document_title: Shout (The Isley Brothers song)

question_text: who sings the song shout from animal house

text: Shout (The Isley Brothers song)

text: History[edit]

text: While the song did not reach higher than #47 on the Billboard Hot 100, it became the brothers' first gold single on the basis of its longevity, and it became a much-covered tune, with many U.S. and international artists recording the song.

text: One month after the initial release, Johnny O'Keefe covered it in his Australian TV show Six O'Clock Rock and released it as a single, reaching #2 in Australia. His 1964 re-recording was only a minor hit at #49.[2] Joey Dee and the Starliters reached #6 with their recording of the song in 1962 (The Starlighters also worked the call-and-response portion of the song into its even bigger hit, "Peppermint Twist"), while the Isley Brothers' version re-charted that same year at #94.

text: Scottish pop singer Lulu had a #7 UK hit with the song in 1964 (attributed to Lulu and the Luvvers),[3][4] and a #8 UK hit with a re-recorded version in 1986.[4] The Shangri-Las included a version of the song in their debut LP Leader of the Pack[5] in 1965 as did the Kingsmen on their Volume 3 album in 1965 and 15 Great Hits album in 1966. Tommy James and the Shondells recorded a version of the song on their 1967 album, I Think We're Alone Now.[6] The Ronettes frequently covered the song in live performances as well, including their appearance in The Big TNT Show. The Trammps released a version of the song in 1975.

text: The song, as performed by Otis Day and the Knights, was also prominently featured in the 1978 fraternity house film National Lampoon's Animal House. To this day, the song is regularly performed at Dartmouth College, the Ivy League institution in Hanover, New Hampshire, upon which the Animal House story was based, and at the University of Oregon, where the movie was filmed. The 1959 original by the Isley Brothers appeared in the 1982 comedy film Diner. Question Mark & the Mysterians recorded a version of the song on their 1967 album, Action.[7] Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1996 album Club Chipmunk: The Dance Mixes with Simon providing the lead vocals. The Beatles included a live version of the song on their 1996 rarities compilation, Anthology 1. American rock group Bon Jovi has covered this song live preceded by "Bad Medicine". American punk rock band Green Day performed the song on their 2005 live album Bullet in a Bible after "King for a Day".[8] Green Day has also regularly performed the song during their live shows since at least 2005, always after "King for a Day". Also Bruce Springsteen often performs this song live in a medley with "Twist and Shout". Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris) performed the song in the 2013 Glee episode "Girls (and Boys) On Film". Robbie Williams performed the song as part of a "Call & Response Medley" on his Swings Both Ways tour in 2014, along with "Reet Petite" and "Hit the Road Jack".

text: The song was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. It ranked #118 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible, otherwise delete it. (May 2017)

text: "Shout" has woven itself into many iconic American media such as a dance song in which people progressively crouch down to the dance floor as the song gets quieter. For example, at the end of the 3rd quarter of an Oregon Ducks game at Autzen Stadium, in recognition of National Lampoon's Animal House being filmed at the University of Oregon in 1977-78, the crowd traditionally dances to the song.

text: Cover versions[edit]

text:
Johnny O'Keefe 1959 (One month after the original release).
Joey Dee & The Starliters November 1961
Dion July 1962
Carl Holmes and His Commanders 1962
Keely Smith 1962
Teddy Randazzo 1962
The Legends 1963
Lulu and the Luvvers April 1964
Joan Baxter June 1964
The Shangri-Las December 1964
The Kingsmen February 1965
Trini Lopez August 1965
Peter Belli & Les Rivals September 1965
Dinah Lee 1965
Tommy James and The Shondells February 1967
Cliff Richard April 1967
The Underground 1967
Ricardo Ray Orchestra 1968
The Chambers Brothers 1968
The Trammps June 1974
Kisa 1974
Otis Day and the Knights 1978
Joan Jett 1980
Garland Jeffreys 1982
The Shillelagh Sisters 1984
Mint Juleps 1985
Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers January 1986
Petticoat 1989
Scooters March 25, 1992
Deloris & The Sisters & The Ronelles 1992
Sugar Beats 1993
The Beatles November 21, 1995
The Forever Fabulous Chickenhawks July 6, 1999
Alex Harvey and His Soul Band August 11, 1999
The Rivieras September 12, 2000
Leo Night & The Moonlighters February 5, 2002
Connie Fisher 2006
Choir of Hard Knocks 2007
Lisa del Bo April 4, 2008
Dartmouth Aires 2011
The Brown Derbies 2011
Winston Apple August 2012
Garth Brooks November 28, 2013
Boyz Nite Out 2013
Human Nature July 22, 2016[9]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Rudolph Isley – lead vocals
Ronald Isley – background vocals
O'Kelly Isley, Jr. – background vocals

