai

8 April 1983

8 March 1985

700 Days

8 March 1985

5 March 1990

1824 Days

(3)

Shanta Kumar [2]MLA for Palampur

5 March 1990

15 December 1992

Bharatiya Janata Party

1017 Days [Total 1985 Days]

–

Vacant[c](President's rule)

15 December 1992

3 December 1993

N/A

(4)

Virbhadra Singh [3]MLA for Rohru

3 December 1993

23 March 1998

Indian National Congress

1572 Days

5

Prem Kumar Dhumal [1]MLA for Bamsan

24 March 1998

5 March 2003

Bharatiya Janata Party

1807 Days

(4)

Virbhadra Singh [4]MLA for Rohru

6 March 2003

30 December 2007

Indian National Congress

1761 Days

(5)

Prem Kumar Dhumal [2]MLA for Bamsan

30 December 2007

25 December 2012

Bharatiya Janata Party

1817 Days [Total 3624 Days]

(4)

Virbhadra Singh [5]MLA for Shimla Rural

25 December 2012

27 December 2017

Indian National Congress

1828 Days
[Total 7680 Days]

6

Jai Ram ThakurMLA for Seraj

27 December 2017

Incumbent

Bharatiya Janata Party

212 Days

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.

Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.

^ Jump up to: a b President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[2]

tag: ol

text:
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Himachal Pradesh as well.

Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji. "A dummy's guide to President's rule". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005.


document_title: Fixture (property law)

question_text: the tenant may remove trade fixtures that have been affixed to a building if

text: Fixture (property law)

text: Trade fixtures[edit]

text: An important exception to the usual treatment of fixtures is the category of trade fixtures (often called "chattel" fixtures)—chattels installed by a tenant on leased commercial property specifically for their use in a trade or business. These may always be removed by the tenant, so long as any damage to the structure caused by the removal is repaid or repaired. For example, business signage, display counters, store shelves, liquor bars, and machining equipment are often firmly, if not almost permanently, attached to the building or land. However, they remain personal property and can be removed by the tenant, since they are part of the tenant's business.

text: The economic logic behind this exception for trade fixtures reckons that if tenants could not remove them, then landlords would bear the responsibility of outfitting their tenants with such equipment and materials.

text: By deduction, therefore, a trade fixture is not a fixture at all. Its name is misleading, since a fixture, by definition, is real property that must remain with the real estate when a seller sells it or a tenant leaves her lease. A trade "fixture" is not real property, but personal property of the tenant.

text: The landlord does have some protection. Any damage to the real property caused by the tenant’s removal of trade fixtures must be repaired or paid for by the tenant. If a trade fixture is not removed when the tenant moves out, those trade fixtures become the landlord’s property through the process of accession. For example, if a restaurant goes bankrupt and the owner forgoes his right and the expense of removing all the kitchen equipment, dining booths and other trade fixtures, those trade fixtures become the landlord's property. In this manner, they will no longer be trade fixtures and can actually become regular fixtures, hence real property.

text: Law in Australia[edit]

text: In the absence of agreement between the parties,[3][4] the doctrine of fixtures, subject to statute,[5] operates to resolve contests concerning title to objects.

text: Whether a chattel by its nature,[6][7][8][9] becomes a fixture by virtue of all the circumstances,[10][11][12][13] surrounding their annexation to land,[8][14][15] depends upon (i) the purpose and (ii) degree of annexation.[16][17][18] Semble, it is a mixed question of fact and law,[6][19] to be determined objectively,[4][20][21][22] the subjective intention being a consideration.[7][22][23][24]

text: Intention of annexation[edit]

text: Intention may be ascertained from the annexing party's relation to the land’s possessor,[7] when the chattel’s use is contemplated,[4] not from the party's agreement.[20][25][26] Objects brought onto land by tenants may become fixtures,[5][27] and this fact may be a significant determining factor.[8][28]

text: Purpose of annexation[edit]

text: Since Palumberi v Palumberi,[11] greater emphasis has been directed to the purpose of annexation. Each case depends upon its own facts,[29] however a guiding test,[30] is whether a chattel has been fixed with the intention that it shall remain in position 'permanently or for an indefinite or substantial period',[16] or only for some temporary purpose.[16][31][32]:p 712-3

text: Degree of annexation[edit]

text: Where the object is not resting by its own weight,[7][6][16][33][34] this will raise the rebuttable presumption,[22][35] that the chattel is a fixture.[13][14][15][23] Non-affixed objects may become fixtures especially when they will be used for an extensive period.[36][37][38]

text: Further indicators include whether the object can be detached without substantial damage being caused,[16][39][40][41] whether it was fixed for the better enjoyment of the land,[38][42] or the object itself,[16][25][30][43] the period of time in use and its function,[4] the function served by its annexation,[30] and whether the cost of renewal would exceed the value of the property.[37]

text: Tenant's rights of removal[edit]

text: A tenant's right of removal does not extend to agricultural fixtures at common law.[44] However, under New South Wales legislation, tenants can remove agricultural fixtures in certain circumstances, subject to landlords' statutory rights pertaining to fixtures.[45]

text: In most commercial real estate leases, a tenant has the obligation to restore the leasehold improvements back to a base building condition at the expiry of the lease term.[46]


document_title: BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore

question_text: according to the bmw of north america v. gore case excessive punitive damages violate what

text: BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore

text: Facts[edit]

text: The plaintiff, Dr. Ira Gore, bought a new BMW, and later discovered that the vehicle had been repainted before he bought it. Defendant BMW of North America revealed that their policy was to sell damaged cars as new if the damage could be fixed for less than 3% of the cost of the car. Dr. Gore sued, and an Alabama jury awarded $4,000 in compensatory damages (lost value of the car) and $4 million in punitive damages, which was later reduced to $2 million by the Alabama Supreme Court. The punitive damages resulted not only from Dr. Gore's damages, but from BMW's egregious behavior across a broad spectrum of BMW purchasers over a multi-year period of time in which BMW repaired damaged vehicles and sold them as new to unsuspecting buyers as a matter of routine business operation. {L. Andrew Goggans, M.A.}[1]

text: Issue[edit]

text: Whether excessively high punitive damages violate the Due Process clause of the Constitution.

text: Opinion of the Court[edit]

text: The Court, in an opinion by Justice Stevens, found that the excessively high punitive damages in this case violate the Due Process clause. For punitive damages to stand, the damages must be reasonably necessary to vindicate the State’s legitimate interest in punishment and deterrence. Punitive damages may not be "grossly excessive" - if they are, then they violate substantive due process.

text: The Supreme Court applied three factors in making this determination:

text:
The degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s conduct;
the ratio to the compensatory damages awarded (actual or potential harm inflicted on the plaintiff); and
Comparison of the punitive damages award and civil or criminal penalties that could be imposed for comparable misconduct.

text: Using these factors, the Court found that BMW’s conduct was not particularly reprehensible (no reckless disregard for health or safety, nor even evidence of bad faith). The ratio of actual or potential damages to punitive damages was suspiciously high. Finally, the criminal sanctions available for similar conduct were limited to $2,000, making the $2 million assessment the equivalent of a severe criminal penalty.

text: The Court noted, however, that these three factors can be over-ridden if it is "necessary to deter future conduct."

