document_title: Umbilical cord

question_text: where is the umbilical cord attached to the baby

text: Umbilical cord

text: Structure and development[edit]

text: The umbilical cord develops from and contains remnants of the yolk sac and allantois. It forms by the fifth week of development, replacing the yolk sac as the source of nutrients for the embryo.[2] The cord is not directly connected to the mother's circulatory system, but instead joins the placenta, which transfers materials to and from the maternal blood without allowing direct mixing. The length of the umbilical cord is approximately equal to the crown-rump length of the fetus throughout pregnancy. The umbilical cord in a full term neonate is usually about 50 centimeters (20 in) long and about 2 centimeters (0.75 in) in diameter. This diameter decreases rapidly within the placenta. The fully patent umbilical artery has two main layers: an outer layer consisting of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an inner layer which shows rather irregularly and loosely arranged cells embedded in abundant ground substance staining metachromatic.[3] The smooth muscle cells of the layer are rather poorly differentiated, contain only a few tiny myofilaments and are thereby unlikely to contribute actively to the process of post-natal closure.[3]

text: The umbilical cord contains Wharton's jelly, a gelatinous substance made largely from mucopolysaccharides which protects the blood vessels inside. It contains one vein, which carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the fetus, and two arteries that carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood away.[4] Occasionally, only two vessels (one vein and one artery) are present in the umbilical cord. This is sometimes related to fetal abnormalities, but it may also occur without accompanying problems.

text: It is unusual for a vein to carry oxygenated blood and for arteries to carry deoxygenated blood (the only other examples being the pulmonary veins and arteries, connecting the lungs to the heart). However, this naming convention reflects the fact that the umbilical vein carries blood towards the fetus's heart, while the umbilical arteries carry blood away.

text: The blood flow through the umbilical cord is approximately 35 ml / min at 20 weeks, and 240 ml / min at 40 weeks of gestation.[5] Adapted to the weight of the fetus, this corresponds to 115 ml / min / kg at 20 weeks and 64 ml / min / kg at 40 weeks.[5]

text: Function[edit]

text: Connection to fetal circulatory system[edit]

text: The umbilical cord enters the fetus via the abdomen, at the point which (after separation) will become the umbilicus (or navel). Within the fetus, the umbilical vein continues towards the transverse fissure of the liver, where it splits into two. One of these branches joins with the hepatic portal vein (connecting to its left branch), which carries blood into the liver. The second branch (known as the ductus venosus) bypasses the liver and flows into the inferior vena cava, which carries blood towards the heart. The two umbilical arteries branch from the internal iliac arteries, and pass on either side of the urinary bladder into the umbilical cord, completing the circuit back to the placenta.[6]

text: Changes after birth[edit]

text: In absence of external interventions, the umbilical cord occludes physiologically shortly after birth, explained both by a swelling and collapse of Wharton's jelly in response to a reduction in temperature and by vasoconstriction of the blood vessels by smooth muscle contraction. In effect, a natural clamp is created, halting the flow of blood. In air at 18 °C, this physiological clamping will take three minutes or less.[7] In water birth, where the water temperature is close to body temperature, normal pulsation can be 5 minutes and longer.

text: Closure of the umbilical artery by vasoconstriction consists of multiple constrictions which increase in number and degree with time. There are segments of dilatations with trapped uncoagulated blood between the constrictions before complete occlusion.[8] Both the partial constrictions and the ultimate closure are mainly produced by muscle cells of the outer circular layer.[3] In contrast, the inner layer seems to serve mainly as a plastic tissue which can easily be shifted in an axial direction and then folded into the narrowing lumen to complete the closure.[3] The vasoconstrictive occlusion appears to be mainly mediated by serotonin[9][10] and thromboxane A2.[9] The artery in cords of preterm infants contracts more to angiotensin II and arachidonic acid and is more sensitive to oxytocin than in term ones.[10] In contrast to the contribution of Wharton's jelly, cooling causes only temporary vasoconstriction.[10]

text: Within the child, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus close up, and degenerate into fibrous remnants known as the round ligament of the liver and the ligamentum venosum respectively. Part of each umbilical artery closes up (degenerating into what are known as the medial umbilical ligaments), while the remaining sections are retained as part of the circulatory system.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Problems and abnormalities[edit]

text: A number of abnormalities can affect the umbilical cord, which can cause problems that affect both mother and child:[11]

text:
Umbilical cord compression can result from, for example, entanglement of the cord,[12] a knot in the cord,[12] or a nuchal cord,[12] (which is the wrapping of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck)[13] but these conditions do not always cause obstruction of fetal circulation.
Velamentous cord insertion
Single umbilical artery
Umbilical cord prolapse
Vasa praevia

text: Clamping and cutting[edit]

text: The cord can be clamped at different times; however delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord until one minute after birth improves outcomes as long as there is the ability to treat jaundice if it occurs.[14] Clamping is followed by cutting of the cord, which is painless due to the absence of nerves. The cord is extremely tough, like thick sinew, and so cutting it requires a suitably sharp instrument. While umbilical severance may be delayed until after the cord has stopped pulsing (5–20 minutes after birth), there is ordinarily no significant loss of either venous or arterial blood while cutting the cord. Current evidence neither supports, nor refutes, delayed cutting of the cord, according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines.

text: There are umbilical cord clamps which incorporate a knife. These clamps are safer and faster, allowing one to first apply the cord clamp and then cut the umbilical cord. After the cord is clamped and cut, the newborn wears a plastic clip on the navel area until the compressed region of the cord has dried and sealed sufficiently.

text: The length of umbilical left attached to the newborn varies by practice; in most hospital settings the length of cord left attached after clamping and cutting is minimal. In the United States, however, where the birth occurred outside of the hospital and an emergency medical technician (EMT) clamps and cuts the cord, a longer segment up to 18 cm (7 in) in length[15][16] is left attached to the newborn.

text: The remaining umbilical stub remains for up to 10 days as it dries and then falls off.

text: Early versus delayed clamping[edit]

text: A Cochrane review in 2013 came to the conclusion that delayed cord clamping (between one and three minutes after birth) is "likely to be beneficial as long as access to treatment for jaundice requiring phototherapy is available".[17] In this review delayed clamping, as contrasted to early, resulted in no difference in risk of severe maternal postpartum hemorrhage or neonatal mortality, low Apgar score. On the other hand, delayed clamping resulted in an increased birth weight of on average about 100 g, and an increased hemoglobin concentration of on average 1.5 g/dL with half the risk of being iron deficient at three and six months, but an increased risk of jaundice requiring phototherapy.[17]

text: In 2012, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists officially endorsed delaying clamping of the umbilical cord for 30–60 seconds with the newborn held below the level of the placenta in all cases of preterm delivery based largely on evidence that it reduces the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in these children by 50%.[18][obsolete source] In the same committee statement, ACOG also recognize several other likely benefits for preterm infants, including "improved transitional circulation, better establishment of red blood cell volume, and decreased need for blood transfusion". In January 2017, a revised Committee Opinion extended the recommendation to term infants, citing data that term infants benefit from increased hemoglobin levels in the newborn period and improved iron stores in the first months of life, which may result in improved developmental outcomes. ACOG recognized a small increase in the incidence of jaundice in term infants with delayed cord clamping, and recommended policies be in place to monitor for and treat neonatal jaundice. ACOG also noted that delayed cord clamping is not associated with increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage.[19]

text: Several studies have shown benefits of delayed cord clamping: A meta-analysis[20] showed that delaying clamping of the umbilical cord in full-term neonates for a minimum of 2 minutes following birth is beneficial to the newborn in giving improved hematocrit, iron status as measured by ferritin concentration and stored iron, as well as a reduction in the risk of anemia (relative risk, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.40-0.70).[20] A decrease was also found in a study from 2008.[21] Although there is higher hemoglobin level at 2 months, this effect did not persist beyond 6 months of age.[22] Not clamping the cord for three minutes following the birth of a baby improved outcomes at four years of age.[23] A delay of three minutes or more in umbilical cord clamping after birth reduce the prevalence of anemia in infants.[24]

text: Negative effects of delayed cord clamping include an increased risk of polycythemia. Still, this condition appeared to be benign in studies.[20] Infants whose cord clamping occurred later than 60 seconds after birth had a higher rate of neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy.[22]

text: Delayed clamping is not recommended as a response to cases where the newborn is not breathing well and needs resuscitation. Rather, the recommendation is instead to immediately clamp and cut the cord and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.[25] The umbilical cord pulsating is not a guarantee that the baby is receiving enough oxygen.[26]

text: Umbilical nonseverance[edit]

text: Some parents choose to omit cord severance entirely, a practice called "lotus birth" or umbilical nonseverance. The entire intact umbilical cord is allowed to dry and separates on its own (typically on the 3rd day after birth), falling off and leaving a healed umbilicus.[27]

text: Umbilical cord catheterization[edit]

text: As the umbilical vein is directly connected to the central circulation, it can be used as a route for placement of a venous catheter for infusion and medication. The umbilical vein catheter is a reliable alternative to percutaneous peripheral or central venous catheters or intraosseous canulas and may be employed in resuscitation or intensive care of the newborn.

