document_title: Triangular trade

question_text: what did the european export from the caribbean

text: Triangular trade

text: Atlantic triangular slave trade[edit]

text:
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text: The best-known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade, that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers, with the northern colonies of British North America, especially New England, sometimes taking over the role of Europe.[1] The use of African slaves was fundamental to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe. European goods, in turn, were used to purchase African slaves, who were then brought on the sea lane west from Africa to the Americas, the so-called Middle Passage.[2]

text: A classic example is the colonial molasses trade. Sugar (often in its liquid form, molasses) from the Caribbean was traded to Europe or New England, where it was distilled into rum. The profits from the sale of sugar were used to purchase manufactured goods, which were then shipped to West Africa, where they were bartered for slaves. The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters. The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar, which was shipped to Europe, restarting the cycle. The trip itself took five to twelve weeks.

text: The first leg of the triangle was from a European port to Africa, in which ships carried supplies for sale and trade, such as copper, cloth, trinkets, slave beads, guns and ammunition.[3] When the ship arrived, its cargo would be sold or bartered for slaves. On the second leg, ships made the journey of the Middle Passage from Africa to the New World. Many slaves died of disease in the crowded holds of the slave ships. Once the ship reached the New World, enslaved survivors were sold in the Caribbean or the American colonies. The ships were then prepared to get them thoroughly cleaned, drained, and loaded with export goods for a return voyage, the third leg, to their home port,[4] from the West Indies the main export cargoes were sugar, rum, and molasses; from Virginia, tobacco and hemp. The ship then returned to Europe to complete the triangle.

text: However, because of several disadvantages that slave ships faced compared to other trade ships, they often returned to their home port carrying whatever goods were readily available in the Americas and filled up a large part or all of their capacity with ballast. Other disadvantages include the different form of the ships (to carry as many humans as possible, but not ideal to carry a maximum amount of produce) and the variations in the duration of a slave voyage, making it practically impossible to pre-schedule appointments in the Americas, which meant that slave ships often arrived in the Americas out-of-season. When the ships did reach their intended ports, only about 90% of the passengers survived the journey across the middle passage. Due to the slaves being transported in tight, confined spaces, a small percentage of the group that started perished at the hands of disease and lack of nourishment.[5] Cash crops were transported mainly by a separate fleet which only sailed from Europe to the Americas and back mitigating the impact the slaves involvement brought forth. The Triangular trade is a trade model, not an exact description of the ship's route.[6]

text: A 2017 study provides evidence for the hypothesis that the export of gunpowder technology to Africa increased the transatlantic slave trade by making it easier for Africans to enslave each other: "A one percent increase in gunpowder set in motion a 5-year gun-slave cycle that increased slave exports by an average of 50%, and the impact continued to grow over time."[7]

text: New England[edit]

text: New England also benefited from the trade, as many merchants from New England, especially the state of Rhode Island, replaced the role of Europe in the triangle. New England also made rum from the Caribbean sugar and molasses, which it shipped to Africa as well as within the New World.[8] Yet, the "triangle trade" as considered in relation to New England was a piecemeal operation. No New England traders are known to have completed a sequential circuit of the full triangle, which took a calendar year on average, according to historian Clifford Shipton.[9] The concept of the New England Triangular trade was first suggested, inconclusively, in an 1866 book by George H. Moore, was picked up in 1872 by historian George C. Mason, and reached full consideration from a lecture in 1887 by American businessman and historian William B. Weeden.[10] The song "Molasses to Rum" from the musical 1776 vividly describes this form of the triangular trade.

text: Other triangular trades[edit]

text: The term "triangular trade" also refers to a variety of other trades.

text:
A trade pattern which evolved before the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain, the Colonies of British North America, and British colonies in the Caribbean. This typically involved exporting raw resources, such as fish (especially salt cod), agricultural produce or lumber, from British North American colonies to slaves and planters in the West Indies; sugar and molasses from the Caribbean; and various manufactured commodities from Great Britain.[11]
The shipment of Newfoundland salt cod and corn from Boston in British vessels to southern Europe.[12] This also included the shipment of wine and olive oil to Britain.
A new "sugar triangle" developed in the 1820s and 1830s whereby American ships took local produce to Cuba, then brought sugar or coffee from Cuba to the Baltic coast (Russian Empire and Sweden), then bar iron and hemp back to New England.[13]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ About.com: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Accessed 6 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Triangular Trade". National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade Archived 2012-01-03 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed 28 March 2007.
Jump up ^ A. P. Middleton, Tobacco Coast.
Jump up ^ "Death Toll From The Slave Trade". World Future Fund. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Emmer, P.C.: The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880. Trade, Slavery and Emancipation. Variorum Collected Studies Series CS614, 1998.
Jump up ^ Whatley, Warren C. (2017). "The Gun-Slave Hypothesis and the 18th Century British Slave Trade". Explorations in Economic History. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2017.07.001.
Jump up ^ Slavery in Rhode Island Slavery in the North Accessed 11 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Curtis, Wayne. And a Bottle of Rum. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006–2007. ISBN 978-0-307-33862-4. page 117.
Jump up ^ Curtis, Wayne. And a Bottle of Rum. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006–2007. ISBN 978-0-307-33862-4. p. 119.
Jump up ^ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997. ISBN 0-8027-1326-2.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Kenneth. Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-521-33017-3. pp. 64–77.
Jump up ^ Chris Evans and Göran Rydén, Baltic Iron in the Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century : Brill, 2007 ISBN 978-90-04-16153-5, 273.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Mississippian sites

question_text: what is the second largest indian mound in north america

root

text: List of Mississippian sites

text: This is a list of Mississippian sites. The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, inland-Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 CE to 1500 CE, varying regionally.[1]  Its core area, along the Mississippi River, stretched from sites such as Cahokia in modern Illinois, to Mound Bottom in Tennessee, to the Winterville site in the state of Mississippi. Temple mound complexes further extend from Aztalan in Wisconsin to Crystal River in Florida, and from Fort Ancient now in Ohio to Sprio in Oklahoma, while Mississippian cultural influences extended as far north and west, as modern North Dakotahi.[2]

tag: p

text:
Site

Image

Description

Adams Site

Located near Hickman in Fulton County, Kentucky, it consists of a 7.25 hectare village area built over the remains of a Late Woodland village with a central group of platform mounds around a central plaza and another smaller plaza area to the southwest of the largest mound, occupied during the Medley(1100 to 1300) and Jackson(1300 to 1500) Phases of the local chronology.[3]

Adamson Mounds Site

Located near Camden, Kershaw County, South Carolina. It is a prehistoric Native American village site containing one large platform mound, a smaller mound, possibly a third still smaller mound, and a burial area. Lamar, Irene, or Pee Dee and dates between 1400 and 1700.[4]

Angel Mounds

A chiefdom in southern Indiana near Evansville.

Ashworth Archaeological Site

An archaeological site of the Caborn-Welborn variant of the Mississippian culture.

Avery Site

A multimound and village site, now destroyed, located in Troup County, Georgia east of the Chattahoochee River.[5]

Aztalan State Park

A small Mississippian chiefdom in Wisconsin, the northern edge of the greater Mississippian culture

Battle Mound Site

Located in Lafayette County, Arkansas in the Great Bend region of the Red River basin and has the largest mound of the Caddoan Mississippian culture

Beasley Mounds Site

Also known as the Dixon Springs Mound Site, located at the confluence of Dixon Creek and the Cumberland River near the unincorporated community of Dixon Springs in Smith County, Tennessee. More examples of Mississippian stone statuary have been found at the site than any other in the Middle Tennessee area.[6]

Beaverdam Creek Archaeological Site

A single mound and village site now inundated by the Richard B. Russell Reservoir in Elbert County, Georgia approximately 0.8 km from the creek's confluence with the Savannah River. Abandoned sometime after 1300 CE.[7]

Belcher Mound Site

A Caddoan site located in Caddo Parish, Louisiana[8] in the Red River Valley 20 miles north of Shreveport[9] and about one-half mile east of the town of Belcher, Louisiana[10]

Bell Field Mound Site

A South Appalachian Mississippian single mound site located on the western bank of the Coosawattee River below the Coosawatee’s junction with Talking Rock Creek. The site, along with the Sixtoe Mound and Little Egypt site were destroyed by the construction of Carters Dam in the 1970s.[11]

Boyd Mounds Site

A site from the Late Woodland and later Mississippian culture located in Madison County, Mississippi near Ridgeland. It is located at mile 106.9 on the old Natchez Trace, now the Natchez Trace Parkway.[12]

Brentwood Library Site

Also known as the Jarman Farm Site, it is a village and associated burial area located in Brentwood, Tennessee. It was occupied during the Thurston Phase of the local chronology and artifacts from the site have been radiocarbon dated to 1298 to 1465 CE.[13]

Brick Church Mound and Village Site

A multi-mound palisaded village site located in Nashville in Davidson County, Tennessee[14]

Bussell Island

An island at the mouth of the Little Tennessee River in Loudon County, Tennessee, believed to have been the location "Coste," visited by de Soto in 1540

Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site

Also known as the George C. Davis Site (41CE19), a Caddoan Mississippian site located in Cherokee County, Texas 26 miles west of Nacogdoches, Texas on Texas State Highway 21 near its intersection with U.S. Route 69 in the Piney Woods region of east Texas

Cahokia

Near East St. Louis, Illinois, Cahokia was the largest and most influential of the Mississippian mound centers and the largest Pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico. Discoveries found at the massive site include the largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the Americas (Monks Mound), evidence of copper working (Mound 34), astronomy (Cahokia Woodhenge), and ritual retainer burials (Mound 72).

Campbell Archeological Site

The Campbell Archeological Site ( 23 PM 5), is a site in Southeastern Missouri occupied by the Late Mississippian Period Nodena Phase  from 1350 to 1541 CE.

Castalian Springs Mound Site

In Castalian Springs, Tennessee, the site was once home to a substantial Mississippian-period (1000-1400 CE) village with 12 known mounds at the site.