text: Dissenting opinions were written by Justice Scalia and Justice Ginsburg both contending that the Constitution was not implicated here, raising principles of federalism.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: On remand, the Supreme Court of Alabama ordered a new trial unless plaintiff accepted a remittitur of all but $50,000 of the punitive damages awarded.[2] The court reasoned that it may not have given sufficient weight to the degree of reprehensibility of BMW's conduct, and selected the $50,000 as in the range of other Alabama verdicts in cases of repaired cars being sold as new.

text: Federalism Questions[edit]

text: In an academic article, following the arguments raised by the dissenting justices, Patrick Hubbard has questioned the appropriateness of federal courts reading substantive rights into the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution in order to preempt the role of state courts and legislatures.[3] These same people say the Court should not spend its time as a "super jury," second-guessing jury verdicts, but rather, "[T]he court should be more deferential to state courts and legislatures, and more concerned with developing a coherent framework." [4]


document_title: List of Philadelphia 76ers seasons

question_text: when was the last time sixers made the playoffs

text: List of Philadelphia 76ers seasons

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
League championships
Conference championships
Division titles
Playoff berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards

Syracuse Nationals

1949–50
1949–50
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
51
13
.797
—
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Won Division Finals (Knicks) 2–1
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1950–51
1950–51
NBA
—
—
Eastern
4th
32
34
.485
8
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–2

1951–52
1951–52
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
40
26
.606
—
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1
Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–1

1952–53
1952–53
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
47
24
.662
0.5
Lost Division Semifinals (Celtics) 2–0

1953–54
1953–54
NBA
—
—
Eastern
T-2nd
42
30
.583
2
Won Division Finals (Celtics) 2–0
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–3

1954–55
1954–55
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
43
29
.597
—
Won Division Finals (Celtics) 3–1
Won NBA Finals (Pistons) 4–3

1955–56
1955–56
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
35
37
.486
10
Won Division Semifinals (Celtics) 2–1
Lost Division Finals (Warriors) 3–2

1956–57
1956–57
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
38
34
.528
6
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 3–0

1957–58
1957–58
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
41
31
.569
8
Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1

1958–59
1958–59
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
35
37
.486
17
Won Division Semifinals (Knicks) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3

1959–60
1959–60
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
45
30
.600
14
Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1

1960–61
1960–61
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
38
41
.481
19
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1

1961–62
1961–62
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
41
39
.513
19
Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–2

1962–63
1962–63
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
48
32
.600
10
Lost Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2

Philadelphia 76ers

1963–64
1963–64
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
34
46
.425
25
Lost Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2

1964–65
1964–65
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
40
40
.500
22
Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–1
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3

1965–66
1965–66
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
55
25
.688
—
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)
Dolph Schayes (CoY)

1966–67
1966–67
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
68
13
.840
—
Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–1
Won Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Warriors) 4–2
Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)

1967–68
1967–68
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
62
20
.756
—
Won Division Semifinals (Knicks) 4–2
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)

1968–69
1968–69
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
55
27
.671
2
Lost Division Semifinals (Celtics) 4–1

1969–70
1969–70
NBA
—
—
Eastern
4th
42
40
.512
18
Lost Division Semifinals (Bucks) 4–1

1970–71
1970–71
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic[note 2]
2nd
47
35
.573
5
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bullets) 4–3

1971–72
1971–72
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
3rd
30
52
.366
26
—

1972–73
1972–73
NBA
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
4th
9
73
.110
59
—

1973–74
1973–74
NBA
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
4th
25
57
.305
31
—

1974–75
1974–75
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
4th
34
48
.415
26
—

1975–76
1975–76
NBA
Eastern
4th
Atlantic
2nd
46
36
.561
8
Lost First Round (Braves) 2–1

1976–77
1976–77
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
50
32
.610
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Rockets) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Trail Blazers) 4–2

1977–78
1977–78
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
55
27
.671
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0
Lost Conference Finals (Bullets) 4–2

1978–79
1978–79
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
47
35
.573
7
Won First Round (Nets) 2–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–3

1979–80
1979–80
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
59
23
.720
2
Won First Round (Bullets) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1980–81
1980–81
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
62
20
.756
—
Won First Round (Pacers) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Julius Erving (MVP)

1981–82
1981–82
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
58
24
.707
5
Won First Round (Hawks) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1982–83
1982–83
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
65
17
.793
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0
Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–0
Moses Malone (MVP, FMVP)
Bobby Jones (SMoY)
Julius Erving (JWKC)

1983–84
1983–84
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
52
30
.634
10
Lost First Round (Nets) 3–2

1984–85
1984–85
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
58
24
.707
5
Won First Round (Bullets) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–0
Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1

1985–86
1985–86
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
54
28
.659
13
Won First Round (Bullets) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3

1986–87
1986–87
NBA
Eastern
5th
Atlantic
2nd
45
37
.549
14
Lost First Round (Bucks) 3–2

1987–88
1987–88
NBA
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
4th
36
46
.439
21
—

1988–89
1988–89
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
2nd
46
36
.561
6
Lost First Round (Knicks) 3–0

1989–90
1989–90
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
1st
53
29
.646
—
Won First Round (Cavaliers) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1

1990–91
1990–91
NBA
Eastern
5th
Atlantic
2nd
44
38
.537
12
Won First Round (Bucks) 3–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1

1991–92
1991–92
NBA
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
5th
35
47
.427
16
—

1992–93
1992–93
NBA
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
6th
26
56
.317
34
—
Dana Barros (MIP)

1993–94
1993–94
NBA
Eastern
11th
Atlantic
6th
25
57
.305
32
—

1994–95
1994–95
NBA
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
6th
24
58
.293
33
—

1995–96
1995–96
NBA
Eastern
15th
Atlantic
7th
18
64
.220
42
—

1996–97
1996–97
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
6th
22
60
.268
39
—
Allen Iverson (RoY)

1997–98
1997–98
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
7th
31
51
.378
24
—

1998–99[note 3][7]
1998–99
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
3rd
28
22
.560
5
Won First Round (Magic) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–0

1999–00
1999–00
NBA
Eastern
5th
Atlantic
3rd
49
33
.598
3
Won First Round (Hornets) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–2

2000–01
2000–01
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
56
26
.683
—
Won First Round (Pacers) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Raptors) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–1
Allen Iverson (MVP)
Dikembe Mutombo (DPoY, JWKC)
Aaron McKie (SMoY)
Larry Brown (CoY)

2001–02
2001–02
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
4th
43
39
.524
9
Lost First Round (Celtics) 3–2

2002–03
2002–03
NBA
Eastern
4th
Atlantic
2nd
48
34
.585
1
Won First Round (Hornets) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pistons) 4–2

2003–04
2003–04
NBA
Eastern
11th
Atlantic
5th
33
49
.402
14
—

2004–05
2004–05
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
2nd
43
39
.524
2
Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–1

2005–06
2005–06
NBA
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
2nd
38
44
.463
11
—

2006–07
2006–07
NBA
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
3rd
35
47
.427
12
—

2007–08
2007–08
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
3rd
40
42
.488
26
Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–2

2008–09
2008–09
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
2nd
41
41
.500
21
Lost First Round (Magic) 4–2