text: Blood sampling[edit]

text: From 24 to 34 weeks of gestation, when the fetus is typically viable, blood can be taken from the cord in order to test for abnormalities (particularly for hereditary conditions). This diagnostic genetic test procedure is known as percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling.[28]

text: Storage of cord blood[edit]

text: The blood within the umbilical cord, known as cord blood, is a rich and readily available source of primitive, undifferentiated stem cells (of type CD34-positive and CD38-negative). These cord blood cells can be used for bone marrow transplant.

text: Some parents choose to have this blood diverted from the baby's umbilical blood transfer through early cord clamping and cutting, to freeze for long-term storage at a cord blood bank should the child ever require the cord blood stem cells (for example, to replace bone marrow destroyed when treating leukemia). This practice is controversial, with critics asserting that early cord blood withdrawal at the time of birth actually increases the likelihood of childhood disease, due to the high volume of blood taken (an average of 108ml) in relation to the baby's total supply (typically 300ml).[21] The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists stated in 2006 that "there is still insufficient evidence to recommend directed commercial cord blood collection and stem-cell storage in low-risk families".

text: The American Academy of Pediatrics has stated that cord blood banking for self-use should be discouraged (as most conditions requiring the use of stem cells will already exist in the cord blood), while banking for general use should be encouraged.[29] In the future, cord blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells (CBEs) may be banked and matched with other patients, much like blood and transplanted tissues. The use of CBEs could potentially eliminate the ethical difficulties associated with embryonic stem cells (ESCs).[30]

text: While the American Academy of Pediatrics discourages private banking except in the case of existing medical need, it also says that information about the potential benefits and limitations of cord blood banking and transplantation should be provided so that parents can make an informed decision.

text: In the United States, cord blood education has been supported by legislators at the federal and state levels. In 2005, the National Academy of Sciences published an Institute of Medicine (IoM) report which recommended that expectant parents be given a balanced perspective on their options for cord blood banking. In response to their constituents, state legislators across the country are introducing legislation intended to help inform physicians and expectant parents on the options for donating, discarding or banking lifesaving newborn stem cells. Currently 17 states, representing two-thirds of U.S. births, have enacted legislation recommended by the IoM guidelines.

text: The use of cord blood stem cells in treating conditions such as brain injury[31] and Type 1 Diabetes[32] is already being studied in humans, and earlier stage research is being conducted for treatments of stroke,[33][34] and hearing loss.[35]

text: Cord blood stored with private banks is typically reserved for use of the donor child only. In contrast, cord blood stored in public banks is accessible to anyone with a closely matching tissue type and demonstrated need. The use of cord blood from public banks is increasing. Currently it is used in place of a bone marrow transplant in the treatment of blood disorders such as leukemia, with donations released for transplant through one registry, Netcord.org,[36] passing 1,000,000 as of January 2013. Cord blood is used when the patient cannot find a matching bone marrow donor; this "extension" of the donor pool has driven the expansion of public banks.

text: The umbilical cord in other animals[edit]

text: The umbilical cord in some mammals, including cows and sheep, contains two distinct umbilical veins. There is only one umbilical vein in the human umbilical cord.[37]

text: In some animals, the mother will gnaw through the cord, thus separating the placenta from the offspring. The cord along with the placenta is often eaten by the mother, to provide nourishment and to dispose of tissues that would otherwise attract scavengers or predators.[citation needed] In chimpanzees, the mother leaves the cord in place and nurses her young with the cord and placenta attached until the cord dries out and separates naturally, within a day of birth, at which time the cord is discarded. (This was first documented by zoologists in the wild in 1974.[38])

text: Some species of shark — hammerheads, requiems and smooth-hounds — are viviparous and have an umbilical cord attached to their placenta.[39]

text: Animals that lay eggs seem to have a false umbilical-cord that attaches the embryo and yolk together in much the same way.[citation needed]

text: Other uses for the term "umbilical cord"[edit]

text: The term "umbilical cord" or just "umbilical" has also come to be used for other cords with similar functions, such as the hose connecting surface-supplied divers to their surface supply of air and/or heating, or space-suited astronauts to their spacecraft. Engineers sometimes use the term to describe a complex or critical cable connecting a component, especially when composed of bundles of conductors of different colors, thickness and types, terminating in a single multi-contact disconnect.

text: Cancer-causing toxicants in human umbilical cords[edit]

text: In multiple American and international studies, cancer-causing chemicals have been found in the blood of umbilical cords. These originate from certain plastics, computer circuit boards, fumes and synthetic fragrances among others. Over 300 chemical toxicants have been found, including bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), Teflon-related perfluorooctanoic acid, galaxolide and synthetic musks among others.[40] The studies in America showed higher levels in African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans due, it is thought, to living in areas of higher pollution.[41]

text: Additional images[edit]

text: This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged; please improve or remove the section accordingly. (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Diagram illustrating a later stage in the development of the umbilical cord.

Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion. Magnified a little over two diameters

Sectional plan of the gravid uterus in the third and fourth month.

Fetus in utero, between fifth and sixth months.

Scheme of placental circulation.

Human embryo with heart and anterior body-wall removed to show the sinus venosus and its tributaries.

Newborn child, seconds after birth, crying. The umbilical cord has not yet been cut.

Newborn child, soon after birth by caesarian section.

Newborn child and mother, postpartum umbilical nonseverance (with placenta).

A newborn at 45 seconds, with umbilical cord clamped.

Umbilic. Deep dissection.Serial cross section.


document_title: Rose Grove railway station

question_text: junction for the colne branch near rose grove

root

text: Rose Grove railway station

text:
Rose Grove

Rose Grove railway station in 1985

Location

Place
Burnley

Local authority
Burnley

Grid reference
SD815322

Operations

Station code
RSG

Managed by
Northern

Number of platforms
2

DfT category
F1

Live arrivals/departures, station information and onward connections
from National Rail Enquiries

Annual rail passenger usage*

2011/12
 40,142

2012/13
 42,078

2013/14
 40,710

2014/15
 43,176

2015/16
 57,258

History

Original company
East Lancashire Railway

Pre-grouping
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway

Post-grouping
London, Midland and Scottish Railway

18 September 1848
Station opened

National Rail – UK railway stations

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

* Annual estimated passenger usage based on sales of tickets in stated financial year(s) which end or originate at Rose Grove from Office of Rail and Road statistics. Methodology may vary year on year.

 UK Railways portal

tag: table

text: Rose Grove railway station is located in the western part of Burnley in Lancashire, England, 11 miles (17 km) east of Blackburn railway station.

tag: p

text: The Caldervale Line from Hebden Bridge and the East Lancashire Line converge at Gannow Junction, just east of Rose Grove. The semi-fast Blackpool North to York service via Burnley Manchester Road does not call at Rose Grove, but the recently introduced Blackburn to Manchester Victoria via Todmorden one does do so. Trains either take the now single track line to Burnley Central and on to terminate at Colne or travel over Copy Pit summit into West Yorkshire en route to Todmorden and hence to Rochdale & Manchester.

text: The station is a long island platform, with a disused bay platform at each end - one formerly used by local trains to Blackburn via Padiham and the other for services to Todmorden and Colne.

text: It is unstaffed, but there are passenger information screens and a long-line PA system in place to provide train running information. Waiting shelters & a ticket vending machine are also available. Access to the platform is via a staircase from the road above, so there is currently no step-free access on offer for disabled users.[1][2]

text: Rose Grove was formerly the site of an engine shed, which was one of the last to house steam locomotives on British Railways.[3] The site is now beneath the M65 motorway, which runs beside the railway at this point.

text: During the mid to late 1980s,[4] Rose Grove was the starting point for an Inter City "Holidaymaker" Saturday service - in the 1989 timetable this ran as the 06:50 to Paignton via Preston and Birmingham New Street and the terminus for the 14:10 from Paignton return journey.

text: The Blackpool North-York service initially called at Rose Grove after its reinstatement in 1984 to allow interchange with trains to and from Colne, Nelson, Brierfield and the two other Burnley stations at Burnley Barracks and Central. However this stop was removed from the service in the early 1990s with East Lancashire Line passengers wishing to travel eastwards towards Yorkshire having to change at Accrington instead.

text: The station became unstaffed in the 1980s, following the demolition of the station buildings. The last remnants of the Great Harwood Loop towards Padiham have also disappeared, the line having been closed in 1993 with the end of oil traffic to the power station there.

