document_title: The Bahamas

question_text: what is the current population of the bahamas

question_tokens: what is the current population of the bahamas

root

text: The Bahamas

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The name Bahamas is most likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma ("big upper middle land"), which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans,[12] or possibly from the Spanish baja mar ("shallow water or sea" or "low tide") reflecting the shallow waters of the area. Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning.[13]

tag: p

text: A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is, therefore, capitalised. So in contrast to "the Congo" and "the United Kingdom", it is proper to write "The Bahamas".

text: History[edit]

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tag: table

text: Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century, having migrated there from South America. They came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1492.

text: Columbus's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayan as Guanahani). Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas. An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbus's log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them.

text: The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour. The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone.[15] The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished.[16]

text: In 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom. They later settled New Providence, naming it Sayle's Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks.

text: In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors, and administering the country.[17] In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital, Charles Town (later renamed Nassau). In 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession.

text: 18th–19th centuries[edit]

text: During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates, including the infamous Blackbeard (circa 1680–1718). To put an end to the 'Pirates' republic' and restore orderly government, Great Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers. After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy.[18] In 1720, Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack.

text: During the US War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for US naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins. US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight.

text: In 1782, following the British defeat at Yorktown, a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau. The city surrendered without a fight. Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Great Britain the following year, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Before the news was received, however, the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux.

text: After US independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas, including two thousand from New York[19] and at least 1,033 whites, 2,214 blacks and a few Creeks from East Florida. Most of the refugees resettled from New York had fled from other colonies, including West Florida, which the Spanish captured during the war.[20] The government granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital. European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory.

text: In 1807, the British abolished the slave trade, followed by the United States the next year. During the following decades, the Royal Navy intercepted the trade; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships.

text: In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of North American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island, where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops, with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park.[21][22] Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking.[23]

text: The United States' National Park Service, which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center (ABAC) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to North American slaves' search for freedom. The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles' escape from southern Florida. It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas.[24]

text: In 1818,[25] the Home Office in London had ruled that "any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted." This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835.[26] The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade, were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium. The United Kingdom finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two countries.[27][28]

text: Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. After that British colonial officials freed 78 North American slaves from the Enterprise, which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa, which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840.[29] The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the US brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans. The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the "most successful slave revolt in U.S. history".[30]

text: These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and the United Kingdom. They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. However, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that the United Kingdom should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor was appointed Governor of the Bahamas. He arrived in the colony with his wife, the Duchess. Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they "tried to make the best of a bad situation".[31] He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[32]

text: He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the "Out Islands" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren's yacht, which caused controversy;[33] the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised (mistakenly) by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany.[33][34]

text: The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a "full-scale riot".[35] Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[36]

text: The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945.[37][38]

text: Post-Second World War[edit]

text: Modern political development began after the Second World War. The first political parties were formed in the 1950s. The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self-governing in 1964, with Sir Roland Symonette, of the United Bahamian Party, as the first Premier.

text: A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964.[39] In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party, became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister. In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence.[40] A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968.[41]

text: The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973.[42] Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling, officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973.[43] It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day.[44] Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor-General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II) shortly after independence. The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973,[45] and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973.[46]

text: Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance, the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s. Significant challenges in areas such as education, health care, housing, international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues.

text: The University of The Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas. The University of The Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016.

text: Geography[edit]

text: The country lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N, and longitudes 72° and 80°W.

text: In 1864, the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks in the colony.[47]

text: The closest island to the United States is Bimini, which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas. The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama. The southeasternmost island is Inagua. The largest island is Andros Island. Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Long Island, San Salvador Island, Ragged Island, Acklins, Crooked Island, Exuma, Berry Islands and Mayaguana. Nassau, capital city of the Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence.

text: All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island. It has an elevation of 63 metres (207 ft).

text: To the southeast, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank, Silver Bank and Navidad Bank, are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas.

text: Castaway Cay[edit]

text: Disney has its own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay. It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay. In 1997, The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99-year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government, set to expire in 2096.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification. The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream, and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate. As such, there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas, although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland. There is only an 8 °C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days[48] of sunlight annually.

text: Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999.

text:
hideClimate data for Nassau

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

25.4 (77.7)

25.5 (77.9)

26.6 (79.9)

27.9 (82.2)

29.7 (85.5)

31.0 (87.8)

32.0 (89.6)

32.1 (89.8)

31.6 (88.9)

29.9 (85.8)

27.8 (82)

26.2 (79.2)

28.8 (83.9)

Daily mean °C (°F)

21.4 (70.5)

21.4 (70.5)

22.3 (72.1)

23.8 (74.8)

25.6 (78.1)

27.2 (81)

28.0 (82.4)

28.1 (82.6)

27.7 (81.9)

26.2 (79.2)

24.2 (75.6)

22.3 (72.1)

24.8 (76.7)

Average low °C (°F)

17.3 (63.1)

17.3 (63.1)

17.9 (64.2)

19.6 (67.3)

21.4 (70.5)

23.3 (73.9)

24.0 (75.2)

24.0 (75.2)

23.7 (74.7)

22.5 (72.5)

20.6 (69.1)

18.3 (64.9)

20.8 (69.5)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

39.4 (1.551)

49.5 (1.949)

54.4 (2.142)

69.3 (2.728)

105.9 (4.169)

218.2 (8.591)

160.8 (6.331)

235.7 (9.28)

164.1 (6.461)

161.8 (6.37)

80.5 (3.169)

49.8 (1.961)

1,389.4 (54.701)

Average precipitation days

8

6

7

8

10

15

17

19

17

15

10

8

140

Mean monthly sunshine hours

220.1

220.4

257.3

276.0

269.7

231.0

272.8

266.6

213.0

223.2

222.0

213.9

2,886

Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[49] Hong Kong Observatory (sun only)[50]

text:
Average Sea Temperature

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

23 °C
73 °F

23 °C
73 °F

24 °C
75 °F

26 °C
79 °F

27 °C
81 °F

28 °C
82 °F

28 °C
82 °F

28 °C
82 °F

28 °C
82 °F

27 °C
81 °F

26 °C
79 °F

24 °C
75 °F

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago, which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank, the Silver Bank, and the Navidad Bank.[51]

text: The Bahamas Platform, which includes the Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau, formed about 150 Ma, not long after the formation of the North Atlantic.  The 6.4 km thick limestones, which predominately make up The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous.  These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust.  Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight.  Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands.  Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream.  This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank, plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks.  Sedimentation from the "carbonate factory" of each bank, or atoll, continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr. Coral reefs form the "retaining walls" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form.[52]

text: Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary, until the start of the Ice Ages, and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m.  In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one, 30 m below sea level.  Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone.  Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays.[52]:22,29–30

text: Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding.  Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite.  Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m, though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height.  The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps.[52]:41–59,61–64

text: Solution weathering of the limestone results in a "Bahamian Karst" topography.  This includes potholes, Blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole, sinkholes, beachrock such as the Bimini Road ("pavements of Atlantis"), limestone crust, caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves.  Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition.[52]:33–40,65,72–84,86

text: The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation, overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation.  However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally.  The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil, as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded.  The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread.[51]

text: Government and politics[edit]

text: The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system. The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm, retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General).