2009–10
2009–10
NBA
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
4th
27
55
.329
23
—
Samuel Dalembert (JWKC)

2010–11
2010–11
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
3rd
41
41
.500
15
Lost First Round (Heat) 4–1

2011–12[note 4]
2011–12
NBA
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
3rd
35
31
.530
4
Won First Round (Bulls) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3

2012–13
2012–13
NBA
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
4th
34
48
.415
20
—

2013–14
2013–14
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
5th
19
63
.232
29
—
Michael Carter-Williams (RoY)

2014–15
2014–15
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
4th
18
64
.220
31
—

2015–16
2015–16
NBA
Eastern
15th
Atlantic
5th
10
72
.122
46
—

2016–17
2016–17
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
4th
28
54
.341
25
—

2017–18
2017–18
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
3rd
52
30
.634
7
Won First Round (Heat) 4–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–1

Regular season**
2,754
2,632
.511
47 playoff berths
11 division titles
3 conference titles

Playoffs
217
205
.514
9 Conference Championships
3 NBA Championships

text: *Current Season

text: **Not including current season

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The 1992–93 Dallas Mavericks actually had a point differential of -15.2, and the 2011–12 Bobcats of -13.9, vis-à-vis the 1972–73 76ers -12.1 and 2015–16 76ers -10.2
Jump up ^ The Eastern Division was renamed the Eastern Conference, and split into the Atlantic and Central divisions.
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011, and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 game regular season schedule.

text: Sources[edit]

text:
NBA History, nba.com. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Philadelphia 76ers, basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Playoff Index, basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.


document_title: The Lion King

question_text: who did the voices of the hyenas in lion king

text: The Lion King

text: Plot

text: In the Pride Lands of Africa, a lion rules over the animal kingdom from Pride Rock. King Mufasa's newborn son, Simba, is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki, a mandrill who serves as shaman and advisor. Mufasa shows young Simba the Pride Lands and explains to him the responsibilities of kingship and the "circle of life", which connects all living things. Mufasa's younger brother, Scar, covets the throne, and plots to kill Mufasa and Simba, so he can become king. He tricks Simba and his best friend Nala (whom Zazu reveals is betrothed to Simba) into exploring a forbidden elephants' graveyard, where they are attacked by three spotted hyenas who are in league with Scar. Mufasa is alerted to the danger by his majordomo, the hornbill Zazu, and rescues the cubs. Though upset with Simba, Mufasa forgives him and explains that the great kings of the past watch over them from the night sky, from which he will one day watch over Simba.

text: Scar sets a trap for his brother and nephew, luring Simba into a gorge and having the hyenas drive a large herd of wildebeest into a stampede that will trample him. He informs Mufasa of Simba's danger, knowing the king will rush to save his son. Mufasa saves Simba, but ends up hanging perilously from the gorge's edge, and is betrayed by Scar, who sends him falling to his death. Scar convinces Simba that the tragedy was Simba's own fault and advises him to flee the kingdom. He orders the hyenas to kill the cub, but Simba manages to escape. Scar tells the pride that both Mufasa and Simba were killed in the stampede and steps forward as the new king, allowing a large pack of hyenas to live in the Pride Lands.

text: Simba collapses in a desert, but is rescued by Timon and Pumbaa, a meerkat and warthog, who are fellow outcasts. Simba grows up in the jungle with his two new friends, living a carefree life under the motto "hakuna matata" ("no worries" in Swahili). Now an adult, Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness, who turns out to be Nala. She and Simba reunite and fall in love, and she urges him to return home, telling him the Pride Lands have become a drought-stricken wasteland under Scar's reign. Feeling guilty over his father's death, Simba refuses and runs off. Simba encounters Rafiki, who tells him that he does not know who he is. Rafiki reminds Simba that he is Mufasa's son and Mufasa' spirit lives on in Simba. Simba is then visited by the ghost of Mufasa in the night sky, who tells him he must claim his rightful place as king. Realizing he can no longer run from his past, Simba chooses to return home.

text: Aided by his friends, Simba sneaks past the hyenas at Pride Rock and confronts Scar. Scar taunts him over his role in Mufasa's death and forces him to the edge of the rock, where he reveals to Simba that he murdered Mufasa. Enraged, Simba pins Scar to the ground and forces him to reveal the truth to the rest of the pride. Timon, Pumbaa, Rafiki, Zazu, and the lionesses fend off the hyenas while Scar, attempting to escape, is cornered by Simba at the top of Pride Rock. Scar begs for mercy and even attempts to blame the hyenas for his actions; Simba spares his life but orders him to leave the Pride Lands forever. Scar then attacks his nephew, but Simba manages to toss him from the top of the rock. Scar survives the fall, but is attacked, slain, and eaten by the hyenas, who overheard his attempt to betray them.[3] With his enemies gone, Simba takes over the kingship as the rains begin to fall, restoring life to the land.

text: Later, with Pride Rock restored to its former glory, Rafiki presents Simba and Nala's newborn cub to the assembled animals, continuing the circle of life.

text: Cast

text:
Matthew Broderick as Simba, son of Mufasa and Sarabi, who grows up to become King of the Pride Lands. Rock singer Joseph Williams provided adult Simba's singing voice. Mark Henn and Ruben A. Aquino respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Simba.[4]

Jonathan Taylor Thomas voiced young Simba, while Jason Weaver provided the cub's singing voice.[4]

Jeremy Irons as Scar, Mufasa's younger brother and Simba's uncle, who takes the throne. Andreas Deja served as the supervising animator for Scar.[4]
James Earl Jones as Mufasa, Simba's father, King of the Pride Lands as the film begins. Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Mufasa.[4]
Moira Kelly as Nala, Simba's best friend and later his wife. Sally Dworsky provided her singing voice. Aaron Blaise and Anthony de Rosa respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Nala.[4]

Niketa Calame provided the voice of young Nala while Laura Williams provided her singing voice.[4]

Nathan Lane as Timon, a wise-cracking and self-absorbed yet somewhat loyal meerkat who becomes one of Simba's best friends and adoptive parents. Michael Surrey served as his supervising animator.[4]
Ernie Sabella as Pumbaa, a naïve warthog who suffers from flatulence and is Timon's best friend and also becomes one of Simba's best friends and adoptive parents. Tony Bancroft served as his supervising animator.[4]
Robert Guillaume as Rafiki, a wise old mandrill (although, while counseling Simba, he jokes that "you are a baboon, and I am not") who serves as shaman of the Pride Lands and presents newborn cubs of the King and Queen to the animals of the Pride Lands. James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki.[4]
Rowan Atkinson as Zazu, a hornbill who serves as the king's majordomo (or "Mufasa's little stooge", as Shenzi calls him). Ellen Woodbury served as the supervising animator for Zazu.[4]
Madge Sinclair as Sarabi, Mufasa's mate, Simba's mother, and the leader of the lioness hunting party. Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Sarabi.[4]
The three hyenas who serve Scar were animated by Alex Kupershmidt and David Burgess.[4]

Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi, the sassy and short-tempered female leader of the trio.
Cheech Marin as Banzai, an aggressive and hot-headed hyena prone to complaining and acting on impulse.
Jim Cummings as Ed, a dim-witted hyena who does not talk, only communicating through laughter. Cummings also voiced a mole that talks with Zazu and made a guest appearance as Scar in certain lines of "Be Prepared" after Irons blew his voice.[5]

