document_title: Hangul

question_text: how many letters are in the korean alphabet

question_tokens: how many letters are in the korean alphabet

text: Hangul

text: Names[edit]

text: Official names[edit]

text:
Korean name (South Korea)

Hangul
한글

Revised Romanization
Han(-)geul

McCune–Reischauer
Han'gŭl[9]

IPA
[ha(ː)n.ɡɯl]

text:
Korean name (North Korea)

Chosŏn'gŭl
조선글

Revised Romanization
Joseon(-)geul

McCune–Reischauer
Chosŏn'gŭl

IPA
[tso.sɔn.ɡɯl]

text: The Korean alphabet was originally called Hunminjeongeum (훈민정음), after the document that introduced the script to the Korean people in 1446.[10]

text: Today, South Koreans call the Korean alphabet hangeul (한글), a name coined by Korean linguist Ju Si-gyeong in 1912. The name combines the ancient Korean word han (한), meaning "great", and geul (글), meaning "script". The word han is used to refer to Korea in general, so the name also means "Korean script".[11] It has been romanized in multiple ways:

text:
Hangeul or han-geul in the Revised Romanization of Korean, which the South Korean government uses in English publications and encourages for all purposes.
Han'gŭl in the McCune–Reischauer system, is often capitalized and rendered without the diacritics when used as an English word, Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries.
Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies.

text: North Koreans call the Korean alphabet Chosŏn'gŭl (조선글) after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea.[12] The McCune–Reischauer system is used there.

text: Other names[edit]

text: Until the early 20th century, the Korean elite preferred to write using Chinese characters called Hanja. They referred to Hanja as jinseo (진서) or "true letters". Some accounts say the elite referred to Hangul derisively as amkeul (암클) meaning "women's script", and ahaetgeul (아햇글) meaning "children's script", though there is no written evidence of this.[13]

text: Supporters of Hangul referred to it as jeong-eum (정음) meaning "correct pronunciation", gungmun (국문) meaning "national script", and eonmun (언문) meaning "vernacular script".[13]

text: History[edit]

text: Creation[edit]

text: Before the creation of Hangul, Koreans primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including Idu script, Hyangchal, Gugyeol and Gakpil.[14][15][16][17] However, due to fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters, many lower class Koreans were illiterate.[18] To promote literacy among the common people, the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty, Sejong the Great, personally created and promulgated a new alphabet.[3][18][19]

text: Hangul was designed so that people with little education could learn to read and write. A popular saying about the alphabet is, "A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; even a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days."[20]

text: The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, and described in 1446 in a document titled Hunminjeongeum ("The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People"), after which the alphabet itself was originally named.[13] The publication date of the Hunminjeongeum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosŏn'gŭl Day, is on January 15.

text: Another document published in 1446 and titled Hunmin Jeongeum Haerye ("Hunmin Jeongeum Explanation and Examples") was discovered in 1940. This document explains that the design of the consonant letters is based on articulatory phonetics and the design of the vowel letters are based on the principles of yin and yang and vowel harmony.

text: Opposition[edit]

text: Hangul faced opposition in the 1440s by the literary elite, including politician Choe Manri and other Korean Confucian scholars. They believed Hanja was the only legitimate writing system. They also saw the circulation of Hangul as a threat to their status.[18] However, Hangul entered popular culture as King Sejong had intended, used especially by women and writers of popular fiction.[21] King Yeonsangun banned the study and publication of Hangul in 1504, after a document criticizing the king entered the public.[22] Similarly, King Jungjong abolished the Ministry of Eonmun, a governmental institution related to Hangul research, in 1506.[23]

text: Revival[edit]

text: The late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul as gasa and sijo poetry flourished. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre.[24] However, the use of Hangul had gone without standardization for so long that spelling had become quite irregular.[21]

text: In 1796, the Dutch scholar Isaac Titsingh became the first person to bring a book written in Hangul to the West. His small library included the Japanese book, Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu (An Illustrated Description of Three Countries) by Hayashi Shihei.[25] This book, which was published in 1785, described the Joseon Kingdom[26] and Hangul.[27] In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation.[28]

text: Thanks to growing Korean nationalism, the Gabo Reformists' push, and Western missionaries' promotion of Hangul in schools and literature[29] Hangul was adopted in official documents for the first time in 1894.[22] Elementary school texts began using Hangul in 1895, and Tongnip Sinmun, established in 1896, was the first newspaper printed in both Hangul and English.[30]

text: Reforms and prohibition under Japanese rule[edit]

text: During the Japanese forced occupation, which began in 1910, Japanese was made the official language of Korea. However, Hangul was still taught in Korean-established schools built after the annexation and Korean was written in a mixed Hanja-Hangul script, where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in Hangul. and Japan banned earlier Korean literature from the public schooling, which became mandatory for children.

text: Hangul orthography was partially standardized in 1912, when the vowel arae-a (ㆍ)–which has now disappeared from Korean–was restricted to Sino-Korean roots: the emphatic consonants were standardized to ㅺ, ㅼ, ㅽ, ㅆ, ㅾ and final consonants restricted to ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ. Long vowels were marked by a diacritic dot to the left of the syllable, but this was dropped in 1921.[21]

text: A second colonial reform occurred in 1930. The arae-a was abolished: the emphatic consonants were changed to ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ and more final consonants ㄷ, ㅈ, ㅌ, ㅊ, ㅍ, ㄲ, ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅄ were allowed, making the orthography more morphophonemic. The double-consonant ㅆ was written alone (without a vowel) when it occurred between nouns, and the nominative particle -가 was introduced after vowels, replacing -이.[21]

text: Ju Si-gyeong, the linguist who had coined the term Hangul to replace Eonmun or "Vulgar Script" in 1912, established the Korean Language Research Society (later renamed the Hangul Society), which further reformed orthography with Standardized System of Hangul in 1933. The principal change was to make Hangul as morphophonemically practical given the existing letters.[21] A system for transliterating foreign orthographies was published in 1940.

text: However, Japan banned the Korean language from schools in 1938 as part of a policy of cultural assimilation,[31] and all Korean-language publications were outlawed in 1941.[32]

text: Further reforms[edit]

text: The definitive modern Hangul orthography was published in 1946, just after Korean independence from Japanese rule. In 1948, North Korea attempted to make the script perfectly morphophonemic through the addition of new letters, and in 1953, Syngman Rhee in South Korea attempted to simplify the orthography by returning to the colonial orthography of 1921, but both reforms were abandoned after only a few years.[21]

text: Both South Korea and North Korea have used Hangul or mixed script as their official writing system, with ever-decreasing use of Hanja. Beginning in the 1970s, Hanja began to experience a gradual decline in commercial or unofficial writing in the South due to government intervention, with some South Korean newspapers now only using Hanja as abbreviations or disambiguation of homonyms. There has been widespread debate as to the future of Hanja in South Korea. North Korea instated Hangul as its exclusive writing system in 1949, and banned the use of Hanja completely.

text: Contemporary use[edit]

text: While both North Korea and South Korea claim 99 percent literacy, a 2003 study found that 25 percent of those in the older generation in the South were not completely literate in Hangul.[33]

text: The Hunminjeongeum Society in Seoul attempts to spread the use of Hangul to unwritten languages of Asia.[34] In 2009, Hangul was unofficially adopted by the town of Bau-Bau, in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, to write the Cia-Cia language.[35][36][37] A number of Indonesian Cia-Cia speakers who visited Seoul generated large media attention in South Korea, and they were greeted on their arrival by Oh Se-hoon, the mayor of Seoul.[38] It was confirmed in October 2012 that the attempts to disseminate Hangul in Indonesia failed.[39] Some people continue to use Hangul at home or co-officially.

text: Letters[edit]

text: Hangul letters are called "jamo (자모)". There are 19 consonants and 21 vowels used in modern Hangul.

text: Consonants[edit]

text: The following consonants are used in modern Hangul:

text:
9 plain consonants: ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㅈ
5 tense consonants: ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ
5 aspirated consonants: ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ

text: The chart below shows all 19 consonants in South Korean alphabetic order with Revised Romanization equivalents for each letter. Hangul consonants may sound differently depending on whether they are the initial or final letter in a syllable. Some consonants only appear in either the initial or final position in a syllable.

text:
Letters (Revised Romanization)
ㄱ
ㄲ
ㄴ
ㄷ
ㄸ
ㄹ
ㅁ
ㅂ
ㅃ
ㅅ
ㅆ
ㅇ
ㅈ
ㅉ
ㅊ
ㅋ
ㅌ
ㅍ
ㅎ

Initial
g
kk
n
d
tt
r
m
b
pp
s
ss
(silent)
j
jj
ch
k
t
p
h

Final*
k
k
n
t
–
l
m
p
–
t
ss/ s/ t/ n
ng
t
–
t
k
t
p
h

Assimilation: combination between preceding word final letter* (above row) pronounced as + following word initial letter** (below rows) pronounced as:
(e.g. 강루 - kang+ru = kang+nu, 있어 - iss+eo = is-seo, -합니다 - -hap+ni+da = -ham-ni-da)

Preceding word final letter*
ㄱ
(k)

ㄲ
(kk)

ㄴ
(n)

ㄷ
(t)

ㄸ
(-)

ㄹ
(l)

ㅁ
(m)

ㅂ
(p)

ㅃ
(-)

ㅅ
(t)

ㅆ
(ss/ s/ t/ n)

ㅇ
(ng)

ㅈ
(t)

ㅉ
(-)

ㅊ
(t)

ㅋ
(k)

ㅌ
(t)

ㅍ
(p)

ㅎ
(h)

Following word Initial letter**
ㅇ(ng)
g
kk+h
n
t
-
r
m
p
-
s
ss
ng+h
t+ch
-
t+ch
k+h
t+ch
p+h
h

ㅎ(h)
k
kk+h
n+h
t
-
r/
l+h

m+h
p
-
t
-
ng+h
t+ch
-
t+ch
k
t
p
-

ㄱ(k)
k+k

n+g
t+g
-
l+g
m+g
b+g
-
t+g
-
ng+g
t+g
-
t+g

t+g
p+g
h+k

ㄴ(n)
ng

n+n

-
l+n
m+n
m+n
-
t+n
n+n
ng+n
t+n
-
t+n

t+n
p+n
h+n

ㄷ(d)
k+d

n+d
t+t
-
l+d
m+d
p+d
-
t+t
t+t
ng+d
t+t
-
t+t
k+d
t+t
p+d
h+t

ㄹ(r)
g+n

l+l

-
l+l
m+n
m+n
-

-
n

-

r

ㅁ(m)
g+m

n+m
t+m
-
l+m
m+m
m+m
-
t+m
-
ng+m
t+m
-
t+m
k+d
t+m
p+m
h+m

ㅂ(b)
g+b

-

p+p
-
t+b
-

-

ㅅ (s)

ss+s

t+ch

ㅈ(j)

t+ch

text: Hangul consonants can be combined into 11 consonant clusters, which always appear in the final position in a syllable. They are: ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄶ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ, ㄽ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅀ, and ㅄ.

