document_title: The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie

question_text: when did the spongebob movie 1 come out

question_tokens: when did the spongebob movie 1 come out

text: The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: A group of pirates find tickets to watch The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie in a treasure chest and enthusiastically sing the SpongeBob SquarePants theme song, enter a movie theater, raid it and sit down to watch the movie.

text: The film opens with SpongeBob SquarePants dreaming about managing the Krusty Krab restaurant and saving the day during a crisis. He wakes up and cheerfully prepares for the opening ceremony for The Krusty Krab 2, expecting his boss Mr. Krabs to promote him to manager of the new restaurant. However, Krabs instead names Squidward Tentacles manager, believing SpongeBob is too immature to handle the role.

text: That night, SpongeBob goes to his favorite restaurant, Goofy Goober's, where he drowns his sorrows in ice cream with his best friend Patrick Star. Elsewhere, Mr. Krabs' business rival Plankton steals King Neptune's crown, leaving false evidence to frame Mr. Krabs for the crime, and sends the crown to Shell City, a distant, mysterious land from which no fish has returned. The next morning, Neptune barges into the Krusty Krab 2 and threatens Mr. Krabs for his alleged thievery. SpongeBob later arrives and chastises Krabs under the influence of an ice cream headache, but seeing his boss's life is at risk, he promises Neptune that he will retrieve the crown from Shell City. Neptune freezes Krabs and orders SpongeBob to return with the crown in six days for him to spare Krabs' life. Neptune's sympathetic daughter, Princess Mindy, gives SpongeBob a Bag of Winds so that they can return from Shell City once they find the crown. SpongeBob and Patrick leave for Shell City in the Patty Wagon, a car shaped like a Krabby Patty.

text: After SpongeBob and Patrick leave, Plankton steals the Krabby Patty formula and uses it to produce and sell Krabby Patties at his restaurant, the Chum Bucket, claiming that Krabs bequeathed him the recipe. As a contingency, he hires a hitman named Dennis to eliminate SpongeBob and Patrick. Squidward discovers the truth about Plankton stealing Neptune's crown and tries to alert Neptune. However, Plankton uses mind-controlling bucket helmets, disguised as souvenirs, to control Bikini Bottom's residents, including Squidward, and renames the city Planktopolis.

text: As their journey continues, SpongeBob and Patrick reach a dangerous trench, but Mindy helps them past it by making them think she can turn them into men. They are stopped by Dennis, who tries to crush them with his spiked boots, but he is in turn stepped on by a seemingly massive hardhat diver they believe to be a Cyclops. The diver grabs SpongeBob and Patrick, and takes them to his beachside store, revealed to be Shell City. At the store, SpongeBob and Patrick find the crown, but are nearly killed when the diver attempts to dry them out using a heat lamp. Their tears short-circuit the lamp's power cord, and its smoke activates the sprinkler system, reviving their bodies and the other dried sea creatures intended to be sold as souvenirs. As the sea creatures attack the diver, SpongeBob and Patrick take the crown and head for the beach. Patrick inadvertently loses the Bag of Winds while attempting to use it, but David Hasselhoff appears and offers them a ride; Dennis catches up to them but is knocked by a catamaran back into the sea. Hasselhoff opens up his rocket launching pecs to shoot SpongeBob and Patrick back to Bikini Bottom with the crown.

text: At the Krusty Krab 2, King Neptune arrives to execute Mr. Krabs. SpongeBob and Patrick return with the crown just in time and confront Plankton, who drops a mind-control bucket on Neptune, enslaving him. SpongeBob performs the song "Goofy Goober Rock" and transforms into an electric guitar-wielding wizard, freeing Neptune and Bikini Bottom's residents during of the song. Plankton is arrested, and Neptune thanks SpongeBob for his bravery and thaws Mr. Krabs and apologizes for falsely accusing him. Mr. Krabs and Squidward decide to make SpongeBob manager of the Krusty Krab 2 in gratitude.

text: Images which play over the credits show SpongeBob wearing a large hat bearing the title 'manager', performing menial tasks such as sweeping the chimney and taking out the garbage which are no different from his old job.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Kenny as SpongeBob SquarePants, Gary the Snail and the Narrator
Bill Fagerbakke as Patrick Star, SpongeBob's best friend and neighbor
Clancy Brown as Mr. Eugene Krabs, SpongeBob and Squidward's boss
Rodger Bumpass as Squidward Tentacles, SpongeBob's co-worker and neighbor
Mr. Lawrence as Plankton, Mr. Krabs' arch-rival and Karen's husband
Jill Talley as Karen, Plankton's computer wife
Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks, SpongeBob's Texas friend
Mary Jo Catlett as Mrs. Puff, SpongeBob's boating school teacher
Jeffrey Tambor as King Neptune, the ruler of the sea
Scarlett Johansson as Princess Mindy, King Neptune's daughter
Alec Baldwin as Dennis, Plankton's hitman
David Hasselhoff as himself
Lori Alan as Pearl, Mr. Krabs' teenage daughter
Dee Bradley Baker as Perch Perkins, the Bikini Bottom News anchorman
Carlos Alazraqui as King Neptune's squire
Neil Ross as the Cyclops
Jim Wise as Goofy Goober Rock Singer
Kristopher Logan as Squinty the Pirate
D.P. FitzGerald as Bonesy the Pirate
Cole McKay as Scruffy the Pirate
Dylan Haggerty as Stitches the Pirate
Bart McCarthy as Captain Bart the Pirate
Henry Kingi as Inky the Pirate
Michael Patrick Bell as Fisherman

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie was long-planned;[5] Nickelodeon and Paramount Pictures had approached series creator Stephen Hillenburg for a film based on the show, but he refused for more than a year.[6] Hillenburg was concerned, after watching The Iron Giant and Toy Story with his sons, about the challenge of SpongeBob and Patrick doing something more cinematically-consequential and inspiring without losing what he calls the SpongeBob "cadence."[6] He said, on a break from season-four post-production, "To do a 75-minute movie about SpongeBob wanting to make some jellyfish jelly would be a mistake, I think [...] This had to be SpongeBob in a great adventure. That's where the comedy's coming from, having these two naïve characters, SpongeBob and Patrick, a doofus and an idiot, on this incredibly dangerous heroic odyssey with all the odds against them."[6]

text:
I never wanted to do a movie because I didn't think that what we wanted to say needed to be in a movie. I like the short form for animation. Then this story idea came up that lent itself to a longer format. You can't do a road trip adventure in a short form.

— Stephen Hillenburg[7]

text: In 2002, Hillenburg and the show's staff stopped making episodes to work on the film after the show's third season.[7] The film's plot originally had SpongeBob rescue Patrick from a fisherman in Florida;[7] an obvious reference to the 2003 film, Finding Nemo, this was later said by Tom Kenny (the voice of SpongeBob) to be a "joke" plot to keep fans busy.[7] Hillenburg wrote the film with five other writer-animators from the show (Paul Tibbitt, Derek Drymon, Aaron Springer, Kent Osborne and Tim Hill) over a three-month period in a room of a former Glendale, California bank.[6] Osborne said, "It was hugely fun [...] although it did get kind of gamy in there."[6] At the beginning of the series, Hillenburg screened a number of silent shorts (from Laurel and Hardy, Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton) and work by two modern comic actors: Jerry Lewis and Pee-wee Herman, both obvious inspirations for SpongeBob.[8] For the film, the writers created a mythical hero's quest: the search for a stolen crown, which brings SpongeBob and Patrick to the surface.[8] Bill Fagerbakke (the voice of Patrick) said about the plot, "It's just nuts. I'm continually dazzled and delighted with what these guys came up with."[9]