Chauga Mound

A South Appalachian Mississippian single mound and village site located on the northern bank of the Tugaloo River 1,200 feet (370 m) north of the mouth of the Chauga River in Oconee County, South Carolina now inundated by Lake Hartwell.[15]

Chucalissa Indian Village

The site is a Walls Phase Mississippian site dating back to the 15th century, located in the city of Memphis in West Tennessee and was occupied, abandoned and reoccupied several times throughout its history, spanning from 1000 to 1550 CE.

Citico (Hamilton County, Tennessee)

In the Coosa confederacy, the site of a large Mississippian mound dating back to the 15th century, located in the city of Chattanooga on Citico Creek. The town was occupied, abandoned and reoccupied several times throughout its history, spanning from 1000 (Muscogee) to 1778 (Cherokee) ce.

Cloverdale archaeological site

An important archaeological site near St. Joseph, Missouri. It is located at the mouth of a small valley that opens into the Missouri River. It was occupied by Kansas City Hopewell (ca. 100 to 500 CE) peoples and later by Mississippian influenced Steed-Kisker peoples(ca. 1200 CE). Because of the many Cahokia style projectile points found at the site, it is believed to have been a trade partner or outpost of the much larger Cahokia polity.[16]

Crystal River Archaeological State Park

[2]

Dickson Mounds

A settlement site and burial mound complex near Lewistown, Illinois in Fulton County on a low bluff overlooking the Illinois River. The site is named in honor of chiropractor Don Dickson, who began excavating it in 1927 and opened a private museum that formerly operated on the site.[17]

Dyar site

A single mound and village site located in Greene County, Georgia inhabited almost continuously from 1100 to 1600 CE and now submerged under Lake Oconee.[18]

Eaker Site

The site is the largest and most intact Late Mississippian Nodena Phase village site within the Central Mississippi Valley.[19]

Emerald Mound and Village Site

A Middle Mississippian period archaeological site located near Lebanon, Illinois. The platform mound is the second-largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in Illinois, after Monk's Mound at Cahokia.

Emerald Mound Site

A Plaquemine Mississippian period archaeological site located on the Natchez Trace Parkway near Stanton, Mississippi. The site dates from the period between 1200 and 1730 CE. The platform mound is the second-largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the country, after Monk's Mound at Cahokia

Emmons Cemetery Site

A Middle Mississippian culture site located in Kerton Township, Fulton County, Illinois, on the edge of a bluff overlooking the Illinois River to its east. The location was a used as a cemetery and several unique and rare items were found interred with the burials.[20] The burials were in several small burial mounds located on the lower slope. The cemetery area measures about 50 feet (15 m) square.[21]

Etowah Indian Mounds

One of the major Mississippian chiefdoms, belonging to the South Appalachian Mississippian culture, located in Georgia, believed by some to be a long-standing antagonist of the Moundville polity.

Fewkes Group Archaeological Site

Located in the city of Brentwood, in Williamson County, Tennessee. The 15-acre site consists of the remains of a Late Mississippian culture mound complex and village roughly dating to 1050-1475 CE.[22] The site, which sits on the western bank of the Little Harpeth River, has five mounds, some used for burials and others, including the largest, were ceremonial platform mounds.[23]

Fort Walton Mound

The Fort Walton Mound was built about 1300 CE by Fort Walton Culture. Located in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, near the intersection of State Road 85 and U.S. Route 98, in the Florida Panhandle.

Garden Creek site

Two Pisgah Phase villages, occupied from 600–1200 CE, and three mounds (31Hw1-3) in Haywood County, North Carolina

Grand Village of the Natchez

The main village of the Natchez people, with three mounds. A Plaquemine Mississippian period archaeological site used and maintained into historic times

Holly Bluff Site

Type site for the Lake George phase of the Plaquemine culture, on the southern margin of the Mississippian cultural advance down the Mississippi River and on the northern edge of the Cole's Creek and Plaquemine cultures of the South

Hoojah Branch Site

A South Appalachian Mississippian single mound and village site located in Rabun County, Georgia about one mile east of Dillard, Georgia in the Chattahoochee National Forest.

Hovey Lake-Klein Archeological Site

A Caborn-Welborn site, located on the west bank of Hovey Lake, a backwater lake near the Ohio River close to its confluence with the Wabash River. The site was an extensive village occupation dating between 1400-1650 CE.

Jaketown Site

A site with two in Humphreys County, Mississippi dating from roughly 1100 CE to 1500 CE, located along Mississippi Highway 7 approximately seven miles north of Belzoni. The largest platform mound at the site, Mound B, is 23 feet (7.0 m) in height with a base of 150 feet (46 m) by 200 feet (61 m). It has a projection on its eastern side that is thought to have been a ramp once used as a stairway. To its northeast is Mound C, another platform mound with a height of 15 feet (4.6 m).[24]

Jere Shine Site

A South Appalachian Mississippian culture multimound and village site located near the confluence of the Tallapoosa and Coosa rivers in modern Montgomery County, Alabama and likely occupied from 1400–1550 CE. In addition to its Mississippian-era Shine I-phase, it is the largest settlement associated with the Shine II-phase of the lower Tallapoosa River.[25]

Joara

The largest chiefdom in North Carolina at contact; also possibly the furthest northeastern Mississippian chiefdom center, near Morganton

Joe Bell Site

A village site occupied during the local Duvall Phase and Bell Phases of the South Appalachian Mississippian period and located south of the mouth of the Apalachee River on the western bank of the Oconee River and now submerged under Lake Oconee.[26]

Jordan Mounds

A multi-mound site (16 MO 1) in Morehouse Parish, Louisiana near Oak Ridge, Louisiana.[27] The site was constructed during the protohistoric period between 1540 and 1685.[28]

Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site

A major Mississippian mound center in southern Illinois across the Ohio River from Paducah, Kentucky

King Archaeological Site

A 5 acres (0.020 km2) Lamar Phase village located on the eastern bank of Coosa River in Hardin County, Tennessee. The site was a satellite village associated with the Coosa chiefdom.[29]

Lamar Mounds and Village Site

Type site for the Lamar Phase, located on the banks of the Ocmulgee River in Bibb County, Georgia and several miles to the southeast of the Ocmulgee Mound Site. Both mound sites are part of the Ocmulgee National Monument, a national park and historic district created in 1936 and run by the National Park Service.[30] Historians and archaeologists have theorized that the site may be the location of the main village of the Ichisi encountered by the Hernando de Soto expedition in 1539.[31]

Letchworth Mounds

A Fort Walton Culture Florida State Park located approximately six miles west of Monticello, a half mile south of U.S. 90, in northwestern Florida. It contains the state's tallest ceremonial mound (46 feet), estimated to have been built 1100 to 1800 years ago.

Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park

The site is one of the most important sites in Florida, a former chiefdom and ceremonial center of the Fort Walton Culture. The complex originally included six mounds, a constructed plaza and numerous individual village residences. Located in the Florida Panhandle, it is in northern Tallahassee, on the south shore of Lake Jackson.

Liddell Archeological Site

Located in Wilcox County, Alabama, it covers 50 acres (20 ha) and shows evidence of human occupation from 9000 BCE to 1800 CE. It is best known for its Mississippian artifacts from the Burial Urn Culture period. The Liddell, Stroud, and Hall families donated the site to Auburn University after its discovery.[32]

Little Egypt site

Located in Murray County, Georgia, near the junction of the Coosawattee River and Talking Rock Creek. It was destroyed during the construction of the Dam of Carters Lake in 1972. It was situated between the Ridge and Valley and Piedmont sections of the state in a flood plain.[33]

Long Swamp Site

Located in Cherokee County, Georgia on the north shore of the Etowah River near St Rt 372. The site consists of a South Appalachian Mississippian village with a palisade and a platform mound.[34]

Mandeville Site

A multimound and village site located in Clay County, Georgia and now submerged  under Walter F. George Lake, which is a part of the Chattahoochee River basin. Occupied during the Middle Woodland period by Early Swift Creek culture and later by peoples of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture.[35]

Mangum Mound Site

A Plaquemine site in Claiborne County, Mississippi, located at milepost 45.7 on the Natchez Trace Parkway. An avian themed repoussé Mississippian copper plates was discovered there in 1936.[36]

Marshall Site

An Early Mississippian site located near Bardwell in Carlisle County, Kentucky, on a bluff spur overlooking the Mississippi River floodplain. It was occupied from about 900 to about 1300 CE during the James Bayou Phase of the local chronology and abandoned sometime during the succeeding Dorena Phase.[37] A large village site with evidence of once having had platform mound and earthworks.[38]

Menard-Hodges Site

In Arkansas, it includes two large mounds as well as several house mounds, possibly the Province of Anilco encountered by the Hernando de Soto Entrada in 1540.[39]

Mitchell Archaeological Site

A site in Davison County, South Dakota, near Mitchell, South Dakota. Mitchell Site is the only reliably dated site (c. 1000) pertaining to the Lower James River Phase (Initial Variant) of the migration of late Mississippian culture to the Middle Missouri Valley. It is distinctive for its evidence relating mortuary practices to other intra-site practices.

Mound Bottom

The complex in Cheatham County, Tennessee consists of ceremonial and burial mounds, a central plaza, and habitation areas, built between 950 and 1300 CE

Moundville Archaeological Site

Ranked with Cahokia as one of the two most important sites at the core of the classic Mississippian culture,[40] located near Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

Murphy Mound Archeological Site

The Murphy Mound Archeological Site ( 23-PM-43 ), is an archaeological site in Southeastern Missouri occupied from 1350 to 1541 CE.

Nacoochee Mound

An earthen mound on the banks of the Chattahoochee River in White County, in the northeast part of the state of Georgia, at the junction of Georgia Highways 17 and 75.