text: Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament, which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house), with members elected from single-member districts, and a 16-member Senate, with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term.[53]

text: The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling, and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis MP.

text: Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement and association. The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law.

text: Political culture[edit]

text: The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement. A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament. These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement, the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance.

text: Foreign relations[edit]

text: The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom, represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London. The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).

text: Armed forces[edit]

text: The Bahamanian military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (RBDF), the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the Queen, to defend the Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council. The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)'s Regional Security Task Force.

text: The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Their duties include defending the Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling, illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women.

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text: The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70% of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the "Local Government Act" to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators, Local Government Districts, Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts.[54]

text: Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency.

text: The Bahamas uses drive-on-the-Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth.

text: The districts other than New Providence are:

text:
Acklins
Berry Islands
Bimini
Black Point, Exuma
Cat Island
Central Abaco
Central Andros
Central Eleuthera
City of Freeport, Grand Bahama
Crooked Island
East Grand Bahama
Exuma
Grand Cay, Abaco
Harbour Island, Eleuthera
Hope Town, Abaco
Inagua

Long Island
Mangrove Cay, Andros
Mayaguana
Moore's Island, Abaco
North Abaco
North Andros
North Eleuthera
Ragged Island
Rum Cay
San Salvador
South Abaco
South Andros
South Eleuthera
Spanish Wells, Eleuthera
West Grand Bahama

text: National flag[edit]

text: The Bahamian flag was adopted in 1973. Its colours symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; its design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine.

text: Coat of arms[edit]

text: The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo, which are the national animals of the Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands.

text: On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the varied marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto:[55]

text: "Forward, Upward, Onward Together."

text: National flower[edit]

text: The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands, and it blooms throughout the year.

text: Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the YWCA Garden Club.

text: They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea, hibiscus and poinciana—had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands.[56]

text: Economy[edit]

text: By the terms of GDP per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas.[57] It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies.[58]

text: Tourism[edit]

text: The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60% of the Bahamian GDP, but provides jobs for more than half the country's workforce.[59] The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors.

text: Financial services[edit]

text: After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and offshore international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP.

text: The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business, and further banking and finance reforms are in progress. The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions, including the Central Bank of the Bahamas (CBB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission.[citation needed] The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments. The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies. Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system (mostly populated by Canadian banks), the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited.[citation needed]

text: The economy has a very competitive tax regime (classified as a tax haven). The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT, licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer.[60] In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%.[1]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP. An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions, okra, tomatoes, oranges, grapefruit, cucumbers, sugar cane, lemons, limes, and sweet potatoes.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population.[61] The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010).[1]

text: The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located;[62] and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport.[63]

text: Racial and ethnic groups[edit]

text: According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a mixed race (Black and White).[64] Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was White and 26% Black.[64]

text: Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa. The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives.

text: The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014.[65]

text: The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively.[66] Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands, half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985.[67] The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as "light-skinned" Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent.[68]

text: A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. They make up less than 1% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture.[citation needed]

text: Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white.[68]

text: Languages[edit]

text: The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as "dialect") or  "Bahamianese." [69] Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage.[70][71] Both are used as autoglossonyms.[72] Haitian Creole, a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole[1] to differentiate it from Bahamian English.[73] Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still "British-based".

text: Religion[edit]

text: Religion in the Bahamas (2010)[74]

text: According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, the islands' population is predominantly Christian. Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%.[75] There are also smaller communities of Jews, Muslims, Baha'is, Hindus, Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah.

text: Culture[edit]

text: In the less developed outer islands (or Family Islands), handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called "straw", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items. Another use is for so-called "Voodoo dolls", even though such dolls are the result of foreign influences and not based in historic fact.[76]

text: A form of folk magic (obeah) is practised by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of the Bahamas.[77] The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law.[78]

text: Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day. Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day.

text: Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats, as well as an onshore festival.

text: Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine, which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the "Pineapple Fest" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the "Crab Fest" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling.

text: Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders.[79][80]

text: Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs, traditions, folklore and legend. The most well-known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas, the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas, and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas.

text: Sport[edit]

text: Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is cricket. Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846,[81] the oldest sport being played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936, and from the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board, so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team. The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket, were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field, basketball, baseball, softball,[82] volleyball[83] and football[84] where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica, Guyana, Haiti and Barbados. Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval.

text: The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing, which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States, such as basketball,[85] American football[86] and baseball,[87] rather than from Great Britain, due to the country's close proximity to the United States, unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, where cricket, rugby, and netball have proven to be more popular.

text: Dexter Cambridge, Rick Fox, Ian Lockhart, Magnum Rolle, Buddy Hield and Deandre Ayton are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks.[88][89] Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer, though not implemented in the high school system yet. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation.[90] However soccer, as it is commonly known in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association. Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market. In 2013 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas, facing the Jamaican national team. Joe Lewis, the owner of the club, is based in the Bahamas.[91]

text: Other popular sports are swimming,[92] tennis[93] and boxing,[94] where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf,[95] rugby league,[96] rugby union,[97] beach soccer,[98] and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics, commonly known as 'track and field' in the country, is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands.

text: Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games, IAAF World Championships in Athletics, Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games. Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medallist for the country. He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics.[99] Pauline Davis-Thompson, Debbie Ferguson, Chandra Sturrup, Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke-Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics. They are affectionately known as the "Golden Girls".[100] Tonique Williams-Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medallist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics.[101]  In 2007, with the disqualification of Marion Jones, Pauline Davis-Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics, predating William-Darling.