text: Services[edit]

text: On weekdays, there is an hourly service from Rose Grove to Colne (eastbound) and Blackpool South via Preston (westbound). On Sundays, there is a two-hourly service in each direction.[5]

text: Following the re-opening of the Todmorden Curve to passengers in May 2015 (all structural work having been completed by Spring 2014 but with no available trains and unfinished signalling upgrades, delaying the introduction of the new service), trains on the Blackburn - Burnley - Manchester route now call at the station once per hour each way (including Sundays),[6] enabling interchange facilities from Colne, Nelson, Brierfield and Burnley's Central and Barracks stations. This reinstates the link with Todmorden and the Calder Valley that was originally lost in November 1965.


document_title: Show Me the Way to Go Home

question_text: who sings the song show me the way to go home

text: Show Me the Way to Go Home

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
Show me the way to go home
I'm tired and I want to go to bed
I had a little drink about an hour ago
And it’s gone right to my head
Wherever I may roam
On land or sea or foam
You can always hear me singing this song
Show me the way to go home.

text: (Repeat)

text: Publication[edit]

text: The music and lyrics were written in 1925 by Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly. They self-published the sheet music and it became their first big success, selling 2 million copies and providing the financial basis of their publishing firm, Campbell, Connelly & Co.[1] Campbell and Connelly published the sheet music and recorded the song under the pseudonym "Irving King".[2]

text: The song was recorded by several artists in the 1920s, including radio personalities The Happiness Boys,[2] Vincent Lopez and his Orchestra,[2] and the California Ramblers.[3] Throughout the twentieth into the twenty-first century it has been recorded by numerous artists.

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: A parody popular on Midwest American campuses in the 1950s went

text:
Indicate the way to my abode
I'm fatigued and I want to retire
I imbibed a few about sixty minutes ago
And it percolated right through my cerebellum
Wherever I may perambulate
O'er land or sea or atmospheric vapor
You will always hear me rendering this melody
Indicate the way to my abode"

text: or

text:
Indicate the way to my abode
I'm fatigued and I want to retire
I had a spot of beverage sixty minutes ago
And it went right to my cerebellum
Wherever I may perambulate
On land, or sea or atmospheric vapour
You can always hear me crooning the melody
Indicate the way to my abode

text: Some similar versions substitute "terra firma" for land and/or "aqueous precipitate" for foam.

text: Literature[edit]

text:
Referenced several times in Norman Mailer's 1948 novel The Naked and the Dead.
George Orwell references the song in his 1934 novel Burmese Days.
Brick, a main character of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, sings this song toward the end while drinking liquor, leaving out the line "And it's gone right to my head" and the last two lines due to dialogue between other characters.
Albert Wendt references the song, slightly and purposefully revising it in his first novel, Sons For the Return Home (1973)
In the Truman Capote short story, A Christmas Memory (1956), the character, Miss Sook, sings the line "Show me the way to go home."
In Terry Pratchett's novel Maskerade, the witches hear this song being sung by a neighbour taking an evening bath, and are surprised when he switches from English to Italian when he thinks he is being overheard. When he believes the coast is clear, he switches back to English.

tag: ul

text: Film[edit]

text:
The first two lines of the song are shown on screen in King Vidor's silent film, "The Crowd" (1928) after a scene where John goes to borrow some liquor from Bert but decides to stay and drink and dance with Bert and the two women at Bert's house instead of going home to spend Christmas Eve with his wife and her family.
This song was the basis for a 1932 Screen Songs animated short by Fleischer Studios.
In the movie Hell Below (1933), it is sung by Lt. JG "Brick" Walters, played by Robert Young (actor).
Famously used in the popular 1975 thriller film Jaws, the song was sung by the three principal characters of Brody (Roy Scheider), Quint (Robert Shaw), and Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss), and their rhythmic thumping of the table prevents them from hearing the shark ramming the boat before it has severely damaged the hull.
It is sung by an old man in the jail in A River Runs Through It when Paul is picked up by his brother.
In the Woody Allen film Cassandra's Dream, Terry (Colin Farrell) and Ian (Ewan McGregor) sing this song on the maiden voyage of their boat.
In the opening scene of Piranha 3D (2010), Richard Dreyfuss (reprising/spoofing his character of Matt Hooper from Jaws) listens to this song as well as singing along.
In a stolen car scene from Eat My Dust! (1976) starring Ron Howard.
Sung by the cast in Husbands

text: Television[edit]

text:
In the premiere episode of the World War II TV show Combat!, "Forgotten Front", Albert Paulsen plays a captured German soldier who shows his love for American music by singing this song.
In an episode of Family Guy ("Mind Over Murder"), where Stewie is intoxicated and singing this song.
The character Harry Hewitt sings a portion of this song in a drunken stupor in an early episode of Coronation Street, transmitted in early 1961.
Davy Jones sings this during the "Listen To The Band/Chaos" segment of The Monkees TV special 33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee (NBC, 1968.)
In an episode of Red Dwarf ("Thanks for the Memory"), the main characters get drunk after finding a planet with a breathable atmosphere, afterwards singing the song while piloting a shuttle back to the ship, altering the words "And it's gone right to my head" with "To celebrate Rimmer's death" (BBC2, 1988.)
In the Babylon 5 episode "Meditations on the Abyss", Garibaldi is singing this to himself while he is very drunk.
In the English dub version of Ghost Stories, one of the main characters uses this song as a chant to trap a ghost.
In a season 3 episode of Lost ("Stranger in a Strange Land"), Sawyer sings this while paddling a boat with Kate back to the main island.
In the final episode of The Heavy Water War, Julie sings this song at a farewell party for the Norwegians.
In the English dub of the Pokémon episode "Showdown at the Po-ké Corral", James says "Show me the way to go home. I'm tired and I want to go to bed."

text: Football[edit]

text: Supporters of Wimbledon FC / AFC Wimbledon have sung an adapted version reflecting their team spending 25 years away from their Plough Lane home stadium: 'Show Me The Way To Plough Lane'

text: Theme Parks

text: At Universal Studios Orlando Florida in the WIzarding World of Harry Potter's Diagon Alley, in the rear subsection Knockturn Alley there is a window of animated shrunken heads. They banter with each other and often break into "Show Me The Way To Go Home". It is also one of the spots where you can use an interactive wand and use the Silencio wand movement to make them stop singing and make muffled sounds as if they suddenly can't move their lips. It is located across from Borgin & Burke's gift shop and next to the Dystal Phaelanges skeleton display. This along with several other design details throughout the Harry Potter themed section are a tribute to the Jaws ride/attraction which closed January 2, 2012 and was replaced by Diagon Alley.

text: Recordings[edit]

text:
Frank Crumit recorded a version of the song in 1926.[4]
Julie London recorded a version of the song for her 1968 album Easy Does It.
Jefferson Starship covered the song live during shows of their Acoustic Explorer / Acoustic Shuttlecraft incarnation in 1996–1998.
Emerson, Lake & Palmer included their version of the song on their 1977 album Works Volume II.
Shai Hulud sings the song as a group as the hidden track on their album Hearts Once Nourished with Hope and Compassion.
Bono, the lead singer of the band U2, used the song several times whilst in the guise of the stage character Macphisto in the band's Zoo TV Tour in 1992-93.
Squalus covered the song on their 2017 album The Great Fish


document_title: List of states and union territories of India by area

question_text: the largest state of india (area wise) is

question_tokens: the largest state of india ( area wise ) is

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
State / Territory
Area (km2)
Region
National Share (%)
Country of comparable size
Ref

1
Rajasthan
342,239
Northern
10.41
 Republic of the Congo

2
Madhya Pradesh
308,350
Central
9.37
 Oman

3
Maharashtra
307,713
Western
9.36
 Oman

4
Uttar Pradesh
243,290
Central
7.33
 United Kingdom

5
Jammu and Kashmir
222,236
Northern
6.76
 Guyana
[note 1]

6
Gujarat
196,024
Western
5.96
 Senegal

7
Karnataka
191,791
Southern
5.83
 Senegal

8
Andhra Pradesh
162,968
Southern
4.87
 Tunisia

9
Odisha
155,707
Eastern
4.73
 Bangladesh

10
Chhattisgarh
135,191
Central
4.11
 Greece

11
Tamil Nadu
130,058
Southern
3.95
 England

12
Telangana
112,077
Southern
3.49
 Honduras

13
Bihar
94,163
Eastern
2.86
 Hungary

14
West Bengal
88,752
Eastern
2.70
 Serbia

15
Arunachal Pradesh
83,743
Northeastern
2.54
 Austria

16
Jharkhand
79,714
Eastern
2.42
 Czech Republic

17
Assam
78,438
Northeastern
2.38
 Czech Republic

18
Himachal Pradesh
55,673
Northern
1.70
 Croatia

19
Uttarakhand
53,483
Northern
1.62
 Costa Rica

20
Punjab
50,362
Northern
1.53
 Costa Rica

21
Haryana
44,212
Northern
1.34
 Denmark

22
Kerala
38,863
Southern
1.18
 Bhutan

23
Meghalaya
22,429
Northeastern
0.68
 Djibouti

24
Manipur
22,327
Northeastern
0.68
 Belize

25
Mizoram
21,081
Northeastern
0.64
 El Salvador

26
Nagaland
16,579
Northeastern
0.50
 Swaziland

27
Tripura
10,486
Northeastern
0.31
 Lebanon

28
Sikkim
7,096
Northeastern
0.21
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands

29
Goa
3,702
Western
0.11
 French Polynesia

UT1
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
8,249
Bay of Bengal
0.25
 Puerto Rico