Nikwasi

A South Appalachian Mississippian single mound and village site and was the site of a historic era Cherokee town located on the Little Tennessee River at the location of present-day Franklin, North Carolina.[41]

Nodena Site

Type site for a Late Mississippian Nodena Phase, which dates from about 1400-1700 CE, believed by many archaeologists to be the province of Pacaha visited by Hernando de Soto in 1542.[39]

Ocmulgee National Monument

A South Appalachian Mississippian chiefdom, the site was used by the Creek peoples into historic times

Old Town Archaeological Site

Village site along the Natchez Trace on the banks of the Harpeth River in Franklin, Tennessee. Occupancy dated from approximately 900 to 1450 CE.

Parkin Archeological State Park

The type site for the Late Mississippian Parkin Phase, believed by many archaeologists to be the province of Casqui visited by Hernando de Soto in 1542.[39]

Prather Site

Located on a loess-capped upland ridge 4.9 kilometres (3.0 mi) west of the Ohio River and 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) east of Silver Creek in the Falls of the Ohio region in Clark County, Indiana. It was the principal ceremonial center of the Prather Complex, the northeastern most regional variant of the Middle Mississippian culture. It also bordered on several Upper Mississippian cultures, including the Fort Ancient peoples of Southern Indiana, Southern Ohio and Northeastern Kentucky.[42]

Punk Rock Shelter

A rock shelter found in Putnam County, Georgia and now inundated by Lake Oconee. The only known site producing a large collection of vessels from the Lamar Phase and Savannah Phase in the Oconee Valley.[43]

Rembert Mounds

A South Appalachian Mississippian multi-mound and village site located in Elbert County, Georgia in the area that is now under Lake Strom Thurmond on the Savannah River.[44]

Riverview Mounds Archaeological Site

A Middle Mississippian multi-mound and village site located in Montgomery County, Tennessee just south of Clarksville on the Cumberland River.[45]

Rowlandton Mound Site

Located in Paducah in McCracken County, Kentucky, on the edge of an old oxbow lake a little south of the Ohio River. The site was occupied from about 1100 to about 1350 CE, the 3 hectare site has a large platform mound and an associated village area.[46]

Sellars Indian Mound

A single mound site located near Lebanon, Tennessee from about 1000 CE until 1300 CE

Shiloh Indian Mounds Site

Shiloh Indian Mounds Site is an archaeological site of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture. Located beside the Tennessee River on the grounds of the Shiloh National Military Park, it was inhabited from around 1000 CE until it was abandoned in approximately 1450 CE.[47] Because it has been included within the national military park for so long it has not been disturbed by modern farming. Remains of the original structures of wattle and daub are still visible as low rings or mounds. It is one of the few places in the eastern U.S. where such remains are visible.[48][49]

Sixtoe Mound

A single mound and village site located in Murray County, Georgia and excavated by Arthur Randolph Kelly from 1962-1965 as a part of the Carters Dam project conducted for the National Park Service by the University of Georgia.[50]

Slack Farm

Slack Farm is a site of the Caborn-Welborn culture(a Late Mississippian variant) located near Uniontown, Kentucky close to the confluence of the Ohio River and the Wabash River. The site included a mound and an extensive village occupation dating between 1400-1650 CE.

Spiro Mounds

One of the best-studied archaeological centers of Mississippian culture; a number of significant artifacts were recovered, though looters made off with many of them; located in eastern Oklahoma

Sugarloaf Mound

The sole remaining Mississippian platform mound in St. Louis, Missouri. The mound covers three city blocks, measures approximately 40 feet in height, 100 feet north/south and 75 feet east/west.

Summerour Mound Site

A South Appalachian Mississippian single mound and village site located in Forsyth County, Georgia, formerly on a floodplain of the Chattahoochee River in northern Georgia but now submerged under Lake Lanier.[51]

Swallow Bluff Island Mounds

The northernmost outpost of the Shiloh polity, located near Saltillo on an island in the Tennessee River in Hardin County, Tennessee. The site featured two platform mounds, a plaza and a village area.[52]

Travellers Rest (Nashville, Tennessee)

In 1799, the two story structure with four rooms was built by Judge John Overton (1766–1833). Overton originally named the property Golgotha after the large number of prehistoric skulls that were unearthed while digging the cellar of the house. Archaeologists now know that these remains were part of a large Mississippian village site. In 1996 a modern barn structure was built and 13 stone coffins were discovered, also dating back to the Mississippians. Overton changed the name of the plantation to Travellers Rest in the early 19th century to reflect the recreational effect his home had on him after the long rides on horseback that he had to undertake as a circuit judge.[53]

Tolu Site

A three mound site near the unincorporated community of Tolu, Crittenden County, Kentucky. It was built and occupied between 1200-1450 CE.[54] Tolu Site is part of the Angel Phase of the Mississippian period.

Towosahgy State Historic Site

A Mississippian chiefdom in southeastern Missouri

Town Creek Indian Mound

A Mississippian chiefdom in North Carolina, generally attributed to the historic Pee Dee (tribe)

Turk Site

located near Bardwell in Carlisle County, Kentucky, on a bluff spur overlooking the Mississippi River floodplain. The 2.5 hectare site was occupied during the Dorena Phase(1100 to 1300 CE) and into the Medley Phase(1300-1500 CE) of the local chronology.[55] Its inhabitants may have moved from the Marshall Site, which is located on the nearest adjacent bluff spur. The layout of the site is characteristically Mississippian, with a number of platform mounds surrounding a plaza.[56][38]

Twin Mounds Site

Also known as the Nolan Site, it is located near Barlow in Ballard County, Kentucky, just north of the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The site consists of two large platform mounds around a central plaza and a large 2 metres (6.6 ft) thick midden area.[57]

Welborn Village Archeological Site

Also known as the Murphy's Landing Site, this site is an archaeological site of the Caborn-Welborn culture.

Wickliffe mounds

A chiefdom on a bluff top in the far western Kentucky town of Wickliffe

Wilbanks Site

A Late South Appalachian Mississippian single mound and village site in Cherokee County, Georgia once located about midway between the towns of Cartersville, Georgia to the west, and Canton, Georgia to the east on the south bank of the Etowah River, but now submerged underneath Lake Allatoona.[58]

Winterville Site

The type site for the Winterville phase of the Plaquemine Mississippian culture.

tag: table


document_title: Social class in ancient Rome

question_text: what were the two classes of roman society

text: Social class in ancient Rome

text: Patricians and plebeians[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the Roman Kingdom and the early Roman Republic the most important division in Roman society was between the patricians and the plebeians. The patricians were a small elite whose ancestry was traced to the first Senate established by Romulus,[3] who monopolised political power. The plebeians comprised the majority of Roman citizens (see below). Adult males who were not Roman citizens, whether free or slave, fall outside this division. Women and children were also not citizens, but took the social status of their father or husband, which granted them various rights and protections not available to the women and children of men of lower rank.

text: The common assumptions that the patricians and the Roman elite were one and the same throughout the history of ancient Rome, and that all plebeians were of non-elite status throughout the history of ancient Rome, are entirely incorrect. From the Late Republic era onward many members of the elite, including an increasing proportion of senators, came from plebeian families. The first Roman Emperor, Augustus, was of plebeian origin, as were many of his successors. By the Late Empire, few members of the Senate were from the original patrician families, most of which had died out. Rome continued to have a hierarchical class system, but it was no longer dominated by the distinction between patricians and plebeians.

text: Originally, all public offices were open only to patricians, and the classes could not intermarry. Plebeians and Patricians were always at odds due to the fact that Plebeians wanted to increase their power.[4] A series of social struggles (see Conflict of the Orders) saw the plebs secede from the city on three occasions, the last in 297 BCE, until their demands were met. They won the right to stand for office, the abolition of the intermarriage law, and the creation of office of tribune of the plebs. This office, founded in 494 BCE as a result of a plebeian secession, was the main legal bulwark against the powers of the patrician class, and only plebeians were eligible. The tribunes originally had the power to protect any plebeian from a patrician magistrate. Later revolts forced the Senate to grant the tribunes additional powers, such as the right to veto legislation. A tribune’s person was sacrosanct, and he was obliged to keep an open house at all times while in office. Some patricians, notably Clodius Pulcher in the late 60s BCE, petitioned to be assigned plebeian status, in order to accumulate the political influence among the people that the office of tribune afforded. The conflict between the classes came to a climax in 287 BCE when patricians and plebeians were declared equal under the law.

text: Following these changes the distinction between patrician and plebeian status became less important, and by the Late Republic the only patrician prerogatives were certain priesthoods. Over time, some patrician families declined, some plebeian families rose in status, and the composition of the ruling class changed. A plebeian who was the first of his line to become consul was known as a novus homo (“new man”), and he and his descendants became “noble” (nobiles). Notable examples of novi homines are the seven-time consul Marius, and Cicero, whose rise was unusual in that it was driven by his oratorical and intellectual abilities rather than, as with Marius, military success. During the Empire, patricius became a title of nobility bestowed by emperors.[5][6]

text: Property-based classes[edit]

text: The census divided citizens into six complex classes based on property. The richest were the senatorial class, who during the Late Republic had to be worth at least 400,000 sestertii, the same as the equites; when Augustus reformed the senate during the first years of the Principate, he raised the property requirement to 1,000,0000 sestertii.[7] The wealth of the senatorial class was based on ownership of large agricultural estates, and by custom members did not engage in commercial activity.

text: Below the senatores in rank, but above others were the equites (“equestrians” or “knights”), with 400,000 sestertii, who could engage in commerce and formed an influential business class. Certain political and quasi-political positions were filled by equites, including tax farming and, under the Principate, leadership of the Praetorian Guard. Below the equites were three more classes of property-owning citizens; and lastly the proletarii, whose property was valued below 11,000 asses.[8]

text:
Analysis of Roman Centuriate Organisation 509-241 BCE *[9]

Class
Census property rating
money (property)

Electoral
assembly
votes per
person
Military Equipment
(self-supplied)

Patricians (historical aristocracy)

Senatores
400,000 sestertii (1,000,0000 sestertii)

Equites**
400,000 sestertii

Horse, ...

Plebeians (commoners)

First
100,000 As (100 iugera)
2
Helm, round shield, cuirass, greaves, sword, and spear.

Second
75,000 As (75 iugera)
1
Helm, round shield, greaves, sword and spear.