text: The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup.[102]

text: Education[edit]

text: According to 1995 estimates, 98.2% of the Bahamian adult population is literate.[citation needed]


document_title: Thirty Seconds to Mars

question_text: who is 30 seconds to mars touring with

question_tokens: who is 30 seconds to mars touring with

text: Thirty Seconds to Mars

text: History

text: 1998–2000: Formation and first years

text: Thirty Seconds to Mars started in 1998 in Los Angeles, California, as a collaboration between brothers Jared Leto and Shannon Leto, who had been playing music together since their childhood.[4] The duo later expanded to a four-piece when they added guitarist Solon Bixler and bassist Matt Wachter to the line-up. Additional guitarist Kevin Drake, who first auditioned for the position of bassist, also joined the band as a touring musician. The band played its first concerts under different names, before finally settling on the name "Thirty Seconds to Mars", which was taken from a rare manuscript titled Argus Apocraphex.[5] Jared Leto described the name as "a reference, a rough translation from the book. I think the idea is interesting, it's a metaphor for the future," he explained. "Thirty seconds to Mars—the fact that we're so close to something that's not a tangible idea. Also Mars being the God of War makes it really interesting, as well. You could substitute that in there, but what's important for my brother and I, is that it be imaginative and really represent the sound of our music in as unique a way as possible."[6] He described it as a name that "works on several different levels, a phrase that is lyrical, suggestive, cinematic, and filled with immediacy."[7] When Thirty Seconds to Mars first started, Jared Leto did not allow his vocation as a Hollywood actor to be used in promotion of the band.[8]

text: By 1998, the group performed gigs at small American venues and clubs. Their eponymous debut album had been in the works for a couple of years, with Leto writing the majority of the songs. During this period, the band recorded demo tracks such as "Valhalla" and "Revolution", or "Jupiter" and "Hero", which later appeared on the band's debut album as "Fallen" and "Year Zero" respectively, but also "Buddha for Mary".[7] Their work led to a number of record labels being interested in signing Thirty Seconds to Mars, which eventually signed to Immortal Records.[9] In 1999, Virgin Records entered into the contract.[10]

text: 2001–2003: Debut album

text:
"Edge of the Earth"

"Edge of the Earth", taken from the band's self-titled debut album, mixes sounds from different genres and styles.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Thirty Seconds to Mars retreated to the isolation of Wyoming's countryside in 2001 to record their debut album, working with Bob Ezrin and Brian Virtue. They contacted Ezrin because they grew up listening to his work with Pink Floyd, Kiss and Alice Cooper and they felt he was the only one who could help them capture the size and scope of what they wanted to accomplish on their debut recording.[7] The band chose an empty warehouse lot on 15,000 acres, striving for the precise location that would enhance their sound.[11] Even before the album was released, Puddle of Mudd invited Thirty Seconds to Mars to open a six-week tour for them in the spring of 2002.[12] The band later embarked on a North American tour to support Incubus and began a club tour in August.[13]

text: The band released their first studio album, 30 Seconds to Mars, on August 27, 2002 in the United States through Immortal and Virgin. Jared Leto described the record as a concept album that focuses on human struggle and self-determination, in which otherworldly elements and conceptual ideas are used to illustrate a truthful personal situation.[7] The album reached number 107 on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top Heatseekers, selling 121,000 copies in the United States.[14][15] It was preceded by the single "Capricorn (A Brand New Name)", which peaked at number 31 on the US Mainstream Rock chart.[14] Upon its release, 30 Seconds to Mars was met with mostly positive reviews;[16] music critic Megan O'Toole felt that the band has "managed to carve out a unique niche for themselves in the rock realm."[17] The album was a slow-burning success, and eventually sold two million copies worldwide as of March 2011.[18]

text: In October 2002, the band toured with I Mother Earth and Billy Talent on MTV Campus Invasion. The following month, Thirty Seconds to Mars made their first appearance on television on Last Call with Carson Daly and opened concerts for Our Lady Peace and Sevendust. Released in 2003, "Edge of the Earth" became the second single from the album. In early 2003, Bixler left the band due to issues primarily related to touring. He was later replaced by Tomo Miličević, who successfully auditioned for the part of guitarist.[19] The band later went on tour with Chevelle, Trust Company, and Pacifier, and took a slot on the 2003 Lollapalooza tour.[20]

text: 2004–2008: A Beautiful Lie

text:
"The Kill"

"The Kill" was heavily influenced by '90s alternative rock. It was the second single from A Beautiful Lie.

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text: Thirty Seconds to Mars returned to the studio in March 2004 to begin working on their second album A Beautiful Lie, with Josh Abraham producing.[21] During the recording process, the band traveled to four different continents to accommodate Jared Leto's acting career. A Beautiful Lie was notably different from the band's debut album, from both musical and lyrical aspect. "On the first record I created a world, then hid behind it," Leto said. "With A Beautiful Lie, it was time to take a more personal and less cerebral approach. Although this record is still full of conceptual elements and thematic ideas it is ultimately much more wrapped around the heart than the head. It's about brutal honesty, growth, change. It's an incredibly intimate look into a life that is in the crossroads. A raw emotional journey. A story of life, love, death, pain, joy, and passion. Of what it is to be human."[22]

text: A Beautiful Lie was released on August 30, 2005 in the United States. It has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has reached platinum and gold status in several countries, with a sales total of over four million.[16] Its lead single, "Attack", made its radio debut on June 6, 2005 and became the most added track on American modern rock radio during its first week of release.[23] During 2005, Thirty Seconds to Mars went on tour with Chevelle, Audioslave and The Used. The group embarked on their first headlining tour Forever Night, Never Day in March 2006. At the same time, the band released the album's second single, "The Kill", which set a record for the longest-running hit in the history of the US Modern Rock chart when it remained on the national chart for more than 50 weeks, following its number three peak in 2006.[24] Its music video, directed by Jared Leto under the pseudonym of Bartholomew Cubbins, received a largely positive response and numerous accolades, including an MTV Video Music Award.[25]

text: In October 2006, the band began their Welcome to the Universe Tour, sponsored by MTV2, and were supported by Head Automatica, The Receiving End of Sirens, Cobra Starship, and several other bands including Street Drum Corps. The third single from the album, "From Yesterday", was released in November 2006 and became the band's first number one on the Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks.[26] Jared Leto directed a short film for the single, which became the first ever American music video shot in the People's Republic of China in its entirety.[27] A Beautiful Lie was released in Europe in February 2007. During the year, Thirty Seconds to Mars toured extensively throughout Europe and played at several major festivals, including Roskilde, Pinkpop, Rock am Ring, and Download. In March 2007, Matt Wachter left the group to spend more time with his family and was replaced by Tim Kelleher, performing live only.[28]

text: On November 1, 2007, Thirty Seconds to Mars won an MTV Europe Music Award in the category of Best Rock.[29] The band also received the Kerrang! Award for Best Single in two consecutive years for "The Kill" and "From Yesterday" in 2007 and 2008, respectively.[30][31] The album's title track, "A Beautiful Lie", was released as the fourth single in North America and selected European countries. Its music video was filmed 200 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Greenland, and proceeds from the sales benefited the Natural Resources Defense Council.[32] At the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards on November 6, Thirty Seconds to Mars earned their second Best Rock and Best Video for "A Beautiful Lie".[33]