text:
Consonant cluster combinations (only used in solely or preceding word final letter)
(e.g. [solely] 닭 dag; [preceding word final letter] 없다 - eop-ta, 앉아 an-ja)

Preceding word final letter*
ㄳ
(gs)

ㄵ
(nj)

ㄶ
(nh)

ㄺ
(lg)

ㄻ
(lm)

ㄼ
(lb)

ㄽ
(ls)

ㄾ
(lt)

ㄿ
(lp)

ㅀ
(lh)

ㅄ
(ps)

(solely pronounced)
g
nj
nh
g
m
b
s
t
p
h
p

Following word Initial letter**
ㅇ(ng)
g+s
n+j
l+h
l+g
l+m
l+b
l+s
l+t
l+p
l+h
p+s

ㄷ(d)
g+t
nj+d/
nt+ch

n+t
g+d
m+d
b+d
l+t
l+t
p+d
l+t
p+t

text: Vowels[edit]

text: The chart below shows the 21 vowels used modern Hangul in South Korean alphabetic order with Revised Romanization equivalents for each letter. Linguists disagree on the number of phonemes versus diphthongs among Hangul vowels.[40]

text:
Letters
ㅏ
ㅐ
ㅑ
ㅒ
ㅓ
ㅔ
ㅕ
ㅖ
ㅗ
ㅘ
ㅙ
ㅚ
ㅛ
ㅜ
ㅝ
ㅞ
ㅟ
ㅠ
ㅡ
ㅢ
ㅣ

Revised Romanization
a
ae
ya
yae
eo
e
yeo
ye
o
wa
wae
oe
yo
u
wo
we
wi
yu
eu
ui
i

text: Alphabetic order[edit]

text: Hangul alphabetic order is called the ganada order, (가나다 순) after the first three letters of the alphabet. The alphabetical order of Hangul does not mix consonants and vowels. Rather, first are velar consonants, then coronals, labials, sibilants, etc. The vowels come after the consonants.

text: Historical orders[edit]

text: The order from the Hunminjeongeum in 1446 was:

text: In 1527, Choe Sejin reorganized the alphabet:

text: This is the basis of the modern alphabetic orders. It was before the development of the Korean tense consonants and the double letters that represent them, and before the conflation of the letters ㅇ (null) and ㆁ (ng). Thus, when the South Korean and North Korean governments implemented full use of Hangul, they ordered these letters differently, with South Korea grouping similar letters together, and North Korea placing new letters at the end of the alphabet.

text: North Korean order[edit]

text: The new, double, letters are placed at the end of the consonants, just before the null ㅇ, so as not to alter the traditional order of the rest of the alphabet.

text: All digraphs and trigraphs, including the old diphthongs ㅐ and ㅔ, are placed after the simple vowels, again maintaining Choe's alphabetic order.

text: The order of the final letters is:

text: Unlike when it is initial, this ㅇ is pronounced, as the nasal ㅇ ng, which occurs only as a final in the modern language. The double letters are placed to the very end, as in the initial order, but the combined consonants are ordered immediately after their first element.

text: South Korean order[edit]

text: In the Southern order a more modern order is maintained where double letters are placed immediately after their single counterparts:

text: The modern monophthongal vowels come first, with the derived forms interspersed according to their form: i is added first, then iotized, then iotized with added i. Diphthongs beginning with w are ordered according to their spelling, as ㅗ or ㅜ plus a second vowel, not as separate digraphs.

text: The order of the final letters (받침) is:

text: ("None" means there is no final letter.)

text: Every syllable begins with a consonant (or the silent ㅇ) that is followed by a vowel (e.g. ㄷ + ㅏ = 다). Some syllables such as "달" and "닭" have a final consonant or final consonant cluster (받침). Then, 399 combinations are possible for "two-letter syllables" and 10,773 possible combinations for syllables with more than two "letters" (27 possible final endings), for a total of 11,172 possible combinations of Hangul "letters" to form syllables.

text: Letter names[edit]

text:
Korean consonants

names of the Korean consonant letters (South Korean)

Korean vowels

names of the Korean vowel letters

Problems playing these files? See media help.

text: Hangul letters were named by Korean linguist Choe Sejin in 1527. South Korea uses Choe's traditional names, most of which follow the format of letter + i + eu + letter. However, as the syllables 윽 euk, 읃 eut, and 읏 eut did not occur in the language, Choe gave those letters the modified names 기역 giyeok, 디귿 digeut, and 시옷 siot, using native syllables.

text: Originally, Choe gave ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, and ㅎ the irregular one-syllable names of ji, chi, ki, ti, pi, and hi, because they should not be used as final consonants, as specified in Hunminjeongeum. However, after establishment of the new orthography in 1933, which let all consonants be used as finals, the names changed to the present forms.

text: North Korea regularized Choe's original names when it made Hangul its official orthography.

text: In South Korea[edit]

text: The chart below shows names used in South Korea for Hangul consonants. The letters are arranged in the South Korean alphabetic order, and the letter names are romanized in the Revised Romanization system, which is the official romanization system of South Korea. The tense consonants are described with the word 쌍 ssang meaning "double".

text:
Consonant
ㄱ
ㄲ
ㄴ
ㄷ
ㄸ
ㄹ
ㅁ
ㅂ
ㅃ
ㅅ
ㅆ
ㅇ
ㅈ
ㅉ
ㅊ
ㅋ
ㅌ
ㅍ
ㅎ

Name
기역
쌍기역
니은
디귿
쌍디귿
리을
미음
비읍
쌍비읍
시옷
쌍시옷
이응
지읒
쌍지읒
치읓
키읔
티읕
피읖
히읗

RR
giyeok
ssanggiyeok
nieun
digeut
ssangdigeut
rieul
mieum
bieup
ssangbieup
siot
ssangsiot
ieung
jieut
ssangjieut
chieut
kieuk
tieut
pieup
hieut

text: The names of Hangul vowels are the same as the sound of each vowel. For example, ㅏ is called 아 a.

text: In North Korea[edit]

text: The chart below shows names used in North Korea for Hangul consonants. The letters are arranged in North Korean alphabetic order, and the letter names are romanized with the McCune-Reischauer system, which is widely used in North Korea. The tense consonants are described with the word 된 toen meaning "hard".

text:
Consonant
ㄱ
ㄴ
ㄷ
ㄹ
ㅁ
ㅂ
ㅅ
ㅈ
ㅊ
ㅋ
ㅌ
ㅍ
ㅎ
ㄲ
ㄸ
ㅃ
ㅆ
ㅇ
ㅉ

Name
기윽
니은
디읃
리을
미음
비읍
시읏
지읒
치읓
키읔
티읕
피읖
히읗
된기윽
된디읃
된비읍
된시읏
이응
된지읒

McCR
kiŭk
niŭn
tiŭt
riŭl
miŭm
piŭp
siŭt
chiŭt
ch'iŭt
k'iŭk
t'iŭt
p'iŭp
hiŭt
toen'giŭk
toendiŭt
toenbiŭp
toensiŭt
iŭng
toenjiŭt

text: In North Korea, an alternative way to refer to a consonant is letter + ŭ (ㅡ), for example, kŭ (그) for the letter ㄱ, and ssŭ (쓰) for the letter ㅆ.

text: As in South Korea, the names of Hangul vowels are the same as the sound of each vowel.

text: Stroke order[edit]

text: Hangul letters have adopted certain rules of Chinese calligraphy, although ㅇ and ㅎ use a circle, which is not used in printed Chinese characters.

text:
ㄱ (giyeok 기역)

ㄴ (nieun 니은)

ㄷ (digeut 디귿)

ㄹ (rieul 리을)

ㅁ (mieum 미음)

ㅂ (bieup 비읍)

ㅅ (siot 시옷)

ㅇ (ieung 이응)

ㅈ (jieut 지읒)

ㅊ (chieut 치읓)

ㅋ (kieuk 키읔)

ㅌ (tieut 티읕)

ㅍ (pieup 피읖)

ㅎ (hieut 히읗)

ㅏ (a)

ㅐ (ae)

ㅓ (eo)

ㅔ (e)

ㅗ (o)

ㅜ (u)

ㅡ (eu)

text: For the iotized vowels, which are not shown, the short stroke is simply doubled.

text: Letter design[edit]

text:
Calligraphy

Arabic
Chinese
Filipino
Georgian
Indian
Islamic
Japanese
Korean
Mongolian
Persian
Tibetan
Western

v
t
e

text: Scripts typically transcribe languages at the level of morphemes (logographic scripts like Hanja), of syllables (syllabaries like kana), of segments (alphabetic scripts like the Latin script used to write English and many other languages), or, on occasion, of distinctive features. Hangul incorporates aspects of the latter three, grouping sounds into syllables, using distinct symbols for segments, and in some cases using distinct strokes to indicate distinctive features such as place of articulation (labial, coronal, velar, or glottal) and manner of articulation (plosive, nasal, sibilant, aspiration) for consonants, and iotation (a preceding i-sound), harmonic class and i-mutation for vowels.

text: For instance, the consonant ㅌ t [tʰ] is composed of three strokes, each one meaningful: the top stroke indicates ㅌ is a plosive, like ㆆ ʔ, ㄱ g, ㄷ d, ㅈ j, which have the same stroke (the last is an affricate, a plosive–fricative sequence); the middle stroke indicates that ㅌ is aspirated, like ㅎ h, ㅋ k, ㅊ ch, which also have this stroke; and the bottom stroke indicates that ㅌ is alveolar, like ㄴ n, ㄷ d, and ㄹ l. (This element is said to represent the shape of the tongue when pronouncing coronal consonants, though this is not certain.) Two consonants, ㆁ and ㅱ, have dual pronunciations, and appear to be composed of two elements corresponding to these two pronunciations: [ŋ]~silence for ㆁ and [m]~[w] for obsolete ㅱ.

text: With vowel letters, a short stroke connected to the main line of the letter indicates that this is one of the vowels that can be iotated; this stroke is then doubled when the vowel is iotated. The position of the stroke indicates which harmonic class the vowel belongs to, "light" (top or right) or "dark" (bottom or left). In the modern alphabet, an additional vertical stroke indicates i-mutation, deriving ㅐ [ɛ], ㅔ [e], ㅚ [ø], and ㅟ [y] from ㅏ [a], ㅓ [ʌ], ㅗ [o], and ㅜ [u]. However, this is not part of the intentional design of the script, but rather a natural development from what were originally diphthongs ending in the vowel ㅣ [i]. Indeed, in many Korean dialects,[citation needed] including the standard dialect of Seoul, some of these may still be diphthongs.

text: Some linguists have praised Hangul for its featural design; beyond the fact that the shapes of the letters are related to the features of the sounds they represent, Hangul attracts approval for the fact that vowels are made from vertical or horizontal lines so that they are easily distinguishable from consonants.

text: Although the design of the script may be featural, for all practical purposes it behaves as an alphabet. The letter ㅌ is not read as three letters alveolar aspirated plosive, for instance, but as a single consonant t. Likewise, the former diphthong ㅔ is read as a single vowel e.

text: Beside the letters, Hangul originally employed diacritic marks to indicate pitch accent. A syllable with a high pitch (거성) was marked with a dot (〮) to the left of it (when writing vertically); a syllable with a rising pitch (상성) was marked with a double dot, like a colon (〯). These are no longer used. Although vowel length is still phonemic in Korean, it is no longer written.

text: Consonant design[edit]

text: The consonant letters fall into five homorganic groups, each with a basic shape, and one or more letters derived from this shape by means of additional strokes. In the Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye account, the basic shapes iconically represent the articulations the tongue, palate, teeth, and throat take when making these sounds.

text:
Simple
Aspirated
Tense

velar
ㄱ
ㅋ
ㄲ

fricatives
ㅅ

ㅆ

palatal
ㅈ
ㅊ
ㅉ

coronal
ㄷ
ㅌ
ㄸ

bilabial
ㅂ
ㅍ
ㅃ

text: The Korean names for the groups are taken from Chinese phonetics:

text:
Velar consonants (아음, 牙音 a-eum "molar sounds")

ㄱ g [k], ㅋ k [kʰ]
Basic shape: ㄱ is a side view of the back of the tongue raised toward the velum (soft palate). (For illustration, access the external link below.) ㅋ is derived from ㄱ with a stroke for the burst of aspiration.