text: The Shangri-Las version[edit]

text:
Mary Weiss — lead vocals
Mary Ann Ganser — background vocals
Margie Ganser — background vocals

text: Lulu version[edit]

text: Lulu — lead vocals

text: The Beatles version[edit]

text:
John Lennon — vocals, rhythm guitar
Paul McCartney — vocals, bass
George Harrison — vocals, lead guitar
Ringo Starr — vocals, drums

text: Buffalo Bills version[edit]

text: Scott Kemper — vocals, keyboards

text: "I Know/Shout" - Save Ferris version[edit]

text: Monique Powell - vocals

text: Sesame Street parody[edit]

text: In the episode "Music Magic", this parody is called "Shirt" when Elmo casts a musical spell on Chris, Leena and the rest of those in the washing machine zone with Abby Cadabby's wand. Chris gets the others to clean the mustard stain off his favorite shirt.


document_title: Bolt action

question_text: when was the first bolt action rifle invented

root

text: Bolt action

text: History[edit]

text: The first bolt-action rifle was produced in 1824 by Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse, following work on breechloading rifles that dated to the 18th century. Von Dreyse would perfect his Nadelgewehr (Needle Rifle) by 1836, and it was adopted by the Prussian Army in 1841. However, it was not the first bolt-action weapon to see combat, for it was not fielded until 1864.[1] The United States purchased 900 Greene rifles (an under-hammer, percussion-capped, single-shot bolt action that utilized paper cartridges and an ogivial-bore rifling system) in 1857, which saw service at the Battle of Antietam in 1862, during the American Civil War;[2] however, this weapon was ultimately considered too complicated for issue to soldiers, and was supplanted by the Springfield Model 1861, a conventional muzzle-loading rifle. During the American Civil War, the bolt-action Palmer carbine was patented in 1863, and by 1865, 1000 were purchased for use as cavalry weapons. The French Army adopted its first bolt-action rifle, the Chassepot rifle, in 1866 and followed with the metallic-cartridge bolt-action Gras rifle in 1874.

tag: p

text: European armies continued to develop bolt-action rifles through the latter half of the nineteenth century, first adopting tubular magazines as on the Kropatschek rifle and the Lebel rifle, a magazine system pioneered by the Winchester rifle of 1866. The first bolt-action repeating rifle was the Vetterli rifle of 1867 and the first bolt-action repeating rifle to use centerfire cartridges was the weapon designed by the Viennese gunsmith Ferdinand Fruwirth in 1871.[3] Ultimately, the military turned to bolt-action rifles using a box magazine; the first of its kind was the M1885 Remington–Lee, but the first to be generally adopted was the British 1888 Lee–Metford. World War I marked the height of the bolt-action rifle's use, with all of the nations in that war fielding troops armed with various bolt-action designs.

text: During the buildup prior to World War II, the military bolt-action rifle began to be superseded by the semi-automatic rifle and later fully-automatic rifles, though bolt-action rifles remained the primary weapon of most of the combatants for the duration of the war; and many American units, especially USMC, used bolt-action '03 Springfields until sufficient M1 Garands were available. The bolt action is still common today among sniper rifles, as the design has potential for superior accuracy, reliability, lesser weight, and the ability to control loading over the faster rate of fire that alternatives allow. There are, however, many semi-automatic sniper rifle designs, especially in the designated marksman role.

text: Today, bolt-action rifles are chiefly used as hunting rifles. These rifles can be used to hunt anything from vermin to deer and to large game, especially big game caught on a safari, as they are adequate to deliver a single lethal shot from a safe distance.

text: Bolt-action shotguns are considered a rarity among modern firearms but were formerly a commonly used action for .410 entry-level shotguns, as well as for low-cost 12 gauge shotguns. The M26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System (MASS) is the most advanced and recent example of a bolt-action shotgun, albeit one designed to be attached to an M16 rifle or M4 carbine using an underbarrel mount (although with the standalone kit, the MASS can become a standalone weapon). Mossberg 12 gauge bolt-action shotguns were briefly popular in Australia after the 1997 changes to firearms laws, but the shotguns themselves were awkward to operate and only had a three-round magazine, thus offering no practical and real advantages over a conventional double-barrel shotgun.

