document_title: Chemical reaction

question_text: it refers to a substance that speeds up chemical reactions

question_tokens: it refers to a substance that speeds up chemical reactions

text: Chemical reaction

text: History[edit]

text: Chemical reactions such as combustion in fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity. Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers, such as the Four-Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements – fire, water, air and earth. In the Middle Ages, chemical transformations were studied by Alchemists. They attempted, in particular, to convert lead into gold, for which purpose they used reactions of lead and lead-copper alloys with sulfur.[2]

text: The production of chemical substances that do not normally occur in nature has long been tried, such as the synthesis of sulfuric and nitric acids attributed to the controversial alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān. The process involved heating of sulfate and nitrate minerals such as copper sulfate, alum and saltpeter. In the 17th century, Johann Rudolph Glauber produced hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid and sodium chloride. With the development of the lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process, allowing large-scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate, respectively, chemical reactions became implemented into the industry. Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in the 1880s,[3] and the Haber process was developed in 1909–1910 for ammonia synthesis.[4]

text: From the 16th century, researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of the experimentally observed chemical transformations. The phlogiston theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher. It postulated the existence of a fire-like element called "phlogiston", which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. This proved to be false in 1785 by Antoine Lavoisier who found the correct explanation of the combustion as reaction with oxygen from the air.[5]

text: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other. Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton, Joseph Proust had developed the law of definite proportions, which later resulted in the concepts of stoichiometry and chemical equations.[6]

text: Regarding the organic chemistry, it was long believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be obtained synthetically. According to the concept of vitalism, organic matter was endowed with a "vital force" and distinguished from inorganic materials. This separation was ended however by the synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828. Other chemists who brought major contributions to organic chemistry include Alexander William Williamson with his synthesis of ethers and Christopher Kelk Ingold, who, among many discoveries, established the mechanisms of substitution reactions.

text: Equations[edit]

text:
Chemical equations are used to graphically illustrate chemical reactions. They consist of chemical or structural formulas of the reactants on the left and those of the products on the right. They are separated by an arrow (→) which indicates the direction and type of the reaction; the arrow is read as the word "yields".[7] The tip of the arrow points in the direction in which the reaction proceeds. A double arrow (⇌) pointing in opposite directions is used for equilibrium reactions. Equations should be balanced according to the stoichiometry, the number of atoms of each species should be the same on both sides of the equation. This is achieved by scaling the number of involved molecules (

A
,
B
,
C

{\displaystyle {\ce {A, B, C}}}

 and

D

{\displaystyle {\ce {D}}}

 in a schematic example below) by the appropriate integers a, b, c and d.[8]

text: More elaborate reactions are represented by reaction schemes, which in addition to starting materials and products show important intermediates or transition states. Also, some relatively minor additions to the reaction can be indicated above the reaction arrow; examples of such additions are water, heat, illumination, a catalyst, etc. Similarly, some minor products can be placed below the arrow, often with a minus sign.

text: Retrosynthetic analysis can be applied to design a complex synthesis reaction. Here the analysis starts from the products, for example by splitting selected chemical bonds, to arrive at plausible initial reagents. A special arrow (⇒) is used in retro reactions.[9]

text: Elementary reactions[edit]

text: The elementary reaction is the smallest division into which a chemical reaction can be decomposed, it has no intermediate products.[10] Most experimentally observed reactions are built up from many elementary reactions that occur in parallel or sequentially. The actual sequence of the individual elementary reactions is known as reaction mechanism. An elementary reaction involves a few molecules, usually one or two, because of the low probability for several molecules to meet at a certain time.[11]

text: The most important elementary reactions are unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. Only one molecule is involved in a unimolecular reaction; it is transformed by an isomerization or a dissociation into one or more other molecules. Such reactions require the addition of energy in the form of heat or light. A typical example of a unimolecular reaction is the cis–trans isomerization, in which the cis-form of a compound converts to the trans-form or vice versa.[12]

text: In a typical dissociation reaction, a bond in a molecule splits (ruptures) resulting in two molecular fragments. The splitting can be homolytic or heterolytic. In the first case, the bond is divided so that each product retains an electron and becomes a neutral radical. In the second case, both electrons of the chemical bond remain with one of the products, resulting in charged ions. Dissociation plays an important role in triggering chain reactions, such as hydrogen–oxygen or polymerization reactions.

text: For bimolecular reactions, two molecules collide and react with each other. Their merger is called chemical synthesis or an addition reaction.

text: Another possibility is that only a portion of one molecule is transferred to the other molecule. This type of reaction occurs, for example, in redox and acid-base reactions. In redox reactions, the transferred particle is an electron, whereas in acid-base reactions it is a proton. This type of reaction is also called metathesis.

text: for example

text: Chemical equilibrium[edit]

text: Most chemical reactions are reversible, that is they can and do run in both directions. The forward and reverse reactions are competing with each other and differ in reaction rates. These rates depend on the concentration and therefore change with time of the reaction: the reverse rate gradually increases and becomes equal to the rate of the forward reaction, establishing the so-called chemical equilibrium. The time to reach equilibrium depends on such parameters as temperature, pressure and the materials involved, and is determined by the minimum free energy. In equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy must be zero. The pressure dependence can be explained with the Le Chatelier's principle. For example, an increase in pressure due to decreasing volume causes the reaction to shift to the side with the fewer moles of gas.[13]

text: The reaction yield stabilizes at equilibrium, but can be increased by removing the product from the reaction mixture or changed by increasing the temperature or pressure. A change in the concentrations of the reactants does not affect the equilibrium constant, but does affect the equilibrium position.

text: Thermodynamics[edit]

text: Chemical reactions are determined by the laws of thermodynamics. Reactions can proceed by themselves if they are exergonic, that is if they release energy. The associated free energy of the reaction is composed of two different thermodynamic quantities, enthalpy and entropy:[14]

text: Reactions can be exothermic, where ΔH is negative and energy is released. Typical examples of exothermic reactions are precipitation and crystallization, in which ordered solids are formed from disordered gaseous or liquid phases. In contrast, in endothermic reactions, heat is consumed from the environment. This can occur by increasing the entropy of the system, often through the formation of gaseous reaction products, which have high entropy. Since the entropy increases with temperature, many endothermic reactions preferably take place at high temperatures. On the contrary, many exothermic reactions such as crystallization occur at low temperatures. Changes in temperature can sometimes reverse the sign of the enthalpy of a reaction, as for the carbon monoxide reduction of molybdenum dioxide:

text: This reaction to form carbon dioxide and molybdenum is endothermic at low temperatures, becoming less so with increasing temperature.[15] ΔH° is zero at 7003185500000000000♠1855 K, and the reaction becomes exothermic above that temperature.

text: Changes in temperature can also reverse the direction tendency of a reaction. For example, the water gas shift reaction

text: is favored by low temperatures, but its reverse is favored by high temperature. The shift in reaction direction tendency occurs at 7003110000000000000♠1100 K.[15]

text: Reactions can also be characterized by the internal energy which takes into account changes in the entropy, volume and chemical potential. The latter depends, among other things, on the activities of the involved substances.[16]

text: Kinetics[edit]

text: The speed at which reactions takes place is studied by reaction kinetics. The rate depends on various parameters, such as:

text:
Reactant concentrations, which usually make the reaction happen at a faster rate if raised through increased collisions per unit time. Some reactions, however, have rates that are independent of reactant concentrations. These are called zero order reactions.
Surface area available for contact between the reactants, in particular solid ones in heterogeneous systems. Larger surface areas lead to higher reaction rates.
Pressure – increasing the pressure decreases the volume between molecules and therefore increases the frequency of collisions between the molecules.
Activation energy, which is defined as the amount of energy required to make the reaction start and carry on spontaneously. Higher activation energy implies that the reactants need more energy to start than a reaction with a lower activation energy.
Temperature, which hastens reactions if raised, since higher temperature increases the energy of the molecules, creating more collisions per unit time,
The presence or absence of a catalyst. Catalysts are substances which change the pathway (mechanism) of a reaction which in turn increases the speed of a reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to take place. A catalyst is not destroyed or changed during a reaction, so it can be used again.
For some reactions, the presence of electromagnetic radiation, most notably ultraviolet light, is needed to promote the breaking of bonds to start the reaction. This is particularly true for reactions involving radicals.

text: Several theories allow calculating the reaction rates at the molecular level. This field is referred to as reaction dynamics. The rate v of a first-order reaction, which could be disintegration of a substance A, is given by:

text: Its integration yields:

text: Here k is first-order rate constant having dimension 1/time, [A](t) is concentration at a time t and [A]0 is the initial concentration. The rate of a first-order reaction depends only on the concentration and the properties of the involved substance, and the reaction itself can be described with the characteristic half-life. More than one time constant is needed when describing reactions of higher order. The temperature dependence of the rate constant usually follows the Arrhenius equation:

text: where Ea is the activation energy and kB is the Boltzmann constant. One of the simplest models of reaction rate is the collision theory. More realistic models are tailored to a specific problem and include the transition state theory, the calculation of the potential energy surface, the Marcus theory and the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory.[17]

text: Reaction types[edit]

text: Four basic types[edit]

text: Synthesis[edit]

text: In a synthesis reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex substance. These reactions are in the general form:

text: Two or more reactants yielding one product is another way to identify a synthesis reaction. One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of iron and sulfur to form iron(II) sulfide:

text: Another example is simple hydrogen gas combined with simple oxygen gas to produce a more complex substance, such as water.[18]

text: Decomposition[edit]

text: A decomposition reaction is when a more complex substance breaks down into its more simple parts. It is thus the opposite of a synthesis reaction, and can be written as[18][19]

text: One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and hydrogen gas:

text: Single replacement[edit]

text: In a single replacement reaction, a single uncombined element replaces another in a compound; in other words, one element trades places with another element in a compound[18] These reactions come in the general form of:

text: One example of a single displacement reaction is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:

text: Double replacement[edit]

text: In a double replacement reaction, the anions and cations of two compounds switch places and form two entirely different compounds.[18] These reactions are in the general form:[19]

text: For example, when barium chloride (BaCl2) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) react, the SO42− anion switches places with the 2Cl− anion, giving the compounds BaSO4 and MgCl2.