text: 2008–2011: EMI lawsuit and This Is War

text: Thirty Seconds to Mars began recording their third studio album This Is War in August 2008.[34] To produce the record, the band worked with Flood and Steve Lillywhite. Thirty Seconds to Mars had attempted to sign with a new label after the A Beautiful Lie tour, prompting EMI (the parent label of Virgin) to file a lawsuit for $30 million. EMI claimed that the band had failed to produce three of the five records they were obligated to deliver under their 1999 contract, which Virgin entered into with the now-defunct Immortal Records.[35] Jared Leto responded to some of the claims in the suit stating "under California law, where we live and signed our deal, one cannot be bound to a contract for more than seven years." Thirty Seconds to Mars had been contracted for nine years, so the band decided to exercise their "legal right to terminate our old, out-of-date contract, which, according to the law is null and void."[36]

text: After nearly a year of the lawsuit battle, the band announced on April 28, 2009, that the case had been settled.[37] The suit was resolved following a defense based on a contract case involving actress Olivia de Havilland decades before. Leto explained, "The California Appeals Court ruled that no service contract in California is valid after seven years, and it became known as the De Havilland Law after she used it to get out of her contract with Warner Bros."[38] Thirty Seconds to Mars then signed a new contract with EMI.[37] Leto said the band had resolved their differences with EMI and the decision had been made because of "the willingness and enthusiasm by EMI to address our major concerns and issues, [and] the opportunity to return to work with a team so committed and passionate about Thirty Seconds to Mars."[39]

text: In a bid to involve their fans for This Is War, Thirty Seconds to Mars held an event, called The Summit, at the Avalon Club in Los Angeles, where they invited fans to provide backing vocals and percussion.[40] After the success of the initial Summit, the group repeated the event in eight countries and extended it digitally.[41] The band also invited fans to submit close-up shots of their faces in order to make 2,000 different individual covers for the album.[42] Leto described This Is War as a record about survival: "It was a two-year creative battle that was ferocious and tough but creatively rewarding, and all of those adverse elements, in hindsight, made us stronger and made the record stronger."[43]

text: Although the release date was changed many times, This Is War was eventually released in December 2009. The album reached the top ten of several national album charts and entered the Billboard 200 at number 18, with first-week sales of 67,000 in the United States.[44] Its first two singles, "Kings and Queens" and "This Is War", reached the number-one spot on the US Alternative Songs chart.[45] After a promotional tour in winter 2009, Thirty Seconds to Mars embarked on their Into the Wild Tour in February 2010.[46]

text: At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, "Kings and Queens" received four nominations, including Video of the Year and Best Direction, and went on to win Best Rock Video.[47] The album's third single, "Closer to the Edge", was the 2010 best-selling rock single in the United Kingdom, topping the UK Rock Chart for eight consecutive weeks.[48][49] Thirty Seconds to Mars collaborated with rapper Kanye West on the song "Hurricane", which was released on the deluxe edition of This Is War and became the album's fourth single in some countries. On November 7, Thirty Seconds to Mars and West performed "Hurricane" at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards at the Puerta de Alcalá in Madrid, where the band also received their third Best Rock.[50] On May 13, 2011, Thirty Seconds to Mars recorded a performance for the television program MTV Unplugged.[51] They performed with musicians from the Vitamin String Quartet and invited a gospel choir to join the group for a rendition of U2's song "Where the Streets Have No Name".[52]

text: A Songkick study indicated that, based on quantity of tour dates, Thirty Seconds to Mars was among the hardest-working touring artists in 2010.[53] On October 16, 2011, it was announced that the band would enter the Guinness World Records for most live shows during a single album cycle, with 300 shows.[54] The 300th show, called Tribus Centum Numerarae, took place on December 7, 2011 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City and was followed by a special series of shows which marked the end of the Into the Wild Tour.[54]

text: 2012–2015: Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams

text: Thirty Seconds to Mars took a break from touring in 2012 and spent most of the year recording their fourth album, entitled Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams.[55] The album was produced by Jared Leto with previous collaborator Steve Lillywhite. Leto said that the band took a new direction with Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams. He explained that the album "is more than an evolution, it's a brand new beginning. Creatively, we've gone to an entirely new place, which is exciting, unexpected, and incredibly inspiring."[56] In September 2012, Artifact, a documentary about the band's legal battle against the record label EMI and the making of This Is War, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and won the People's Choice Documentary Award.[57]

text: In February 2013, it was announced that "Up in the Air" would be the first single from the fourth album.[58] In partnership with NASA, Thirty Seconds to Mars launched the first copy of "Up in the Air" aboard the Dragon spacecraft on SpaceX CRS-2.[59] The mission was launched atop a Falcon 9 rocket on March 1, 2013, sending the first ever commercial copy of music into space. On March 18, 2013, the single premiered from the International Space Station, after a Q&A session with the band and Expedition 35 flight engineer Tom Marshburn, while Annise Parker, mayor of the city of Houston, proclaimed the Thirty Seconds to Mars Day.[60] "Up in the Air" made its radio debut on March 18 and became commercially available for downloading the following day.[61] The song reached number three on the US Alternative Songs chart and experienced success in international markets.[62]

text: Thirty Seconds to Mars released Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams on May 21, 2013, through Universal in the United States. The album received generally positive reviews and reached the top ten in more than fifteen countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States.[63] The band began their Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour in June, which included festival dates at Rock Werchter, Pinkpop, Rock in Rio, and Rock am Ring. The second single from the album, "Do or Die", achieved a level of play on modern rock radio, while "City of Angels", the third single, was released to rave reviews from critics and eventually reached number eight on the Alternative Songs chart in the US.[62][64] At the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, held on August 25, "Up in the Air" won the award for Best Rock Video.[65]

text: Thirty Seconds to Mars announced on April 25, 2014 that they have parted from Virgin Records after tumultuous years with the label, with Leto telling Billboard, "We're free and clear and excited about the future. It's the most wonderful place to be."[66] In August 2014, the group embarked on a double-headline tour, dubbed the Carnivores Tour, with American rock band Linkin Park, visiting arenas and stadiums throughout North America.[67] Thirty Seconds to Mars then launched a music festival called Camp Mars. The first edition took place in Malibu, California, in August 2015 and included a series of activities in a semi-rustic setting and several DJ sets.[68]

text: 2015–present: America

text: On November 3, 2015, it was announced that Thirty Seconds to Mars are working on their fifth studio album.[69] In August 2016, the band revealed to have signed to Interscope Records.[70] The group later unveiled that they would embark on a North American tour with Muse and PVRIS, which took take place from May to September 2017.[71] In August 2017, "Walk on Water" was announced as the lead single from the band's fifth album.[72] Thirty Seconds to Mars then performed the song at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards featuring special guest Travis Scott. During the ceremony, Jared Leto received media attention for his tribute to musicians Chester Bennington and Chris Cornell, who both died earlier that year.[73]

text: On January 23, 2018, Thirty Seconds to Mars announced that "Dangerous Night" would be the second single from their upcoming fifth studio album. Thirty Seconds to Mars then performed the song at The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on January 25, 2018. On February 8, 2018, Thirty Seconds to Mars officially announced "The Monolith Tour" with Walk the Moon, Misterwives, K. Flay, Joywave, and Welshly Arms. On March 21, 2018 Thirty Seconds to Mars confirmed America as title of their upcoming album, which was released on April 6, 2018.[74]

text: Musical style

text: The style of the band's first studio album combined progressive metal and space rock with influences and elements from electronica, utilizing programming and synthesizers.[75][76] Ryan Rayhill from Blender described the album as a "high-minded space opera of epic scope befitting prog-rock prototypes Rush," and wrote that Thirty Seconds to Mars "emerged with an eponymous debut that sounds like Tool on The Dark Side of the Moon," referring to the 1973 album by Pink Floyd.[77]

text:
"Kings and Queens"

From the album This Is War, "Kings and Queens" features influences and elements from arena rock.