Zoe Leader as Sarafina, Nala's mother, who is shown briefly talking to Simba's mother, Sarabi.

text: Production

text: Development

text: The idea for The Lion King was conceived in late 1988 during a conversation between Jeffrey Katzenberg, Roy E. Disney and Peter Schneider on a plane to Europe to promote Oliver & Company. During the conversation, the topic of a story set in Africa came up, and Katzenberg immediately jumped at the idea.[6] The idea was then developed by Walt Disney Feature Animation's vice president for creative affairs Charlie Fink.[7] Katzenberg decided to add elements involving coming of age and death, and ideas from personal life experiences, such as some of his trials in his bumpy road in politics, saying about the film, "It is a little bit about myself."[8] In November of that year Thomas Disch (author of The Brave Little Toaster) wrote a treatment entitled King of the Kalahari,[9] and afterwards, Linda Woolverton spent a year writing drafts of the script, which was titled King of the Beasts and then King of the Jungle.[7] The original version of the film was very different from the final film. The plot was centered in a battle being between lions and baboons with Scar being the leader of the baboons, Rafiki being a cheetah,[8] and Timon and Pumbaa being Simba's childhood friends.[10] Simba would also not leave the kingdom but become a "lazy, slovenly, horrible character" due to manipulations from Scar, so Simba could be overthrown after coming of age. By 1990, producer Thomas Schumacher, who had just completed The Rescuers Down Under, decided to attach himself to the project "because lions are cool".[7] Schumacher likened the script for King of the Jungle to "an animated National Geographic special".[11]

text: Oliver & Company director George Scribner was the initial director of the film,[12] being later joined by Roger Allers, who was the lead story man on Beauty and the Beast in October 1991.[6] Allers brought with him Brenda Chapman, who would become the head of story.[7] Afterwards, several of the lead crew members, including Allers, Scribner, Hahn, Chapman, and production designer Chris Sanders, took a trip to Hell's Gate National Park in Kenya, in order to study and gain an appreciation of the environment for the film.[13] After six months of story development work Scribner decided to leave the project, as he clashed with Allers and the producers on their decision to turn the film into a musical, as Scribner's intention was of making a documentary-like film more focused on natural aspects.[6][14] Rob Minkoff replaced Scribner,[13] and producer Don Hahn joined the production as Schumacher became only an executive producer due to Disney promoting him to Vice President of Development for Feature Animation.[11] Hahn found the script unfocused and lacking a clear theme, and after establishing the main theme as "leaving childhood and facing up to the realities of the world", asked for a final retool. Allers, Minkoff, Chapman and Hahn then rewrote the story across two weeks of meetings with directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale, who had just finished Beauty and the Beast.[13] The script also had its title changed from King of the Jungle to The Lion King, as the setting was not the jungle but the savannah.[6]

text: The Lion King was the first Disney animated feature to be an original story, rather than be based on an already existing work. The filmmakers have said that the story of The Lion King was inspired by the lives of Joseph and Moses, from the Bible, and William Shakespeare's Hamlet.[15] During the summer of 1992, the team was joined by screenwriter Irene Mecchi, with a second screenwriter, Jonathan Roberts, joining a few months later. Mecchi and Roberts took charge of the revision process, fixing unresolved emotional issues in the script and adding comic business for Pumbaa, Timon, and the hyenas.[4] Lyricist Tim Rice worked closely with the writing team, flying to California at least once a month because his songs needed to work in the narrative continuity. Rice's lyrics—which were reworked up to the production's end—were pinned to the storyboards during development.[13] Rewrites were frequent, with animator Andreas Deja saying that completed scenes would be delivered, only for the response to be that parts needed to be reanimated because of dialog changes.[7]

text: Casting

text: The voice actors were chosen for how they fit and could add to the characters—for instance, James Earl Jones was cast because the directors found his voice "powerful" and similar to a lion's roar.[16] Jones commented that during the years of production, Mufasa "became more and more of a dopey dad instead of [a] grand king".[17]

text: Nathan Lane originally auditioned for Zazu, and Ernie Sabella, for one of the hyenas. Upon meeting each other at the recording studio, the actors, who at the time both co-starred in Guys and Dolls, were asked to record together as hyenas. The directors laughed at their performance and decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa.[16][18] For the hyenas, the original intention was to reunite Cheech & Chong, but while Cheech Marin accepted to play Banzai, Tommy Chong was unavailable. Thus his role was changed into a female hyena, Shenzi, who was voiced by Whoopi Goldberg.[10]

text: Matthew Broderick was cast as adult Simba early during production, and during the three years of voice acting only recorded with another actor once, and only discovered Moira Kelly voiced Nala at the premiere.[19] English actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar,[20] however, Curry left the role due to Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, and it was ultimately won by English actor Jeremy Irons.[21] Irons had at first refused the role due to not being comfortable going from the dramatic performance as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune to a comedic role. But once he came in, Irons' performance even inspired the writers to incorporate more of his acting as von Bülow—adding one of that character's lines, "You have no idea"—and animator Andreas Deja to watch both Reversal of Fortune and Damage to pick up Irons's facial traits and tics.[17][22]

text: Animation

text:
"The Lion King was considered a little movie because we were going to take some risks. The pitch for the story was a lion cub gets framed for murder by his uncle set to the music of Elton John. People said, 'What? Good luck with that.' But for some reason, the people who ended up on the movie were highly passionate about it and motivated."

Don Hahn[18]

tag: div

text: The development of The Lion King coincided with that of Pocahontas, which most of the animators of Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on instead, believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two.[15] The story artists also did not have much faith in the project, with Chapman declaring she was reluctant to accept the job "because the story wasn't very good",[7] and writer Burny Mattinson saying to co-worker Joe Ranft "I don't know who is going to want to watch that one."[14] Most of the leading animators either were doing their first major work supervising a character, or had much interest in animating an animal.[8] Thirteen of these supervising animators, both in California and in Florida, were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the film's main characters. The animation leads for the main characters included Mark Henn on young Simba, Ruben A. Aquino on adult Simba, Andreas Deja on Scar, Aaron Blaise on young Nala, Anthony DeRosa on adult Nala, and Tony Fucile on Mufasa.[4] Nearly 20 minutes of the film, including the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" sequence,[10] were animated at the Disney-MGM Studios facility. More than 600 artists, animators, and technicians contributed to The Lion King.[12] Weeks before the film was to be released, the 1994 Northridge earthquake shut down the studio and required the animators to finish their work from home.[23]

text: The character animators studied real-life animals for reference, as was done for the 1942 Disney film Bambi. Jim Fowler, renowned wildlife expert, visited the studios on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings authenticity.[13] The animators also studied animal movements at the Miami MetroZoo under guidance from wildlife expert Ron Magill.[24] The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the crew. Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries—which employ telephoto lenses to shoot the wildlife from a distance. The epic feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher—which, following Scribner's request for realism, tried to depict effects such as lens flare—and the works of painters Charles Marion Russell, Frederic Remington and Maxfield Parrish.[13][25] Because the characters were not anthropomorphized, all the animators had to learn to draw four-legged animals, and the story and character development was done through use of longer shots following the characters.[10]