Sibilant consonants (fricative or palatal) (치음, 齒音 chieum "dental sounds"):

ㅅ s [s], ㅈ j [tɕ], ㅊ ch [tɕʰ]
Basic shape: ㅅ was originally shaped like a wedge ∧, without the serif on top. It represents a side view of the teeth. The line topping ㅈ represents firm contact with the roof of the mouth. The stroke topping ㅊ represents an additional burst of aspiration.

Coronal consonants (설음, 舌音 seoreum "lingual sounds"):

ㄴ n [n], ㄷ d [t], ㅌ t [tʰ], ㄹ r [ɾ, l]
Basic shape: ㄴ is a side view of the tip of the tongue raised toward the alveolar ridge (gum ridge). The letters derived from ㄴ are pronounced with the same basic articulation. The line topping ㄷ represents firm contact with the roof of the mouth. The middle stroke of ㅌ represents the burst of aspiration. The top of ㄹ represents a flap of the tongue.

Bilabial consonants (순음, 唇音 suneum "labial sounds"):

ㅁ m [m], ㅂ b [p], ㅍ p [pʰ]
Basic shape: ㅁ represents the outline of the lips in contact with each other. The top of ㅂ represents the release burst of the b. The top stroke of ㅍ is for the burst of aspiration.

Dorsal consonants (후음, 喉音 hueum "throat sounds"):

ㅇ ng [ʔ, ŋ], ㅎ h [h]
Basic shape: ㅇ is an outline of the throat. Originally ㅇ was two letters, a simple circle for silence (null consonant), and a circle topped by a vertical line, ㆁ, for the nasal ng. A now obsolete letter, ㆆ, represented a glottal stop, which is pronounced in the throat and had closure represented by the top line, like ㄱㄷㅈ. Derived from ㆆ is ㅎ, in which the extra stroke represents a burst of aspiration.

text: Vowel design[edit]

text: Vowel letters are based on three elements:

text:
A horizontal line representing the flat Earth, the essence of yin.
A point for the Sun in the heavens, the essence of yang. (This becomes a short stroke when written with a brush.)
A vertical line for the upright Human, the neutral mediator between the Heaven and Earth.

text: Short strokes (dots in the earliest documents) were added to these three basic elements to derive the vowel letter:

text: Simple vowels[edit]

text:
Horizontal letters: these are mid-high back vowels.

bright ㅗ o
dark ㅜ u
neutral ㅡ eu (ŭ)

Vertical letters: these were once low vowels.

bright ㅏ a
dark ㅓ eo (ŏ)
neutral ㅣ i

text: Compound vowels[edit]

text: Hangul never had a w, except in Sino-Korean vocabulary. Since an o or u before an a or eo became a [w] sound, and [w] occurred nowhere else, [w] could always be analyzed as a phonemic o or u, and no letter for [w] was needed. However, vowel harmony is observed: "dark" ㅜ u with "dark" ㅓ eo for ㅝ wo; "bright" ㅗ o with "bright" ㅏ a for ㅘ wa:

text:
ㅘ wa = ㅗ o + ㅏ a
ㅝ wo = ㅜ u + ㅓ eo
ㅙ wae = ㅗ o + ㅐ ae
ㅞ we = ㅜ u + ㅔ e

text: The compound vowels ending in ㅣ i were originally diphthongs. However, several have since evolved into pure vowels:

text:
ㅐ ae = ㅏ a + ㅣ i (pronounced [ɛ])
ㅔ e = ㅓ eo + ㅣ i (pronounced [e])
ㅙ wae = ㅘ wa + ㅣ i
ㅚ oe = ㅗ o + ㅣ i (formerly pronounced [ø], see Korean phonology)
ㅞ we = ㅝ wo + ㅣ i
ㅟ wi = ㅜ u + ㅣ i (formerly pronounced [y], see Korean phonology)
ㅢ ui = ㅡ eu + ㅣ i

text: Iotized vowels[edit]

text: There is no letter for y. Instead, this sound is indicated by doubling the stroke attached to the baseline of the vowel letter. Of the seven basic vowels, four could be preceded by a y sound, and these four were written as a dot next to a line. (Through the influence of Chinese calligraphy, the dots soon became connected to the line: ㅓㅏㅜㅗ.) A preceding y sound, called "iotation", was indicated by doubling this dot: ㅕㅑㅠㅛ yeo, ya, yu, yo. The three vowels that could not be iotated were written with a single stroke: ㅡㆍㅣ eu, (arae a), i.

text:
Simple
Iotized

ㅏ
ㅑ

ㅓ
ㅕ

ㅗ
ㅛ

ㅜ
ㅠ

ㅡ

ㅣ

text: The simple iotated vowels are:

text:
ㅑ ya from ㅏ  a
ㅕ yeo from ㅓ  eo
ㅛ yo from ㅗ  o
ㅠ yu from ㅜ  u

text: There are also two iotated diphthongs:

text:
ㅒ yae from ㅐ  ae
ㅖ ye from ㅔ  e

text: The Korean language of the 15th century had vowel harmony to a greater extent than it does today. Vowels in grammatical morphemes changed according to their environment, falling into groups that "harmonized" with each other. This affected the morphology of the language, and Korean phonology described it in terms of yin and yang: If a root word had yang ('bright') vowels, then most suffixes attached to it also had to have yang vowels; conversely, if the root had yin ('dark') vowels, the suffixes had to be yin as well. There was a third harmonic group called "mediating" ('neutral' in Western terminology) that could coexist with either yin or yang vowels.

text: The Korean neutral vowel was ㅣ i. The yin vowels were ㅡㅜㅓ eu, u, eo; the dots are in the yin directions of 'down' and 'left'. The yang vowels were ㆍㅗㅏ ə, o, a, with the dots in the yang directions of 'up' and 'right'. The Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye states that the shapes of the non-dotted letters ㅡㆍㅣ were chosen to represent the concepts of yin, yang, and mediation: Earth, Heaven, and Human. (The letter ㆍ ə is now obsolete except in the Jeju language.)

text: The third parameter in designing the vowel letters was choosing ㅡ as the graphic base of ㅜ and ㅗ, and ㅣ as the graphic base of ㅓ and ㅏ. A full understanding of what these horizontal and vertical groups had in common would require knowing the exact sound values these vowels had in the 15th century.

text: The uncertainty is primarily with the three letters ㆍㅓㅏ. Some linguists reconstruct these as *a, *ɤ, *e, respectively; others as *ə, *e, *a. A third reconstruction is to make them all middle vowels as *ʌ, *ɤ, *a.[41] With the third reconstruction, Middle Korean vowels actually line up in a vowel harmony pattern, albeit with only one front vowel and four middle vowels:

text:
ㅣ *i
 ㅡ *ɯ
 ㅜ *u

 ㅓ *ɤ

 ㆍ *ʌ
 ㅗ *o

 ㅏ *a

text: However, the horizontal letters ㅡㅜㅗ eu, u, o do all appear to have been mid to high back vowels, [*ɯ, *u, *o], and thus to have formed a coherent group phonetically in every reconstruction.

text: Traditional account[edit]

text: The generally accepted account[nb 1][42] on the design of the letters is that the vowels are derived from various combinations of the following three components: ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ. Here, ㆍ symbolically stands for the (sun in) heaven, ㅡ stands for the (flat) earth, and ㅣ stands for an (upright) human. The original sequence of the Korean vowels, as stated in Hunminjeongeum, listed these three vowels first, followed by various combinations. Thus, the original order of the vowels was: ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ ㅗ ㅏ ㅜ ㅓ ㅛ ㅑ ㅠ ㅕ. Note that two positive vowels (ㅗ ㅏ) including one ㆍ are followed by two negative vowels including one ㆍ, then by two positive vowels each including two of ㆍ, and then by two negative vowels each including two of ㆍ.

text: The same theory provides the most simple explanation of the shapes of the consonants as an approximation of the shapes of the most representative organ needed to form that sound. The original order of the consonants in Hunmin Jeong-eum was: ㄱ ㅋ ㆁ ㄷ ㅌ ㄴ ㅂ ㅍ ㅁ ㅈ ㅊ ㅅ ㆆ ㅎ ㅇ ㄹ ㅿ.

text: ㄱ representing the /k/ sound geometrically describes a tongue just before the moment of pronunciation as the tongue blocks the passage of air.

text: ㅋ representing the /kʰ/ sound is derived from ㄱ by adding another stroke.

text: ㆁ representing the /ŋ/ sound may have been derived from ㅇ by addition of a stroke.

text: ㄷ representing the /t/ sound is derived from ㄴ by addition of a stroke.

text: ㅌ representing the /tʰ/ sound is derived from ㄷ by adding another stroke.

text: ㄴ representing the /n/ sound geometrically describes a tongue making contact with an upper palate just before making the "n" sound.

text: ㅂ representing the /p/ sound is derived from ㅁ by adding strokes.

text: ㅍ representing the /pʰ/ sound is a variant of ㅂ, which is obtained by rotating 90 degrees and extending the horizontal strokes.

text: ㅁ representing the /m/ sound geometrically describes a closed mouth before opening the lips.

text: ㅈ representing the /tɕ/ sound is derived from the shape of ㅅ by adding strokes.

text: ㅊ representing the /tɕʰ/ sound is derived from ㅈ by adding another stroke.

text: ㅅ representing the /s/ sound geometrically describes a near contact between the tongue and the teeth.[citation needed]

text: ㆆ representing the /ʔ/ sound geometrically describes an open throat with a bar to indicate that there is an aspiration.

text: ㅎ representing the /h/ sound is derived from ㆆ with the extra stroke representing a stronger flow of the aspiration.

text: ㅇ representing the absence of a consonant geometrically describes an open mouth, which necessarily accompanies the following vowel.

text: ㄹ representing the /ɾ/ and /l/ sounds geometrically describes a backward-bending tongue.

