document_title: Subway (restaurant)

question_text: how many subway are there in the us

question_tokens: how many subway are there in the us

text: Subway (restaurant)

text: History[edit]

text: In 1965, Fred DeLuca borrowed $1,000 from friend Peter Buck to start "Pete's Super Submarines" in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and in the following year, they formed Doctor's Associates Inc. to oversee operations of the restaurants as the franchise expanded.[12][13] The holding company derives its name from DeLuca's goal to earn enough from the business to pay tuition for medical school, as well as Buck's having a doctorate in physics.[14] Doctor's Associates is not affiliated with, nor endorsed by, any medical organization.[15] In 1968, the sandwich shop was renamed "Subway".[12]

text: The first Subway on the West Coast was opened in Fresno, California, in 1978.[16] The first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain in December 1984.[17] The first Subway in the United Kingdom was opened in Brighton in 1996.[18] In 2004, Subway began opening stores in Walmart supercenters and surpassed the number of McDonald's locations inside U.S. Walmart stores in 2007.[19]

text: Since 2007, Subway has consistently ranked in Entrepreneur magazine's Top 500 Franchises list. In 2015, it ranked #3 on the "Top Global Franchises" list and #1 as the "Fastest Growing Franchise".[20][21] At the end of 2010, Subway became the largest fast food chain worldwide, with 33,749 restaurants – 1,012 more than McDonald's.[22]

text: In January 2015, Suzanne Greco took over the running of Subway from her brother Fred DeLuca, who had been CEO, but had been ill with leukemia for two years (he died in September 2015), and became president and CEO.[23][24]

text: In 2016, Subway closed hundreds of restaurants in the U.S., experiencing a net loss in locations for the first time. However, with 26,744 locations, it remained the most ubiquitous restaurant chain in the U.S. (with McDonald's in the #2 spot).[25] Also in 2016, Subway announced a new logo for the franchise, to be implemented in 2017.[26] On July 17, 2017, Subway unveiled redesigned restaurants, dubbed "Fresh Forward." Features include self-order kiosks; USB charging ports at tables; and new menu items, including additional condiments, and bread made without gluten. The company is piloting the changes at 12 locations across the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, with many features expected to be implemented into stores worldwide by the end of 2017.[27]

text: In 2017, the chain closed more than 800 of its U.S. locations. In April 2018, the chain announced it would close about 500 more that year. According Abha Bhattarai of The Washington Post, this is a result of three consecutive years of falling profits, and foot traffic in Subway stores reduced by 25 percent since 2012. Franchisees also complained that the company's deep promotions further ate away at profits. Industry analysts like Bob Phibbs, chief executive of the New York-based consulting firm Retail Doctor, say changing tastes on the part of consumers, who more frequently prefer locally sourced produce and hormone-free meat served by regional start-ups like Sweetgreen, especially in Metropolitan areas, are the cause of the drop in Subway's sales, as well as loss of market share to competitors. These include fast-casual eateries and sandwich shops like Panera Bread, Au Bon Pain and Firehouse Subs, as well as food trucks, and grocery stores that offer freshly made meals at competitive prices. In January 2018, Subway invested $25 million in a re-branding campaign targeted at young consumers in order to revitalize its image and boost sales.[13]

text: Locations[edit]

text: As of June 2017, Subway has approximately 44,000 stores worldwide, all independently owned.[13] located in 112 countries. These locations are largely concentrated in North America, with about 26,400 in the United States (plus about 3,300 in Canada and 1,000 in Mexico),[28] which is almost as many U.S. locations as McDonald’s and Starbucks combined.[13] Outside North America, the countries with the most locations are Australia (approximately 1,400), Brazil (approximately 2,200) and the United Kingdom (approximately 2,300).[28]

text: Products[edit]

text: Subway's core product is the submarine sandwich (or "sub"). In addition to these, the chain also sells wraps, salad, paninis, and baked goods (including cookies, doughnuts, and muffins).