text: When the film was completed, Hillenburg wanted to end the series "so [it] wouldn't jump the shark". However, Nickelodeon desired more episodes;[10] Hillenburg stated: "Well, there was concern when we did the movie [in 2004] that the show had peaked. There were concerns among executives at Nickelodeon."[11][12] As a result, Hillenburg resigned as the series' showrunner,[13] appointing writer, director, and storyboard artist Paul Tibbitt to succeed him.[14] Tibbitt was one of Hillenburg's favorite crew members:[15] "[I] totally trusted him."[16] Tibbitt would remain showrunner until he was succeeded in 2015 by the show's creative director Vincent Waller and staff writer Marc Ceccarelli. He has also acted as an executive producer since 2008.[14][17] Hillenburg no longer writes or runs the show on a day-to-day basis, but reviews each episode and submitted suggestions: "I figure when I'm pretty old I can still paint [...] I don't know about running shows."[13][18] Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke and the crew confirmed that they had completed four episodes for broadcast on Nickelodeon in early 2005,[19][20] and planned to finish a total of about 20 for the fourth season.[19][20] In 2015, Hillenburg returned to the show following the completion of the second movie as an executive producer, now having greater creative input and attending crew meetings.[21][22]

text: In September 2003, Jules Engel, Hillenburg's mentor when he studied experimental animation at the California Institute of the Arts, died.[23] Hillenburg dedicated the film to him: "He truly was the most influential artistic person in my life. I consider him my 'Art Dad.'"[24][25][26]

text: Animation[edit]

text: There were a number of stages involved in the making of the film, beginning with a rough animation process of ideas drawn on Post-it notes.[27] The writers drew, working from rough outlines rather than scripts (which made the humor more visual than verbal).[8] Hillenburg said, "It's in the characters' extreme body language, in how they slither capriciously around the deadpan frames."[8] The storyboard artists, including Sherm Cohen, then illustrated ideas conceived by the writers.[9] In the series Tom Yasumi and Andrew Overtoom do the animatics, but director Hillenburg and writer Derek Drymon did the animatics for the film.[28] Yasumi and Overtoom were the film's animation-timing directors, concentrating on the sheets.[28] The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie was animated at Rough Draft Studios in South Korea.[5] The animators worked semi-digitally; pencil-drawn poses would be composited into layouts in Photoshop.[29]

text: Series writer and storyboard artist Erik Wiese left the show for a year to work on Samurai Jack and Danny Phantom, but returned to do storyboards and character layout for the film.[10] He "always wanted to be a feature animator, and the movie felt like I was on the character animation end", describing the experience as "a blast—it felt like coming home."[10]

text: Hillenburg enjoyed the process of making the film:[7] "The TV schedule is tight, and you don't always have a lot of time to work on your drawings."[7] He appreciated the film's hand-drawn animation: "I think the movie's drawings are much superior than the TV show", although CGI animation was flourishing at the time of the film's release.[7] "There's a lot of talk about 2-D being dead, and I hope people don't think that. Even Brad Bird is a proponent of 2-D. He would agree with me that it's all about what you're trying to say. There are many ways to tell a story, and what's unique about animation is that there are many styles with which to tell a story."[7] The clay animation scenes were shot by Mark Caballero, Seamus Walsh and Chris Finnegan at Screen Novelties in Los Angeles.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film features live-action scenes directed by Mark Osborne in Santa Monica, California.[9][30] The ship used during the 30-second opening featuring the pirates singing the theme song was the Bounty,[31][32] a 180-foot (55 m)-long, enlarged reconstruction of the 1787 Royal Navy sailing ship HMS Bounty built for 1962's Mutiny on the Bounty. The ship has appeared in a number of other films, including Treasure Island (1999), Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007).[33][34] In film trailers, live-action scenes were taken from Das Boot (1981), The Hunt for Red October (1990) and U-571 (2000).[7]

text: Baywatch and Knight Rider actor David Hasselhoff made a cameo in the live-action scenes, offering SpongeBob and Patrick a ride to Bikini Bottom.[35] The scene was originally written before consulting Hasselhoff.[19][20] Hillenburg was pleased with the storyboards;[10] Lead storyboard artist Sherm Cohen said, "He had been wrestling with the ending for quite a while, and finally he was ready to pitch his ideas to some of the other board artists."[10] Hillenburg was counting on casting Hasselhoff, and the first question he asked him was "So, do we have Hasselhoff?"[10] He replied "No", with a grin.[10] Hasselhoff eventually agreed, before seeing the script.[19][20] Hillenburg said about the actor, "He's a great guy [...] He was great at making fun of himself."[19][20]

text: The crew built a 750-pound (340 kg), 12-foot (3.7 m) replica of Hasselhoff.[30][35][36] The $100,000 replica was kept at Hasselhoff's home;[37] he has said, "It freaked me out because it was so lifelike, with teeth, when you touch it [it] feels like real skin. It's soft, like your skin."[37] At the completion of filming, Hasselhoff said, "That's ridiculously awesome. What are you gonna do with it?"[37] Asked by the crew if he wanted to keep it, he answered, "Uh, yeah. Okay."[37] Hasselhoff filmed in cold water, where he was pulled by a sled nine yards across the sea;[9][35] he described the experience as "cold but [a] lot of fun."[27]

text: In late March 2014, Hasselhoff auctioned off the replica with other memorabilia collected during his career. Julien's Auctions handled the item's sale, which were expected to bring in between $20,000 and $30,000. The auction was scheduled to begin on April 11.[38][39]

text: Cast[edit]

text: The film stars the series' main cast members, Tom Kenny as SpongeBob SquarePants, Bill Fagerbakke as Patrick Star, Rodger Bumpass as Squidward Tentacles, Clancy Brown as Mr. Krabs, Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks and Mr. Lawrence as Plankton. It also features Jill Talley as Karen, Mary Jo Catlett as Mrs. Puff, Lori Alan as Pearl, Dee Bradley Baker as Perch Perkins, Carlos Alazraqui as King Neptune's squire, Aaron Hendry as the Cyclops and Neil Ross as the voice of the Cyclops. In addition to the series' cast, it was reported on March 23, 2004 that Scarlett Johansson, Jeffrey Tambor and Alec Baldwin would play new characters princess Mindy, King Neptune and Dennis, respectively, and David Hasselhoff would appear as himself.[40][41]

text: Johansson accepted the role because she likes cartoons and was a fan of The Ren & Stimpy Show.[42] When Jeffrey Tambor signed for his voice cameo, he saw his character (King Neptune) and joked, "This is me."[42] He remembered the first cartoon he saw, Bambi: "My first cartoon, I had to be carried out crying [...] It was Bambi. It's like the great American wound: the death of Bambi's mother. 'Run, Bambi, run!'"[43] Another guest voice was Alec Baldwin;[41] Stephen Hillenburg said that the actor recorded his character Dennis on a "phone":[42] "I wouldn't say that about his performance. He might be mad if we said that. Technically, it was like he was in another booth in the studio."[42]

text: Baywatch and Knight Rider star David Hasselhoff accepted the role when his daughters, Taylor-Ann and Hayley, urged him:[44] "I got an offer to do a cameo in the SpongeBob Movie and I turned to my girls, who were like 16 and 14, and I said, 'Who's SpongeBob?' and they said, 'Oh my God, Dad, it's the number one cartoon in the world, you gotta do it.'"[44] Hasselhoff enjoyed his cameo: "It was great fun and to this day around the world kids stop me and say, 'Are you David Hasselhoff?' because I was the only human in the picture."[44] Hasselhoff said that the film gained him new fans: "It's amazing - so many of the kids were so young and didn't see Baywatch and Knight Rider so I got a whole new legion of fans."[44]