text: Another example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of lead(II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead(II) iodide and potassium nitrate:

text: Oxidation and reduction[edit]

text: Redox reactions can be understood in terms of transfer of electrons from one involved species (reducing agent) to another (oxidizing agent). In this process, the former species is oxidized and the latter is reduced. Though sufficient for many purposes, these descriptions are not precisely correct. Oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always change the oxidation state, but there are many reactions that are classed as "redox" even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds).[20][21]

text: In the following redox reaction, hazardous sodium metal reacts with toxic chlorine gas to form the ionic compound sodium chloride, or common table salt:

text: In the reaction, sodium metal goes from an oxidation state of 0 (as it is a pure element) to +1: in other words, the sodium lost one electron and is said to have been oxidized. On the other hand, the chlorine gas goes from an oxidation of 0 (it is also a pure element) to −1: the chlorine gains one electron and is said to have been reduced. Because the chlorine is the one reduced, it is considered the electron acceptor, or in other words, induces oxidation in the sodium – thus the chlorine gas is considered the oxidizing agent. Conversely, the sodium is oxidized or is the electron donor, and thus induces reduction in the other species and is considered the reducing agent.

text:
Which of the involved reactants would be reducing or oxidizing agent can be predicted from the electronegativity of their elements. Elements with low electronegativity, such as most metals, easily donate electrons and oxidize – they are reducing agents. On the contrary, many ions with high oxidation numbers, such as H
2O
2, MnO−
4, CrO
3, Cr
2O2−
7, OsO
4 can gain one or two extra electrons and are strong oxidizing agents.

text: The number of electrons donated or accepted in a redox reaction can be predicted from the electron configuration of the reactant element. Elements try to reach the low-energy noble gas configuration, and therefore alkali metals and halogens will donate and accept one electron respectively. Noble gases themselves are chemically inactive.[22]

text: An important class of redox reactions are the electrochemical reactions, where electrons from the power supply are used as the reducing agent. These reactions are particularly important for the production of chemical elements, such as chlorine[23] or aluminium. The reverse process in which electrons are released in redox reactions and can be used as electrical energy is possible and used in batteries.

text: Complexation[edit]

text: In complexation reactions, several ligands react with a metal atom to form a coordination complex. This is achieved by providing lone pairs of the ligand into empty orbitals of the metal atom and forming dipolar bonds. The ligands are Lewis bases, they can be both ions and neutral molecules, such as carbon monoxide, ammonia or water. The number of ligands that react with a central metal atom can be found using the 18-electron rule, saying that the valence shells of a transition metal will collectively accommodate 18 electrons, whereas the symmetry of the resulting complex can be predicted with the crystal field theory and ligand field theory. Complexation reactions also include ligand exchange, in which one or more ligands are replaced by another, and redox processes which change the oxidation state of the central metal atom.[24]

text: Acid-base reactions[edit]

text: In the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, an acid-base reaction involves a transfer of protons (H+) from one species (the acid) to another (the base). When a proton is removed from an acid, the resulting species is termed that acid's conjugate base. When the proton is accepted by a base, the resulting species is termed that base's conjugate acid.[25] In other words, acids act as proton donors and bases act as proton acceptors according to the following equation:

text: The reverse reaction is possible, and thus the acid/base and conjugated base/acid are always in equilibrium. The equilibrium is determined by the acid and base dissociation constants (Ka and Kb) of the involved substances. A special case of the acid-base reaction is the neutralization where an acid and a base, taken at exactly same amounts, form a neutral salt.

text: Acid-base reactions can have different definitions depending on the acid-base concept employed. Some of the most common are:

text:
Arrhenius definition: Acids dissociate in water releasing H3O+ ions; bases dissociate in water releasing OH− ions.
Brønsted-Lowry definition: Acids are proton (H+) donors, bases are proton acceptors; this includes the Arrhenius definition.
Lewis definition: Acids are electron-pair acceptors, bases are electron-pair donors; this includes the Brønsted-Lowry definition.

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction. It usually takes place when the concentration of dissolved ions exceeds the solubility limit[26] and forms an insoluble salt. This process can be assisted by adding a precipitating agent or by removal of the solvent. Rapid precipitation results in an amorphous or microcrystalline residue and slow process can yield single crystals. The latter can also be obtained by recrystallization from microcrystalline salts.[27]

text: Solid-state reactions[edit]

text: Reactions can take place between two solids. However, because of the relatively small diffusion rates in solids, the corresponding chemical reactions are very slow in comparison to liquid and gas phase reactions. They are accelerated by increasing the reaction temperature and finely dividing the reactant to increase the contacting surface area.[28]

text: Reactions at the solid|gas interface[edit]

text: Reaction can take place at the solid|gas interface, surfaces at very low pressure such as ultra-high vacuum. Via scanning tunneling microscopy, it is possible to observe reactions at the solid|gas interface in real space, if the time scale of the reaction is in the correct range.[29][30] Reactions at the solid|gas interface are in some cases related to catalysis.

text: Photochemical reactions[edit]

text: In photochemical reactions, atoms and molecules absorb energy (photons) of the illumination light and convert into an excited state. They can then release this energy by breaking chemical bonds, thereby producing radicals. Photochemical reactions include hydrogen–oxygen reactions, radical polymerization, chain reactions and rearrangement reactions.[31]

text: Many important processes involve photochemistry. The premier example is photosynthesis, in which most plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, disposing of oxygen as a side-product. Humans rely on photochemistry for the formation of vitamin D, and vision is initiated by a photochemical reaction of rhodopsin.[12] In fireflies, an enzyme in the abdomen catalyzes a reaction that results in bioluminescence.[32] Many significant photochemical reactions, such as ozone formation, occur in the Earth atmosphere and constitute atmospheric chemistry.

text: Catalysis[edit]

text: In catalysis, the reaction does not proceed directly, but through reaction with a third substance known as catalyst. Although the catalyst takes part in the reaction, it is returned to its original state by the end of the reaction and so is not consumed. However, it can be inhibited, deactivated or destroyed by secondary processes. Catalysts can be used in a different phase (heterogeneous) or in the same phase (homogeneous) as the reactants. In heterogeneous catalysis, typical secondary processes include coking where the catalyst becomes covered by polymeric side products. Additionally, heterogeneous catalysts can dissolve into the solution in a solid–liquid system or evaporate in a solid–gas system. Catalysts can only speed up the reaction – chemicals that slow down the reaction are called inhibitors.[33][34] Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons. With a catalyst, a reaction which is kinetically inhibited by a high activation energy can take place in circumvention of this activation energy.

text: Heterogeneous catalysts are usually solids, powdered in order to maximize their surface area. Of particular importance in heterogeneous catalysis are the platinum group metals and other transition metals, which are used in hydrogenations, catalytic reforming and in the synthesis of commodity chemicals such as nitric acid and ammonia. Acids are an example of a homogeneous catalyst, they increase the nucleophilicity of carbonyls, allowing a reaction that would not otherwise proceed with electrophiles. The advantage of homogeneous catalysts is the ease of mixing them with the reactants, but they may also be difficult to separate from the products. Therefore, heterogeneous catalysts are preferred in many industrial processes.[35]

text: Reactions in organic chemistry[edit]

text: In organic chemistry, in addition to oxidation, reduction or acid-base reactions, a number of other reactions can take place which involve covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms (such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, etc.). Many specific reactions in organic chemistry are name reactions designated after their discoverers.

text: Substitution[edit]

text: In a substitution reaction, a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group.[36] These reactions can be distinguished by the type of substituting species into a nucleophilic, electrophilic or radical substitution.

text: In the first type, a nucleophile, an atom or molecule with an excess of electrons and thus a negative charge or partial charge, replaces another atom or part of the "substrate" molecule. The electron pair from the nucleophile attacks the substrate forming a new bond, while the leaving group departs with an electron pair. The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged. Examples of nucleophiles are hydroxide ion, alkoxides, amines and halides. This type of reaction is found mainly in aliphatic hydrocarbons, and rarely in aromatic hydrocarbon. The latter have high electron density and enter nucleophilic aromatic substitution only with very strong electron withdrawing groups. Nucleophilic substitution can take place by two different mechanisms, SN1 and SN2. In their names, S stands for substitution, N for nucleophilic, and the number represents the kinetic order of the reaction, unimolecular or bimolecular.[37]

text: The SN1 reaction proceeds in two steps. First, the leaving group is eliminated creating a carbocation. This is followed by a rapid reaction with the nucleophile.[38]

text: In the SN2 mechanism, the nucleophile forms a transition state with the attacked molecule, and only then the leaving group is cleaved. These two mechanisms differ in the stereochemistry of the products. SN1 leads to the non-stereospecific addition and does not result in a chiral center, but rather in a set of geometric isomers (cis/trans). In contrast, a reversal (Walden inversion) of the previously existing stereochemistry is observed in the SN2 mechanism.[39]

text: Electrophilic substitution is the counterpart of the nucleophilic substitution in that the attacking atom or molecule, an electrophile, has low electron density and thus a positive charge. Typical electrophiles are the carbon atom of carbonyl groups, carbocations or sulfur or nitronium cations. This reaction takes place almost exclusively in aromatic hydrocarbons, where it is called electrophilic aromatic substitution. The electrophile attack results in the so-called σ-complex, a transition state in which the aromatic system is abolished. Then, the leaving group, usually a proton, is split off and the aromaticity is restored. An alternative to aromatic substitution is electrophilic aliphatic substitution. It is similar to the nucleophilic aliphatic substitution and also has two major types, SE1 and SE2[40]

text: In the third type of substitution reaction, radical substitution, the attacking particle is a radical.[36] This process usually takes the form of a chain reaction, for example in the reaction of alkanes with halogens. In the first step, light or heat disintegrates the halogen-containing molecules producing the radicals. Then the reaction proceeds as an avalanche until two radicals meet and recombine.[41]

text: Addition and elimination[edit]

text: The addition and its counterpart, the elimination, are reactions which change the number of substitutents on the carbon atom, and form or cleave multiple bonds. Double and triple bonds can be produced by eliminating a suitable leaving group. Similar to the nucleophilic substitution, there are several possible reaction mechanisms which are named after the respective reaction order. In the E1 mechanism, the leaving group is ejected first, forming a carbocation. The next step, formation of the double bond, takes place with elimination of a proton (deprotonation). The leaving order is reversed in the E1cb mechanism, that is the proton is split off first. This mechanism requires participation of a base.[42] Because of the similar conditions, both reactions in the E1 or E1cb elimination always compete with the SN1 substitution.[43]

text: The E2 mechanism also requires a base, but there the attack of the base and the elimination of the leaving group proceed simultaneously and produce no ionic intermediate. In contrast to the E1 eliminations, different stereochemical configurations are possible for the reaction product in the E2 mechanism, because the attack of the base preferentially occurs in the anti-position with respect to the leaving group. Because of the similar conditions and reagents, the E2 elimination is always in competition with the SN2-substitution.[44]

