document_title: Palm Springs, California

question_text: what is the highest recorded temperature in palm springs california

question_tokens: what is the highest recorded temperature in palm springs california

text: Palm Springs, California

text: History[edit]

text: Founding[edit]

text: Pre-colonial history[edit]

text: The first humans to settle here were the Cahuilla people, 2,000 years ago.[10][11][12] Cahuilla Indians lived here in isolation from other cultures for hundreds of years prior to European contact.[13] They spoke Ivilyuat, which is a dialect of the Uto-Aztecan language family.[14] Numerous prominent and powerful Cahuilla leaders were from Palm Springs, including Cahuilla Lion (Chief Juan Antonio).[15] While Palm Canyon was occupied during winter months, they often moved to cooler Chino Canyon during the summer months.[16]

text: The Cahuilla Indians had several permanent settlements in the canyons of Palm Springs, due to the abundance of water and shade. Various hot springs were used during wintertime. The Cahuilla hunted rabbit, mountain goat and quail, while also trapping fish in nearby lakes and rivers. While men were responsible for hunting, women were responsible for collecting berries, acorns and seeds. They also made tortillas from mesquite beans.[10] While the Cahuillas often spent the summers in Indian Canyons, the current site of Spa Resort Casino in downtown was often used during winter due to its natural hot springs.[11]

text: Native-American petroglyphs can be seen in Tahquitz-, Chino- and Indian Canyons. The Cahuilla’s irrigation ditches, dams and house pits can also be seen here.[17] Ancient petroglyphs, pictographs and mortar holes can be seen in Andreas Canyon. The mortar holes were used to grind acorns into meals.[18][19]

text: The Agua Caliente (“Hot Water”) Reservation was established in 1876 and consists of 31,128 acres. 6,700 acres are located by Downtown Palm Springs.[20] The Native-American land is on long lease land and next to one of California’s highend communities, making the tribe one of the wealthiest in California.[21]

text: The first name for Palm Springs was given by the native Cahuilla: "Se-Khi" (boiling water).[7][8] When the Agua Caliente Reservation was established by the United States government in 1876, the reservation land was composed of alternating sections (640 acres) of land laid out across the desert in a checkerboard pattern. The alternating non-reservation sections were granted to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the Sonoran desert.

text: A number of streets and areas in Palm Springs are named for Native-American notables, including Andreas, Arenas, Amado, Belardo, Lugu, Patencio, Saturnino and Chino. All of these are common Cahuilla surnames.[11]

text: Presently the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians are composed of several smaller bands who live in the modern day Coachella Valley and San Gorgonio Pass. The Agua Caliente Reservation occupies 32,000 acres (13,000 ha), of which 6,700 acres (2,700 ha) lie within the city limits, making the Agua Caliente natives the city's largest landowners. (Tribal enrollment as of 2010 is 410 people.[22])

text: Mexican explorers[edit]

text: As of 1821 Mexico was independent of Spain and in March 1823 the Mexican Monarchy ended. That same year (in December) Mexican diarist José María Estudillo and Brevet Captain José Romero were sent to find a route from Sonora to Alta California; on their expedition they first recorded the existence of "Agua Caliente" at Palm Springs, California.[23][24]:30 With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the Mexican-American war, the region became part of the United States in 1848.

text: Later 19th century[edit]

text: Early names and European settlers[edit]

text: One possible origin of palm in the place name comes from early Spanish explorers who referred to the area as La Palma de la Mano de Dios or "The Palm of God's hand".[25] The earliest use of the name "Palm Springs" is from United States Topographical Engineers who used the term in 1853 maps.[26] According to William Bright, when the word "palm" appears in Californian place names, it usually refers to the native California fan palm, Washingtonia filifera, which is abundant in the Palm Springs area.[27] Other early names were "Palmetto Spring" and "Big Palm Springs".[28]

text: The first European resident in Palm Springs itself was Jack Summers, who ran the stagecoach station on the Bradshaw Trail in 1862.[29]:44, 149 Fourteen years later (1876), the Southern Pacific railroad was laid 6 miles to the north, isolating the station.[29]:17 In 1880, local Indian Pedro Chino was selling parcels near the springs to William Van Slyke and Mathew Bryne in a series of questionable transactions; they in turn brought in W. R. Porter to help market their property through the "Palm City Land and Water Company".[24]:275 By 1885, when San Francisco attorney (later known as "Judge") John Guthrie McCallum began buying property in Palm Springs, the name was already in wide acceptance. The area was named "Palm Valley" when McCallum incorporated the "Palm Valley Land and Water Company" with partners O.C. Miller, H.C. Campbell, and James Adams, M.D.[24]:280[30][31]

text: Land development and drought[edit]

text: McCallum, who had brought his ill son to the dry climate for health, brought in irrigation advocate Dr. Oliver Wozencroft and engineer J. P. Lippincott to help construct a canal from the Whitewater River to fruit orchards on his property.[24]:276–9 He also asked Dr. Welwood Murray to establish a hotel across the street from his residence. Murray did so in 1886 (he later became a famous horticulturalist).[24]:280 The crops and irrigation systems suffered flooding in 1893 from record rainfall, and then an 11-year drought (1894–1905) caused further damage.[23]:40

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Resort development[edit]

text: The city became a fashionable resort in the 1900s[32] when health tourists arrived with conditions that required dry heat. Because of the heat, however, the population dropped markedly in the summer months.[33]  In 1906 naturalist and travel writer George Wharton James' two volume The Wonders of the Colorado Desert described Palm Springs as having "great charms and attractiveness"[34]:278–81 and included an account of his stay at Murray's hotel.[35] As James also described, Palm Springs was more comfortable in its microclimate because the area was covered in the shadow of Mount San Jacinto to the west[30] and in the winter the mountains block cold winds from the San Gorgonio pass.[36] Early illustrious visitors included John Muir and his daughters, U.S. Vice President Charles Fairbanks, and Fanny Stevenson, widow of Robert Louis Stevenson; still, Murray's hotel was closed in 1909 and torn down in 1954.[23]:45

text: Nellie N. Coffman and her physician husband Harry established The Desert Inn as a hotel and sanitarium in 1909.[37][38] It was expanded as a modern hotel in 1927 and continued on until 1967.[23]:Ch. 13[39][40] Coffman herself was a "driving force" in the city's tourism industry until her death in 1950.[41]

text: James' Wonders of the Colorado Desert was followed in 1920 by J. Smeaton Chase's Our Araby: Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun, which also served to promote the area.[42] In 1924 Pearl McCallum (daughter of Judge McCallum) returned to Palm Springs and built the Oasis Hotel with her husband Austin G. McManus; the Modern/Art Deco resort was designed by Lloyd Wright and featured a 40-foot tower.[23]:68–9[43]

text: The next major hotel was the El Mirador, a large and luxurious resort that attracted the biggest movie stars; opening in 1927, its prominent feature was a 68-foot tall Renaissance style tower.[23]:Ch. 23[44] Silent film star Fritzi Ridgeway's 100-room Hotel del Tahquitz was built in 1929, next to the "Fool's Folly" mansion built by Chicago heiress Lois Kellogg.[45] Golfing was available at the O'Donnell 9 hole course (1926) and the El Mirador (1929) course (see Golf below). Hollywood movie stars were attracted by the hot dry, sunny weather and seclusion – they built homes and estates in the Warm Sands, The Mesa, and Historic Tennis Club neighborhoods (see Neighborhoods below). About 20,000 visitors came to the area in 1922.[46]

text: Palm Springs became popular with movie stars in the 1930s[47] and estate building expanded into the Movie Colony neighborhoods, Tahquitz River Estates, and Las Palmas neighborhoods. Actors Charles Farrell and Ralph Bellamy opened the Racquet Club in 1934[23]:Ch. 25[48][49] and Pearl McCallum opened the Tennis Club in 1937.[43] Nightclubs were set up as well, with Al Wertheimer opening The Dunes outside of Palm Springs in 1934[23]:254 and the Chi Chi nightclub opening in 1936.[50][51] Besides the gambling available at the Dunes Club, other casinos included The 139 Club and The Cove Club outside of the city.[52][53] Southern California's first self-contained shopping center was established in Palm Springs as the Plaza Shopping Center in 1936.[54]

text:
Pre-World War II Coachella Valley Resorts and Hotels

Name
City
Year Established
Year Closed/Demolished
Notes and references[55]

Agua Caliente Bathhouse
Palm Springs
1880s
Present day
Commercial use since the 1880s; bathhouse constructed 1916; site is now the Agua Caliente Spa Resort Casino, built in 1963[56]:171

Southern Pacific Indio depot
Indio
1880s
Burned down in 1966
Contained a "rough resort/hotel"[57][58]:12

Hotel and tent houses
Palm Springs
1910s
Unknown
Operated by David Manley Blanchard (tent houses in the late 1800s)[56]

Hotel Indio
Indio
1925
2004 (Burned)
Opened by E.R. Cooper; had 60 rooms (40 with baths)

La Quinta Hotel
La Quinta
1927
Present day
Built by William Morgan; designed by Gordon Kaufmann; now the La Quinta Resort and Club

Goff Hotel
Palm Springs
1928 (circa)
—
[59]

Pepper Tree Inn
Palm Springs
1924
—
Also described as the Dr. Reid's Sanitarium/Matthews-Andrea-Pepper Tree Inn[60]

Ramona Hotel
Palm Springs
1910s
—
Renamed in 1921 as the Palm Springs Hotel by the Foldesy family, although not related to original Palm Spring Hotel[61]