Third
50,000 As (50 iugera)
1
Helm, oblong shield, sword and spear.

Fourth
25,000 As (25 iugera)
1
Oblong shield, Spear or Sword, Javelin

Fifth
11,000 As (11 iugera)
12,500 As (12 iugera)
1
Slings or Javelins (velites)

Proles (landless poor)

Proletarii
below 11,000 asses

Fleets (oarsmen)

* This was the system of the Centuriate Assembly and was the practice of the Servian constitution. Information arranged by Tim Cornell based on the works of Livy, Polybius, and Dionysius of Hallicarnasus.
For a contrasting version of the same or similar data, see the table in the Equites article.

** The equites class was available for both plebeians and patricians, and favored by ambitious young men in both groups.

At the period this was valid 1 Denarius was worth about 10 As; Luuk de Ligt puts the value of an iugerium at 1,000 As or 100 denarii as a recommended baseline because values fluctuate a lot and because of many factors.[10]

text: Citizenship[edit]

text: Women[edit]

text: Free-born women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office.[11] The form of Roman marriage called conubium, for instance, requires that both spouses be citizens; like men from towns granted civitas sine suffragio, women eligible for legal marriage were citizens without suffrage. The legal status of a mother as a citizen affected her son's citizenship.[12] The phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos (“children born of two Roman citizens”) indicates that a Roman woman was regarded as having citizen status, in specific contrast to a peregrina.

text: Latin Right[edit]

text: The Latin Right was a form of citizenship with limited rights. It was conferred originally on the allied towns of Latium in the Republican era, and gradually extended to communities throughout the Empire. Latin citizens had rights, but not the vote, although their leading magistrates could become full citizens.

text: Peregrini[edit]

text: Free-born foreign subjects were known as peregrini, and special laws existed to govern their conduct and disputes. These distinctions continued until 212 CE, when Caracalla extended full Roman citizenship to all free-born men in the empire.

text: Slaves[edit]

text: Slaves (servi) were not citizens, and lacked even the legal standing accorded free-born foreigners. For the most part, slaves descended from debtors and from prisoners of war, especially women and children captured during sieges and other military campaigns in Greece, Italy, Spain, and Carthage. In the later years of the Republic and into the Empire, more slaves came from newly conquered areas of Gaul, Britain, North Africa, and Asia Minor. Many slaves were created as the result of Rome's conquest of Greece, but Greek culture was considered in some respects superior to that of Rome: hence Horace's famous remark Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Captured Greece took her savage conqueror captive"). The Roman playwright Terence is thought to have been brought to Rome as a slave. Thus slavery was regarded as a circumstance of birth, misfortune, or war; it was defined in terms of legal status, or rather the lack thereof, and was neither limited to or defined by ethnicity or race, nor regarded as an inescapably permanent condition.

text: Slaves who lacked skills or education performed agricultural or other forms of manual labor. Those who were violent or disobedient, or who for whatever reason were considered a danger to society, might be sentenced to labor in the mines, where they suffered under inhumane conditions. Slaves subjected to harsh labor conditions also had few if any opportunities to obtain their freedom.

text: Since slaves were legally property, they could be disposed of by their owners at any time. All children born to female slaves were slaves. Some slave owners, as for instance Tacitus,[citation needed] freed slaves whom they believed to be their natural children. Slaves who had the education or skills to earn a living were often manumitted upon the death of their owner as a condition of his will. Slaves who conducted business for their masters were also permitted to earn and save money for themselves, and some might be able to buy their own freedom.

text: Over time, legislation was passed to protect the lives and health of slaves. Although many prostitutes were slaves, for instance, the bill of sale for some slaves stipulated that they could not be used for commercial prostitution.[13]

text: Freed men[edit]

text: Freed men (libertieu) were freed slaves, whose free-born children were full citizens. The status of liberti developed throughout the Republic as their number increased. Livy states[citation needed] that freedmen in the Early Republic mainly joined the lower classes of the plebeians. Juvenal, writing during the Empire when financial Freedmen were often highly educated and made up the bulk of the civil service during the early Empire. The Augustan poet Horace was himself the child of a freedman from Venusia in southern Italy. Many became enormously wealthy as the result of bribes, fraud, or other forms of corruption, or were given large estates by the Emperor they served.[citation needed] Other freedmen engaged in commerce, amassing vast fortunes often only rivalled by those of the wealthiest nobiles. Many of the Satires of Juvenal contain angry denouncements of the pretensions of wealthy freedmen, some 'with the chalk of the slave market still on their heel'. Juvenal saw these successful men as nouveaux riches who were far too ready to show off their (often ill-gotten) wealth. Another famous caricature is seen in the absurdly extravagant character of Trimalchio in Satyricon. The majority of freedmen, however, joined the plebeian classes, and often worked as farmers or tradesmen.


document_title: America's Got Talent (season 12)

question_text: who made it to the finals in america's got talent 2017

question_tokens: who made it to the finals in america 's got talent 2017

text: America's Got Talent (season 12)

text: Season changes[edit]

text: On October 4, 2016, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019.[10]

text: Long-time host Nick Cannon announced, on February 13, 2017, that he would not return as host for the twelfth season, soon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his 2017 Showtime comedy special, Stand Up, Don't Shoot.[11] Cannon was still under contract to host, and NBC executives did not initially accept his resignation, but they ultimately searched for a new host.[12][13]

text: On March 12, 2017, NBC announced supermodel and host Tyra Banks as the host for Season 12.[3]

text: Preliminary auditions[edit]

text: The season had preliminary open call auditions in Chicago, Austin, Cleveland, Jacksonville, Philadelphia, Las Vegas, San Diego, New York City, Charleston, Memphis, and Los Angeles.[14] As in years past, prospective contestants could also submit online auditions.

text: Judges' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles. The premiere aired May 30, 2017.[citation needed]

text: Golden buzzer[edit]

text: The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season. Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round. In the first episode of preliminary auditions, Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12-year-old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer. In subsequent episodes, Simon Cowell pressed it for 29-year-old deaf singer Mandy Harvey, Howie Mandel chose 16-year-old former blind singer Christian Guardino, Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew, and Heidi Klum chose 13-year-old singer Angelina Green.[15]

text: Each Judge Cuts act that received a golden buzzer advanced to the live shows without any voting by the judges. During the Judge Cuts round, guest judges Chris Hardwick pressed his golden buzzer for 9-year old singer Angelica Hale, DJ Khaled pressed it for 21-year old singer-songwriter and guitarist Chase Goehring, Laverne Cox pressed it for 9-year old singer Celine Tam, and Seal pressed it for soul singer Johnny Manuel.[15]

text: Death of Brandon Rogers[edit]

text: On June 11, 2017, contestant Brandon Rogers died in an automobile accident. Rogers was an American physician who specialized in family medicine. Earlier in 2017, after seeing YouTube videos of Rogers singing, Boyz II Men invited him to sing with them as a guest in three of their Las Vegas shows. His successful AGT audition aired on July 11, 2017, in his memory.[16] He competed in the Judge Cuts round, but his performance in that round was not televised.[17]

text: Judge Cuts[edit]

text: The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday, July 18, 2017. Like the previous season, one guest judge joined the judges' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows. Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced, including the guest judge's golden buzzer choice. Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use. Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition. The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick, DJ Khaled, Laverne Cox, and Seal.

text: After the Judge Cuts, three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows: Final Draft, Bello Nock and Oskar and Gaspar (who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round). All three of these acts were eliminated in the Quarterfinals.

text:
Key
 Buzzed
 Golden buzzer

  Advanced

  Quarterfinal Wildcard

  Eliminated

  Eliminated Immediately

  Advanced Immediately

text: Week 1[edit]

text: Guest judge: Chris Hardwick

text: Date: July 18, 2017

text:
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result

Cowell
Klum
Hardwick
Mel B
Mandel

Sara and Hero
1
Dog Act

Advanced

The Baker Family
2
Bluegrass Band

Eliminated

Mariachi Nuevo Santander
3
Mariachi Group

Eliminated

The Masqueraders
4
Vocal Group

Advanced

Eric Jennifer
5
Comedian

Eliminated

Harrison Greenbaum
6
Comedian

Eliminated

Dancing Pumpkin Man
7
Dancer

Eliminated

Tom London
8
Close-Up Magician

Eliminated

Eric Jones
9
Close-Up Magician

Advanced

Angelica Hale
10
Singer

Advanced Immediately

Danylo and Oskar
11
Acrobat Duo

Eliminated

Lera and Nika Tomanova
12
Aerial Duo

Eliminated

Yosein Chi
13
Hand Balancer

Eliminated

Darcy Callus
14
Singer And Keyboardist

Eliminated

Carlos De Antonis
15
Opera Singer

Eliminated

Canion Shijirbat
16
Digital Dancer

Eliminated

Just Jerk
17
Hip-Hop Dance Group

Advanced

Maw Kitty
18
Singer

Eliminated

The Singing Trump
19
Singing Trump Impersonator

Advanced

Demian Aditya
20
Escape Artist

Advanced

text: Week 2[edit]

text: Guest judge: DJ Khaled

text: Date: July 25, 2017

text: As of 2017, this is the only Judge Cuts episode in the show's history in which an act with at least one "X" buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows. This was also the only Judge Cuts episode of the season in which an act received 4 red buzzers.