text: The counterpart of elimination is the addition where double or triple bonds are converted into single bonds. Similar to the substitution reactions, there are several types of additions distinguished by the type of the attacking particle. For example, in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide, an electrophile (proton) attacks the double bond forming a carbocation, which then reacts with the nucleophile (bromine). The carbocation can be formed on either side of the double bond depending on the groups attached to its ends, and the preferred configuration can be predicted with the Markovnikov's rule.[45] This rule states that "In the heterolytic addition of a polar molecule to an alkene or alkyne, the more electronegative (nucleophilic) atom (or part) of the polar molecule becomes attached to the carbon atom bearing the smaller number of hydrogen atoms."[46]

text: If the addition of a functional group takes place at the less substituted carbon atom of the double bond, then the electrophilic substitution with acids is not possible. In this case, one has to use the hydroboration–oxidation reaction, where in the first step, the boron atom acts as electrophile and adds to the less substituted carbon atom. At the second step, the nucleophilic hydroperoxide or halogen anion attacks the boron atom.[47]

text: While the addition to the electron-rich alkenes and alkynes is mainly electrophilic, the nucleophilic addition plays an important role for the carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds, and especially its most important representative, the carbonyl group. This process is often associated with an elimination, so that after the reaction the carbonyl group is present again. It is therefore called addition-elimination reaction and may occur in carboxylic acid derivatives such as chlorides, esters or anhydrides. This reaction is often catalyzed by acids or bases, where the acids increase by the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group by binding to the oxygen atom, whereas the bases enhance the nucleophilicity of the attacking nucleophile.[48]

text: Nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to the double bond of an alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compound can proceed via the Michael reaction, which belongs to the larger class of conjugate additions. This is one of the most useful methods for the mild formation of C–C bonds.[49][50][51]

text: Some additions which can not be executed with nucleophiles and electrophiles, can be succeeded with free radicals. As with the free-radical substitution, the radical addition proceeds as a chain reaction, and such reactions are the basis of the free-radical polymerization.[52]

text: Other organic reaction mechanisms[edit]

text: In a rearrangement reaction, the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. These include hydride shift reactions such as the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, where a hydrogen, alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon. Most rearrangements are associated with the breaking and formation of new carbon-carbon bonds. Other examples are sigmatropic reaction such as the Cope rearrangement.[53]

text: Cyclic rearrangements include cycloadditions and, more generally, pericyclic reactions, wherein two or more double bond-containing molecules form a cyclic molecule. An important example of cycloaddition reaction is the Diels–Alder reaction (the so-called [4+2] cycloaddition) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene to form a substituted cyclohexene system.[54]

text: Whether a certain cycloaddition would proceed depends on the electronic orbitals of the participating species, as only orbitals with the same sign of wave function will overlap and interact constructively to form new bonds. Cycloaddition is usually assisted by light or heat. These perturbations result in different arrangement of electrons in the excited state of the involved molecules and therefore in different effects. For example, the [4+2] Diels-Alder reactions can be assisted by heat whereas the [2+2] cycloaddition is selectively induced by light.[55] Because of the orbital character, the potential for developing stereoisomeric products upon cycloaddition is limited, as described by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules.[56]

text: Biochemical reactions[edit]

text: Biochemical reactions are mainly controlled by enzymes. These proteins can specifically catalyze a single reaction, so that reactions can be controlled very precisely. The reaction takes place in the active site, a small part of the enzyme which is usually found in a cleft or pocket lined by amino acid residues, and the rest of the enzyme is used mainly for stabilization. The catalytic action of enzymes relies on several mechanisms including the molecular shape ("induced fit"), bond strain, proximity and orientation of molecules relative to the enzyme, proton donation or withdrawal (acid/base catalysis), electrostatic interactions and many others.[57]

text: The biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms are collectively known as metabolism. Among the most important of its mechanisms is the anabolism, in which different DNA and enzyme-controlled processes result in the production of large molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates from smaller units.[58] Bioenergetics studies the sources of energy for such reactions. An important energy source is glucose, which can be produced by plants via photosynthesis or assimilated from food. All organisms use this energy to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which can then be used to energize other reactions.

text: Applications[edit]

text: Chemical reactions are central to chemical engineering where they are used for the synthesis of new compounds from natural raw materials such as petroleum and mineral ores. It is essential to make the reaction as efficient as possible, maximizing the yield and minimizing the amount of reagents, energy inputs and waste. Catalysts are especially helpful for reducing the energy required for the reaction and increasing its reaction rate.[59][60]

text: Some specific reactions have their niche applications. For example, the thermite reaction is used to generate light and heat in pyrotechnics and welding. Although it is less controllable than the more conventional oxy-fuel welding, arc welding and flash welding, it requires much less equipment and is still used to mend rails, especially in remote areas.[61]

text: Monitoring[edit]

text: Mechanisms of monitoring chemical reactions depend strongly on the reaction rate. Relatively slow processes can be analyzed in situ for the concentrations and identities of the individual ingredients. Important tools of real time analysis are the measurement of pH and analysis of optical absorption (color) and emission spectra. A less accessible but rather efficient method is introduction of a radioactive isotope into the reaction and monitoring how it changes over time and where it moves to; this method is often used to analyze redistribution of substances in the human body. Faster reactions are usually studied with ultrafast laser spectroscopy where utilization of femtosecond lasers allows short-lived transition states to be monitored at time scaled down to a few femtoseconds.[62]


document_title: Chesapeake Shores

question_text: where does the tv show chesapeake shores take place

root

text: Chesapeake Shores

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Abby O'Brien Winters returns from New York to her hometown of Chesapeake Shores, Maryland, after receiving a panicked phone call from her youngest sister Jess, who is renovating the Inn at Eagle Point. Abby's demanding career, divorce, and young daughters have kept her too busy to even think about the town her father built. Saving her sister's inn from foreclosure means dealing not only with her fractured family but also with Trace Riley, her first love whom she abruptly left sixteen years ago. He initially is an obstacle but becomes an unexpected ally and a second chance at finding love. The troubled family dynamic is intensified when Abby's estranged mother comes back to town.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Meghan Ory as Abby O'Brien: a high-powered New York City career woman, divorcée, mother to two young daughters, and the oldest of Mick and Megan's five children. After years away from her family, she takes a trip to her hometown of Chesapeake Shores and decides to stay.
Jesse Metcalfe as Trace Riley, a musician and Abby's first love who has returned to Chesapeake Shores from Nashville. After high school, Abby abruptly left Trace and Chesapeake Shores without warning, an action for which he has never forgiven her.
Treat Williams as Mick O'Brien: patriarch of the O'Briens. His wife Megan left him many years ago, making him a single father working hard to provide for his family.
Diane Ladd as Nell O'Brien: matriarch of the O'Briens and Mick's mother. When Megan moved out and Mick was frequently on the road for work, Nell became the children's primary caregiver.
Laci J. Mailey as Jess O'Brien: Abby's youngest sister who has bought a dilapidated old inn that she intends to transform into a bed and breakfast. Poised for financial disaster, she must call on Abby to save her from early bankruptcy.
Emilie Ullerup as Bree O'Brien: Abby's younger sister who is a struggling playwright living in Chicago. Her first play earned her glowing reviews, but she has yet to recreate its success. Her writer's block and her grandmother's illness cause her to return home.
Barbara Niven as Megan: Mick's estranged wife. Her children hold a grudge over her leaving many years ago, but she claims Mick left her no choice. She couldn't be around him, but also didn't want to uproot the children from their home.
Brendan Penny as Kevin O'Brien, older son of Mick and Megan who is an active medic in the U.S. Army. (Recurring Season 1, Main Season 2-present)
Andrew Francis as Connor O'Brien, younger son of Mick and Megan who is a law student. (Recurring Season 1, Main Season 2-present)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Abbie Magnuson as Caitlyn Winters, daughter of Abby and Wes
Kayden Magnuson as Carrie Winters, daughter of Abby and Wes
Michael Karl Richards as Wes Winters, Abby's ex-husband
Brittany Willacy as Leigh Corley, Trace's bandmate and songwriting partner
Serge Houde as Del Granger, Abby's new boss in Baltimore
Britt Irvin as Danielle Clayman, Connor's law school classmate who becomes his love interest
Ali Liebert as Georgia Eyles, Kevin's ex-fiancée (season 1)
Karen Kruper as Dee Riley, Trace's mother
Tom Butler as Lawrence Riley, Trace's father
Carlo Marks as David Peck, Jess's boyfriend who seems to have more in common with Bree
Kyle Cassie as Martin Demming, Bree's former longtime boyfriend
Bradley Stryker as John Rawl (season 2)
Jessica Sipos as Sarah Mercer, a local firefighter and Kevin's love interest (season 2)
Gregory Harrison as Thomas O'Brien, Mick's brother (season 2)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Martin Wood
Nancey Silvers
August 14, 2016 (2016-08-14)
1.94[6]

When Abby O'Brien was 17 years old, her mother, Megan, left her father, Mick, Abby and her siblings Bree, Kevin, Connor, and Jess. Fifteen years later, Abby, a successful career woman and divorced mother of two daughters, Carrie and Caitlyn, lives in New York. Just when Abby is told her ex-husband Wes is getting remarried, her sister Jess asks her and the girls to visit Chesapeake Shores for a weekend. Abby is concerned upon learning Jess is renovating a rundown home into a bed and breakfast and is also needing help with finances. Returning home, Abby sees her high school sweetheart, Trace, now a successful country musician, whom she left to move to New York. Meanwhile, there is tension between Mick and Abby, stemming from him being a frequently absent parent when she was growing up and its negative impact on the family. She soon realizes that she has been a somewhat similar parent for her girls. She voices her fears to Trace, and he whisks her away for a moonlit swim that ultimately leads to a kiss. She later apologizes for both the kiss and for leaving him years ago. She extends her visit when Nell, the grandmother who raised her, suffers a minor illness. Middle sister Bree also make a trip home. Reconnecting with her family, Abby contemplates her children growing up there. Trace reveals that he tried to find her in New York after college, but stopped upon hearing of her engagement. He also admits that the Nashville scene wasn't for him and he came home to recharge. Abby then visits her firm's Baltimore office, where she is extended an open employment offer; the office's proximity to Chesapeake Shores and the family-friendly hours appeal to her. That night, Mick surprises everyone as he has summoned Megan to town. After years of strained relations, he believes the family should reconnect. Soon, Mick's sons, Connor and Kevin, also return home.