Sunshine Court
Palm Springs
1920s
2000s (Razed)
Built by Dr. J. J. Crocker and used by golfers at the O'Donnell Golf Club[61]

Hotel La Palma
Palm Springs
1910s
—
Depicted on Palm Canyon Drive in late teens/early 1920s;[58]:118 later became the El Ray Hotel, and then razed when Chi Chi nightclub was built in 1936[56]:143, 166

The Orchid Tree Inn
Palm Springs
1934
Present day
45 rooms[23]:247

Estrella Resort and Spa
Palm Springs
1933
Present day
Now the Viceroy Palm Springs; 74 rooms[23]:247

Ingleside Inn
Palm Springs
1935
Present day
Original estate built in the 1920s, and operated as the Ingleside Inn by Ruth Hardy. It was later owned and operated by Mel Haber, who died on October 25, 2016, and is now owned and managed by PlumpJack Investment Group, started by Lt. Governor Gavin Newsom in 1992. It is currently overseen by Newsom's sister Hilary.[62]

Palm Springs Tennis Club
Palm Springs
1937
Present day
Area is now the Tennis Club Condominiums[61]

La Bella Villas
Palm Springs
1939
Present day
Six Southwest-style villas[23]:247

Desert Hot Springs Mineral Bathhouse
Desert Hot Springs
1941
Demolished
Developed by L.W. & Lillian T. Coffee; burned in 1947 and rebuilt[63][64]

The Oasis Hotel
Palm Springs
1925
Present day
Built on grounds owned by the late John Gutherie McCallum; concrete structure designed by Lloyd Wright[65]

Hotel del Tahquitz
Palm Springs
1929
1958
Built by movie star Fritzi Ridgeway; had 100 rooms

Deep Well Guest Ranch
Palm Springs
1929
1948
Operated by Frank and Melba Bennet; converted to housing development[23]:148[66]

Smoke Tree Ranch
Palm Springs
1925
—
[61]

Monte Vista Apartments
Palm Springs
1921
2005
Operated as a hotel by John and Freda Miller, and then their sons, Frank and John.[46]

El Mirador Hotel
Palm Springs
1927
(Converted)
Had 200+ rooms; went bankrupt in 1930, bought by new owners; taken over as US Army Torney General Hospital in 1942;[67] reopened as hotel in 1952; became the Desert Regional Medical Center in 1972

The Desert Inn
Palm Springs
1909
1967
Built by Nellie Coffman; originally a tent-house resort and sanitarium,[68] developed into 35 buildings and bungalows; owned by actress Marion Davies from 1955 to 1960; original building demolished in 1960; officially closed in 1953.[60] Child actress Shirley Temple was a frequent and publicized guest.[69]

Colonial House
Palm Springs
1936
Present day
With 56 rooms, was built by Purple Gang member Al Wertheimer with a reputed speakeasy and brothel; once known as the Howard Manor; now the Colony Palms Hotel

Welwood Murray's Palm Springs Hotel
Palm Springs
1886
1909
Demolished in 1954[70]

text: World War II[edit]

text: When the United States entered World War II, Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley were important in the war effort. The original airfield near Palm Springs became a staging area for the Air Corps Ferrying Command's 21st Ferrying Group in November 1941 and a new airfield was built ½ mile from the old site. The new airfield,[59]:43 designated Palm Springs Army Airfield,[71] was completed in early 1942. Personnel from the Air Transport Command 560th Army Air Forces Base Unit stayed at the La Paz Guest Ranch and training was conducted at the airfield by the 72nd and 73rd Ferrying Squadrons. Later training was provided by the IV Fighter Command 459th Base Headquarters and Air Base Squadron.

text: Eight months before Pearl Harbor Day, the El Mirador Hotel was fully booked and adding new facilities.[72] After the war started, the U.S. government bought the hotel from owner Warren Phinney for $750,000[73] and converted it into the Torney General Hospital,[74] with Italian prisoners of war serving as kitchen help and orderlies in 1944 and 1945.[60] Through the war it was staffed with 1,500 personnel and treated some 19,000 patients.[49]:55

text: General Patton's Desert Training Center encompassed the entire region, with its headquarters in Camp Young at the Chiriaco Summit and an equipment depot maintained by the 66th Ordnance in present-day Palm Desert.[59]:40

text: Post World War II[edit]

text: Architectural modernists flourished with commissions from the stars, using the city to explore architectural innovations, new artistic venues, and an exotic back-to-the-land experiences. Inventive architects designed unique vacation houses, such as steel houses with prefabricated panels and folding roofs, a glass-and-steel house in a boulder-strewn landscape, and a carousel house that turned to avoid the sun's glare.[75]

text: In 1946 Richard Neutra designed the Edgar and Liliane Kaufmann House. A modernist classic, this mostly glass residence incorporated the latest technological advances in building materials, using natural lighting and floating planes and flowing space for proportion and detail.[76] In recent years an energetic preservation program has protected and enhanced many classic buildings.

text: Culver (2010) argues that Palm Springs architecture became the model for mass-produced suburban housing, especially in the Southwest. This "Desert Modern" style was a high-end architectural style featuring open-design plans, wall-to-wall carpeting, air-conditioning, swimming pools, and very large windows. As Culver concludes, "While environmentalists might condemn desert modern, the masses would not. Here, it seemed, were houses that fully merged inside and outside, providing spaces for that essential component of Californian—and indeed middle-class American—life: leisure. While not everyone could have a Neutra masterpiece, many families could adopt aspects of Palm Springs modern."[77]

text: Hollywood values permeated the resort as it combined celebrity, health, new wealth, and sex. As Culver (2010) explains: "The bohemian sexual and marital mores already apparent in Hollywood intersected with the resort atmosphere of Palm Springs, and this new, more open sexuality would gradually appear elsewhere in national tourist culture."[77] During this period, the city government, stimulated by real estate developers systematically removed and excluded poor people and Indians.[78][79]

text: Palm Springs was pictured by the French photographer Robert Doisneau in November 1960 as part of an assignment for Fortune[80] on the construction of golf courses in this particularly dry and hot area of the Colorado desert. Doisneau submitted around 300 slides following his ten-day stay depicting the lifestyle of wealthy retirees and Hollywood stars in the 1960s. At the time, Palm Springs counted just 19 courses, which had grown to 125 by 2010.[81]

text: Year-round living[edit]

text: Similar to the pre-war era, Palm Springs remained popular with the rich and famous of Hollywood, as well as retirees and Canadian tourists.[82] Between 1947 and 1965, the Alexander Construction Company built some 2,200 houses in Palm Springs effectively doubling its housing capacity.

text: As the 1970s drew to a close, increasing numbers of retirees moved to the Coachella Valley. As a result, Palm Springs began to evolve from a virtual ghost town in the summer to a year-round community. Businesses and hotels that used to close for the months of July and August instead remained open all summer. As commerce grew, so too did the number of families with children.

text: The recession of 1973–1975 affected Palm Springs as many of the wealthy residents had to cut back on their spending.[83] Later in the 1970s numerous Chicago mobsters invested $50 million in the Palm Springs area, buying houses, land, and businesses.[84] While Palm Springs faced competition from the desert cities to the east in the later 1980s,[85] it has continued to prosper into the 21st century.[86]

text: Spring break[edit]

text: Since the early 1950s[87] the city had been a popular spring break resort. Glamorized as a destination in the 1963 movie Palm Springs Weekend,[88] the number of visitors grew and at times the gatherings had problems. In 1969 an estimated 15,000 people had gathered for a concert at the Palm Springs Angel Stadium and 300 were arrested for drunkenness or disturbing the peace.[89] In the 1980s 10,000+ college students would visit the city and form crowds and parties – and another rampage occurred in 1986[90] when Palm Springs Police in riot gear had to put down the rowdy crowd.[91] In 1990, due to complaints by residents, mayor Sonny Bono and the city council closed the city's Palm Canyon Drive to Spring Breakers and the downtown businesses lost money normally filled by the tourists.[92]

text: Today[edit]

text: Tourism is a major factor in the city's economy with 1.6 million visitors in 2011.[46] The city has over 130 hotels and resorts, numerous bed and breakfasts and over 100 restaurants and dining spots.[93]

text: Following the 2008 recession, Palm Springs is revitalizing its Downtown or "the Village". Rebuilding started with the demolition of the Bank of America building in January 2012, with the Desert Fashion Plaza scheduled for demolition later in 2012.[94]

text: The movement behind Mid-Century modern architecture (1950s/60s era) in Palm Springs is backed by architecture enthusiasts, artistic designers and local historians to preserve many of Central Palm Springs' buildings and houses of famous celebrities, businessmen and politicians.