text:
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result

Cowell
Klum
Khaled
Mel B
Mandel

Sammulous
1
Cabaret Singer

Eliminated

Steven Scott
2
Comedian

Eliminated

The Quiddlers
3
Novelty Puppet Group

Eliminated

Str8jacket
4
Dance Group

Eliminated

Solto & T Dot
5
Dance Duo

Eliminated

Junior and Emily
6
Salsa Dance Duo

Advanced

Jokgu and Aichan
7
Piano-Playing Chickens

Eliminated Immediately

Dakota Striplin
8
Singer and Guitarist

Eliminated

Chase Goehring
9
Singer and Guitarist

Advanced Immediately

Azeri Brothers
10
Danger Act

Eliminated

The Godfathers
11
Acrobat Group

Eliminated

Tulga
12
Strongman

Eliminated

Mirror Image
13
Vocal/Dance Duo

Advanced

Evie Clair
14
Singer

Advanced

Kyle Eschen
15
Magician

Eliminated

Xavier Mortimer
16
Digital Magician

Eliminated

Colin Cloud
17
Mentalist

Advanced

Pelican212
18
Family Band

Eliminated

Puddles Pity Party
19
Singing Clown

Advanced

Yoli Mayor
20
Singer

Advanced

text: Week 3[edit]

text: Guest judge: Laverne Cox

text: Date: August 1, 2017

text: This was the first Judge Cuts episode in which no acts received a red buzzer from any of the judges.

text:
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result

Cowell
Klum
Cox
Mel B
Mandel

Oscar Hernandez
1
Dancer

Advanced

Tony and Jordan
2
Digital Magicians

Eliminated

The Naked Magicians
3
Magicians

Eliminated

Jeki Yoo
4
Magician

Eliminated

Herbie Russ
5
Singer And Saxophonist

Eliminated

Mike Yung
6
Singer

Advanced

5 Alive
7
Boy Band

Eliminated

Final Draft
8
R&B Vocal Group

Quarterfinal Wild Card

Brobots & Mandroidz
9
Hip-Hop Dance Group

Advanced

Marisa McKaye
10
Singer

Eliminated

Celine Tam
11
Singer

Advanced Immediately

Aileen George
12
Pole Dancer

Eliminated

Shemika Charles
13
Limbo Dancer

Eliminated

Jay Jay Phillips
14
Comedic Keyboardist

Eliminated

Diavolo
15
Acrobatic Dance Group

Advanced

Jonathan Rinny
16
Balancing Acrobat

Eliminated

Bello Nock
17
Comedic Daredevil

Quarterfinal Wild Card

Daniel Ferguson
18
Singing Impressionist

Eliminated

Preacher Lawson
19
Comedian

Advanced

Billy & Emily England
20
Extreme Rollerskating Duo

Advanced

text: Week 4[edit]

text: Guest judge: Seal

text: Date: August 8, 2017

text:
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result

Cowell
Klum
Seal
Mel B
Mandel

Artyon & Paige
1
Dance Duo

Advanced

Britt Saasen
2
Singer

Eliminated

In The Stairwell
3
A Capella Group

Advanced

Will Tsai
4
Visualist

Eliminated

Henry Richardson
5
Magician

Eliminated

Elena and Sasha
6
Acrobatic Duo

Eliminated

Lost Legends
7
Dance Group

Eliminated

Nick Uhas
8
Scientist

Eliminated

Veronica Gonzalez
9
Foot Puppeteer

Eliminated

Sirqus Alfon
10
Comedy Trio

Eliminated

DaNell Daymon & Greater Works
11
Gospel Choir

Advanced

Pompeyo Family Dogs
12
Dog Act

Advanced

Johnny Manuel
13
Singer

Advanced Immediately

Maria Popazov
14
Hand Balancer / Contortionist

Eliminated

Maxim Popazov
15
Hand Balancer

Eliminated

German Cornejo Dance Company
16
Dance Group

Eliminated

The Honeybee-z Plus
17
Dance Group

Eliminated

Merrick Hanna
18
Dancer

Advanced

Kechi Okwuchi
19
Singer

Advanced

Brandon Rogers
N/A
Singer

Did Not Advance[note 1][17]

text: Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died, but his performance was omitted from the episode.

text: Quarterfinals[edit]

text: The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 15, 2017. They featured the nine golden buzzer acts, the 24 other acts promoted during the Judge Cuts round, and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges. Twelve acts performed each week, with results announced the on following nights; each week seven acts were sent through to the semifinals.[18] Puddles Pity Party and Mirror Image received an "X" in the Quarterfinals. Demian Aditya received "X's" by Mel B and Cowell in the second Quarterfinals.

text:
Key
 Buzzed

  Advanced

 Judges' Choice

  Won Judges' Choice

  Lost Judges' Choice

  Dunkin' Save

  Judges' Wildcard

text: Week 1 (August 15–16)[edit]

text: Guests: Grace VanderWaal, August 16[19]

text:
Act
Order
Performance Type
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel

Christian Guardino
1
Singer

Dunkin' Save

Artyon & Paige
2
Dancing Duo

Eliminated

In The Stairwell
3
A Cappella Group

Advanced

The Singing Trump
4
Singing Donald Trump Impersonator

Eliminated

Angelica Hale
5
Singer

Advanced

Bello Nock
6
Comedic Daredevil

Eliminated

Just Jerk1
7
Hip-Hop Dance Group

Lost Judges' Choice

Puddles Pity Party
8
Singing Clown

Eliminated

Preacher Lawson
9
Comedian

Advanced

Yoli Mayor1
10
Singer

Won Judges' Choice

Billy & Emily England
11
Extreme Rollerskating Duo

Advanced

Darci Lynne Farmer
12
Singing Ventriloquist

Advanced

text: ^1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges' Choice, Yoli Mayor was announced to have received more of America's votes than Just Jerk, and she advanced to the semi-finals.

text: Week 2 (August 22–23)[edit]

text: Guests: Circus 1903, August 23[20]

text:
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel

Brobots & Mandroidz
1
Hip-Hop Dance Group

Eliminated

Celine Tam
2
Singer

Advanced

Mirror Image
3
Vocal Dance Duo

Eliminated

Johnny Manuel
4
Singer

Advanced

Merrick Hanna
5
Dancer

Advanced

Eric Jones1
6
Close-up Magician

Won Judges' Choice

The Masqueraders1
7
Vocal Group

Lost Judges' Choice

Light Balance2
8
Light-Up Dance Group

Advanced

Evie Clair
9
Singer

Dunkin' Save

Demian Aditya3
10
Escape Artist

Eliminated

Pompeyo Family Dogs
11
Dog Act

Wild Card

Mandy Harvey
12
Singer-Songwriter/Ukulelist

Advanced

text: ^1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges' Choice, Eric Jones was announced to have received more of America's votes than The Masqueraders, and he advanced to the semi-finals.

text: ^2 Due to a technical issue, Light Balance's performance was based on their dress rehearsal.[21]

text: ^3 Another technical issue occurred when the sealed box Aditya was in didn't fall as planned.[22]

text: Week 3 (August 29–30)[edit]

text: Guests: Mat Franco, Piff the Magic Dragon, and Jon Dorenbos, August 30[23][24]

text:
Act
Order
Performance Type
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result

Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel

DaNell Daymon & Greater Works
1
Gospel Choir

Won Judges' Choice

Junior and Emily Alabi
2
Salsa Dance Duo

Eliminated

Final Draft
3
Vocal Group

Eliminated

Oscar Hernandez
4
Dancer

Eliminated

Angelina Green
5
Singer

Lost Judges' Choice

Colin Cloud
6
Mentalist

Dunkin' Save

Mike Yung
7
Singer

Advanced

Oskar and Gaspar
8
Videomapping Act

Eliminated

Sara and Hero 1
9
Dog Act

Advanced

Chase Goehring
10
Singer-Songwriter/Guitarist

Advanced

Diavolo
11
Acrobatic Dance Group

Advanced

Kechi Okwuchi
12
Singer

Advanced

text: ^1 Sara added another dog named Loki in her act. Loki performed throughout the rest of the competition.

text: Semifinals[edit]

text: The live semifinals started on September 5, 2017. They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals, plus the judges' semifinal wildcard pick. Each week, eleven acts performed; five went through to the finals, and six were eliminated. No acts were buzzed.

text:
Key

  Advanced

 Judges' Choice

  Won Judges' Choice

  Lost Judges' Choice

  Dunkin' Save

text: Week 1 (September 5–6)[edit]

text: Guests: The Clairvoyants[25]

text:
Act
Order
Performance Description
Judges' choices
Result

Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel

Yoli Mayor
1
Singer; performed "Say You Won't Let Go" by James Arthur

Eliminated

Eric Jones
2
Close-up magician: The judges are seated on the stage. A $2 bill in Eric's hand turns into 4 coins. Simon hands him a signed hundred-dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins. He shakes the coins together between his palms, and one of the coins disappears. Eric gives Heidi the three coins, asks her to focus on one of them, and makes that coin disappear. Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger, and when he drops them, only one coin remains. Eric then places it onto Mel B's hand, teleports it to her shoulder, and that coin disappears as well. All four coins are found under Simon's 100-dollar bill, and Eric changes them into the $2 bill.

Lost Judges' Choice

DaNell Daymon & Greater Works1
3
Gospel choir; performed "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" by Aerosmith

Eliminated

Preacher Lawson
4
Comedian; laments being single, explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend, Tyra, and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring. He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4-year-old cousin calling him ugly.

Advanced

Johnny Manuel
5
Singer; performed an original song called "Blind Faith"

Eliminated

Billy and Emily England
6
Extreme rollerblading duo: rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around. Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons.

Eliminated

Evie Clair
7
Singer; performs "Yours" by Ella Henderson

Dunkin' Save

Sara & Hero
8
Dog act: Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she "revives" and they play volleyball together. Guest performer Loki, Sara's younger dog, circles backwards around a standing Hero, who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees. Sara and Loki get on a surfboard, and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero. The act ends with Loki in Sara's arms.

Advanced

Chase Goehring1
9
Singer-songwriter/Guitarist; performed an original song called "What Is Love".

Won Judges' Choice

Darci Lynne Farmer
10
Singing ventriloquist's puppet, Edna Doorknocker, complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump, while gushing about Simon. She then sings "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" by Aretha Franklin to him, eventually cuddling a blushing Simon.

Advanced

Mike Yung1
11
Singer; performed "Don't Give Up on Me" by Solomon Burke

Eliminated

text: ^1 Chase Goehring, DaNell Daymon & Greater Works, and Mike Yung were not initially announced as performing on week one of semifinals.

text: Week 2 (September 12–13)[edit]

text:
Act
Order
Performance Description
Judges' choices
Result

Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel

Celine Tam
1
Singer; performed "How Far I'll Go" from Moana.