text: ㅿ representing a weak /z/ sound is also derived from the shape of the teeth, but has a different origin than ㅅ[clarification needed] and is not derived from ㅅ by addition of a stroke.

text: Ledyard's theory of consonant design[edit]

text: Although the Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye explains the design of the consonantal letters in terms of articulatory phonetics, as a purely innovative creation, several theories suggest which external sources may have inspired or influenced King Sejong's creation. Professor Gari Ledyard of Columbia University studied possible connections between Hangul and the Mongol 'Phags-pa script of the Yuan dynasty. He believed that the role of 'Phags-pa script in the creation of Hangul was quite limited:

text: It should be clear to any reader that in the total picture, that ['Phags-pa script's] role was quite limited ... Nothing would disturb me more, after this study is published, than to discover in a work on the history of writing a statement like the following: "According to recent investigations, the Korean alphabet was derived from the Mongol's phags-pa script."[43] An affine theory states that the consonants are derived from the shape of the speaker's lips and tongue during the pronunciation of the consonants (initially, at least), but this would appear somewhat to strain credulity.[44]

text: Ledyard posits that five of the Hangul letters have shapes inspired by 'Phags-pa; a sixth basic letter, the null initial ㅇ, was invented by Sejong. The rest of the letters were derived internally from these six, essentially as described in the Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. However, the five borrowed consonants were not the graphically simplest letters considered basic by the Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye, but instead the consonants basic to Chinese phonology: ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅈ, and ㄹ.

text: The Hunmin Jeong-eum states that King Sejong adapted the 古篆 (gojeon, "Gǔ Seal Script") in creating Hangul. The 古篆 has never been identified. The primary meaning of 古 gǔ is "old" ("Old Seal Script"), frustrating philologists because Hangul bears no functional similarity to Chinese 篆字 zhuànzì seal scripts. However, Ledyard believes 古 gǔ may be a pun on 蒙古 Měnggǔ "Mongol", and that 古篆 is an abbreviation of 蒙古篆字 "Mongol Seal Script", that is, the formal variant of the 'Phags-pa alphabet written to look like the Chinese seal script. There were 'Phags-pa manuscripts in the Korean palace library, including some in the seal-script form, and several of Sejong's ministers knew the script well.

text: If this was the case, Sejong's evasion on the Mongol connection can be understood in light of Korea's relationship with Ming China after the fall of the Mongol Yuan dynasty, and of the literati's contempt for the Mongols as "barbarians".

text: According to Ledyard, the five borrowed letters were graphically simplified, which allowed for consonant clusters and left room to add a stroke to derive the aspirate plosives, ㅋㅌㅍㅊ. But in contrast to the traditional account, the non-plosives (ㆁ ㄴ ㅁ ㅅ) were derived by removing the top of the basic letters. He points out that while it is easy to derive ㅁ from ㅂ by removing the top, it is not clear how to derive ㅂ from ㅁ in the traditional account, since the shape of ㅂ is not analogous to those of the other plosives.

text: The explanation of the letter ng also differs from the traditional account. Many Chinese words began with ng, but by King Sejong's day, initial ng was either silent or pronounced [ŋ] in China, and was silent when these words were borrowed into Korean. Also, the expected shape of ng (the short vertical line left by removing the top stroke of ㄱ) would have looked almost identical to the vowel ㅣ [i]. Sejong's solution solved both problems: The vertical stroke left from ㄱ was added to the null symbol ㅇ to create ㆁ (a circle with a vertical line on top), iconically capturing both the pronunciation [ŋ] in the middle or end of a word, and the usual silence at the beginning. (The graphic distinction between null ㅇ and ng ㆁ was eventually lost.)

text: Another letter composed of two elements to represent two regional pronunciations was ㅱ, which transcribed the Chinese initial 微. This represented either m or w in various Chinese dialects, and was composed of ㅁ [m] plus ㅇ (from 'Phags-pa [w]). In 'Phags-pa, a loop under a letter represented w after vowels, and Ledyard hypothesized that this became the loop at the bottom of ㅱ. In 'Phags-pa the Chinese initial 微 is also transcribed as a compound with w, but in its case the w is placed under an h. Actually, the Chinese consonant series 微非敷 w, v, f is transcribed in 'Phags-pa by the addition of a w under three graphic variants of the letter for h, and Hangul parallels this convention by adding the w loop to the labial series ㅁㅂㅍ m, b, p, producing now-obsolete ㅱㅸㆄ w, v, f. (Phonetic values in Korean are uncertain, as these consonants were only used to transcribe Chinese.)

text: As a final piece of evidence, Ledyard notes that most of the borrowed Hangul letters were simple geometric shapes, at least originally, but that ㄷ d [t] always had a small lip protruding from the upper left corner, just as the 'Phags-pa d [t] did. This lip can be traced back to the Tibetan letter d.

text: Obsolete letters[edit]

text: Numerous obsolete Hangul letters and sequences are no longer used in Korean. Some of these letters were only ever used to represent the sounds of Chinese rime tables. Some of the Korean sounds represented by these obsolete letters still exist in some dialects.

text:
13 obsolete consonants: ᄛ, ㅱ, ㅸ, ᄼ, ᄾ, ㅿ, ㆁ (as distinct from ㅇ), ᅎ, ᅐ, ᅔ, ᅕ, ㆄ, ㆆ
10 obsolete double consonants: ㅥ, ᄙ, ㅹ, ᄽ, ᄿ, ᅇ, ᇮ, ᅏ, ᅑ, ㆅ
66 obsolete clusters of two consonants: ᇃ, ᄓ, ㅦ, ᄖ, ㅧ, ㅨ, ᇉ, ᄗ, ᇋ, ᄘ, ㅪ, ㅬ, ᇘ, ㅭ, ᇚ, ᇛ, ㅮ, ㅯ, ㅰ, ᇠ, ᇡ, ㅲ, ᄟ, ㅳ, ᇣ, ㅶ, ᄨ, ㅷ, ᄪ, ᇥ, ㅺ, ㅻ, ㅼ, ᄰ, ᄱ, ㅽ, ᄵ, ㅾ, ᄷ, ᄸ, ᄹ, ᄺ, ᄻ, ᅁ, ᅂ, ᅃ, ᅄ, ᅅ, ᅆ, ᅈ, ᅉ, ᅊ, ᅋ, ᇬ, ᇭ, ㆂ, ㆃ, ᇯ, ᅍ, ᅒ, ᅓ, ᅖ, ᇵ, ᇶ, ᇷ, ᇸ
17 obsolete clusters of three consonants: ᇄ, ㅩ, ᇏ, ᇑ, ᇒ, ㅫ, ᇔ, ᇕ, ᇖ, ᇞ, ㅴ, ㅵ, ᄤ, ᄥ, ᄦ, ᄳ, ᄴ
1 obsolete vowel: ㆍ arae-a
44 obsolete diphthongs and vowel sequences: ᆜ, ᆝ, ᆢ, ᅷ, ᅸ, ᅹ, ᅺ, ᅻ, ᅼ, ᅽ, ᅾ, ᅿ, ᆀ, ᆁ, ᆂ, ᆃ, ㆇ, ㆈ, ᆆ, ᆇ, ㆉ, ᆉ, ᆊ, ᆋ, ᆌ, ᆍ, ᆎ, ᆏ, ᆐ, ㆊ, ㆋ, ᆓ, ㆌ, ᆕ, ᆖ, ᆗ, ᆘ, ᆙ, ᆚ, ᆛ, ᆟ, ᆠ, ㆎ

text: In the original Hangul system, double letters were used to represent Chinese voiced (濁音) consonants, which survive in the Shanghainese slack consonants and were not used for Korean words. It was only later that a similar convention was used to represent the modern "tense" (faucalized) consonants of Korean.

text: The sibilant ("dental") consonants were modified to represent the two series of Chinese sibilants, alveolar and retroflex, a "round" vs. "sharp" distinction (analogous to s vs sh) which was never made in Korean, and was even being lost from southern Chinese. The alveolar letters had longer left stems, while retroflexes had longer right stems:

text:
Original consonants
ㅅ
ㅆ
ㅈ
ㅉ
ㅊ

Chidueum (alveolar sibilant)
ᄼ
ᄽ
ᅎ
ᅏ
ᅔ

Jeongchieum (retroflex sibilant)
ᄾ
ᄿ
ᅐ
ᅑ
ᅕ

text: Most common[edit]

text:
ㆍ ə (in Modern Korean called arae-a 아래아 "lower a"): Presumably pronounced [ʌ], similar to modern ㅓ (eo). It is written as a dot, positioned beneath the consonant. The arae-a is not entirely obsolete, as it can be found in various brand names, and in the Jeju language, where it is pronounced [ɒ]. The ə formed a medial of its own, or was found in the diphthong ㆎ əy, written with the dot under the consonant and ㅣ (i) to its right, in the same fashion as ㅚ or ㅢ.
ㅿ z (bansiot 반시옷 "half s", banchieum 반치음): An unusual sound, perhaps IPA [ʝ̃] (a nasalized palatal fricative). Modern Korean words previously spelled with ㅿ substitute ㅅ or ㅇ.
ㆆ ʔ (yeorinhieut 여린히읗 "light hieut" or doenieung 된이응 "strong ieung"): A glottal stop, "lighter than ㅎ and harsher than ㅇ".
ㆁ ŋ (yesieung 옛이응): The original letter for [ŋ]; now conflated with ㅇ ieung. (With some computer fonts such as Arial Unicode MS, yesieung is shown as a flattened version of ieung, but the correct form is with a long peak, longer than what one would see on a serif version of ieung.)
ㅸ β (gabyeounbieup 가벼운비읍, sungyeongeumbieup 순경음비읍): IPA [f]. This letter appears to be a digraph of bieup and ieung, but it may be more complicated than that. There were three other, less-common letters for sounds in this section of the Chinese rime tables, ㅱ w ([w] or [m]), a theoretical ㆄ f, and ㅹ ff [v̤]; the bottom element appears to be only coincidentally similar to ieung. Whatever its exact shape, it operates somewhat like a following h in the Latin alphabet (one may think of these letters as bh, mh, ph, and pph respectively). Koreans do not distinguish these sounds now, if they ever did, conflating the fricatives with the corresponding plosives.

text: Restored letters[edit]

text: To make Hangul a perfect morphophonological fit to the Korean language, North Korea introduced six new letters, which were published in the New Orthography for the Korean Language and used officially from 1948 to 1954.

text: Two obsolete letters were restored: ⟨ㅿ⟩ (리읃), which was used to indicate an alternation in pronunciation between initial /l/ and final /d/; and ⟨ㆆ⟩ (히으), which was only pronounced between vowels. Two modifications of the letter ㄹ were introduced, one for a ㄹ, which is silent finally, and one for a ㄹ, which doubled between vowels. A hybrid ㅂ-ㅜ letter was introduced for words that alternated between those two sounds (that is, a /b/, which became /w/ before a vowel). Finally, a vowel ⟨1⟩ was introduced for variable iotation.

text: Unicode[edit]

text: Hangul Jamo (U+1100–U+11FF) and Hangul Compatibility Jamo (U+3130–U+318F) blocks were added to the Unicode Standard in June 1993 with the release of version 1.1. The characters were relocated to their present locations in July, 1996 with the release of version 2.0.