text: Geography and environment[edit]

text: Palm Springs is located at 33°49′26″N 116°31′49″W / 33.82389°N 116.53028°W / 33.82389; -116.53028 (33.823990, −116.530339) in the Sonoran Desert. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 95.0 square miles (246 km2), of which 94.1 square miles (244 km2) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) (1%) is water. Located in the Coachella Valley desert region, Palm Springs is sheltered by the San Bernardino Mountains to the north, the Santa Rosa Mountains to the south, by the San Jacinto Mountains to the west and by the Little San Bernardino Mountains to the east.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Palm Springs has a hot desert climate, with over 300 days of sunshine and around 4.83 inches (122.7 mm) of rain annually.[95] The winter months are warm, with a majority of days reaching 70 °F (21 °C) and in January and February days often see temperatures of 80 °F (27 °C) and on occasion reach over 90 °F (32 °C), while, on average, there are 17 nights annually dipping to or below 40 °F (4 °C);[95] freezing temperatures occur in less than half of years. The lowest temperature recorded is 19 °F (−7 °C), on January 22, 1937.[96] Summer often sees daytime temperatures above 110 °F (43 °C) coupled with warm overnight lows remaining above 80 °F (27 °C). The mean annual temperature is 74.6 °F (23.7 °C). There are 180 days with a high reaching 90 °F (32 °C), and 100 °F (38 °C) can be seen on 116 days.[95] The highest temperature on record in Palm Springs is 123 °F (51 °C), most recently achieved on July 28 and 29, 1995.[97]

text:
hideClimate data for Palm Springs Fire Station 2, California (1981–2010 normals)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

95 (35)

99 (37)

104 (40)

112 (44)

116 (47)

122 (50)

123 (51)

123 (51)

121 (49)

116 (47)

102 (39)

93 (34)

123 (51)

Average high °F (°C)

70.8 (21.6)

74.0 (23.3)

80.4 (26.9)

87.7 (30.9)

95.7 (35.4)

103.7 (39.8)

108.1 (42.3)

107.3 (41.8)

101.9 (38.8)

91.2 (32.9)

78.5 (25.8)

69.2 (20.7)

89.0 (31.7)

Average low °F (°C)

45.4 (7.4)

48.0 (8.9)

52.2 (11.2)

57.4 (14.1)

64.3 (17.9)

70.8 (21.6)

77.5 (25.3)

77.6 (25.3)

71.9 (22.2)

62.3 (16.8)

51.6 (10.9)

44.1 (6.7)

60.3 (15.7)

Record low °F (°C)

19 (−7)

24 (−4)

29 (−2)

34 (1)

36 (2)

44 (7)

54 (12)

52 (11)

46 (8)

30 (−1)

23 (−5)

23 (−5)

19 (−7)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

1.15 (29.2)

1.11 (28.2)

0.53 (13.5)

0.06 (1.5)

0.02 (0.5)

0.02 (0.5)

0.13 (3.3)

0.29 (7.4)

0.23 (5.8)

0.24 (6.1)

0.32 (8.1)

0.87 (22.1)

4.97 (126.2)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

3.1

3.2

1.6

0.6

0.2

0

0.6

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.8

1.9

14.4

Source: NOAA (extremes 1917–present)[96]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The locale features a variety of native Low Desert flora and fauna. A notable tree occurring in the wild and under cultivation is the California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera.[98]

text: Neighborhoods[edit]

text: The City of Palm Springs has developed a program to identify distinctive neighborhoods in the community.[99] Of the 33 neighborhoods,[99] 7 have historical and cultural significance.[100]

text: Movie Colony neighborhoods[edit]

text: The Movie Colony is just east of Palm Canyon Drive.[101] The Movie Colony East neighborhood extends further east from the Ruth Hardy Park.[102] These areas started growing in the 1930s as Hollywood movie stars built their smaller getaways from their Los Angeles area estates. Bob Hope, Frank Sinatra, Estée Lauder, and Bing Crosby built homes in these neighborhoods.

text: El Rancho Vista Estates[edit]

text: In the 1960s, Robert Fey built 70 homes designed by Donald Wexler and Ric Harrison in the El Rancho Vista Estates.[103] Noted residents included Jack LaLanne and comic Andy Dick.

text: Warm Sands[edit]

text: Historic homes in the Warm Sands area date from the 1920s and many were built from adobe.[104] It also includes small resorts and the Ramon Mobile Home Park. Noted residents have included screenwriter Walter Koch, artist Paul Grimm, activist Cleve Jones and actor Wesley Eure.

text: The Mesa[edit]

text: The Mesa started off as a gated community developed in the 1920s near the Indian Canyons.[105] Noted residents have included King Gillette, Zane Grey, Clark Gable, Carole Lombard, Suzanne Somers, Herman Wouk, Henry Fernandez, Barry Manilow and Trina Turk. Distinctive homes include Donald Wexler's "butterfly houses" and the "Streamline Moderne Ship of the Desert".[106]

text: Tahquitz River Estates[edit]

text: Some of the homes in this neighborhood date from the 1930s. The area was owned by Pearl McCallum McManus and she started building homes in the neighborhood after World War II ended. Dr. William Scholl (Dr. Scholl's foot products) owned a 10-acre estate here. Today the neighborhood is the largest neighborhood organization with 600 homes and businesses within its boundaries.[107]

text: Sunmor Estates[edit]

text: During World War II, the original Sunmor Estates area was the western portion the Palm Springs Army Airfield.[108] Homes here were developed by Robert Higgins and the Alexander Construction Company. Actor and former mayor Frank Bogert bought his home for $16,000 and lived there for more than 50 years.

text: Historic Tennis Club[edit]

text: Impoverished artist Carl Eytel first set up his cabin on what would become the Tennis Club in 1937. Another artist in the neighborhood, who built his Moroccan-style "Dar Marrac" estate in 1924, was Gordon Coutts.[109] Other estates include Samuel Untermyer's Mediterranean style villa (now The Willows Historic Palm Springs Inn),[110] the Casa Cody Inn, built by Harriet and Harold William Cody (cousin of Buffalo Bill Cody) and the Ingleside Inn,[111] built in the 1920s by the Humphrey Birge family. The neighborhood now has about 400 homes, condos, apartments, inns and restaurants.[112]

text: Las Palmas neighborhoods[edit]

text: To the west of Palm Canyon Drive are the Vista Las Palmas,[113] Old Las Palmas, and Little Tuscany neighborhoods.[114] These areas also feature distinctive homes and celebrity estates.

text: Racquet Club Estates[edit]

text: Historic Racquet Club Estates, located north of Vista Chino, is home to over five hundred mid-century modern homes from the Alexander Construction Company. "Meiselman" homes, and the famed Donald Wexler steel homes (having Class One historic designation) are also prominent in the area.[115] Racquet Club Estates was Palm Springs' first middle income neighborhood.

text: Deepwell Estates[edit]

text: Deepwell Estates, the eastern portion of the square mile defined by South/East Palm Canyon, Mesquite, and Sunrise, contains around 370 homes, including notable homes architecturally and of celebrity figures. Among the celebrities who lived in the neighborhood are Jerry Lewis, Loretta Young, Liberace, and William Holden.[116][117]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±
19403,434—19507,660123.1%196013,46875.8%197020,93655.4%198032,35954.6%199040,18124.2%200042,8076.5%201044,5524.1%Est. 201647,689[6]7.0%U.S. Decennial Census[118]

text: The 2010 United States Census[119] reported that Palm Springs had a population of 44,552. The population density was 469.1 people per square mile (181.1/km²). The racial makeup of Palm Springs was 33,720 (75.7%) White (63.6% Non-Hispanic White),[5] 1,982 (4.4%) African American, 467 (1.0%) Native American, 1,971 (4.4%) Asian, 71 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 4,949 (11.1%) from other races, and 1,392 (3.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,286 persons (25.3%).

text: The Census reported that 44,013 people (98.8% of the population) lived in households, 343 (0.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 196 (0.4%) were institutionalized.

text: There were 22,746 households, out of which 3,337 (14.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 5,812 (25.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,985 (8.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 868 (3.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,031 (4.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2,307 (10.1%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,006 households (44.0%) were made up of individuals and 4,295 (18.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93. There were 8,665 families (38.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.82.

text: The population was spread out with 6,125 people (13.7%) under the age of 18, 2,572 people (5.8%) aged 18 to 24, 8,625 people (19.4%) aged 25 to 44, 15,419 people (34.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 11,811 people (26.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 129.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 133.8 males.

text: There were 34,794 housing units at an average density of 366.3 per square mile (141.4/km²), of which 13,349 (58.7%) were owner-occupied, and 9,397 (41.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 6.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 15.5%. 24,948 people (56.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 19,065 people (42.8%) lived in rental housing units.

text: During 2009–2013, Palm Springs had a median household income of $45,198, with 18.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[5]

text: As of the census[120] of 2000, there were 42,807 people, 20,516 households, and 9,457 families residing in the city. The population density was 454.2 people per square mile (175.4/km2). There were 30,823 housing units at an average density of 327.0 per square mile (126.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.3% White, 3.9% African American, 0.9% Native American, 3.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.8% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.7% of the population.

text: There were 20,516 out of which 16.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.9% were non-families. 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.1 and the average family size was 2.9.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 17.0% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 26.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.4 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $35,973 and the median income for a family was $45,318. Males had a median income of $33,999 versus $27,461 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,957.  About 11.2% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.2% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.

text: Same-sex couples[edit]

text: Palm Springs has one of the highest concentrations of same-sex couples of any community in the United States.[121][122] In the city, 7.2% of households belong to a same-sex couple compared to the national average of 1%. Palm Springs has the fifth-highest percentage of same-sex households in the nation.[121]:27 Former mayor Ron Oden estimated that about a third of Palm Springs is gay.[123] Over various times, the city has catered to LGBT tourists.[124] Palm Springs is host to the Greater Palm Springs Pride Celebration. This celebration, held every year in November, includes events such as the Palm Springs Pride Golf Classic, the Stonewall Equality Concert, and a Broadway in Drag Pageant. The city also held same sex wedding ceremonies at the iconic 'Forever Marilyn' statue located downtown, before its relocation in 2014.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Though celebrities still retreat to Palm Springs, many today establish residences in other areas of the Coachella Valley. The city's economy now relies on tourism, and local government is largely supported by related retail sales taxes and the TOT (transient occupancy tax). It is a city of numerous festivals, conventions, and international events including the Palm Springs International Film Festival.