Eliminated

Colin Cloud
2
Mentalist; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public, each listing a random celebrity, city and object, on cards (each containing a couple dozen of the tweets) distributed to the live audience members. Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random. Mel B selected one card from these, and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random, which contained a unique list: Ellen, Rome, cheese. Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list. A picture on stage, when flipped upside down, gave the same list in reverse order.

2

Lost Judges' Choice

Christian Guardino
3
Singer; performed "What's Going On" by Marvin Gaye.

Eliminated

In the Stairwell
4
A Cappella Group; performed "Castle on the Hill" by Ed Sheeran

Eliminated

Merrick Hanna1
5
Dancer; performed robot-themed urban dance routine that involved some flying.

Eliminated

Mandy Harvey1
6
Singer; performed an original song, "Release Me", while translating the song into American Sign Language.

Advanced

Pompeyo Family Dogs
7
Dog Act; dogs of varying sizes, dressed as Arctic/Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins, performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs, sometimes in size order, leaping through hoops and over humans, jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder.

Eliminated

Diavolo
8
Acrobatic Dance Group; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully, or climbing on, and leaping from, various moving, transforming apparatuses, with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme.

2

Won Judges' Choice

Kechi Okwuchi
9
Singer; performed "Don't Worry About Me" by Frances.

Dunkin' Save

Light Balance
10
Light-Up Dance Group; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect.

Advanced

Angelica Hale
11
Singer; performed "Without You" by David Guetta

Advanced

text: ^1 Merrick Hanna and Mandy Harvey were switched to perform on Week 2 although they were on the Week 1 promo.

text: ^2 Klum's voting intention was not revealed.

text: Finals[edit]

text: The final performances took place on September 19, followed by the final results show on September 20, 2017. No acts were buzzed.

text:
Key

  Advanced to the top 5

  Top 10

text:
Act
Order
Performance Description
Result

Angelica Hale
1
Singer; performed "Symphony" by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson.
Advanced

Chase Goehring
2
Singer-Songwriter/Guitarist; performed an original song called "Mirror".
Top 10

Sara and Hero
3
Dog Act; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button. Hero danced around Sara's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero. Hero balanced on Sara's feet and put his front legs in the air. Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube, then Loki jumped rope, with Sara and Hero holding the ends. Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara, then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through. The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone.
Advanced

Diavolo
4
Dance/Acrobat Crew; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing, jumping and sliding on ramps. They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus, climbing on and leaping off of it, and catching each other, with themes of fire and thunder in the background.
Top 10

Evie Clair
5
Singer; performed "What a Wonderful World" by Louis Armstrong.
Top 10

Preacher Lawson
6
Stand-Up Comedian; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed "Black Power" despite being white. He said the man asked to borrow $75, and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs. He then performed an energetic physical bit, imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over. He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke, others say, "How long is he gonna do this for?"
Top 10

Kechi Okwuchi
7
Singer; performed "Conqueror" by Estelle.
Top 10

Darci Lynne Farmer
8
Singing Ventriloquist; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals. The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of "With a Little Help from My Friends" by The Beatles.
Advanced

Mandy Harvey
9
Singer-Songwriter/Ukeleleist; performed an original song called "This Time".
Advanced

Light Balance
10
Light-Up Dance Group; urban dance with chromatic lights. At the beginning, echoing the group's past performances, a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair (Preliminary auditions), followed by a werewolf (Quarterfinals) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half, although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined, and ended with a person resembling a video game character (Semifinals).
Advanced

text: Finale[edit]

text: Guest performers in the finale included Kelly Clarkson, Shania Twain, James Arthur, Derek Hough and Terry Fator.[8] Other celebrity appearances included Marlee Matlin.[26]

text: The following chart describes the acts, appearances and segments presented during the finale.

text:
Act(s)
Performance Description

Angelica Hale & Kechi Okwuchi
Singers; Guest performer Kelly Clarkson sang, with the two contestants, a trio of her song "Stronger".

Chase Goehring
Singer-Songwriter/Guitarist; Guest performer James Arthur sang a duet with Goehring of his song '"Say You Won't Let Go".

Sara and Hero
Dog Act; Instead of performing an act, Sara worked to train the Judges' dogs to perform several tricks.

Diavolo
Dance/Acrobat Crew; performed in a space-like setting with asteroids crashing into each other in the background and the dancers jumping off of a moon-like structure.

Evie Clair
Singer; Guest performer James Arthur performed a duet with Clair of her song "Okay Day".

Preacher Lawson
Comedian; Clips were shown of Lawson performing at the Laugh Factory with Judge Howie Mandel and Kevin Nealon.

Darci Lynne Farmer
Singing Ventriloquist; Guest performer Terry Fator, with his turtle puppet, Winston, joked around with Farmer and her bunny, Petunia. The two puppets then performed the comic song "Anything You Can Do".

Mandy Harvey
Singer-Songwriter/Ukeleleist; Guest performer Shania Twain sang a duet with Harvey of Twain's song "You're Still The One".

Light Balance
Light-Up Dance Group; Guest performer Derek Hough led the group in a dance routine similar to the group's preliminary auditions routine.

text:
Key

  1st place (Winner)

  2nd place (Runner-up)

  3rd place

  4th place

  5th place

text:
Act
Result

Darci Lynne Farmer
Winner

Angelica Hale
Runner-Up

Light Balance
3rd place

Mandy Harvey
4th place

Sara and Hero
5th place

text: Top 36 acts[edit]

text:
Key
     Winner
     Runner-up
     Third Place
     Top 5
     Finalist
     Semifinalist (lost judges' vote)
     Semifinalist (lost audience vote)
     Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote)
     Quarterfinalist (lost audience vote)
 Golden buzzer (Auditions)
 Golden buzzer (Judge Cuts)
 Judges' wild card (quarterfinals)
 Judges' wild card (semifinals)

text:
Name of Act
Age(s)
Genre
Act
Hometown
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Result

Darci Lynne Farmer
12
Comedy & Singing
Singing Ventriloquist
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
1
1
Winner

Angelica Hale
9
Singing
Singer
Atlanta, Georgia
1
2
Runner-Up

Light Balance
22-36
Dance
Light-Up Dance Group
Ukraine
2
2
3rd Place

Mandy Harvey
29
Singing
Singer-Songwriter/Ukulelist
St. Cloud, Florida
2
2
4th Place

Sara and Hero
22 & 5
Animal
Dog Act
North Bay, Ontario, Canada
3
1
5th Place

Chase Goehring
21
Singing
Singer-Songwriter/Guitarist
Nolensville, Tennessee
3
1
Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)

Diavolo
21-39
Acrobatics
Acrobatic Dance Group
Los Angeles, California
3
2
Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)

Evie Clair
13
Singing
Singer
Florence, Arizona
2
1
Finalist (Won Dunkin' Save Vote)

Kechi Okwuchi
27
Singing
Singer
Houston, Texas
3
2
Finalist (Won Dunkin' Save Vote)

Preacher Lawson
25
Comedy
Stand-up Comedian
Memphis, Tennessee
1
1
Finalist (Won Public Vote)

Colin Cloud
30
Magic
Mentalist
Edinburgh, Scotland
3
2
Semifinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

Eric Jones
36
Magic
Close-up Magician
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2
1
Semifinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

Billy & Emily England
30, 27
Danger
Extreme Rollerskating Duo
Las Vegas, Nevada
1
1
Eliminated

Celine Tam
9
Singing
Singer
Hong Kong
2
2
Eliminated

Christian Guardino
16
Singing
Singer
Patchogue, New York
1
2
Eliminated

DaNell Daymon & Greater Works
24-59
Singing
Gospel Choir
Various
3
1
Eliminated

In The Stairwell
18-22
Singing
A Cappella Group
Colorado Springs, Colorado
1
2
Eliminated

Johnny Manuel
32
Singing
Singer
Flint, Michigan
2
1
Eliminated

Merrick Hanna
12
Dance
Dancer
Encinitas, California
2
2
Eliminated

Mike Yung
56
Singing
Singer
New York, New York
3
1
Eliminated

Pompeyo Family Dogs
7-35
Animal
Dog Act
Sarasota, Florida
2
2
Eliminated

Yoli Mayor
21
Singing
Singer
Miami, Florida
1
1
Eliminated

Angelina Green
13
Singing
Singer
Miami, Florida
3
N/A
Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote)

Just Jerk
18-27
Dance
Hip-Hop Dance Group
Seoul, South Korea
1
N/A
Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote)

The Masqueraders
72-74
Singing
Vocal Group
Nashville, Tennessee
2
N/A
Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote)

Artyon & Paige
9 & 8
Dance
Dancing Duo
Murrieta, California
1
N/A
Eliminated

Bello Nock
47
Danger
Comedic Daredevil
Sarasota, Florida
1
N/A
Eliminated

Brobots & Mandroidz
16-24
Dance
Hip-Hop Dance Group
Torrance, California
2
N/A
Eliminated

Demian Aditya
36
Magic
Escape Artist
Jakarta, Indonesia
2
N/A
Eliminated

Final Draft
22-26
Singing
Vocal Group
Atlanta, Georgia
3
N/A
Eliminated

Junior and Emily
31 & 27
Dance
Salsa Dance Duo
Los Angeles, California
3
N/A
Eliminated

Mirror Image
16
Singing & Dance
Vocal Dance Duo
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2
N/A
Eliminated

Oscar Hernandez
34
Dance
Dancer
Orange County, California
3
N/A
Eliminated

Oskar and Gaspar
Unknown
Variety
Videomapping Act
Unknown
3
N/A
Eliminated

Puddles Pity Party
52
Singing
Singing Clown
Atlanta, Georgia
1
N/A
Eliminated

The Singing Trump
56
Comedy & Singing
Singing Trump Impersonator
Palm Springs, California[27]
1
N/A
Eliminated

text: Ratings[edit]

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Show
Episode title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
Rank
Weekly
Rank