text: Music[edit]

text: Gregor Narholz composed the score for the film,[45][46][47] conducting the recording sessions (in 5.1 surround sound) with the London Metropolitan Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London.[48][49] Narholz was signed when series music editor Nick Carr recommended him to Hillenburg after they worked together at the Associated Production Music library.[10] Narholz was honored at the 2005 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards for his work on the film,[50] and received a nomination for Music in an Animated Feature Production at the 32nd Annie Awards.[51][52]

text: American rock band The Flaming Lips recorded "SpongeBob & Patrick Confront the Psychic Wall of Energy".[53][54] They shot the song's music video, directed by band member Wayne Coyne and filmmaker Bradley Beesley, in Austin, Texas.[53] Coyne said, "Stephen [Hillenburg] seems to be a fan of the weirder music of the late '80s and early '90s [...] He wanted to evoke the music he got turned onto back then."[53] Coyne suggested a duet with Justin Timberlake, but Hillenburg refused,[55] saying "I don't want any of those sort of commercial weirdos on there. I don't like those commercial people. I like you guys, and Wilco and Ween."[55] American band Wilco wrote and recorded "Just a Kid".[54][56] One of the film's producers contacted frontman Jeff Tweedy after seeing a SpongeBob air freshener hanging from Tweedy's rearview mirror in I Am Trying to Break Your Heart: A Film About Wilco.[56] Tweedy said, "I fell in love with SpongeBob when I heard him describe the darkness at the bottom of the sea as 'advanced darkness' [...] How could I not write a song for this film? It automatically makes me the coolest dad on the block."[56] Avril Lavigne recorded the series' theme for the soundtrack.[57][58][59] Other artists contributing to the soundtrack were Motörhead, singing "You Better Swim" (a derivative of their 1992 song "You'd Better Run");[60][61][62] Prince Paul ("Prince Paul's Bubble Party");[60] Ween ("Ocean Man"),[60] and the Shins ("They'll Soon Discover", partially written in 2001).[63]

text: "The Best Day Ever", written by Tom Kenny (SpongeBob's voice actor) and Andy Paley, was featured in the film and on its soundtrack. Kenny and Paley were working on what would become the album The Best Day Ever, writing "The Best Day Ever" and "Under My Rock".[64] The film's production team needed two more tracks for the soundtrack;[64] Hillenburg heard the songs, and decided to include them.[64] "The Best Day Ever" ended up being played during the film's closing credits.[64]

text: Deleted scenes[edit]

text: The DVD and Blu-ray releases include animatics of deleted scenes from the film, including SpongeBob and Patrick's meeting with Sandy Cheeks (a squirrel) on the surface after their escape from Shell City.[65] Patrick repeatedly vomits, upset by Sandy's unusual appearance.[65] The squirrel is pursued by black-suited exterminators,[65] and defends herself with acorns.[65] She informs SpongeBob and Patrick that they can return to Bikini Bottom by taking a bus at the beach.[65] This idea was later used for the second film The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water, where Sandy became a giant realistic squirrel.

text: When SpongeBob awakens with a hangover on the Goofy Goober party boat, he asks a waiter for a "Double-Fudge Spinny";[65] the rejected line was used in a tie-in book, Ice-Cream Dreams, which was based on the film.[65] In 2013 the film's lead storyboard artist, Sherm Cohen, released a storyboard panel of a deleted scene from the film with SpongeBob awakening from his dream saying "WEEEEE!" and Mr. Krabs holding a manager's hat.[66][67]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film's trailer was released on May 19, 2004, and was attached to Shrek 2.[68] The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie opened in theaters on November 19, 2004;[69] its yellow-carpet world premiere was at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on November 14, 2004.[70][71][72] Among celebrities who saw the premiere with their children were Ray Romano, Larry King, Ice Cube, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation's Gary Dourdan and Friends' Lisa Kudrow.[73] The carpet was a disturbing reminder of home for Tom Kenny, SpongeBob's voice actor; he said, "I have a 15-month-old daughter, so I'm no stranger to yellow carpets."[73]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Julia Pistor, the film's co-producer, said that although Nickelodeon (which owns the SpongeBob trademark) wanted to sell character-themed backpacks, lunch boxes and wristwatches it respected Hillenburg's integrity and gave him control of merchandising.[8] Hillenburg had no problem with candy and ice cream tie-ins, Pistor said (because of the treats' simplicity),[8] but he had issues with fast food tie-ins; according to him, the latter was "full of hidden additives."[8] Pistor said, "The trouble is that you can't go out with animated films without a fast-food tie-in [...] People don't take you seriously."[8] Hillenburg replied, "Yeah, well, my take on that is that we shouldn't do that [...] We didn't want to suddenly become the people serving up food that's not that good for you - especially kids. We work with Burger King, and they make toys and watches. But to actually take the step of pushing the food, that's crossing the line. I don't want to be the Pied Piper of fast food."[8]

text: The film was promoted across the United States. Nickelodeon joined Burger King for a 12-figure toy line based on the film, and about 4,700 Burger King stores perched 9-foot (2.7 m), inflatable SpongeBob figures on their roofs as part of the promotion (one of the largest in fast-food history).[74] Customers could also purchase one of five different SpongeBob-themed watches for $1.99 with the purchase of a value meal.[74]

text: On November 11, 2004, it was reported that a number of the inflatables had been stolen from Burger King roofs nationwide.[74][75] Burger King chief marketing officer Russ Klein said, "As to the motives behind these apparent 'spongenappings', we can only speculate.[74][76] We did receive one ransom note related to an inflatable SpongeBob disappearance in Minnesota."[74][76] The chain offered a year's supply of Whopper sandwiches as a reward for information leading to the return of inflatables stolen in November.[74][76][77][78] One was found attached to a railing at the football-field 50-yard line at an Iowa college,[79] and another under a bed in Virginia.[79] A ransom note was found for a third: "We have SpongeBob. Give us 10 Krabby Patties, fries, and milkshakes."[79] Steven Simon and Conrad (C.J.) Mercure Jr. were arrested after stealing an inflatable from a Burger King in St. Mary's County, Maryland.[80][81] While facing up to 18 months in jail and a $500 fine, Simon and Mercure said they were proud of what they did;[81][82] Simon said, "Once we got caught by the police, we were like, now we can tell everybody."[81][82] The following year Burger King took "extra security precautions", when Stormtroopers from George Lucas' Star Wars guarded the delivery of Star Wars toys to a Burger King in North Hollywood.[83]

text: The Cayman Islands, a British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea, joined with Nickelodeon to create the first Cayman Islands Sea School with SpongeBob for the film.[84] The partnership was announced by Pilar Bush, Deputy Director of Tourism for Cayman Islands, on March 10, 2004.[84] As part of the agreement the Cayman partnership was seen on Nickelodeon's global multimedia platforms, including on-air, online and in magazines.[84]

text: In 2005, Nickelodeon and Simon Spotlight released a book, Ice-Cream Dreams, as a tie-in to the film.[85] It was written by Nancy E. Krulik and illustrated by Heather Martinez, with Krulik and Derek Drymon as contributors.[86][87][88]

text: SpongeBob SquarePants Movie 300[edit]

text: On October 15, 2004, the film was the first to sponsor a NASCAR race: the 300-mile (480 km), Busch Series SpongeBob SquarePants Movie 300 at Charlotte Motor Speedway in North Carolina.[89][90][91][92][93] It was the first race of its kind where children at the track could listen to a special, "kid-friendly" radio broadcast of the event.[89][92]