2
2
"Home to Roost, Part One"
Peter DeLuise
John Tinker
August 21, 2016 (2016-08-21)
1.86[7]

Nell returns home from a doctor visit, hinting there is something wrong but not wanting to discuss it. Abby jogs by Trace's place, and they briefly discuss last night and what it might mean. Soon after, Wes arrives to pick up the girls and gets into an argument with Abby. He gets in his car and says he'll be back in an hour. Abby returns to Trace, and they try to talk about each other's lives over the past several years. Trace won't open up about why he returned from Nashville, only saying that the music business isn't what he hoped it would be. As the two start to embrace, Abby stops and tells Trace the only way they can have a chance together is if her girls always come first and he lets things happen at her pace. As Jess prepares for the soft opening of her B&B, Megan takes a room there and the two later argue. A pipe bursts and Mick rushes to the B&B to fix it before the opening. Kevin, an Army medic, announces he's being deployed again to Afghanistan. Wes returns and hands papers to Abby, saying their current arrangement isn't going to work. Trace catches them arguing and starts toward Wes, but Abby tells him to butt out.

3
3
"Home to Roost, Part Two"
Peter DeLuise
John Tinker
August 28, 2016 (2016-08-28)
2.18[8]

Abby decides to accept the job offer in the Baltimore office and stay in Chesapeake Shores to raise her daughters. She consults Connor, her soon-to-be lawyer brother, on the best way to fight for custody. Trace continues to struggle with things he left behind in Nashville, as evidenced by a heated exchange with someone on the other end of a phone call. Trace and Abby meet and agree that, for now, they need to be friends and nothing more. Mick suggests to Bree that staying in Chesapeake Shores for a while may be just what she needs to overcome her writer's block.

4
4
"We're Not Losing a Son..."
Martin Wood
Nancey Silvers
September 4, 2016 (2016-09-04)
2.21[9]

Just as Abby and Trace are getting comfortable with their "friendship" agreement, Trace's beautiful singing partner Leigh arrives unannounced from Nashville. Leigh tries to convince Trace to return to Nashville and finish the album they were working on, while Trace hints at problems he needed to leave behind. Leigh checks into Jess's bed & breakfast, leaving Jess and Bree to wonder if the relationship between Trace and Leigh went beyond music. Megan visits with Connor in his small apartment and tries to mend old wounds, but Connor's resentment is still very apparent. Nell convinces Mick to stop meddling in Jess's business, so Mick takes on a new project – building a playhouse for Abby's girls. Abby goes to see Trace at the diner, and catches him and Leigh smiling and laughing over a meal. At the end of the episode, Mick gets a call from an Army representative, saying that Kevin's unit in Afghanistan has gone missing.

5
5
"We're Gaining a Daughter"
Martin Wood
Nancey Silvers
September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11)
2.23[10]

Mick receives news regarding his son Kevin, who has been missing in action. This causes anxiety within the family. Trace tells his music partner, Leigh, he cannot return to Nashville to finish the album they started together. Mick and Abby travel to New York for her custody battle with her ex-husband Wes. Neither party can come to an agreement concerning their two daughters. The judge grants Abby temporary custody until an agreement can be made over the summer. Trace finds an abandoned warehouse for sale in town and dreams of turning it into a place for the townspeople to listen to music, with a studio upstairs. He then agrees to finish the album, as he needs the money, but he says when it's done, so will be his partnership with Leigh. She tries to kiss him, but he stops her. Mick receives another phone call saying that Kevin is alive and will be transported to a hospital. Mick and Nell discuss his father, who died in 1999. Mick wishes his children had the same feelings for him as he had for his father.

6
6
"Georgia on My Mind"
Anne Wheeler
John Tinker
September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)
1.85[11]

Out of nowhere, a woman named Georgia arrives at the house and says she is Kevin's fiancée. She has convinced the hospital to let Kevin recover at home. All the O'Briens want to tend to the injured Kevin, while also trying to figure out more about the mysterious Georgia. Abby is at work when an agent from the SEC shows up and asks what was in the boxes she transported home from New York. Not knowing what is going on, Abby calls Connor, who tells her to "lawyer up". Connor is otherwise occupied taking the bar exam, and starts to get romantic with his study partner. Bree tells Abby that while she was in Chicago, she found out her long-time boyfriend Martin is seeing someone else. Trace's banker father tells him he has been rejected for a loan to buy the warehouse, saying there is nothing he can do to get around Trace's debts and lack of a steady job – also mentioning regular payments Trace is sending back to Nashville. Trace later finds out that Mick bought the building. At home in her room, Abby pores over the contents of her New York office, trying to figure out what spiked the interest of the SEC, while she watches a video of Trace and Leigh singing together.

7
7
"Second Chances"
Anne Wheeler
Kirsten Hansen
September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
1.89[12]

At her new book exchange booth, Bree meets a man named David, who sort of flirts with her. She later tells Jess about it, and Jess prepares to see her new boyfriend. Trace talks about the warehouse with Mick, who likes his idea of making it a music venue and asks if they can be partners on the project. Wes visits Abby and asks about the SEC investigation. She learns it is related to a deal he and his fiancée Gabrielle were working on while Abby was still employed in New York. He says he and Gabrielle broke up, that he now has no job and is facing an investigation, and that the girls are all he has left. He and Abby agree to work out something, without lawyers, regarding the children. Megan confronts Mick, saying she is upset that the kids feel she just left them years ago. She says she never wanted to leave, but she couldn't be with Mick and she didn't want to uproot the kids. Abby visits Trace, and admits she was jealous seeing him with Leigh. Trace finally reveals that he was the driver in an auto accident that badly injured his bass player, who may never walk again, and Trace is dealing with the guilt. Bree meets Jess's boyfriend and sees it is David, leading to an awkward moment. Nell prepares for a trip to Ireland. Kevin rides into the woods with Connor, and, despite Kevin's injury, they climb to an old tree house. Kevin talks about his convoy in Afghanistan hitting an IED, and he's obviously still shaken. When the two climb down from the tree, Kevin falls and cannot move.

8
8
"Deals Undone"
Martin Wood
Nancey Silvers
October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
2.19[13]

Kevin appears to have suffered no ill effects from his fall, but he and Connor are nevertheless chastised by the family for doing something so careless. Trace learns that Mick pulled out of his deal to buy the warehouse and is declined a loan from his father's bank. Although his father later offers him a personal loan, Trace refuses, knowing it will be conditional. Mick then shows Trace a different property he owns that needs some work, but might also make a great music venue. The two agree to a partnership. Abby is served with a summons by the Department of Justice, who wants to seize all of the contents she has from her New York office. Connor gets involved and, without consulting Abby or Wes, sets up a meeting with the DOJ rep. Connor convinces the rep that Gabrielle, Wes' ex-fiancée, is the real culprit and says Wes and Abby should be exonerated for their cooperation. Though his move is successful, Connor is scolded by Abby and Megan for taking such a risk as he is not an actual lawyer. One of Mick's business deals takes a turn, and he becomes cranky and distant as his children remember him. During a family fun day at a game center, David invites Bree to participate with him and Jess. Jess soon becomes angry as she is excluded from David and Bree's talks. Georgia prepares to leave town and reminds Kevin that they both agreed to start their new life in Daytona Beach. Trace invites Abby on a date, dancing at his soon-to-be music venue.

9
9
"Exes Mark the Spot"
Martin Wood
Nancey Silvers
October 9, 2016 (2016-10-09)
1.72[14]

Jess tells David she wants to break up, as they have nothing in common. Almost immediately after, she says she needs a chef at the B&B and offers him the job. As Abby and Trace grow closer together, Wes tells Abby he will no longer fight for custody of their daughters. He also announces he'll be looking for a job in the area, and Abby promises to be generous with visitation. Kevin confides in Connor that he loves Georgia, but is not in love with the idea of marrying her. He announces he's going back to Johns Hopkins to become a doctor. At a family gathering, both Leigh and Bree's former flame Martin show up unannounced. Bree argues with Martin, saying she waited for years for him to propose marriage, only to have him break her heart. Trace gets a phone call and learns his father has been hospitalized, so he leaves the party abruptly. On the way to the hospital, he is stopped for speeding, then arrested for an outstanding warrant. Back at the party, Martin announces the real reason he showed up: he offers Bree the position of Playwright in Residence at the Chicago theater where he is a director. Mick finally arrives at the party. With his five children surrounding him, he tells each how proud he is of them.

tag: table

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

10
1
"Secrets, Lies, and School Supplies"
Sean McNamara
Nancey Silvers
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.87[15]

As the town prepares for the annual lantern festival, Trace must return to Nashville to face a mistake from his past. Meanwhile, Mick takes his granddaughters back-to-school shopping and covertly works on a business deal that is bound to cause family conflict. Jess is overwhelmed by both a busy weekend at her bed and breakfast and the news that her mother, Megan, has returned to town for good. Bree must decide if she will move to Chicago to produce her play. As the festival nears, Trace and the O'Briens try to put their challenges aside, so that four generations—including grandma Nell—can come together.

11
2
"Pasts and Presents"
Sean McNamara
Michael Berns
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
1.61[16]

As Mick moves forward with his bold plans to develop the O'Brien Trust land, he tells Trace he has to sell the music club space. Trace's father returns home from his surgery and again offers Trace a loan to buy the property, but Trace decides to try a different tactic. Jess is working around the clock planning to host her second cousin's wedding at the B&B, forcing her to reluctantly accept help from Megan. Kevin has a possible PTSD episode in front of Megan, but later runs toward danger as he was trained, and saves a man's life with Abby's help. Connor interviews for his first job as a lawyer. Bree travels to Chicago, and finds herself confronting Martin for making major changes to the script for her play. As Trace and Leigh work on a song, she tries to convince him that he belongs back in Nashville.

12
3
"Photographs and Memories"
Terry Ingram
Michael MacLennan
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
1.84[17]

As Abby sends her girls off to their first day at a new school, conflict arises between Trace and Wes about their roles in the family. This is complicated further when a Nashville recording label takes interest in Trace and Leigh's new demo. The O'Brien siblings reminisce over their own school days watching home movies shot by Megan, but these videos have Jess feeling left out and angry at her mother for leaving when she was young. Megan tries to help Jess market the B&B as the slow season approaches, but Jess is resistant. Connor learns that his new place of employment values conformity over individualism. Nell helps Connor dress more professionally, but struggles to prevent Mick from butting heads with his brother Thomas (Gregory Harrison) over family land. Bree sees that the bookstore in town is going out of business and takes it upon herself to save it, while Kevin learns that a cute firefighter named Sarah, whom he met at the accident scene, is interested in him. This causes a dilemma, as Kevin hasn't yet officially ended things with Georgia.