text: The world's largest rotating aerial tramcars[125] (cable cars) can be found at the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway. These cars, built by Von Roll Tramways,[125] ascend from Chino Canyon two-and-a-half miles up a steep incline to the station at 8,516 feet (2,596 m). The San Jacinto Wilderness is accessible from the top of the tram and there is a restaurant with notable views.

text: The Palm Springs Convention Center underwent a multimillion-dollar expansion and renovation under Mayor Will Kleindienst. The City Council Sub-Committee of Mayor Kleindienst and City Council Member Chris Mills selected Fentress Bradburn Architects[126] from Denver, Colorado for the redesign.

text: Numerous hotels, restaurants and attractions cater to tourists, while shoppers can find a variety of high-end boutiques in downtown and uptown Palm Springs. The city is home to 20 clothing-optional resorts including many catering to gay men.[127]

text: Notable businesses[edit]

text:
Ace Hotel & Swim Club – a renovated mid-20th century motel.[128]
Bird Medical Technologies[129]
Colony Palms Hotel – opened in 1936 as The Colonial House by Las Vegas casino owner Al Wertheimer.
KQTM, LGBT-themed television station.
Raven Productions – a television production company based in Palm Springs.
Hello Paradise – a weekly television magazine about the Palm Springs area produced by Raven.
Earth Trek – a travel and adventure program produced by Raven.
In the 1980s, Silver Eagle Records had its business in Palm Springs, while it's studio is in Hollywood, Los Angeles.

text: Arts and culture[edit]

text: Annual cultural events[edit]

text:
The Palm Springs International Film Festival and Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films ("ShortFest") present movie star-filled, red-carpet affairs in January and June respectively.
Modernism Week, in February, is an 11-day event featuring mid-century modern architecture through films, lectures, tours and its Modernism Show & Sale. A four-day Modernism Week Preview is held in mid-October.[130]

text: The Palm Springs Black History Committee celebrates Black History Month with a parade and town fair every February.[131]

text:
Agua Caliente Cultural Museum presents its annual Festival of Native Film & Culture[132] at the Camelot Theaters in central Palm Springs. Village Fest in Palm Springs
The Club Skirts Dinah Shore Weekend, known as "The Dinah",[30] is a LGBT event billed as the "Largest Girl Party in the World" held each March.
A circuit White Party is held in April, attracting 10,000 visitors.[30][133]
The Arthur Lyons Film Noir Festival,[134] co-sponsored by the Palm Springs Cultural Center,[135] is held in May with screenings at the Camelot Theater.
Palm Springs Desert Resorts Restaurant Week is held every June, featuring 10 days of dining at over 100 restaurants in the Coachella Valley.[136]
The Caballeros, a gay men's chorus and member of GALA Choruses, has presented concerts since 1999.[137]

text: The following three parades, held on Palm Canyon Drive, were created by former Mayor Will Kleindienst:

text:
Palm Springs Annual Homecoming Parade is held on the Wednesday prior to the Friday night Palm Springs High School Homecoming Game.[138]
The city sponsors a Veterans Day parade, concert and fireworks display since 1996.[139] It is one of 54 US Department of Veterans Affairs designated Regional Sites[140] for the national observance of Veterans Day.[141]
Since 1992 the Palm Springs Festival of Lights Parade is held on the first Saturday of December.[142]

text: Ongoing cultural events[edit]

text: For many years, The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies was a stage-show at the historic Plaza Theatre featuring performers over the age of 55. Still Kicking: The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies is a 1997 Mel Damski short documentary film about the Follies. The Palm Springs Follies closed for good after the 2013-14 season.[143]

text: Starting in 2004, the city worked with downtown businesses to develop the weekly Palm Springs VillageFest. The downtown street fair has been a regular Thursday evening event, drawing tourists and locals alike to Palm Canyon Drive to stroll amid the food and craft vendors.[144]

text: Events related to films and film-craft are sponsored by the Desert Film Society.[145]

text: Public art[edit]

text: The city council has established a 7-member commission to promote art in the city.[146] The commission has sponsored several notable public art projects in the city, including:[147]

text:
"Red Echo" (2010) by Konstantin Demopoulos. Ramon Road and Gene Autry Trail
"Male Figure of Balzac" (2009) by Christopher Georgesco. Palm Canyon Blvd. and Andreas Road
"Gene Autry, America's Favorite Singing Cowboy" (2007) by DeL'Esprie
"Squeeze" (2007) by John Clement. 538 N. Palm Canyon Drive
"Agua Caliente Women" (1994) by Doug Hyde, corner of Tahquitz and Indian Canyon Way
"A Personal History of Palm Springs" by Tony Berlant diptych mural, Convention Center lobby
"The Batter" by Bill Arms, Baseball stadium
"Standing Woman" by Felipe Castaneda, Palm Canyon in front of the Historical Society
"Flight" by Damian Priour, entrance to Bird Medical Technologies on Gene Autry Drive
"Daimaru XII" by Michael Todd. Convention Center; on lease from the Palm Springs Art Museum
"Lucy Ricardo" by Emmanuil Snitkovsky. Tahquitz Canyon at Palm Canyon
"Desert Highland Mural Project" by Richard Wyatt. Desert Highland Unity Center, Tramview Road
"Desert Reflections" by Phill Evans. City Dog Park
"Nines and Elevens" by James Jared Taylor III. Demuth Park
"Charlie Farrell" by George Montgomery. Palm Springs International Airport
"Rainmaker" by David Morris. Fountain, Frances Stevens Park
"Lawn Chair" by Blue McRight. Pepper Tree Inn
"Whirlwind" by Gary Slater. Ruth Hardy Park
"Wave Rhythms" by John Mishler. Sunrise Park

text: Museums and other points of interest[edit]

text:
Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians
Agua Caliente Cultural Museum[148] (presently located downtown at the Village Green)
Indian Canyons (Palm Canyon,[149] Andreas Canyon, Murray Canyon)[150]
Tahquitz Canyon,[151] wildlife area and one-time staging place for the outdoor "Desert Plays" in the 1920s[152]
Tahquitz Falls, 60 foot waterfall used as a scene in Frank Capra's 1937 film, Lost Horizon.[153]
Agua Caliente Casino in Rancho Mirage
Spa Resort Casino, which is based on the original hot springs of the town[154]
Forever Marilyn sculpture by Seward Johnson in downtown Palm Springs[155] (presently in New Jersey for a Seward Johnson exhibition)
Moorten Botanical Garden and Cactarium
Palm Springs Historical Society Museums[156] (and Village Green[157])
Miss Cornelia White's "Little House" (railroad ties from the defunct Palmdale Railroad were used to build the house)
The McCallum Adobe – the oldest remaining building, built in 1884
Ruddy's General Store Museum – a 1930s general store[158]
Palm Springs Air Museum – located at the Palm Springs International Airport
Palm Springs Art Museum – originally developed as the Desert Museum
Annenberg Theater[159]
Palm Springs Walk of Stars
San Jacinto Mountains
Cactus to Clouds Trail – leads from the Art Museum to San Jacinto Peak
Mount San Jacinto State Park
Palm Springs Aerial Tramway
Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument
Children's Discovery Museum of the Desert – in Rancho Mirage[160]
Living Desert Zoo and Gardens – in Palm Desert, California
Joshua Tree National Park
Little San Bernardino Mountains

text: Numerous galleries and studios are located in the city and region.[161] The California Art Club has a chapter in Palm Springs.[162] The Desert Art Center of Coachella Valley was established in Palm Springs in 1950.[163]

text: Delos Van Earle's[164] "Jungle Red" (Warm Sands neighborhood)[165]

text: Sports[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Baseball[edit]

text: Palm Springs is home to the Palm Springs POWER, a semi-pro collegiate league baseball team composed of college all-stars of the Southern California Collegiate Baseball Association. [166] It has a winter league baseball team, the POWER winter team and Palm Springs Chill of the California Winter League (2010) consists of 12 other teams as of 2016. The League plays its games in Palm Springs Stadium and also on the baseball field in nearby Palm Springs High School. Both sites feature 6 teams of the Palm Springs Collegiate League in the summer.[167]

text: The Palm Springs stadium was once the spring training site of the Major League Baseball California Angels (now the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim) of the American League from 1961 to 1993. [168] The stadium also hosted spring training of the Chicago White Sox [169] in the late 1940s-1950s, the Oakland A's in the 1970s, and the 1950s minor league Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League also trained there.

text: Tennis[edit]

text: The Palm Springs area features a number of sporting events including the BNP Paribas Open, one of the most significant tennis events in the world, after the four Grand Slam tournaments.

text: The Easter Bowl, sponsored by the United States Tennis Association[170] for Juniors has been held in the Palm Springs area in 2008, 2009, and 2010.[171]

text: Golf[edit]

text: With more golf courses than any other region in California, Coachella Valley is the most popular golf vacation destination in California. Early golf courses in Palm Springs were the O'Donnell Golf Club (built by oil magnate Thomas A. O'Donnell)[172] and the El Mirador Hotel course, both of which opened in the 1920s.[23]:120 After the Cochran-Odlum (Indio) and Shadow Mountain pitch and putt courses were built after World II, the first 18-hole golf course in the area was the Thunderbird Country Club, established 1951 in Rancho Mirage.[173][174] Thunderbird was designed by golf course architects Lawrence Hughes and Johnny Dawson[175] and in 1955 it hosted the 11th Ryder Cup championship.