text: Computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways. For the "wildebeest stampede" sequence, several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program, multiplied into hundreds, cel shaded to look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd.[26] Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two-and-a-half-minute stampede.[4] The CAPS helped simulate camera movements such as tracking shots, and was employed in coloring, lighting, and particle effects.[10]

text: Music

text: Lyricist Tim Rice, who was working with composer Alan Menken on songs for Aladdin, was invited to write the songs, and accepted on the condition of finding a composing partner. As Menken was unavailable, the producers accepted Rice's suggestion of Elton John,[16] after Rice's invitation of ABBA fell through due to Benny Andersson being busy with the musical Kristina från Duvemåla.[8] John expressed an interest in writing "ultra-pop songs that kids would like; then adults can go and see those movies and get just as much pleasure out of them", mentioning a possible influence of The Jungle Book, where he felt the "music was so funny and appealed to kids and adults".[27]

text: John and Rice wrote five original songs for the film ("Circle of Life", "I Just Can't Wait to Be King", "Be Prepared", "Hakuna Matata" and "Can You Feel the Love Tonight"), with John's performance of "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" playing over the end credits.[28] The IMAX and DVD releases added another song, "The Morning Report", based on a song discarded during development that eventually featured in the live musical version of The Lion King.[29] The score was composed by Hans Zimmer, who was hired based on his work in two films in African settings, The Power of One and A World Apart,[13] and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M.[28] Zimmer's partners Mark Mancina and Jay Rifkin helped with arrangements and song production.[30]

text: The Lion King original motion picture soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on July 13, 1994. It was the fourth-best-selling album of the year on the Billboard 200 and the top-selling soundtrack.[31] It is the only soundtrack for an animated film to be certified Diamond (10× platinum) by the Recording Industry Association of America. Zimmer's complete instrumental score for the film was never originally given a full release, until the soundtrack's commemorative 20th anniversary re-release in 2014.[32] The Lion King also inspired the 1995 release Rhythm of the Pride Lands, with eight songs by Zimmer, Mancina, and Lebo M.[33]

text: The use of the song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled "Mbube") in 1939. In July 2004, Linda's family filed suit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney. In February 2006, Linda's heirs reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music, who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money.[34]

text: Release

text: For The Lion King's first film trailer, Disney opted to feature a single scene, the entire opening sequence with the song "Circle of Life". Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook said the decision was made for such an approach because "we were all so taken by the beauty and majesty of this piece that we felt like it was probably one of the best four minutes of film that we've seen", and Don Hahn added that "Circle of Life" worked as a trailer as it "came off so strong, and so good, and ended with such a bang". The trailer was released in November 1993, accompanying The Three Musketeers in theaters, as only a third of The Lion King had been completed.[35][36] Audience reaction was enthusiastic, causing Hahn to have some initial concerns as he became afraid of not living up to the expectations raised by the preview.[35] Prior to the film's release, Disney did 11 test screenings.[37]

text: Upon release, The Lion King was accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign which included tie-ins with Burger King, Mattel, Kodak, Nestlé and Payless ShoeSource, and various merchandise,[38] accounting 186 licensed products.[39][40] In 1994, Disney earned approximately $1 billion with products based on the film,[41] with $214 million for Lion King toys during Christmas 1994 alone.[42]

text: Home media

text: The Lion King was first released on VHS and laserdisc in the United States on March 3, 1995, under Disney's "Masterpiece Collection" video series. The VHS tape contained a special preview for Walt Disney Pictures' then-upcoming animated film Pocahontas, in which the title character (voiced by Judy Kuhn) sings the musical number "Colors of the Wind".[43] In addition, Deluxe Editions of both formats were released. The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film, an exclusive lithograph of Rafiki and Simba (in some editions), a commemorative "Circle of Life" epigraph, six concept art lithographs, another tape with the half-hour TV show The Making of The Lion King, and a certificate of authenticity. The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition also contained the film, six concept art lithographs and The Making of The Lion King, and added storyboards, character design artwork, concept art, rough animation, and a directors' commentary that the VHS edition did not have, on a total of four double sided discs. The VHS tape quickly became the best-selling videotape of all time: 4.5 million tapes were sold on the first day[44] and ultimately sales totaled more than 30 million[45] before these home video versions went into moratorium in 1997.[46]

text: On October 7, 2003, the film was re-released on VHS and released on DVD for the first time, titled The Lion King: Platinum Edition, as part of Disney's Platinum Edition line of animated classic DVDs. The DVD release featured two versions of the film on the first disc, a remastered version created for the 2002 IMAX release and an edited version of the IMAX release purporting to be the original 1994 theatrical version.[47] A second disc, with bonus features, was also included in the DVD release. The film's soundtrack was provided both in its original Dolby 5.1 track and in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix, making this one of the first Disney DVDs so equipped.[48] By means of seamless branching, the film could be viewed either with or without a newly created scene – a short conversation in the film replaced with a complete song ("The Morning Report"). A Special Collector's Gift Set was also released, containing the DVD set, five exclusive lithographed character portraits (new sketches created and signed by the original character animators), and an introductory book entitled The Journey.[46] The Platinum Edition of The Lion King featured changes made to the film during its IMAX re-release, including re-drawn crocodiles in the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" sequence as well as other alterations.[47] More than two million copies of the Platinum Edition DVD and VHS units were sold on the first day of release.[44] A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films (in two-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. In January 2005, the film, along with the sequels, went back into moratorium.[49]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the Diamond Edition of The Lion King on October 4, 2011.[50] This marks the time that the film has been released in high-definition Blu-ray and on Blu-ray 3D.[50][51] The initial release was produced in three different packages: a two-disc version with Blu-ray and DVD; a four-disc version with Blu-ray, DVD, Blu-ray 3D, and digital copy; and an eight-disc box set that also includes the sequels The Lion King 2: Simba's Pride and The Lion King 1½.[50][51] A standalone single-disc DVD release also followed on November 15, 2011.[50] The Diamond Edition topped the Blu-ray charts with over 1.5 million copies sold.[52] The film sold 3.83 million Blu-ray units in total, leading to a $101.14 million income.[53]

text: The Lion King was once again released to home media as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection;[54] first released on Digital HD on August 15, 2017 and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 29, 2017.[55]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: The Lion King earned $422,783,777 in North America and an $545,700,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $968,483,777.[2] It is currently the 29th highest-grossing film,[56] the seventh highest-grossing animated film of all time worldwide and the third highest-grossing film of Walt Disney Animation Studios (behind Frozen and Zootopia).[57] The film was also the highest-grossing motion picture of 1994 worldwide.[58] After its initial run, having earned $763.4 million,[59] it ranked as the second-highest-grossing film of all time worldwide, behind Jurassic Park .[60] It held the record for the highest-grossing animated feature film (in North America, outside North America, and worldwide) until it was surpassed by the computer animated Finding Nemo (2003), Shrek 2 (2004), Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009), and Toy Story 3 (2010) prior to the 2011 re-release. With the earnings of the 3D run, The Lion King surpassed all the aforementioned films but Toy Story 3 to rank as the second-highest-grossing animated film worldwide—later downgraded to sixth after Frozen (2013), Minions (2015), and Zootopia (2016)—and it remains the highest-grossing hand-drawn animated film.[61] It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of estimated attendance.[62]