NCT
Delhi
1,484
Northern
0.04
 Faroe Islands

UT2
Puducherry
562
Southern
0.01
 Andorra

UT3
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
491
Western
0.01
 Andorra

UT4
Chandigarh
114
Northern
0.003
 Wallis and Futuna

UT5
Daman and Diu
112
Western
0.003
 Montserrat

UT6
Lakshadweep
32
Arabian Sea
0.001
 Macau

**
Disputed area (between the states)
23

0.0007
 Nauru
[note 2]
[note 3]

India
3,287,263[a]

100

text: Source:Area of states[3]

text: The area figures of states and union territories do not add up to area of India because:

text:
The shortfall of 7 km2. area of Madhya Pradesh and 3 km2. area of Chhattisgarh is yet to be resolved by the Survey of India.[3]
Disputed area of 13 km2. between Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh is neither included in Puducherry nor in Andhra Pradesh.[3]
Area figures includes the area under occupation by Pakistan and China. The area includes 13,297+64,817 = 78,114  km2. of disputed area under occupation of Pakistan, 5,180  km2. of disputed area handed over by Pakistan to China and 37,555  km2 of disputed area under occupation of China 5,180+37,555=42,735 sq km .[3]


document_title: Miracle (2004 film)

question_text: who played the russian hockey coach in miracle

text: Miracle (2004 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The University of Minnesota ice hockey head coach Herb Brooks (Kurt Russell) interviews with the United States Olympic Committee for the national team coach's job, discussing his philosophy on how to beat the Soviet team, calling for changes to the practice schedule and strategy. There is the added context that these Olympic games are occurring during the Cold War, adding a political dynamic to the USOC's efforts to beat the Russians.

text: Brooks meets his assistant coach Craig Patrick (Noah Emmerich) at the tryouts in Colorado Springs. Brooks selects a preliminary roster of 26, indifferent to the preferences of senior USOC hockey officials. He convinces Walter Bush (Sean McCann), the executive director of the committee, that he has their best interests at heart. Bush reluctantly agrees to take the heat from the committee for Brooks' decisions.

text: During the initial practice, tempers flare as forward Rob McClanahan and defenseman Jack O'Callahan get into a fight based on an old college rivalry. Brooks bluntly tells the players that they are to let go of old rivalries and start becoming a team. As practices continue, Brooks uses unorthodox methods to winnow the roster down to 20 players. The players themselves worry about being cut at any time, knowing that Brooks himself was the last player cut from the 1960 Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal, so he will do anything to win.

text: During an exhibition game against Norway in Oslo that ends in a 3–3 tie, Brooks notices the players are distracted by girls in the stands and not playing up to their potential. After the game, he orders them back on the ice to skate "Herbies", which they do for an extended period of time even after the rink manager turns off the power. Exhausted, forward Mike Eruzione interrupts Brooks and cries out whom he plays for: The United States of America. Getting the answer he wanted all along, Brooks finally tells the players they are done. Eventually, the team comes together, with the players thinking of themselves as a family representing the United States.

text: The team plays the Soviets in an exhibition game at Madison Square Garden. The Soviets manhandle the young American team, winning by a score of 10–3. During the game, O'Callahan receives an injury that could keep him out of the entire Olympics, and starting goaltender Jim Craig is told he may be benched in favor of back-up goalie Steve Janaszak. Craig ends up retaining his starting job when the coach brings him to realize that he hasn't been giving his very best.

text: As the 1980 Winter Olympics begins, the Americans trail Sweden 2–1 in the first game. Brooks fires up the team during the break by overturning a table in his way and accusing injured McClanahan of quitting. (Doc had said his injury wouldn't get worse if he played on it.) McClanahan ends up playing despite his pain, which inspires the team and Bill Baker scores a goal with less than a minute remaining in the third period for a dramatic 2–2 tie. They follow that up with a 7–3 win over heavily favored Czechoslovakia.

text: As the Olympics continue, the Americans defeat Norway, Romania, and West Germany to earn a spot in the medal round. The Americans are considered overwhelming underdogs to the Soviets in the first medal round game. The game begins and the Soviets score the first goal. Then O'Callahan, having healed enough from his injury, enters the game for the first time. He makes an immediate impact by heavily checking Vladimir Krutov on a play that leads to a goal by Buzz Schneider. The Soviets score again to retake the lead but in the final seconds the Soviet goalie Vladislav Tretiak stops a long shot by Dave Christian, but Mark Johnson gets the rebound and scores with less than one second left in the period.

text: During the first intermission the Soviet coach replaces Tretiak with backup Vladimir Myshkin. In the second period the Soviets score a goal to go up 3–2. Early in the final period the Soviet team is called for a penalty, giving the Americans a man advantage. Johnson scores his second goal of the game just as the penalty is about to expire. Later, Eruzione puts them ahead 4–3 with 10 minutes left. The Americans hold off the Russians to win the game, completing one of the biggest upsets in sports history.

text: Two days later the team would go on to defeat Finland 4–2 to win the gold medal. The movie ends with Brooks staring out over his team with pride as the entire team crowds together on the gold medal platform.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role
Notes

Kurt Russell
Herb Brooks
U.S. Olympic hockey coach who leads the team to an Olympic gold medal in the 1980 Winter Olympics.

Patricia Clarkson
Patti Brooks
Wife of Brooks.

Noah Emmerich
Craig Patrick
Assistant General Manager and Assistant Coach under Brooks.

Sean McCann
Walter Bush
General Manager of the U.S. Olympic hockey team.

Kenneth Welsh
Doc Nagobads
U.S Olympic team physician and long-time friend of Brooks.

Eddie Cahill
Jim Craig
U.S. Olympic team’s starting goaltender. Plays in every minute of every game.

Patrick O'Brien Demsey
Mike Eruzione
Forward and captain of the U.S. Olympic team. Scores the game-winning goal against the Soviets.

Michael Mantenuto
Jack O'Callahan
Defenseman on the U.S. Olympic team. Injures his knee in an exhibition game but returns against the Soviets and makes a key shot that leads to a U.S. goal.

Nathan West
Rob McClanahan
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team. Gets into a fight with O’Callahan in the first practice.

Kenneth Mitchell
Ralph Cox
Last player cut from the team during tryouts because Brooks can only take twenty players.

Eric Peter-Kaiser
Mark Johnson
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team. Scores two out of the four goals in the victory over the Soviets. Known as the most skilled player on the team. MVP of the team.

Bobby Hanson
Dave Silk
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team who receives a pair of silky underwear from the guys at Christmas.

Joseph Cure
Mike Ramsey
Defenseman and youngest player on the U.S. Olympic team.

Billy Schneider
Buzz Schneider
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team and part of the Conehead line. Billy is Buzz's son.

Nate Miller
John Harrington
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team and part of the Conehead line.

Chris Koch
Mark Pavelich
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team and part of the Conehead line. Assists Baker on the tying goal against Sweden and Eruzione on the game-winning goal against the Soviets.

Kris Wilson
Phil Verchota
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team.

Stephen Kovalcik
Dave Christian
Forward and defenseman on the U.S. Olympic team. Shoots the puck at Tretiak with very little time left during the first period against the Soviets. Johnson scores on the rebound.

Sam Skoryna
Steve Janaszak
Expected to be the top goaltender of the U.S. Olympic team after winning a national championship in 1979 and taking home the tournament MVP, but is placed behind goaltender Craig and never plays during the Olympics.

Pete Duffy
Bob Suter
Defenseman on the U.S. Olympic team.

Nick Postle
Bill Baker
Defenseman on the U.S. Olympic team who scores the game-tying goal against Sweden in the opening game of the Olympics.

Casey Burnette
Ken Morrow
Defenseman on the U.S. Olympic team.

Scott Johnson
Steve Christoff
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team.

Trevor Alto
Neal Broten
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team.

Robbie MacGregor
Eric Strobel
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team.

Joe Hemsworth
Mark Wells
Forward on the U.S. Olympic team.

Zinaid Memišević
Viktor Tikhonov
Hockey coach for the Soviet team.