"City of Angels"

"City of Angels" was cited as an example of variety and experimentation in Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams.

Problems playing these files? See media help.

text: Whereas the eponymous concept album's lyrics focus on human struggle and self-determination, A Beautiful Lie's lyrics are more personal and the music introduces screaming vocals.[22] The transformation that resonates throughout the album reflects the personal and artistic changes experienced by the band members before and during the creation of the record.[78] The album widened the band's sound by combining elements from progressive rock, hard rock and emo.[79][80][81] Such alternative rock style has been compared to bands like The Cure, U2 and The Smashing Pumpkins.[22][82]

text: Their third release This Is War was described as "an extremely progressive rock sound with killer choruses," drawing inspirations from experimental Pink Floyd to melodic M83.[83] Chris Harris from Rolling Stone considered it "an ambitious collection of experimental rock" shaped by the band's personal struggles and legal battle with their record label.[43] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic acknowledged the band's progression, referring to the overall style of the record as a mixture of synth rock, heavy metal, and progressive rock.[84]

text: In Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams the band experimented with different instruments and drew influences from a wider and more varied range of styles.[85] The album mixes experimental instrumentation with elements both symphonic and electronic, and the music introduces a minimalist approach full of ethereal sonics.[85][86][87] The record carries the concept album format of This Is War and expands the spectrum to revolve around the themes after which it is named.[85]

text: Activism

text: Thirty Seconds to Mars launched a website, called abeautifullie.org, to provide information about environmental issues and ways to participate in environmental activities.[88] People can make donations through the site to support the Natural Resources Defense Council.[88] In 2006, Jared Leto created the cover art for The 97X Green Room: Volume 2, a compilation of live music that includes a Thirty Seconds to Mars song, which proceeds from the sales benefited The Nature Conservancy.[89] During their Welcome to the Universe Tour, the group worked to develop strategies that would minimize fuel consumption to offset the impact that the tour would have had on the environment.[90]

text: In June 2008, the band joined Habitat for Humanity to work on a home being repaired and renovated through the Greater Los Angeles Area's "A Brush With Kindness" programme.[91] In advance of the build, the band organized an auction of "build slots" to give fans the opportunity to volunteer alongside them. In less than a week, six extra workers were enlisted and over $10,000 was raised to fund additional Habitat for Humanity projects.[91] Thirty Seconds to Mars fans, termed as the Echelon, started several philanthropic organizations and projects with the purpose of supporting various charities and humanitarian causes.[92]

text: After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Thirty Seconds to Mars raised $100,100 for Haitian relief through a charity auction.[93] The band has also supported the Haitian population through the Echelon project "House for Haiti" and Hope For Haiti Now telethon special.[93] The group auctioned a quantity of items raising funds to help the Red Cross assist people affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[94] The band contributed one dollar per concert ticket sold on the Carnivores Tour to the charity Music for Relief to support disaster relief and programs to protect and restore the environment.[95]

text: Band members

text:
Current members

Jared Leto – lead vocals, guitars, bass guitar, keyboards (1998–present)
Shannon Leto – drums, percussion (1998–present)
Tomo Miličević – lead guitar, bass guitar, violin, keyboards, backing vocals (2003–present)

Current touring musicians

Stevie Aiello – bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2013–present)

Former members

Solon Bixler – lead guitar, backing vocals (2001–2003)
Matt Wachter – bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2001–2007)

Former touring musicians

Kevin Drake – rhythm guitar (2001–2002)
Tim Kelleher – bass guitar, keyboards (2007–2010, 2011)
Matt McJunkins – bass guitar (2011)
Braxton Olita – keyboards, guitars, backing vocals (2009–2011)

text: Discography

text:
30 Seconds to Mars (2002)
A Beautiful Lie (2005)
This Is War (2009)
Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013)
America (2018)

tag: ul

text: Concert tours

text:
Forever Night, Never Day Tour (2006)
Welcome to the Universe Tour (2006)
A Beautiful Lie Tour (2007–08)
Into the Wild Tour (2010–11)
Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour (2013–15)
Carnivores Tour (with Linkin Park) (2014)
The Monolith Tour (2018)


document_title: PG Tips

question_text: where does the name pg tips come from

question_tokens: where does the name pg tips come from

text: PG Tips

text: Brand name[edit]

text: In the 1930s, Brooke Bond launched PG Tips in the tea market in the United Kingdom under the name Pre-Gestee - a variant of the original name 'Digestive Tea'. The name implied that it could be drunk prior to eating food, as a digestive aid. Grocers and salesmen abbreviated it to PG.[1]

text: After the Second World War, labelling regulations ruled out describing tea as aiding digestion—a property that had been attributed to tea—and by 1950/1 the PG name was adopted. The company added "Tips" referring to the fact that only the tips (the top two leaves and bud) of the tea plants are used in the blend.[2]

text: Products[edit]

text: The Brooke Bond name has now been dropped from all packaging, and the product is now known as PG Tips. PG Tips is available as loose tea, tea bags, and in vending formats. A "Special Blend" tea, which is the same as the tea blended for the brand's 75th anniversary, is available in tea bag form only. The tea used in PG Tips is imported in bulk as single estate teas from around the world and blended in precise proportions set by the tea tasters to make blend 777, which can contain between 12 and 35 single estate teas at any one time (depending on season, etc.) at the Trafford Park factory in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester.

text: PG Tags, tea bags with a string, were launched in 1985, and tetrahedron-shaped tea bags in 1996 (branded as Pyramid Bags). The tetrahedral bag was designed to help the tea leaves move more freely, as loose tea moves in a teapot, and supposedly create a better infusion. One 2011 version of the product packaging makes the claim: "The PG Tips pyramid tea bag gives the tea leaves 50% more room to move around than a flat conventional tea bag. So the tea bag works more like a miniature tea pot. This allows for all the freshness to be released for the best tasting cup of PG."[3] During the T-Birds era, the tetrahedral tea bags were remade with a "freeflow" material, to allow further infusion of the tea.