text: Hangul Jamo Extended-A (U+A960–U+A97F) and Hangul Jamo Extended-B (U+D7B0–U+D7FF) blocks were added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

text:
Hangul Jamo[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

U+110x
ᄀ
ᄁ
ᄂ
ᄃ
ᄄ
ᄅ
ᄆ
ᄇ
ᄈ
ᄉ
ᄊ
ᄋ
ᄌ
ᄍ
ᄎ
ᄏ

U+111x
ᄐ
ᄑ
ᄒ
ᄓ
ᄔ
ᄕ
ᄖ
ᄗ
ᄘ
ᄙ
ᄚ
ᄛ
ᄜ
ᄝ
ᄞ
ᄟ

U+112x
ᄠ
ᄡ
ᄢ
ᄣ
ᄤ
ᄥ
ᄦ
ᄧ
ᄨ
ᄩ
ᄪ
ᄫ
ᄬ
ᄭ
ᄮ
ᄯ

U+113x
ᄰ
ᄱ
ᄲ
ᄳ
ᄴ
ᄵ
ᄶ
ᄷ
ᄸ
ᄹ
ᄺ
ᄻ
ᄼ
ᄽ
ᄾ
ᄿ

U+114x
ᅀ
ᅁ
ᅂ
ᅃ
ᅄ
ᅅ
ᅆ
ᅇ
ᅈ
ᅉ
ᅊ
ᅋ
ᅌ
ᅍ
ᅎ
ᅏ

U+115x
ᅐ
ᅑ
ᅒ
ᅓ
ᅔ
ᅕ
ᅖ
ᅗ
ᅘ
ᅙ
ᅚ
ᅛ
ᅜ
ᅝ
ᅞ
 HC
F

U+116x
 HJ
F
ᅡ
ᅢ
ᅣ
ᅤ
ᅥ
ᅦ
ᅧ
ᅨ
ᅩ
ᅪ
ᅫ
ᅬ
ᅭ
ᅮ
ᅯ

U+117x
ᅰ
ᅱ
ᅲ
ᅳ
ᅴ
ᅵ
ᅶ
ᅷ
ᅸ
ᅹ
ᅺ
ᅻ
ᅼ
ᅽ
ᅾ
ᅿ

U+118x
ᆀ
ᆁ
ᆂ
ᆃ
ᆄ
ᆅ
ᆆ
ᆇ
ᆈ
ᆉ
ᆊ
ᆋ
ᆌ
ᆍ
ᆎ
ᆏ

U+119x
ᆐ
ᆑ
ᆒ
ᆓ
ᆔ
ᆕ
ᆖ
ᆗ
ᆘ
ᆙ
ᆚ
ᆛ
ᆜ
ᆝ
ᆞ
ᆟ

U+11Ax
ᆠ
ᆡ
ᆢ
ᆣ
ᆤ
ᆥ
ᆦ
ᆧ
ᆨ
ᆩ
ᆪ
ᆫ
ᆬ
ᆭ
ᆮ
ᆯ

U+11Bx
ᆰ
ᆱ
ᆲ
ᆳ
ᆴ
ᆵ
ᆶ
ᆷ
ᆸ
ᆹ
ᆺ
ᆻ
ᆼ
ᆽ
ᆾ
ᆿ

U+11Cx
ᇀ
ᇁ
ᇂ
ᇃ
ᇄ
ᇅ
ᇆ
ᇇ
ᇈ
ᇉ
ᇊ
ᇋ
ᇌ
ᇍ
ᇎ
ᇏ

U+11Dx
ᇐ
ᇑ
ᇒ
ᇓ
ᇔ
ᇕ
ᇖ
ᇗ
ᇘ
ᇙ
ᇚ
ᇛ
ᇜ
ᇝ
ᇞ
ᇟ

U+11Ex
ᇠ
ᇡ
ᇢ
ᇣ
ᇤ
ᇥ
ᇦ
ᇧ
ᇨ
ᇩ
ᇪ
ᇫ
ᇬ
ᇭ
ᇮ
ᇯ

U+11Fx
ᇰ
ᇱ
ᇲ
ᇳ
ᇴ
ᇵ
ᇶ
ᇷ
ᇸ
ᇹ
ᇺ
ᇻ
ᇼ
ᇽ
ᇾ
ᇿ

Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0
2. ᄀ: Hangul jamo with a green background are modern-usage characters which can be converted into precomposed Hangul syllables under Unicode normalization form NFC.
Hangul jamo with a white background are used for archaic Korean only, and there are no corresponding precomposed Hangul syllables.
"Conjoining Jamo Behavior" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. June 2018.

text:
Hangul Jamo Extended-A[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

U+A96x
ꥠ
ꥡ
ꥢ
ꥣ
ꥤ
ꥥ
ꥦ
ꥧ
ꥨ
ꥩ
ꥪ
ꥫ
ꥬ
ꥭ
ꥮ
ꥯ

U+A97x
ꥰ
ꥱ
ꥲ
ꥳ
ꥴ
ꥵ
ꥶ
ꥷ
ꥸ
ꥹ
ꥺ
ꥻ
ꥼ

Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

text:
Hangul Jamo Extended-B[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

U+D7Bx
ힰ
ힱ
ힲ
ힳ
ힴ
ힵ
ힶ
ힷ
ힸ
ힹ
ힺ
ힻ
ힼ
ힽ
ힾ
ힿ

U+D7Cx
ퟀ
ퟁ
ퟂ
ퟃ
ퟄ
ퟅ
ퟆ

ퟋ
ퟌ
ퟍ
ퟎ
ퟏ

U+D7Dx
ퟐ
ퟑ
ퟒ
ퟓ
ퟔ
ퟕ
ퟖ
ퟗ
ퟘ
ퟙ
ퟚ
ퟛ
ퟜ
ퟝ
ퟞ
ퟟ

U+D7Ex
ퟠ
ퟡ
ퟢ
ퟣ
ퟤ
ퟥ
ퟦ
ퟧ
ퟨ
ퟩ
ퟪ
ퟫ
ퟬ
ퟭ
ퟮ
ퟯ

U+D7Fx
ퟰ
ퟱ
ퟲ
ퟳ
ퟴ
ퟵ
ퟶ
ퟷ
ퟸ
ퟹ
ퟺ
ퟻ

Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

text:
Hangul Compatibility Jamo[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

U+313x

ㄱ
ㄲ
ㄳ
ㄴ
ㄵ
ㄶ
ㄷ
ㄸ
ㄹ
ㄺ
ㄻ
ㄼ
ㄽ
ㄾ
ㄿ

U+314x
ㅀ
ㅁ
ㅂ
ㅃ
ㅄ
ㅅ
ㅆ
ㅇ
ㅈ
ㅉ
ㅊ
ㅋ
ㅌ
ㅍ
ㅎ
ㅏ

U+315x
ㅐ
ㅑ
ㅒ
ㅓ
ㅔ
ㅕ
ㅖ
ㅗ
ㅘ
ㅙ
ㅚ
ㅛ
ㅜ
ㅝ
ㅞ
ㅟ

U+316x
ㅠ
ㅡ
ㅢ
ㅣ
  HF
ㅥ
ㅦ
ㅧ
ㅨ
ㅩ
ㅪ
ㅫ
ㅬ
ㅭ
ㅮ
ㅯ

U+317x
ㅰ
ㅱ
ㅲ
ㅳ
ㅴ
ㅵ
ㅶ
ㅷ
ㅸ
ㅹ
ㅺ
ㅻ
ㅼ
ㅽ
ㅾ
ㅿ

U+318x
ㆀ
ㆁ
ㆂ
ㆃ
ㆄ
ㆅ
ㆆ
ㆇ
ㆈ
ㆉ
ㆊ
ㆋ
ㆌ
ㆍ
ㆎ

Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

text: Parenthesised (U+3200–U+321E) and circled (U+3260–U+327E) Hangul compatibility characters are in the Enclosed CJK Letters and Months block:

text:
Hangul subset of Enclosed CJK Letters and Months[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

U+320x
㈀
㈁
㈂
㈃
㈄
㈅
㈆
㈇
㈈
㈉
㈊
㈋
㈌
㈍
㈎
㈏

U+321x
㈐
㈑
㈒
㈓
㈔
㈕
㈖
㈗
㈘
㈙
㈚
㈛
㈜
㈝
㈞

...
(U+3220–U+325F omitted)

U+326x
㉠
㉡
㉢
㉣
㉤
㉥
㉦
㉧
㉨
㉩
㉪
㉫
㉬
㉭
㉮
㉯

U+327x
㉰
㉱
㉲
㉳
㉴
㉵
㉶
㉷
㉸
㉹
㉺
㉻
㉼
㉽
㉾

...
(U+3280–U+32FF omitted)

Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

text: Half-width Hangul compatibility characters (U+FFA0–U+FFDC) are in the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block:

text:
Hangul subset of Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

...
(U+FF00–U+FF9F omitted)

U+FFAx
 HW
HF
ﾡ
ﾢ
ﾣ
ﾤ
ﾥ
ﾦ
ﾧ
ﾨ
ﾩ
ﾪ
ﾫ
ﾬ
ﾭ
ﾮ
ﾯ

U+FFBx
ﾰ
ﾱ
ﾲ
ﾳ
ﾴ
ﾵ
ﾶ
ﾷ
ﾸ
ﾹ
ﾺ
ﾻ
ﾼ
ﾽ
ﾾ

U+FFCx

ￂ
ￃ
ￄ
ￅ
ￆ
ￇ

ￊ
ￋ
ￌ
ￍ
ￎ
ￏ

U+FFDx

ￒ
ￓ
ￔ
ￕ
ￖ
ￗ

ￚ
ￛ
ￜ

...
(U+FFE0–U+FFEF omitted)

Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

text: Hangul in other Unicode blocks:

text:
Tone marks for Middle Korean[45][46][47] are in the CJK Symbols and Punctuation block:  〮 (U+302E),  〯 (U+302F)
11,172 precomposed Hangul syllables make up the Hangul Syllables block (U+AC00–U+D7A3)

text: Morpho-syllabic blocks[edit]

text: Except for a few grammatical morphemes prior to the twentieth century, no letter stands alone to represent elements of the Korean language. Instead, letters are grouped into syllabic or morphemic blocks of at least two and often three: a consonant or a doubled consonant called the initial (초성, 初聲 choseong syllable onset), a vowel or diphthong called the medial (중성, 中聲 jungseong syllable nucleus), and, optionally, a consonant or consonant cluster at the end of the syllable, called the final (종성, 終聲 jongseong syllable coda). When a syllable has no actual initial consonant, the null initial ㅇ ieung is used as a placeholder. (In modern Hangul, placeholders are not used for the final position.) Thus, a block contains a minimum of two letters, an initial and a medial. Although the Hangul had historically been organized into syllables, in the modern orthography it is first organized into morphemes, and only secondarily into syllables within those morphemes, with the exception that single-consonant morphemes may not be written alone.