1
Auditions Week 1
May 30, 2017
Tuesday
8:00 p.m.
2.7
11
12.32[28]
1
3[29]

2
Auditions Week 2
June 6, 2017
2.7
11
12.53[30]
1
3[31]

3
Auditions Week 3
June 13, 2017
2.6
11
12.70[32]
1
2[33]

4
Auditions Week 4
June 20, 2017
2.6
11
12.74[34]
1
1[35]

5
Auditions Week 5
June 27, 2017
2.5
10
12.36[36]
1
1[37]

6
Auditions Week 6
July 11, 2017
2.5
10
12.59[38]
1
1[39]

7
Judge Cuts 1
July 18, 2017
2.5
11
12.57[40]
1
1[41]

8
Judge Cuts 2
July 25, 2017
2.6
11
13.08[42]
1
1[43]

9
Judge Cuts 3
August 1, 2017
2.8
12
13.33[44]
1
1[45]

10
Judge Cuts 4
August 8, 2017
2.7
11
13.32[46]
1
1[47]

11
Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Performances)
August 15, 2017
2.8
11
13.44[48]
1
1[49]

12
Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Results)
August 16, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
2.1
9
10.89[50]
1
2[49]

13
Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Performances)
August 22, 2017
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
2.6
10
12.76[51]
1
1[52]

14
Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Results)
August 23, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
2.0
9
10.84[53]
1
2[52]

15
Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Performances)
August 29, 2017
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
2.6
11
13.13[54]
1
2[55]

16
Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Results)
August 30, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
1.9
8
11.07[56]
1
3[55]

17
Semifinals, Week 1 (Performances)
September 5, 2017
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
2.6
10
13.29[57]
1
3[58]

18
Semifinals, Week 1 (Results)
September 6, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
2.1
8
11.99[59]
1
6[58]

19
Semifinals, Week 2 (Performances)
September 12, 2017
Tuesday 9:00 p.m.[note 1]
2.3
9
11.57[60]
1
3[61]

20
Semifinals, Week 2 (Results)
September 13, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
2.1
8
11.59[62]
1
2[61]

21
The Finals
September 19, 2017
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
3.0
12
14.70[63]
1
4[64]

22
Season Finale
September 20, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
3.0
11
15.64[65]
1
2[64]

text: Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand: A Benefit for Hurricane Relief.

text: Specials[edit]

text:
Show
Episode title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
Rank
Weekly
Rank

S1
Best of Season 12 Auditions
July 13, 2017
Thursday 8:00 p.m.
1.3
6
7.10[66]
2
10[39]

S2
Road to Finals[67]
August 9, 2017
Wednesday 8:00 p.m.
1.3
6
7.01[68]
2
8[47]

text: Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows[edit]

text:
Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia's Got Talent.
German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ("German Cornejo Dance Company") appeared on and were the tango dancer winners of ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen in 2012, performing after the show in Las Vegas with ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen Live. They also were guest artists in Buenos Aires at the Dance Again World Tour by Jennifer Lopez.
Ezequiel Lopez ("German Cornejo Dance Company") appeared on and was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen in 2012.
Canion Shijirbat appeared on and was the runner-up of Mongolia's Got Talent in 2016. He appeared on Asia's Got Talent a few months after America’s Got Talent and was given a Golden Buzzer by the hosts.
Nick Uhas was a houseguest on Big Brother 15 and was the second houseguest evicted from the house.
Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance: The Next Generation. He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy, but was eliminated before reaching the top 30.[69] He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon's Lip Sync Battle Shorties and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.[70]
Artyon, half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige, appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon's Lip Sync Battle Shorties.
Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots (UK TV series) in 2017.
Billy and Emily England appeared on Britain's Got Talent (series 9) and reached the Semifinals. In 2008, Emily was the runner-up on Big Brother UK: Celebrity Hijack, competing under the name of "Emilia."
Tony and Jordan ("The French Twins") appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent(the French version of Got Talent) in 2016.
Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor (U.S. season 3).
Christian Guardino appeared on Showtime at the Apollo in 2016.
Light Balance appeared on Britain's Got Talent (series 8) and reached the Semifinals.
Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America's Got Talent, but were eliminated before the live shows.
Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America's Got Talent, but was eliminated during Vegas week.
Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain's Got Talent (series 10) but had to drop out due to a visa issue.
Vinny Grosso ("The Naked Magician") previously appeared on "Penn and Teller: Fool Us", performing the same routine as his AGT Audition, and successfully fooling the magic duo.
The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That, performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show.
Eric Jones previously appeared on "Penn and Teller: Fool us, and he was successful in fooling them. Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us (Mortimer twice), but were unsuccessful in fooling Penn & Teller.
Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10, but was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers.
Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016.
Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3, episode 2 of Penn & Teller: Fool Us, Masters of Illusion, and The World Magic Awards.
Colin Cloud appeared on Britain's Got Talent in 2012, but he did not make it through to the live semifinals. Cloud also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller Fool Us. His trick didn't however fool Penn and Teller. At both BGT and Penn and Teller Fool Us he went under his real name Colin McLeod.

tag: ul


document_title: List of tallest buildings in Nigeria

question_text: how many stories is the tallest building in nigeria

text: List of tallest buildings in Nigeria

text: Tallest buildings[edit]

text: This list ranks Nigerian skyscrapers that stand at least 60 m (197 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts.

text:
Building
Height
Floors
Completed
City

NECOM House[1]
160 m (520 ft)
32
1979
Lagos

Union Bank Building[2]
124 m (407 ft)
28
1991
Lagos

WTC Tower 2[3]
120 m (390 ft)
25
2016
Abuja

WTC Tower 1[4]
110 m (360 ft)
24
2016
Abuja

Ministry of Communication Building[5]
109 m (358 ft)
30
N/A
Lagos

Cocoa House[6]
105 m (344 ft)
26
1965
Ibadan

InterContinental Lagos[7]
105 m (344 ft)
22
2013
Lagos

Independence House
[8]
103 m (338 ft)
23
1960
Lagos

CBN Lagos[9][10]
100 m (330 ft)
19
2013
Lagos

Great Nigeria House
[11]
95 m (312 ft)
22
 ??
Lagos

CBN Headquarters
94 m (308 ft)
 ??
2002
Abuja

Civic Centre Towers[12]
90 m (300 ft)
13
2015
Lagos

Eko Court A[13]
88 m (289 ft)
24
 ??
Lagos

Eko Court B[14]
88 m (289 ft)
24
 ??
Lagos

Eko Court C[15]
88 m (289 ft)
24
 ??
Lagos

National Oil Headquarters
[16]
83 m (272 ft)
23
1984
Lagos

Stock Exchange House
[17]
83 m (272 ft)
22
 ??
Lagos

UBA House
[18]
80 m (260 ft)
20
 ??
Lagos

Conoil House[19]
80 m (260 ft)
22
 ??
Lagos

Eagle House
[18]
78 m (256 ft)
20
1985
Lagos

NNPC Building 1
[20]
75 m (246 ft)
15
1996
Abuja

NNPC Building 2
[21]
75 m (246 ft)
15
1996
Abuja

NNPC Building 3
[22]
75 m (246 ft)
15
1996
Abuja

NNPC Building 4
[23]
75 m (246 ft)
15
1996
Abuja

Nestoil Towers[24]
75 m (246 ft)
16
2015
Lagos

Afribank Plaza
[25]
73 m (240 ft)
19
1998
Lagos

Zenith Heights[26]
73 m (240 ft)
17
2006
Lagos

Wema Tower[27]
73 m (240 ft)
20
 ??
Lagos

Freeman House
[28]
70 m (230 ft)
18
 ??
Lagos

Unity House[29]
69 m (226 ft)
19
 ??
Lagos

Sterling Tower[30]
66 m (217 ft)
18
 ??
Lagos

Eleganza House[31]
65 m (213 ft)
18
 ??
Lagos

Nicon House[32]
65 m (213 ft)
18
1986
Lagos

Financial Trust House[33]
65 m (213 ft)
18
 ??
Lagos

Kanti Tower[34]
63 m (207 ft)
17
2014
Lagos

text: Tallest under construction, approved and proposed[edit]

text: This lists skyscrapers that are under construction, approved or proposed in Nigeria and planned to rise over 100 m (328 ft) tall, but are not yet completed structures. As of January 2011[update] there is 1 building under construction and 20 high-rises planned.

text: Under construction, approved, and proposed

text:
Name
Height
m / ft
Floors
Year
City
Status
Notes

Stratosphere Abuja
~265 m (869 ft)
64
2014
Abuja
Approved
[35]


document_title: Indian presidential election, 1974

question_text: who is the president in 1974 in india

question_tokens: who is the president in 1974 in india

text: Indian presidential election, 1974

text:
Indian presidential election, 1974

← 1969
August 17, 1974
1977 →

Nominee

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

Tridib Chaudhuri

Party

INC

RSP

Home state

Delhi

West Bengal

Electoral vote

754,113

189,196

Percentage

79.9%

20.1%

President before election
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
Independent

Elected President
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
INC

text: The Election Commission of India held indirect 6th presidential elections of India on August 17, 1974. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, from Assam with 765,587 votes won over his nearest rival Tridib Chaudhuri, from West Bengal who got 189,196 votes.

text: Electoral Change[edit]

text: During the 1974 elections, there was a change in the electoral college. It now had 521 from the Lok Sabha, 230 from the Rajya Sabha and 3654 from the State assemblies.

text: Results[edit]

text: Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website[1][2]

text:
Candidate

Electoral Values

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

754,113

Tridib Chaudhuri

189,196

Total

943,309


document_title: Ardh Satya

question_text: who played the role of anant velankar in the movie ardh satya

text: Ardh Satya

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens at a party where Anant Welankar (Om Puri), a police officer, meets Jyotsna Gokhale (Smita Patil), a lecturer in literature at a local college. Anant is a sub-inspector with Bombay police. They seem to hit it off despite some initial skirmishing about ideology, and the friendship blossoms into a relationship.