text: Original theatrical run

text: The Lion King had a limited release in North America on June 15, 1994, playing in only two theaters, El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City.[63] It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend of June 17–19, standing at the tenth place of the box office ranking.[64] The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend.[65] The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 screens. The digital surround sound of the film led many of those theaters to implement Dolby Laboratories' newest sound systems.[66] The Lion King grossed $40.9 million – which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney film  – to top the weekend box office.[12] It also earned a rare "A+" rating from CinemaScore.[67] By the end of its theatrical run, in spring 1995, it had earned $312,855,561,[2] being the second-highest-grossing 1994 film in North America behind Forrest Gump.[68] Outside North America, it earned $455.8 million during its initial run, for a worldwide total of $768.6 million.[59] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 74 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[69]

text: Re-releases

text: IMAX and large-format

text: The film was re-issued on December 25, 2002 for IMAX and large-format theaters. Don Hahn explained that eight years after The Lion King got its original release, "there was a whole new generation of kids who haven't really seen it, particularly on the big screen." Given the film had already been digitally archived during production, the restoration process was easier, while also providing many scenes with enhancements that covered up original deficiencies.[37][70] An enhanced sound mix was also provided to, as Hahn explained, "make the audience feel like they're in the middle of the movie."[37] On its first weekend, The Lion King made $2.7 million from 66 locations, a $27,664 per theater average. This run ended with $15,686,215 on May 30, 2003.[71]

text: 3D conversion

text: In 2011, The Lion King was converted to 3D for a two-week limited theatrical re-issue and subsequent 3D Blu-ray release.[50][72] The film opened at the number one spot on Friday, September 16, 2011 with $8.9 million[73] and finished the weekend with $30.2 million, ranking number one at the box office. This made The Lion King the first re-issue release to earn the number-one slot at the American weekend box office since the re-issue of Return of the Jedi in March 1997.[61] The film also achieved the fourth-highest September opening weekend of all time.[74] It held off very well on its second weekend, again earning first place at the box office with a 27 percent decline to $21.9 million.[75] Most box-office observers had expected the film to fall about 50 percent in its second weekend and were also expecting Moneyball to be at first place.[76]

text: After its initial box-office success, many theaters decided to continue to show the film for more than two weeks, even though its 3D Blu-ray release was scheduled for two-and-a-half weeks after its theatrical release.[75] In North America, the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on January 12, 2012 with a gross $94,242,001. Outside North America, it earned $83,400,000.[77] The successful 3D re-release of The Lion King made Disney and Pixar plan 3D theatrical re-releases of Beauty and the Beast, Finding Nemo, Monsters, Inc., and The Little Mermaid during 2012 and 2013.[78] However, none of the re-releases of the first three films achieved the enormous success of The Lion King 3D and theatrical re-release of The Little Mermaid was ultimately cancelled.[79] In 2012, Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo wrote that the reason why the 3D version of The Lion King succeeded was because, "the notion of a 3D re-release was still fresh and exciting, and The Lion King (3D) felt timely given the movie's imminent Blu-ray release. Audiences have been hit with three 3D re-releases in the year since, meaning the novelty value has definitely worn off."[80]

text: Critical response

text: The Lion King was released to critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 91%, based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3 out of 10. It also ranked 56th on their "Top 100 Animation Movies".[81] The site's critical consensus reads, "Emotionally stirring, richly drawn, and beautifully animated, The Lion King stands tall within Disney's pantheon of classic family films."[82] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 83 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[83] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[84]

text: Roger Ebert gave it 3 1/2 out of 4-stars and called the film "a superbly drawn animated feature" and, in his print review wrote, "The saga of Simba, which in its deeply buried origins owes something to Greek tragedy and certainly to Hamlet, is a learning experience as well as an entertainment."[85] On the television program Siskel & Ebert, the film was praised but received a mixed reaction when compared to previous Disney films. Ebert and his partner Gene Siskel both gave the film a "Thumbs Up" but Siskel said that it was not as good as earlier films such as Beauty and the Beast and was "a good film, not a great one".[86] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called it "an impressive, almost daunting achievement" and felt that the film was "spectacular in a manner that has nearly become commonplace with Disney's feature-length animations", but was less enthusiastic toward the end of his review saying, "Shakespearean in tone, epic in scope, it seems more appropriate for grown-ups than for kids. If truth be told, even for adults it is downright strange."[87]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised the film, writing that it "has the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an emotionally pungent movie".[88] Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film and felt that it was "a hugely entertaining blend of music, fun and eye-popping thrills, though it doesn't lack for heart".[89] James Berardinelli from ReelViews praised the film saying, "With each new animated release, Disney seems to be expanding its already-broad horizons a little more. The Lion King is the most mature (in more than one sense) of these films, and there clearly has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children. Happily, for those of us who generally stay far away from 'cartoons', they have succeeded."[90]

text: Some reviewers still had problems with the film's narrative. The staff of TV Guide wrote that while The Lion King was technically proficient and entertaining, it "offers a less memorable song score than did the previous hits, and a hasty, unsatisfying dramatic resolution."[91] The New Yorker's Terrence Rafferty considered that despite the good animation, the story felt like "manipulat[ing] our responses at will", as "Between traumas, the movie serves up soothingly banal musical numbers and silly, rambunctious comedy".[92]

text: Accolades

text: The Lion King received four Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations. The film would go on to win two Golden Globes; for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Original Score,[93] as well as two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score (Hans Zimmer) and Best Original Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" by Elton John and Tim Rice.[94] The songs "Circle of Life" and "Hakuna Matata" were also nominated.[94] "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" also won the Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance.[95] The Lion King also won Annie Awards for Best Animated Feature, Best Achievement in Voice Acting (for Jeremy Irons) and Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution in the Field of Animation.[96]

text: At the Saturn Awards, the film was nominated in two categories, Best Fantasy Film and Best Performance by a Younger Actor although it did not win in either category.[97] The film also received two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards, for Best Sound as well as the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music although it lost in both categories to Speed and Backbeat respectively.[98] The film received two BMI Film & TV Awards for Film Music and Most Performed Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight."[99] At the 1995 MTV Movie Awards, the film received nominations for Best Villain and Best Song, though it lost in both categories.[100] The Lion King won the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at the 1995 Kids' Choice Awards.[101]

text: In 2008, The Lion King was ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made by Empire magazine,[102] and in June 2011, TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".[103] In June 2008, the American Film Institute listed The Lion King as the fourth best film in the animation genre in its AFI's 10 Top 10 list,[104] having previously put "Hakuna Matata" as 99th on its AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs ranking.[105]

text: In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

text: Controversies

text: Certain elements of the film were considered to bear a resemblance to a 1960s Japanese anime television series, Jungle Emperor (known as Kimba the White Lion in the United States), with characters having similar analogues, and various individual scenes being similar in composition to the show. Matthew Broderick believed initially that he was, in fact, working on an American version of Kimba since he was familiar with the Japanese original.[106] However, The Lion King director, Roger Allers, claimed he was unfamiliar with the show:

