document_title: Cloak & Dagger (TV series)

question_text: when does episode 3 of cloak and dagger come out

text: Cloak & Dagger (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In New Orleans, teenagers Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson come from different backgrounds and have acquired superpowers after a life-changing event that revolved around the collapse of the Roxxon Gulf Platform. While forming a romantic relationship, they soon realize that their powers work better when they are together, "but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging."[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Olivia Holt as Tandy Bowen / Dagger: A teenager and street thief who is connected to Tyrone Johnson through a shared childhood tragedy,[2] with the ability to emit light daggers.[3] Showrunner Joe Pokaski felt Bowen in the series was "more cynical" than previous portrayals, and noted that when she touches people she can access "their hopes. There’s something exciting about having a cynical character like Tandy who steals things and doesn’t believe in the good of man, yet sees the best in them when she touches them and sees their deepest hopes and desires."[4] Rachel Ryals portrays a young Tandy.[5]
Aubrey Joseph as Tyrone Johnson / Cloak: A teenager, who is connected to Tandy Bowen through a shared childhood tragedy, with the ability to engulf others in darkness and transport them through the shadowy Darkforce dimension.[3][2] Johnson has the ability to witness people's greatest fears, having been "living in a world of fear" since the death of his older brother Billy eight years previously. Pokaski added, "There was something interesting in helping him to understand that everyone is afraid."[4] Maceo Smedley III portrays a young Tyrone.[5]
Gloria Reuben as Adina Johnson: Tyrone's mother who invests heavily in making sure her son has a good life.[6]
Andrea Roth as Melissa Bowen: Tandy's drug and alcohol-addicted yet optimistic mother.[6]
J. D. Evermore as Det. Connors: An intimidating scar-faced detective of the New Orleans Police Department's vice squad with a disturbing secret. He is responsible for shooting Billy to death when the Roxxon Gulf Platform exploded.[6]
Miles Mussenden as Otis Johnson: Tyrone's working class father who tries to provide for his family and is also an associate of the Wild Red Hawks.[6][7] The character was originally announced as being named Michael.[6]
Carl Lundstedt as Liam Walsh: Tandy's partner in crime and ex-boyfriend.[6][8]
Emma Lahana as Brigid O'Reilly: A detective from Harlem with hardened New York sensibilities who believes no one is above the law, including other cops.[9]
Jaime Zevallos as Delgado: A school counselor and priest who is constantly seeking redemption and questions the life he has chosen.[9]

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Noëlle Renée Bercy as Evita Fusilier: A friend and love interest of Tyrone's. Bercy, who is from New Orleans, was familiar with the voodoo culture of the city, and was able to speak to people regarding it for her part.[8]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Marqus Clae as Billy Johnson: Tyrone's older brother who is shot and killed by Connors the night when the Roxxon Gulf Platform collapsed.[10]  Carsyn Taylor portrays a young Billy.[11]
Mike Donovan as Rick Cotton: A rich bachelor that Tandy robs. He attempts to rape her, but gets stabbed and ends up in the hospital.[10]
Wayne Péré as Peter Scarborough: The CEO at Roxxon Gulf who is responsible for ruining Nathan Bowen's name and confiscating his work following his death.[12]
Dalon J. Holland as Duane Porter: A friend of Billy Johnson and sawmill worker who is working with Connors. He is killed by O'Reilly.[12]
Andy Dylan as Nathan Bowen: Tandy's father and a worker at Roxxon Gulf who was killed in a car accident the night when the Roxxon Gulf Platform collapsed.[13]
Lane Miller as Fuchs: A New Orleans police officer and O'Reilly's love interest.[12]
Gary Weeks as Greg Pressfield: Melissa's "boyfriend" who is a lawyer looking into the Roxxon case involving Nathan's work that was confiscated during his posthumous firing. He is later killed by a hitwoman posing as a water jug delivery person.[14]
Angela Davis as Chantelle: Evita's aunt who is a voodoo priestess.[15]
Ally Maki as Mina Hess: An environmental engineer at Roxxon Gulf who befriends Tandy.[16]  Hannah Hardin portrays a younger Mina.[17]
Tim Kang as Ivan Hess: Mina's father who worked with Nathan Bowen at Roxxon Gulf. After surviving the collapse of the Roxxon Gulf Platform, Ivan is in the hospital in a catatonic state.[18] Thanks to Tyrone and Tandy, Ivan has been brought out of his catatonic state.
James Saito as Bernard Sanjo: Tyrone's unusual friend who is an emotional cornerstone in his life.[6]

text: Stan Lee has a cameo appearance as an on-set painting.[4]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1"First Light"Gina Prince-BythewoodJoe PokaskiJune 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)0.919[19]
A young Tandy Bowen is picked up from ballet by her father, Nathan, while a young Tyrone Johnson is dissuaded from stealing a car radio by his brother, Billy, only for them to be chased by cops. The Roxxon Gulf Platform suddenly explodes distracting Nathan causing him and Tandy to crash into the ocean and “accidentally” causing Detective Connors to shoot Billy who also falls into the ocean. Tyrone jumps in to rescue his brother, but a strange energy force surges from the oil rig giving Tandy and Tyrone the powers of light and dark, respectively. Years later, Tandy robs rich people with her boyfriend Liam and hardly lives at home with her mother Melissa as her lawyer boyfriend Greg works on a case against Roxxon. Tyrone now deals with problems at school that scare his parents Otis and Adina. While at a party, Tyrone and Tandy reunite and discover they have powers. Tandy is later assaulted by a man she previously robbed and accidentally stabs him with a light dagger when he tries to rape her. Meanwhile, Tyrone encounters Connors and briefly fights him before discovering he can teleport. It is revealed that after the accident, Tandy had taken Tyrone's hoodie while Tyrone had taken one of Tandy's ballet slippers.
2"Suicide Sprints"Alex Garcia LopezJoe PokaskiJune 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)0.750[19]
Detective Brigid O'Reilly begins investigating the stabbing of Rick which frightens Tandy. She confides in Liam about the night and he decides to get her a new identity and skip town. Tyrone becomes obsessed with catching Connors, but ends up neglecting basketball practice. He attempts to make up for it at the suggestion of Father Delgado, but his teammates beat him up due to his absences. When Tyrone returns home, he and Adina make up and his powers allow him to see her greatest fear, losing him after his brother Billy. When Tandy discovers that Melissa took her stolen money for drugs, she and Liam decide to rob a wedding. Tandy's powers cause her to see that Liam genuinely cares about her and wants to help which scares her. Their robbery is successful and they steal a car to escape. As Tandy leaves town, Liam gets arrested by O'Reilly. He calls Tandy, but she ignores him. Tyrone takes Adina's gun and confronts Connors. Just as he is about to pull the trigger, Tyrone's anger swells, causing him to unintentionally teleport away. He ends up in the middle of the street where Tandy is driving, and fires a bullet through her windshield causing her to swerve and crash.
3"Stained Glass"Peter HoarStory by : Ariella Blejer & Dawn Kamoche Teleplay by : Peter CallowayJune 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)0.548[20]
O'Reilly confronts Rick in the ICU and while he feigns recollection, she deduces that he was trying to rape Tandy. She nevertheless figures out her part in his stabbing. After recovering from the crash, Tandy returns home to Melissa and Greg. O'Reilly arrives looking for Tandy, but they protect her with Greg stating that O'Reilly needs a warrant to come in. After O'Reilly leaves, Melissa found that Tandy snuck out the window. She gets on a bus and falls asleep. Tyrone meets with his classmate Evita who invites him to her job as a New Orleans tour guide so they can see voodoo priestess Auntie Chantelle for spiritual guidance. He buys various charms and spices and takes a bath with them. Both experience a surreal vision of each other with Tandy attempting to stop Tyrone from engaging in a revenge mission against Connors and Tyrone stopping Tandy from running away from her problems and confront her past. Both awaken with clear consciences and a realization that they need each other. Connors meets with O'Reilly who closes her case about the attack, frustrating her. Tandy meets with her privately to explain her story which she accepts. Tyrone pursues a relationship with Evita before confronting Tandy at her abandoned church home about their connection.
4"Call/Response"Ami Canaan MannChristine Boylan & Marcus J. GuilloryJune 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)0.606[21]
Tyrone and Tandy talk about their personal lives and issues with themselves and each other while scenes taking place afterwards are intercut. Ultimately, the two leave bitter about each other. Tyrone decides to falsify a stolen bike, but cannot stand being in a police station for too long. Otis discovers that Tyrone stole his bolt cutter and fearful that he will become a criminal takes him to see Big Chief Roland Duplantier of the Wild Red Hawks, a Mardi Gras tribe. Tyrone learns that Billy was designing a cloak for the next march and with Otis' approval, decides to finish making it. Tandy is unsure of Melissa's relationship with the married Greg, but discovers that he genuinely cares for her and Tandy and decides to help him research Roxxon for the case. Melissa breaks up with Greg and when Tandy goes to check on him, sees him getting assassinated and his office is burned down. Melissa tries to call Greg unaware of his fate. Tandy tries to commit suicide by drowning, but uses her powers to escape the ropes and chains she tied. Tyrone returns to the police station determined and asks for O'Reilly while Tandy returns to the burnt remains of Greg's office and pulls out some hidden Roxxon files in the back.
5"Princeton Offense"Ry Russo-YoungNiceole R. Levy & Joe PokaskiJune 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)0.509[22]
Tyrone asks O'Reilly for help in implicating Connors. She agrees, but tells him to keep away for his safety. Tandy later informs Tyrone that she can control her powers. While at home, Tyrone teleports to Billy's friend Duane Porter who now runs a home building enterprise and the two catch up. Tandy applies as an intern at Roxxon Gulf under the alias of Liz to get close to the higher-ups and uses her powers to see that many of them wish to overthrow their CEO. Tyrone plays the basketball tournament, but during halftime, he accidentally teleports to a Roxxon party Tandy is attending and both discover that the CEO of Roxxon Gulf is Peter Scarborough who was responsible for defaming Nathan. Tandy gets Tyrone to teleport back just in time for the game to resume. As Tyrone plays, he picks up on the opposing team players' fears and ends up throwing the game for them. Tandy meets Scarborough and uses her powers to see that he is a greedy man. O'Reilly tries to get close with Connors by pretending to be a corrupted addict. After a night with Evita, Tyrone discovers that Duane is working with Connors and that he knows the truth about Billy's death. Tandy meets Mina Hess the daughter of Ivan who worked with Nathan for Roxxon Gulf.
6"Funhouse Mirrors"Jennifer PhangJ. Holtham & Jenny KleinJuly 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)0.499[23]
Evita and Auntie Chantelle begin studying Tyrone and discover that he is part of the "Divine Pairing" and that either he or Tandy will have to die. Tyrone attempts to get a job with Duane and learns that one of his associates Kev runs drugs for him on the side. Tandy decides to become an intern for Mina to get close to her and they visit a local swamp to study the surrounding nature. At Tandy's suggestion, Tyrone decides to steal Kev's bag. O'Reilly pairs up with Connors to do a drug bust with the latter attempting to stall. Tandy learns a lot about Ivan and Nathan from Mina, but after helping her repair some pipes, Mina realizes who Tandy is and leaves. She follows her to meet Ivan and discovers that he is in a catatonic state in the hospital and that her hope touch cannot see his mind. Mina forgives Tandy afterwards. When O'Reilly and Connors chase Kev and his friends, Kev drops his bag and Tyrone returns it to Duane who reveals that he witnessed Billy's death, angering Tyrone. Connors enters Duane's building and Tyrone hides to hear Connors plan to kill O'Reilly. However, when O'Reilly enters, she shoots and kills Duane and Connors chases Tyrone who manages to teleport away to the church. Tandy reunites with him and Tyrone cries over his dead friend.
7"Lotus Eaters"Paul EdwardsJoe Pokaski & Peter CallowayJuly 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)0.538[24]
As Tyrone recovers, Tandy asks that he help her in entering Ivan's subconscious. They do so and discover Ivan has been reliving the final moments of the Roxxon Oil Rig explosion for the past eight years. He is also optimistically passive as he cannot remember how much time has passed, nor can he remember his name or Mina. The rig is also crawling with Roxxon employees who have been affected by the same energy source that had given them their powers and have turned into psychopathic killers. Ivan informs them that they need to turn off all the valves and press an emergency button. Tyrone does so, but nothing happens. Tandy discovers that her father Nathan has been calling and overcome with longing picks up the phone every loop to call him. Tyrone briefly leaves for a couple of seconds, but returns to discover that time is much longer in Ivan's mind. Tyrone convinces Tandy that she is not talking to her father when she notices an inconsistency. Tandy snaps Ivan out of his passiveness when she brings up Mina's cookies and they work together to escape Ivan's loop. In the real world, Ivan is reunited with Mina and Tandy and Tyrone talk over the phone with the latter playing a recording of his late older brother years ago.
8"Ghost Stories"[25]TBATBAJuly 19, 2018 (2018-07-19)TBD
9"Back Breaker"[25]TBATBAJuly 26, 2018 (2018-07-26)TBD
10"Colony Collapse"[25]TBATBAAugust 2, 2018 (2018-08-02)TBD

text: Wayne Yip directed an episode in the series.[12]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: At San Diego Comic-Con International 2011, head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb announced the series Cloak & Dagger was in development at ABC Family. The series, which would be set in post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans, would follow Cloak and Dagger as the two "find each other and realize that their powers both complement and complicate their lives."[26] In April 2016, the series received a straight-to-series order for Freeform, the new name of ABC Family, from ABC Signature Studios and Marvel Television, with the search for a showrunner underway.[1] The order consisted of 10 episodes.[27] By August 2016, Joe Pokaski had signed on to the series as showrunner and executive producer,[28][29][30] with Loeb and Jim Chory also serving as executive producers.[31][30] Alan Fine, Stan Lee, Joe Quesada, and Karim Zreik also serve as executive producers, while Jenny Klein produces the series.[12]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Writing for Cloak & Dagger began by the end of August 2016,[28] with Pokaski re-writing his initial script that November.[29] When announcing the series, Freeform called it their "first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe", and described it as a "superhero love story", a premise that Variety called "a seamless fit for Freeform" given the channel's target audience of "Becomers" (the 14–34 age demographic).[1][32] Addressing this, Loeb said, "It's a love story that happens to have characters that have always traditionally been in that age group. It's not like we took something and made it into a [young adult fiction (YA)]. It speaks to a YA audience and is a YA property. Would I do Punisher on Freeform? I don't think that's going to connect the same way."[33] Olivia Holt felt the series explored "the story of what a white female is going through in 2018 and what a black young male is going through in 2018. We see these characters unfold into themselves in the most complex ways".[34] Pokaski created an 80-page "bible" for the first season, feeling he followed a good portion of it, while still allowing himself and the writers the ability to deviate from it if better story points arose.[35] Pokaski was pleased with the diversity of the writers for the series, as they could "represent things that I don’t understand". With a majority of black writers, they could "really talk about issues" such as "the story of two young men, driving through New Orleans and talking about their reality and how justice is for other people", while the women writers "really keep [Pokaski] honest as to how to push the envelope and tell the story of a young woman who’s a superhero".[35]

text: Pokaski spoke about the differences in Cloak and Dagger's origin story from the comics, saying, "I think the original [comic] stories were fantastic, but for the time, while they were a little progressive, they were a little bit sexist and racist once you got into it, for now. What we tried to do was deconstruct it and make it about Tandy and Tyrone, understand who they were." He also felt Loeb's idea of having the duo live in New Orleans, opposed to New York City as in the comics, was a "great idea".[36] Pokaski did not want to rush the romantic relationship between the duo, insisting that the season is "more about finding your best friend... this show is about ‘There’s exactly one person who understands me.'” He also hoped the series would last long enough to allow for “an interesting path to their relationship.”[4] Structurally for the series, Pokaski felt the first four episodes was the series first act, where viewers get to understand Tandy and Tyrone individually, the next three "are about them coming together comprehensively, not only as a team, but as best friends", before concluding with the last three episodes.[35]

text: Regarding a second season, Pokaski noted "Colony Collapse" would leave "some stuff open, intentionally" though its post-credit scene is "tremendously definitive... that will help define some of the" direction for a potential second season. Pokaski has an intent to create 100 episodes for the series, with "a definitive plan for five season" created.[35]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In January 2017, it was announced that Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph had been cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak, respectively.[3] Gina Prince-Bythewood, the director of the first episode, called the casting process "really, really tough… it was three days before we were supposed to leave [to begin filming] and we didn't find [actors for Tandy and Tyrone]. People started getting willing to settle and the people that were on the table were 27, 28. They felt grown and it didn't feel right for the show. Then Aubrey and Olivia walked in the door, and they had such great chops individually".[36]

text: The following month, Andrea Roth was cast as Melissa Bowen, Tandy's mother;[6] Gloria Reuben and Miles Mussenden were cast as Tyrone's parents, Adina and Otis Johnson;[6][7] and Carl Lundstedt and J. D. Evermore were cast as Liam Walsh and Connors, respectively.[6][8] Emma Lahana and Jaime Zevallos also star as Brigid O'Reilly and Delgado.[9]

text: Noëlle Renée Bercy recurs in the series as Evita Fusilier.[8] James Saito appears as Bernard Sanjo,[6] while Ally Maki appears as Mina Hess.[16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the series had begun by February 8, 2017, in New Orleans,[37][38] under the working title Shadows.[39] In December 2016, Disney planned to spend $11.2 million, of a total $42 million budget for the first season of the show, in Louisiana, over an 86-day filming period.[38] Filming on the pilot episode wrapped on February 24, 2017.[40] Photography on the remainder of the first season resumed in New Orleans on July 24.[41] Filming locations included the Le Pavillon Hotel.[42] Filming officially wrapped on November 2.[43] The season features many hand-held camera shots that established the "look and feel" of the series, in part because Pokaski "didn’t want to wait for a dolly track to be laid".[35]

text: Music[edit]

text: Mark Isham announced in May 2017 that he would compose the music for the series, having previously collaborated with the show's premiere director Gina Prince-Bythewood on the films The Secret Life of Bees and Beyond the Lights.[44] Isham described the series as "extremely character driven" and focused on the difficult childhoods of the title characters, so his score is "dark, but also young enough to keep up with the teenage cast."[45] The score was expected to have "a jazzy New Orleans flair."[46] Additionally, multiple songs are featured throughout the series.[47] Some of these were collected and released on a digital soundtrack album on June 8, 2018, by Marvel Music and Hollywood Records. The release includes series' star Olivia Holt's cover of the song "Come Sail Away".[48][49]

text: showCloak & Dagger (Original Television Series Soundtrack)[49]No.TitleArtist(s)Length1."Come Sail Away"Olivia Holt5:382."Arise"The Siege2:113."Leave the Light On"Overcoats3:184."Trigger"Ruelle3:155."Quiet"MILCK3:226."Get What I Came For"The Phantoms2:507."Run Wild"Thutmose & NoMBe2:418."To The Grave"Bea Miller & Mike Stud3:569."Home"morgxn3:3510."It’s a Crying Shame"The Roues Brothers2:2311."Harlem"The Cathedrals4:0512."Ending"Isak Danielson4:10

text: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins[edit]

text: Freeform executive Karey Burke said in April 2017 that the series is "not particularly connected" to New Warriors, which was slated to air on Freeform at the time, given "their tones are so wildly different", adding, "There are many degrees of separation with where they fall in the Marvel universe. But anything is possible with Marvel."[50] In July, Loeb said there were no plans to crossover, nor to crossover across networks with the similarly themed Marvel's Runaways on Hulu. He added that Marvel wanted the series to find its footing before further connecting with other elements of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, saying "You'll see things that comment on each other; we try to touch base wherever we can... things that are happening in L.A. [where Runaways is set] are not exactly going to be affecting what's happening in New Orleans... It's being aware of it and trying to find a way for it to be able to discuss in a way that makes sense."[51] Ahead of the series premiere, considering the larger events of the MCU at that point, Pokaski said he was "not allowed to talk about" how the series would connect to the events of Avengers: Infinity War but stated "We’ve had some exciting conversations about how we could artfully cross Tandy and Tyrone over [to other Marvel properties]. The beauty of these two is that they can show up anywhere [and it makes sense].”[4]

text: Roxxon Gulf, a division of the Roxxon Corporation company that has been featured throughout the MCU, is seen in the series.[52][4] The Darkforce dimension which fuels Cloak's powers was previously established in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Agent Carter.[53] Pokaski stated that "There are at least a dozen Easter eggs in the first season that Marvel approved, and a few more that I snuck in there."[4] O'Reilly discusses formerly working in Harlem in the series,[54] while her move to New Orleans is mentioned by her former New York colleagues in the second season of Luke Cage.[55]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Cloak & Dagger premiered on Freeform on June 7, 2018,[56] with the series consisting of 10 episodes and running through August 2.[27][57] It was originally intended to premiere in 2017 when it was first ordered to series.[58] ABC Spark airs the series in Canada, also starting on June 7,[59] with Amazon Video airing the series in the United Kingdom and select additional European countries, starting on June 8, 2018.[60]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer for the series was released on April 19, 2017, ahead of Freeform's 2017 upfront presentation.[61] The A.V. Club's William Hughes described the trailer as dark and moody, "the grimmest entry we've seen from Marvel TV to date." He felt that Joseph and Holt "look like they're game to capture the necessary 'You're the only person on Earth who gets me' vibe" that is central to the comic characters.[62] Ben Pearson at /Film said the trailer looked "dangerously cheesy", and as "over the top" as other Freeform shows. He added, "It also doesn't look very much like other Marvel shows. So if all else fails, at least this will be an experiment to see how well Marvel's products can transition within genres and play to different audiences."[63] Rob Cave for Comic Book Resources felt setting the series in New Orleans "gives audiences a glimpse of part of the Marvel Universe, and of America, that is seen on screen far less often than the mythical realms of Asgard or the sci-fi cities of Xandar Prime, let alone the over-exposed metropolises of New York and LA. The move also gives Cloak and Dagger's story its own space, far from the clutter and the clamor of the multitudes of superheroes already established across" the MCU.[52] In August 2017, exclusive clips from the series were shown at the Edinburgh International Television Festival.[64] The series was part of Freeform's "activation zone" at New York Comic Con 2017.[65] Holt, Joseph, Pokaski, and Prince-Bythewood appeared at South by Southwest 2018 on March 11 at the Central Presbyterian Church in Austin, Texas, as well as at WonderCon 2018 on March 23, to discuss the series and screen the first episode.[66][67][36] A trailer was released on March 20, 2018.[68]

text: Holt, Joseph, Lahana, Maki, Pokaski, and Loeb will appear at the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con to promote the series and present an exclusive look. The series will also have two different interactive activations at "The Experience" at Petco Park, including a bungee experience that propels participants backwards, replicating the force of Tyrone and Tandy's power when they interact, and a station centered on Roxxon, where participants can create a badge giving them access to prizes from PlayStation Vue and Freeform.[69]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"First Light"

June 7, 2018
0.3
0.919[19]
0.3
0.831
0.6
1.751[70]

2

"Suicide Sprints"

June 7, 2018
0.3
0.750[19]
0.3
0.727
0.6
1.478[70]

3

"Stained Glass"

June 14, 2018
0.2
0.548[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4

"Call/Response"

June 21, 2018
0.2
0.606[21]
0.3
0.729
0.5
1.335[71]

5

"Princeton Offense"

June 28, 2018
0.2
0.509[22]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6

"Funhouse Mirrors"

July 5, 2018
0.2
0.499[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7

"Lotus Eaters"

July 12, 2018
0.2
0.538[24]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: After three days, "First Light" had 1.64 million total viewers, which was a 78% increase from its initial viewers, the largest three-day lift for any Freeform debut. It was also the best series launch on Freeform in two years and Freeform’s most-watched drama since "Till Death Do Us Part", the series finale of Pretty Little Liars in June 2017. "First Light" also had the biggest digital debut ever for the network, with 716,000 starts. The premiere drew 7.3 million views across linear and digital platforms and was Thursday’s most-social scripted series with 112,000 engagements across Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and Tumblr.[72]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 89% approval rating with an average rating of 7.78/10 based on 31 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Cloak & Dagger blends soapy drama with superhero grit to create an exciting, surprisingly thoughtful addition to the genre — even if it falls prey to a certain amount of narrative bloat."[73] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 68 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[74]

text: Early reactions to the first episode from its screening at South by Southwest 2018 were largely positive, with praise going to Joseph and Holt's performances.[53] Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club noted the screening debuted "to raucous applause", and felt "The show definitely looks good. It has some real issues in other areas, but the charismatic leads are the true find, and if the show succeeds, it will largely be on the back of the work they do." He added that there were major changes from the comics, including the relocation of the character from New York to New Orleans and the addition of "parents, home lives, and all manner of other backstories rejiggered to serve the long-form TV storytelling framework."[75] Meredith Borders of /Film gave the first episode a 9 out of 10, calling it "among the upper echelon of Marvel television.... [doing] so with style and powerful storytelling" and felt it was "new in every particular way". Borders felt the leads "have tremendous chemistry onscreen" that she became "deeply invested" in. She also called the look of the series "much richer and more textured" than many other superhero and Freeform series, felt the protagonists' powers were shown "in a really visually organic way", and praised Isham's music. Borders also noted the strong divergence from the comics source material, but felt "the spirit of the characters absolutely remains the same."[2]

text: In his review of the first four episodes, Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt while there were "no superheroes, no mission and no clear bad guy" in these early episodes, he "found [him]self enjoying quite a bit thanks to the solid introductions to the human side of its characters, an often innovative structure, fine use of its New Orleans backdrop and a few moments of real cleverness. If, on some levels, Cloak & Dagger is oddly sluggish, there's a lot happening in these early episodes, some of it fun."[5] Reviewing the first two episodes, IGN's Joi Childs awarded the episodes an 8.5 out of 10, noting, "Tackling a variety of relatable subjects while embracing the thrill of discovering new powers, Cloak & Dagger delivers an emotionally honest and surprisingly resonant premiere. The pacing can feel a bit slower than one might expect or want from a superhero TV show, but thanks to the drama, effects, mystery and chemistry between the main protagonists, the premiere builds a solid foundation for Marvel's newest series."[76] Merrill Barr at Forbes wrote, "Without question, it can be said Cloak & Dagger plays right into the hand of the audience it's gaming for. This is one of the darkest and moodiest YA series to ever YA... Unfortunately, the series suffers from the problem many shows of its type do: it takes far longer than it should to dive deep into the meat of its story." In comparison to the other Marvel Television series, Barr felt Cloak & Dagger "exists somewhere between the light-hearted, broad stroke nature of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and very mature dramatic overtones of any of the Netflix series".[77] Abraham Riesman of Vulture felt "there's a lot going on in Cloak & Dagger, and if it can keep up its pace of invention and revelation, it promises to be your essential superhero watch of the summer." He also praised "Marvel Television's willingness to boil a superhero concept down to the elements that work best and, beyond that, be purely inventive," enjoying the change of location to New Orleans over the New York setting from the comics.[78]

text: For io9, Charles Pulliam-Moore said, "Cloak & Dagger isn't exactly a show for die-hard comic book purists looking for a live-action translation of the superheroes they love, but that ultimately works out in its favor because that's not what it's trying to be. Cloak & Dagger wants you to see the power in and importance of being able to see across differences—a bit of a cheesy message, perhaps, but one that we could all stand to remind ourselves of more often." He was critical of the pacing, a common issue across many of the Marvel Television series, but conceded, while the "forward momentum from scene to scene is lacking... all of the performances are stellar."[79] Giving the series a "B", Entertainment Weekly's Darren Franich was "pessimistic and optimistic about Cloak & Dagger, and hope the show's openhearted thoughtfulness can energize its rather bargain-bin super-mythology." He felt the series took the "rough outline" of the comics "and cleverly modernizes it in unexpected directions" and throughout the early episodes the New Orleans location "finds unexpected ways to root Tyrone and Tandy in the local culture." Franich was also critical of the pacing.[80] Giving the first four episodes 2 out of 4 stars, Allison Keene of Collider was more critical of the series. She was also critical of the pacing, called the writing "shaky", wished more was done with the New Orleans setting, and felt that attempting to split the early episodes between both Johnson and Bowen, resulted in "jarring edits, half-baked plots, and quickly-forgotten side characters."[81]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Upon announcement, Riesman felt one of the show's potential strengths was the fact that Marvel had a unique opportunity to tell a story "without needing to appeal to any kind of rabid fanbase or honor any iconic stories," because the characters have neither "any famous archnemeses," nor "a widely read graphic novel" that fans would be expecting to see. He concluded saying, "Cloak & Dagger could be something unique and potentially lovely: an attempt to build a new bit of filmed superhero iconography (mostly) from the ground up. There’s so much to mine in this genre. It deals metaphorically with the burdens, risks, and liberations of power — and it has the storytelling freedoms offered by high-concept science fiction, fantasy, and magical realism."[82]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

2018

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Summer TV Show

Cloak & Dagger

Pending

[83]

Choice Summer TV Star

Aubrey Joseph

Pending

Olivia Holt

Pending


document_title: Aunt Flo

question_text: where did the term aunt flo come from

question_tokens: where did the term aunt flo come from

root

text: Aunt Flo

text: Look up Aunt Flo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

tag: table

text: Aunt Flo is a popular euphemism referring to the menstrual cycle. It may also refer to:

tag: p

text:
A character in Bod (TV series)
List of South Park families#Aunt Flo, a character in South Park

tag: ul

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Aunt Flo.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Hotel Transylvania: The Series

question_text: who is the voice of mavis in hotel transylvania the series

text: Hotel Transylvania: The Series

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series takes place four years before the film and follows Mavis & her friends as they have fun adventures at the Hotel Transylvania.[1]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Mavis (voiced by Bryn McAuley) is Dracula's 114-year-old daughter who wants to have fun with her friends.[7]
Wendy Blob (voiced by Evany Rosen) is a blob that is the daughter of Blobby and one of Mavis' friends.[7]
Hank N Stein (voiced by Gage Munroe) is the son of Frank and Eunice and one of Mavis' friends.[7]
Pedro (voiced by Joseph Motiki) is a fat mummy who resembles Murray and one of Mavis' friends.[7]
Aunt Lydia (voiced by Dan Chameroy) is Dracula's older sister who pushes more order and tradition at the Hotel when Mavis and her friends want to have fun.[7]
Diana is Aunt Lydia's pet chicken.
Dracula (voiced by David Berni) is Mavis' dad and is away on "official vampire business"[7] at the Vampire Council.

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Frank (voiced by Paul Braunstein) is the father of Hank N Stein.
Eunice is the mother of Hank N Stein.
Quasimodo (voiced by Scott McCord) is Hotel Tranyslvania's residential chef.
Uncle Gene (voiced by Patrick McKenna) is Mavis' uncle who enjoys playing video games.
Dr. Gillman is a gill-man who is Hotel Transylvania's residential physician.
Donald and Kitty Cartwright are a couple of humans who live near Hotel Transylvania. Donald is the fun and dim-witted father and Kitty is the overprotective mother who does anything to keep monsters away from her house, including installing the house with a high tech security system.
Cerberus is a three-headed guard dog that mostly resides in Hotel Transylvania's Cerberus Pit.
Klaus is Mavis' cousin who always beats her.

text: Production[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania: The Series' voice cast is based in Toronto, Canada, with the Dayton/Walters casting agency being responsible for the casting.

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Shorts
4
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)

1
26
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboard by
Original air date [8][9]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1a
"Enter the Nosepicker"
Robin Budd
Mark Steinberg
Frank Litzen
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)[note 1]
0.96[10]

When an unexpected visit from an infant human brings chaos to the hotel, Mavis and her friends must make sure that her Aunt Lydia never finds out, not to mention let it intervene with the hotel's inspection.

1b
"Hide & Shriek"
Robin Budd
Ben Joseph
Eugene McDermott
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)[note 1]
0.96[10]

After finding her long-lost spirit doll, Mavis decides to have some fun with her. But the hidden truth is, the "playful" doll wants to be with Mavis and her friends – forever. Now, Mavis must figure out how to get rid of the annoying undetachable nuisance before it's too late.

2a
"Bad Friday"
Robin Budd
Alex Ganetakos
TBA
June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)
1.09[11]

The friends compete for an award when the holiday known as Bad Friday arrives.

2b
"Hoop Screams"
Robin Budd
Emer Connon
TBA
June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)
1.09[11]

Mavis gives Hank the gift of basketball.

3a
"Buggin' Out"
Robin Budd
Alice Prodanou
TBA
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
1.18[12]

Mavis puts the wrong bugs in the guest's rooms causing them to tell the truth and has to figure out a solution.

3b
"How Do You Solve a Problem Like Medusa"
Robin Budd
Andrew Harrison
TBA
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
1.18[12]

Lydia's enemy from high school arrives at the hotel...after being invited by Mavis!

4a
"Adventures In Vampiresitting"
Robin Budd
Mark Steinberg
TBA
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)
1.12[13]

Mavis disguises herself as a human to spy on a family, but ends up babysitting a child. Her and her friends engage in shenanigans around the house, but soon the real babysitter shows up and informs the mother of the monsters. The house is then put on lockdown, and the monsters have to find a way to escape. In the end, Mavis decides humans shouldn't be feared.

4b
"Phlegm Ball"
Robin Budd
Ben Joesph
TBA
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)
1.12[13]

Mavis and her friends are visited by Claus, her cousin who wishes to prove he's better at playing phlegm ball than her. When she learns her friends have been letting her win, Mavis accepts Claus' challenge, but her dad's lucky fangs are on the line.

5a
"Wendy Big and Tall"
Robin Budd
Emer Connon
TBA
June 29, 2017 (2017-06-29)
1.44[14]

Wendy wants to get taller, but is accidentally turned into a giant monster.

5b
"Doppelfanger"
Robin Budd
Andrew Harrison
TBA
June 29, 2017 (2017-06-29)
1.44[14]

Mavis' favorite singer comes to visit the hotel.

6a
"Great Eggspectations"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
1.21[15]

Mavis proves that she's responsible by taking care of one of Quasimodo's eggs.

6b
"Hotel Pennsylvania"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
1.21[15]

Mavis and her friends try to find a way to watch the finale of their favorite TV show after Aunt Lydia, disconnects all the cables in the hotel.

7a
"Breakfast at Lydia's"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
0.83[16]

After Mavis becomes employee of the month, she joins her Aunt Lydia in the monthly employee of the month breakfast.

7b
"The Trouble with Wendies"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
0.83[16]

8a
"Frankenstunt"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
1.05[17]

8b
"What About Blob?"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
1.05[17]

9a
"Curse Club"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
1.12[18]

Pedro tries to learn how to put a curse on people

9b
"Casket if You Can"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
1.12[18]

After Diane gets sick, Mavis is in charge of watching her Aunt Lydia's casket while she sleeps.

10a
"A Scare to Remember"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.05[19]

10b
"Hank and the Real Boy"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.05[20]

11a
"The Wrapture"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
0.80[21]

11b
"Becoming Klaus"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
0.80[21]

12a
"116 Candles"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
1.18[22]

12b
"Stop or my Mummy will Shout"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
1.18[22]

13
"The Legend of Pumpkin Guts"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
0.84[23]

14a
"Fright of Hand"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
1.00[24]

14b
"Dude Where's My Garlic?"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
1.00

15a
"Bat Flap Fever"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
0.77[25]

15b
"Thumb and Thumber"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
0.77

16a
"Brain Drain"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
November 4, 2017 (2017-11-04)
0.89[26]

16b
"Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
November 4, 2017 (2017-11-04)
0.89[26]

17a
"Drop The Needle"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
November 11, 2017 (2017-11-11)
0.83[27]

17b
"Really Gross Anatomy"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
November 11, 2017 (2017-11-11)
0.83[27]

18
"The Fright Before Creepmas"
Robin Budd
TBA
TBA
December 2, 2017 (2017-12-02)
0.72[28]

text: Shorts[edit]

text: These shorts were released through WATCH Disney Channel and Disney Channel's YouTube, they also sometimes air on Disney Channel during commercial breaks.

text:
No.
Title
Written and storyboarded by
Original air date

1
"Summer Vacation"
TBA
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

A compilation of clips from the first season

2
"Drac Be Trippin'"
TBA
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)

Drac is a terrible packer, so Mavis wants to help make sure he has everything he'll need while away at the Vampire Council.

3
"Who's the Boss"
TBA
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)

With her dad leaving for the Vampire Council, Mavis wants to prove that she can be the hotel’s temporary manager, so she shows off all the great things she’s done around the hotel.

4
"Ballad of Mavis"
TBA
June 24, 2017 (2017-06-24) (TV)
June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26) (online)

Mavis is the frightener of humans and caused the most blood-curdling scream on Bad Friday!

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Animation licensed Hotel Transylvania: The Series for platforms in Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, Europe (excluding Germany), Latin America, the Middle East, and the United States.[6] Sony Pictures Television is the distributor in the United States, while Nelvana Enterprises, successor of Nelvana International, is the distributor of the Hotel Transylvania: The Series internationally. The series debuted on Teletoon in Fall 2017 in Canada.[29] In India, the series premiered on December 18, 2017, on Disney Channel India. Super RTL in Germany on 2018.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b This episode was released early on June 20, 2017 on the WATCH Disney Channel app, YouTube, and VOD.[5]

tag: ol


document_title: Industrial wastewater treatment

question_text: suggest a pollutant which can be found in the industrial effluent

text: Industrial wastewater treatment

text: Sources of industrial wastewater[edit]

text: Battery manufacturing[edit]

text: Battery manufacturers specialize in fabricating small devices for electronics and portable equipment (e.g., power tools), or larger, high-powered units for cars, trucks and other motorized vehicles. Pollutants generated at manufacturing plants includes cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, cyanide, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, oil & grease, silver and zinc.[1]

text: Organic chemicals manufacturing[edit]

text: The specific pollutants discharged by organic chemical manufacturers vary widely from plant to plant, depending on the types of products manufactured, such as bulk organic chemicals, resins, pesticides, plastics, or synthetic fibers. Some of the organic compounds that may be discharged are benzene, chloroform, napthalene, phenols, toluene and vinyl chloride. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which is a gross measurement of a range of organic pollutants, may be used to gauge the effectveness of a biological wastewater treatment system, and is used as a regulatory parameter in some discharge permits. Metal pollutant discharges may include chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc.[2]

text: Electric power plants[edit]

text: Fossil-fuel power stations, particularly coal-fired plants, are a major source of industrial wastewater. Many of these plants discharge wastewater with significant levels of metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites). Wastewater streams include flue-gas desulfurization, fly ash, bottom ash and flue gas mercury control. Plants with air pollution controls such as wet scrubbers typically transfer the captured pollutants to the wastewater stream.[3]

text: Ash ponds, a type of surface impoundment, are a widely used treatment technology at coal-fired plants. These ponds use gravity to settle out large particulates (measured as total suspended solids) from power plant wastewater. This technology does not treat dissolved pollutants. Power stations use additional technologies to control pollutants, depending on the particular wastestream in the plant. These include dry ash handling, closed-loop ash recycling, chemical precipitation, biological treatment (such as an activated sludge process), membrane systems, and evaporation-crystallization systems.[3] Technological advancements in ion exchange membranes and electrodialysis systems has enabled high efficiency treatment of flue-gas desulfurization wastewater to meet recent EPA discharge limits.[4] The treatment approach is similar for other highly scaling industrial wastewaters.

text: Food industry[edit]

text: Wastewater generated from agricultural and food operations has distinctive characteristics that set it apart from common municipal wastewater managed by public or private sewage treatment plants throughout the world: it is biodegradable and non-toxic, but has high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS).[5] The constituents of food and agriculture wastewater are often complex to predict, due to the differences in BOD and pH in effluents from vegetable, fruit, and meat products and due to the seasonal nature of food processing and post-harvesting.

text: Processing of food from raw materials requires large volumes of high grade water. Vegetable washing generates waters with high loads of particulate matter and some dissolved organic matter. It may also contain surfactants.

text: Animal slaughter and processing produces very strong organic waste from body fluids, such as blood, and gut contents. This wastewater is frequently contaminated by significant levels of antibiotics and growth hormones from the animals and by a variety of pesticides used to control external parasites.

text: Processing food for sale produces wastes generated from cooking which are often rich in plant organic material and may also contain salt, flavourings, colouring material and acids or alkali. Very significant quantities of oil or fats may also be present.

text: Food processing activities such as plant cleaning, material conveying, bottling, and product washing create wastewater. Many food processing facilities require on-site treatment before operational wastewater can be land applied or discharged to a waterway or a sewer system. High suspended solids levels of organic particles increase Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) can result in significant sewer surcharge fees. Sedimentation, wedgewire screening, or rotating belt filtration (microscreening) are commonly used methods to reduce suspended organic solids loading prior to discharge.

text: Iron and steel industry[edit]

text: The production of iron from its ores involves powerful reduction reactions in blast furnaces. Cooling waters are inevitably contaminated with products especially ammonia and cyanide. Production of coke from coal in coking plants also requires water cooling and the use of water in by-products separation. Contamination of waste streams includes gasification products such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, cyanide, ammonia, phenols, cresols  together with a range of more complex organic compounds known collectively as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).[6]

text:
The conversion of iron or steel into sheet, wire or rods requires hot and cold mechanical transformation stages frequently employing water as a lubricant and coolant. Contaminants include hydraulic oils, tallow and  particulate solids.
Final treatment of iron and steel products before onward sale into manufacturing includes pickling in strong mineral acid to remove rust and prepare the surface for tin or chromium plating or for other surface treatments such as galvanisation or painting.  The two acids commonly used are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Wastewaters include acidic rinse waters together with waste acid. Although many plants operate acid recovery plants (particularly those using hydrochloric acid), where the mineral acid is boiled away from the iron salts, there remains a large volume of highly acid ferrous sulfate or ferrous chloride to be disposed of. Many steel industry wastewaters are contaminated by hydraulic oil, also known as soluble oil.

text: Mines and quarries[edit]

text: The principal waste-waters associated with mines and quarries are slurries of rock particles in water. These arise from rainfall washing exposed surfaces and haul roads and also from rock washing and grading processes. Volumes of water can be very high, especially rainfall related arisings on large sites. Some specialized separation operations, such as coal washing to separate coal from native rock using density gradients, can produce wastewater contaminated by fine particulate haematite and surfactants. Oils and hydraulic oils are also common contaminants.

text: Wastewater from metal mines and ore recovery plants are inevitably contaminated by the minerals present in the native rock formations. Following crushing and extraction of the desirable materials, undesirable materials may enter the wastewater stream. For metal mines, this can include unwanted metals such as zinc and other materials such as arsenic. Extraction of high value metals such as gold and silver may generate slimes containing very fine particles in where physical removal of contaminants becomes particularly difficult.

text: Additionally, the geologic formations that harbour economically valuable metals such as copper and gold very often consist of sulphide-type ores.  The processing entails grinding the rock into fine particles and then extracting the desired metal(s), with the leftover rock being known as tailings.  These tailings contain a combination of not only undesirable leftover metals, but also sulphide components which eventually form sulphuric acid upon the exposure to air and water that inevitably occurs when the tailings are disposed of in large impoundments.  The resulting acid mine drainage, which is often rich in heavy metals (because acids dissolve metals), is one of the many environmental impacts of mining.

text: Nuclear industry[edit]

text: The waste production from the nuclear and radio-chemicals industry is dealt with as Radioactive waste.

text: Petroleum refining and petrochemicals[edit]

text: Pollutants discharged at petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants include conventional pollutants (biochemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, suspended solids), ammonia, chromium, phenols and sulfides.[7]

text: Pulp and paper industry[edit]

text: Effluent from the pulp and paper industry is generally high in suspended solids and BOD. Plants that bleach wood pulp for paper making may generate chloroform, dioxins (including 2,3,7,8-TCDD), furans, phenols and chemical oxygen demand (COD).[8] Stand-alone paper mills using imported pulp may only require simple primary treatment, such as sedimentation or dissolved air flotation. Increased BOD or COD loadings, as well as organic pollutants, may require biological treatment such as activated sludge or upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. For mills with high inorganic loadings like salt, tertiary treatments may be required, either general membrane treatments like ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis or treatments to remove specific contaminants, such as nutrients.

text: Textile Dyeing[edit]

text: Textile dyeing plants generate wastewater that contain synthetic and natural dyestuff, gum thickener (guar) and various wetting agents, pH buffers and dye retardants or accelerators. Following treatment with polymer-based flocculants and settling agents, typical monitoring parameters include BOD, COD, color (ADMI), sulfide, oil and grease, phenol, TSS and heavy metals (chromium, zinc, lead, copper).

text: Industrial oil contamination[edit]

text: Industrial applications where oil enters the wastewater stream may include vehicle wash bays, workshops, fuel storage depots, transport hubs and power generation. Often the wastewater is discharged into local sewer or trade waste systems and must meet local environmental specifications.  Typical contaminants can include solvents, detergents, grit. lubricants and hydrocarbons.

text: Water treatment[edit]

text: Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain very high quality water for demanding purposes such pure chemical synthesis or boiler feed water. Many water treatment produce organic and mineral sludges from filtration and sedimentation. Ion exchange using natural or synthetic resins removes calcium, magnesium and carbonate ions from water, typically replacing them with sodium, chloride, hydroxyl and/or other ions. Regeneration of ion exchange columns with strong acids and alkalis produces a wastewater rich in hardness ions which are readily precipitated out, especially when in admixture with other wastewater constituents.

text: Wood preserving[edit]

text: Wood preserving plants generate conventional and toxic pollutants, including arsenic, COD, copper, chromium, abnormally high or low pH, phenols, oil & grease, and suspended solids.[9]

text: Wool processing[edit]

text: Insecticide residues in fleeces are a particular problem in treating waters generated in wool processing. Animal fats may be present in the wastewater, which if not contaminated, can be recovered for the production of tallow or further rendering.

text: Treatment of industrial wastewater[edit]

text: The various types of contamination of wastewater require a variety of strategies to remove the contamination.[10][11]

text: Brine treatment[edit]

text: Brine treatment involves removing dissolved salt ions from the waste stream. Although similarities to seawater or brackish water desalination exist, industrial brine treatment may contain unique combinations of dissolved ions, such as hardness ions or other metals, necessitating specific processes and equipment.

text: Brine treatment systems are typically optimized to either reduce the volume of the final discharge for more economic disposal (as disposal costs are often based on volume) or maximize the recovery of fresh water or salts.  Brine treatment systems may also be optimized to reduce electricity consumption, chemical usage, or physical footprint.

text: Brine treatment is commonly encountered when treating cooling tower blowdown, produced water from steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), produced water from natural gas extraction such as coal seam gas, frac flowback water, acid mine or acid rock drainage, reverse osmosis reject, chlor-alkali wastewater, pulp and paper mill effluent, and waste streams from food and beverage processing.

text: Brine treatment technologies may include: membrane filtration processes, such as reverse osmosis; ion exchange processes such as electrodialysis or weak acid cation exchange; or evaporation processes, such as brine concentrators and crystallizers employing mechanical vapour recompression and steam.

text: Reverse osmosis may not be viable for brine treatment, due to the potential for fouling caused by hardness salts or organic contaminants, or damage to the reverse osmosis membranes from hydrocarbons.

text: Evaporation processes are the most widespread for brine treatment as they enable the highest degree of concentration, as high as solid salt. They also produce the highest purity effluent, even distillate-quality. Evaporation processes are also more tolerant of organics, hydrocarbons, or hardness salts. However, energy consumption is high and corrosion may be an issue as the prime mover is concentrated salt water. As a result, evaporation systems typically employ titanium or duplex stainless steel materials.

text: Brine management[edit]

text: Brine management examines the broader context of brine treatment and may include consideration of government policy and regulations, corporate sustainability, environmental impact, recycling, handling and transport, containment, centralized compared to on-site treatment, avoidance and reduction, technologies, and economics. Brine management shares some issues with leachate management and more general waste management.

text: Solids removal[edit]

text: Most solids can be removed using simple sedimentation techniques with the solids recovered as slurry or sludge. Very fine solids and solids with densities close to the density of water pose special problems. In such case filtration or ultrafiltration may be required. Although, flocculation may be used, using alum salts or the addition of polyelectrolytes. Wastewater from industrial food processing often requires on-site treatment before it can be discharged to prevent or reduce sewer surcharge fees. The type of industry and specific operational practices determine what types of wastewater is generated and what type of treatment is required. Reducing solids such as waste product, organic materials, and sand is often a goal of industrial wastewater treatment. Some common ways to reduce solids include primary sedimentation (clarification), Dissolved Air Flotation or (DAF), belt filtration (microscreening), and drum screening.

text: Oils and grease removal[edit]

text:
The effective removal of oils and grease is dependent on the characteristics of the oil in terms of its suspension state and droplet size, which will in turn affect the choice of separator technology.
Oil in industrial waste water may be free light oil ,heavy oil,  which tends to sink, and emulsified oil, often referred to as soluble oil. Emulsified or soluble ooils will typically required "cracking" to free the oil from its emulsion. In most cases this is achieved by lowering the pH of the water matrix.

text: Most separator technologies will have an optimum range of oil droplet sizes that can be effectively treated.

text:
Analysing the oily water to determine droplet size can be performed with a video particle analyser.
Each separator technology will have its own performance curve outlining optimum performance based on oil droplet size. the most common separators are gravity tanks or pits, API oil-water separators or plate packs, chemical treatment via DAFs, centrifuges, media filters and hydrocyclones.

text: Many oils can be recovered from open water surfaces by skimming devices. Considered a dependable and cheap way to remove oil, grease and other hydrocarbons from water, oil skimmers can sometimes achieve the desired level of water purity. At other times, skimming is also a cost-efficient method to remove most of the oil before using membrane filters and chemical processes. Skimmers will prevent filters from blinding prematurely and keep chemical costs down because there is less oil to process.

text: Because grease skimming involves higher viscosity hydrocarbons, skimmers must be equipped with heaters powerful enough to keep grease fluid for discharge. If floating grease forms into solid clumps or mats, a spray bar, aerator or mechanical apparatus can be used to facilitate removal.[12]

text: However, hydraulic oils and the majority of oils that have degraded to any extent will also have a soluble or emulsified component that will require further treatment to eliminate. Dissolving or emulsifying oil using surfactants or solvents usually exacerbates the problem rather than solving it, producing wastewater that is more difficult to treat.

text: The wastewaters from large-scale industries such as oil refineries, petrochemical plants, chemical plants, and natural gas processing plants commonly contain gross amounts of oil and suspended solids. Those industries use a device known as an API oil-water separator which is designed to separate the oil and suspended solids from their wastewater effluents. The name is derived from the fact that such separators are designed according to standards published by the American Petroleum Institute (API).[11][13]

text: The API separator is a gravity separation device designed by using Stokes Law to define the rise velocity of oil droplets based on their density and size. The design is based on the specific gravity difference between the oil and the wastewater because that difference is much smaller than the specific gravity difference between the suspended solids and water. The suspended solids settles to the bottom of the separator as a sediment layer, the oil rises to top of the separator and the cleansed wastewater is the middle layer between the oil layer and the solids.[11]

text: Typically, the oil layer is skimmed off and subsequently re-processed or disposed of, and the bottom sediment layer is removed by a chain and flight scraper (or similar device) and a sludge pump. The water layer is sent to further treatment for additional removal of any residual oil and then to some type of biological treatment unit for removal of undesirable dissolved chemical compounds.

text: Parallel plate separators are similar to API separators but they include tilted parallel plate assemblies (also known as parallel packs). The parallel plates provide more surface for suspended oil droplets to coalesce into larger globules. Such separators still depend upon the specific gravity between the suspended oil and the water. However, the parallel plates enhance the degree of oil-water separation. The result is that a parallel plate separator requires significantly less space than a conventional API separator to achieve the same degree of separation.[14]

text:
Hydrocyclone oil separators operate on the process where wastewater enters the cyclone chamber and is
spun under extreme centrifugal forces more than 1000 times the force of gravity. This force causes the water
and oil droplets to separate. The separated oil is discharged from one end of the cyclone where treated
water is discharged through the opposite end for further treatment, filtration or discharge.

text: Removal of biodegradable organics[edit]

text: Biodegradable organic material of plant or animal origin is usually possible to treat using extended conventional sewage treatment processes such as activated sludge or trickling filter.[10][11] Problems can arise if the wastewater is excessively diluted with washing water or is highly  concentrated such as undiluted blood or milk. The presence of cleaning agents, disinfectants, pesticides, or antibiotics can have detrimental impacts on treatment processes.

text: Activated sludge process[edit]

text: Activated sludge is a biochemical process for treating sewage and industrial wastewater that uses air (or oxygen) and microorganisms to biologically oxidize organic pollutants, producing a waste sludge (or floc) containing the oxidized material. In general, an activated sludge process includes:

text:
An aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected and thoroughly mixed into the wastewater.
A settling tank (usually referred to as a clarifier or "settler") to allow the waste sludge to settle. Part of the waste sludge is recycled to the aeration tank and the remaining waste sludge is removed for further treatment and ultimate disposal.

text: Trickling filter process[edit]

text: A trickling filter consists of a bed of rocks, gravel, slag, peat moss, or plastic media over which wastewater flows  downward and contacts a layer (or film) of microbial slime covering the bed media. Aerobic conditions are maintained  by forced air flowing through the bed or by natural convection of air. The process involves adsorption of organic compounds in the wastewater by the microbial slime layer, diffusion of air into the slime layer to provide the oxygen required for the biochemical oxidation of the organic compounds. The end products include carbon dioxide gas, water and other products of the oxidation. As the slime layer thickens, it becomes difficult for the air to penetrate the layer and an inner anaerobic layer is formed.

text: The fundamental components of a complete trickling filter system are:

text:
A bed of filter medium upon which a layer of microbial slime is promoted and developed.
An enclosure or a container which houses the bed of filter medium.
A system for distributing the flow of wastewater over the filter medium.
A system for removing and disposing of any sludge from the treated effluent.

text: The treatment of sewage or other wastewater with trickling filters is among the oldest and most well characterized treatment technologies.

text: A trickling filter is also often called a trickle filter, trickling biofilter, biofilter, biological filter or biological trickling filter.

text: Removal of other organics[edit]

text: Synthetic organic materials including solvents, paints, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, products from coke production and so forth can be very difficult to treat. Treatment methods are often specific to the material being treated. Methods include advanced oxidation processing, distillation, adsorption, vitrification, incineration, chemical immobilisation or landfill disposal. Some materials such as some detergents may be capable of biological degradation and in such cases, a modified form of wastewater treatment can be used.

text: Removal of acids and alkalis[edit]

text: Acids and alkalis can usually be neutralised under controlled conditions. Neutralisation frequently produces a precipitate that will require treatment as a solid residue that may also be toxic. In some cases, gases may be evolved requiring treatment for the gas stream. Some other forms of treatment are usually required following neutralisation.

text: Waste streams rich in hardness ions as from de-ionisation processes can readily lose the hardness ions in a buildup of precipitated calcium and magnesium salts. This precipitation process can cause severe furring of pipes and can, in extreme cases, cause the blockage of disposal pipes.  A 1-metre diameter industrial marine discharge pipe serving a major chemicals complex was blocked by such salts in the 1970s. Treatment is by concentration of de-ionisation waste waters and disposal to landfill or by careful pH management of the released wastewater.

text: Removal of toxic materials[edit]

text: Toxic materials including many organic materials, metals (such as zinc, silver, cadmium, thallium, etc.) acids, alkalis, non-metallic elements (such as arsenic or selenium) are generally resistant to biological processes unless very dilute. Metals can often be precipitated out by changing the pH or by treatment with other chemicals. Many, however, are resistant to treatment or mitigation and may require concentration followed by landfilling or recycling. Dissolved organics can be incinerated within the wastewater by the advanced oxidation process.

text: Smart capsules[edit]

text: Molecular encapsulation is a technology that has the potential to provide a system for the recyclable removal of lead and other ions from polluted sources. Nano-, micro- and milli- capsules, with sizes in the ranges 10 nm-1μm,1μm-1mm and >1mm, respectively, are particles that have an active reagent (core) surrounded by a carrier (shell).There are three types of capsule under investigation: alginate-based capsules, carbon nanotubes, polymer swelling capsules. These capsules provide a possible means for the remediation of contaminated water.[15]