text: Kyle Busch and Jimmie Johnson debuted a pair of SpongeBob SquarePants-themed Lowe's Chevrolet race cars in the race. Johnson's No. 48 Chevrolet included an image of SpongeBob across the hood, and Busch's No. 5 Chevrolet featured Patrick Star.[89][92][94] Johnson said, "This sounds so cool [...] I know there are a lot of families who will be excited that Lowe's is doing this. The great thing is there will be something for every type of race fan. Plus how can we go wrong with SpongeBob helping us out on the car?"[89][92]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on VHS and DVD on March 1, 2005, in wide- and full-screen editions, by Paramount Home Entertainment.[95] It contains an 18-minute featurette, The Absorbing Tale Behind The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, featuring interviews with most of the principal cast and crew; a 15-minute featurette, Case of the Sponge "Bob", hosted by Jean-Michel Cousteau; a 20-minute animatic segment featuring scenes from the film with dialogue by the original artists, and the film's trailer.[95] The film was released as a Blu-ray-plus-DVD combination pack on March 29, 2011.[96] A VHS version was released on March 1, 2005; it was the final VHS animated film from Nickelodeon Movies.[97] As a tie-in to the film's DVD release, 7-Eleven served a limited-edition Under-the-Sea Pineapple Slurpee in March 2005.[98][99][100]

text: It was re-released on Blu-ray on December 30, 2014.[101]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie earned $9,559,752 on its opening day in the United States, second behind Disney's National Treasure (which earned $11 million).[102][103] It grossed a combined total of $32,018,216 during its opening weekend, on 4,300 screens at 3,212 theaters, averaging $9,968 per venue (or $7,446 per screen,[104] again second to National Treasure).[104][105][106][107] The film dropped an unexpected 44 percent over the Thanksgiving weekend, and 57 percent the weekend after that.[108][109][110] The opening weekend earned 37.48 percent of the film's final gross.[108] It closed on March 24, 2005, failing to out-gross holiday animated competitors The Incredibles (from Disney-Pixar, grossing $261,441,092) and The Polar Express (Warner Bros., grossing $183,373,735). It was still profitable for distributor Paramount Pictures and producer Nickelodeon Movies, earning $85,417,988 in the United States and $140,161,792 worldwide on a budget of $30 million.[3] The film was the 29th-highest-grossing 2004 film domestically[111] and is the sixth-highest-grossing animated TV adaptation of all time.[112]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 68% based on 125 reviews and an average score of 6.2/10. The site's consensus read, "Surreally goofy and entertaining for both children and their parents."[113] Metacritic gave the film a score of 66 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[114] According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[115]

text:
All of this happens in jolly animation with bright colors and is ever so much more entertaining than you are probably imagining. No doubt right now you're asking yourself why you have read this far in the review, given the near-certainty that you will not be going anywhere near a SpongeBob SquarePants movie, unless you are the parent or adult guardian of a SpongeBob SquarePants fan, in which case your fate is sealed. Assuming that few members of SpongeBob's primary audience are reading this (or can read), all I can tell you is, the movie is likely to be more fun than you expect.

Roger Ebert, in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times[116]

tag: div

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, calling it "the 'Good Burger' of animation ... plopping us down inside a fast-food war being fought by sponges, starfish, crabs, tiny plankton and mighty King Neptune."[116] Ed Park of The Village Voice wrote, "No Pixar? No problem! An unstoppable good-mood generator, the resolutely 2-D [The] SpongeBob SquarePants Movie has more yuks than Shark Tale and enough soul to swallow The Polar Express whole."[117] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, calling it "an animated adventure that's funnier than Shark Tale and more charming than The Polar Express."[118] Randy Cordova of The Arizona Republic said, "Like the TV show it's based on, it's a daffy, enjoyable creation."[119] Jami Bernard of the New York Daily News gave the feature a score of three out of four: "It's not The Incredibles, or one of those animated features that spent zillions on character design, pedigree and verisimilitude. But SpongeBob is a sweet, silly thing with a child-friendly esthetic all its own."[120] Will Lawrence of Empire gave the film four out of five stars, calling it "a film for kids, students, stoners, anyone who enjoys a break from reality."[121] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave it a B-minus grade: "The best moments in his [SpongeBob SquarePants] first movie outing are those that feel most TV-like, just another day in the eternally optimistic undersea society created with such contagious silliness by Stephen Hillenburg."[122] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post enjoyed the film: "You gotta love SpongeBob. Coolest sponge in the sea, although this one has a suspiciously manufactured look."[123]

text: Carla Meyer of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie retains the 2-D charm of the hugely popular Nickelodeon cartoon but adds a few tricks – a little 3-D here, a little David Hasselhoff there. The series' appeal never lay in its visuals, however. 'SpongeBob' endeared itself to kids and adults through sweetness and cleverness, also abundant here."[124] A. O. Scott of The New York Times gave it a score of four out of five: "If you're tired of ... bluster and swagger, SpongeBob is your man."[125] Tom Maurstad of The Dallas Morning News also gave the film a B-minus grade: "Being so good is what led to making the movie, and it's also the reason that many small-screen episodes are better than this big-screen venture."[126]

text: Some reviews praised David Hasselhoff's appearance in the film. Jennifer Frey of The Washington Post wrote, "Getting to see the hairs on Hasselhoff's back (and thighs, and calves) magnified exponentially is perhaps a bit creepy. Like the movie, it's all in good fun."[127] Nancy Basile of About.com, who gave the film four out of five stars, wrote that Hasselhoff "must have a great sense of humor."[128] Cinema Blend founder Joshua Tyler called Hasselhoff's role "the best movie cameo I've seen since Fred Savage stuck a joint in his crotch and played a clarinet to charm the resulting smoke like a snake."[129]

text:
There's plenty to treasure in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, but for all the spit-and-polish animation and the rollicking soundtrack (which includes an original song by the Flaming Lips, as well as Ween's gorgeous "Ocean Man," from their Mollusk album), this isn't the yellow one's most thrilling hour—or 80 minutes."

David Edelstein, in his Slate review[130]

text: David Edelstein of Slate criticized the film's plot, calling it a "big, heavy anchor of a story structure to weigh him down."[130] Mike Clark of USA Today called it "harmlessly off-the-cuff — but facing far more pedigreed multiplex competition ... SpongeBob barely rates as OK when compared with The Incredibles."[131] A reviewer noted in Time Out London, "Anyone expecting anything more risky will be sadly disappointed."[132] In his Variety review, Todd McCarthy said the film "takes on rather too much water during its extended feature-length submersion."[133] Internet Movie Database staff member David N. Butterworth gave it zero stars, saying that "For much like fish, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie truly stinks."[134]

text: While the film was generally well received by fans of the show, it is considered a turning point in the show's history; many fans believe that the television series has declined in quality since the film's release.[135] While episodes aired before the film were praised for their "uncanny brilliance",[136] those aired after the film have been called "kid-pandering attention-waster[s]",[137] "tedious",[138] "boring", "dreck",[139] a "depressing plateau of mediocrity"[140] and "laugh-skimpy."[141] After the film's release, fans "began to turn away from the show," causing fansites to "bec[ome] deserted."[135] Some fans believe that the show's 2012 ratings decline correlates with a decline in quality, and "whatever fan support [the show] enjoys is not enough" to save it from its slide in ratings.[135]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s).