text: In the 1970s the area had over 40 courses and in 2001 the 100th course was opened.[23]:121 The area is also home to the PGA Tour's Humana Challenge in partnership with the Clinton Foundation (formerly the Bob Hope Chrysler Classic), the LPGA's ANA Inspiration and the Canadian Tour's Desert Dunes Classic.[176]

text: Soccer[edit]

text: The Palm Springs AYSO Region 80 plays in Section 1H of the American Youth Soccer Organization.[177][178]

text: American football[edit]

text: The Desert Fire Cats women's football team plays in Palm Springs. They were scheduled to play in the Independent Women's Football League in 2011, but the team's season was cancelled and they moved to play as an affiliate team in the Women's Spring Football League.

text: Parks and recreation[edit]

text: City parks[edit]

text:
City parks include:[179]
Baristo Park
DeMuth Park
Desert Healthcare (Wellness) Park
James O. Jessie Desert Highland Unity Center[180]
Dog Park (behind city hall)[181]
Frances Stevens Park
Ruth Hardy Park
Sunrise Park
Victoria Park

text: Recreation[edit]

text:
The Palm Springs Desert Ice Palace ice skating rink opened in nearby Cathedral City in October 2011.[182][183]
Boomers! is a family entertainment center in Cathedral City.[184]
A city skatepark was designed after the noted Nude Bowl.[185]
CNL Financial Group operates the Wet'n'Wild Palm Springs water park in the summer. (Formerly operated as Knott's Soak City by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company.)

text: In 1931 the Desert Riders was established.[186] Starting off as a social organization for the cream of Palm Springs society, the group sponsors horseback riding and trail building for equestrians, hikers, and bicyclists.[187] The Desert Riders were also significant in providing combination chuckwagon meals and rides through nearby canyons to hotel guests as Palm Springs developed its tourist industry.[188]

text: Government[edit]

text: City[edit]

text: Business owners in the village first established a Palm Springs Board of Trade in 1918, followed by a chamber of commerce; the City itself was established by election in 1938[56][189] and converted to a charter city, with a charter adopted by the voters in 1994.[190]

text: Presently the city has a council-manager type government, with a five-person city council that hires a city manager and city attorney. The mayor is directly elected and serves a four-year term. The other four council members also serve four-year terms, with staggered elections. The city is considered a full-service city, in that it staffs and manages its own police and fire departments including parks and recreation programs, public library,[191] sewer system and wastewater treatment plant, international airport, and planning and building services.

text: The city government is a member of the Southern California Association of Governments.[192]

text: The current mayor is Robert Moon, elected in 2015. Mr. Moon is the City's third openly gay mayor in the city's history. Palm Springs' longest-tenured mayor was Frank Bogert (1958–66 and 1982–88), but the best-known mayor in the city's history was Sonny Bono. Bono served from 1988 to 1992 and was eventually elected to the U.S. Congress.

text: County[edit]

text: Palm Springs is in Supervisorial District 4 of Riverside County.[193]

text: State[edit]

text: In the California State Legislature, Palm Springs is in the  28th Senate District, represented by Republican Jeff Stone, and in the  42nd Assembly District, represented by Republican Chad Mayes.[194]

text: Federal[edit]

text: In the United States House of Representatives, Palm Springs is in California's  36th congressional district, represented by Democrat Raul Ruiz.[195]

text: Education[edit]

text: Public schools[edit]

text: Public education in Palm Springs is under the jurisdiction of the Palm Springs Unified School District, an independent district with five board members.[196] The Palm Springs High School[197] is the oldest school in the district, built in 1938. Originally it was a K–12 school in the 1920s and had the College of the Desert campus from 1958 to 1964. And Raymond Cree Middle School in its current site since the mid 1960s.

text: Elementary schools in Palm Springs include:[198]

text:
Cahuilla Elementary School
Cielo Vista Charter School (received a U.S. Department of Education National Blue Ribbon award in 2011, and U.S. Department of Education National Gold Ribbon Award in 2016[199])
Katherine Finchy Elementary School[200] (received a U.S. Department of Education National Blue Ribbon award in 2011, and U.S. Department of Education National Gold Ribbon Award in 2016[199])
Vista del Monte Elementary School

text: Alternative education is provided by the Ramon Alternative Center.[201]

text: Private schools[edit]

text: Private schools in Palm Springs and nearby communities include Desert Chapel Christian School (K-12), Desert Adventist Academy (K–8), Sacred Heart School (PS-8), St. Theresa (PreK–8), King's School – formerly known as Palm Valley School (K–8), Desert Christian (K–12), Marywood-Palm Valley School, and The Academy.

text: In 2006 the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino built the Xavier College Preparatory High School[202] in Palm Desert.

text: Post-secondary education[edit]

text: The Desert Community College District, headquartered with its main campus, College of the Desert, is located in Palm Desert. California State University, San Bernardino and University of California, Riverside used to have satellite campuses available within the College of the Desert campus, but now have their own buildings in Palm Desert.

text: Private post-secondary education institutions include Brandman University (branch in Palm Desert),[203] California Desert Trial Academy College of Law (in Indio),[204] Kaplan College (Palm Springs),[205] University of Phoenix (Palm Desert),[206] Mayfield College (Cathedral City),[207] and California Nurses Educational Institute (Palm Springs).[208]

text: Media[edit]

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: Palm Springs is the 144th largest TV market as defined by AC Nielsen. The Palm Springs DMA is unique among TV markets as it is entirely located within only a small portion of Riverside County. Also, while most areas received their first local television stations during the 1950s, Palm Springs did not receive its first TV stations until October 1968 when stations KPLM-TV (now KESQ) and KMIR-TV debuted. Prior to that time, Palm Springs was served by TV stations from the Los Angeles market, which were carried on the local cable system that began operations in the 1950s and which predated the emergence of local broadcast stations by more than a decade.

text: TV stations serving the Palm Springs and Coachella Valley area include:

text:
KESQ-TV ABC, Channel 42 (Channel 3 on cable)
KMIR-TV NBC, Channel 36 (Channel 13 on cable)
KPSP-CD CBS, Channel 38 (Channel 2 on cable)

text: The CW, Fox, MyNetworkTV, PBS and other networks are covered by low power TV stations in the market.

text: Additionally, Palm Springs and the surrounding area are served by AM and FM radio stations including the following:

text:
KCLB-FM
KCOD
KCRI
KCWQ-LP
KDES-FM
KDGL
KESQ (AM)
KEZN
KGAM (AM)
KHCS
KHCV
KKGX
KKUU
KLOB
KMRJ
KNWZ/KNWQ
KPLM
KPSC (FM)
KPSH
KPSI-FM
KRCK-FM
KRHQ
KSUT
KUNA-FM
KVGH
KVLA-FM
KWXY
KXPS

text: Newspapers and magazines[edit]

text:
The Desert Sun is the local daily newspaper serving Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley region.
Desert Magazine is a monthly lifestyle magazine delivered to 40,000 homes.
The Desert Star Weekly (formerly the Desert Valley Star) is published in Desert Hot Springs, California.
The Desert Daily Guide[209] is a weekly LGBT periodical.[210]
Palm Springs Life is a monthly magazine; it also has publications on El Paseo Drive shopping in Palm Desert, desert area entertainment, homes, health, culture and arts, golf, plus annual issues on weddings and dining out.[211]
The Palm Springs Villager[212] was published in the early 20th century until 1959.[213]
The Palm Canyon Times was published from 1993–1996.
The Desert Post Weekly – Cathedral City.[214]
The Public Record – Palm Desert, is a business and public affairs weekly.[215]

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Libraries[edit]

text: The city's library was started in 1924 and financed by Martha Hitchcock. It expanded in 1940 on land donated to the newly incorporated city by Dr. Welwood Murray and was financed through the efforts of Thomas O'Donnell.[216] The present site now operates as a branch library, research library for the Palm Springs Historical Society, and tourism office for the Palm Springs Bureau of Tourism.[217]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: One of the first transportation routes for Palm Springs was on the Bradshaw Trail, an historic overland stage coach route from San Bernardino to La Paz, Arizona. The Bradshaw Trail operated from 1862 to 1877. In the 1870s the Southern Pacific Railroad expanded its lines into the Coachella Valley.[218]

text: Modern transportation services include:

text:
Palm Springs International Airport serves Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley.
Historical note: during World War II it was operated as the Palm Springs Army Airfield.
SunLine Transit Agency provides bus service in the Coachella Valley.
Morongo Basin Transit Authority provides bus service to and from Morongo Basin communities.
Amtrak's Sunset Limited and Texas Eagle form a single train which stops thrice weekly at the Palm Springs Amtrak station.
Amtrak's Thruway Motorcoach connects Palm Springs to Bakersfield, Claremont, Indio, La Crescenta, Ontario, Pasadena, Riverside and San Bernardino.[219] A city curbside Thruway bus stop is located at 3400 East Tahquitz Canyon Way.[220]
Historical note: the Southern Pacific Railroad Argonaut served Palm Springs from 1926 to 1961.[citation needed]
Greyhound Bus Lines has a stop (no ticketing) at the Palm Springs Amtrak station.[221]

text: Highways include:

text: Cemeteries[edit]

text: In 1890, the Jane Augustine Patencio Cemetery[222] was established on Tahquitz Way with the burial of Jane Augustine Patencio.[60] It is maintained by the Agua Caliente Tribe.

text: The Welwood Murray Cemetery[223] was started by hotel operator Welwood Murray in 1894 when his son died.[23]:46[224] It is maintained by the Palm Springs Cemetery District,[225] which also maintains the Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City.

text: Also in Cathedral City is the Forest Lawn Cemetery, maintained by Forest Lawn Memorial-Parks & Mortuaries.