text: Some pistols utilize a bolt action, although this is uncommon, and such examples are typically specialized target handguns.

text: Major bolt-action systems[edit]

text: Turn-bolt[edit]

text: Most of the bolt-action designs use turn-bolt (or "turn-pull") design, which involves the shooter doing an upward "turn" movement of the handle to unlock the bolt from the breech, followed by a rearward "pull" to open the breech, extract the spent cartridge case and cock the firing pin, then reverse the whole process to chamber the next cartridge and relock the breech. There are three major turn-bolt action designs: the Mauser system, the Lee–Enfield system, and the Mosin–Nagant system. All three differ in the way the bolt fits into the receiver, how the bolt rotates as it is being operated, the number of locking lugs holding the bolt in place as the gun is fired, and whether the action is cocked on the opening of the bolt (as in the Mauser system) or the closing of the bolt (as in the Lee–Enfield system). The vast majority of bolt-action rifles utilize one of these three systems, with other designs seeing only limited use.

text: Mauser[edit]

text: The Mauser bolt action system was introduced in the Gewehr 98 designed by Paul Mauser, and is the most common bolt-action system in the world,[citation needed] being in use in nearly all modern hunting rifles and the majority of military bolt-action rifles until the middle of the 20th century. The Mauser system is stronger than that of the Lee–Enfield due to two locking lugs just behind the bolt head which make it better able to handle higher pressure cartridges (i.e. magnum cartridges). The 8×68mm S and 9.3×64mm Brenneke magnum rifle cartridge "families" were designed for the Mauser M 98 bolt action. A novel safety feature was the introduction of a third locking lug present at the rear of the bolt that normally did not lock the bolt, since it would introduce asymmetrical locking forces. The Mauser system features "cock on opening", meaning the upward rotation of the bolt when the rifle is opened cocks the action. A drawback of the Mauser M 98 system is that it cannot be cheaply mass-produced very easily.[citation needed] Many Mauser M 98-inspired derivatives feature technical alterations, such as omitting the third safety locking lug, to simplify production.

text: The controlled-feed Mauser M 98 bolt-action system's simple, strong, safe, and well-thought-out design inspired other military and hunting/sporting rifle designs that became available during the 20th century, including the:

text:
Gewehr 98/Karabiner 98k
M24 series
vz. 24/vz. 33
Type 24 rifle
M1903 Springfield
Pattern 1914 Enfield
M1917 Enfield
Arisaka Type 38/Type 99
M48 Mauser
Kb wz. 98a/Karabinek wz. 1929
FR8
modern hunting/sporting rifles like the CZ 550, Heym Express Magnum, Winchester Model 70 and the Mauser M 98
modern sniper rifles like the GOL Sniper Magnum and Zastava M07

tag: ul

text: Versions of the Mauser action designed prior to the Gewehr 98's introduction, such as that of the Swedish Mauser rifles and carbines, lack the third locking lug and feature a "cock on closing" operation.

text: Lee–Enfield[edit]

text: The Lee–Enfield bolt-action system was introduced in 1889 with the Lee–Metford and later Lee–Enfield rifles (the bolt system is named after the designer James Paris Lee and the barrel rifling after the Royal Small Arms Factory at the London Borough of Enfield), and is a "cock on closing" action in which the forward thrust of the bolt cocks the action. Since the Lee–Enfield's locking lugs are at the rear of the bolt, repeated firing over time can lead to receiver "stretch" and excessive headspace; accordingly, the Lee–Enfield bolt system features a removable bolthead, which allows the rifle's headspace to be adjusted by simply removing the bolthead and replacing it with one of a different length as required. In the years leading up to WWII, the Lee–Enfield bolt system was used in numerous commercial sporting and hunting rifles manufactured by such firms in the UK as BSA, LSA, and Parker–Hale, as well as by SAF Lithgow in Australia. Vast numbers of ex-military SMLE Mk III rifles were sporterised post-WWII to create cheap, effective hunting rifles, and the Lee–Enfield bolt system is used in the M10 and No 4 Mk IV rifles manufactured by Australian International Arms.