text: In Scotland, Unilever sells a specially developed blend of PG called Scottish Blend. Scottish Blend is a version of PG Tips marketed in Scotland, as being specially blended to optimise taste in the soft waters of Scotland.[4][5]

text: PG Tips, Scottish Blend and Lyons teas are exported by Unilever International, based in Leatherhead, United Kingdom and Singapore, through a worldwide network of food distributors. Unilever North America manage PG Tips in the United States since 2011. In Ireland, Unilever sells tea under the Lyons brand.

text: As of 2011, a "Special Moments" range was released, initially as the "New Ones". These teas were made by pressing the leaves at different stages. In 2014, Unilever have introduced a new range of fruit, herbal and green teas under the PG Tips brand.

text: Advertising[edit]

text: Unlike the blended teas many companies were producing, Brooke’s teas were pure, high quality teas from India and China. Brooke realized the importance of advertising early on, introducing the slogan, "Good tea unites good company, exhilarates the spirits, banishes restraint from conversation and promotes the happiest purposes of social intercourse."[6]

text: The Tipps family[edit]

text: In 1956, PG Tips began using anthropomorphic chimpanzees in their television advertisements. These were dressed in human clothes and were known as the 'Tipps family'. Their voices were often provided by celebrities, such as Peter Sellers and Bob Monkhouse. By 1958, PG Tips had risen from fourth to first place in the British tea market.[7] The chimpanzees were from Twycross Zoo in Leicestershire.

text: These advertisements were stopped in the 1970s, after complaints by animal rights organisations. However, sales dropped, and the chimps were bought back 18 months later. The last 'Tipps family' advert was broadcast in January 2002.[8] The PG Tips chimps spawned a spin off in memorabilia, including trading cards and figurines.

text: The T-Birds[edit]

text: The 'Tipps family' were replaced in January 2002, with a house sharing group of claymation birds called the T-Birds (which consisted of Tom the owl, Maggie the pigeon, Pete the starling and Holly the blue tit), animated by Aardman, the company behind Wallace and Gromit and Chicken Run. In Ireland, these commercials were still airing by the end of 2006, though advertising Lyons Tea (another Unilever brand).

text: This led to PG Tips becoming a major partner with Wallace and Gromit's first film The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, launched in October 2005. PG offered "Gromit" mugs on pack in the supermarket. According to The Grocer magazine, Unilever reported that during this "Gromit" mug promotion, PG Tips sales increased 600%. Wallace and Gromit also appeared in an advert with Lady Tottington (another character from the film) around the same time.

text: PG Tips also produced a long running series of trade cards as give aways. These cards ceased production in 1999, after a survey of customers showed that they were not contributing to developing the business.[citation needed]

text: In 2005, PG Tips celebrated its 75th anniversary with special packs, including a limited edition Golden pack, and a one off Diamond tea bag. The Diamond tea bag cost £7,500, and was made by Boodles jewelers and used Makaibari Silver Tips (Imperial).

text: Monkey[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 2007, PG Tips reunited Johnny Vegas as Al and the ITV Digital Monkey character puppeteered by Nigel Plaskitt and Susan Beattie, voiced by Ben Miller and made by Paul Jomain, following a holiday TV special about bad decisions (ITV Digital's launch) where they featured briefly. The Monkey character pointedly explains he's not a chimpanzee, he's a monkey, a nod to PG Tips' chimpanzee family.

text: One of the adverts was a spoof of the "deli scene" from the movie When Harry Met Sally; in the advert Monkey describes the taste of PG Tips by saying "Oh Yes" repeatedly like in the movie, finishing with a woman at a table nearby asking the waiter "I'll have whatever he's having". The ad ends with the tagline "How would you describe the taste?". It was first shown on 3 February 2010.[9]

text: Another advert, promoting the naturally occurring theanine in PG Tips, featured Monkey and Al playing the characters of Captain Mainwaring and Private Pike from the popular sitcom Dad's Army.

text: When PG Tips released the "Special Moments" range (initially "The New Ones"), another advert was released to advertise the "Fresh" one. It featured Monkey and Al out rambling. Monkey says to Al that they need a cup of the "Fresh" one. Al takes so long to decide how the tea tastes that before he can come to a conclusion, Monkey has been swept away by an eagle. This advert was later modified showing Monkey being dropped off in the eagle's nest with the four flavours of the Special Moments range, as well as two eagle chicks next to him. After the US federal decision in support of same-sex marriage in 2015, PG Tips depicted its Monkey character under the rainbow flag in a message of support for the LGBT community.

text: In 2015, as part of a rebrand, adverts now feature Monkey observing absurd things and deciding to "Keep it tea."[10]

text: In 2017, PG tips, Unilever, and ubisend worked together to bring the Monkey persona to life, through a Facebook Messenger chatbot for the Red Nose Day charity.[11] For over three weeks leading up to Red Nose Day, Messenger users could message Monkey and interact with him through his chatbot. Monkey also delivered one daily joke to each of his chatbot users at tea time, with the goal of raising One Million Laughs for Comic Relief.

text: A Tale of Two Continents[edit]

text:
A Tale of Two Continents

Directed by
"Monkey"

Release date

21 March 2008 (2008-03-21) (cinema)

Running time

9 minutes

Country
United Kingdom

Language
English

text: A short film entitled A Tale of Two Continents was released in March 2008.[12] It is an adventure film parody, starring Monkey "wanting to change the world one tea at a time". It was shown in cinemas from 21 March 2008 until 10 April, before the showings of family films such as The Spiderwick Chronicles and Horton Hears a Who!.

text: It was also given free in special limited edition versions of PG Tips in early 2008 as an EcoDisc, a type of DVD that is thinner and more flexible due to it being made of a single layer of polycarbonate, instead of two layers. The limited edition package also featured a teatowel of the EcoDisc cover, described as the "official merchandise" of the film.

text: PG Tips and sustainability[edit]

text: In May 2007, Unilever became the first company to commit to sourcing all its tea in a sustainable manner.[13][14][15] To that end, the company asked the Rainforest Alliance, an international environmental NGO to start certifying tea estates in East Africa.[15][16] Since April 2012 all of the tea used in PG Tips has been Rainforest Alliance certified.[17]

text: In February 2011, the maker of PG Tips stated it is to stop testing its teas on animals.[18]


document_title: List of Sex and the City episodes

question_text: how many episodes in season 5 sex and the city

text: List of Sex and the City episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: All but one of the show's 94 episodes aired on a Sunday. The first episode aired on a Saturday, and from the second episode onwards, it was moved to be aired on Sunday.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
June 6, 1998 (1998-06-06)
August 23, 1998 (1998-08-23)