Adam Knight
Tim Harrer
Forward brought in late to try out for the U.S. Olympic team, eventually cut.

text: Production[edit]

text: Gavin O'Connor directed and Mark Ciardi produced the movie. Both are drawn to inspirational stories and they decided to take on the "Greatest Sports Moment of the 20th Century".[4] They chose to focus on the determination and focus of coach Herb Brooks. O'Connor knew from the beginning that he wanted to cast Kurt Russell as Herb Brooks because he needed someone with an athletic background and a fiery passion for sports. The casting of the team consisted of real hockey players to give the film a raw and accurate feel. O'Connor figured it would be easier to teach hockey players to act than to teach actors to play hockey. On-ice tryouts were held in New York, Boston, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, Toronto, and Vancouver. Another tryout was held in Vancouver for the Soviet and European teams.

text: There are a total of 133 different hockey plays in the film. To accomplish this, the directors turned to ReelSports Solutions, who had helped with the producers on a previous movie, The Rookie. The ReelSports team referred to coach Herb Brooks for information on practices, plays, equipment, and uniform styles. Each fight and stunt scene was choreographed to ensure the actors' safety. Players went through a six-week training camp to relearn the game in older equipment.[5]

text: Coach Brooks died in a car accident shortly after the film's principal photography was completed. The movie is dedicated to Brooks's memory. The dedication states at the end of the film, "He never saw it. He lived it."

text: Historical inaccuracy[edit]

text: The film states that Vladislav Tretiak was Viktor Tikhonov's bread and butter after being pulled from the net at the start of the second period of the game in the Olympics. The fact is that Tikhonov was not named head coach until 1977 and Tretiak was one from the old guard.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Mr. Boogie"
"You Can Suit Yourself" by Bobby Charles
"Time and Time Again"
"Don't Fear the Reaper" by Blue Öyster Cult
"Musta Got Lost" by The J. Geils Band
"Thunder Island" by Jay Ferguson
"Rockford Files Theme" by Mike Post
"Universal Logo"
"Nightly News Theme '82"
"White Christmas" by Louis Armstrong
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" by Brenda Lee
"Bugler's Dream" by John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra
"Star-Spangled Banner" by Lauren Hart
"Dream On" by Aerosmith
"Brandenburg Concerto No. 4 in G, 1st movement – Allegro" by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra[6]

text: Release[edit]

text: The movie grossed $19,377,577 on its opening weekend, February 8, on 2,605 screens. It closed with a worldwide gross of $64,445,708.[7]

text: The movie was released with a rating of PG, meaning that Parental Guidance is suggested.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 80% based on 158 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Kurt Russell's performance guides this cliche-ridden tale into the realm of inspirational, nostalgic goodness."[9] On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[11]

text: Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times stated that the movie "does a yeoman's job of recycling the day-old dough that passes for its story."[12] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times referred to the movie as "a classically well-made studio entertainment that, like The Rookie of a few years back, has the knack of being moving without shamelessly overdoing a sure thing."[2] O'Callahan said in an interview that while the fight between him and McClanahan was fictional the film accurately portrayed the "pretty intense" rivalry between Boston University and Minnesota players, and was overall "pretty darn close" to actual events.[13]

text: As of January 2017 Miracle was rated the number two sports movie of all time with a rating of 8.85 out of 10 in the ongoing poll at Sports In Movies, after maintaining the number one spot for several years.[14]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Miracle won the Best Sports Movie ESPY Award for 2004.[15]

text: In 2006, the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers.[16] And In 2008, AFI nominated this film for its Top 10 Sports Films list.[17]


document_title: Richter magnitude scale

question_text: what is the highest possible magnitude of an earthquake

text: Richter magnitude scale

text: Development[edit]

text: Prior to the development of the magnitude scale the only measure of an earthquake's strength or "size" was a subjective assessment of the intensity of shaking observed near the epicenter of the earthquake, categorized by various seismic intensity scales such as the Rossi-Forel scale.  In 1883 John Milne surmised that the shaking of large earthquakes might generate waves detectable around the globe, and in 1899 E. Von Rehbur Paschvitz observed in Germany seismic waves attributable to an earthquake in Tokyo.[1] In the 1920s Harry O. Wood and John A. Anderson developed the Wood-Anderson seismograph, one of the first practical instruments for recording seismic waves.[2] Wood then built, under the auspices of the California Institute of Technology and the Carnegie Institute, a network of seismographs stretching across Southern California.[3] He also recruited the young and unknown Charles Richter to measure the seismograms and locate the earthquakes generating the seismic waves.[4]

text: In 1931 Kiyoo Wadati showed how he had measured, for several strong earthquakes in Japan, the amplitude of the shaking observed at various distances from the epicenter. He then plotted the logarithm of the amplitude against the distance, and found a series of curves that showed a rough correlation with the estimated magnitudes of the earthquakes.[5] Richter resolved some difficulties with this method,[6] then, using data collected by his colleague Beno Gutenberg, produced similar curves, confirming that they could be used to compare the relative magnitudes of different earthquakes.[7]

text: To produce a practical method of assigning an absolute measure of magnitude required additional developments. First, to span the wide range of possible values Richter adopted Gutenberg's suggestion of a logarithmic scale, where each step represents a ten-fold increase of magnitude, similar to the magnitude scale used by astronomers.[8] Second, he wanted a magnitude of zero to be around the limit of human perceptibility.[9] Third, he specified the Wood-Anderson seismograph as the standard instrument for producing seismograms. Magnitude was then defined as "the logarithm of the maximum trace amplitude, expressed in microns", measured at a distance of 100 km.  The scale was calibrated by defining a magnitude 3 shock as one that produces (at a distance of 100 km) a maximum amplitude of 1 micron (1 µm, or 0.001 millimeters) on a seismogram recorded by a Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph.[10] Finally, Richter calculated a table of distance corrections,[11] in that for distances less than 200 kilometers[12] the attenuation is strongly affected by the structure and properties of the regional geology.[13]

text: When Richter presented the resulting scale in 1935 he called it (at the suggestion of Harry Wood) simply a "magnitude" scale.[14] "Richter magnitude" appears to have originated when Perry Byerly told the press that the scale was Richter's, and "should be referred to as such."[15] In 1956 Gutenberg and Richter, while still referring to "magnitude scale", labelled it "local magnitude", with the symbol ML, to distinguish it from two other scales they had developed, the surface wave magnitude (MS) and body wave magnitude (MB) scales.[16]

text: Details[edit]

text:
The Richter scale was defined in 1935 for particular circumstances and instruments; the particular circumstances refer to it being defined for Southern California and "implicitly incorporates the attenuative properties of Southern California crust and mantle."[17] The particular instrument used would become saturated by strong earthquakes and unable to record high values. The scale was replaced in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale (MMS, symbol Mw); for earthquakes adequately measured by the Richter scale, numerical values are approximately the same. Although values measured for earthquakes now are

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{w}}

 (MMS), they are frequently reported by the press as Richter values, even for earthquakes of magnitude over 8, when the Richter scale becomes meaningless.
Anything above 5 is classified as a risk by the USGS.[citation needed]

text: The Richter and MMS scales measure the energy released by an earthquake; another scale, the Mercalli intensity scale, classifies earthquakes by their effects, from detectable by instruments but not noticeable, to catastrophic. The energy and effects are not necessarily strongly correlated; a shallow earthquake in a populated area with soil of certain types can be far more intense in effects than a much more energetic deep earthquake in an isolated area.

text:
Several scales have historically been described as the "Richter scale", especially the local magnitude

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

 and the surface wave

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

 scale. In addition, the body wave magnitude,

m

b

{\displaystyle m_{\text{b}}}

, and the moment magnitude,

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{\text{w}}}

, abbreviated MMS, have been widely used for decades. A couple of new techniques to measure magnitude are in the development stage by seismologists.

text:
All magnitude scales have been designed to give numerically similar results. This goal has been achieved well for

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

,

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

, and

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{\text{w}}}

.[18][19] The

m

b

{\displaystyle m_{\text{b}}}

 scale gives somewhat different values than the other scales. The reason for so many different ways to measure the same thing is that at different distances, for different hypocentral depths, and for different earthquake sizes, the amplitudes of different types of elastic waves must be measured.

text:
M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

 is the scale used for the majority of earthquakes reported (tens of thousands) by local and regional seismological observatories. For large earthquakes worldwide, the moment magnitude scale (MMS) is most common, although

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

 is also reported frequently.

text:
The seismic moment,

M

o

{\displaystyle M_{o}}

, is proportional to the area of the rupture times the average slip that took place in the earthquake, thus it measures the physical size of the event.