13
4
"It's Always Nashville"
Terry Ingram
Kristen Hansen
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
1.70[18]

Trace and Leigh learn that famous Nashville producer Mark Hall (Jerry Trimble) will be recording their new single. As they attempt to sing the song in the studio, Hall says he doesn't hear enough emotion in their voices. He orders them to different rooms and tells each to imagine someone special they would sing to. Thinking of Abby, Trace nails his take, but it leads to Hall thinking that Trace would be better off as a solo act, without Leigh. Jess tries to help out Bree's book store by promoting an appearance from Simon Atwater, a hot new author, but Bree learns her sister hasn't asked Simon yet. Kevin finally asks out Sarah on a date, saying he will explain why he didn't call her back after their last encounter. Abby says her client has agreed to work with Mick on developing the O'Brien Trust land, but Nell thinks it is more important for Mick to reconcile with Thomas.

14
5
"Buried Treasures"
Mike Rohl
Michael MacLennan
September 3, 2017 (2017-09-03)
1.85[19]

Nell discovers a treasure map that Bree made as a teenager, leading Bree and Kevin to hunt for a family time capsule in the backyard. Trace is in Nashville fighting Mark to keep Leigh on an upcoming album at the risk of his own career. Later, the Trace Riley Band, featuring Leigh, debuts at an industry event show, while an irritated Mark observes. Abby meets a handsome widower in the PTA, Douglas Peterson (Victor Webster). At her bed and breakfast, Jess must deal with a demanding customer, but David later discovers that the guest is a famous travel writer. Mick and Thomas continue to spar over the development deal, never seeing eye-to-eye about the past or the future. Megan reconnects with the family by giving Connor dating advice and tutoring her granddaughters.

15
6
"Grand Openings"
Mike Rohl
David Maples
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
1.80[20]

As The Bridge nightclub's opening nears, Trace spends late nights practicing with Leigh and his band, while Mick fights city hall to obtain a live music permit. Abby receives a promotion at work, but it could leave her with less time to spend with the family and Trace. Frustrated with her own work prospects, Megan gets an endorsement from an unexpected ally. Jess begins to develop feelings for David, while also trying to get him to open up about himself. Bree is surprised at her bookstore by a new admirer, author Simon Atwater. Connor reconnects with former schoolmate Danielle (Britt Irvin), and Kevin focuses on Sarah. Sensing romance in the air, Nell hosts a dinner for her grandchildren and their new love interests. The Bridge opens with a good crowd on hand, but moments into the Trace Riley Band's first song, Abby gets a text from Wes saying their sick girls want their mommy. Trace sees her leave.

16
7
"All Our Yesterdays"
Anne Wheeler
Nancey Silvers
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
1.72[21]

Mick receives damaging information about Thomas from Abby's client, and considers whether to use it in their town hall debate over the family land trust. Jess plans a special meal to win over David, but is fearful to take the next step in their relationship. Bree is also afraid to move forward with Simon, telling Megan that she always gets into relationships that are doomed. Connor and Kevin both contemplate their careers, concerned they may be headed down the wrong paths. Overloaded with work, both Trace and Abby try to find time to spend with each other and their families. On advice from Nell, Megan tells her children the real reason she left for New York all those years ago.

17
8
"Forest Through the Trees"
Anne Wheeler
Ann Hamilton
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
TBD

Trace takes Abby on a camping trip where they reconnect, and he makes a vow that, no matter where their careers take them, he will always put Abby first. Jess fears falling in love with David because she always screws up things, while Bree is letting the pain of her past with Martin prevent her from getting involved with Simon. Both eventually share a romantic moment with their significant others. Sarah confides to Kevin that her late husband was a Marine who died on the battlefield three years ago, adding that she's not yet ready to start a new relationship. Connor helps Thomas with a legal project and becomes intrigued with the possibility of a career in environmental law. Mick decides to compromise on the O'Brien Trust land and finally sits down with Thomas to talk. Meanwhile, a video of the Trace Riley Band singing "Freefall" has gained over 400,000 views, causing Trace to realize he's likely heading back to Nashville.

18
9
"The Royal Court"[22]
Andy Mikita
Nancey Silvers
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
TBD

19
10
"Freefall"[22]
TBA
TBA
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Chesapeake Shores is filmed on Vancouver Island's Qualicum Beach and its neighboring town of Parksville, British Columbia. The first season was filmed there from May through July 2016.[23]

text: In addition to playing the character Trace, Jesse Metcalfe performs some of the songs used in the series' episodes. A songwriter for more than a decade, Metcalfe also composed two of the songs himself.[24]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series premiered on the Hallmark Channel on August 14, 2016. It premiered on Canada's W Network on August 25, 2016.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said Chesapeake Shores is "as well scrubbed and predictable as they come — in other words, perfectly suited to Hallmark's target audience." He added, "fans of [Sherryl Woods's series of novels], at least, will probably enjoy seeing this annoyingly pristine world brought to life."[26]

text: Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the two-hour series premiere a B grade, praising the "ethereally gorgeous" Meghan Ory and the "acting powerhouses" of Treat Williams and Diane Ladd. She added that they "may make the show worth watching, and the giddy chemistry of the romantic leads certainly doesn't hurt."[27]

text: Viewership[edit]

text: Chesapeake Shores' two-hour premiere on Sunday, August 14, 2016, was seen by 1.942 million viewers. Its largest ratings demographic were people over the age of 50, with a 1.42 share, followed by a 0.45 share among women aged 18 to 49.[6] Over the course of the first season, the series was Hallmark's "most-watched [...] in the network's history" by women and adults in the 25–54 age demographic in its live plus three days (L+3) of DVR viewing, leading to its second-season renewal.[4]


document_title: Smokey and the Bandit

question_text: pontiac trans am in smokey and the bandit

text: Smokey and the Bandit

text: Plot[edit]

text: Wealthy Texan Big Enos Burdette and his son Little Enos seek a truck driver willing to bootleg Coors beer to Georgia for their refreshment. At the time, Coors was regarded as one of the finest beers in the United States,[4] but it could not be legally sold east of the Mississippi River. Truck drivers who had taken the bet previously had been caught and arrested by "Smokey" (CB slang for highway patrol officers, referring to the Smokey Bear–type hats worn in some states).

text: The Burdettes find legendary trucker Bo "Bandit" Darville competing in a truck rodeo at Lakewood Fairgrounds in Atlanta; they offer him $80,000 to haul 400 cases of Coors beer from Texarkana, Texas back to Atlanta in 28 hours; Big Enos has sponsored a driver running in the Southern Classic stockcar race and "when he wins I want to celebrate in style." Bandit accepts the bet and recruits his partner Cledus "Snowman" Snow to drive the truck, while Bandit drives the "blocker", a black Pontiac Trans Am bought on an advance from the Burdettes, to divert attention away from the truck and its illegal cargo.

text: The trip to Texas is mostly uneventful except for at least one pursuing Arkansas State Trooper whom Bandit evades with ease. They reach Texarkana an hour ahead of schedule, load their truck with the beer and head back toward Atlanta. Immediately upon starting the second leg of the run, Bandit picks up runaway bride Carrie, whom he eventually nicknames "Frog" because she is "kinda cute like a frog", she is "always hoppin' around", and because he "wants to jump" her.  But in so doing, Bandit makes himself a target of Texas Sheriff Buford T. Justice, a career lawman whose handsome but slow-witted son Junior was to have been Carrie's bridegroom. Ignoring his own jurisdiction, Sheriff Justice, with Junior in tow, chases Bandit all the way to Georgia, even as various mishaps cause his cruiser to disintegrate around them.

text: The remainder of the film is one lengthy high-speed chase, as Bandit's antics attract more and more attention from local and state police across Dixie while Snowman barrels on toward Atlanta with the contraband beer. Bandit and Snowman are helped along the way via CB radio by many colorful characters, including Stacy Calhoun and an undertaker with his hearse driver and their funeral procession, an elderly lady, a drive-in waitress and all her customers, a convoy of trucks, and even a madam who runs a brothel out of her RV.  Neither Sheriff Justice nor any other police officers have any knowledge of Snowman's illegal manifest.  During this time, Bandit and Frog become closer and enjoy some romantic moments together, causing them to lose valuable time.

text: The chase intensifies as Bandit and Snowman get closer to Atlanta; moments after crossing back into Georgia, Bandit comes to the rescue when Snowman is pulled over by a Georgia State Patrol motorcycle patrolman, and state and local police step up their pursuit with more cruisers, larger roadblocks, and even a police helicopter to track Bandit's movements. Discouraged by the unexpected mounting attention, and with just four miles left to go, Bandit is about to give up, but Snowman refuses to listen and takes the lead, smashing through the police roadblock at the entrance to the fairgrounds. They arrive back at Lakewood Speedway (while the Southern Classic race is being run) with only ten minutes to spare, but instead of taking the payoff, Frog and Bandit accept a double-or-nothing offer from Little Enos — a challenge to run up to Boston and bring back clam chowder in 18 hours. They quickly escape in one of Big Enos' Cadillac convertibles as Georgia State Patrol cruisers flood the racetrack to confiscate the Trans Am and truck, passing Sheriff Justice's badly damaged police car by the side of the road. Bandit first directs Sheriff Justice to Big and Little Enos, but then in a gesture of respect, reveals his true location and invites Justice to give chase, leaving Junior behind.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Burt Reynolds
Bo Darville ("Bandit")

Sally Field
Carrie ("Frog")

Jerry Reed
Cledus "Snowman" Snow

Jackie Gleason
Sheriff Buford T. Justice ("Smokey")