2
18
June 6, 1999 (1999-06-06)
October 3, 1999 (1999-10-03)

3
18
June 4, 2000 (2000-06-04)
October 15, 2000 (2000-10-15)

4
18
June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)
February 10, 2002 (2002-02-10)

5
8
July 21, 2002 (2002-07-21)
September 8, 2002 (2002-09-08)

6
20
12
June 22, 2003 (2003-06-22)
September 14, 2003 (2003-09-14)

8
January 4, 2004 (2004-01-04)
February 22, 2004 (2004-02-22)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (1998)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code

1
1
"Sex and the City"
Susan Seidelman
Darren Star
June 6, 1998 (1998-06-06)
101

2
2
"Models and Mortals"
Alison Maclean
Darren Star
June 14, 1998 (1998-06-14)
102

3
3
"Bay of Married Pigs"
Nicole Holofcener
Michael Patrick King
June 21, 1998 (1998-06-21)
103

4
4
"Valley of the Twenty-Something Guys"
Alison Maclean
Michael Patrick King
June 28, 1998 (1998-06-28)
104

5
5
"The Power of Female Sex"
Susan Seidelman
Story by : Jenji Kohan
Teleplay by : Darren Star
July 5, 1998 (1998-07-05)
105

6
6
"Secret Sex"
Michael Fields
Darren Star
July 12, 1998 (1998-07-12)
106

7
7
"The Monogamists"
Darren Star
Darren Star
July 19, 1998 (1998-07-19)
107

8
8
"Three's a Crowd"
Nicole Holofcener
Jenny Bicks
July 26, 1998 (1998-07-26)
108

9
9
"The Turtle and the Hare"
Michael Fields
Susan Kolinsky
August 2, 1998 (1998-08-02)
109

10
10
"The Baby Shower"
Susan Seidelman
Terri Minsky
August 9, 1998 (1998-08-09)
110

11
11
"The Drought"
Matthew Harrison
Michael Green & Michael Patrick King
August 16, 1998 (1998-08-16)
111

12
12
"Oh Come All Ye Faithful"
Matthew Harrison
Michael Patrick King
August 23, 1998 (1998-08-23)
112

text: Season 2 (1999)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code

13
1
"Take Me Out to the Ballgame"
Allen Coulter
Michael Patrick King
June 6, 1999 (1999-06-06)
201

14
2
"The Awful Truth"
Allen Coulter
Darren Star
June 13, 1999 (1999-06-13)
202

15
3
"The Freak Show"
Allen Coulter
Jenny Bicks
June 20, 1999 (1999-06-20)
203

16
4
"They Shoot Single People, Don't They?"
John David Coles
Michael Patrick King
June 27, 1999 (1999-06-27)
204

17
5
"Four Women and a Funeral"
Allen Coulter
Jenny Bicks
July 4, 1999 (1999-07-04)
205

18
6
"The Cheating Curve"
John David Coles
Darren Star
July 11, 1999 (1999-07-11)
206

19
7
"The Chicken Dance"
Victoria Hochberg
Cindy Chupack
July 18, 1999 (1999-07-18)
207

20
8
"The Man, The Myth, The Viagra"
Victoria Hochberg
Michael Patrick King
July 25, 1999 (1999-07-25)
208

21
9
"Old Dogs, New Dicks"
"Old Dogs, New Tricks"
Alan Taylor
Jenny Bicks
August 1, 1999 (1999-08-01)
209

22
10
"The Caste System"
Allison Anders
Darren Star
August 8, 1999 (1999-08-08)
210

23
11
"Evolution"
Pam Thomas
Cindy Chupack
August 15, 1999 (1999-08-15)
211

24
12
"La Douleur Exquise!"
Allison Anders
Ollie Levy & Michael Patrick King
August 22, 1999 (1999-08-22)
212

25
13
"Games People Play"
Michael Spiller
Jenny Bicks
August 29, 1999 (1999-08-29)
213

26
14
"The Fuck Buddy"
"The Sex Buddy"
Alan Taylor
Darren Star
September 5, 1999 (1999-09-05)
214

27
15
"Shortcomings"
Dan Algrant
Terri Minsky
September 12, 1999 (1999-09-12)
215

28
16
"Was It Good For You?"
Dan Algrant
Michael Patrick King
September 19, 1999 (1999-09-19)
216

29
17
"Twenty-Something Girls vs. Thirty-Something Women"
Darren Star
Darren Star
September 26, 1999 (1999-09-26)
217

30
18
"Ex and the City"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
October 3, 1999 (1999-10-03)
218

text: Season 3 (2000)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Where There's Smoke..."
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 4, 2000 (2000-06-04)
301
TBA

32
2
"Politically Erect"
Michael Patrick King
Darren Star
June 11, 2000 (2000-06-11)
302
3.60[1]

33
3
"Attack of the Five-Foot-Ten Woman"
Pam Thomas
Cindy Chupack
June 18, 2000 (2000-06-18)
303
3.98[2]

34
4
"Boy, Girl, Boy, Girl..."
Pam Thomas
Jenny Bicks
June 25, 2000 (2000-06-25)
304
3.69[3]

35
5
"No Ifs, Ands, or Butts"
Nicole Holofcener
Michael Patrick King
July 9, 2000 (2000-07-09)
305
3.97[4]

36
6
"Are We Sluts?"
Allison Anders
Cindy Chupack
July 16, 2000 (2000-07-16)
306
TBA

37
7
"Drama Queens"
Allison Anders
Darren Star
July 23, 2000 (2000-07-23)
307
4.56[5]

38
8
"The Big Time"
Allison Anders
Jenny Bicks
July 30, 2000 (2000-07-30)
308
3.93[6]

39
9
"Easy Come, Easy Go"
Charles McDougall
Michael Patrick King
August 6, 2000 (2000-08-06)
309
3.50[7]

40
10
"All or Nothing"
Charles McDougall
Jenny Bicks
August 13, 2000 (2000-08-13)
310
4.42[8]

41
11
"Running With Scissors"
Dennis Erdman
Michael Patrick King
August 20, 2000 (2000-08-20)
311
4.64[9]

42
12
"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
Dan Algrant
Cindy Chupack
August 27, 2000 (2000-08-27)
312
4.16[10]

43
13
"Escape from New York"
John David Coles
Becky Hartman Edwards & Michael Patrick King
September 10, 2000 (2000-09-10)
313
4.20[11]

44
14
"Sex and Another City"
John David Coles
Jenny Bicks
September 17, 2000 (2000-09-17)
314
4.76[12]

45
15
"Hot Child in the City"
Michael Spiller
Allan Heinberg
September 24, 2000 (2000-09-24)
315
4.94[13]

46
16
"Frenemies"
Michael Spiller
Jenny Bicks
October 1, 2000 (2000-10-01)
316
5.35[14]