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{\text{w}}}

 is derived from it empirically as a quantity without units, just a number designed to conform to the

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

 scale.[20] A spectral analysis is required to obtain

M

o

{\displaystyle M_{o}}

, whereas the other magnitudes are derived from a simple measurement of the amplitude of a specifically defined wave.

text:
All scales, except

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{\text{w}}}

, saturate for large earthquakes, meaning they are based on the amplitudes of waves which have a wavelength shorter than the rupture length of the earthquakes. These short waves (high frequency waves) are too short a yardstick to measure the extent of the event. The resulting effective upper limit of measurement for

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{L}}

 is about 7 and about 8.5[21] for

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

.[22]

text: New techniques to avoid the saturation problem and to measure magnitudes rapidly for very large earthquakes are being developed. One of these is based on the long period P-wave;[23] the other is based on a recently discovered channel wave.[24]

text:
The energy release of an earthquake,[25] which closely correlates to its destructive power, scales with the 3⁄2 power of the shaking amplitude. Thus, a difference in magnitude of 1.0 is equivalent to a factor of 31.6 (

=
(

10

1.0

)

(
3

/

2
)

{\displaystyle =({10^{1.0}})^{(3/2)}}

) in the energy released; a difference in magnitude of 2.0 is equivalent to a factor of 1000 (

=
(

10

2.0

)

(
3

/

2
)

{\displaystyle =({10^{2.0}})^{(3/2)}}

) in the energy released.[26] The elastic energy radiated is best derived from an integration of the radiated spectrum, but an estimate can be based on

m

b

{\displaystyle m_{\text{b}}}

 because most energy is carried by the high frequency waves.

text: Richter magnitudes[edit]

text: The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs (adjustments are included to compensate for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the epicenter of the earthquake). The original formula is:[27]

text:
where A is the maximum excursion of the Wood-Anderson seismograph, the empirical function A0 depends only on the epicentral distance of the station,

δ

{\displaystyle \delta }

. In practice, readings from all observing stations are averaged after adjustment with station-specific corrections to obtain the

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

 value.

text: Because of the logarithmic basis of the scale, each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude; in terms of energy, each whole number increase corresponds to an increase of about 31.6 times the amount of energy released, and each increase of 0.2 corresponds to approximately a doubling of the energy released.

text: Events with magnitudes greater than 4.5 are strong enough to be recorded by a seismograph anywhere in the world, so long as its sensors are not located in the earthquake's shadow.

text: The following describes the typical effects of earthquakes of various magnitudes near the epicenter. The values are typical only. They should be taken with extreme caution, since intensity and thus ground effects depend not only on the magnitude, but also on the distance to the epicenter, the depth of the earthquake's focus beneath the epicenter, the location of the epicenter and geological conditions (certain terrains can amplify seismic signals).

text:
Magnitude

Description

Mercalli intensity

Average earthquake effects

Average frequency of occurrence (estimated)

1.0–1.9

Micro

I

Microearthquakes, not felt, or felt rarely. Recorded by seismographs.[28]

Continual/several million per year

2.0–2.9

Minor

I to II

Felt slightly by some people. No damage to buildings.

Over one million per year

3.0–3.9

III to IV

Often felt by people, but very rarely causes damage. Shaking of indoor objects can be noticeable.

Over 100,000 per year

4.0–4.9

Light

IV to VI

Noticeable shaking of indoor objects and rattling noises. Felt by most people in the affected area. Slightly felt outside. Generally causes none to minimal damage. Moderate to significant damage very unlikely. Some objects may fall off shelves or be knocked over.

10,000 to 15,000 per year

5.0–5.9

Moderate

VI to VII

Can cause damage of varying severity to poorly constructed buildings. At most, none to slight damage to all other buildings. Felt by everyone.

1,000 to 1,500 per year

6.0–6.9

Strong

VIII to X

Damage to a moderate number of well-built structures in populated areas. Earthquake-resistant structures survive with slight to moderate damage. Poorly designed structures receive moderate to severe damage. Felt in wider areas; up to hundreds of miles/kilometers from the epicenter. Strong to violent shaking in epicentral area.

100 to 150 per year

7.0–7.9

Major

X or greater[29]

Causes damage to most buildings, some to partially or completely collapse or receive severe damage. Well-designed structures are likely to receive damage. Felt across great distances with major damage mostly limited to 250 km from epicenter.

10 to 20 per year

8.0–8.9

Great

Major damage to buildings, structures likely to be destroyed. Will cause moderate to heavy damage to sturdy or earthquake-resistant buildings. Damaging in large areas. Felt in extremely large regions.

One per year

9.0 and greater

At or near total destruction – severe damage or collapse to all buildings. Heavy damage and shaking extends to distant locations. Permanent changes in ground topography.

One per 10 to 50 years

text: (Based on U.S. Geological Survey documents.)[30]

text: The intensity and death toll depend on several factors (earthquake depth, epicenter location, population density, to name a few) and can vary widely.

text: Minor earthquakes occur every day and hour. On the other hand, great earthquakes occur once a year, on average. The largest recorded earthquake was the Great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, which had a magnitude of 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale.[31] The larger the magnitude, the less frequently the earthquake happens.

text: Seismologist Susan Hough has suggested that 10 may represent a very approximate upper limit, as the effect if the largest known continuous belt of faults ruptured together (along the Pacific coast of the Americas).[32]

text: Magnitude empirical formulae[edit]

text:
These formulae for Richter magnitude

M

L

{\displaystyle \textstyle M_{\mathrm {L} }}

 are alternatives to using Richter correlation tables based on Richter standard seismic event (

M

L

=
0

{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {L} }=0}

,

A
=
0.001
m
m

{\displaystyle A=0.001mm}

,

D
=
100
k
m

{\displaystyle D=100km}

). Below,

Δ

{\displaystyle \textstyle \Delta }

 is the epicentral distance (in kilometers unless otherwise specified).

text: The Lillie empirical formula:

text:
Where

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is the amplitude (maximum ground displacement) of the P-wave, in micrometers, measured at 0.8 Hz.

text:
For distances

D

{\displaystyle D}

 less than 200 km,

text: and for distances between 200 km and 600 km,

text:
where

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is seismograph signal amplitude in mm and

D

{\displaystyle D}

 is in km.

text: The Bisztricsany (1958) empirical formula for epicentral distances between 4˚ to 160˚:[33]

text:
Where

τ

{\displaystyle \tau }

 is the duration of the surface wave in seconds, and

Δ

{\displaystyle \Delta }

 is in degrees.

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {L} }}

 is mainly between 5 and 8.

text: The Tsumura empirical formula:[33]

text:
Where

F
−
P

{\displaystyle F-P}

 is the total duration of oscillation in seconds.

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {L} }}

 is mainly between 3 and 5.

text: The Tsuboi, University of Tokyo, empirical formula:

text:
Where

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is the amplitude in micrometers.


document_title: The Gift of the Magi

question_text: the gift of the magi who are the magi

question_tokens: the gift of the magi who are the magi

text: The Gift of the Magi

text: Summary[edit]

text: Mr. James Dillingham Young ("Jim") and his wife, Della, are a couple living in a modest apartment. They have only two possessions between them in which they take pride: Della's beautiful long, flowing hair, almost touching to her knees, and Jim's shiny gold watch, which had belonged to his father and grandfather.

text: On Christmas Eve, with only $1.87 in hand, and desperate to find a gift for Jim, Della sells her hair for $20 to a nearby hairdresser named Madame Sofronie, and eventually finds a platinum pocket watch fob chain for Jim's watch for $21. Satisfied with the perfect gift for Jim, Della runs home and begins to prepare pork chops for dinner.

text: At 7 o'clock, Della sits at a table near the door, waiting for Jim to come home. Unusually late, Jim walks in and immediately stops short at the sight of Della, who had previously prayed that she was still pretty to Jim. Della then admits to Jim that she sold her hair to buy him his present. Jim gives Della her present – an assortment of combs, useless now that her hair is short. Della then shows Jim the chain she bought for him, to which Jim says he sold his watch to get the money to buy her combs. Although Jim and Della are now left with gifts that neither one can use, they realize how far they are willing to go to show their love for each other, and how priceless their love really is.

text: The story ends with the narrator comparing the pair's mutually sacrificial gifts of love with those of the Biblical Magi.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The story has been adapted to films, The Sacrifice (1909), Love's Surprises Are Futile (1916), The Gift of the Magi (1917), a segment of O. Henry's Full House (1952), The Gift of Love (1978), The Gift of the Magi (1958), Dary magów (Poland, 1972), Christmas Eve on Sesame Street (1978), I'll not be a gangster, love (Не буду гангстером, дорогая/Nebūsiu gangsteriu, brangioji, USSR, 1978),[4] Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999),[5] The Gift of the Magi (2004) and the short film for the Irish band The Script in 2010 called For the First Time.[6] Love, another French movie, based some of its scenes on this story. Raincoat (2004), a Hindi film directed by Rituparno Ghosh is an adaptation of the story. [7] The Greek film directed by Ismene Daskarolis (2014) places it in the economical crisis of Greece today. [8] The Mexican film Nosotros los pobres includes this tale as a small sub-plot. There is also a Bulgarian adaptation known as the short film "Darovete na vlahvite" (2013) [9] directed by Ivan Abadjiev.