text:
Lee–Enfield (all marks and models)
Ishapore 2A1
Various hunting/sporting rifles manufactured by BSA, LSA, SAF Lithgow, and Parker-Hale
Australian International Arms M10 and No 4 Mk IV hunting/sporting rifles

text: Mosin–Nagant[edit]

text: The Mosin–Nagant action, created in 1891 and named after the designers Sergei Mosin and Léon Nagant, differs significantly from the Mauser and Lee–Enfield bolt action designs. The Mosin–Nagant design has a separate bolthead which rotates with the bolt and the bearing lugs, in contrast to the Mauser system where the bolthead is a non-removable part of the bolt. The Mosin–Nagant is also unlike the Lee–Enfield system where the bolthead remains stationary and the bolt body itself rotates. The Mosin–Nagant bolt is a somewhat complicated affair, but is extremely rugged and durable; it, like the Mauser, uses a "cock on open" system. Although this bolt system has been rarely used in commercial sporting rifles (the Vostok brand target rifles being the most recognized) and never outside of Russia, large numbers of military surplus Mosin–Nagant rifles have been sporterized for use as hunting rifles in the years since WWII.

text: Other designs[edit]

text: The Vetterli rifle was the first bolt action repeating rifle introduced by an army. It was used by the Swiss army from 1869 to circa 1890. Modified Vetterlis were also used by the Italian Army. Another notable design is the Norwegian Krag–Jørgensen, which was used by Norway, Denmark, and briefly the United States. It is unusual among bolt-action rifles in that is loaded through a gate on right side of the receiver, and thus can be reloaded without opening the bolt. The Norwegian and Danish versions of the Krag have two locking lugs, while the American version has only one. In all versions, the bolt handle itself serves as an emergency locking lug. The Krag's major disadvantage compared to other bolt-action designs is that it is usually loaded by hand, one round at a time, although a box-like device was made that could drop five rounds into the magazine, all at once. This made it slower to reload than other designs which used stripper or en-bloc clips. Another historically important bolt-action system was the Gras system, used on the French Mle 1874 Gras rifle and the Mle 1886 Lebel rifle, which was first to introduce ammunition loaded with nitrocellulose-based smokeless powder.

text: Straight-pull[edit]

text: In addition to the turn-bolt action systems, other designs have been devised but failed to achieve the ubiquity of the turn-bolt Mauser, Lee–Enfield and Mosin–Nagant designs. Some of the most notable of these are the Canadian Ross rifle, the Swiss K31 and Austro-Hungarian Mannlicher M1895 designs. All three are straight-pull bolt actions, but are entirely unrelated designs.

text: In the Mauser-style turn-bolt action,[4][5] the bolt handle must be rotated upward, drawn rearward, pushed forward, and finally rotated downward back into lock to complete the loading cycle. In a straight-pull action, the bolt can be cycled back and forward without rotating the handle, hence producing a reduced range of motion by the shooter from four movements to two, with the goal of increasing the rifle's rate of fire. The straight pull bolt movements are also all inline with the gun's barrelled action, unlike the turn-bolt designs whose bolt rotations can exert unwanted torques that might throw the gun off aim. The Ross and Schmidt–Rubin rifles load via stripper clips, albeit of an unusual paperboard and steel design in the Schmidt–Rubin rifle, while the Mannlicher M1895 uses en-bloc clips. The Schmidt–Rubin series, which culminated in the K31, are also known for being among the most accurate military rifles ever made. Yet another variant of the straight-pull bolt action, of which the M1895 Lee Navy is an example, is a camming action in which pulling the bolt handle causes the bolt to rock, freeing a stud from the receiver and unlocking the bolt.

text: More recently the German Blaser company has introduced a new straight-pull action where locking is achieved by a series of concentric "claws" that protrude/retract from the bolthead, a design that is referred to as Radialbundverschluss ("radial connection").

text: In the sport of biathlon, because semiautomatic guns are illegal for race use, straight-pull actions are quite common, and are used almost exclusively on the world cup along with the Lateral Toggle action. The first company to make the straight pull action for .22 caliber was J. G. Anschütz; the action is specifically the straight pull ball bearing lock action, which features spring-loaded ball bearings on the side of the bolt which lock into a groove inside the bolt's housing. With the new design came a new dry-fire method; instead of the bolt being turned up slightly, the action is locked back to catch the firing pin. The two companies who have made the lateral toggle are Finn biathlon, as well as Izhmash. Finn was the first to make this type of action, however, due to the large swing of the arm as well as the stiffness of the bolt, these rifles fell out of favour and have been discontinued. Izhmash improved on the lateral swing with their Biathlon 7-3 and 7-4 series rifles, which have some use on world cups, but are largely thought of as inaccurate as well as having the inconvenience of having to remove the shooter's hand from the grip.