47
17
"What Goes Around Comes Around"
Allen Coulter
Darren Star
October 8, 2000 (2000-10-08)
317
TBA

48
18
"Cock a Doodle Do!"
Allen Coulter
Michael Patrick King
October 15, 2000 (2000-10-15)
318
4.71[15]

text: Season 4 (2001–02)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49
1
"The Agony and the 'Ex'-tacy"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)
401
6.49[16]

50
2
"The Real Me"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)
402
5.93[16]

51
3
"Defining Moments"
Allen Coulter
Jenny Bicks
June 10, 2001 (2001-06-10)
403
5.48[17]

52
4
"What's Sex Got to Do with It?"
Allen Coulter
Nicole Avril
June 17, 2001 (2001-06-17)
404
5.13[18]

53
5
"Ghost Town"
Michael Spiller
Allan Heinberg
June 24, 2001 (2001-06-24)
405
5.84[19]

54
6
"Baby, Talk Is Cheap"
Michael Spiller
Cindy Chupack
July 1, 2001 (2001-07-01)
406
5.47[20]

55
7
"Time and Punishment"
Michael Engler
Jessica Bendinger
July 8, 2001 (2001-07-08)
407
5.59[21]

56
8
"My Motherboard, My Self"
Michael Engler
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
July 15, 2001 (2001-07-15)
408
5.37[22]

57
9
"Sex and the Country"
Michael Spiller
Allan Heinberg
July 22, 2001 (2001-07-22)
409
5.80[23]

58
10
"Belles of the Balls"
Michael Spiller
Michael Patrick King
July 29, 2001 (2001-07-29)
410
5.98[24]

59
11
"Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda"
David Frankel
Jenny Bicks
August 5, 2001 (2001-08-05)
411
5.87[25]

60
12
"Just Say Yes"
David Frankel
Cindy Chupack
August 12, 2001 (2001-08-12)
412
TBA

61
13
"The Good Fight"
Charles McDougall
Michael Patrick King
January 6, 2002 (2002-01-06)
413
7.30[26]

62
14
"All That Glitters"
Charles McDougall
Cindy Chupack
January 13, 2002 (2002-01-13)
414
6.81[27]

63
15
"Change of a Dress"
Alan Taylor
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
January 20, 2002 (2002-01-20)
415
5.02[28]

64
16
"Ring A Ding Ding"
Alan Taylor
Amy B. Harris
January 27, 2002 (2002-01-27)
416
7.20[29]

65
17
"A 'Vogue' Idea"
Martha Coolidge
Allan Heinberg
February 3, 2002 (2002-02-03)
417
4.34[30]

66
18
"I Heart NY"
Martha Coolidge
Michael Patrick King
February 10, 2002 (2002-02-10)
418
7.39[31]

text: Season 5 (2002)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

67
1
"Anchors Away"
Charles McDougall
Michael Patrick King
July 21, 2002 (2002-07-21)
501
7.93[32]

68
2
"Unoriginal Sin"
Charles McDougall
Cindy Chupack
July 28, 2002 (2002-07-28)
502
6.63[33]

69
3
"Luck Be an Old Lady"
John David Coles
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
August 4, 2002 (2002-08-04)
503
6.59[34]

70
4
"Cover Girl"
John David Coles
Judy Toll & Michael Patrick King
August 11, 2002 (2002-08-11)
504
7.31[35]

71
5
"Plus One is the Loneliest Number"
Michael Patrick King
Cindy Chupack
August 18, 2002 (2002-08-18)
505
6.95[36]

72
6
"Critical Condition"
Michael Patrick King
Alexa Junge
August 25, 2002 (2002-08-25)
506
7.38[37]

73
7
"The Big Journey"
Michael Engler
Michael Patrick King
September 1, 2002 (2002-09-01)
507
5.95[38]

74
8
"I Love a Charade"
Michael Engler
Cindy Chupack & Michael Patrick King
September 8, 2002 (2002-09-08)
508
7.33[39]

text: Season 6 (2003–04)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

Part 1

75
1
"To Market, to Market"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 22, 2003 (2003-06-22)
601
7.30[40]

76
2
"Great Sexpectations"
Michael Patrick King
Cindy Chupack
June 29, 2003 (2003-06-29)
602
5.82[41]

77
3
"The Perfect Present"
David Frankel
Jenny Bicks
July 6, 2003 (2003-07-06)
603
6.95[42]

78
4
"Pick-A-Little, Talk-A-Little"
David Frankel
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
July 13, 2003 (2003-07-13)
604
6.60[43]

79
5
"Lights, Camera, Relationship!"
Michael Engler
Michael Patrick King
July 20, 2003 (2003-07-20)
605
6.43[44]

80
6
"Hop, Skip, and a Week"
Michael Engler
Amy B. Harris
July 27, 2003 (2003-07-27)
606
6.34[45]

81
7
"The Post-It Always Sticks Twice"
Alan Taylor
Liz Tuccillo
August 3, 2003 (2003-08-03)
607
5.77[46]

82
8
"The Catch"
Alan Taylor
Cindy Chupack
August 10, 2003 (2003-08-10)
608
6.64[47]

83
9
"A Woman's Right to Shoes"
Tim Van Patten
Jenny Bicks
August 17, 2003 (2003-08-17)
609
6.74[48]

84
10
"Boy, Interrupted"
Tim Van Patten
Cindy Chupack
August 24, 2003 (2003-08-24)
610
6.94[49]

85
11
"The Domino Effect"
David Frankel
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
September 7, 2003 (2003-09-07)
611
6.69[50]

86
12
"One"
David Frankel
Michael Patrick King
September 14, 2003 (2003-09-14)
612
7.65[51]

Part 2

87
13
"Let There Be Light"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
January 4, 2004 (2004-01-04)
613
6.36[52]

88
14
"The Ick Factor"
Wendey Stanzler
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
January 11, 2004 (2004-01-11)
614
N/A

89
15
"Catch-38"
Michael Engler
Cindy Chupack
January 18, 2004 (2004-01-18)
615
N/A

90
16
"Out of the Frying Pan"
Michael Engler
Jenny Bicks
January 25, 2004 (2004-01-25)
616
6.94[53]

91
17
"The Cold War"
Julian Farino
Aury Wallington
February 1, 2004 (2004-02-01)
617
4.43[54]

92
18
"Splat!"
Julian Farino
Jenny Bicks & Cindy Chupack
February 8, 2004 (2004-02-08)
618
4.83[55]

93
19
"An American Girl In Paris (Part Une)"
Tim Van Patten
Michael Patrick King
February 15, 2004 (2004-02-15)
619
6.14[56]

94
20
"An American Girl In Paris (Part Deux)"
Tim Van Patten
Michael Patrick King
February 22, 2004 (2004-02-22)
620
10.62[57]