text: The sets of initial and final consonants are not the same. For instance, ㅇ ng only occurs in final position, while the doubled letters that can occur in final position are limited to ㅆ ss and ㄲ kk.

text: Not including obsolete letters, 11,172 Hangul blocks are possible.

text: Letter placement within a block[edit]

text:
History of the alphabet[show]

Egyptian hieroglyphs 32 c. BCE

Hieratic 32 c. BCE

Demotic 7 c. BCE

Meroitic 3 c. BCE

Proto-Sinaitic 19 c. BCE

Ugaritic 15 c. BCE
Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. BCE

Ge’ez 5–6 c. BCE

Phoenician 12 c. BCE

Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. BCE

Samaritan 6 c. BCE

Libyco-Berber 3 c. BCE

Tifinagh

Paleohispanic (semi-syllabic) 7 c. BCE
Aramaic 8 c. BCE

Kharoṣṭhī 4 c. BCE
Brāhmī 4 c. BCE

Brahmic family (see)

E.g. Tibetan 7 c. CE
Devanagari 10 c. CE

Canadian syllabics 1840

Hebrew 3 c. BCE
Pahlavi 3 c. BCE

Avestan 4 c. CE

Palmyrene 2 c. BCE
Syriac 2 c. BCE

Nabataean 2 c. BCE

Arabic 4 c. CE

N'Ko 1949 CE

Sogdian 2 c. BCE

Orkhon (old Turkic) 6 c. CE

Old Hungarian c. 650 CE

Old Uyghur

Mongolian 1204 CE

Mandaic 2 c. CE

Greek 8 c. BCE

Etruscan 8 c. BCE

Latin 7 c. BCE

Cherokee (syllabary; letter forms only) c. 1820 CE

Runic 2 c. CE
Ogham (origin uncertain) 4 c. CE

Coptic 3 c. CE
Gothic 3 c. CE
Armenian 405 CE
Georgian (origin uncertain) c. 430 CE
Glagolitic 862 CE
Cyrillic c. 940 CE

Old Permic 1372 CE

Hangul 1443 (probably influenced by Tibetan)
Thaana 18 c. CE (derived from Brahmi numerals)

v
t
e

text: The placement or "stacking" of letters in the block follows set patterns based on the shape of the medial.

text: Consonant and vowel sequences such as ㅄ bs, ㅝ wo, or obsolete ㅵ bsd, ㆋ üye are written left to right.

text: Vowels (medials) are written under the initial consonant, to the right, or wrap around the initial from bottom to right, depending on their shape: If the vowel has a horizontal axis like ㅡ eu, then it is written under the initial; if it has a vertical axis like ㅣ i, then it is written to the right of the initial; and if it combines both orientations, like ㅢ ui, then it wraps around the initial from the bottom to the right:

text:
initial
medial

initial

medial

initial
med.
2

med. 1

text: A final consonant, if present, is always written at the bottom, under the vowel. This is called 받침 batchim "supporting floor":

text:
initial
medial

final

initial

medial

final

initial
med.
2

med.

final

text: A complex final is written left to right:

text:
initial
medial

final 1
final 2

initial

medial

final 1
final 2

initial
med.
2

med.

fin. 1
fin. 2

text: Blocks are always written in phonetic order, initial-medial-final. Therefore:

text:
Syllables with a horizontal medial are written downward: 읍 eup;
Syllables with a vertical medial and simple final are written clockwise: 쌍 ssang;
Syllables with a wrapping medial switch direction (down-right-down): 된 doen;
Syllables with a complex final are written left to right at the bottom: 밟 balp.

text: Block shape[edit]

text: Normally the resulting block is written within a square of the same size and shape as a Hanja (Chinese character) by compressing or stretching the letters to fill the bounds of the block; therefore someone not familiar with the scripts may mistake Hangul for Hanja or Chinese.

text: However, some recent fonts (for example Eun,[48] HY깊은샘물M, UnJamo]) move towards the European practice of letters whose relative size is fixed, and use whitespace to fill letter positions not used in a particular block, and away from the East Asian tradition of square block characters (方块字). They break one or more of the traditional rules:

text:
Do not stretch initial consonant vertically, but leave white space below if no lower vowel and/or no final consonant.
Do not stretch right-hand vowel vertically, but leave white space below if no final consonant. (Often the right-hand vowel extends farther down than the left-hand consonant, like a descender in European typography)
Do not stretch final consonant horizontally, but leave white space to its left.
Do not stretch or pad each block to a fixed width, but allow kerning (variable width) where syllable blocks with no right-hand vowel and no double final consonant can be narrower than blocks that do have a right-hand vowel or double final consonant.

text: These fonts have been used as design accents on signs or headings, rather than for typesetting large volumes of body text.

text: Linear Hangul[edit]

text: There was a minor and unsuccessful movement in the early twentieth century to abolish syllabic blocks and write the letters individually and in a row, in the fashion of the European alphabets: e.g. ㅎㅏㄴㄱㅡㄹ for 한글 Hangeul.[49]

text: Avant-garde typographer Ahn Sangsu made a font for the "Hangul Dada" exposition that exploded the syllable blocks; but while it strings out the letters horizontally, it retains the distinctive vertical position each letter would normally have within a block, unlike the century-old linear writing proposals.[50]

text: While Koreans have largely accepted the European-derived conventions of writing successive syllables left-to-right in horizontal lines instead of in vertical columns, adding spaces between words, and European-style punctuation, they rejected eliminating syllabic blocks, the most distinctive feature of this writing system.

text: Orthography[edit]

text: Until the 20th century, no official orthography of Hangul had been established. Due to liaison, heavy consonant assimilation, dialectical variants and other reasons, a Korean word can potentially be spelled in multiple ways. Sejong seemed to prefer morphophonemic spelling (representing the underlying root forms) rather than a phonemic one (representing the actual sounds). However, early in its history Hangul was dominated by phonemic spelling. Over the centuries the orthography became partially morphophonemic, first in nouns and later in verbs. Modern Hangul is as morphophonemic as is practical. The difference between phonetic Romanization, phonemic orthography and morpho-phonemic orthography can be illustrated with the phrase motaneun sarami:

text:
Phonetic transcription and translation:

motaneun sarami
[mo.tʰa.nɯn.sa.ɾa.mi]
a person who cannot do it

Phonemic transcription:

모타는사라미
/mo.tʰa.nɯn.sa.la.mi/

Morphophonemic transcription:

못하는사람이
|mot-ha-nɯn-sa.lam-i|

Morpheme-by-morpheme gloss:

못–하–는
사람=이

mot-ha-neun
saram=i

cannot-do-[attributive]
person=[subject]

text: After the Gabo Reform in 1894, the Joseon Dynasty and later the Korean Empire started to write all official documents in Hangul. Under the government's management, proper usage of Hangul and Hanja, including orthography, was discussed, until the Korean Empire was annexed by Japan in 1910.

text: The Government-General of Korea popularized a writing style that mixed Hanja and Hangul, and was used in the later Joseon dynasty. The government revised the spelling rules in 1912, 1921 and 1930, to be relatively phonemic.

text: The Hangul Society, founded by Ju Si-gyeong, announced a proposal for a new, strongly morphophonemic orthography in 1933, which became the prototype of the contemporary orthographies in both North and South Korea. After Korea was divided, the North and South revised orthographies separately. The guiding text for Hangul orthography is called Hangeul Matchumbeop, whose last South Korean revision was published in 1988 by the Ministry of Education.

text: Mixed scripts[edit]

text: Since the Late Joseon dynasty period, various Hanja-Hangul mixed systems were used. In these systems, Hanja were used for lexical roots, and Hangul for grammatical words and inflections, much as kanji and kana are used in Japanese. Hanja have been almost entirely phased out of daily use in North Korea, and in South Korea they are mostly restricted to parenthetical glosses for proper names and for disambiguating homonyms.

text: Indo-Arabic numerals are mixed in with Hangul, as in 2007년 3월 22일 (22 March 2007). In Korean pop-culture Roman words may be injected for artistic purposes.

text: Latin script and occasionally other scripts may be sprinkled within Korean texts for illustrative purposes, or for unassimilated loanwords. Very occasionally non-Hangul letters may be mixed into Hangul syllabic blocks, as Gㅏ Ga at right.

text: Readability[edit]

text: Because of syllable clustering, words are shorter on the page than their linear counterparts would be, and the boundaries between syllables are easily visible (which may aid reading, if segmenting words into syllables is more natural for the reader than dividing them into phonemes).[51] Because the component parts of the syllable are relatively simple phonemic characters, the number of strokes per character on average is lower than in Chinese characters. Unlike syllabaries, such as Japanese kana, or Chinese logographs, none of which encode the constituent phonemes within a syllable, the graphic complexity of Korean syllabic blocks varies in direct proportion with the phonemic complexity of the syllable.[52] Unlike linear alphabets such as those derived from Latin, Korean orthography allows the reader to "utilize both the horizontal and vertical visual fields".[53] Finally, since Hangul syllables are represented both as collections of phonemes and as unique-looking graphs, they may allow for both visual and aural retrieval of words from the lexicon.

text: Style[edit]

text: Hangul may be written either vertically or horizontally. The traditional direction is from top to bottom, right to left. Horizontal writing in the style of the Latin script was promoted by Ju Si-gyeong, and has become overwhelmingly prevalent.

text: In Hunmin Jeongeum, Hangul was printed in sans-serif angular lines of even thickness. This style is found in books published before about 1900, and can be found in stone carvings (on statues, for example).

text: Over the centuries, an ink-brush style of calligraphy developed, employing the same style of lines and angles as traditional Korean calligraphy. This brush style is called gungche (궁체 宮體), which means "Palace Style" because the style was mostly developed and used by the maidservants (gungnyeo, 궁녀 宮女) of the court in Joseon dynasty.

text: Modern styles that are more suited for printed media were developed in the 20th century. In 1993, new names for both Myeongjo (明朝) and Gothic styles were introduced when Ministry of Culture initiated an effort to standardize typographic terms, and the names Batang (바탕, meaning "background") and Dotum (돋움, meaning "stand out") replaced Myeongjo and Gothic respectively. These names are also used in Microsoft Windows.

text: A sans-serif style with lines of equal width is popular with pencil and pen writing and is often the default typeface of Web browsers. A minor advantage of this style is that it makes it easier to distinguish -eung from -ung even in small or untidy print, as the jongseong ieung (ㅇ) of such fonts usually lacks a serif that could be mistaken for the short vertical line of the letter ㅜ (u).