text: The whole time I worked on The Lion King the name of that show never came up. At least I never heard it. I had never seen the show and really only became aware of it as Lion King was being completed, and someone showed me images of it. I worked with George Scribner and Linda Woolverton to develop the story in the early days but then left to help out on Aladdin. If one of them were familiar with Kimba they didn't say. Of course, it's possible... Many story ideas developed and changed along the way, always just to make our story stronger. I could certainly understand Kimba's creators feeling angry if they felt we had stolen ideas from them. If I had been inspired by Kimba I would certainly acknowledge my inspiration. All I can offer is my respect to those artists and say that their creation has its loyal admirers and its assured place in animation history.[107]

text: Co-director Rob Minkoff also stated that he was unfamiliar with it: "I know for a fact that [Kimba] has never been discussed as long as I've been on the project... In my experience, if Disney becomes aware of anything like that, they say you will not do it. People are claiming copyright infringement all the time." He also stated that whenever a story is based in Africa, it is "not unusual to have characters like a baboon, a bird or hyenas."[108] Yoshihiro Shimizu, of Tezuka Productions, which created Kimba the White Lion, has refuted rumors that the studio was paid hush money by Disney but explains that they rejected urges from within the industry to sue because, "we're a small, weak company. It wouldn't be worth it anyway ... Disney's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world!"[109]

text: Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word "SEX" might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when Simba flops down,[110] which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity. One of the animators, Tom Sito, has stated that the letters spell "SFX" (a common abbreviation for "special effects"), not with an "E" instead of the "F", and were intended as an innocent "signature" created by the effects animation team.[111]

text: Hyena biologists protested against the animal's portrayal: one hyena researcher sued Disney studios for defamation of character,[112] and another—who had organized the animators' visit to the University of California's Field Station for Behavioural Research, where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas—[113] included boycotting The Lion King among the ways it would help preserve hyenas in the wild.[114] The hyenas have also been interpreted to represent an anti-immigrant allegory, where the hyenas would be black and Latino ethnic communities.[115][116][117][118] The film has also been criticised for advancing a fascist narrative in its portrayal of the lion kingdom and the circle of life where "only the strong and the beautiful triumph, and the powerless survive only by serving the strong."[119]

text: Legacy

text: Sequels and spin-offs

text: The first Lion King-related animated projects involved the characters of Timon and Pumbaa. First, the duo starred in the animated short "Stand by Me", featuring Timon singing the eponymous song, which was released in 1995 accompanying the theatrical release of Tom and Huck. The duo then received their own animated series, The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa, which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes between 1995 and 1999. Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane.[120]

text: Disney released two direct-to-video films related to The Lion King. The first was sequel The Lion King II: Simba's Pride, released in 1998 on VHS. The film centers around Simba and Nala's daughter, Kiara, who falls in love with Kovu, a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar's followers, the Outsiders.[121] 2004 saw the release of another Lion King film on DVD, The Lion King 1½. It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other, and also a parallel in that it also depicts what the characters were retconned to have done during the events of the original movie.[122]

text: In June 2014, it was announced that a new TV series based on the film would be released called The Lion Guard, featuring Kion, the second-born cub of Simba and Nala. The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time-gap within The Lion King II: Simba's Pride.[123] It was first broadcast on Disney Channel as a television film titled The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar in November 2015 before airing as a series on Disney Junior in January 2016.[124][125]

text: CGI live-action remake

text: In September 2016, following the critical and financial success of The Jungle Book, Walt Disney Pictures announced that they were developing a CGI created live-action remake of The Lion King by the same name, with Jon Favreau directing.[126] The following month, Jeff Nathanson was hired to write the script for the film.[127] Favreau originally planned shoot it back to back with the sequel to The Jungle Book.[126][128] However, it was reported in early 2017 that the latter film was put on hold in order for Favreu to instead focus mainly on The Lion King.[129] In February 2017, Favreau announced that Donald Glover had been cast as Simba and that James Earl Jones would be reprising the role of Mufasa.[130] The following month, it was reported that Beyoncé was Favreau's top choice to voice Nala, but she had not accepted the role yet due to a pregnancy.[131] In April 2017, Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen joined the film as Timon and Pumbaa, respectively.[132] Two months later, John Oliver was cast as Zazu.[133] At the end of July 2017, Beyonce had reportedly entered final negotiations to play Nala and contribute the soundtrack as well.[134] The following month, Chiwetel Ejiofor entered talks to play Scar.[135] Later on, Alfre Woodard and John Kani joined the film as Sarabi and Rafiki, respectively.[136][137]

text: Production for the film began in May 2017.[138] It is scheduled for release on July 19, 2019.[139]

text: Video games

text: Along with the film release, three different video games based on The Lion King were released by Virgin Interactive in December 1994. The main title was developed by Westwood Studios, and published for PC and Amiga computers and the consoles SNES and Sega Mega Drive/Genesis. Dark Technologies created the Game Boy version, while Syrox Developments handled the Master System and Game Gear version.[140] The film and sequel Simba's Pride later inspired another game, Torus Games' The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure (2000) for the Game Boy Color and PlayStation.[141] Timon and Pumbaa also appeared in Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games, a 1995 PC game collection of puzzle games by 7th Level, later ported to the SNES by Tiertex.[142]

text: The Square Enix series Kingdom Hearts features Simba as a recurring summon,[143][144] as well as a playable in the Lion King world, known as Pride Lands, in Kingdom Hearts II. There the plotline is loosely related to the later part of the original film, with all of the main characters except Zazu and Sarabi.[145] The Lion King also provides one of the worlds featured in the 2011 action-adventure game Disney Universe,[146] and Simba was featured in the Nintendo DS title Disney Friends (2008).[147]

text: Stage adaptations

text: Walt Disney Theatrical produced a musical stage adaptation of the same name, which premiered in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1997, and later opened on Broadway in October 1997 at the New Amsterdam Theatre. The Lion King musical was directed by Julie Taymor[148] and featured songs from both the movie and Rhythm of the Pride Lands, along with three new compositions by Elton John and Tim Rice. Mark Mancina did the musical arrangements and new orchestral tracks.[149] The musical became one of the most successful in Broadway history, winning six Tony Awards including Best Musical, and despite moving to the Minskoff Theatre in 2006, is still running to this day in New York, becoming the third longest-running show and highest grossing Broadway production in history. The show's financial success led to adaptations all over the world.[11][150][151]

text: The Lion King inspired two attractions retelling the story of the film at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. The first, "The Legend of the Lion King", featured a recreation of the film through life-size puppets of its characters, and ran from 1994 to 2002 at Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World.[152] Another that is still running is the live-action 30-minute musical revue of the movie, "Festival of the Lion King", which incorporates the musical numbers into gymnastic routines with live actors, along with animatronic puppets of Simba and Pumba and a costumed actor as Timon. The attraction opened in April 1998 at Disney World's Animal Kingdom,[153] and in September 2005 in Hong Kong Disneyland's Adventureland.[154] A similar version under the name "The Legend of the Lion King" was featured in Disneyland Paris from 2004 to 2009.[155][156]


document_title: Inquilab Zindabad

question_text: what is the meaning of in club zindabad

question_tokens: what is the meaning of in club zindabad

text: Inquilab Zindabad

text: Inquilab Zindabad (Urdu: اِنقلاب زِنده باد; Hindi: इंक़लाब ज़िन्दाबाद) is an Urdu phrase[1] which translates to "Long live the revolution!"