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Over 300 Palm Springs residents have been recognized on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars.

text: Modern architecture[edit]

text: Besides its tradition of mid-century modern architecture, Palm Springs and the region features numerous noted architects. Other (non-Mid-Century Modern) include[226] Edward H. Fickett, Haralamb H. Georgescu, Howard Lapham, and Karim Rashid.[227]

text: Palm Springs in popular culture[edit]

text: The Palm Springs area has been a filming location, topical setting, and storyline subject for many films, television shows, and literature.

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: The fauna of Palm Springs is mostly species adapted to desert, temperature extremes and to lack of moisture. It is located within the Nearctic faunistic realm in a region containing an assemblage of species similar to Northern Africa.[228] Native fauna includes Pronghorns, Desert Bighorn Sheep, Desert Tortoise, Kit Fox, Desert Iguanas, Horned Lizards, Chuckwalla, Bobcats, Mountain lions and Gila Monsters. Other animals include ground squirrels, rock squirrels, porcupines, skunks, cactus mice, kangaroo rats, pocket gophers and raccoons. Desert birds here include the iconic Roadrunner, which can run at speeds exceeding 15 mp/h. Other avifauna includes the Ladder-backed woodpecker, flycatchers, elf owls, great horned owls, sparrow hawks and a variety of raptors.[229]

text: The Sonoran Desert has more species of rattlesnakes (11) than anywhere else in the world.[230] The most common species is the extremely venomous Mojave rattler, which is considered the world's most dangerous rattlesnake. The largest rattle snake species here is the Western diamondback rattlesnake, while other species include the Black-tailed rattlesnake, Tiger rattler and Sidewinder rattler.[231] Palm Springs is home to Tarantulas and various Scorpion species, including the Vinegaroon.[232]

text: Although Black bears are not common in the Coachella Valley, bears have been observed in Palm Springs and other parts of California.[233]

text: Today, Jaguars roam the northern Mexican dry-lands, however, they were previously common throughout the Coachella Valley. The last documented Jaguar sighting in Palm Springs, was in 1860.[234]||


document_title: Manchester United F.C.

question_text: when did manchester united win their first premier league title

question_tokens: when did manchester united win their first premier league title

root

text: Manchester United F.C.

text: History

text: Early years (1878–1945)

text: Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR) depot at Newton Heath.[13] The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies, but on 20 November 1880, they competed in their first recorded match; wearing the colours of the railway company – green and gold – they were defeated 6–0 by Bolton Wanderers' reserve team.[14] By 1888, the club had become a founding member of The Combination, a regional football league. Following the league's dissolution after only one season, Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance, which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League. This resulted in the club starting the 1892–93 season in the First Division, by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the "LYR" from its name.[13] After two seasons, the club was relegated to the Second Division.[13]

tag: p

text: In January 1902, with debts of £2,670 – equivalent to £260,000 in 2017[nb 1] – the club was served with a winding-up order.[15] Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen, including John Henry Davies (who became club president), each willing to invest £500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name;[16] on 24 April 1902, Manchester United was officially born.[17][nb 2] Under Ernest Mangnall, who assumed managerial duties in 1903, the team finished as Second Division runners-up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division, which they won in 1908 – the club's first league title. The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield[18] and ended with the club's first FA Cup title. Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of the following season, Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City.[19]

text: In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925. Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934. Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927, the club's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson, who, in December 1931, invested £2,000 and assumed control of the club.[20] In the 1938–39 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th in the First Division.[20]

text: Busby years (1945–1969)

text: In October 1945, the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby, who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection, player transfers and training sessions.[21] Busby led the team to second-place league finishes in 1947, 1948 and 1949, and to FA Cup victory in 1948. In 1952, the club won the First Division, its first league title for 41 years.[22] With an average age of 22, the back-to-back title winning side of 1956 were labelled "the Busby Babes" by the media, a testament to Busby's faith in his youth players.[23] In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season.[24] En route to the semi-final, which they lost to Real Madrid, the team recorded a 10–0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht, which remains the club's biggest victory on record.[25]

text: The following season, on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star Belgrade, the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich, Germany. The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives, including those of eight players – Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan – and injured several more.[26][27]

text: Reserve team manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final, which they lost to Bolton Wanderers. In recognition of the team's tragedy, UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958–59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers. Despite approval from the FA, the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition, since it had not qualified.[28][29] Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand, who combined with the next generation of youth players – including George Best – to win the FA Cup in 1963. The following season, they finished second in the league, then won the title in 1965 and 1967. In 1968, Manchester United became the first English (and second British) club to win the European Cup, beating Benfica 4–1 in the final[30] with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best.[31] Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach, former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness.[32]

text: Following an eighth-place finish in the 1969–70 season and a poor start to the 1970–71 season, Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties, and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach. In June 1971, Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager, but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972.[34] Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season, only to see them relegated in 1974; by that time the trio of Best, Law, and Charlton had left the club.[30] The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but were beaten by Southampton. They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool 2–1. Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards, following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist's wife.[32][35]

text: Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977. Despite major signings, including Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey, and Ray Wilkins, the team failed to achieve any significant results; they finished in the top two in 1979–80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final. Sexton was dismissed in 1981, even though the team won the last seven games under his direction.[36] He was replaced by Ron Atkinson, who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion. Under Atkinson, Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years – in 1983 and 1985. In 1985–86, after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches, the club was favourite to win the league, but finished in fourth place. The following season, with the club in danger of relegation by November, Atkinson was dismissed.[37]

text: Ferguson years (1986–2013)

text: Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson's dismissal,[38] and guided the club to an 11th-place finish in the league.[39] Despite a second-place finish in 1987–88, the club was back in 11th place the following season.[40] Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed, victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay (after a 3–3 draw) saved Ferguson's career.[41][42] The following season, Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup, beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1–0 in the final at Old Trafford. A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992, in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1–0 at Wembley.[37] In 1993, the club won its first league title since 1967, and a year later, for the first time since 1957, it won a second consecutive title – alongside the FA Cup – to complete the first "Double" in the club's history.[37]

text: In the 1998–99 season, Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League – "The Treble" – in the same season.[44] Losing 1–0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final, Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich, in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time.[45] The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1–0 in Tokyo.[46] Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football.[47]

text: Manchester United won the league again in the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons. The team finished third in 2001–02, before regaining the title in 2002–03.[48] They won the 2003–04 FA Cup, beating Millwall 3–0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time.[49] In the 2005–06 season, Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade,[50] but recovered to secure a second-place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final. The club regained the Premier League in the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons, and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6–5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow's Luzhniki Stadium. Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game, overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton.[51] In December 2008, the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008–09 Football League Cup, and its third successive Premier League title.[52][53] That summer, Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £80 million.[54] In 2010, Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup, its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition.[55]

text: After finishing as runner-up to Chelsea in the 2009–10 season, United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010–11, securing the championship with a 1–1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011.[56] This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012–13, securing the championship with a 3–0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013.[57]

text: On 8 May 2013, Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season, but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador.[58][59] The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July, having signed a six-year contract.[60][61][62] Ryan Giggs took over as interim player-manager 10 months later, on 22 April 2014, when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995–96.[63] They also failed to qualify for the Europa League, meaning that it was the first time Manchester United hadn't qualified for a European competition since 1990.[64] On 19 May 2014, it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three-year deal, with Giggs as his assistant.[65] Malcolm Glazer, the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club, died on 28 May 2014.[66]

text: Although Van Gaal's first season saw United once again qualify for the Champions League through a fourth-place finish in the Premier League, his second season saw United go out of the same tournament in the group stage.[67] United also fell behind in the title race for the third consecutive season, finishing in 5th place, in spite of several expensive signings during Van Gaal's tenure. However, that same season, Manchester United won the FA Cup for a 12th time.[68] Despite this victory, Van Gaal was sacked as manager just two days later,[69] with José Mourinho appointed in his place on 27 May, signing a three-year contract.[70] That season, United finished in sixth place while winning the EFL Cup for the fifth time and the Europa League for the first time, as well as the FA Community Shield for a record 21st time. Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal with United, surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as United's all-time top scorer, before leaving the club at the end of the season to return to Everton.