Mike Henry
Junior Justice

Pat McCormick
Big Enos Burdette

Paul Williams
Little Enos Burdette

Macon McCalman
Mr. B

Susan McIver
Hot Pants

George Reynolds
Sheriff George Branford

Laura Lizer Sommers
Little Beaver

Michael Mann
Branford's Deputy

Lamar Jackson
Sugar Bear

Ronnie Gay
Georgia Trooper

Quinnon Sheffield
Alabama Trooper

Alfie Wise
Alabama Patrolman

Pat Hustis
Tow Truck Driver

Ingeborg Kjeldsen
Foxy Lady

Ben Jones
Trucker #1

Joe Klecko
Trucker #2

Hank Worden
Trucker #3

1977 Pontiac Trans Am
BAN-ONE "Blocker"

text: Production[edit]

text: Director Hal Needham originally planned the film as a low-budget B movie with a production cost of $1 million,[3] with Jerry Reed as the Bandit. It was not until Needham's friend Burt Reynolds read the script, and said he would star, that the film was aimed at a more mainstream release; Reed would now portray Bandit's friend Snowman (Reed would eventually play the Bandit in Smokey and the Bandit Part 3). At that time Reynolds was the top box office star in the world. In the original script Carrie was called Kate while Big Enos and Little Enos were called Kyle and Dickey. Bandit's car was a second generation Ford Mustang and the prize for completing the run was a new truck rather than $80,000.[5]

text: Burt Reynolds revealed in his autobiography that Needham had written the first draft script on legal pads. Upon showing it to his friend, Reynolds told Needham that it was the worst script he had ever read but that he would still make the movie. Most of the dialogue was improvised on set.[6]

text: Universal Studios bankrolled Smokey and the Bandit for $5.3 million, figuring it was a good risk.[3] Just two days before production was to begin, Universal sent a "hatchet man" to Atlanta to inform Needham that the budget was being trimmed by $1 million. With Reynolds' salary at $1 million, Needham was left with only $3.3 million to make the film. Needham and assistant director David Hamburger spent 30 hours revising the shooting schedule.[3]

text: "Buford T. Justice" was the name of a real Florida Highway Patrolman known to Reynolds' father, who was once Police Chief of Riviera Beach, Florida. His father was also the inspiration for the word "sumbitch" used in the film, a variation of the phrase "son-of-a-bitch" that, according to Reynolds, he uttered quite often.

text: Jackie Gleason was given free rein to ad-lib dialogue and make suggestions. It was his idea to have Junior alongside him throughout.  In particular, the scene where Sheriff Justice unknowingly encounters the Bandit in the "choke and puke" (a roadside diner) was not in the original story, but rather was Gleason's idea.

text: Before Gleason was cast in the film, Richard Boone was originally considered for the role of Buford T. Justice.[6]

text: Sally Field only accepted the part after her agent advised her that she needed a big movie role on her resume. Reynolds actively pushed for her casting after Universal initially resisted, claiming Field was not attractive enough. Field enjoyed making the film, but remembers that virtually the entire project was improvised.

text: Reportedly, Needham had great difficulty getting any studios or producers to take his project seriously, as in the film industry, he was better known as a stuntman. He managed to obtain studio attention after his friend Reynolds agreed to portray the Bandit in the film.

text: The movie was primarily filmed in Georgia in the cities of McDonough, Jonesboro and Lithonia. The scenes set in Texarkana were filmed in Jonesboro and the surrounding area, and many of the chase scenes were filmed in the surrounding areas on Highway 54 between Fayetteville and Jonesboro for a majority of the driving scenes, Mundy's Mill Road, Main Street in Jonesboro, Georgia State Route 400, I-85 (Pleasant Hill exit), and in McDonough. However, the scene where they drive through the Shell gas station was filmed in Ojai, California on the corner of Ojai and El Paseo. Much of the surrounding scene comes from that immediate vicinity. The scene featuring the racetrack was filmed at Lakewood Speedway at the old Lakewood Fairgrounds on the south side of Atlanta. The roller coaster seen in the movie was the Greyhound. It had not been used for some time and was repainted for the film. It was destroyed in Smokey and the Bandit II and a flashback scene in Part 3.[7]

text: The film's theme song, "East Bound and Down", was written virtually overnight by Jerry Reed. He gave Needham a preview of the song, and when initially he got no reaction from the director, offered to rewrite the song. Needham, however, liked the song so much he assured Jerry not to change a word. It became one of Reed's biggest hits and his signature song.[8]

text: The area around Helen, Georgia was also used for some locations. The scene where Buford T. Justice's car has the door knocked off by a passing semi truck was shot on Georgia State Route 75, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Helen. The tow truck driver was a local garage owner, Berlin Wike.

text: The film features the custom clothing and costuming of Niver Western Wear of Fort Worth, Texas.[9] Niver provided much of the western attire worn in the film, as well as the custom-made sheriff's uniforms (waist size 64 inches) that Jackie Gleason wore throughout the film.

text: Reynolds and Sally Field began dating during the filming of Smokey and the Bandit.

text: While made to take advantage of the ongoing 1970s CB radio fad, the film added to the craze.[10]

text: Though the film Moonrunners (1975) is the precursor to the television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979-1985), from the same creator and with many identical settings and concepts, the popularity of Smokey and the Bandit and similar films helped get the Dukes series on the air. Three actors from the main cast of The Dukes of Hazzard appear in small uncredited roles in Smokey and the Bandit: Ben Jones, John Schneider and Sonny Shroyer (who played a police officer in both). In return, Reynolds portrayed the Dukes character Boss Hogg (originally portrayed by Sorrell Booke) in the film adaptation The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). Reynolds is also referenced by name in several early episodes of the series.

text: Vehicles[edit]

text: Needham saw an advertisement for the soon-to-be-released 1977 Pontiac Trans Am and knew right away that would be the Bandit's car, or, as Needham referred to it, a character in the movie. He contacted Pontiac and an agreement was made that four 1977 Trans Ams and two Pontiac LeMans 4-door sedans would be provided for the movie.[11] The Trans Ams were actually 1976-model cars with 1977 front ends. (From 1970 to 1976, both the Firebird/Trans Am and Chevrolet Camaro had two round headlights, and in 1977, the Firebird/Trans Am was changed to four rectangular headlights, while the Camaro remained unchanged.) The decals were also changed to 1977-style units, as evidenced by the engine size callouts on the hood scoop being in liters rather than cubic inches, as had been the case in 1976. The hood scoop on these cars says "6.6 LITRE", which in 1977 would have denoted an Oldsmobile 403-equipped car or a non W-72, 180 hp version of the 400 Pontiac engine. All four of the cars were badly damaged during production,[12] one of which was all but destroyed during the jump over the dismantled bridge. The Trans Am used for the dismantled bridge jump was equipped with a booster rocket, the same type that was used by Evel Knievel during his failed Snake River Canyon jump. Needham served as the driver for the stunt (standing in for Reynolds) while Lada St. Edmund was in the same car (standing in for Sally Field during the jump). By the movie's ending, the final surviving Trans Am and LeMans were both barely running and the other cars had become parts donors to keep them running. The Burdettes' car is a 1974 Cadillac Eldorado convertible painted in a "Candy Red" color scheme, and is seen briefly at the beginning of the movie and as Bandit, Snowman, Fred, and Frog make their escape in the final scene.

text: The film also made use of three Kenworth W900A short-frame semi trucks, which Jerry Reed can be seen driving, each equipped with 38-inch sleepers. Two units were 1974 models as evidenced by standard silver Kenworth emblems on the truck grille, and one unit was a 1973 model as evidenced by the gold-painted Kenworth emblem on the truck's grille signifying Kenworth's 50 years in business. The paint code for each truck was coffee brown with gold trims, and the 48-foot (15 m) mural trailer used was manufactured by Hobbs Trailers in Texas with a non-operational Thermo King Refrigeration unit. This is obvious, because there is no fuel tank on the underside of the trailer to power the refrigeration unit, and the unit is never heard running.[13]

text: Legal status of Coors beer[edit]

text: In 1977, Coors was unavailable for sale east of Oklahoma. A 1974 Time magazine article explains why Coors was so coveted that one would be willing to pay the Bandit such a high price to transport it. Coors Banquet Beer had a brief renaissance as certain people sought it out for its lack of stabilizers and preservatives. The article says that future Vice President Gerald Ford hid it in his luggage after a trip to Colorado in order to take it back to Washington. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had a steady supply airlifted to Washington by the Air Force. The article also mentions Frederick Amon, who smuggled it from Colorado to North Carolina and sold it for four times the retail price.[14] The lack of additives and preservatives meant that Coors had the potential for spoiling in a week if it were not kept cold throughout its transportation and in storage at its destination. This explains the 28-hour deadline.[15]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Smokey And The Bandit: Music from the Motion PictureSoundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
1977 (1977)Genre
Truck-driving countrycountry rockcountrybluegrassrockLength
41:11Label
MCA RecordsProducer
Sonny Burke
Singles from Smokey And The Bandit: Music from the Motion Picture

"East Bound and Down"Released: August 1, 1977

text: The theme music, "East Bound and Down", was sung and co-written by Reed (credited under his birth name, Jerry Hubbard) and Dick Feller. It became Reed's signature song and is found on multiple albums, including Country Legends and his live album Jerry Reed: Live Still. In 1991 it was arranged for orchestra by Crafton Beck and recorded by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra for their album Down on the Farm. Several other groups, such as US rock band Tonic, have also covered it. Reed also penned and performed the song for the opening credits, entitled "The Legend", which tells of some of The Bandit's escapades prior to the events of the film, and the ballad "The Bandit", which features in several versions in the movie and on the soundtrack. Reed's hit notwithstanding, Bill Justis is the first name on the credits for the soundtrack as he composed and arranged original music throughout the film. Musicians such as Beegie Adair and George Tidwell played on the soundtrack as part of long careers in music. Legendary five-string banjo player Bobby Thompson is also heard prominently towards the end of "East Bound and Down." The soundtrack album was released in 1977 on vinyl, cassette and 8-track through MCA Records.[16]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."The Legend"Jerry R. Hubbard2:092."Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 0:283."West Bound And Down"Jerry R. Hubbard, Dick Feller2:454."Foxy Lady"Bill Justis2:515."Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Smokey"] – Jackie Gleason, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 0:566."Orange Blossom Special"Ervin T. Rouse2:407."The Bandit"Dick Feller3:008."March Of The Rednecks"Bill Justis2:229."If You Leave Me Tonight I'll Cry"Gerald Sanford, Hal Mooney2:4710."East Bound and Down (Incidental CB Dialogue Included)" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed)Jerry R. Hubbard, Dick Feller4:4211."The Bandit"Dick Feller2:4812."And The Fight Played On!"Bill Justis2:2213."Ma Cousin Plays Steel"Bill Justis3:1114."Hot Pants Fuzz Parade"Bill Justis4:4815."Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Smokey"] – Jackie Gleason) 1:0516."The Bandit (Reprise)"Dick Feller2:17Total length:41:11

text: Reception[edit]

text: Smokey and the Bandit was a sleeper hit.[17] The film premiered at Radio City Music Hall in New York City where it performed badly.[18]  It then opened in just the South of the United States over the Memorial Day weekend and grossed $2,689,851 in 386 theatres.  By the end of June it had played in major Southern markets including Charlotte, Atlanta, Jacksonville, New Orleans, Memphis, Dallas and Oklahoma City grossing $11.9 million.  It opened in other Northern states at the end of July.[19]

text: With an original budget of $5.3 million (cut to $4.3 million two days before initial production),[3] the film eventually grossed $126,737,428 in North America,[20] making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 1977. The worldwide gross is estimated at over $300 million.[3]

text: Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film a good rating (3 stars out of a possible 4) and characterized it as "About as subtle as The Three Stooges, but a classic compared to the sequels and countless rip-offs which followed."[21]

text: Gene Siskel, in his review in the Chicago Tribune, gave the film two stars and complained that the film failed to tell the audience when the clock started on the beer run, thus removing suspense throughout the film concerning how long remained to them. He also claimed that Bandit is never made aware of Frog's leaving Junior at the altar, which is why the Bandit continually asks why a Texas sheriff is chasing him. However, this is inaccurate: within seconds of Bandit picking her up, Frog tells him "there is a wedding in search of a bride", and goes on to explain her ill-advised romance with Junior, as Bandit holds up the CB mic for Snowman to hear.