text:
An off-Broadway musical version entitled The Gifts of the Magi[10] premiered at Lamb's Theatre in New York City in 1984. Written by Mark St. Germain and Randy Courts, the play is regularly produced in schools and regional theaters.
In 1955, in The Honeymooners episode 13 of season 1, "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" involves Ralph looking for the perfect present for Alice for Christmas. Without money, he pawns his prized bowling ball to buy her an expensive gift, only to find out in the end, that she bought him a custom bowling ball bag.
In 1992, in Rugrats episode 27 "The Santa Experience", Phil doesn't know what to get Lil, so Angelica convinces him to give up his precious Reptar to get Lil markers for her Color Me book, and then convinces Lil to give up the Color Me book to get a space helmet for Phil's Reptar even though Angelica was now in possession of it. The twins both believe the sacrifice is the greatest gift of all, leaving Angelica in bitter Christmas spirits until she returns the original gifts.
The Squirrel Nut Zippers song "Gift of the Magi" from their 1998 album Christmas Caravan is a duet sung from the point of view of both Jim and Della.
On folk punk band Andrew Jackson Jihad's 2011 album Knife Man, the second track is titled "Gift of the Magi 2: Return of the Magi".
Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas, which is a twist on "The Gift of the Magi", is a children's storybook by Russell Hoban which was first published in 1971. In 1977, Muppet creator Jim Henson produced a one-hour television adaptation of the story, filmed in Toronto for HBO in the United States and CBC in Canada. The special premiered on HBO on December 17, 1978. The special later aired on ABC in 1980 and on Nickelodeon in the 1990s. The special features several original songs written by songwriter Paul Williams.
In the Futurama episode "Xmas Story", Amy, Hermes and Zoidberg engage in a gift exchange reminiscent of the one from "The Gift of the Magi".
The sketch comedy show Studio C contains a skit called "Gift of the Magi" in which Jim and Della argue over their gift-giving.
The television series My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic has the episode "The Gift of the Maud Pie" in which Pinkie Pie gives Maud a perfect gift, costing her the confetti-using Party Cannon. Maud's gift in return was confetti for the cannon of which Pinkie Pie had sold.
Radio drama series Adventures in Odyssey features a comedic adaptation of this story in its episode "Gifts for Madge & Guy"
The title of this book is referenced in The Simpsons, and used with a little variation ("grift" instead "gift") like title of eleventh season's Christmas episode, "Grift of the Magi".
The animated sketch comedy series Robot Chicken features a parody of the story in its fourth season, except that Jim does not sell his watch and instead buys Della lingerie, much to her consternation.
The story was turned into a song by Joni Mitchell. She never made a studio recording, but her some of her live performances can be found on the internet.
Fargo(TV Series) Season 2 Episode 5 Is Titled "The Gift Of The Magi"
The opening sketch of the December 10, 1988 episode of Season 14 of Saturday Night Live reimagines "The Gift of the Magi" as Donald and Ivana Trump (played by Phil Hartman and Jan Hooks) selling their yacht Princess and estate Mar-a-Lago, each in order to pay for a gift intended to adorn the other.[11]


document_title: Alone Together (TV series)

question_text: who plays benji's brother in alone together

question_tokens: who plays benji 's brother in alone together

text: Alone Together (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Two millennial misfits strike up a platonic friendship in order to navigate life in vain and status-obsessed Los Angeles.[2]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Esther Povitsky as Esther, a woman from the Midwest who is trying to make it as a comedian
Benji Aflalo as Benji, a trust fund kid from Beverly Hills who lives with his older brother

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Edgar Blackmon as Jeff, Esther's and Benji's mutual friend
Chris D'Elia as Dean, Benji's older brother
Ginger Gonzaga as Alia, Benji's older sister
Punam Patel as Tara, a friend from an acting class Esther previously took (season 2)

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2015, Povitsky and Aflalo wrote, starred in, and self-produced the short film "Alone Together."

text: Development on the series was underway in April 2016.[3] A pilot was greenlit in July 2016,[4][5] and it was picked up to series by Freeform in December 2016.[6][7] Chris D'Elia, Ginger Gonzaga, Edgar Blackmon, Hayley Marie Norman, Kamilla Alnes, Jim O'Heir and Justine Lupe guest star in the series' pilot.[1]

text: The series was renewed for a second season by Freeform in October 2017, before the first season had even aired.[2] Season 2 premiered on August 1, 2018. All ten episodes were released for immediate streaming on Hulu. Season 2 guest stars included Carmen Electra, Nikki Glaser, Seth Morris, and Fran Drescher.[8]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [9]Directed byWritten byOriginal air date [9]Prod.code [9]U.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot"[6]Daniel Gray Longino[6]Benji Aflalo & Esther Povitsky & Eben RussellJanuary 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)[2][n 1]10010.37[10]
22"Road Trip"Todd BiermannHunter CovingtonJanuary 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)10040.37[11]
33"Fertility"Betsy ThomasAmy HubbsJanuary 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)10030.24[12]
44"Pop Up"Kat CoiroSarah PetersJanuary 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)10050.21[13]
55"Dean Girls"Tamra DavisCaroline GoldfarbFebruary 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)10060.20[14]
66"Dinner Party"Lauren PalmigianoMason FlinkFebruary 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)10080.20[15]
77"The Big One"Kat CoiroEben RussellFebruary 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)10020.22[16]
88"Sleepover"Tamra DavisEsther PovitskyMarch 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)10070.13[17]
99"Music Video"Amy York RubinEben Russell & Dan BaileyMarch 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)10100.15[18]
1010"Property Management"Tamra DavisBenji AflaloMarch 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)10090.18[19]

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [9][20]Directed byWritten byOriginal air date [9]Prod.code [9]U.S. viewers(millions)111"Crypto"Ryan McFaulPaul MatherAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)20010.21[21]
122"Pootie"Jay KarasAlex BlaggAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)20050.14[21]
133"Nurse Esther"Tamra DavisAmy HubbsAugust 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)20040.14[22]
144"Murder House"Jay KarasEsther PovitskyAugust 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)20060.10[22]
155"Daypassers"Tamra DavisEben RussellAugust 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)20030.11[23]
166"A Drama Story"Ryan McFaulShelly GossmanAugust 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)20020.10[23]
177"Mom"Sam BaileyAli KinneyAugust 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)20080.20[24]
188"Dog Awards"Erin EhrlichCaroline GoldfarbAugust 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)20090.13[24]
199"Flashback"Erin EhrlichBenji AflaloAugust 29, 2018 (2018-08-29)20070.09[25]
2010"Big Bear"Sam BaileyDan Bailey & Sam ClarkeAugust 29, 2018 (2018-08-29)20100.06[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 62% based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Esther Povistky and Benji Alflalo's awkward charms and convincingly platonic chemistry work, though Alone Together's lack of urgency keeps its nihilistic tenderness from truly jelling."[26] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the series has a score 60 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[27]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The pilot was made available for streaming on Freeform Go a week before its official air date: "Meet Benji And Esther From Alone Together". Freeform. Retrieved January 3, 2018.

tag: ol


document_title: List of players with five or more goals in an NHL game

question_text: who scored the most goals in a single nhl game

text: This is a list of games in which a player has scored five or more goals in a National Hockey League (NHL) game. Scoring five or more goals in a single game is considered a great feat, as it has only been accomplished 60 times, by only 44 players, in the history of the league.[1] The most recent player to do so was Johan Franzen, who scored five goals for the Detroit Red Wings on February 2, 2011, against the Ottawa Senators.

text: Joe Malone, playing in the early days of the NHL, holds the overall record with five different five-or-more goal games, including the NHL record seven goals in a game, as well as a six-goal game and three five-goal games. Overall, seven different players have scored six goals in a game—including brothers Corb and Cy Denneny, within a few weeks of each other in 1921. A total of 40 individual players have scored exactly five goals in a game, on one or more occasions. While five-goal games continue to occur from time to time, no player has scored six or more goals since Darryl Sittler scored six in February 1976.[2]

text: Next to Malone's achievement of five different games, both Wayne Gretzky and Mario Lemieux attained the feat four times, Newsy Lalonde did it three times, while four other players have had two five-goal games. Of the 60 different five-goal games, five instances were achieved in a playoff game.[3] Mario Lemieux is the only player in history to achieve a five-goal game by scoring in five different ways – on December 31, 1988, he scored an even-strength goal, a power-play goal, a short-handed goal, a penalty shot goal and an empty net goal.[4]

text: Of the 44 players to achieve the feat, Ian Turnbull is the only defenseman.