text: Crest and colours

text: The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms, although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail.[71] The devil stems from the club's nickname "The Red Devils"; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s, and incorporated into the club crest in 1970, although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 (unless the team was playing in a Cup Final).[71]

text: Newton Heath's uniform in 1879, four years before the club played its first competitive match, has been documented as 'white with blue cord'.[72] A photograph of the Newton Heath team, taken in 1892, is believed to show the players wearing red-and-white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers.[73] Between 1894–96, the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys[73] which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts, which were worn with navy blue shorts.[73]

text: After the name change in 1902, the club colours were changed to red shirts, white shorts, and black socks, which has become the standard Manchester United home kit.[73] Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck, similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final. They remained part of their home kits until 1927.[73] For a period in 1934, the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours, but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change.[73] The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965, where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971, when the club reverted to black. Black shorts and/or white socks are sometimes worn with the home strip, most often in away games, if there is a clash with the opponent's kit. Since 1997–98, white socks have been the preferred choice for European games, which are typically played on weeknights, to aid with player visibility.[74] The current home kit is a red Henley shirt, with black-and-white-banded cuffs and the trademark Adidas three stripes in white across the shoulders.[75]

text: The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt, black shorts and white socks, but there have been several exceptions. These include an all-black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995, the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999–2000 season,[76] and the 2011–12 away kit, which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes, with black shorts and blue socks.[77] An all-grey away kit worn during the 1995–96 season was dropped after just five games, most notoriously against Southampton where Alex Ferguson forced the team to change into the third kit during half-time of its final outing. The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd, United failed to win a competitive game in the kit.[78] In 2001, to celebrate 100 years as "Manchester United", a reversible white/gold away kit was released, although the actual match day shirts were not reversible.[79]

text: The club's third kit is often all-blue, this was most recently the case during the 2014–15 season.[80] Exceptions include a green-and-gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994, a blue-and-white striped shirt worn during the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons and once in 1996–97, an all-black kit worn during the Treble-winning 1998–99 season, and a white shirt with black-and-red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003–04 and 2005–06.[81] From 2006–07 to 2013–14, the third kit was the previous season's away kit, albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006–07 and 2010–11, apart from 2008–09 when an all-blue kit was launch to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967–68 European Cup success.[82]

text: Kit evolution

text:
1879–1880, 1896–1902

1880–1887

1887–1893

1893–1894

1894–1896

tag: table

text:
1902–1920, 1921–1922, 1927–1934, 1934–1960, 1971–present[EN]

1920–1921, 1963–1971

1922–1927

1934

1960–1963
(1997–present)[EU]

text:
^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in domestic competitions and friendlies.
^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in European and international competitions.

tag: ol

text: Grounds

text: Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road, close to the railway yard; the original capacity was about 12,000, but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League.[83] Some expansion took place in 1887, and in 1891, Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands, each able to hold 1,000 spectators.[84] Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road, the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893.[85] A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889.[86]

text: In June 1893, after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners, Manchester Deans and Canons, who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground, secretary A. H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton.[87] It initially had no stands, by the start of the 1893–94 season, two had been built; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the "Bradford end". At the opposite end, the "Clayton end", the ground had been "built up, thousands thus being provided for".[87] Newton Heath's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893, when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat-trick, Newton Heath's only goals in a 3–2 win. The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later.[87] In October 1895, before the visit of Manchester City, the club purchased a 2,000-capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club, and put up another stand on the "reserved side" (as distinct from the "popular side"). However, weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000.[88]

text: When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902, club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham.[89] Following financial investment, new club president John Henry Davies paid £500 for the erection of a new 1,000-seat stand at Bank Street.[90] Within four years, the stadium had cover on all four sides, as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators, some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand.[90]

text: However, following Manchester United's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later, it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies' ambition;[90] in February 1909, six weeks before the club's first FA Cup title, Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United, following the purchase of land for around £60,000. Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £30,000 for construction; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000, though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000. The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester. The stadium's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939, when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators.[91]

text: Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter. After the war, the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £22,278. While reconstruction took place, the team played its "home" games at Manchester City's Maine Road ground; Manchester United was charged £5,000 per year, plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts.[92] Later improvements included the addition of roofs, first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands. The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans' views, and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure. The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof, completed in time for the 1993–94 season.[32] First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £40,000, four 180-foot (55 m) pylons were erected, each housing 54 individual floodlights. These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand, which remains in use today.[93]

text: The Taylor Report's requirement for an all-seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993. In 1995, the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers, restoring capacity to approximately 55,000. At the end of the 1998–99 season, second tiers were added to the East and West Stands, raising capacity to around 67,000, and between July 2005 and May 2006, 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north-west and north-east quadrants. Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006, when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record.[94] The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4–1, with just 114 seats (0.15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212) unoccupied.[95] In 2009, reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957.[96][97] Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund.[98][99][100]

text: Support

text: Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world, with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe.[101] The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club (MUSC), in at least 24 countries.[102] The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours. Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide,[11] while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million.[103] The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams (after Barcelona and Real Madrid), with over 71 million Facebook fans as of September 2016.[12][104] A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League.[105]

text: Supporters are represented by two independent bodies; the Independent Manchester United Supporters' Association (IMUSA), which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum,[106] and the Manchester United Supporters' Trust (MUST). After the Glazer family's takeover in 2005, a group of fans formed a splinter club, F.C. United of Manchester. The West Stand of Old Trafford – the "Stretford End" – is the home end and the traditional source of the club's most vocal support.[107]

text: Rivalries

text: Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal, Leeds United, Liverpool, and Manchester City, against whom they contest the Manchester derby.[108][109]

text: The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port.[110] Manchester United and Liverpool are also the two most successful teams in England and, at many points in their history, they have battled each other for the league title (most recently in the 2008–09 season). Their matches are usually considered by the players and their fans as the biggest in any given season.

text: The "Roses Rivalry" with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses, fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire.[111]

text: The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams, as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger, have battled for the Premier League title. With 33 titles between them (20 for Manchester United, 13 for Arsenal) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match-ups in history.[112][113]

text: Global brand

text: Manchester United has been described as a global brand; a 2011 report by Brand Finance, valued the club's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £412 million – an increase of £39 million on the previous year, valuing it at £11 million more than the second best brand, Real Madrid – and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA (Extremely Strong).[114] In July 2012, Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands, valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion.[115] The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League (behind Real Madrid and Barcelona).[116] In January 2013, the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion. Forbes Magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion – $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team.[117] They were overtaken by Real Madrid for the next four years, but Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list in June 2017, with a valuation of $3.689 billion.[118]

text: The core strength of Manchester United's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster, which drew worldwide acclaim.[107] The "iconic" team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles (members of England's World Cup winning team), Denis Law and George Best. The attacking style of play adopted by this team (in contrast to the defensive-minded "catenaccio" approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era) "captured the imagination of the English footballing public".[119] Busby's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s; George Best, known as the "Fifth Beatle" for his iconic haircut, was the first footballer to significantly develop an off-the-field media profile.[119]

text: As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club raised significant capital, with which it further developed its commercial strategy. The club's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses.[120] The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off-the-field media attention to individual players, most notably David Beckham (who quickly developed his own global brand). This attention often generates greater interest in on-the-field activities, and hence generates sponsorship opportunities – the value of which is driven by television exposure.[121] During his time with the club, Beckham's popularity across Asia was integral to the club's commercial success in that part of the world.[122]

text: Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights, success on the field generates greater income for the club. Since the inception of the Premier League, Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal.[123] Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club; in 2005–06, the club's commercial arm generated £51 million, compared to £42.5 million at Chelsea, £39.3 million at Liverpool, £34 million at Arsenal and £27.9 million at Newcastle United. A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike, who managed the club's merchandising operation as part of a £303 million 13-year partnership between 2002 and 2015.[124] Through Manchester United Finance and the club's membership scheme, One United, those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services. Additionally, Manchester United-branded media services – such as the club's dedicated television channel, MUTV – have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium.[11]

text: Sponsorship

text:
Period
Kit manufacturer
Shirt sponsor

1945–1975
Umbro
—

1975–1980
Admiral

1980–1982
Adidas

1982–1992
Sharp Electronics

1992–2000
Umbro

2000–2002
Vodafone

2002–2006
Nike

2006–2010
AIG

2010–2014
Aon

2014–2015
Chevrolet

2015–
Adidas

text: In an initial five-year deal worth £500,000, Sharp Electronics became the club's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982–83 season, a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999–2000 season, when Vodafone agreed a four-year, £30 million deal.[125] Vodafone agreed to pay £36 million to extend the deal by four years, but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League.[125]

text: To commence at the start of the 2006–07 season, American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four-year £56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world.[126][127] At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, American reinsurance company Aon became the club's principal sponsor in a four-year deal reputed to be worth approximately £80 million, making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history.[128] Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011, agreeing a four-year deal with DHL reported to be worth £40 million; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football.[129][130] The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012, although they remained the club's official logistics partner.[131] The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £180 million over eight years, which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre.[132]

text: The club's first kit manufacturer was Umbro, until a five-year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975.[133] Adidas received the contract in 1980,[134] before Umbro started a second spell in 1992.[135] Umbro's sponsorship lasted for ten years, followed by Nike's record-breaking £302.9 million deal that lasted until 2015; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company.[136][137] In addition to Nike and Chevrolet, the club also has several lower-level "platinum" sponsors, including Aon and Budweiser.[138]

text: On 30 July 2012, United signed a seven-year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors, which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014–15 season. The new $80m-a-year shirt deal is worth $559m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet.[139][140] Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014–15 season, citing rising costs.[141][142] Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Adidas has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum of £750 million.[143][144]

text: Ownership and finances

text: Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £1 via an application form.[16] In 1902, majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £500 to save the club from bankruptcy, including future club president John Henry Davies.[16] After his death in 1927, the club faced bankruptcy yet again, but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson, who assumed control of the club after an investment of £2,000.[20] Gibson promoted his son, Alan, to the board in 1948,[145] but died three years later; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James' wife, Lillian,[146] but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman.[147]

text: Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster, Louis Edwards, a friend of Matt Busby, began acquiring shares in the club; for an investment of approximately £40,000, he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964.[148] When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971, her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards' son, Martin, in 1978; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father's death in 1980.[149] Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984, but did not meet Edwards' asking price.[149] In 1989, chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £20 million, but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the Board of Directors instead.[149]