2005
Annie Awards
Best Animated Feature

Nominated
[51]

2005
Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Stephen Hillenburg
Nominated
[51]

2005
Music in an Animated Feature Production
Gregor Narholz
Nominated
[51]

2005
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Box Office Films
Gregor Narholz
Won
[142]

2005
Australian Kids' Choice Awards
Fave Movie

Won
[143][144]

2005
Fave Video Game
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie video game
Won
[143][144]

2005
Golden Satellite Awards
Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature

Nominated
[145]

2005
Golden Trailer Awards
Best Animation (Family)

Nominated
[146]

2005
Most Original

Nominated
[146]

2006
MTV Russia Movie Awards
Best Cartoon

Nominated
[147]

2005
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Animated Movie

Nominated
[148]

2005
Young Artist Awards
Best Family Feature Film – Animation

Nominated
[149]

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released for PlayStation 2[150] PC,[151] Game Boy Advance,[152] Xbox[153] and GameCube on October 27, 2004[154] for Mac OS X in 2005[155] and PlayStation 3 on February 7, 2012.[156] The home-console version was developed by Heavy Iron Studios;[157] the Game Boy Advance version was developed by WayForward Technologies[152] and published by THQ.[158][159]

text: It was created on the same engine as SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom. Game developer Heavy Iron Studios tweaked the graphics to give the game a sharper and more-imaginative look than Battle for Bikini Bottom. It increased the polygon count, added several racing levels and incorporated many creatures from the film.[157] The game's plot was based on the film, with SpongeBob and Patrick on a mission taking them outside Bikini Bottom to retrieve Neptune's crown.[160] On October 4, 2004, THQ announced the game's mobile release.[161] Nickelodeon vice-president for new-media business development Paul Jelinek said, "As one of the leading publishers of wireless entertainment content, THQ Wireless is introducing the SpongeBob SquarePants license to a whole new audience of gamers [...] THQ has been a great partner to Nickelodeon over the years and we look forward to the same standard of excellence with these upcoming SpongeBob SquarePants games for wireless devices."[161] The mobile console was developed by Amplified Games.[162]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: On February 28, 2012, the production of a sequel was announced; it would be directed by Paul Tibbitt, written by Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger and produced by Stephen Hillenburg[163] for a late-2014 release.[164][165][166] On August 1, 2013, Paramount changed the sequel's release date to February 13, 2015.[167][168][169] It was announced in early June 2014 that the film would instead be released on February 6, 2015, to avoid competition with Universal Pictures' Fifty Shades of Grey, which was set for a February 13, 2015 release.[170] A third film has been announced and had a release date of February 8, 2019, but, in March 2017, it was pushed to August 2, 2019.[171]


document_title: Embezzlement

question_text: which activity is a common form of embezzlement

root

text: Embezzlement

text: Embezzlement versus larceny[edit]

text: Embezzlement differs from larceny in three ways. First, in embezzlement, an actual conversion must occur; second, the original taking must not be trespassory,[8] and three, in penalties. To say that the taking was not trespassory is to say that the person(s) performing the embezzlement had the right to possess, use, and/or access the assets in question, and that such person(s) subsequently secreted and converted the assets for an unintended and/or unsanctioned use. Conversion requires that the secretion interfere with the property, rather than just relocate it. As in larceny, the measure is not the gain to the embezzler, but the loss to the asset stakeholders. An example of conversion is when a person logs checks in a check register or transaction log as being used for one specific purpose and then explicitly uses the funds from the checking account for another and completely different purpose.

tag: p

text: It is important to make clear that embezzlement is not always a form of theft or an act of stealing, since those definitions specifically deal with taking something that does not belong to the perpetrator(s). Instead, embezzlement is, more generically, an act of deceitfully secreting assets by one or more persons that have been entrusted with such assets. The person(s) entrusted with such assets may or may not have an ownership stake in such assets.

text: In the case where it is a form of theft, distinguishing between embezzlement and larceny can be tricky.[9] Making the distinction is particularly difficult when dealing with misappropriations of property by employees. To prove embezzlement, the state must show that the employee had possession of the goods "by virtue of his or her employment"; that is, that the employee had formally delegated authority to exercise substantial control over the goods. Typically, in determining whether the employee had sufficient control the courts will look at factors such as the job title, job description and the particular operational practices of the firm or organization. For example, the manager of a shoe department at a department store would likely have sufficient control over the store's inventory (as head of the shoe department) of shoes; that if they converted the goods to their own use they would be guilty of embezzlement. On the other hand, if the same employee were to steal cosmetics from the cosmetics department of the store, the crime would not be embezzlement but larceny. For a case that exemplifies the difficulty of distinguishing larceny and embezzlement see State v. Weaver, 359 N.C. 246; 607 S.E.2d 599 (2005).

text: North Carolina appellate courts have compounded this confusion by misinterpreting a statute based on an act passed by parliament in 1528. The North Carolina courts interpreted this statute as creating an offence called "larceny by employee"; an offence that was separate and distinct from common law larceny.[10][11] However, as Perkins notes, the purpose of the statute was not to create a new offence but was merely to confirm that the acts described in the statute met the elements of common law larceny.[12]

text: The statute served the purpose of the then North Carolina colony as an indentured servant– and slave-based political economy. It ensured that an indentured servant (or anyone bound to service of labour to a master, e.g., a slave), would owe to their master their labour; and, if they left their indentured service or bound labour unlawfully, the labour they produced, either for themselves (i.e., self-employed), or for anyone else, would be the converted goods that they unlawfully took, from the rightful owner, their master.

text: Crucially (and this can be seen as the purpose of the statute), any subsequent employer of such an indentured servant or slave, who was in fact bound to service of labour to a pre-existing master, would be chargeable with misprision-of-a-felony (if it was proved in they knew that the employee was still indentured to a master, or owned as a slave); and chargeable as an accessory-after-the-fact, in the felony, with the servant or slave; in helping them, by employing them, in the unlawfully taking that which was lawfully bound (through the master servant relationship) in exclusive right, to the master of the indentured servant or slave.

text: Methods of embezzlement[edit]

text: Embezzlement sometimes involves falsification of records in order to conceal the activity. Embezzlers commonly secrete relatively small amounts repeatedly, in a systematic and/or methodical manner, over a long period of time, although some embezzlers secrete one large sum at once.  Some very successful embezzlement schemes have continued for many years before being detected due to the skill of the embezzler in concealing the nature of the transactions or their skill in gaining the trust and confidence of investors or clients, who are then reluctant to "test" the embezzler's trustworthiness by forcing a withdrawal of funds.

text: Embezzling should not be confused with skimming, which is under-reporting income and pocketing the difference. For example, in 2005, several managers of the service provider Aramark were found to be under-reporting profits from a string of vending machine locations in the eastern United States.  While the amount stolen from each machine was relatively small, the total amount taken from many machines over a length of time was very large. A smart technique employed by many small-time embezzlers can be covered by falsifying the records. (Example, by removing a small amount of money and falsifying the record the register would be technically correct, while the manager would remove the profit and leave the float in, this method would effectively make the register short for the next user and throw the blame onto them)

text: Another method is to create a false vendor account and supply false bills to the company being embezzled so that the checks that are cut appear completely legitimate. Yet another method is to create phantom employees, who are then paid with payroll checks.

text: The latter two methods should be uncovered by routine audits, but often aren't if the audit is not sufficiently in-depth, because the paperwork appears to be in order. A publicly traded company must change auditors and audit companies every five years. The first method is easier to detect if all transactions are by cheque or other instrument, but if many transactions are in cash, it is much more difficult to identify. Employers have developed a number of strategies to deal with this problem. In fact, cash registers were invented just for this reason.