text: Operating the bolt[edit]

text: Typically, the bolt consists of a tube of metal inside of which the firing mechanism is housed, and which has at the front or rear of the tube several metal knobs, or "lugs", which serve to lock the bolt in place. The operation can be done via a rotating bolt, a lever, cam-action, locking piece, or a number of systems. Straight-pull designs have seen a great deal of use, though manual turn-bolt designs are what is most commonly thought of in reference to a bolt-action design due to the type ubiquity. As a result, the bolt-action term is often reserved for more modern types of rotating bolt-designs when talking about a specific weapon's type of action. However, both straight-pull and rotating bolt rifles are types of bolt-action rifles. Lever-action and pump-action weapons must still operate the bolt, but they are usually grouped separately from bolt-actions that are operated by a handle directly attached to a rotating bolt. Early bolt-action designs, such as the Dreyse needle gun and the Mauser Model 1871, locked by dropping the bolt handle or bolt guide rib into a notch in the receiver, this method is still used in .22 rimfire rifles. The most common locking method is a rotating bolt with two lugs on the bolt head, which was used by the Lebel Model 1886 rifle, Model 1888 Commission Rifle, Mauser M 98, Mosin–Nagant and most bolt-action rifles. The Lee–Enfield has a lug and guide rib, which lock on the rear end of the bolt into the receiver.

text: Loading[edit]

text: Most bolt-action firearms are fed by an internal magazine loaded by hand, by en bloc, or stripper clips, though a number of designs have had a detachable magazine or independent magazine, or even no magazine at all, thus requiring that each round be independently loaded. Generally, the magazine capacity is limited to between two and ten rounds, as it can permit the magazine to be flush with the bottom of the rifle, reduce the weight, or prevent mud and dirt from entering. A number of bolt-actions have a tube magazine, such as along the length of the barrel. In weapons other than large rifles, such as pistols and cannons, there were some manually operated breech loading weapons. However, the Dreyse Needle fire rifle was the first breech-loader to use a rotating bolt design. Johann Nicholas von Dreyse's rifle of 1838 was accepted into service by Prussia in 1841, which was in turn developed into the Prussian Model 1849. The design was a single-shot breech loader, and had the now familiar arm sticking out from the side of the bolt, to turn and open the chamber. The entire reloading sequence was a more complex procedure than later designs, however, as the firing pin had to be independently primed and activated, and the lever was only used to move the bolt.

text: Benefits and drawbacks[edit]

text: Bolt-action firearms can theoretically achieve higher muzzle velocity and therefore have more accuracy than semi-automatic rifles because of the way the barrel is sealed. In a semi-automatic rifle, some of the energy from the charge is directed towards ejecting the spent shell and loading a new cartridge into the chamber. In a bolt action, the shooter performs this action by manually operating the bolt, allowing the chamber to be better sealed during firing, so that much more of the energy from the expanding gas can be directed forward. However, numerous other factors related to design and ammunition affect reliability and accuracy, and well designed modern semi-automatic rifles can be exceptionally accurate. Because of the combination of relatively light weight, reliability, high potential accuracy and lower cost, the bolt action is still the design of choice for many hunters, target shooters and marksmen.

text: The bolt action's locking lugs are normally at the front of the breech (some designs have additional "safety lugs" at the rear), and this increases potential accuracy relative to a design which locks the breech at the rear, such as a lever action. Also, a bolt action's only moving parts when firing are the pin and spring. Since it has fewer moving parts and a short lock time, it has less of a chance of being thrown off target and/or malfunctioning.

text: Because the spent cartridge is removed by manual action rather than automatically ejected, it can help a marksman remain hidden. Because the cartridge is not visibly flung into the air and onto the ground, a bolt action may be less likely to reveal a shooter's position. Also, the cartridge can be removed when most prudent, allowing the shooter to remain still until reloading is tactically feasible. Bolt actions are also easier to operate from a prone position than other manually repeating mechanisms and work well with box magazines, which are easier to fill and maintain than tubular magazines.