text: The film's editors, Walter Hannemann and Angelo Ross, were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. It currently holds a 79% "Fresh" rating on review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 28 reviews.[22]

text: Burt Reynolds rated the film as the one he most enjoyed and had the most fun making in his career.[23]

text: Legendary film maker Alfred Hitchcock stated that the movie was one of his favorites.[24]

text: Upon meeting Burt Reynolds, Billy Bob Thornton told him that the picture was not considered a "film" in the south, so much as a documentary.[25]

text: Smokey and the Bandit was released in the United Kingdom on August 28, 1977 and was a sizeable success there, garnering positive reviews.[26]

text: American Film Institute Lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
Bandit (Bo Darville) – Nominated Hero

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Trans Am[edit]

text: After the debut of the film the Trans Am became wildly popular with sales almost doubling in two years of the film's release, to the delight of General Motors; in fact, it outsold its Chevrolet Camaro counterpart for the first time ever.[27] Reynolds was given the 1977 vehicle used during promotion of the film as a gift, though the car itself never actually appeared in the film. Because of the popularity of the movie and the sales success of the Trans Am, then President of Pontiac Alex Mair promised to supply Reynolds with a Trans Am each year. Owing to his financial difficulties, in 2014 Reynolds put his vast collection of artwork and memorabilia up for auction, including the Trans Am. High estimates for the car were up to $80,000, but that was dwarfed by the actual sale price of $450,000. Also up for auction was a go-kart replica of the car, which sold for nearly $14,000.[28] In 2016, Trans Am Depot, a Florida-based automobile customization company, announced that it would build 77 Trans Ams that would be modeled after the car that Reynolds drove in the 1977 original. Pontiac was discontinued by GM in 2009 and Trans Am Depot has permission to use the Trans Am name. These new models were built off the Camaro platform (the very same one that the real Firebird and Trans Am used), came with Pontiac arrowhead, flaming bird and Bandit logos, as well as instrument panels, center consoles and hood scoops emulating their 1977 counterparts, and were signed by Reynolds. Some differences included the use of a supercharged 454-cid (7.4-liter) Chevrolet-sourced engine that put out 840 HP, and four round headlights, which appeared on the 1967-69 Firebirds/Trans Ams only; the actual 1977-81 models had rectangular headlights.[29]

text: Diablo sandwich[edit]

text: The diablo sandwich ordered by Sheriff Justice in the Arkansas barbecue restaurant scene has entered popular culture as a minor reference to the film. While no authoritative source identifies the composition of the sandwich, there are several possibilities. A segment of the CMT program Reel Eats used a sloppy joe-style recipe consisting of seasoned ground beef, corn and sour cream.[30] Another proposal, based more closely on images from the film and the shooting location of the scene (at an Old Hickory House restaurant in Georgia), is pulled pork and hot sauce on a hamburger bun.[31]

text: The Bandit Run[edit]

text: First run in 2007 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the movie, The Bandit Run was the brainchild of Dave Hall, owner of Restore A Muscle Car. A group of Trans Am owners and fans of the movie take part in an annual road trip from Texarkana to Jonesboro, Georgia, recreating the route taken by the characters in the film.

text: The Bandit Run quickly caught on and has become a fixture, most recently celebrating the 40th anniversary of the movie with a special screening of the film attended by Burt Reynolds and a recreation of the jump undertaken by Bandit and Frog across a river.[32]

text: Mobil 1 commercial[edit]

text: In 2014, petroleum company Mobil 1 produced television commercials, featuring NASCAR star Tony Stewart, closely based on the film. Called Smoke is the Bandit playing on Stewart's nickname, the commercials featured him as the Bandit opposite Darrell Waltrip who played Snowman and Jeff Hammond as Buford T. Justice. The story replaced the Coors beer with Mobil 1 products. The adverts poked fun at the film and even featured a Pontiac Trans Am and a cover version of the song East Bound and Down. The commercials were produced after Stewart mentioned that the movie was one of his favorites.[33]

text: Television censorship and alternative versions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: When Smokey and the Bandit first aired on American network television in the early 1980s, censors were faced with the challenge of toning down the raw language of the original film. For this purpose, they overdubbed dialogue deemed offensive, which was (and remains, to an extent) common practice. The most noted change made for network broadcast was the replacing of Buford's often-spoken phrase "sumbitch" (a contraction of "son of a bitch"; usually in reference to the Bandit) with the phrase "scum bum". This phrase achieved a level of popularity with children, and the 2007 Hot Wheels release of the 1970s Firebird Trans Am has "scum bum" emblazoned on its tail. The TV prints of the first two Bandit films are still shown regularly on television, although a few TV stations aired the unedited version in recent years as some of the phraseology (i.e. "(son of a) bitch", "ass", etc.) became more acceptable on TV.[citation needed]

text: The original actors mostly redubbed their own lines for the television version, except for Gleason. Actor Henry Corden, who voiced Fred Flintstone after original performer Alan Reed died, was used to replace a considerable amount of Sheriff Justice's dialogue.

text: In the UK, the heavily dubbed version was shown for a number of years, particularly by the BBC. However, in more recent years, the original version has been shown (on ITV, a commercial channel), usually with the stronger language edited out, often quite awkwardly and noticeably.[citation needed]

text: The theatrical release itself had a few lines deleted, including a creative edit in which Sheriff Justice tells a state trooper to "fuck off." His expletive is obscured when a passing big rig sounds its horn. At the time, using the 'F' word would immediately require an R rating and this clever self-censorship allowed the film to avoid this rating and reach a much larger audience. However, the scene and the obscured expletive was played for comedy value and written as such, with the passing truck being the gag of the scene more than a way to avoid the censors.

text: In 2006, a DVD re-release was issued of Smokey and the Bandit featuring a digitally-remastered audio track with 5.1 Dolby-compatible surround sound. It should be noted however that many of the film's original sounds were replaced. For instance, the diesel engine start and run up sequence in the opening sequence of the film was completely dubbed over with a totally new sound. A few other examples of "sound effect replacement" occur when Bandit takes off after managing to get a reluctant Cledus involved in the bet, and after he comes to a screeching halt on a roadway moments before picking up Carrie. Some of the original sound effects (such as Cledus' dog Fred's barking) and music (such as the final chase to the Southern Classic) were removed and not replaced. (Note: earlier DVD releases and the 40th Anniversary Blu-ray of the film have the original soundtrack intact.)[34]

text: Major portions of the audio 'background' have been modified with different engine sounds or tire squeals from the original film. The updated version of the film features sounds inaccurate for what would be produced by the Trans Am or the numerous other Pontiac vehicles in the film. The original film had correct sounds that were usually recorded live as the action took place.[citation needed]

text: Spin-off television films[edit]

text: A series of four made-for-TV spin-off films (Bandit Goes Country, Bandit Bandit, Beauty and the Bandit and Bandit's Silver Angel) were produced in 1994 for Universal Television's Action Pack with actor Brian Bloom playing a younger version of Bandit. The three original films introduced two generations of the Pontiac Trans Am, and the Dodge Stealth in the television movies.


document_title: List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders

question_text: who led the league in rebounds last year

text: Key[edit]

text:
^

Denotes player who is still active in the NBA

*

Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Player (X)

Denotes the number of times the player had been therebounding leader up to and including that season

G
Guard
F
Forward
C
Center

text: Season leaders[edit]

text:
Season

Player

Pos.[a]

Team

Gamesplayed

Offensiverebounds

Defensiverebounds

Totalrebounds

Reboundsper game

References

1950–51

Dolph Schayes*

F/C

Syracuse Nationals
66
—
—
1,080
16.36

[8][9]

1951–52

Larry Foust

C

Fort Wayne Pistons
66
—
—
880
13.33

[8][10]

1951–52

Mel Hutchins

C

Milwaukee Hawks
66
—
—
880
13.33

[8][11]

1952–53

George Mikan*

C

Minneapolis Lakers
70
—
—
1,007
14.39

[8][12]

1953–54

Harry Gallatin*

F/C

New York Knicks
72
—
—
1,098
15.25

[8][13]

1954–55

Neil Johnston*

C

Philadelphia Warriors
72
—
—
1,085
15.07

[8][14]

1955–56

Bob Pettit*

C

St. Louis Hawks
72
—
—
1,164
16.17

[8][15]

1956–57

Maurice Stokes*

F

Rochester Royals
72
—
—
1,256
17.44

[8][16]

1957–58

Bill Russell*

C

Boston Celtics
69
—
—
1,564
22.67

[8][17]

1958–59

Bill Russell* (2)

C

Boston Celtics
70
—
—
1,612
23.03

[8][17]

1959–60

Wilt Chamberlain*[b]

C

Philadelphia Warriors
72
—
—
1,941
26.96

[8][18]

1960–61

Wilt Chamberlain* (2)[c]

C

Philadelphia Warriors
79
—
—
2,149
27.20

[8][18]

1961–62

Wilt Chamberlain* (3)

C

Philadelphia Warriors
80
—
—
2,052
25.65

[8][18]

1962–63

Wilt Chamberlain* (4)

C

San Francisco Warriors
80
—
—
1,946
24.32

[8][18]

1963–64

Bill Russell* (3)

C

Boston Celtics
78
—
—
1,930
24.74

[8][17]

1964–65

Bill Russell* (4)

C

Boston Celtics
78
—
—
1,878
24.08

[8][17]

1965–66

Wilt Chamberlain* (5)

C

Philadelphia 76ers
79
—
—
1,943
24.59

[8][18]

1966–67

Wilt Chamberlain* (6)

C

Philadelphia 76ers
81
—
—
1,957
24.16

[8][18]

1967–68

Wilt Chamberlain* (7)

C

Philadelphia 76ers
82
—
—
1,952
23.80

[8][18]

1968–69

Wilt Chamberlain* (8)

C

Los Angeles Lakers
81
—
—
1,712
21.14

[8][18]