text: Some of the most complex (and potentially most lucrative) forms of embezzlement involve Ponzi-like financial schemes where high returns to early investors are paid out of funds received from later investors duped into believing they are themselves receiving entry into a high-return investment scheme. The Madoff investment scandal is an example of this kind of high-level embezzlement scheme, where it is alleged that $65 billion was siphoned off from gullible investors and financial institutions.

text: Safeguards against embezzlement[edit]

text: Internal controls such as separation of duties are common defences against embezzlement. For example, at a movie theatre, the task of accepting money and admitting customers into the theatre is typically broken up into two jobs. One employee sells the ticket, and another employee takes the ticket and lets the customer into the theatre. Because a ticket cannot be printed without entering the sale into the computer (or, in earlier times, without using up a serial-numbered printed ticket), and the customer cannot enter the theatre without a ticket, both of these employees would have to collude in order for embezzlement to go undetected. This significantly reduces the chance of theft, because of the added difficulty in arranging such a conspiracy and the likely need to split the proceeds between the two employees, which reduces the payoff for each.

text: Another obvious method to deter embezzlement is to regularly and unexpectedly move funds from one advisor or entrusted person to another when the funds are supposed to be available for withdrawal or use, to ensure that the full amount of the funds is available and no fraction of the savings has been embezzled by the person to whom the funds or savings have been entrusted.

text: England and Wales[edit]

text: Offences of embezzlement were formerly created by sections 18 and 19 of the Larceny Act 1916.[13]

text: The former offences of embezzlement are replaced by the new offence of theft, contrary to section 1 of the Theft Act 1968.[14]


document_title: List of The Hobbit characters

question_text: who is the youngest dwarf in the hobbit

question_tokens: who is the youngest dwarf in the hobbit

text: List of The Hobbit characters

text: Hobbits[edit]

text:
Bilbo Baggins of Bag End, the protagonist and titular hobbit of the story.
Bungo Baggins, Bilbo's father.
Belladonna Took, Bilbo's mother.
The Old Took, Bilbo's maternal grandfather.
Chubb, Chubb, and Burrowes, auctioneers managing the liquidation of Bilbo’s effects.
The Sackville-Bagginses, “cousins” to Bilbo. They arranged an auction to dispose of Bilbo’s effects long after he disappeared. Bilbo returned during the auction, upsetting the plans the Sackville-Bagginses had for moving into his fine hobbit hole. Bilbo suspected them of making off with some of his silver spoons.
Bullroarer Took, a historical figure mentioned as Bilbo's great great grand-uncle. He led the defence against the goblins of Mount Gram and is purported to have knocked the goblin leader Golfimbul's head off with a blow from his club, sending it flying into a rabbit hole and thereby inventing the sport of golf.

tag: ul

text: Wizards[edit]

text:
Gandalf, the mastermind behind The Hobbit's quest.
Radagast, a wizard mentioned as a "cousin" of Gandalf.

text: Dwarves[edit]

text: Dain, second cousin to Thorin, came to the aid of Thorin's Company at the Battle of Five Armies with a company of several hundred dwarves.

text: Thorin's company[edit]

text: Thorin's company consisted of the following 13 dwarves; their quest in The Hobbit is the main impetus of the plot. Their quest was joined by Bilbo Baggins (a hobbit) and occasionally by the wizard Gandalf.

text:
Thorin Oakenshield, leader of the company and possessor of the longest beard. He wore a gold belt, and a sky blue hood with a large silver tassel. Thorin played the harp.
Thorin's nephews (sons of his sister Dís as known from The Lord of the Rings):

Fili, who with his brother Kili was the youngest dwarf in the company and therefore useful for his keen eyesight. He wore a blue hood and grew a yellow beard.
Kili, who with his brother Fili was the youngest dwarf in the company and therefore useful for his keen eyesight. He wore a blue hood and grew a yellow beard.

Four of Thorin's third-cousins - two pairs of brothers:

Balin. Older brother to Dwalin, he wore a red hood and had a white beard. Bilbo and Balin later became good friends.
Dwalin. Younger brother to Balin, he wore a dark green hood and a golden belt, had a blue beard tucked into the belt, and, like his brother Balin, he played viol. He was the first of the dwarves that Bilbo met.
Oin. Brother to Gloin, he wore a brown hood. He and Gloin were charged with starting the campfires.
Gloin. Brother to Oin, he wore a white hood. He and Oin were charged with starting the campfires. Gloin openly doubted Bilbo at the start of the quest.[1]

Three dwarves who were Thorin's remote kinsmen:

Dori. He wore a purple hood. Dori was tasked with carrying Bilbo in the goblin tunnels.
Nori. He wore a purple hood.
Ori. He wore a grey hood.

Three dwarves "descended from the Dwarves of Moria but were not of Durin's line":[2]

Bifur. Cousin to Bofur and Bombur, he wore a yellow hood and played clarinet.[3]
Bofur. Cousin to Bifur and brother to Bombur, he wore a yellow hood and played clarinet.
Bombur, whose primary traits were his fatness and his sympathy for Bilbo's plights. He wore a pale green hood.

text: Elves[edit]

text:
Elrond, master of Rivendell, the Last Homely House East of the Sea. The Hobbit calls him an elf-friend rather than an elf, one "who had both elves and heroes of the North for ancestors." (The Lord of the Rings relates that Elrond was born half-elven but chose the path of the elves.)
The Elvenking, king of the Mirkwood Elves. He held the dwarves captive. They were eventually freed by Bilbo. (In The Lord of the Rings, he is given the name Thranduil.)
Galion, the butler of the Elvenking's halls, whose fondness for wine enables Bilbo and the dwarves to escape.

text: Men[edit]

text:
Bard the Bowman, an archer of Lake-town who slew Smaug.
Beorn the "skin-changer", master of the Carrock, able to take the form of a bear. He fought against the goblins at the Battle of Five Armies along with the men, elves and dwarves. Beorn may not have been a man; Gandalf states in The Hobbit that he believes the story calling Beorn "... a man descended from the first men who lived before Smaug or the other dragons came into this part of the world" rather than the other common story, that "he is a bear descended from the great and ancient bears of the mountains that lived there before the giants came". In The Lord of the Rings, they refer to his kind as Beornings.
The Master of Lake-town, a grasping politician who met his end starving in the wilderness with the wealth he plundered from his own people after the destruction of Lake-town. He is not named explicitly but had the nickname "Money bags".

text: Trolls[edit]

text:
Tom, one of the three trolls who captured the members of the Company. The trolls argued over how to prepare their captives for eating, goaded on by the impersonating voice of Gandalf. They argued until dawn, when the sun's rays turned them to stone.
Bert, one of the three trolls who captured the members of the Company.
William (Bill Huggins), one of the three trolls who captured the members of the Company.

text: Singular characters[edit]

text:
Gollum, a creature left largely to mystery in The Hobbit. He lived alone deep under the Misty Mountains on an island in a dark, cold lake. He lost his magic ring, which Bilbo found, and engaged Bilbo in a riddle game in order to stall for time. Ultimately Bilbo escaped with the ring. In The Lord of the Rings it is revealed that Gollum is a degenerate hobbit of great age whose name was originally Sméagol.
The Necromancer, a shadowy evil character mentioned in The Hobbit. In The Lord of the Rings, The Necromancer is seen to be Sauron.
Smaug, a great dragon who made the Lonely Mountain his lair. After the Company roused him from his long quiescence, he destroyed Lake-town and was killed by Bard.

text: Birds[edit]

text:
The Lord of the Eagles, a giant eagle who, with the other eagles, bore the Company away from the burning treetops the goblins had trapped them in, and who aided the allies at the Battle of Five Armies.
Carc, an intelligent raven who lived upon the Ravenhill beneath the Lonely Mountain in the days of King Thrór.
Roäc, son of Carc; the leader of the great ravens of the Lonely Mountain.