document_title: I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)

question_text: when did i can only imagine first come out

root

text: I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)

text: Background[edit]

text: "I Can Only Imagine" was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe. Bart Millard, the band's vocalist, lost his father, Arthur Wesley Millard Jr.[1], in 1991. Millard was 18 at the time.[2][3] Millard began writing the words "I can only imagine" on items when he was thinking about his father.[4] During the recording of the band's 1999 independent album The Worship Project, MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album.[5] Millard, alone on a bus in the middle of the night, finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven. Millard attests that "['I Can Only Imagine'] is one of the only songs I have ever written where there wasn't any mistakes, it was just written the way it is and left at that",[5] and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics.[4]

tag: p

text: In writing the music for the song, however, the band faced more difficulty; Millard noted that "at first it was a fast song... it was all these random ideas".[5] Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that, "we were literally tearing down the stuff... [Millard] and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version, so we just tried out a piano intro... it was literally the first thing I played. It wasn't anything to do with me, I think it was just a God thing. [Millard] said 'here it is, this is what's going to happen', and we laid the song down in about five minutes."[5] At that time, the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion, Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar. This line-up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project.[3][6] In 2006, it was included in the 'Platinum Edition' of Almost There.[7]

text: Composition[edit]

text:
I Can Only Imagine

A sample of "I Can Only Imagine". MercyMe's debut single, "I Can Only Imagine" is "a passionate piano-driven ballad. The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God. Delivered with conviction, the song is emotionally compelling".[8]

Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: "I Can Only Imagine" is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds.[8] The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B3–G♯5.[9] The song opens up with only a piano, and builds up to include guitar and drums.[10] Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song.[11] The song was produced by Pete Kipley, who had worked with MercyMe previously[2] as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James, Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster.[12]

text: The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God.[8] Regarding this theme, Millard explained to Fox News that "I was always told that if he could choose, he would rather be in Heaven than here with me. As a Christian I believed that, but as an 18-year-old it was a little hard to swallow. So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there."[2]

text: Release and promotion[edit]

text: "I Can Only Imagine" was re-recorded for their major-label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001.[13] The album was recorded in various locations: Ivy Park, The Indigo Room, Paradise Sound and IBC Studios.[11] The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats; by November, it peaked at number-one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart.[14][15]

text: In 2003, a Dallas mainstream radio station, 100.3 Wild-FM, first played the song on its morning show, The Fitz Radio Program.[3][16][17] They had responded to a caller's repeated requests and the urgings of the program's producer, Todd Sheppard.[2][4] The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station.[17][18] After hearing the song played on the station, Millard called-in and spoke with the crew; MercyMe then came in and played the song live.[17]

text: As other stations around the country caught on, MercyMe's label, INO Records, partnered with Curb Records.[17][19][20] They marketed the single to wider audiences, such as Top 40 radio.[19][20][21] In September, INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single, "I Can Only Imagine/Word of God Speak".[13] The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band's producer, Kipley.[22] Eventually, the song cracked into secular charts, including the Billboard Hot 100[23] and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts.[24]

text: Impact[edit]

text: MercyMe did not expect "I Can Only Imagine" to gain mainstream success, in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven.[16][17] Millard noted that the band joked around about "the top five songs never to cross over,[16] and they had included "I Can Only Imagine" on that list.[16][17] Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio.[17] The song had a significant effect on the band's musical image; in an interview, Millard commented that "We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago. But we kind of became the 'adult contemporary poster child' when 'I Can Only Imagine' took off".[25]

text: Music video[edit]

text: A music video was released for "I Can Only Imagine".[26][27] Millard recalled the video's inspiration: "I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames [at MercyMe concerts] that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way. I've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they've lost. These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that".[27] The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait, Tammy Trent, Bob Herdman, and Jesse Katina, each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one; as the video progresses, they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father's photograph.[27]

text: The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair, shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs. The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy, now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames. The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people, each holding an empty picture frame. As the other instruments join in, the camera comes back to the band, focusing on them before returning to shots of the people, whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives. At the end of the video, the camera returns to the boy, now running down a street with an empty frame, climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame.[26][27]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Critical reception for "I Can Only Imagine" was positive. Steve Losey of Allmusic commented that "[the song] is a passionate piano-driven ballad. The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God. Delivered with conviction, the song is emotionally compelling".[8] Jesus Freak Hideout's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt "The lyrics for the song are amazing. If you haven't listened to the lyrics, because you're afraid of hearing pop music, get over it and listen to it."[28] Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that "The definite highlight on [Almost There] is the worship/ballad 'I Can Only Imagine'... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar. But what makes the song are the lyrics, penned by Bart Millard himself. The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus... It's a song that can't be listened to with eyes open".[10]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "I Can Only Imagine" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76.[23] The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100.[14][23] On the Adult Contemporary chart, "I Can Only Imagine" debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003, with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003; in all, "I Can Only Imagine" spent 30 weeks on the chart.[14][24]

text: On the Adult Top 40 chart, "I Can Only Imagine" debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27, holding that spot for three consecutive weeks; in all, the song spent 26 weeks on the chart.[14][29] On the Mainstream Top 40 chart, the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003, reaching an eventual peak of No. 33.[14][30] On the Country Songs chart, the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003, reaching an eventual peak of No. 52, which it held for two weeks.[31] According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website, "I Can Only Imagine" also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks, No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks,[14][15] and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart.[14]

text: In April 2010, "I Can Only Imagine" was certified platinum by the RIAA, signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads.[32] It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum.[33] The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014.[32] As of March 2018, it has sold 2.5 million copies, making it the best-selling Christian single of all time.[34]

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text: "I Can Only Imagine" earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002; 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'.[35][36] Millard also won 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony.[35][36] In November 2009, the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake-up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS-129.[37]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: The original version of "I Can Only Imagine" was a track on MercyMe's 1999 independent release The Worship Project.[6] In August 2006, both an acoustic and live form (as well as the original 1999 version) were included in the 'Platinum edition' of Almost There.[7] MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album.[38][39] In 2009, two further variants were included on their compilation album 10; a 'symphony version' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra, and a live version.[40]

text: "I Can Only Imagine" has also been covered by several artists.[41] In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song (titled "Imagine" and paired with "Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus") on her album, Legacy... Hymns and Faith.[42] In 2003, Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song;[42][43] Carson's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart.[44] In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song;[42] while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs.[45] The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann.

text: The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins, a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man's syndrome, in which the body's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone, causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place.[46] Dobbins, who died in 2004, sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening, accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips, Craig and Dean. Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary "Suffer the Children."[47] There is also a German version "Ich kann nur davon träumen".

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"I Can Only Imagine" – 4:08 (Bart Millard)[9][41]
"Word of God Speak" – 3:07 (Peter Kipley, Millard)[22][51]

tag: ol

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Date
Territory
Label
Format

2001[13]
United States
INO
Airplay

23 September 2003[13]

INO
Curb

CD

4 January 2005[32]

INO
Epic

Digital

text: Charts and certifications[edit]

text:
Weekly charts

Chart (2001–2002)
Peak
Position

Radio and Records Christian AC[14][15]
1

Radio and Records Christian CHR[14]
15

Chart (2003–2004)
Peak
Position

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[52]
5

US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[53]
27

US Billboard Hot 100[54]
71

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[55]
33

Chart (2012)
Peak
Position

France (SNEP)[56]
65

Chart (2017)
Peak
Position

US Christian Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[57]
1

Chart (2018)
Peak
Position

US Christian Songs (Billboard)[58]
1

US Digital Songs (Billboard)[59]
10

Year-end charts

Chart (2003)
Position

Billboard Adult Contemporary[60][61]
20

Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales[62][63]
24

Chart (2010)
Position

Billboard Christian/Gospel Digital Songs[64]
9

Chart (2011)
Position

Billboard Christian/Gospel Digital Songs[65]
7

Certifications

Country
Certifications
(sales thresholds)

United States
2x Platinum[32]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid. The film was released on March 16, 2018.


document_title: Daylight saving time by country

question_text: when does daylight savings time end in europe

text: Daylight saving time by country

text: Rules as of 2017[edit]

text:
Country/Territory
Continent
Hemisphere
DST start
(adjust clocks forward)
DST end
(adjust clocks backward)
Notes and other mentions[1]

Afghanistan
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK)
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October

Albania
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1940–1943, and since 1974.

Algeria
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1916–1921, in the autumn of 1939, in 1944–1945, 1971, 1977–1978 and 1980–1981 .

American Samoa (US)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Andorra
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST since 1985.

Angola
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Anguilla (UK)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Antigua and Barbuda
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Argentina
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1930–1969, 1974, 1988–2000, 2007–2009.

Armenia
Europe/Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1995, 1997–2011.[2]

Aruba (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Australia
Oceania
Southern
First Sunday October
First Sunday April

Main article: Daylight saving time in Australia
DST used only in Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Lord Howe Island.

Austria
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918, 1920, 1940–1948 (as part of Germany between 1940–1945) and since 1980.

Azerbaijan
Europe/Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1989, 1990–1992 and 1996–2015

Bahamas
North America
Northern
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November
Observed DST since 1964.

Bahrain
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Bangladesh
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST during World War 2 from 1942–1945 as a part of the Bengal Presidency of India. Also observed in 2009.

Barbados
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST from 1977–1980.

Belarus
Europe
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1941–1944, 1981–2010.

Belgium
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1940, 1942–1946 and since 1977.

Belize
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1973–1974 and 1982–1983.

Benin
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Bermuda (UK)
North America
Northern
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November
Observed DST since 1974.

Bhutan
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Bolivia
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1931–1932.

Bonaire (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1916–1918 when it was a part of Austria-Hungary, in 1941–1945 and since 1983 when it was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Botswana
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1943–1944.

Brazil
South America
Southern
Third Sunday October
Third Sunday February

Main article: Daylight saving time in Brazil
DST end delays one week during Carnival week. Only these south and central states use DST: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Federal District Brasilia, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Goiás, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso (some exceptions).[3]

British Virgin Islands (UK)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Brunei
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Bulgaria
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1943–1944 and since 1979.

Burkina Faso
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Burma
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Burundi
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Cambodia
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Cameroon
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Canada
North America
Northern
Second Sunday March at 2:00 a.m. (for most of Canada)
First Sunday November at 2:00 a.m. (for most of Canada)

Main article: Daylight saving time in Canada
Some regions in Quebec, east of 63° west longitude, most of Saskatchewan, and some areas in British Columbia and Nunavut (Southampton Island) do not observe DST. Saskatchewan, however, observes Central Time even though it is located in the Mountain Time Zone, meaning it effectively observes DST year round.[4]

Cape Verde
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1942–1945.

Cayman Islands (UK)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Central African Republic
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Chad
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in winter 1979–1980.

Chile
South America
Southern
Second Sunday August
Second Sunday May
Observed DST in 1927–1946 (excluding Easter Island which observed it in 1932–1946) and from 1968–2015. Chile abolished DST in 2015, and re-introduced it in 2016. Magallanes Province does not use DST since December 2016.

China
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1940–1941,1986–1991.

Christmas Island (AU)
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Cocos Island (AU)
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Colombia
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1992–1993.

Comoros
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Cook Islands
Oceania
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1978–1991.

Congo
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Costa Rica
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1954, 1979–1980 and 1991–1992.

Croatia
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918 when it was a part of Austria-Hungary, in 1941–1945 and since 1983.

Cuba
Central America
Northern
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November
Observed DST in 1928, 1940–1942, 1945–1946 and since 1965.

Curacao (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Cyprus
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST since 1975. The occupied Northern Cyprus doesn't use DST since September 13, 2016.

Czech Republic
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918, 1940–1949 and since 1979.