text: The integral strength of the design means very powerful magnum cartridges can be chambered without significantly increasing the size or weight of the weapon. For example, some of the most powerful elephant guns are in the same weight range (7–10 lbs.) as a typical deer rifle, while delivering several times the kinetic energy to the target. The recoil of these weapons, however, is correspondingly severe. One well known example is bolt-action rifles designed for the .223 Remington, which can usually safely fire the more powerful 5.56×45mm NATO, while auto-loaders might malfunction. By contrast, the operating mechanism of a semi-automatic weapon must increase in mass and weight as the cartridge it fires increases in power. This means that semi-automatic rifles firing magnum cartridges tend to be relatively heavy and impractical for many types of hunting.

text: The bolt action requires four distinct movements and is therefore generally slower than other major manual repeating mechanisms, such as lever and pump action, which generally require two movements, although straight-pull bolt actions also require only two distinct movements. In addition, the trigger hand must leave the gun and regrip the weapon after each shot, usually resulting in the shooter having to realign his sight and reacquire the target for every shot. It is also not ambidextrous, and left-handed models tend to be more expensive.

text: Safety and headspace[edit]

text: On used bolt-action firearms, especially, the headspace should be checked with headspace gauges prior to shooting to ensure it is correct, and to prevent over-stressing chambers and cartridge brass. Some bolt-action rifles, such as the Lee–Enfield, have a series of different length bolts available to extend the service life of the rifle, for taking up any wear of the bolt and chamber occurring from long years of service. In the case of the No. 4 Lee–Enfield bolt, the bolt heads themselves are replaceable separate from the bolt and are marked 0, 1, 2, or 3, with each bolt head in sequence being nominally 0.003" longer than the bolt head numbered one less, for easily taking up any action stretching that may have occurred. It is possible to replace such a bolt head without tools by disassembling the bolt from the action, unscrewing the bolt head, and replacing the bolt head with the next higher number bolt head, for restoring a safe headspace.

text: The interrelated mechanics of safe trigger function, correct headspace, and equal bearing of the locking lugs requires that the bolt and action assembly are factory "fitted". Usually shown by the rifle serial number, applied to both bolt and action, indicating they are a matched pair. Accidental or deliberate swapping of bolts between similar rifles is not unusual, but is potentially dangerous. Any rifle with mismatched action/bolt serial numbers should be considered to be unsafe to fire until checked and so marked by a competent gunsmith or armourer.

text: Furthermore, there are many subtle issues involving the provenance of a rifle and its ammunition. Many calibres have dual civilian/military uses but are not completely identical – e.g. the .308 Winchester/7.62mm NATO and .223 Remington/5.56mm NATO have very slight differences in chamber sizes. Military ammunition often has thicker brass, and harder primers. Over major wars there were literally millions of surplus rifles converted to civilian uses (sporterized); many may be unsafe with modern ammunition – caution is required with any ex-military bolt action.

text: Other Firearm Actions[edit]

text:
Break-action
Falling-block action
Lever-action
Pump-action
Rolling block
Semi-automatic rifle


document_title: Georgia Court of Appeals

question_text: how many court of appeals are there in georgia

text: Georgia Court of Appeals

text: History[edit]

text: Founding of the court[edit]

text: The genesis of the Court of Appeals began with a report by the State Bar of Georgia in 1895, suggesting that the Georgia State Legislature create a new intermediate appellate court to relieve the Georgia Supreme Court of some of its rapidly growing caseload. The Legislature declined to create a new appellate court, choosing instead to increase the size of the Supreme Court from three judges to five, then later to six. In 1902, Georgia Supreme Court justice Andrew J. Cobb gave a presentation to the State Bar addressing a number of proposals to alleviate the Supreme Court's workload, including the creation of an intermediate court of appeals.

text: Finally, in 1906, the Legislature approved an amendment to the Georgia state constitution to create a three-judge court of appeals, to be placed on the ballot for approval by the citizens. The measure was approved by voters on October 3, 1906.

text: The first election of judges took place on November 6, 1906. Arthur G. Powell, Richard Russell, Sr., and Benjamin H. Hill (the son of former U.S. Senator Benjamin Harvey Hill) were the first judges elected to the court. Hill was the first chief judge of the court; he received the position largely due to age and seniority (over Russell's objections). The first Clerk of Court was Logan Bleckley Jr., the son of former Georgia Supreme Court Chief Justice Logan Edwin Bleckley. One of the first stenographers of the court was Marian Bloodworth, whose appointment was consented to by the three judges despite a provision of the Georgia Civil Code forbidding women from holding civil office.