text: This slogan was coined by the Urdu poet and Indian freedom fighter Maulana Hasrat Mohani in 1921. [2][3][4] It was popularized by Bhagat Singh (1907 - 1931) during the late 1920s through his speeches and writings.[5] It was also the official slogan of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.[6][5] In April 1929, this slogan was raised by Bhagat Singh and his accomplice B. K. Dutt who had shouted this after bombing the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi.[7] Later, for the first time in an open court, this slogan was raised in June 1929 as part of their joint statement at the High Court in Delhi.[8][5] Since then, it became one of the rallying cries of the Indian independence movement. In Indian political novels chronicling the independence movement, a pro-independence sentiment is often characterized by characters shouting this slogan.[9]

text: The slogan is now used more frequently by socialists and communists, especially by those in the CPI (M), CPI and leftist political parties.


document_title: List of deserts by area

question_text: what are the two largest deserts in china

text: List of deserts by area

text: This is the list of the largest deserts in the world by area. It includes all deserts above 20,000 square kilometres (7,720 sq mi).

text:
Rank
Name
Type
Image
Area
(km²)
Area
(sq mi)
Location

1
Antarctica
Cold Winter

14,000,000 14,000,000
05,400,000 5,500,000
Antarctica

2
Arctic
Cold Winter

13,985,000
5,400,000
Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia

3
Sahara
Subtropical

12,000,000 9,000,000+
03,300,000 3,300,000+
North Africa (Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia and Western Sahara)

4
Arabian Desert
Subtropical

02,330,000 2,330,000[1]
00,900,000 900,000
Western Asia (Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen)

5
Gobi Desert
Cold Winter

01,300,000 1,000,000
00,500,000 500,000
Central Asia (Mongolia and China)

6
Kalahari Desert
Subtropical

00,900,000 900,000[2]
00,360,000 360,000
Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa)

7
Great Victoria Desert
Subtropical

00,647,000 647,000[3]
00,250,000 220,000
Australia

8
Patagonian Desert
Cold Winter

00,673,000 620,000
00,260,000 200,000
South America (Argentina and Chile)

9
Syrian Desert
Subtropical

00,520,000 520,000[3]
00,200,000 200,000
Western Asia (Iraq, Jordan, and Syria)

10
Great Basin Desert
Cold Winter

00,492,000 492,000[3]
00,190,000 190,000
United States

11
Chihuahuan Desert
Subtropical

00,450,000 450,000[3]
00,175,000 175,000
North America (Mexico and United States)

12
Great Sandy Desert
Subtropical

00,400,000 400,000[3]
00,150,000 150,000
Australia

13
Karakum Desert
Cold Winter

00,350,000 350,000[3]
00,135,000 135,000
Turkmenistan

14
Colorado Plateau
Cold Winter

00,337,000 337,000[3]
00,130,000 130,000
United States

15
Sonoran Desert
Subtropical

00,310,000 310,000[3]
00,120,000 120,000
North America (Mexico and United States)

16
Kyzylkum Desert
Cold Winter

00,300,000 300,000[3]
00,115,000 115,000
Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)

17
Taklamakan Desert
Cold Winter

00,270,000 270,000
00,105,000 105,000
China

18
Thar Desert
Subtropical

00,200,000 200,000[4]
00,077,000 77,000
South Asia (India, Pakistan)

19
Gibson Desert
Subtropical

00,155,000 156,000[5]
00,060,000 60,000
Australia

20
Dasht-e Margo
Subtropical

00,150,000 150,000
00,058,000 58,000
Afghanistan

21
Registan Desert
Subtropical

00,146,000 146,000
00,056,400 56,400
Afghanistan

22
Simpson Desert
Subtropical

00,145,000 145,000[3]
00,056,000 56,000
Australia

23
Atacama Desert
Cool Coastal

00,140,000 140,000[3]
00,054,000 54,000
South America (Chile and Peru)

24
Mojave Desert
Subtropical

00,124,000 124,000[6][7]
Template:Formtnum:00048000 48,000
United States

25
Namib Desert
Cool Coastal

00,081,000 81,000[3]
00,031,000 31,000
Southern Africa (Angola and Namibia)

26
Dasht-e Kavir
Subtropical

00,077,000 77,000[8]
00,030,000 30,000
Iran

27
Dasht-e Loot
Subtropical

00,052,000 52,000[8]
00,020,000 20,100
Iran


document_title: Toys for Tots

question_text: what kind of gifts does toys for tots give

text: Toys for Tots

text: History[edit]

text: Toys for Tots began as a Los Angeles charitable effort in 1947. Major Bill Hendricks, USMCR, was inspired by his wife Diane when she tried to donate a homemade Raggedy Ann doll to a needy child but couldn't find any organization to do so. At her suggestion, he gathered a group of local Marine reservists, including Lieutenant Colonel John Hampton,[3] who coordinated and collected some 5,000 toys for local children that year from collection bins placed outside Warner Bros. movie theaters.[3] Their efforts were so successful that, in 1948, Toys for Tots was launched as a national campaign. Hendricks used his position as director of Public Relations for Warner Brothers Studio to enlist celebrity support, as well as have Walt Disney Studios design the red toy train logo.[2] A theme song for the program was written in 1956 by Sammy Fain and Paul Francis Webster, and would be recorded by Nat King Cole, among others.[4]

text: Until 1979, Marine reservists (frequently in their dress blue uniforms) and volunteers would collect and refurbish used toys. In 1980, only new toys were accepted, as reservists were no longer able to dedicate drill hours to refurbish toys, as well as legal concerns and the mixed message of giving hand-me-downs as a message of hope.[2]

text: In 1991, the Secretary of Defense authorized the creation and affiliation with the non-profit charity foundation. In 1995, the Secretary of Defense approved Toys for Tots as an official mission of the Marine Corps Reserve.[5]

text: Noting in 1996 that many communities did not have a Marine reservist presence, the commander of the Marine Forces Reserve authorized Marine Corps League detachments and other local organizations to fill the gaps in toy collection and distribution.[5]

text: In 2009, the program received support from First Lady Michelle Obama, who placed the first collection box at the White House.[6] In December 2011, she took part in a Toys for Tots activity at Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling.[7][8]

text: As of 2016[update], the Toys for Tots Program and Foundation have collected and distributed more than 512 million toys.[9]

text: Mission[edit]

text: The mission of the program "is to collect new, unwrapped toys during October, November and December each year, and distribute those toys as Christmas gifts to needy children in the community in which the campaign is conducted."

text: The stated goal is to "deliver, through a new toy at Christmas, a message of hope to less fortunate youngsters that will assist them in becoming responsible, productive, and patriotic citizens."

text: Notable achievements[edit]

text:
2003 Outstanding Nonprofit Organization of the Year (DMA NPF)[9]
Reader's Digest Best Children's Charity of 2003[9]
One of the top 10 charities of 2003 on the Forbes "Gold Star" list.[9]
Charity Navigator four star ratings in both 2005 and 2006.