1969–70

Elvin Hayes*

C

San Diego Rockets
82
—
—
1,386
16.90

[8][19][20]

1970–71

Wilt Chamberlain* (9)

C

Los Angeles Lakers
82
—
—
1,493
18.21

[8][18][21]

1971–72

Wilt Chamberlain* (10)

C

Los Angeles Lakers
82
—
—
1,572
19.17

[8][18][22]

1972–73

Wilt Chamberlain* (11)

C

Los Angeles Lakers
82
—
—
1,526
18.61

[8][18][23]

1973–74

Elvin Hayes* (2)

F

Capital Bullets
81
354
1,109
1,463
18.06

[8][20][24]

1974–75

Wes Unseld*[d]

C/F

Washington Bullets
73
318
759
1,077
14.75

[8][25][26]

1975–76

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*

C

Los Angeles Lakers
82
272
1,111
1,383
16.87

[8][27][28]

1976–77

Bill Walton*[e]

C/F

Portland Trail Blazers
65
211
723
934
14.37

[8][29][30]

1977–78

Truck Robinson

C/F

New Orleans Jazz
82
298
990
1,288
15.71

[8][31][32]

1978–79

Moses Malone*

C

Houston Rockets
82
587
857
1,444
17.61

[8][33][34]

1979–80

Swen Nater

C

San Diego Clippers
81
352
864
1,216
15.01

[8][35][36]

1980–81

Moses Malone* (2)

C

Houston Rockets
80
474
706
1,180
14.75

[8][34][37]

1981–82

Moses Malone* (3)

C

Houston Rockets
81
558
630
1,188
14.67

[8][34][38]

1982–83

Moses Malone* (4)

C

Philadelphia 76ers
78
445
749
1,194
15.31

[8][34][39]

1983–84

Moses Malone* (5)[f]

C

Philadelphia 76ers
71
352
598
950
13.38

[8][34][40]

1984–85

Moses Malone* (6)

C

Philadelphia 76ers
79
385
646
1,031
13.05

[8][34][41]

1985–86

Bill Laimbeer

C

Detroit Pistons
82
305
770
1,075
13.11

[8][42][43]

1986–87

Charles Barkley*[g]

F

Philadelphia 76ers
68
390
604
994
14.62

[8][44][45]

1987–88

Michael Cage[h]

F/C

Los Angeles Clippers
72
371
567
938
13.03

[8][46][47]

1988–89

Akeem Olajuwon*[i]

C

Houston Rockets
82
338
767
1,105
13.48

[8][51][52]

1989–90

Akeem Olajuwon* (2)

C

Houston Rockets
82
299
850
1,149
14.01

[8][52][53]

1990–91

David Robinson*

C

San Antonio Spurs
82
335
728
1,063
12.96

[8][54][55]

1991–92

Dennis Rodman*

F

Detroit Pistons
82
523
1,007
1,530
18.66

[8][56][57]

1992–93

Dennis Rodman* (2)

F

Detroit Pistons
62
367
765
1,132
18.26

[8][57][58]

1993–94

Dennis Rodman* (3)

F

San Antonio Spurs
79
453
914
1,367
17.30

[8][57][59]

1994–95

Dennis Rodman* (4)[j]

F

San Antonio Spurs
49
274
549
823
16.80

[8][57][60]

1995–96

Dennis Rodman* (5)[k]

F

Chicago Bulls
64
356
596
952
14.88

[8][57][61]

1996–97

Dennis Rodman* (6)[l]

F

Chicago Bulls
55
320
563
883
16.05

[8][57][62]

1997–98

Dennis Rodman* (7)

F

Chicago Bulls
80
421
780
1,201
15.01

[8][57][63]

1998–99[m]

Chris Webber[n]

F/C

Sacramento Kings
42
149
396
545
12.98

[8][65][66]

1999–00

Dikembe Mutombo*

C

Atlanta Hawks
82
304
853
1,157
14.11

[8][67][68]

2000–01

Dikembe Mutombo* (2)[o]

C

Atlanta HawksPhiladelphia 76ers
75
307
708
1,015
13.53

[8][68][69]

2001–02

Ben Wallace[p]

C/F

Detroit Pistons
80
318
721
1,039
12.99

[8][70][71]

2002–03

Ben Wallace (2)

C/F

Detroit Pistons
73
293
833
1,126
15.42

[8][71][72]

2003–04

Kevin Garnett

F/C

Minnesota Timberwolves
82
245
894
1,139
13.89

[8][73][74]

2004–05

Kevin Garnett (2)

F/C

Minnesota Timberwolves
82
247
861
1,108
13.51

[8][74][75]

2005–06

Kevin Garnett (3)[q]

F/C

Minnesota Timberwolves
76
214
752
966
12.71

[8][74][76]

2006–07

Kevin Garnett (4)[r]

F/C

Minnesota Timberwolves
76
183
792
975
12.83

[8][74][77]

2007–08

Dwight Howard^

C

Orlando Magic
82
279
882
1,161
14.16

[8][78][79]

2008–09

Dwight Howard^ (2)

C

Orlando Magic
79
336
757
1,093
13.84

[8][79]

2009–10

Dwight Howard^ (3)

C

Orlando Magic
82
284
798
1,082
13.20

[8][79]

2010–11

Kevin Love^

F/C

Minnesota Timberwolves
73
330
782
1,112
15.23

[8][80]

2011–12[s]

Dwight Howard^ (4)

C

Orlando Magic
54
200
585
785
14.54

[8][79]

2012–13

Dwight Howard^ (5)[t]

C

Los Angeles Lakers
76
251
694
945
12.43

[8][79][82]

2013–14

DeAndre Jordan^

C

Los Angeles Clippers
82
331
783
1,114
13.59

[83]

2014–15

DeAndre Jordan^ (2)

C

Los Angeles Clippers
82
397
829
1,226
14.95

[84]

2015–16

Andre Drummond^

C

Detroit Pistons
81
395
803
1,198
14.79

[85]

2016–17

Hassan Whiteside^

C

Miami Heat
77
293
795
1,088
14.13

[86]

2017–18

Andre Drummond^ (2)

C

Detroit Pistons
78
399
848
1,247
15.99

[85]

text: Multiple-time leaders[edit]

text:
Ranking
Player
Team
Times leader
Years

1
Wilt Chamberlain
Philadelphia Warriors/San Francisco Warriors (4) / Philadelphia 76ers (3) / Los Angeles Lakers (4)
11
1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973

2
Dennis Rodman
Detroit Pistons (2) / San Antonio Spurs (2) / Chicago Bulls (3)
7
1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998

3
Moses Malone
Houston Rockets (3) / Philadelphia 76ers (3)
6
1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985

4
Dwight Howard
Orlando Magic (4) / Los Angeles Lakers (1)
5
2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013

5
Kevin GarnettBill Russell
Minnesota TimberwolvesBoston Celtics
4
2004, 2005, 2006, 20071958, 1959, 1964, 1965

7
Elvin HayesDeAndre JordanDikembe MutomboHakeem OlajuwonBen WallaceAndre Drummond

San Diego Rockets (1) / Capital Bullets (1)Los Angeles ClippersAtlanta Hawks (1) / Philadelphia 76ers (1)Houston RocketsDetroit PistonsDetroit Pistons
2
1970, 19742014, 20152000, 20011989, 19902002, 20032016, 2018

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The player's primary position is listed first.

Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all-time rookie record for total rebounds.[5]

Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all-time record for total rebounds and rebounds per game in a single season.[4][5]

Jump up ^ In the 1974–75 season, Bob McAdoo and Sam Lacey both had higher rebound totals (1,155 and 1,149 respectively) but they ranked fourth and third in rebounding average (14.1 and 14.2 respectively).[25]

Jump up ^ In the 1976–77 season, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Moses Malone, Artis Gilmore and Elvin Hayes all had higher rebound total (1,090, 1,072, 1,070 and 1,029 respectively) but they ranked second, third, fourth and sixth in rebounding average (13.3, 13.1, 13.0 and 12.5 respectively).[29]

Jump up ^ In the 1983–84 season, Bill Laimbeer and Buck Williams both had higher rebound totals (1,003 and 1,000 respectively) but they ranked fourth and second in rebounding average (12.2 and 12.3 respectively).[40]

Jump up ^ In the 1986–87 season, Charles Oakley and Buck Williams both had higher rebound totals (1,074 and 1,023 respectively) but they ranked second to third in rebounding average (13.1 and 12.5 respectively).[44]

Jump up ^ In the 1987–88 season, Charles Oakley had the highest rebound total (1,066) but was second in rebounding average (13.0).[46]

Jump up ^ When Olajuwon arrived in the United States, the University of Houston incorrectly spelled his first name "Akeem". He used that spelling until March 9, 1991, when he announced that he would add an H.[48][49][50]

Jump up ^ In the 1994–95 season, Dennis Rodman had only played in 49 games and ranked tenth in rebound total. Dikembe Mutombo had the highest total (1,029).[60]

Jump up ^ In the 1995–96 season, David Robinson had the highest rebound total (1,000) but was second in rebounding average (12.2).[61]

Jump up ^ In the 1996–97 season, Dikembe Mutombo and Ervin Johnson both had higher rebound totals (929 and 913 respectively) but they ranked second and fourth in rebounding average (11.6 and 11.1 respectively).[62]

Jump up ^ The 1998–99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league's lockout.[64] The qualification of this season's rebounding title is to appear in at least 43 games (out of 50) or to have at least 488 rebounds.[3]

Jump up ^ In the 1998–99 season, Dikembe Mutombo, Danny Fortson and Tim Duncan all had higher rebound totals (610, 581, and 571 respectively) but they ranked third to fifth in rebounding average (12.2, 11.6 and 11.4 respectively).[65]

Jump up ^ In the 2000–01 season, Ben Wallace had the highest rebound total (1,052) but was second in rebounding average (13.2).[69]

Jump up ^ In the 2001–02 season, Tim Duncan had the highest rebound total (1,042) but was second in rebounding average (12.7).[70]

Jump up ^ In the 2005–06 season, Dwight Howard had the highest rebound total (1,022) but was second in rebounding average (12.5).[76]

Jump up ^ In the 2006–07 season, Dwight Howard had the highest rebound total (1,008) but was third in rebounding average (12.3).[77]

Jump up ^ The 2011–12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league's lockout.[81] The qualification of this season's rebounding title is to appear in at least 57 games (out of 66) or to have at least 644 rebounds.[3]

Jump up ^ In the 2012–13 season, Ömer Aşık had the highest rebound total (956) but was third in rebounding average (11.7).[82]

tag: ol