text: Until 1916, the Court of Appeals effectively functioned as a second court of last resort for the state of Georgia, there being no provision for appeal from its judgments. This posed two problems for the state: first, despite the constitutional requirement that the Supreme Court's decisions constituted binding precedent over the court of appeals, conflicts began arising between the rulings of the two courts; secondly, the workloads of both courts continued to increase steadily. The Legislature remedied these problems by approving a constitutional amendment to enlarge the subject matter jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals and limit that of the Supreme Court. The Legislature also approved a statute to create an additional three-judge division of the Court of Appeals, providing that all appeals of criminal cases be heard in one division, and the remaining civil cases be divided up so as to equalize their work.

text: Growth of the court[edit]

text: The Legislature increased the size of the court to seven judges in 1960, and then to nine judges in three divisions in 1961. The requirement for all criminal cases to be heard in one division was repealed in 1967. In 1996, Governor Zell Miller submitted a bill to increase the court's size to thirteen judges. The bill failed, but the Legislature did approve another act to add a tenth judge.

text: The court grew again in 1999 when Governor Roy Barnes signed a bill which increased the number of judges to twelve. The court now has 15 members, who serve in five divisions.[1] As of 2008[update], a total of seventy-six judges have served on the court, with fifteen serving on both the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Georgia.

text: Jurisdiction[edit]

text: The court's appellate jurisdiction is rather limited in comparison with many other state appellate courts. It may hear appeals in all cases which do not involve:

text:
Questions of the constitutionality of statutes
Land title disputes
The construction of wills
Murder
Election contests
Habeas corpus
Extraordinary remedies
Divorce and alimony
Cases in which original appellate jurisdiction lies with the superior courts

text: Georgia statute specifies two categories of appeal. Some cases may be appealed as a matter of right, and some cases may only be appealed if the Court of Appeals accepts the appeal ("discretionary review"). Applications for discretionary review will only be granted if reversible error appears to exist, or if establishment of a precedent is desirable. (Court of Appeals Rule 31(a).

text: In addition, certain rulings made by the trial court may be appealable even if the case is still going on. These interlocutory appeals can only proceed if trial court judge agrees to allow an appeal, and if the Court of Appeals agrees to accept the case.

text: Procedure[edit]

text: Despite the court's limited jurisdiction, it is still one of the busiest state appellate courts in the nation. In 2001, 2,544 direct appeal decisions were issued by the Court of Appeals, over three fourths of which were final. Of the remaining cases in which appeal was sought in the Georgia Supreme Court, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in less than 10%.

text: More than half of the court's decisions are published in the South Eastern Reporter. Over the past several years, the Court has published an average of 1,461 opinions per year.

text: The 1996 statute which increased the number of judges to ten also changed the process by which cases would be decided in the event of a dissent. Before 1996, cases in which there was a dissent in one division were decided en banc (by the whole court). After this law was passed, cases involving a dissent are determined by seven judges, including the assigned division, the next division in succession, and a seventh judge. The Georgia Court of Appeals is unique in that it does not issue 2–1 panel rulings.

text: If all three judges on a panel concur in the ruling, then the ruling becomes binding precedent on all courts in Georgia except the Supreme Court. If one of the three judges concurs (agrees with the result but not the reasoning), the ruling becomes "physical precedent only" – that is, it disposes of the case in front of it but is not binding authority. Physical-precedent-only cases may be cited as persuasive authority, but are not binding.

text: Judges[edit]

text: The position of Chief Judge is rotated among the 15 sitting judges, generally for a two-year term and upon the basis of seniority of tenure on the Court. By statutory authorization, the Chief Judge appoints a Presiding Judge for each of the five divisions. The Presiding Judges remain as the heads of the divisions for the full two-year term of the Chief Judge. The other Judges are assigned to the five panels on an annual basis.

text: As of July 1, 2017, the judges on the Court are:

text:
Stephen Dillard (Chief Judge)
Anne Elizabeth Barnes (Presiding Judge)
M. Yvette Miller (Presiding Judge)
John J. Ellington (Presiding Judge)
Sara L. Doyle (Presiding Judge)
Christopher J. McFadden (Presiding Judge)
Gary Blaylock Andrews
William McCrary Ray II
Carla Wong McMillian
Brian M. Rickman
Amanda H. Mercier
Clyde L. Reese
Charlie Bethel