text: Scorers[edit]

text:
Name
Team
Date
Goals

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Montreal Canadiens
000000001917-12-19-0000December 19, 1917
5

 Hyland, HarryHarry Hyland
Montreal Wanderers
000000001917-12-19-0000December 19, 1917
5

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Montreal Canadiens
000000001918-01-12-0000January 12, 1918
5

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Montreal Canadiens
000000001918-02-02-0000February 2, 1918
5

 Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde[3]
Montreal Canadiens
000000001919-03-01-0000March 1, 1919
5

 Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde
Montreal Canadiens
000000001920-01-10-0000January 10, 1920
6

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Quebec Bulldogs
000000001920-01-31-0000January 31, 1920
7

 Roach, MickeyMickey Roach
Toronto St. Pats
000000001920-03-06-0000March 6, 1920
5

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Quebec Bulldogs
000000001920-03-10-0000March 10, 1920
6

 Denneny, CorbCorb Denneny
Toronto St. Pats
000000001921-01-26-0000January 26, 1921
6

 Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde
Montreal Canadiens
000000001921-02-16-0000February 16, 1921
5

 Denneny, CyCy Denneny
Ottawa Senators
000000001921-03-07-0000March 7, 1921
6

 Dye, BabeBabe Dye
Toronto St. Pats
000000001922-12-16-0000December 16, 1922
5

 Green, RedRed Green
Hamilton Tigers
000000001924-12-05-0000December 5, 1924
5

 Dye, BabeBabe Dye
Toronto St. Pats
000000001924-12-22-0000December 22, 1924
5

 Broadbent, PunchPunch Broadbent
Montreal Maroons
000000001925-01-07-0000January 7, 1925
5

 Lepine, PitPit Lepine
Montreal Canadiens
000000001929-12-14-0000December 14, 1929
5

 Morenz, HowieHowie Morenz
Montreal Canadiens
000000001930-03-18-0000March 18, 1930
5

 Conacher, CharlieCharlie Conacher
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001932-01-19-0000January 19, 1932
5

 Getliffe, RayRay Getliffe
Montreal Canadiens
000000001943-02-06-0000February 6, 1943
5

 Howe, SydSyd Howe
Detroit Red Wings
000000001944-02-03-0000February 3, 1944
6

 Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard[5]
Montreal Canadiens
000000001944-03-23-0000March 23, 1944
5

 Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard
Montreal Canadiens
000000001944-12-28-0000December 28, 1944
5

 Meeker, HowieHowie Meeker
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001947-01-08-0000January 8, 1947
5

 Geoffrion, BernieBernie Geoffrion
Montreal Canadiens
000000001955-02-19-0000February 19, 1955
5

 Rousseau, BobbyBobby Rousseau
Montreal Canadiens
000000001964-02-01-0000February 1, 1964
5

 Berenson, RedRed Berenson
St. Louis Blues
000000001968-11-07-0000November 7, 1968
6

 Cournoyer, YvanYvan Cournoyer
Montreal Canadiens
000000001975-02-15-0000February 15, 1975
5

 Sittler, DarrylDarryl Sittler
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001976-02-07-0000February 7, 1976
6

 Sittler, DarrylDarryl Sittler[5]
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001976-04-22-0000April 22, 1976
5

 Leach, ReggieReggie Leach[5]
Philadelphia Flyers
000000001976-05-06-0000May 6, 1976
5

 Murdoch, DonDon Murdoch
New York Rangers
000000001976-10-12-0000October 12, 1976
5

 Turnbull, IanIan Turnbull (D)
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001977-02-02-0000February 2, 1977
5

 Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
New York Islanders
000000001978-12-23-0000December 23, 1978
5

 Young, TimTim Young
Minnesota North Stars
000000001979-01-15-0000January 15, 1979
5

 Tonelli, JohnJohn Tonelli
New York Islanders
000000001981-01-06-0000January 6, 1981
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001981-02-18-0000February 18, 1981
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001981-12-30-0000December 30, 1981
5

 Mulvey, GrantGrant Mulvey
Chicago Black Hawks
000000001982-02-03-0000February 3, 1982
5

 Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
New York Islanders
000000001982-02-13-0000February 13, 1982
5[6][7]

 Lindstrom, WillyWilly Lindstrom
Winnipeg Jets
000000001982-03-02-0000March 2, 1982
5

 Pavelich, MarkMark Pavelich
New York Rangers
000000001983-02-23-0000February 23, 1983
5

 Kurri, JariJari Kurri
Edmonton Oilers
000000001983-11-19-0000November 19, 1983
5

 Gustafsson, Bengt-AkeBengt-Ake Gustafsson
Washington Capitals
000000001984-01-08-0000January 8, 1984
5

 Hughes, PatPat Hughes
Edmonton Oilers
000000001984-02-03-0000February 3, 1984
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001984-12-15-0000December 15, 1984
5

 Andreychuk, DaveDave Andreychuk
Buffalo Sabres
000000001986-02-06-0000February 6, 1986
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001987-12-06-0000December 6, 1987
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001988-12-31-0000December 31, 1988
5

 Nieuwendyk, JoeJoe Nieuwendyk
Calgary Flames
000000001989-01-11-0000January 11, 1989
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux[5]
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001989-04-25-0000April 25, 1989
5

 Sundin, MatsMats Sundin
Quebec Nordiques
000000001992-03-05-0000March 5, 1992
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001993-04-09-0000April 9, 1993
5

 Bondra, PeterPeter Bondra
Washington Capitals
000000001994-02-05-0000February 5, 1994
5

 Ricci, MikeMike Ricci
Quebec Nordiques
000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994
5

 Zhamnov, AlexeiAlexei Zhamnov
Winnipeg Jets
000000001995-04-01-0000April 1, 1995
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001996-03-26-0000March 26, 1996
5

 Fedorov, SergeiSergei Fedorov
Detroit Red Wings
000000001996-12-26-0000December 26, 1996
5

 Gaborik, MarianMarian Gaborik[8]
Minnesota Wild
000000002007-12-20-0000December 20, 2007
5

 Franzen, JohanJohan Franzen[9]
Detroit Red Wings
000000002011-02-02-0000February 2, 2011
5

text: Players who scored five or more goals in multiple games[edit]

text:
Name
Nationality
Total

Malone, JoeJoe Malone
 Canada
5

Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
 Canada
4

Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
 Canada
4

Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde
 Canada
3

Dye, BabeBabe Dye
 Canada
2

Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard
 Canada
2

Sittler, DarrylDarryl Sittler
 Canada
2

Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
 Canada
2


document_title: Edward Ferrars

question_text: who played edward ferrars in sense and sensibility

text: Edward Ferrars

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Edward Ferrars

Full name
Edward Ferrars

Gender
Male

Age
23

Income
£100/year, after being cut off

Education
privately tutored in the home of the Reverend Mr. Pratt, then at Oxford

Primary residence
Mainly in London with his mother; occasionally at Norland Park; the rest of the time in Oxford

London residence
With his mother

Family

Romantic interest(s)
Miss Lucy Steele, Elinor Dashwood, Miss Morton

Parents
Late Mr. Ferrars, Mrs. Ferrars

Sibling(s)
Fanny Ferrars Dashwood, Robert Ferrars

text: Edward Ferrars is a fictional character in Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility. He is the elder of Fanny Dashwood's two brothers and forms an attachment to Elinor Dashwood.

text: As first described in Sense and Sensibility: "Edward Ferrars was not recommended to their good opinion by any peculiar graces of person or address. He was not handsome, and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing. He was too diffident to do justice to himself; but when his natural shyness was overcome, his behaviour gave every indication of an open, affectionate heart. His understanding was good, and his education had given it solid improvement. But he was neither fitted by abilities nor disposition to answer the wishes of his mother and sister, who longed to see him distinguished—as—they hardly knew what."

text: His personality, while it lacks the flash of Marianne Dashwood's romantic interest Willoughby, indicates more fortitude. Despite the good common sense that links him to Elinor, he is able to attach himself to other people and form bonds of friendship and love with ease. He exemplifies great loyalty when he sacrifices his potential happiness with Elinor to honor a promise he made to another girl when he was younger. He and Marianne's future husband Colonel Brandon are both models of great character under unimpressive exteriors. This simplicity makes them rather less three-dimensional than Pride and Prejudice's Fitzwilliam Darcy and Emma's Mr. Knightley.

text: He eventually marries Elinor after he is abandoned by Lucy Steele for his now propertied brother.

text: Notable portrayals[edit]

text:
Chet Stratton in 1950
Robin Ellis in 1971
Bosco Hogan in 1981
Hugh Grant in the 1995 film adaptation
Dan Stevens in the 2008 BBC serial adaption
Nicholas D'Agosto as "Edward Ferris" in the 2011 film From Prada to Nada
Henry Devas in Helen Edmundson's 2013 BBC Radio 4 adaptation[1]