text: Anant brings diligence, enthusiasm and a definite idealism to his job. But the job is harsh. There is a deep nexus between the local mafia, the cops and the (corrupt) politicians. Honest himself, Anant falls among the lower rungs of the police hierarchy and has very limited scope of authority on the state of affairs in his area.

text: When Anant arrests three common thugs, he is asked to meet with their boss, Rama Shetty (Sadashiv Amrapurkar), a don in the local mafia. Anant refuses all of Rama Shetty's attempts to get his men out or to entice Anant to join him. Shetty decides to watch over Anant.

text: Some time thereafter, a meek fellow from a local slum lodges a complaint about some ruffians who harass his wife. Anant finds them, locks them up, and administers a severe beating. As a fallout, the local MLA asks for Anant to be suspended.

text: Anant's boss, inspector Haider Ali, explains to a mystified Anant that the ruffians were the MLA's henchmen, providers of muscle during elections and political rallies. Anant is defiant with a clear conscience (he did nothing wrong) and ready to face a tribunal. Haider Ali explains that it will hardly get that far. Tribunals are either delayed indefinitely or are rigged (by corrupt politicians), and suspension during that time is a permanent black mark on one's record (for no other politician will be willing to deal with such a troublemaker).

text: Anant is initially baffled but goes along with Haider's plan to bring in Desai, a mediator or middle-man with connections in New Delhi, the "Centre" or national seat of power. Desai invokes higher powers to quietly cover up the matter. Anant's morals are shaken by this incident: He had to use means barely legal to uphold his righteous actions upon criminals.

text: Anant reflects upon his childhood. His father (Amrish Puri) retired as a Faujdar (constable) in the village police force. His father was a hard and violent man, quick to slap or beat his wife on the slightest pretext. Anant recalls looking on and being powerless to intervene. When Anant graduates college, he expresses his desire to pursue higher education but is forced into joining the police force.

text: Things get interesting when Anant finds one of Rama Shetty's goons, badly beaten, burnt and left to die. Anant brings the man into the hospital and takes his statement where he names Rama Shetty and others who inflicted this assault. Anant storms into Rama Shetty's rooms to arrest him. But Shetty is unfazed. He makes a simple phone call to a high ranking cop who immediately asks Anant to back off. Anant cites the context and the overwhelming evidence but is still ordered to step away. A consternated, resentful and hapless Anant leaves, feeling intensely humiliated.

text: Haider Ali explains yet again: Rama Shetty plans to run for city council in the upcoming municipal elections and simply cannot afford to let a petty matter distract his ambitions. Anant is horrified and enraged, and takes to drinking. His relationship with Jyotsna suffers. He is distraught when he is sent to provide security cover for Rama Shetty's campaign rallies.

text: He suffers another career setback when he leads an assault team to capture a dangerous daku (armed bandit) in the hills outside Mumbai, and the credit for the arrest is ultimately handed to another officer. His relationship deteriorates further and he takes to drinking fairly heavily. When Jyotsna confronts him, he confides in her.

text: Jyotsna tries to be supportive and suggests he consider another career. (She is motivated by recent news stories about police brutality and has decided that she will not marry a police officer.) He has always tried to do the right thing, but his well-intentioned actions always seem to be thwarted by the tentacles of corruption in the police force or the political strata. In the alcoholic trans a prisoner is killed by Anant in the jail when he uses 'third degree' and now Anant is not only likely to be arrested and jailed, but also has to lose his entire career. Finally he surrenders to Rama Shetty for political protection. Now, in the clutches of Rama Shetty, Anant has to obey his every order and humiliation. The dirty conditions put by Rama Shetty angers Anant and he kills Rama Shetty and then surrenders voluntarily to the Police for any punishment.

text: According to film expert Rajesh Subramanian, Amitabh Bachchan was first offered the lead role. The superstar, due to tight schedule, declined it. Om Puri was cast as Anant Welankar and it went on to become a career defining role.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Om Puri as Sub inspector Anant Velankar
Smita Patil as Jyotsna Gokhale
Amrish Puri as Anant's Father
Madhuri Purandare as Anant's Mother
Naseeruddin Shah as Suspended cop Mike Lobo
Sadashiv Amrapurkar as Rama Shetty (a don in the local mafia)
Shafi Inamdar as Inspector Hyder Ali
Ila Arun as Sneha Vajpayee
Satish Shah as Dacoit
Achyut Potdar as Inspector Patil

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

1983

Om Puri

Best Actor – Karlovy Vary International Film Festival

Won

Om Puri

National Film Award for Best Actor

Won

1984

Manmohan Shetty, Pradeep Uppoor

Filmfare Award for Best Movie

Won

Govind Nihalani

Filmfare Award for Best Director

Won

Sadashiv Amrapurkar

Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor

Won

S.D. Panwalker[6]

Filmfare Award for Best Story

Won

Vijay Tendulkar

Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay

Won

text: The existential crisis[edit]

text: In a pivotal scene, from which the movie derives its name, Jyotsna gives Anant a poem to read to him from a book that she is carrying, Ardh Satya (see below for transliteration). Anant begins to read the poem aloud; as the meaning sinks in, his smile vanishes; he continues reading in a more subdued and sombre tone. Filmed in a single long take, this is one of the finest moments world cinema has shown portraying the effect of art upon man in modern cinema (compare to Apres Nous). Later in the film, a cathartic moment occurs symbolising the poem, where Anant breaks down crying. Jyotsna reaches out a hand to comfort him but then withdraws it without touching him, in one of the most poignant moments of cinema; it is as if she realised that he is "within this Chakravyuh, or Circle of Deceit" alone and needs to find his inner strength to break out.

text: Govind Nihalani said in an interview on Indian TV after winning the National Award that the "moment" had actually occurred just before filming, during the rehearsal, where actor Om Puri broke down and started weeping openly while reciting this poem; Nihalani reached out a hand to comfort him and then withdrew it feeling that "his anguish was too monumental for a mere touch to provide any solace". He subsequently instructed Smita Patil to play the scene like this, giving her his futile gesture.

text: When faced with a moral or existential choice of such magnitude, man is essentially alone and another cannot partake of his anguish or lessen his burden. The movie suggests that Anant refuses to break out of his situation, choosing to stand and face his nothingness – to continue being an 'impotent' police officer, rather than give up his uniform and regain his manliness and self-efficacy.

text: The crisis[edit]

text: Things go completely out of control one night soon after as a small-time thief, accused of stealing a small radio, is brought into custody. Anant is very drunk, angry and frustrated. He delivers a shocking and brutal beating to the thief – while continuing to drink – accusing him of "stealing the legitimate Rights of Others" {trans.: "Doosron ka haq churata hai, sala!"}.

text: Not surprisingly, the thief succumbs. The fallout leaves Anant suspended and facing charges of excessive force. Anant tries to invoke Desai again, but Haider Ali backs off, saying the situation has become too hot for most anyone. Haider Ali suggests, somewhat reluctantly, that perhaps the newly elected Rama Shetty can help.

text: After several days of deliberation, Anant decides to visit Rama Shetty in his betting den.

text: Rama Shetty receives Anant cordially, and invites him into his inner sanctum alone – possibly aware that this righteous cop is finally on his knees before him. He agrees to help him only if Anant, in return, joins forces with him. Anant breaks out of his 'impotent' torpor and, infuriated, in a stunning and violent move, strangles Rama Shetty there and then.

text: The film ends with Anant turning himself in.

text:
Theme poem Ardh Satya (अर्धसत्य) by Dilip Chitre (Hindi)

English Transliteration

English translation

चक्रव्यूह में घुसने से पहले

Chakravyuh mein ghusne se pehle,
Before entering the circle of deceit,

कौन था मै और कैसा था

kaun tha main aur kaisa tha,
who I was, and what I was,

ये मुझे याद ही ना रहेगा

yeh mujhe yaad hi na rahega.
I would not remember.

चक्रव्यूह में घुसने के बाद

Chakravyuh mein ghusne ke baad,
After entering the circle of deceit,

मेरे और चक्रव्यूह के बीच

mere aur chakravyuh ke beech,
(there was) between me and the circle,

सिर्फ़ एक जानलेवा निकटता थी

sirf ek jaanleva nikat'ta thi,
only a deathly intimacy

इसका मुझे पता ही ना चलेगा

iska mujhe pata hi na chalega.
that I never realised.

चक्रव्यूह से निकलने के बाद

Chakravyuh se nikalne ke baad,
After leaving the circle of deceit,

मै मुक्त हो जाऊँ भले ही

main mukt ho jaoon bhale hi,
even if I am set free,

फिर भी चक्रव्यूह की रचना में

phir bhi chakravyuh ki rachna mein
the design of the circle of deceit,

फ़र्क ही ना पड़ेगा

farq hi na padega.
will hardly be different.

मरूँ या मारूँ

Marun ya maarun,
Whether I kill, or die,

मारा जाऊँ या जान से मार दूँ

maara jaoon ya jaan se maardun.
Am killed, or kill (the other)

इसका फ़ैसला कभी ना हो पायेगा

iska faisla kabhi na ho paayega.
these questions will never be decided.

सोया हुआ आदमी जब

Soya hua aadmi jab
When a sleeping man

नींद से उठकर चलना शुरू करता है

neend se uthkar chalna shuru karta hai,
awakes and steps forth,

तब सपनों का संसार उसे

tab sapnon ka sansar use,
then the world of dreams

दोबारा दिख ही ना पायेगा

dobara dikh hi na paayega.
may never be seen again (by him).

उस रोशनी में जो निर्णय की रोशनी है

Us roshni mein jo nirnay ki roshni hai
In that, the light of Decision,

सब कुछ समान होगा क्या

sab kuchh s'maan hoga kya?
will everything be level ?

एक पलड़े में नपुंसकता

Ek palde mein napunsakta,
On one tray (of a balance) is Impotence,

एक पलड़े में पौरुष

ek palde mein paurush,
and on the other is Manhood,

और ठीक तराज़ू के काँटे पर

aur theek taraazu ke kaante par
and exactly at the needle point,

अर्ध सत्य

ardh satya.
a half-truth.