text: Goblins[edit]

text:
The Great Goblin, whose kingdom lay under the Misty Mountains. Warriors of his realm waylaid the Company and took them prisoner. Gandalf slew the Great Goblin when he rescued the Company.
Bolg, who succeeded the Great Goblin, led an army of goblins in the Battle of Five Armies.
Golfimbul, leader of the goblins of Mount Gram. He was killed by Bullroarer Took at the Battle of Greenfields, already a historical event at the time of The Hobbit.


document_title: Digestion

question_text: where is water absorbed in the digestive tract

text: Digestion

text: Digestive system

text: Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it.[2] In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism. Animals have a tube (gastrointestinal tract) in which internal digestion occurs, which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled.[3]

text: Some organisms, including nearly all spiders, simply secrete biotoxins and digestive chemicals (e.g., enzymes) into the extracellular environment prior to ingestion of the consequent "soup". In others, once potential nutrients or food is inside the organism, digestion can be conducted to a vesicle or a sac-like structure, through a tube, or through several specialized organs aimed at making the absorption of nutrients more efficient.

text: Secretion systems

text: Bacteria use several systems to obtain nutrients from other organisms in the environments.

text: Channel transport system

text: In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 – 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.[4]

text: Molecular syringe

text: A type III secretion system means that a molecular syringe is used through which a bacterium (e.g. certain types of Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia) can inject nutrients into protist cells. One such mechanism was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host's cells rather than simply be secreted into the extracellular medium.[5]

text: Conjugation machinery

text: The conjugation machinery of some bacteria (and archaeal flagella) is capable of transporting both DNA and proteins. It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which uses this system to introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host, which develops the crown gall (tumor).[6] The VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the prototypic system.[7]

text: The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines, which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

text: The Ti and Ri plasmids are themselves conjugative. Ti and Ri transfer between bacteria uses an independent system (the tra, or transfer, operon) from that for inter-kingdom transfer (the vir, or virulence, operon). Such transfer creates virulent strains from previously avirulent Agrobacteria.

text: Release of outer membrane vesicles

text: In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles.[8][9] Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.[10]

text: Gastrovascular cavity

text: The gastrovascular cavity functions as a stomach in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body. Extracellular digestion takes place within this central cavity, which is lined with the gastrodermis, the internal layer of epithelium. This cavity has only one opening to the outside that functions as both a mouth and an anus: waste and undigested matter is excreted through the mouth/anus, which can be described as an incomplete gut.

text: In a plant such as the Venus Flytrap that can make its own food through photosynthesis, it does not eat and digest its prey for the traditional objectives of harvesting energy and carbon, but mines prey primarily for essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus in particular) that are in short supply in its boggy, acidic habitat.[11]

text: Phagosome

text: A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis. The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle. A phagosome is a cellular compartment in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed and digested. Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes in their maturation process, forming phagolysosomes. In humans, Entamoeba histolytica can phagocytose red blood cells.[12]

text: Specialised organs and behaviours

text: To aid in the digestion of their food animals evolved organs such as beaks, tongues, teeth, a crop, gizzard, and others.

text: Beaks

text: Birds have bony beaks that are specialised according to the bird's ecological niche. For example, macaws primarily eat seeds, nuts, and fruit, using their impressive beaks to open even the toughest seed. First they scratch a thin line with the sharp point of the beak, then they shear the seed open with the sides of the beak.

text: The mouth of the squid is equipped with a sharp horny beak mainly made of cross-linked proteins. It is used to kill and tear prey into manageable pieces. The beak is very robust, but does not contain any minerals, unlike the teeth and jaws of many other organisms, including marine species.[13] The beak is the only indigestible part of the squid.

text: Tongue

text: The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition). It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva. The underside of the tongue is covered with a smooth mucous membrane. The tongue also has a touch sense for locating and positioning food particles that require further chewing. The tongue is utilized to roll food particles into a bolus before being transported down the esophagus through peristalsis.

text: The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin, and underlain by a plexus of veins. This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

text: Teeth

text: Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception. This is the ability of sensation when chewing, for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth, such as a chipped plate mixed in food, our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.

text: The shapes, sizes and numbers of types of animals' teeth are related to their diets. For example, herbivores have a number of molars which are used to grind plant matter, which is difficult to digest. Carnivores have canine teeth which are used to kill and tear meat.

text: Crop

text: A crop, or croup, is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion. In some birds it is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat. In adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.[14]

text: Certain insects may have a crop or enlarged esophagus.

text: Abomasum

text: Herbivores have evolved cecums (or an abomasum in the case of ruminants). Ruminants have a fore-stomach with four chambers. These are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Solids clump together to form the cud (or bolus). The cud is then regurgitated, chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size.

text: Fibre, especially cellulose and hemi-cellulose, is primarily broken down into the volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in these chambers (the reticulo-rumen) by microbes: (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi). In the omasum, water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream.

text: The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine.

text: Specialised behaviours

text: Regurgitation has been mentioned above under abomasum and crop, referring to crop milk, a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by regurgitation.[15]

text: Many sharks have the ability to turn their stomachs inside out and evert it out of their mouths in order to get rid of unwanted contents (perhaps developed as a way to reduce exposure to toxins).

text: Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours – eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten.

text: Young elephants, pandas, koalas, and hippos eat the faeces of their mother, probably to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation. When they are born, their intestines do not contain these bacteria (they are completely sterile). Without them, they would be unable to get any nutritional value from many plant components.

text: In earthworms

text: An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis, the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body.

text: Overview of vertebrate digestion

text: In most vertebrates, digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system, starting from ingestion of raw materials, most often other organisms. Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing. Digestion is separated into four steps:

text:
Ingestion: placing food into the mouth (entry of food in the digestive system),
Mechanical and chemical breakdown: mastication and the mixing of the resulting bolus with water, acids, bile and enzymes in the stomach and intestine to break down complex molecules into simple structures,
Absorption: of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries through osmosis, active transport, and diffusion, and
Egestion (Excretion): Removal of undigested materials from the digestive tract through defecation.

tag: ol

text: Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.).

text: The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion.

text: In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.[1]

text: Human digestion process

text: The human gastrointestinal tract is around 9 meters long. Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and size of the meal, and the process of digestion normally takes between 24 and 72 hours.[16]

text: Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin. The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH. Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine. The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes.

text: Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine.

text: In the large intestine the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place. Here water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed by defecation via the anal canal and anus.

text: Breakdown into nutrients

text: This section needs expansion with: digestion of other substances. You can help by adding to it. (August 2011)

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text: Protein digestion

text: Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides.

text: Fat digestion

text: Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine.[17] The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.[17] Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules.[17]

text: Carbohydrate digestion

text: In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose, a polysaccharide. During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase, resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose. This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose (2 glucose molecules) that can be absorbed by the small intestine.

text: Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.[18]

text: Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, cane sugar, or beet sugar. Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose which are readily absorbed by the small intestine.

text: DNA and RNA digestion

text: DNA and RNA are broken down into mononucleotides by the nucleases deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (DNase and RNase) from the pancreas.

text: Non-destructive digestion

text: Some nutrients are complex molecules (for example vitamin B12) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups. To digest vitamin B12 non-destructively, haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B12 molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are cleaved from their protein complexes.[19]

text: After the B12-haptocorrin complexes pass from the stomach via the pylorus to the duodenum, pancreatic proteases cleave haptocorrin from the B12 molecules which rebind to intrinsic factor (IF). These B12-IF complexes travel to the ileum portion of the small intestine where cubilin receptors enable assimilation and circulation of B12-IF complexes in the blood.[20]

text: Digestive hormones

text: There are at least five hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system in mammals. There are variations across the vertebrates, as for instance in birds. Arrangements are complex and additional details are regularly discovered. For instance, more connections to metabolic control (largely the glucose-insulin system) have been uncovered in recent years.