text: Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 (raising £6.7 million),[150] and received yet another takeover bid in 1998, this time from Rupert Murdoch's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation. This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch – now the Manchester United Supporters' Trust – who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover. The Manchester United board accepted a £623 million offer,[151] but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999.[152] A few years later, a power struggle emerged between the club's manager, Alex Ferguson, and his horse-racing partners, John Magnier and J. P. McManus, who had gradually become the majority shareholders. In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar, Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager, and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen's majority.[153]

text: In May 2005, Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier, thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £800 million (then approx. $1.5 billion).[154] Once the purchase was complete, the club was taken off the stock exchange.[155] In July 2006, the club announced a £660 million debt refinancing package, resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £62 million a year.[156][157] In January 2010, with debts of £716.5 million ($1.17 billion),[158] Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £504 million, enabling them to pay off most of the £509 million owed to international banks.[159] The annual interest payable on the bonds – which mature on 1 February 2017 – is approximately £45 million per annum.[160] Despite restructuring, the club's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010, at Old Trafford and the club's Trafford Training Centre.[161][162] Supporter groups encouraged match-going fans to wear green and gold, the colours of Newton Heath. On 30 January, reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans, dubbed the "Red Knights", with plans to buying out the Glazers' controlling interest.[163]

text: In August 2011, the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion (approx. £600 million) initial public offering (IPO) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £2 billion.[164] However, in July 2012, the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead.[165] Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each, but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August, following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook's disappointing stock market debut in May. Even after the cut, Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion, making it the most valuable football club in the world.[166]

text: Players

text: First-team squad

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position
Player

1

GK
David de Gea

2

DF
Victor Lindelöf

3

DF
Eric Bailly

4

DF
Phil Jones

5

DF
Marcos Rojo

6

MF
Paul Pogba

8

MF
Juan Mata

9

FW
Romelu Lukaku

10

FW
Zlatan Ibrahimović

11

FW
Anthony Martial

12

DF
Chris Smalling

14

MF
Jesse Lingard

16

MF
Michael Carrick (captain)

17

DF
Daley Blind

No.

Position
Player

18

MF
Ashley Young

19

FW
Marcus Rashford

20

GK
Sergio Romero

21

MF
Ander Herrera

22

MF
Henrikh Mkhitaryan

23

DF
Luke Shaw

25

DF
Antonio Valencia

27

MF
Marouane Fellaini

31

MF
Nemanja Matić

36

DF
Matteo Darmian

38

DF
Axel Tuanzebe

39

MF
Scott McTominay

40

GK
Joel Castro Pereira

text: Out on loan

text:
No.

Position
Player

15

MF
Andreas Pereira (at Valencia until 30 June 2018)[168]

24

DF
Timothy Fosu-Mensah (at Crystal Palace until 30 June 2018)[169]

No.

Position
Player

32

GK
Sam Johnstone (at Aston Villa until 30 June 2018)[170]

43

DF
Cameron Borthwick-Jackson (at Leeds United until 30 June 2018)[171]

text: Reserves and academy

text: Former players

text: Club captains

text: Player records

text: Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year

text: Club officials

text:
Owner: Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited[172]
Honorary president: Martin Edwards[173]

tag: ul

text:
Co-chairmen: Avram Glazer and Joel Glazer[174]
Executive vice chairman: Ed Woodward[174]
Group managing director: Richard Arnold[174]
Chief financial officer: Cliff Baty[175]
Non-executive directors: Bryan Glazer, Kevin Glazer, Edward Glazer, Darcie Glazer Kassewitz, Robert Leitão, John Hooks and Manu Sawhney[174]

text:
Directors: David Gill, Michael Edelson, Sir Bobby Charlton, Sir Alex Ferguson[176]
Club secretary: John Alexander[177]
Club ambassadors: Andy Cole,[178] Gary Neville,[179] Bryan Robson,[180] Peter Schmeichel,[181] Bobby Charlton,[182] Alex Ferguson,[182] Park Ji-sung,[183] Dwight Yorke,[184] Nemanja Vidić[185]

text:
Senior club staff

Director of Group Operations: Alan Dawson MBE
Director of Communications: Phil Townsend
Director of Legal and Business Affairs: Patrick Stewart
Director of Finance and IT: Steve Deaville
Director of Venue: David French
Director of Partnerships: Sean Jefferson
CEO of Media: Phil Lynch
Ticket office manager: Sam Kelleher[186]
Safety officer: Charlie Coxon[186]
Stadium manager: Ian Collins[186]
Grounds manager: Anthony Sinclair[186]

Coaching staff

Manager: José Mourinho[187]
Assistant manager: Rui Faria[188]
Coach: Silvino Louro[188]
Coach: Ricardo Formosinho[188]
Goalkeeping coach: Emilio Alvarez[188]
Fitness coach: Carlos Lalin[188]
Tactical analyst: Giovanni Cerra[188]
Head of first-team development: John Murtough[189]

Scouting Staff

Chief scout: Jim Lawlor[190]
Head of global scouting: Marcel Bout[191]
Scouts: Gerado Guzmán,[192] Sandro Orlandelli,[193] Tommy Møller Nielsen,[194] Javier Ribalta[195]

Academy coaching staff

Director of youth academy: Nicky Butt[196]
Academy operations manager: Nick Cox
Under-23 manager: Ricky Sbragia[197]
Under-23s team assistant manager: Tommy Martin
Under-18 head coach: Kieran McKenna [198]
Under-18s coach: John Cooke
Under-18s coach: Colin Little
Head of Academy Coaching: Tony Whelan [199]
Under-16 Head Coach: Neil Ryan
Under-12-14 Head Coach: Hasney Aljofree
Under 12s Head Coach: Lee Unsworth
Under 10s Head Coach: Eamon Mulvey
Under 9s Head Coach: Eddie Leach
Academy goalkeeping coach: Alan Fettis[200]

Medical and sports science staff

Head of sports medicine and science/club doctor: Dr. Steve McNally[201]
Assistant club doctor: Dr. Tony Gill
Head first-team physiotherapist: Richard Merron [202]
Assistant first team physiotherapist: Jon Picot [202]
Head of academy physiotherapy: Neil Hough[203]
Senior academy physiotherapist: Mandy Johnson
Academy physiotherapist: John Davin
Masseurs: Gary Armer, Rod Thornley and Andy Caveney
Club dietician: Trevor Lea
Head of performance: Tony Strudwick[204]
Head of strength and conditioning: Dr. Gary Walker[205]
Head of human performance: Dr. Richard Hawkins[206]

text: Managerial history

text:
Dates[207]
Name
Notes

1878–1892
Unknown

1892–1900
 A. H. Albut

1900–1903
 James West

1903–1912
 Ernest Mangnall

1912–1914
 John Bentley

1914–1921
 Jack Robson

1921–1926
 John Chapman

1926–1927
 Lal Hilditch
Player-manager

1927–1931
 Herbert Bamlett

1931–1932
 Walter Crickmer

1932–1937
 Scott Duncan

1937–1945
 Walter Crickmer

1945–1969
 Matt Busby

1969–1970
 Wilf McGuinness

1970–1971
 Matt Busby

1971–1972
 Frank O'Farrell

1972–1977
 Tommy Docherty

1977–1981
 Dave Sexton

1981–1986
 Ron Atkinson

1986–2013
 Alex Ferguson

2013–2014
 David Moyes

2014
 Ryan Giggs
Interim player-manager

2014–2016
 Louis van Gaal

2016–
 José Mourinho

text: Honours

text: Manchester United are one of the most successful clubs in Europe.[208] The club's first trophy was the Manchester Cup, which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886.[209] In 1908, the club won its first league title, and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year. Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s; five league titles, four FA Cups, one League Cup, five Charity Shields (one shared), one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup.

text: The club holds the record for most top-division titles (20) – including a record 13 Premier League titles – and FA Community Shields (21). It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968, and, as of 2017[update], is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup, in 2008. United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup, in 1999. The club's most recent trophy came in May 2017, with the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League.

text: In winning the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, United became the fifth club in history to have won the "European Treble" of European Cup/UEFA Champions League, European Cup Winners' Cup/UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League after Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich and Chelsea.[210][211]

text: Domestic

text: League

text:
First Division/Premier League[nb 3]

Winners (20): 1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13 (record)

Second Division[nb 3]

Winners (2): 1935–36, 1974–75

text: Cups

text:
FA Cup

Winners (12): 1908–09, 1947–48, 1962–63, 1976–77, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2015–16

Football League Cup

Winners (5): 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2016–17

FA Charity/Community Shield

Winners (21): 1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965*, 1967*, 1977*, 1983, 1990*, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016 (* shared) (record)

text: European

text:
European Cup/UEFA Champions League

Winners (3): 1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08

European Cup Winners' Cup

Winners (1): 1990–91

UEFA Europa League

Winners (1): 2016–17

European Super Cup

Winners (1): 1991

text: Worldwide

text:
Intercontinental Cup

Winners (1): 1999

FIFA Club World Cup

Winners (1): 2008

text: Doubles and Trebles

text:
Doubles

League and FA Cup: 2

1993–94, 1995–96

European Double (League and European Cup): 1

2007–08

League and League Cup: 1

2008–09

League Cup and Europa League: 1

2016–17

Trebles

Continental Treble (League, FA Cup and European Cup): 1

1998–99

text: Especially short competitions such as the Charity/Community Shield, Intercontinental Cup (now defunct), FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble.[212]