Democratic Republic of Congo
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Denmark
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916, 1940–1948 and since 1980.

Djibouti
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Dominica
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Dominican Republic
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1966–1967, 1969–1974.

East Timor
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Ecuador
South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Egypt
Africa/Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1940–1945, 1957–2010 and 2014–2015. An attempt to restore daylight saving after Ramadan was rejected by the Egyptian parliament on July 4, 2016 and currently has no plans to use DST in the future.

El Salvador
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1987–1988.

Equatorial Guinea
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Eritrea
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Estonia
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1918, 1940–1944, 1981–1988, 1997–1999 and since 2002.

Ethiopia
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Faroe Islands (DK)
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST since 1981.

Falkland Islands (UK)
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1937–1942 and 1983–2010.

Fiji
Oceania
Southern
First Sunday November
Third Sunday January
Observed DST in 1998–2000 and since 2009.

Finland
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1942 and since 1981.

France
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1945 and since 1976.

French Guyana (FR)
South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

French Polynesia (FR)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

French Southern and Antarctic Lands (FR)
Antarctica
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Gabon
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Gambia
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Georgia
Europe
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–2005.

Germany
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918, 1940–1949, and since 1980.

Ghana
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST from 1936–1942.

Greece
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918 and since 1971.

Greenland (DK)
North America
Northern
Saturday before last Sunday March at 22:00 local time on
Saturday before last Sunday October at 23:00 local time on
Observed DST since 1980.
Follows European Union practice as part of the Kingdom of Denmark, hence start & end times correspond to 01:00 UTC on the respective Sunday. See Daylight saving time in the Americas—Greenland Qaanaaq uses US and Canada rules. Danmarkshavn does not use DST.

Grenada
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Guadeloupe (FR)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Guam (US)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Guatemala
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1973–1974, 1983, 1991 and 2006.

Guernsey (UK)
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1968 and since 1972.

Guinea
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Guinea-Bissau
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Guyana
South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Haiti
Central America
Northern
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November
Observed DST in 1983–1997, 2005–2006, 2012–2015 and since 2017.

Heard and McDonald Islands (AU)
Antarctica
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Holy See
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1916–1920, 1940–1948 and since 1966.

Honduras
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1987–1988 and 2006 .

Hong Kong (CN)
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1941, 1945–1976 and 1979.

Hungary
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1920, 1941–1950, 1954–1957 and since 1980.
The government considered to abolish DST in 2017, moving Hungary to the UTC+2 (EET) year-round,[5] but there are no official plans to do so yet. This would be problematic considering DST switch is coordinated on an EU level.

Iceland
Europe
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1917–1918 and 1939–1968.

India
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST during World War 2, from 1942–1945.

Indonesia
Asia
–
–
–
Jakarta observed DST in 1948–1950.

Iraq
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1982–2007.

Iran
Asia
Northern
March 21–22
September 21–22
Observed DST in 1977–1980, 1991–2005 and since 2008.

Ireland
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1968 and since 1972.

Isle of Man (UK)
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1968 and since 1972.

Israel
Asia
Northern
Friday before last Sunday March
Last Sunday October

Main article: Israel Summer Time
Observed DST in 1940–1946, 1948–1957, 1974–1975 and since 1985.

Italy
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1920, 1940–1948 and since 1966.

Ivory Coast
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Jamaica
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1974–1983.

Japan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1948–1951

Jersey (UK)
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1968 and since 1971.

Jordan
Asia
Northern
Last Friday March
Last Friday October
Observed DST in 1973–1979 and 1985–2011. In 2012 changed time zone to UTC+3, effectively going on permanent DST. Returned to UTC+2 on Dec 20, 2013, and has observed DST since 2014.

Kazakhstan
Asia/Europe
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1990 and 1992–2004.

Kenya
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Kiribati
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Kosovo
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST since 1983.

Kuwait
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Kyrgyzstan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–2005.

Laos
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Latvia
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1918–1919, 1941–1944 and since 1981.

Lebanon
Asia
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1920–1923, 1957–1961, 1972–1978 and since 1984.

Lesotho
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1943–1944.

Liberia
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Libya
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997 and 2012–2013.

Liechtenstein
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST since 1981.

Lithuania
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1941–1944, 1981–1999 and since 2003.

Luxembourg
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1946 and since 1977.

Macau (CN)
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1961–1980.

Macedonia
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1941–1945 and since 1983 when it was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Madagascar
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1954.

Malawi
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Malaysia
Asia
–
–
–
-Observed DST in 1933–1981
The time zone in Malaysia has changed and varied a lot in the past

Maldives
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Mali
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Malta
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1920, 1940–1948 and since 1966.

Marshall Islands
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Martinique (FR)
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1980. Currently does not use DST.

Mauritania
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Mauritius
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1982–1983 and 2008–2009.

Mexico
North America
Northern
First Sunday April
Last Sunday October
Has observed DST since 1996, but Baja California has observed DST since 1942. Sonora discontinued the observance in 1997 and Quintana Roo in 2014. Locations less than 20 km from the US border use US DST.[6]

Micronesia
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Midway (US)
Oceania
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1956.

Moldova
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1932–1944, 1981–1989 and since 1991.

Monaco
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1916–1945 and since 1976.

Mongolia
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1983–1998, 2001–2006 and 2015–2016.

Montenegro
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST 1941–1945 and since 1983 when it was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Montserrat (UK)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Morocco
Africa
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1939–1945, 1950, 1967, 1974, 1974–1976 and since 2008. DST stops during Ramadan.

Mozambique
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Namibia
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1942–1943. Does not use DST but implemented winter time in 1994 in all regions except Zambezi.[7]

DST was removed in 2017.

Nauru
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Nepal
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Netherlands
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1945 and since 1977.

New Caledonia (FR)
Oceania
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1977–1979 and 1996–1997.

New Zealand
Oceania
Southern
Last Sunday September
First Sunday April
Observed DST in 1927–1946 and since 1974.

Nicaragua
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1973–1975, 1979–1980, 1992–1994 and 2005–2006.

Niger
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Nigeria
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Niue
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

North Korea
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Norway
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916, 1940–1945, 1959–1965 and since 1980.
Follows European Union practice, although not a member.

Oman
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Pakistan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1942–1945 as a part of British Raj. Also observed in 2002 and from 2008–2009.

Palau
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Panama
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Papua New Guinea
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Paraguay
South America
Southern
First Sunday October
Fourth Sunday March
Observed DST since 1975. Current start and end dates last updated in 2013.

Peru
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1938–1940, 1986–1987, 1990 and 1994.

Philippines
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1936–1937, 1954, 1978 and 1990.

Pitcairn Islands (UK)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Poland
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1919, 1940–1949, 1957–1964 and since 1977.

Portugal
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1921, 1924, 1926–1929, 1931–1932, 1934–1949, 1951–1965 and since 1977.

Puerto Rico (US)
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1942–1945.

Qatar
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Romania
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1932–1939 and since 1979.

Russia
Asia/Europe
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1917–1919 and 1921 (some areas), 1981–2010. 2011–2014, used permanent DST. In 2014, left permanent DST and switched to permanent standard time.[8]

Rwanda
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saba (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Samoa
Oceania
Southern
Last Sunday September
First Sunday April
Observed DST since 2010.

Saint Barthélemy (FR)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (UK)
Africa/South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saint Lucia
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saint Martin (FR)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR)
North America
Northern
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November
Observed DST since 1987.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

San Marino
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday of October
Observed DST in 1916–1920, 1940–1948 and since 1966.

Sao Tome and Príncipe
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saudi Arabia
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Senegal
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Serbia
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1941–1945 and since 1983 (did not observe DST as part of Yugoslavia, from 1918–1941, and 1945–1983).

Seychelles
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Sierra Leone
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1935–1942 and 1957–1962.

Singapore
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1933–1935 by adding 20 minutes to standard time. On January 1, 1936, country changed their time zone to UTC+07:20.[9]

Sint Eustatius (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Sint Maarten (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Slovakia
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918, 1940–1949 and since 1979.

Slovenia
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918 when it was a part of Austria-Hungary, in 1941–1945 and since 1983.

Solomon Islands
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Somalia
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

South Africa
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1942–1944.

South Georgia Islands (UK)
Antarctica
–
–
–
Does not use DST

South Korea
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1948–1951, 1955–1960 and 1987–1988.

South Sandwich Islands (UK)
Antarctica
–
–
–
Does not use DST

South Sudan
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1970–1985.

Spain
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1917–1919, 1924, 1926–1929, 1937–1946, 1949 and since 1974. On Canary Islands DST observed since 1980.

Sri Lanka
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST during the Second World War, from 1942–1945 just as the rest of the Indian subcontinent.

Sudan
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1970–1985.

Suriname
South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Swaziland
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Sweden
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST 15 May–30 September 1916, in a test run.
Observed DST since 1980.
1980 first Sunday of April to last Sunday of September.
1981–1995 last Sunday of March to last Sunday of September.
Since 1996 last Sunday of March to last Sunday of October.

Switzerland
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1941–1942 and since 1981.
Follows European Union practice, although not a member.

Syria
Asia
Northern
Last Friday March
Last Friday October
Observed DST in 1920–1923, 1962–1968 and since 1983.

Tajikistan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1991.

Taiwan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1945–1962, 1974, 1975 and 1979.

Tanzania
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Thailand
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Tokelau (NZ)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Togo
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Tonga
Oceania
Southern
First Sunday November
Third Sunday January
Observed DST from 1999–2002. Re-introduced in 2016.

Trinidad and Tobago
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Tunisia
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1939–1945, 1977–1978, 1988–1990 and 2005–2008.

Turkey
Europe/Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1916, 1920–1922, 1924–1925, 1940–1942, 1945–1951, 1962, 1964, 1970–1983 and 1985–2016.
Followed European Union practice, although was not a member. In 2016, Turkey joined the UTC+3 timezone.

Turkmenistan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1991.

Tuvalu
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Turks and Caicos (UK)
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1979–2014.

Uganda
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Ukraine
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1941–1943, 1981–1989 and since 1992.

United Arab Emirates
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

United Kingdom
Europe
Northern
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC

Main article: British Summer Time
Observed DST (commonly referred to as British Summer Time (BST)) since 1916.
Year-round Summer Time (BST) + Double Summer Time (BDST) 1940–1945. Two-stage Double Summer Time (BDST) 1947. Year-round Summer Time (BST) 1968–1971.

United States
North America
Northern
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November

Main article: Daylight saving time in the United States
Arizona (except the Navajo Nation Community) and Hawaii do not use DST.[4]

United States Virgin Islands (US)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Uruguay
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1923–1926, 1933–1943, 1959–1960, 1965–1970, 1972, 1974–1980, 1987–1993 and 2004–2015.[10]

Uzbekistan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1991.

Vanuatu
Oceania
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1983–1993.

Venezuela
South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Vietnam
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Wallis and Futuna (FR)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Western Sahara
Africa
Northern
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST since 2008. DST is stopped during Ramadan. Only areas controlled by Morocco uses DST.

Yemen
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Zambia
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Zimbabwe
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST