document_title: History of the Germany national football team

question_text: who was the first team to be knocked out of the world cup

question_tokens: who was the first team to be knocked out of the world cup

text: History of the Germany national football team

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Between 1899 and 1901, prior to the formation of a national team, there were five unofficial international matches between different German and English selection teams, which all ended as large defeats for the German teams. Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association (DFB), the first official match of the Germany national football team[6] was played on 5 April 1908, against Switzerland in Basel, with the Swiss winning 5–3.[2] Coincidentally, the first match after World War I in 1920, the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions, and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well. Germany's first championship title was even won in Switzerland.

text: At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936.[7] The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the Breslau Elf (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland).[8][9]

text: After Austria became part of Germany in the Anschluss of March 1938, that country's national team – one of Europe's better sides at the time due to professionalism – was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. As required by Nazi politicians, five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, First Vienna FC, were ordered to join the all-German team on short notice in a staged show of unity orchestrated for political reasons. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June in France, this "united" German team lead 1-0 against Switzerland, but managed only a 1–1 draw. After leading 2-0 in the replay, held again in Paris, they lost 2–4 in front of a hostile crowd. That early yet undefeated (the replay being considered a tie-breaker like a penalty shootout) exit in the round of 16 stands as Germany's worst ever World Cup result (excluding the 1930 and 1950 tournaments in which they did not compete). They appeared in all other World Cups and advanced to the final eight, or better.

text: During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942, when national team games were suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. Many of the national team players, and even ethnic German players from other national teams like Ernst Willimowski, were gathered together under coach Herberger as Rote Jäger through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service.

text: Three German teams[edit]

text: After the Second World War, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until about 1950, with none of the three new German states, West Germany, East Germany and Saarland, entering the 1950 World Cup qualifiers, since the DFB was only reinstated as full FIFA member after this World Cup.

text: West Germany[edit]

text: As in most aspects of life, the pre-war traditions and organisations of Germany were carried on by the Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany. This applied also to the restored DFB which had its headquarters in Frankfurt am Main and still employed coach Sepp Herberger. With recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Neighbouring Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950, with Turkey and Republic of Ireland being the only non-German speaking nations to play them in friendly matches during 1951.[10]

text: After only 18 post war games in total, West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup, having prevailed against Norway and the "third German state", the Saarland.

text: Saarland[edit]

text: The Saar protectorate, otherwise known as Saarland, was split from Germany and put under French control between 1947 and 1956. Saarland did not want to join French organisations and was barred from participating in pan-German ones. Thus, they sent separate teams to the 1952 Summer Olympics and also to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers, when Saarland finished below West Germany but above Norway in their qualification group, having won in Oslo. Legendary coach Helmut Schön was the manager of the Saarland team from 1952 until 1957, when the territory acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany. He went on to coach the championship-winning team of the 1970s.

text: East Germany[edit]

text: In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic was founded in the Soviet-occupied eastern part of the country. A separate football competition emerged in what was commonly known as East Germany. In 1952 the Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 World Cup winning West Germans in a highly symbolic event for the divided nation that was the only meeting of the two sides. East Germany went on to win the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.

text: Das Wunder von Bern[edit]

text: West Germany, captained by Fritz Walter, met in the 1954 World Cup some of the teams they had played in friendly matches, namely Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria. When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage, with good chances to qualify for the next round even in case of defeat, coach Sepp Herberger did not field his best players, saving them from the experience of a 3–8 loss. West Germany would go on to meet Hungary again in the final, facing the legendary team of Mighty Magyars again, which had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches. In a shocking upset, West Germany came back from an early two goal deficit to win 3–2, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal with only six minutes remaining.[11] The success is called "The Miracle of Bern" (Das Wunder von Bern).[12] The unexpected victory created a sense of euphoria throughout a divided postwar Germany. The triumph is credited with playing a significant role in securing the postwar ideological foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany.

text: Memorable losses: Wembley goal and Game of the Century[edit]

text: After finishing third in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter-finals in the 1962 World Cup, the DFB had to make changes. Following examples set abroad, professionalism was introduced, and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years.

text: In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semifinal, facing hosts England at Wembley Stadium. Wolfgang Weber's last minute goal took the game into extra time, a goal claimed to be controversial by the English, with the ball appearing to hit the hand of a German player as it travelled through the England penalty area before he prodded it in. The first extra time goal by Geoff Hurst, nicknamed Wembley-Tor (Wembley goal) in Germany, is still controversial after all this time. As the Swiss referee did not see the situation properly, the opinion of the Soviet linesman Tofik Bakhramov who believed that the ball bounced back from the net rather than the crossbar led to one of the most contentious goals in the history of football. While the Germans pushed hard to tie the game, spectators entered the field in the final seconds, and Hurst scored another controversial goal giving England a 4–2 win.[13][14]

text: West Germany gained a measure of revenge in the 1970 World Cup by knocking England out in the quarter-finals 3–2, having been 2–0 down, before they suffered another memorable extra time loss, this time in the semi-final against Italy at Estadio Azteca. Karl-Heinz Schnellinger scored during injury time to level the match at 1–1, and during extra time, both teams held the lead at one time. Memorably, Franz Beckenbauer remained on the field even with a dislocated shoulder, his arm in a sling strapped to his body, as West Germany had used up their two allowed substitutions. Eventually won 4–3 by Italy, this match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history, and is called "Game of the Century" in both Italy (Partita del secolo) and Germany (Jahrhundertspiel).[15][16] While the exhausted Italians[according to whom?] lost to Brazil, West Germany went on to claim third place by beating Uruguay 1–0, and Gerd Müller finished as the tournament's top scorer with 10 goals.

text: World Cup title on home soil[edit]

text: In 1971, Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team, and he led West Germany to great success as they became both the European and World Champions. They won the European Championship on their first try at Euro 1972, defeating the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final.[17][18] Then, as hosts of the 1974 World Cup, they won their second World Cup, defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final at the Olympiastadion in Munich.[19]

text: Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany. The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany. Both teams already were qualified for advance to the next round, and the East Germans won 1–0.[20] The West Germans adjusted their line up after the loss and advanced to the final which was the other outstanding match, against the Johan Cruijff-led Dutch team and their brand of "Total Football". Cruijff was brought down early in the German penalty area following a solo run before any of the German players had even touched the ball, and the Dutch took the lead from the ensuing penalty with just a minute gone on the clock. However, West Germany managed to come back, tying the match on a penalty scored by Paul Breitner, and winning it with Gerd Müller's goal just before half-time. A second goal by Müller was ruled offside.[21][22]

text: Late 1970s and early 1980s[edit]

text: West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments. They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout by a score of 5–3 after the match finished 2–2, with Uli Hoeneß famously kicking the ball sky high.[23] Since that loss, Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments. In fact, until Lukas Podolski's shot was saved by the Serbian goalkeeper Vladimir Stojković during group play of the 2010 World Cup, the last penalty missed by a German player dates back to the 1982 World Cup semifinals when the French goalkeeper Jean-Luc Ettori saved Uli Stielike's shot.[24]

text: In the 1978 World Cup, Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 2–3 to Austria, who had already been eliminated from the round of 16. Schön retired as coach afterward, and the post was taken over by his assistant, Jupp Derwall.

text: West Germany's first tournament under Derwall was successful, as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2–1 in the final.[25] West Germany then reached the final of the 1982 World Cup, though not without difficulties. They were upset 1–2 by Algeria in their first match,[26] but managed to advance to the second round with a controversial 1–0 win over Austria. Then, in the semifinal against France, they came back from down 1–3 during extra time to tie the match 3–3 and won the following penalty shootout 5–4.[27][28] In the final, they were defeated by Italy 1–3.[29]

text: During this period, West Germany also had one of the world's most productive goal scorers in Gerd Müller, who racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament, behind France's Just Fontaine and Hungarian Sándor Kocsis. Though Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006, it took Ronaldo three tournaments to do so (1998, 2002, and 2006) before Germany's Miroslav Klose surpassed the mark with 16 goals, scored over four tournaments (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014).[30]

text: Beckenbauer's triumph as coach[edit]

text: After West Germany were unexpectedly eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach.[31] In the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany had a slow start to the tournament thanks partly to the hot climate and high altitude- conditions that were for the most part foreign to nearly all of the European teams. In the warm, rainy aridity and high altitude of Queretaro they drew with Uruguay 1-1, were beaten 2-0 by a flying Denmark side and beat Scotland 2-1, finishing runner up behind Denmark in their group. They then traveled to the intense heat and humidity of Monterrey to face Morocco, which they won 1-0 and then to face the hosts Mexico. After a goalless draw, West Germany won on penalties 5-4, and they would then travel to the tropical heat, rain and altitude of Guadalajara to face a strong Michel Platini-led French side- a rematch between the two sides after a classic duel during the previous World Cup in Spain. West Germany held their nerve to beat the French 2-0, and they then traveled to the 7,380 ft altitude of Mexico City to face a Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final at the famous Azteca Stadium. Argentina took a 2-0 lead but Karl-Heinz Rumenigge and Rudi Voller tied the game in the second half, but Argentina scored a 3rd in the 85th minute and West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament.[32][33] In Euro 1988, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch gained revenge of their loss in 1974 by beating them 2–1 in the semifinals.[34]

text: In the 1990 World Cup, West Germany finally won their third World Cup title in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. [35] Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1) where Matthäus scored a goal from the halfway line; they then confidently thumped the United Arab Emirates (5–1) and drew with Colombia 1-1, all in Milan. In the Round of 16, they then played bitter rivals the Netherlands in Milan, which proved to be a bad-tempered, ugly game that was somewhat reflective of the whole tournament. Striker Rudi Völler and Dutch midfielder Frank Rijkaard were both sent off by the temperamental and emotionally aggressive Argentine referee after arguing and violently tackling each other in the span of a few minutes, including a blatant handball by a furious Voller. Goals by Jurgen Klinsmann and Andreas Brehme meant that Germany went on to win 2-1, and then in their quarter-final match they beat Czechoslovakia 1–0 in Milan. For their semi-final they went to play England in Turin, which proved to be a closely contested match between 2 equally skilled sides. Brehme scored a fluke goal in the first half, but England's Gary Lineker equalized in the second half and the match ended 1–1, but West Germany went on to win 4-3 on penalties, and the Germans were on the way to a final rematch against Argentina in Rome.[36][37] West Germany won an ugly and difficult match 1–0, with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme after Klinsmann was fouled in the Argentine penalty box.[35] Beckenbauer, who won the World Cup as the national team's captain in 1974, thus became the second person ever (preceded only by Mário Zagallo) to win the World Cup as both player and coach, and the first as both captain and coach. West Germany were also the tournament top scorers,scoring 14 goals.[31]

text: Olympic football[edit]

text:
Medal record

Olympic Games

 1988 Seoul
Team

text: Prior to 1984, Olympic football was an amateur event, meaning that only non-professional players could participate. Due to this, West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup, with the only medal coming in the 1988 Olympics, when they won the bronze medal. Since then, however, no German team has managed to qualify for the Olympics, even after the change of rules to include professionals, among them three athletes over 23 years old. West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984. On the other hand, East Germany did far better, winning a gold, a silver and two bronze medals (one representing the United Team of Germany).

text: Berti Vogts years (1990–1998)[edit]

text: In February 1990, months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the draw for the 1992 European Championship qualifying tournament saw East Germany and West Germany drawn together in Group 5. After West Germany's 1990 World Cup win, with assistant Berti Vogts taking over as the national team coach, the retiring Beckenbauer infamously predicted that the German team, with additional former East Germans to choose from, would be invincible for years to come. The reunification of Germany was confirmed in August to take effect on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the former GDR to the Federal Republic of Germany. The members of the East German association Deutscher Fußball-Verband acceded to the DFB in November, while the 1990–91 seasons would continue, with the restructuring of leagues scheduled for 1991–92. The first game with a unified German team, including former East German internationals such as Matthias Sammer and Ulf Kirsten, was against Switzerland on 19 December.

text: In Euro 1992, Germany reached the final, but lost 0–2 to surprise winners Denmark.[38] As the defending champions in the 1994 World Cup, this tournament proved to be rough for the German squad, who hadn't changed much since the 1990 World Cup, but they were still a strong side: Matthaus was still captaining the team and Klinsmann, Brehme, Voller and Ilgner were retained. The German squad beat Bolivia 1-0 in the tournament's opening match and they drew with Spain 1-1, playing both matches in Chicago. Then, they traveled down to the intense 35°C (95°F) heat of Dallas to play South Korea, a match they won 3-2 with Klinsmann scoring 2 goals. After this victory, midfielder Stefan Effenberg was sent home by Vogts after he gave an obscene hand gesture to German fans and journalists after being substituted out during the 75th minute. Germany then advanced to the Round of 16, and they beat European rivals Belgium 3-2 in Chicago; Voller scored 2 goals in the first half. And then, a low point in German football came about. The tough German squad then went to Giants Stadium just outside New York City to play Bulgaria in the quarter-finals, and they were upset 1–2 by the lowly ranked team, even though they led for the first part of the match after Matthaus scored from a penalty 2 minutes into the second half. But Bulgarian star player Hristo Stoichkov scored in the 75th minute, and the German team effectively fell apart, and this allowed Yordan Letchkov to score 3 minutes later, and the Germans were never able to equalize. Vogts returned home to face a barrage of criticism, although he stayed on as manager.[39][40]

text: Reunified Germany won their first major international title at Euro 1996, becoming the European champions for the third time.[41] They defeated hosts England on penalty kicks (6–5 after a 1–1 draw) in the semifinals[42] and the Czech Republic 2–1 in the final, a match decided by a golden goal scored by Oliver Bierhoff.[43] Matthias Sammer won the Ballon d'Or in 1996 for his performances for Germany and Borussia Dortmund.

text: However, in the 1998 World Cup, Germany were again eliminated by a less-heralded opponent in the quarterfinals, this time in a 0–3 defeat to Croatia.[44] Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck.[45]

text: Oliver Kahn/Michael Ballack era[edit]

text: Following another early World Cup exit in 1998 along with the retirement of many key players and discouraging results under Ribbeck, Germany's standing as one of the world's elite national sides was in question. Questionable performance...

text: In Euro 2000, the aging team went out in the first round after failing to win any of their three matches, including an embarrassing 0–3 loss to an understrength Portugal side (who had already advanced to the next round).[46] Ribbeck resigned amid strong public criticism and was replaced temporarily and then permanently by Rudi Völler – after planned successor Christoph Daum was involved in a drug scandal.[47][48][49]

text: Coming into the 2002 World Cup, expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers. This included not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time. The team nonetheless dealt a thrashing to Saudi Arabia 8–0 in their first match.[50] In the knockout stages, riding on the heroics of Oliver Kahn and Michael Ballack they produced three consecutive 1–0 wins against Paraguay,[51] the United States,[52] and co-hosts South Korea,[53] setting up a final against Brazil, the first World Cup meeting between the two. Unfortunately Ballack was suspended for the final due to accumulated yellow cards and Kahn was injured during the final proper. In a hard-fought match, Germany thus lost 0–2.[54] Nevertheless, Miroslav Klose won the Silver Boot and German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball,[55] the first time in the World Cup's history that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament, as well as the Yashin-Award for the best goalkeeper in the tournament.[56]

text: Germany failed to build on their success in 2002 and again exited in the first round of Euro 2004, this time drawing their first two matches and losing the third. As was the case in 2000, the team exited losing to an understrength side that had already advanced, in this case the Czech Republic. Even though Germany dominated the match, they could not score, losing to a Czech goal scored on the break.[57] Völler resigned afterwards,[58] denouncing the constant media criticism in a famous TV interview. The national team had to find their third new coach in six years after having had only six coaches in the previous 75 years. When prospective candidates including Ottmar Hitzfeld and Otto Rehhagel turned down the job,[59][60] former national team player Jürgen Klinsmann, who had never held any coaching jobs before, was appointed.[61] In similar style to Beckenbauer's former role as team manager without a coaching license, the experienced Joachim Löw from Stuttgart was appointed to assist him. Klinsmann made Michael Ballack the captain following Euro 2004. Klinsmann's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup being hosted in Germany.

text: Prior to the start of the tournament, hopes were not as high for Germany as in previous tournaments (even in Germany itself), even though it was the host nation. Critics pointed out the apparent lack of quality players in the squad and coach Klinsmann's decision to live in America rather than Germany. However, Germany won the opening game of the World Cup against Costa Rica 4–2.[62] They continued to develop both confidence and support across the group stage, conceding no further goals as they beat Poland 1–0[63] and Ecuador 3–0, with Miroslav Klose scoring twice and Lukas Podolski adding another in the last match.[64] Germany finished on top of their group with three wins. The team went on to defeat Sweden 2–0 in the round of 16, with Lukas Podolski netting both goals in only 12 minutes, from assists by Miroslav Klose.[65]

text: Germany faced favorites Argentina in the quarter-finals, a team that Germany had not defeated since the 1990 World Cup. Germany's clean sheet streak was broken shortly after half time as Argentina scored first to grab a 0–1 lead. However, Michael Ballack's cross, flicked on by Tim Borowski, allowed Klose to head in the equalizer with 10 minutes to spare. During the subsequent penalty shootout, goalkeeper Jens Lehmann saved two shots while his teammates all converted their shots to win the shootout 4–2.[66][67][68] After the game, the Argentinians started a brawl, which later resulted in a match ban for midfielder Torsten Frings after Italian television networks showed video footage of him participating in the fight.[69]

text: Expectations rose in Germany following these results, with many thinking that a record eighth appearance in the World Cup final was possible even though a starter was missing and the players were tired after already playing a tough 120 minutes against Argentina. In the semifinal match against Italy, the match went to extra time again, and hopes grew high that another penalty shootout would take the team to the final match in Berlin. However, despite Klinsmann's focus on fitness, the speed and concentration of the German players faded, and they conceded two goals in the final ninety seconds of extra time.[70]

text: Despite having their dreams of playing in the final dashed, Klinsmann's squad quickly recovered their composure, and journalists noted the team's upbeat mood in the practices leading up to the third-place match. Three starters, including captain Michael Ballack, would not be available for the third place match, and their opponent Portugal's goalkeeper, Ricardo, had up to that point conceded only one goal in regular play. Nonetheless, Germany thoroughly defeated Portugal 3–1, at one point leading 3–0 due to Bastian Schweinsteiger's two goals and an own goal, also off his shot, by Portugal's Petit.[71]

text: With this victory, Germany ended the World Cup on a high, not only with the 3–1 win over Portugal in the battle for third place, but also with several awards: Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament-leading five goals,[72] becoming the first player from the united Germany to earn it, and fellow striker Lukas Podolski won the 'Best Young Player' award.[73] Furthermore, four of Germany's players (Jens Lehmann, Philipp Lahm, Michael Ballack, and Miroslav Klose) were selected for the tournament All-Star Team.[74] In addition, with 14 goals scored, the German side scored more goals than any other team in the tournament.[75] After the tournament, over 500,000 people honored the team by giving them a hero's welcome at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.

text: Rejuvenation under Joachim Löw[edit]

text: Germany's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked partially by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach, since Klinsmann retired in spite of a public outcry for him to continue managing the Mannschaft.[76][77] Löw did not have the sweeping charisma of his predecessor, but the reputation of being a shrewd and capable tactician. He quickly became notable for continually introducing talented young players into his team, leading to a continuous rejuvenation of the squad. In a group with the Czech Republic and the Republic of Ireland, Germany qualified comfortably, defeating San Marino in a record 13–0 away win along the way.[78]

text: For the final tournament, Germany were placed into Group B alongside Poland, Croatia and longtime rivals Austria.[79] Germany defeated Poland 2–0[80] but suffered an ignominious 1–2 defeat to Croatia, compounded by a red card for Bastian Schweinsteiger for an aggressive off-the-ball incident.[81] Germany entered the knockout round with a victory over Austria in the last match of group play.[82] The only scorer of the game was Michael Ballack, who scored in the 49th minute with a powerful long-distance free-kick that was later chosen as the German Goal of the Year. Their quarterfinal opponent was Portugal. Germany started well and took an early lead after Schweinsteiger converted a cross from Lukas Podolski. Miroslav Klose made it 2–0 after heading in a free kick by Schweinsteiger. Portugal responded with a goal right before halftime, but Germany reclaimed their two-goal lead in the second half when Schweinsteiger assisted another header, this time by Michael Ballack. Germany saw out the rest of the match comfortably, conceding a late consolation goal, leaving the final score at 3–2.[83]

text: Germany went into their semifinal match against Turkey as the favourites. However, the team put up a nervous and shaky performance, falling behind due to Uğur Boral's goal in the 22nd minute. Bastian Schweinsteiger equalised, and Miroslav Klose put Germany ahead with less than twelve minutes left only for Semih Şentürk to level the score in the last minutes of the match. Just as the game was heading for extra time, defender Philipp Lahm cut inside past Colin Kazim-Richards, exchanged passes with Thomas Hitzlsperger, and stole in at the near post to score in the final minute, sending Germany into the final against Spain.[84]

text: Spain were the heavy favourites but Germany was believed to be one of the few sides able to challenge them. Spain controlled the game and took the lead through Fernando Torres. Germany ended up losing the match 0–1, finishing as the runners-up of the tournament.[85]

text: For the qualification for World Cup 2010, Germany were placed in a group with Azerbaijan (led by former Germany coach Berti Vogts), Finland, Liechtenstein, Russia, and Wales.[86] Germany comfortably qualified as top of the group with 8 wins and two draws (both against Finland).

text: 2010 FIFA World Cup finals[edit]

text: The 2010 World Cup draw, which took place on 4 December 2009, placed Germany in Group D, along with Australia, Serbia, and Ghana.[87] Throughout the tournament, Germany impressed by playing an attractive, attacking style of football. On 13 June 2010, they played their first match of the tournament against Australia and won 4–0.[88] They lost their second match 0–1 to Serbia.[89] Their next match against Ghana was won 1–0 by a goal from Mesut Özil.[90] Germany went on to win the group and advanced to the knockout stage. In the round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1, England's highest World Cup loss to date.[91] At 2–1, however, the game controversially had a goal by Frank Lampard disallowed, despite video replays that showed the ball beyond the goal line.[92][93][94] In the quarterfinals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0;[95] this match was also celebrated striker Miroslav Klose's 100th international cap and the match in which he tied German legend Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals, one behind the all-time record of 15 World Cup goals, which is held by Ronaldo of Brazil.[30][96][97][98] In the semi-final on 7 July, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain, in an almost flashback to the finals of Euro 2008.[99] Germany played Uruguay for Third Place, as in 1970, and won the match 3–2 on 10 July.[100]

text: Germany scored the most with a total of 16 goals in the 2010 World Cup, in comparison, the winning nation Spain scored only 8 goals.[101] The German team became the first team since Brazil in 1982 to record the highest goal difference in a World Cup without winning it. In an internet poll, Germany was voted the World Cups Most Entertaining Team, although FIFA discontinued the official award. German youngster Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot with the most goals and assists scored (succeeding teammate Miroslav Klose),[102] and he was also given the Best Young Player Award (succeeding teammate Lukas Podolski).[103]

text: The German team reflected the changing demographic of Germany. It was significantly multicultural, as 11 of the players in the final 23-man World Cup Finals roster were eligible to play for other countries, despite 10 of the 11 being born or raised in Germany. The 11th, Cacau, arrived from Brazil in his late teens.[104] Despite this transition, Germany kept the traditional strength as a team that excels when playing at major tournaments with a well-attuned team. Prior to the World Cup the Mannschaft lost in a friendly to England 2–1,[105] another friendly against Argentina 1–0,[106] and less than a year after the World Cup Germany lost against Australia 2–1.[107] While losing on home soil in friendlies, Germany decisively thrashed all these three teams in the tournament in South Africa, scoring four goals in each match.

text: Euro 2012 qualification[edit]

text: Germany qualified top of Group A in qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 with a record of 10 wins out of ten matches against Kazakhstan, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, and Azerbaijan.[108]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Germany

10

10

0

0

34

7

+27

30

Qualify for final tournament

—

3–0

3–1

6–2

6–1

4–0

2

 Turkey

10

5

2

3

13

11

+2

17

Advance to play-offs

1–3

—

3–2

2–0

1–0

2–1

3

 Belgium

10

4

3

3

21

15

+6

15

0–1

1–1

—

4–4

4–1

4–1

4

 Austria

10

3

3

4

16

17

−1

12

1–2

0–0

0–2

—

3–0

2–0

5

 Azerbaijan

10

2

1

7

10

26

−16

7

1–3

1–0

1–1

1–4

—

3–2

6

 Kazakhstan

10

1

1

8

6

24

−18

4

0–3

0–3

0–2

0–0

2–1

—

text: Euro 2012 finals[edit]

text: The draw for the final tournament took place on 2 December 2011 at the Ukraine Palace of Arts in Kiev, Ukraine.[109][110] Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal, Netherlands, and Denmark, thus making it the group of death.

text: As the only team to have won all three group matches, Germany went on to defeat Greece in the quarter-final and set a historic record in international football of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches.[111] In the semi-final match against Italy, despite high expectations, Germany was unable to break the record to defeat Italy in any competitive matches.

text:
Germany

1–0

 Portugal

Gómez  72'

Report

text:
Netherlands

1–2

 Germany

Van Persie  73'

Report

Gómez  24 ',  38'

text:
Denmark

1–2

 Germany

Krohn-Dehli  24'

Report

Podolski  19'Bender  80'

text:
Germany

4–2

 Greece

Lahm  39'Khedira  61'Klose  68'Reus  74'

Report

Samaras  55'Salpingidis  89' (pen.)

text:
Germany

1–2

 Italy

Özil  90+2' (pen.)

Report

Balotelli  20 ',  36'

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification[edit]

text: On 30 July 2011 at the 2014 FIFA World Cup preliminary draw, Germany were placed in Group C. They commenced their qualifying campaign in late 2012 in a group that featured contenders Sweden, Republic of Ireland, Austria, Faroe Islands and Kazakhstan.[112]

text:
Teamvte

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Germany

10
9
1
0
36
10
+26
28

 Sweden

10
6
2
2
19
14
+5
20

 Austria

10
5
2
3
20
10
+10
17

 Republic of Ireland

10
4
2
4
16
17
−1
14

 Kazakhstan

10
1
2
7
6
21
−15
5

 Faroe Islands

10
0
1
9
4
29
−25
1

Austria

—

6–0

1–2

4–0

1–0

2–1

Faroe Islands

0–3

—

0–3

1–1

1–4

1–2

Germany

3–0

3–0

—

4–1

3–0

4–4

Kazakhstan

0–0

2–1

0–3

—

1–2

0–1

Republic of Ireland

2–2

3–0

1–6

3–1

—

1–2

Sweden

2–1

2–0

3–5

2–0

0–0

—

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup finals[edit]

text: The draw for the 2014 FIFA World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G along with Portugal, Ghana, and the United States.[113] The German Football Association constructed a purpose built training base, Campo Bahia, for their stay in Brazil. Germany started the tournament with a 4–0 defeat of Portugal, with Thomas Muller scoring a hat trick. They drew their next match with Ghana 2–2. Miroslav Klose tied Ronaldo's record of fifteen World Cup finals goals in the match. Germany won their final game against the United States 1–0. They played Algeria in the round of 16 in a rematch of their encounter in 1982. Germany prevailed 2–1 after extra time. They then defeated France 1–0 in the quarterfinals. They faced Brazil in the semi-finals where they won a decisive 7–1 victory. Klose scored the second goal of the game, surpassing Ronaldo for the record of most goals in the World Cup. Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 in the final on 13 July and obtained its fourth title.[114]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Germany

3

2

1

0

7

2

+5

7

Advance to knockout stage

2

 United States

3

1

1

1

4

4

0

4

3

 Portugal

3

1

1

1

4

7

−3

4

4

 Ghana

3

0

1

2

4

6

−2

1

text:
Germany

2–1 (a.e.t.)

 Algeria

Schürrle  92'
Özil  120'

Report

Djabou  120+1'

text:
France

0–1

 Germany

Report

Hummels  13'

text:
Brazil

1–7

 Germany

Oscar  90'

Report

Müller  11'
Klose  23'
Kroos  24', 26'
Khedira  29'
Schürrle  69', 79'

text:
Germany

1–0 (a.e.t.)

 Argentina

Götze  113'

Report

text: Euro 2016[edit]

text: After finishing first in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group D, Germany managed to win their group ahead of Poland, Northern Ireland and Ukraine. In the knock-out stages, they overcome Slovakia with a 3–0 win, then they won against Italy 6–5 in a penalty shootout (after a 1–1 draw) for the first time in a major tournament.[115][116] Their journey ended in the semi-finals after a 2–0 loss against the host-nation France, the French first competitive win against Germany in 58 years.[117]

text: 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup[edit]

text: Having qualified as the 2014 World Cup Champion, the German coach Joachim Löw decided to participate in the competition with a young team captained by Julian Draxler. The team won their group ahead of Chile, Australia and Cameroon. Then, they won against Mexico 4–1 in the semi-finals to progress to the final. Unexpectedly, the young team managed to win Germany their first FIFA Confederations Cup title ever after a 1–0 win against Chile at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg.[118]

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup finals[edit]

text: Despite winning their 10 matches in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. Germany went out from the World Cup group stage, first exit in the first round since 1938, after two losses and only one win. The first match was against Mexico, the team which they beat in the FIFA Confederations Cup a year earlier, the match ended with a 1–0 win for the Mexicans, the German first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup. The second match was against Sweden which ended in a 2–1 win, thanks to Toni Kroos's 95th minute goal. In the last match, Germany needed a "one-goal" win against South Korea to reach the next round, but two late goals during second-half stoppage time from South Korea made the defending champion leave the competition with only bad memories.[119][120]

text: Germany, known in German as a "Tournament Team" (German: Turniermannschaft), came to the 2018 tournament without their 2014 heroes Mario Götze and André Schürrle. The retirement of key players such as Philipp Lahm, Bastian Schweinsteiger, and Miroslav Klose meant the loss of leading players. During the tournament, poor performances by main players such as Thomas Müller and Sami Khedira, as well as wrong team selection by the coach Joachim Löw were the main factors in the devastating early exit.[121] Moreover, complacency and lack of sharpness of the attacking players were obvious according to former player and coach Jürgen Klinsmann.[122]

text: Competition records[edit]

text: FIFA World Cup record[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup record

FIFA World Cup Qualification record

Year

Round

Position

Pld

W

D*

L

GF

GA

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930

Did Not Enter

–

–

–

–

–

–

 1934

Third Place

3rd

4

3

0

1

11

8

1

1

0

0

9

1

 1938

First Round

10th

2

0

1

1

3

5

3

3

0

0

11

1

 1950

Banned

–

–

–

–

–

–

 1954

Champions

1st

6

5

0

1

25

14

4

3

1

0

12

3

 1958

Fourth Place

4th

6

2

2

2

12

14

Qualified as Defending Champions

 1962

Quarter-Final

7th

4

2

1

1

4

2

4

4

0

0

11

5

 1966

Runners-up

2nd

6

4

1

1

15

6

4

3

1

0

14

2

 1970

Third Place

3rd

6

5

0

1

17

10

6

5

1

0

20

3

 1974

Champions

1st

7

6

0

1

13

4

Qualified as Hosts

 1978

Second Group Stage

6th

6

1

4

1

10

5

Qualified as Defending Champions

 1982

Runners-up

2nd

7

3

2

2

12

10

8

8

0

0

33

3

 1986

Runners-up

2nd

7

3

2

2

8

7

8

5

2

1

22

9

 1990

Champions

1st

7

5

2

0

15

5

6

3

3

0

13

3

 1994

Quarter-Final

5th

5

3

1

1

9

7

Qualified as Defending Champions

 1998

Quarter-Final

7th

5

3

1

1

8

6

10

6

4

0

23

9

  2002

Runners-up

2nd

7

5

1

1

14

3

10

6

3

1

19

12

 2006

Third Place

3rd

7

5

1

1

14

6

Qualified as Hosts

 2010

Third Place

3rd

7

5

0

2

16

5

10

8

2

0

26

5

 2014

Champions

1st

7

6

1

0

18

4

10

9

1

0

36

10

 2018

Group Stage

22nd

3

1

0

2

2

4

10

10

0

0

43

4

 2022

To be determined

To be determined

Total

4 Titles

19/21

109

67

20*

22

226

125

94

74

18

2

292

70

text: UEFA European Championship record[edit]

text:
UEFA European Championship record

UEFA European Championship Qualification record

Year

Round

Position

Pld

W

D*

L

GF

GA

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1960

Did Not Enter

Did Not Enter

 1964

 1968

Did Not Qualify

4

2

1

1

9

2

 1972

Champions

1st

2

2

0

0

5

1

8

5

3

0

13

3

 1976

Runners-up

2nd

2

1

1

0

6

4

8

4

4

0

17

5

 1980

Champions

1st

4

3

1

0

6

3

6

4

2

0

17

1

 1984

Group Stage

5th

3

1

1

1

2

2

8

5

1

2

15

5

 1988

Semi Final

3rd

4

2

1

1

6

3

Qualified as Hosts

 1992

Runners-up

2nd

5

2

1

2

7

8

6

5

0

1

13

4

 1996

Champions

1st

6

4

2

0

10

3

10

8

1

1

27

10

  2000

Group Stage

14th

3

0

1

2

1

5

8

6

1

1

20

4

 2004

Group Stage

12th

3

0

2

1

2

3

8

5

3

0

13

4

  2008

Runners-up

2nd

6

4

0

2

10

7

12

8

3

1

35

7

  2012

Semi Final

3rd

5

4

0

1

10

6

10

10

0

0

34

7

 2016

Semi Final

3rd

6

3

2

1

8

3

10

7

1

2

7

4

 2020

Total

3 titles

11/14

43

23

10*

10

65

45

92

64

20

8

220

56

text: FIFA Confederations Cup record[edit]

text:
FIFA Confederations Cup record

Year

Round

Position

GP

W

D*

L

GS

GA

Squad

 1992

Did Not Enter [123]

 1995

Did Not Qualify

 1997

Did Not Enter [124]

 1999

Group Stage

5th

3

1

0

2

2

6

Squad

  2001

Did Not Qualify

 2003

Did Not Enter [125]

 2005

Third Place

3rd

5

3

1

1

15

11

Squad

 2009

Did Not Qualify

 2013

 2017

Champions

1st

5

4

1

0

12

5

Squad

Total

Third Place

3/10

13

8

2

3

29

22

text: Note All tournaments from 1950 to 1990 inclusively were competed as West Germany.

text: Honours[edit]

text: Senior team[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup
Winner (4): 1954, 1974, 1990, 2014
Runner-up (4): 1966, 1982, 1986, 2002
Third place (4): 1934, 1970, 2006, 2010
Fourth place (1): 1958
UEFA European Championship
Winner (3): 1972, 1980, 1996
Runner-up (3): 1976, 1992, 2008
Semi-finals (2): 1988, 2012, 2016
FIFA Confederations Cup
Winner (1): 2017
Third place (1): 2005
U.S. Cup
Winner (1): 1993

text: Olympic team[edit]

text:
Olympic Games
Winner (1): 1976
Runner-up (1): 1980, 2016
Bronze Medal (3): 1964, 1972, 1988

text: Historical kits[edit]

text:
1908

World Cup  1934

World Cup  1938 [127]

World Cup  1954

World Cup  1970

World Cup  1974

World Cup  1978

Euro 1980 and World Cup 1982

text:
Euro  1984

World Cup  1986

Euro 1988 and World Cup 1990

Euro  1992

World Cup  1994

Euro  1996

World Cup  1998

Euro  2000

text:
World Cup  2002

Euro  2004

World Cup  2006

Euro  2008

World Cup  2010

Euro  2012

World Cup  2014

Euro  2016

text:
Confederations Cup  2017

World Cup  2018

text:
World Cup  1954–1958

World Cup  1966–1970

World Cup  1974–1978

Euro 1980 – World Cup 1982

Euro 1984 – World Cup 1986

Euro 1988 – World Cup 1990

Euro  1992

World Cup  1994

text:
Euro  1996

World Cup  1998

Euro  2000

World Cup  2002

Euro  2004

ConFed Cup  2005

World Cup  2006

Euro  2008

text:
World Cup  2010

Euro  2012

World Cup  2014

Euro  2016

World Cup  2018

text: Previous squads[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup squads

1934 FIFA World Cup squad
1938 FIFA World Cup squad
1954 FIFA World Cup squad
1958 FIFA World Cup squad
1962 FIFA World Cup squad
1966 FIFA World Cup squad
1970 FIFA World Cup squad
1974 FIFA World Cup squad
1978 FIFA World Cup squad
1982 FIFA World Cup squad
1986 FIFA World Cup squad
1990 FIFA World Cup squad
1994 FIFA World Cup squad
1998 FIFA World Cup squad
2002 FIFA World Cup squad
2006 FIFA World Cup squad
2010 FIFA World Cup squad
2014 FIFA World Cup squad
2018 FIFA World Cup squad

UEFA European Football Championship squads

UEFA Euro 1972 squad
UEFA Euro 1976 squad
UEFA Euro 1980 squad
UEFA Euro 1984 squad
UEFA Euro 1988 squad
UEFA Euro 1992 squad
UEFA Euro 1996 squad
UEFA Euro 2000 squad
UEFA Euro 2004 squad
UEFA Euro 2008 squad
UEFA Euro 2012 squad
UEFA Euro 2016 squad

FIFA Confederations Cup squads

1999 FIFA Confederations Cup squads
2005 FIFA Confederations Cup squads
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup squads

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Name

Period

Matches

Wins

Draws1

Losses

Win %

Honours

DFB committee

1908–1926

58

16

12

30

27.59

Otto Nerz

1926–1936

70

42

10

18

60.00

Third place at the 1934 World Cup

Sepp Herberger2

1936–19421950–1964

167

94

27

46

56.29

Winner of the 1954 World Cup, Fourth place at the 1958 World Cup

Helmut Schön

1964–1978

139

87

31

21

62.59

Runner-up of the 1966 World Cup, Third place at the 1970 World Cup, Winner of Euro 1972, Winner of the 1974 World Cup, Runner-up of Euro 1976

Jupp Derwall

1978–1984

67

44

12

11

65.67

Winner of Euro 1980, Runner-up of the 1982 World Cup

Franz Beckenbauer

1984–1990

66

34

20

12

51.52

Runner-up of the 1986 World Cup, Winner of the 1990 World Cup

Berti Vogts

1990–1998

102

66

24

12

64.71

Runner-up of Euro 1992, Winner of Euro 1996

Erich Ribbeck

1998–2000

24

10

6

8

41.67

Rudi Völler

2000–2004

53

29

11

13

54.72

Runner-up of the 2002 World Cup

Jürgen Klinsmann

2004–2006

34

20

8

6

58.82

Third place at the 2005 Confederations Cup, Third place at the 2006 World Cup

Joachim Löw3

2006–2020

165

108

30

27

65.46

Runner-up of Euro 2008, Third place at the 2010 World Cup, Third place at the Euro 2012, Winner of the 2014 World Cup, Winner of the 2017 Confederations Cup

Total3

945

550

191

204

55.37

text:
Includes matches won or lost on penalty shoot-outs.
Record includes periods of pre-division Germany (1936–1942 – 70 matches: 42 wins, 13 draws, 15 losses) and West Germany (1950–1964 – 97 matches: 52 wins, 14 draws, 31 losses; no national team matches and no national coaches between 1942 and 1950).[128]

tag: ol

text: Captains[edit]

text: This is the list of Germany captains since Germany's first participation in a World Cup in 1934 (current as of 23 November 2014).[128][129]Note: the column "games" signifies overall games as captain, not overall caps. East German captains are not included. Captained games outside the player's main period are also included.

text:
Player

Period

Games

Notes

Fritz Szepan

1934–1939

30

Paul Janes

1939–1942

31

Fritz Walter

1951–1956

30

Honorary captain

Hans Schäfer

1957–1962

16

Helmut Rahn

1957–1959

8

Herbert Erhardt

1959–1962

18

Uwe Seeler

1961–1970

40

Honorary captain

Wolfgang Overath

1968–1971

14

Franz Beckenbauer

1971–1977

50

Honorary captain

Berti Vogts

1977–1978

20

Bernard Dietz

1978–1981

19

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

1980–1986

50

Harald Schumacher

1984–1986

11

Klaus Allofs

1986–1988

8

Lothar Matthäus

1987–1999

72

Honorary captain

Jürgen Klinsmann

1995–1998

36

Honorary captain

Oliver Bierhoff

1998–2001

22

Oliver Kahn

2000–2006

48

Michael Ballack

2004–2010

54

Philipp Lahm

2010–2014

51

Bastian Schweinsteiger

2014–2016

13

Manuel Neuer

2016–present

21

text: Tournament records[edit]

text:
Most World Cups played in: Lothar Matthäus – 5 (All-time record tied with Mexico's Antonio Carbajal)[30]
Most World Cup match appearances: Lothar Matthäus – 25 (All-time record)[30][130][131]
Most World Cup goals: Miroslav Klose – 16 (All-time record leading goalscorer)[97]
Most European Championship match appearances: Philipp Lahm – 14[132]
Most European Championship goals: Jürgen Klinsmann – 5[133]


document_title: Dixiecrat

question_text: who did the dixiecrats nominate to run for president in 1948

root

text: Dixiecrat

text: Background

text: By the 1870s, the conservative voters of southern United States were heavily voting Democratic in national and presidential elections, and apart from minor pockets of Republican electoral strength in Appalachia plus Gillespie and Kendall Counties of central Texas, forming what was known as the “Solid South”. The social and economic systems of the Solid South were based on Jim Crow, a combination of legal and informal segregation acts that made blacks second-class citizens with little or no political power anywhere within the southern United States.[5]

tag: p

text: Three-time Democratic Party presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan opposed a highly controversial resolution at the 1924 Democratic National Convention condemning the Ku Klux Klan, expecting the organization would soon fold. Bryan disliked the Klan but never publicly attacked it.[6]

text: In the 1930s a realignment occurred courtesy of the New Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. While many of the Democratic Party members in the southern United States had shifted toward favoring economic intervention,[citation needed] their own recognition of full civil rights for Black Americans was not yet incorporated within the New Deal agenda, as Southerners controlled many of the key positions of power within the U.S. Congress.

text: With the entry of the United States military into the Second World War, Jim Crow was indirectly challenged as two million Black Americans would serve in the U.S. military during World War II, receiving equal pay while serving within segregated units, and becoming equally entitled to receive veterans’ benefits from the United States government.

text: Members of the Republican Party (nominating Governor of New York Thomas E. Dewey in 1944 and 1948), along with many Democrats from the northern United States, supported civil rights legislation that the Deep South Democrats in Congress almost unanimously opposed.[7][8]

text: 1948 presidential election

text: After Roosevelt died, the new president Harry Truman established a highly visible President's Committee on Civil Rights and issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in the military in 1948. A group of Southern governors such as Strom Thurmond of South Carolina and Fielding L. Wright of Mississippi met to consider the place of Southerners within the Democratic Party. After a tense meeting with DNC chairman and Truman confidant J. Howard McGrath, the Southern governors agreed to convene their own convention in Birmingham if Truman and civil rights supporters emerged victorious at the 1948 Democratic National Convention.[9] In July, the convention re-nominated Truman and adopted a plank proposed by Northern liberals led by Hubert Humphrey calling for civil rights; 35 southern delegates walked out. The move was on to remove Truman's name from the ballot in the southern United States. This political maneuvering required the organization of a new and distinct political party, which the Southern defectors from the Democratic Party chose to brand as the States' Rights Democratic Party.

text: Just days after the 1948 Democratic National Convention, the States' Rights Democrats held their own convention at Municipal Auditorium in Birmingham, Alabama on July 17.[10] While several leaders from the Deep South such as Strom Thurmond and James Eastland attended, most major Southern Democrats did not attend the conference.[11] Among those absent were Georgia Senator Richard Russell, Jr., who had finished with the second most delegates in the Democratic presidential ballot.[11]

text: Prior to their own States' Rights Democratic Party convention, it was not clear whether the Dixiecrats would seek to field their own candidate or simply try to prevent Southern electors from voting for Truman.[11] Many in the press predicted that if the Dixiecrats did nominate a ticket, Arkansas Governor Benjamin Travis Laney would be the presidential nominee and South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond or Mississippi Governor Fielding L. Wright would be the vice presidential nominee.[11] Laney traveled to Birmingham during the convention, but he ultimately decided that he did not want to join a third party and remained in his hotel during the convention.[11] Thurmond himself had doubts about a third-party bid, but party organizers convinced him to accept the party's nomination, with Fielding Wright as his running mate.[11] Wright's supporters had hoped that Wright would lead the ticket, but Wright deferred to Thurmond, who had greater national stature.[11] The selection of Thurmond received fairly positive reviews from the national press, as Thurmond had pursued relatively moderate policies on civil rights and did not employ the fiery rhetoric used by other segregationist leaders.[12]

text: The States' Rights Democrats did not formally declare themselves as being a new third party, but rather said that they were only "recommending" that state Democratic Parties vote for the Thurmond-Wright ticket.[11] The goal of the party was to win the 127 electoral votes of the Solid South in the hopes of throwing the election to the Representatives.[11] Once in the House, the Dixiecrats hoped to throw their support to whichever party would agree to their segregationist demands.[11] Even if the Republicans won an outright majority of electoral votes (as many expected in 1948), the Dixiecrats hoped that their third-party run would help the South retake its dominant position in the Democratic Party.[11] In implementing their strategy, the States' Rights Democrats faced a complicated set of state election laws, with different states having different processes for choosing presidential electors.[11] The States' Rights Democrats eventually succeeded in making the Thurmond-Wright ticket the official Democratic ticket in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina.[13] In other states, they were forced to run as a third-party ticket.[13]

text: In numbers greater than the 6,000 that attended the first, the States' Rights Democrats held a boisterous second convention in Oklahoma City, on August 14, 1948,[14] where they adopted their party platform which stated:[15]

text: We stand for the segregation of the races and the racial integrity of each race; the constitutional right to choose one's associates; to accept private employment without governmental interference, and to earn one's living in any lawful way. We oppose the elimination of segregation, the repeal of miscegenation statutes, the control of private employment by Federal bureaucrats called for by the misnamed civil rights program. We favor home-rule, local self-government and a minimum interference with individual rights.

text: The platform went on to say:[15]

text: We call upon all Democrats and upon all other loyal Americans who are opposed to totalitarianism at home and abroad to unite with us in ignominiously defeating Harry S. Truman, Thomas E. Dewey and every other candidate for public office who would establish a Police Nation in the United States of America.

text: In Arkansas, Democratic gubernatorial nominee Sid McMath vigorously supported Truman in speeches across the state, much to the consternation of the sitting governor, Benjamin Travis Laney, an ardent Thurmond supporter. Laney later used McMath's pro-Truman stance against him in the 1950 gubernatorial election, but McMath won re-election handily.

text: Efforts by States' Rights Democrats to paint other Truman loyalists as turncoats generally failed, although the seeds of discontent were planted which in years to come took their toll on Southern moderates.

text: On election day 1948, the Thurmond-Wright ticket carried the previously solid Democratic states of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina, receiving 1,169,021 popular votes and 39 electoral votes. Progressive Party nominee Henry A. Wallace drew off a nearly equal number of popular votes (1,157,172) from the Democrats' left wing, although he did not carry any states. The splits in the Democratic Party in the 1948 election had been expected to produce a victory by GOP nominee Dewey, but Truman defeated Dewey in an upset victory.

text: Subsequent elections

text: The States' Rights Democratic Party dissolved after the 1948 election, as Truman, the Democratic National Committee, and the New Deal Southern Democrats acted to ensure that the Dixiecrat movement would not return in the 1952 presidential election. Some Southern diehards, such as Leander Perez of Louisiana, attempted to keep it in existence in their districts.[16] Former Dixiecrats received some backlash at the 1952 Democratic National Convention, but all Southern delegations were seated after agreeing to a party loyalty pledge.[17] Moderate Alabama Senator John Sparkman was selected as the Democratic vice presidential nominee in 1952, helping to boost party loyalty in the South.[17] Regardless of the power struggle within the Democratic Party concerning segregation policy, the South remained a strongly Democratic voting bloc for local, state, and federal Congressional elections, but increasingly not in presidential elections.


document_title: Chess prodigy

question_text: who is the youngest grand master in chess

text: Chess prodigy

text: Early chess prodigies[edit]

text: Early chess prodigies were Paul Morphy (1837–1884) and José Raúl Capablanca (1888–1942), both of whom won matches against strong adult opponents at the age of 12, and Samuel Reshevsky (1911–1992), who was giving simultaneous exhibitions at the age of six.[1] Morphy went on to be unofficial World Champion (before the official title existed), Capablanca became the third World Champion, and Reshevsky—while never attaining the title—was amongst the top few players in the world for many decades.

text: List of youngest grandmasters[edit]

text: One measure of chess prodigies (since 1950, when the title was introduced) is the age at which they gain the Grandmaster title. Below are players who have held the record for youngest grandmaster. The record has been held by Sergey Karjakin (then Ukraine) since 2002. The age listed is the age at which they qualified for the title. This is not equal to the age at which they officially became Grandmasters, because GM titles can only be awarded at FIDE congresses.

text: Note: all players are listed by their nationality at the time of gaining the title, not their current or later nationality.

text:
Year
Player
Country
Age

1950
David Bronstein
 Soviet Union
26 years

1952
Tigran Petrosian
 Soviet Union
23 years

1955
Boris Spassky
 Soviet Union
18 years

1958
Bobby Fischer
 United States
15 years, 6 months, 1 day

1991
Judit Polgár
 Hungary
15 years, 4 months, 28 days

1994
Péter Lékó
 Hungary
14 years, 4 months, 22 days

1997
Étienne Bacrot
 France
14 years, 2 months, 0 days

1997
Ruslan Ponomariov
 Ukraine
14 years, 0 months, 17 days

1999
Bu Xiangzhi
 China
13 years, 10 months, 13 days

2002
Sergey Karjakin
 Ukraine
12 years, 7 months, 0 days

tag: table

text: This is a list of the players who became Grandmasters before their 15th birthday.

text:
No.
Player
Country
Age
Birth year

1.
Sergey Karjakin
 Ukraine
12 years, 7 months, 0 days
1990

2.
Javokhir Sindarov
 Uzbekistan
12 years, 10 months, 5 days
2005

3.
Praggnanandhaa Rameshbabu
 India
12 years, 10 months, 13 days
2005

4.
Nodirbek Abdusattorov
 Uzbekistan
13 years, 1 month, 11 days
2004

5.
Parimarjan Negi
 India
13 years, 4 months, 22 days
1993

6.
Magnus Carlsen
 Norway
13 years, 4 months, 27 days
1990

7.
Wei Yi
 China
13 years, 8 months, 23 days[2]
1999

8.
Bu Xiangzhi
 China
13 years, 10 months, 13 days
1985

9.
Samuel Sevian
 United States
13 years, 10 months, 27 days[3]
2000

10.
Richárd Rapport
 Hungary
13 years, 11 months, 6 days[4]
1996

11.
Teimour Radjabov
 Azerbaijan
14 years, 0 months, 14 days
1987

12.
Ruslan Ponomariov
 Ukraine
14 years, 0 months, 17 days
1983

13.

Nihal Sarin

 India

14 years, 1 month, 1 day

2004

14.
Awonder Liang
 United States
14 years, 1 month, 20 days[5][6]
2003

15.
Wesley So
 Philippines
14 years, 1 month, 28 days[7]
1993

16.
Étienne Bacrot
 France
14 years, 2 months, 0 days
1983

17.
Illya Nyzhnyk
 Ukraine
14 years, 3 months, 2 days[8]
1996

18.
Maxime Vachier-Lagrave
 France
14 years, 4 months, 6 days[9]
1990

19.
Péter Lékó
 Hungary
14 years, 4 months, 22 days
1979

20.
Jorge Cori
 Peru
14 years, 5 months, 15 days[10]
1995

21.
Hou Yifan
 China
14 years, 6 months, 16 days[11]
1994

22.
Jeffery Xiong
 United States
14 years, 6 months, 25 days[12]
2000

23.
Anish Giri
 Russia
14 years, 7 months, 2 days[13]
1994

24.
Yuriy Kuzubov
 Ukraine
14 years, 7 months, 12 days[14]
1990

25.
Bogdan-Daniel Deac
 Romania
14 years, 7 months, 27 days[15]
2001

26.
Dariusz Świercz
 Poland
14 years, 7 months, 29 days
1994

27.
Alireza Firouzja
 Iran
14 years, 8 months, 2 days
2003

28.
Aryan Chopra
 India
14 years, 9 months, 3 days[16]
2001

29.
Nguyễn Ngọc Trường Sơn
 Vietnam
14 years, 9 months, 22 days[17]
1990

30.
Kirill Shevchenko
 Ukraine
14 years, 9 months, 23 days
2002

31.
Arjun Erigaisi
 India
14 years, 11 months, 13 days
2003

32.
Daniil Dubov
 Russia
14 years, 11 months, 14 days[18]
1996

33.
Ray Robson
 United States
14 years, 11 months, 16 days[19]
1994

34.
Fabiano Caruana
 Italy
14 years, 11 months, 20 days[20]
1992

35.
Yu Yangyi
 China
14 years, 11 months, 23 days[21]
1994

text: Here are the holders of the record for the youngest ever female to become a grandmaster (not to be confused with the lesser Woman Grandmaster title):

text:
Year
Player
Country
Age

1978
Nona Gaprindashvili
 Soviet Union
37 years

1984
Maia Chiburdanidze
 Soviet Union
23 years

1991
Susan Polgar
 Hungary
21 years

1991
Judit Polgár
 Hungary
15 years, 4 months

2002
Humpy Koneru
 India
15 years 1 month

2008
Hou Yifan
 China
14 years, 6 months[22]


document_title: Harris County Toll Road Authority

question_text: who owns the harris county toll road authority

text: Harris County Toll Road Authority

text: History[edit]

text: HCTRA came into existence in September 1983 when Harris County voters approved a referendum by a 7-3 margin to release up to $900 million in bonds to create two toll roads - the Hardy Toll Road and the Sam Houston Tollway, to improve the regional mobility and reduce traffic congestion in the Greater Houston area, an area known for rapid population growth.

text: The need for a county-run toll road system came from TxDOT's budget shortfall and its inability to authorize funding to upgrade the second loop around the city, Beltway 8, which had been on planning maps since the 1950s. The Texas Turnpike Authority turned down the opportunity to improve the road as well, leaving the county to upgrade the road to freeway standards. However, Harris County could not afford to build and maintain a freeway from its general fund.

text: Shortly after the referendum, the Commissioners Court created the Toll Road Authority to administer the construction and operation of the new road system. Then-County Judge Jon Lindsay is generally credited with shepherding the referendum from its infancy to its passage, along with the implementation of the plan for the roadway. HCTRA is a part of Harris County's Public Infrastructure Department and is subdivided into a Services and an Operations Division.

text: While for many years, the Hardy Toll Road never had the traffic that the HCTRA envisioned it would need to turn a profit, the Sam Houston Tollway has more than made up for the lost revenue. The high profit margins on the Sam Houston Tollway allowed the authority to construct its third and fourth toll roads, the Westpark Tollway and Fort Bend Toll Road, both of which opened in 2004. Both of these toll roads have termini in Fort Bend County and are run in conjunction with the Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority. The most recent project of HCTRA is the construction of managed lanes that run along the median of I-10/Katy Freeway between SH 6 and I-610 that opened in April 2009.[2]

text: Current system[edit]

text: The HCTRA uses their own toll tag called the EZ TAG. The system has been interoperable with the Texas Department of Transportation's TxTag and the North Texas Tollway Authority's TollTag since 2003. Around the 3rd quarter of 2017, the system will be interoperable with the Kansas Turnpike Authority's K-Tag[3] and the Oklahoma Turnpike Authority's PikePass.[3]

text: The following toll roads (in order of first segment completion) form the current HCTRA system:

text: Sam Houston Tollway (1982)[edit]

text: The Sam Houston Tollway is the name given to the tolled sections of Beltway 8, the second highway loop around Houston. The first opened section was the Sam Houston Ship Channel Bridge in the east quadrant of the road system. From 1982 to 1994, the bridge, which was originally named in honor of local politician and entrepreneur Jesse H. Jones, was maintained by the Texas Turnpike Authority (now North Texas Tollway Authority). As of February 26, 2011, the Sam Houston Tollway is a complete tolled beltway loop around Houston (minus a few minor sections that are freeways managed by TXDOT).

text: Hardy Toll Road (1988)[edit]

text: The Hardy Toll Road was constructed to help alleviate traffic off of I-45 North. The route begins at I-610 North between I-45 North and I-69/US 59 North and travels northward parallel to I-45 for 21.6 miles (34.8 km) after which it merges onto I-45. The toll road also features a 4-mile (6.4 km) spur to George Bush Intercontinental Airport.

text: Westpark Tollway (2004)[edit]

text: The Westpark Tollway is a 20-mile (32.2 km) toll road starting in Uptown Houston and travelling westward parallel to sections of Westpark Drive and FM 1093 and terminating just past the Grand Parkway (SH 99). It is the first all-electronic toll road in the United States. The Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority (FBCTRA) operates the western-most 6 miles (9.7 km) of the tollway.

text: Fort Bend Toll Road (2004)[edit]

text: The Fort Bend Toll Road is a 7.5-mile (12.1 km) tollway that follows the route of the formerly-cancelled State Highway 122. The toll road currently begins with direct connectors at US 90A, just north of the Sam Houston Tollway, and travels southward to its terminus at SH 6. As with the Westpark Tollway, the Fort Bend Toll Road is jointly operated with the FBCTRA.

text: Katy Freeway Managed Lanes (2009)[edit]

text: In 2002, HCTRA entered into an agreement with TxDOT and Harris County for the reconstruction of I-10/Katy Freeway. The toll road authority's portion of the project is a 12-mile (19.3 km) managed lane facility in the center of the reconstructed freeway that is used by METRO and HOV vehicles at no charge and single passenger vehicles for a toll. The four lane roadway, running between I-610/West Loop and SH 6, has been completed. The lanes opened during the second quarter of 2009.

text: Tomball Tollway (2015)[edit]

text: The Tomball Tollway consists of a 6.0-mile (9.7 km) segment of three toll lanes in each direction from Spring Cypress Road up to the northern end of the Tomball Bypass. Texas State Highway 249 serves as toll-free frontage roads for the Tomball Tollway. Tolling on the Tomball Tollway is all-electronic; an EZ TAG, TollTag or TxTag are required for passage. No cash or pay-by-mail option is available for the Tomball Tollway. Construction of Phase I began in Fall 2013 and was finished on April 12, 2015.

text: Toll Ramps at SH 242 and I-45 (2015)[edit]

text: Though in Montgomery County and owned by Montgomery County Toll Road Authority (MCTRA), HCTRA collects tolls for two ramps: one from northbound I-45 to SH 242 westbound and the other from westbound SH 242 to I-45 southbound near the Woodlands. The two ramps were completed on May 11, 2015 and were free until July 6 when HCTRA began to collect tolls for MCTRA. Both toll ramps are all-electronic and require an EZ TAG, TollTag or TxTag; no pay-by-mail or cash option is available.

text: Future projects[edit]

text: Hardy Downtown Connector[edit]

text: This 4-mile (6.4 km) long project will provide a connection between Downtown Houston and the current terminus of the Hardy Toll Road at I-610. Planning for the Hardy Toll Road connection into Downtown Houston was announced in 2000. The project will be completed in two phases. Phase I consists of moving a railroad line, right of way acquisition, and the construction of two overpasses. Phase II will be the construction of 4 toll lanes. Relocation of the rail line is expected to begin Fall of 2012.

text: Hardy Toll Road Interchange at Beltway 8[edit]

text: To relieve congestion on surface streets, direct connectors between Hardy Toll Road and Beltway 8 will be constructed. Currently there is only one direct connector ramp from Beltway 8 East to Hardy Toll Road North. Expected construction start date is unknown.

text: SH 249 Southbound to Westbound Sam Houston Tollway Direct Connector[edit]

text: This project will add a direct connector to feed traffic travelling south on SH 249 onto the westbound Sam Houston Tollway. This will be the second tolled direct connector at that intersection. Construction began in 2014.

text: Tomball Tollway: Phase II[edit]

text: Phase II of the SH 249 (Tomball Tollway) project, in partnership with Montgomery County Toll Road Authority, will provide three toll lanes in each direction to the existing SH 249 corridor. The plan for Phase II will extend the toll lanes north of the Tomball Bypass to the Harris County line at Spring Creek and points beyond in Montgomery County. Schematic designs have been completed for the portion that lies within Harris County. Construction of Phase II is projected to begin in 2016.

text: SH 288 Managed Lanes[edit]

text: To help alleviate congestion on SH 288, HCTRA or TxDOT plan to construct toll lanes in the median of the existing freeway. The route would begin at I-69/US 59 just south of Midtown and terminate at the intersection of the proposed Grand Parkway (SH 99) for a total length of 26 miles (41.8 km). It is unknown when construction will begin; or which agency will oversee construction, currently it is TxDOT.

text: Hempstead Highway/US 290 Managed Lanes[edit]

text: The planned project will add four tolled lanes along the Hempstead Highway corridor between I-610 and the future Grand Parkway (SH 99) northwest segment. The project is one component of the complete US 290 corridor upgrade by TxDOT, which also includes added capacity to US 290, a new HOV system parallel to the Hempstead Highway, and a possible commuter rail line in conjunction with METRO. Construction began in 2013 on US 290, with TxDOT overseeing construction.

text: Increased capacity of existing toll roads[edit]

text: Added capacity is planned for the following existing tollway segments:

text:
Sam Houston Tollway Southwest from SH 288 to IH 69/US 59 South: Two lanes will be added in each direction with improvements to the mainline toll plaza, and will have reconstructed and/or realigned entrance/exit ramps. Construction commenced in early 2012 - lanes completed as of 2014.
Sam Houston Tollway Southeast from SH 288 to IH 45 South: Two lanes will be added in each direction with improvements to the mainline toll plaza, and will have reconstructed entrance/exit ramps. Schematic design has been completed, construction is expected to begin in approximately 2 years. As of late 2015 the construction has not commenced since the interchange at SH288 has not been finalized where both TxDOT and HCTRA are finalizing plans for both the tollway upgrade and SH288 managed lanes. The first phase which commenced in 2015 is the construction of new overpasses for the west and eastbound Beltway 8 service lanes over a railroad right of way which parallels Mykawa Road (since the 1997 opening of the Sam Houston Tollway East one eastbound lane over Mykawa Road is co-shared with Beltway 8 where the realignment of the service lanes will eliminate the co-sharing with HCTRA and TxDOT (prior to the right of way co-sharing those who used the Beltway 8 service lanes had to make a turn on Mykawa Road and a left on Knapp Road in Pearland, TX where it had a surface crossing at a railroad right of way, which has been decommissioned later replaced with a flyover on McHard Road a few miles south during the early 2000s); this section of the tollway is congested on weekends where Cole's Flea Market is located south of the tollway on State Highway 35 in Pearland).
Sam Houston Tollway East from IH 45 South to SH 225: One or two lanes are to be added in each direction with improvements to the mainline toll plaza, and will have reconstructed entrance/exit ramps. Construction for the tollway lanes is expected to begin in 2017.
Sam Houston Tollway - Ship Channel Bridge from SH 225 to IH 10 East: A second span will be constructed over the Ship Channel with three or four lanes with full shoulders in each direction. Construction is expected to begin in 2018. First phase of the plan involved the conversion of the Ship Channel Bridge toll plazas into electronic toll collection, which was implemented on January 11, 2016.
Hardy Toll Road from FM 1960 to SH 99 (Grand Parkway): This will add one lane in each direction to the intersection with SH 99 (Grand Parkway). During construction, HCTRA also eliminated cash collection and converted the Hardy Toll Road to all-electronic tolling on July 18, 2016; all traffic must utilize an EZ TAG for access to the toll road. Construction to widen the Hardy Toll Road began in August 2015, with a completion date for early 2017. The Hardy Toll Road interchange with the Grand Parkway Segment G (which was completed in March 2016) was finished on July 18, 2016.[4][5][6]

tag: ul

text: Fort Bend Parkway/South Post Oak Road Extension[edit]

text: The project will connect I-610 via the South Post Oak exit (which terminates south of West Bellfort) to the northern terminus of the Fort Bend Parkway with just over 3 miles (4.8 km) of tolled lanes. However, this project is not in planning or design. As of 2016 traffic exiting the Fort Bend Parkway goes directly to US90-A/South Main.

text: Fairmont Parkway East Managed Lanes[edit]

text: Project is no longer being built. As of 03/30/10[7]


document_title: List of Mind Your Language episodes

question_text: how many episodes are there in mind your language season 1

text: List of Mind Your Language episodes

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Series

Episodes

Premiere

Finale

1

13

30 December 1977

23 March 1978

2

8

5 October 1978

23 November 1978

3

8

25 October 1979

20 December 1979

4

13

4 January 1986

21 April 1986

text: Series 1[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Original airdate

01"The First Lesson"30 December 1977 (1977-12-30)
Jeremy Brown starts his new job as the teacher of English as a Foreign Language class, and meets his students for the first time. A diverse group of ten foreign adult students in London, hailing from nine different countries in Europe and Asia. The Europeans consist of two au pairs, the young, flirtatious and beautiful Danielle (from France) and prim and proper Anna (from West Germany); two young single men, Giovanni (from Italy) and Max (from Greece); and a laid-back middle-aged bartender, Juan (from Spain), who speaks no English. The Asians consist of Su-Li, a revolutionary-minded secretary from the Chinese Embassy, who is a staunch follower of Chairman Mao's teachings; Taro, a Japanese businessman, as well as three students from South Asia: Ranjeet, a devout Punjabi Sikh; Ali, an unemployed Pakistani Muslim; and Jamila, an Urdu-speaking housewife who cannot speak any English. The school principal, Miss Courtney, nearly dismisses Mr Brown immediately as she had requested a female teacher, but she gives in and he is allowed to stay on a trial basis.
02"An Inspector Calls"5 January 1978 (1978-01-05)
An education inspector arrives at the school to observe the classes, but Mr Brown mistakes him for a new African foreign student. The inspector plays along and sits in his class pretending to be a student and in the end is very impressed with Mr Brown's teaching methods.
03"A Fate Worse Than Death"12 January 1978 (1978-01-12)
Ranjeet asks Mr Brown to help him escape an arranged marriage. Ranjeet eventually escapes the marriage but Mr Brown in turn is pressured to marry the woman instead. He writes a letter to her father explaining the reason that he cannot marry her.
04"All Through the Night"19 January 1978 (1978-01-19)
Concerned that his students' English is not improving, Mr Brown keeps them after class -- so late that they get locked in the building.
05"The Best Things in Life"26 January 1978 (1978-01-26)
Jamila is arrested for shoplifting a magazine due to her misunderstanding the term "free" in promotional material. However, Mr Brown and Ali later discover that Jamila has shoplifted many other items in the past. Mr Brown and his students then work together to return the stolen items without being noticed.
06"Come Back, All Is Forgiven"2 February 1978 (1978-02-02)
It is Mr Brown's birthday and everyone in the class has brought him a present. However, it is not all happy returns when Miss Courtney informs Mr Brown that his trial month is over and she is not satisfied with his teaching. However, she finds out that the new teacher is taking over the school, so she dismisses her and brings Mr Brown back.
07"The Cheating Game"9 February 1978 (1978-02-09)
In order to see how prepared they are for their upcoming exam, the students prepare to take a mock exam. When the students make a lot of mistakes in class and see that their teacher has no faith in them, they decide to cheat in order to ace the exam and fake their progress.
08"Better to Have Loved and Lost"16 February 1978 (1978-02-16)
Ali and Su Li surprise the class when they announce that they are to marry. Mr Brown gets a much bigger shock when he finds out that Ali is already married and plans to take Su Li as his second wife. Ali informs Mr Brown that Su Li knows about his first wife and the fact that he was marrying her to have a child. Later, Ali's first wife informs him that she is pregnant. Su Li also does not want to marry him anymore, so they decide to cancel the wedding.
09"Kill or Cure"23 February 1978 (1978-02-23)
Mr Brown becomes ill and cannot come to class, so Miss Courtney takes charge. The students' English is not up to her expectations, so she sends some of them away and tells Anna to take over the class. Anna then sends the rest of the students home for the same reason. They all visit Mr Brown at his flat, each with their own 'remedy' to make him feel better.
10"Hello, Sailor"2 March 1978 (1978-03-02)
Juan brings his Russian sailor friend Boris, who has come to England to escape Russia, to Mr Brown's class. Boris explains that he wants to stay in England to be with his English girlfriend. Everything seems to be going alright until the captain of a Russian ship comes to the classroom to take his roaming sailor home - and says that Boris has a wife in Russia.
11"A Point of Honour"10 March 1978 (1978-03-10)
Mr Brown finds himself in a lot of trouble when Danielle tells Mr Jarvis, a pestering Irish woodwork teacher at the school, that she is engaged to Mr Brown. Mr Brown soon finds himself running around the school in an attempt to quash the false rumour, only to leave wrong impressions and ending up in the school gymnasium to box against the philandering teacher. He is able to win it because Max and Giovanni tie Mr Jarvis' shoelaces together, causing him to fall over.
12"How's Your Father?"17 March 1978 (1978-03-17)
At the beginning of the lesson, Mr Brown asks the students to speak aloud for one minute each on various topics. The class learns that Taro's childhood was very lonely because his parents died when he was a child. Mr Brown sympathises by telling the class how he was left on the front steps of an orphanage in Jeremy Street when he was two weeks old on Easter Monday - nearly 30 years ago - and therefore grew up without any parents as well. Sid tells Mr Brown that he left his baby at an orphanage on an Easter Monday, which makes Mr Brown assume that Sid is his father. He later realises that he cannot be Sid's son when Sid tells him that the baby he abandoned was a girl.
13"The Examination"24 March 1978 (1978-03-24)
The students prepare to take their Lower Cambridge Certificate exam at the end of the first term. Mr Brown has an disagreement with a couple in the bar which comes back to haunt him when it turns out that the man will be supervising the exam.

text: Series 2[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Original Airdate

14"All Present If Not Correct"7 October 1978 (1978-10-07)
At the start of the new school year, Mr Brown has two new students, Zóltan from Hungary (who speaks no English) and au pair Ingrid from Stockholm. Mr Brown and Miss Courtney are disappointed that all ten of his students from last year failed their exams and have returned to his class; she tells him that if he does not improve, she will dismiss him.

Zóltan asks Mr Brown to write a letter to his girlfriend. Mr Brown wrongly believes that he has won £100,000 on Premium Bonds, and writes an insulting letter of resignation to Miss Courtney. He mistakenly gives the letters to the wrong people. As a result, Ms Courtney wrongly believes that Zóltan is in love with her and Zóltan's girlfriend beats him up.
15"Queen for a Day!"14 October 1978 (1978-10-14)
It is announced that the Queen will be visiting the school, and Miss Courtney gets over-excited about the event. The students wear their national costumes. The visit is cancelled without anyone at the school being told. A woman who looks and speaks like the Queen is looking for her husband who is a student there. She is mistaken for the Queen.
16"Brief Re-encounter"21 October 1978 (1978-10-21)
Albert Collins, who was Miss Courtney's fiancé 25 years ago, phones her at the school then visits her there later that day. He proposes to her, then asks to borrow money from her - which she accepts. Sid recognises him as a conman who was in prison with Sid's brother-in-law and tells Mr Brown that Albert's speciality is to propose to lonely women then flee with their money. Mr Brown tells Ms Courtney about Albert. Mr Brown, backed-up by his male students, see that Albert leaves for good.
17"Many Happy Returns"28 October 1978 (1978-10-28)
Ranjeet has been saving up his money to visit his mother in India as a surprise for her sixtieth birthday. He hands £230 cash in an envelope to Mr Brown for safe keeping, but Mr Brown accidentally drops it in front of the school later that day. Sid picks it up and puts £100 of it on a horse to win a race. The horse wins, but is disqualified. The students, along with Mr Brown and Sid, make £100 in the street in various ways in order to replace what Sid lost. Ranjeet flies to India; soon afterwards his mother arrives in his class, intending to surprise him.
18"Don't Forget the Driver"4 November 1978 (1978-11-04)
Mr Brown and his students go on a field trip to a stately home. They are travelling on a coach which Sid is driving. They are stranded in the countryside when the coach breaks down due to it running out of petrol. Sid obtains some petrol from a local farm and they continue. They arrive late, so the Earl who owns it sends them away. They become lost on the way back. They work out where they are, but then realise that the coach has a punctured tyre.
19"A Hard Day's Night"11 November 1978 (1978-11-11)
The students are in their classroom playing darts badly while waiting for Mr Brown. Miss Courtney comes into the room and is disappointed with the students' lack of progress. Mr Brown arrives and tells the class that he is having his flat painted and has to find elsewhere to stay tonight. He initially decides to stay at the YMCA, but after Giovanni and Max offer to let him stay at their flat, he goes there. He goes onto the balcony, and Max, not realising he is out there, locks the door. Mr Brown cannot re-enter, so he tries to pick the lock. A neighbour phones to report him; the police arrest him and take him to the police station, while the rest of the students have arrived at Max and Giovanni's. Sid is brought in, having been arrested for being drunk and disorderly. Jeremy asks Sid to verify his identity, but he is too drunk to recognise him. Max and Giovanni arrive and verify Mr Brown's identity and the fact that he is staying at their flat. The police release Mr Brown without charge and he goes back to Max and Giovanni's with them. The other students are pleased to see him return and then leave in pairs. Mr Brown locks the door to the balcony, not realising that Max and Giovanni are there. The same neighbour phones the police about them. Mr Brown lets Max and Giovanni in, then is arrested. He is taken to the police station, where he is put in a cell with Sid.
20"Take Your Partners"18 November 1978 (1978-11-18)
Miss Courtney coerces Mr Brown to buy two tickets to a charity dance. Anna, Ingrid and Danielle want to be his partner, so Mr Brown has them decide amongst themselves which of them will he will dance with; they choose Anna. Gladys and Miss Courtney both pressure him to take them. He therefore takes Anna, Gladys and Miss Courtney - taking turns in dancing with each.
21"After Three"25 November 1978 (1978-11-25)
The class have to prepare for the school's talent show. The students individually do various performances in class in front of Mr Brown and Miss Courtney. They are all rejected due to being very inadequate and/or unsuitable. During the show, the class instead sing the Mind Your Language opening theme together, dressed in their traditional outfits.

text: Series 3[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Original airdate

22"I Belong To Glasgow"28 October 1979 (1979-10-28)
Max and Giovanni bring in their new cockatoo in its cage.
Danielle tells Mr Brown that she is dating five men, and that she sees one on each weekday.
Mr Brown tells Miss Courtney that Ingrid and Zoltan have not arrived. She tells him that Zoltan wrote to her to tell her that he has moved back to Hungary.

An affluent Arab Sheikh enrols his Scottish chauffeur in Mr Brown's class, due to not being able to understand the Scots language which he speaks. Miss Courtney initially refuses to take a new student midway through a course, but changes her mind when the Sheikh gives her £2,000. The new Glaswegian student causes trouble for everyone in the class due to his obnoxious, hostile, confrontational attitude. Mr Brown refuses to continue teaching him, so he teaches Scots to the Sheikh on his own instead.
23"Who Loves Ya Baby?"3 November 1979 (1979-11-03)
Au pair Danielle brings her boss' 9-month-old baby to school in his pram. Gladys suggests that she leave him the canteen, which she does. Gladys tells Sid, but when the baby and pram go missing, he tells Danielle. Miss Courtney assumes the baby is the son of one of the students, who abandoned him. Miss Courtney tells Mr Brown that she found the baby and pram and leaves him in her office with Mr Brown whilst she finds out who the baby belongs to. Danielle tells Miss Courtney that he is the son of the couple whom she works for. Gladys takes the baby out of the pram whilst Mr Brown is out of the room. When Mr Brown returns with Sid, they are horrified that the baby is missing. On Sid's suggestion, Mr Brown goes onto the window ledge to look for the baby. Miss Courtney sees Gladys holding the baby in the corridor, collects the pram, closes the window and gives the pram to Gladys. Mr Brown cannot find the baby, and twice narrowly avoids falling to the ground. Gladys meets Sid in the corridor, and they explain what has happened. Danielle takes the baby and pram into the classroom. Mr Brown knocks on the classroom window and is let in by Giovanni.
24"No Flowers By Request"10 November 1979 (1979-11-10)
Juan suffers abdominal pain and is taken to hospital, accompanied by Mr Brown. At the hospital, Mr Brown falls down some stairs, breaking his left leg, and is admitted to hospital. Juan returns to class, where Miss Courtney is covering for Mr Brown. When Juan telephones the hospital, a miscommunication results in a nurse telling Juan that Mr Brown has died. The students go to the funeral, not realising that it was another patient, also named Mr Brown, who had died. Mr Brown arrives at school in a wheelchair, his leg in plaster, shocking Sid and Miss Courtney. Sid pushes Mr Brown to the funeral, where the students are delighted to see Mr Brown, who explains the misunderstanding. Sid lets go of Mr Brown's wheelchair whilst on a steep hill. Mr Brown rolls down the hill and falls into an empty grave, breaking his right leg and left arm. He is re-admitted to hospital, where his students give him the flowers that they were going to put on his grave.
25"Just the Job"17 November 1979 (1979-11-17)
Mr English, the principal of a language school, visits. He offers Mr Brown a better-paid job, having been recommended him by Ingrid. Mr Brown leaves the same day, only to learn when he arrives that the vacancy no longer exists. He tries to return to his old position, but finds that it has been filled by Mr Wilkins. Giovanni suggests to the students that they all act stupidly, so that Mr Wilkins quits. The plan works and Mr Brown returns to his old position.
26"Guilty or Not Guilty?"24 November 1979 (1979-11-24)
All the students are brought to court together for causing various acts of mischief at different places in London. Miss Courtney oversees the session as one of the magistrates, while Mr Brown acts as their barrister. They are all acquitted, and leave the court. As Mr Brown is about to get into his car, a policeman stops him because his Vehicle Excise Duty has expired.
27"Repent At Leisure"1 December 1979 (1979-12-01)
Anna's au pair visa is set to expire. The others think that she should marry Mr Brown to become a British citizen.
28"The School Fete"8 December 1979 (1979-12-08)
The school holds a fete, and Max is held responsible for hiring Arthur Mullard.
29"What a Tangled Web"15 December 1979 (1979-12-15)
Ali suspects that his wife is having an affair. Mr Brown follows her and finds that she is going to Ranjeet's house.

text: Series 4[edit]

text: The fourth series was created by TRI Films LTD  and first aired on TSW in late 1984, and some other ITV regions during 1986, but has yet to be released on DVD.

text:
Episode

Title

Original Airdate: TSW

30"Never Say Die"30 September 1985 (1985-09-30)
31"Too Many Cooks"TBA
32"Easy Come Easy Go"TBA
33"Fifty Years On"TBA
On Miss Courtney's birthday, she starts to receive threatening letters and mistakes Mr Browns present as a bomb.
34"Time and Tide"TBA
35"Ghoulies and Ghosties"TBA
36"Mama Mia!"TBA
37"A Rash Decision"TBA
38"Wedding Fever"TBA
39"Everybody's Out"TBA
40"Untitled"TBA
41"Untitled"TBA
42"Untitled"31 December 1985 (1985-12-31)


document_title: Steve Reevis

question_text: who did steve reevis play on dances with wolves

text: Steve Reevis

text: Biography[edit]

text: Steve Reevis grew up on the Blackfeet Reservation. Reevis graduated from South Dakota's Flandreau Indian School and attended Haskell Indian Junior College[1] in Lawrence, Kansas, where he received a degree in arts.

text: Reevis' first movie job was as a stunt rider in the 1987 film War Party, which also had his brother, Tim, who later performed in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show at Disneyland Paris. Reevis' first acting role, in 1988, was in Universal's Twins. He had a nonspeaking role as Sioux Warrior #1 in the Academy Award-winning Dances with Wolves in 1990.[citation needed] In 1993, he was cast as the Apache scout, Chato, in Geronimo: An American Legend starring Wes Studi as the titular warrior.[2][3][4] Reevis played the Native American lead role in Last of the Dogmen (1995) with Tom Berenger.[5][6]

text: In 1996, Reevis received an award from First Americans in the Arts (FAITA) for his supporting roles in both the critically acclaimed film Fargo and in the made-for-television movie Crazy Horse. In 2004, he repeated this honor for his work on the ABC series Line of Fire.[citation needed] Reevis appeared in Columbia’s 2003 film The Missing, in the 2005 remake of The Longest Yard,[7] and in TNT's 2005 miniseries Into the West. Reevis also appeared on Fox's drama series Bones.

text: Reevis died on December 7, 2017, of undisclosed causes in Missoula, Montana, at the age of 55.[8]

text: Selected filmography[edit]

text:
Twins (1988) - Native American
Dances with Wolves (1990) - Sioux #1/Warrior #1
Geronimo: An American Legend (1993) – Chato
Last of the Dogmen (1995) - Yellow Wolf
Wild Bill (1995) - Sioux Chief
Fargo (1996) – Shep Proudfoot
Crazy Horse (1996)
The Missing (2003) – Two Stone
The Longest Yard (2005) – Baby Face Bob
Into the West (2005) – Older Loved By The Buffalo
Comanche Moon (2008) – Worm
Road to Paloma (2013)

text: Television[edit]

text:
Promised Land - episode "The Outrage" (1997) - Sheriff Lamont Nez
Walker, Texas Ranger - episode "Mayday" (1997) - Jake Stonecrow
JAG - episode "The Return of Jimmy Blackhorse" (1998) - Sammy Wheeler
Walker, Texas Ranger - episode "Way of the Warrior" (1999) - John Wolf / Lone Wolf.
Malcolm in the Middle - episode "Poker #2" (2002) - Piama's dad
Bones - episode "The Man in the Bear" (2005) - Sherman Rivers