text:
Gastrin – is in the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen (an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin) and hydrochloric acid. Secretion of gastrin is stimulated by food arriving in stomach. The secretion is inhibited by low pH.
Secretin – is in the duodenum and signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and it stimulates the bile secretion in the liver. This hormone responds to the acidity of the chyme.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) – is in the duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder. This hormone is secreted in response to fat in chyme.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) – is in the duodenum and decreases the stomach churning in turn slowing the emptying in the stomach. Another function is to induce insulin secretion.
Motilin – is in the duodenum and increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin.

text: Significance of pH

text: Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors. pH plays a crucial role in a normally functioning digestive tract. In the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, pH is typically about 6.8, very weakly acidic. Saliva controls pH in this region of the digestive tract. Salivary amylase is contained in saliva and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides. Most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and will denature in a high or low pH environment.

text: The stomach's high acidity inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrates within it. This acidity confers two benefits: it denatures proteins for further digestion in the small intestines, and provides non-specific immunity, damaging or eliminating various pathogens.[citation needed]

text: In the small intestines, the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes. The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach, and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral environment. The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5.[citation needed]


document_title: List of Boston Red Sox team records

question_text: who has the most home runs in red sox history

text: List of Boston Red Sox team records

text: All-time team career leaders[edit]

text: Batting[edit]

text:
Batting Average:  Ted Williams, .344
On-base percentage:  Ted Williams, .482 [MLB Record]
Slugging Percentage:  Ted Williams, .634
OPS:  Ted Williams, 1.115
Games:  Carl Yastrzemski, 3,308
At Bats:  Carl Yastrzemski, 11,988
Runs:  Carl Yastrzemski, 1,816
Hits:  Carl Yastrzemski, 3,419
Total Bases:  Carl Yastrzemski, 5,539
Doubles:  Carl Yastrzemski, 646
Triples:  Harry Hooper, 130
Home Runs:   Ted Williams, 521
RBI:  Carl Yastrzemski, 1,844
Walks:  Ted Williams, 2,019
Strikeouts: Dwight Evans, 1,643
Stolen Bases:  Harry Hooper, 300
Singles:  Carl Yastrzemski, 2,262
Runs Created:  Ted Williams, 2,358
Extra-Base Hits:  Carl Yastrzemski, 1,157
Times on Base:  Carl Yastrzemski, 5,304
Hit By Pitch:  Kevin Youkilis, 86
Sacrifice Hits:  Duffy Lewis, 219
Sacrifice Flies:  Carl Yastrzemski, 105
Intentional Walks:  Carl Yastrzemski, 190
Grounded into Double Plays:  Carl Yastrzemski, 323
At Bats per Strikeout:  Stuffy McInnis, 40.9
At Bats per Home Run:  Manny Ramirez, 13.3

text: Pitching[edit]

text:
ERA:  Smoky Joe Wood, 1.99
Won-Loss%:  Pedro Martínez, .760 (https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/BOS/leaders_pitch.shtml)
WHIP:   Cy Young, 0.970
Hits Allowed per 9 Innings Pitched:  Dick Radatz, 6.78
Walks per 9 Innings Pitched:  Cy Young, 0.99
Strikeouts per 9 Innings Pitched:  Pedro Martínez, 10.95
Games:  Bob Stanley, 637
Saves:  Jonathan Papelbon, 219
Innings Pitched:  Tim Wakefield, 3,006
Strikeouts:  Roger Clemens, 2,590
Games Started:  Tim Wakefield, 430
Complete Games:  Cy Young, 275
Home Runs Allowed:  Tim Wakefield, 401
Walks Allowed:  Tim Wakefield, 1,095
Hits Allowed:  Tim Wakefield, 2,931
Strikeout to Walk:  Pedro Martínez, 5.45
Wins: Roger Clemens, Cy Young, 192
Losses:  Tim Wakefield, 168
Earned Runs Allowed:  Tim Wakefield, 1,480
Wild Pitches:  Tim Wakefield, 119
Hit Batsmen:  Tim Wakefield, 178
Batters Faced:  Tim Wakefield, 13,361
Games Finished:  Bob Stanley, 376

text: Individual single-season leaders[edit]

text: Batting[edit]

text:
Batting Average:  Ted Williams, .406 (1941)
On-base percentage:  Ted Williams, .553 (1941) [AL Record]
Slugging percentage:  Ted Williams, .735 (1941)
OPS:  Ted Williams, 1.287 (1941)
Games:  Jim Rice, 163 (1978)
At Bats: Nomar Garciaparra, 684 (1997)
Runs:  Ted Williams, 150 (1949)
Hits:  Wade Boggs, 240 (1985)
Total Bases:  Jim Rice, 406 (1978)
Doubles: Earl Webb, 67 (1931) [MLB Record]
Triples: Tris Speaker, 22 (1913)
Home Runs: David Ortiz, 54 (2006)
RBI:  Jimmie Foxx, 175 (1938)
Strikeouts: Mike Napoli, 187 (2013)
Stolen bases: Jacoby Ellsbury, 70 (2009)
Singles:  Wade Boggs, 187 (1986)
Extra-base hits: Jimmie Foxx, 92 (1938)
Times on Base:  Ted Williams, 358 (1949)
Hit By Pitch:  Don Baylor, 35 (1986)
Sacrifice Hits:  Jack Barry, 54 (1917)
Intentional Walks:  Ted Williams, 33 (1957)
Grounded into Double Plays:  Jim Rice, 36 (1984)
At Bats per Strikeout:  Stuffy McInnis, 64.9 (1921)
At Bats per Home Run:  David Ortiz, 10.3 (2006)

text: Pitching[edit]

text:
ERA: Dutch Leonard, 0.96 (1914) [MLB Record]
Wins: Smoky Joe Wood, 34 (1912)
Won-Loss%:  Bob Stanley, .882 (1978)
Won-Loss% (min 20 games)  Smoky Joe Wood, .872 (1912)
Consecutive Wins: Smoky Joe Wood, 16 (1912)
Shutouts: Smoky Joe Wood, 10 (1912)
WHIP:  Pedro Martínez, 0.737 (2000)
Hits Allowed per 9 Innings Pitched:  Pedro Martínez, 5.31 (2000)
Walks per 9 Innings Pitched:  Cy Young, .69 (1904)
Strikeouts per 9 Innings Pitched:  Pedro Martínez, 13.20 (1999)
Games:  Mike Timlin, 81 (2005)
Saves: Jonathan Papelbon, 54 (2006)
Innings:  Cy Young, 384 ⅔ (1902)
Strikeouts:  Pedro Martínez, 313 (1999)
Games Started:  Cy Young, 43 (1902)
Complete Games:  Cy Young, 41 (1902)
Home Runs Allowed:  Tim Wakefield, 38 (1996)
Walks Allowed:  Mel Parnell, 134 (1949)
Hits Allowed:  Cy Young, 350 (1902)
Strikeout to Walk:  Pedro Martínez, 8.88 (2000)
Losses:  Red Ruffing, 25 (1928)
Earned Runs Allowed:  Wes Ferrell, 140 (1936)
Wild Pitches:  Earl Wilson, 21 (1963)
Batters Faced:  Cy Young, 1527 (1902)
Games Finished:  Tom Gordon, 69 (1998)