text: Subway's best-selling sandwich,[29] the B.M.T., contains pepperoni, salami, and ham. The name originally stood for Brooklyn Manhattan Transit, but now stands for "Biggest, Meatiest, Tastiest".[30]

text: Subway also sells breakfast sandwiches, English muffins, and flatbread. In 2006, "personal pizzas" debuted in some US markets. These are made to order (like the subs) and heated for 85 seconds. Breakfast and pizza items are only available in some stores. In November 2009, Subway signed a deal to serve exclusively Seattle's Best Coffee coffee as part of its breakfast menu in the US.[31]

text: A 2009 Zagat survey named Subway the best provider of "Healthy Options" (in the "Mega Chain" category). Subway was also first in "Top Service" and "Most Popular" rankings. It placed second in "Top Overall", behind Wendy's.[32]

text: On April 18, 2017, Subway announced the addition of paninis to its menu. Chipotle Steak & Cheese, Triple Cheese, Chicken Cordon Bleu, and Italian B.M.T. Melt were the four variations announced.[33]

text: Regional variations[edit]

text: Subway's menu varies between countries, most significantly where there are religious requirements relating to the meats served.

text: In 2006, the first kosher Subway restaurant in the United States opened, in a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio in the Mandel JCC of Cleveland. Former Subway spokesman Jared Fogle attended the opening. A press release stated, "With slight modifications, such as no pork-based products, and the use of soy-based cheese product, the menu is virtually identical to that of any other Subway restaurant."[34] Other openings soon followed, briefly making Subway one of the largest U.S. kosher restaurant chains.[35] At their peak, twelve kosher Subway locations were open in the U.S, including Kansas City and 5 in New York. As of 2011, only five remain, in Cleveland, Miami, Los Angeles and two stores in Maryland.[36] Franchisees who failed noted a lack of support from the parent location in advertising, higher costs of kosher food and supervision, the inability to remain open on Saturdays, and that customers who do not keep kosher prefer the original menu and prices.[36]

text: Subway opened its first restaurant in India in 2001 in New Delhi. Subway restaurants in India do not serve beef and pork products in deference to Hindu and Muslim beliefs respectively and sell an extended vegetarian range due to the large number of vegetarians in the country. There are 591 Subway restaurants in 68 cities of India as of January 2017.[37] On September 4, 2012, Subway opened its first all-vegetarian outlet on the campus of Lovely Professional University (LPU) in Jalandhar, Punjab.[38] On March 6, 2013, Subway opened its second all-vegetarian outlet also offering Jain food in Paldi, Ahmedabad.[39]

text: Nutritional content[edit]

text: In 2011, Subway introduced gluten-free bread and brownies to some locations in Texas.[40] It also cut the salt content of its sandwiches by 15 percent.[41]

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Subway has reduced salt content across its entire range by 33% and has committed to further reductions, in line with government targets.[42] Subway's range of "Low Fat" subs is endorsed by the charity Heart Research UK.[43]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Subway is the second-biggest fast food advertiser in the United States, behind only McDonald's. It spent US$516,000,000 on measurable advertising in 2011.[44]

text: Subway used the advertising slogan "Eat Fresh", and focused on how its sandwiches were made from freshly baked bread and fresh ingredients, in front of customers to their exact specifications, by employees which Subway called "Subway Sandwich Artists".

text: In 2005, Subway scrapped its "Sub Club" stamp promotion, citing a growing number of counterfeit stamps due to online auction sites and the increasing availability of high-quality printers.[45][46]

text: In November 2007, Subway's US commercials featured the cartoon character Peter Griffin (from FOX's Family Guy) promoting its new Subway Feast sandwich.[47] Subway has also used "instant win" games, based on the game Scrabble.

text: Subway ran a product placement campaign in the US TV series Chuck since its first season. As ratings dwindled in the second season, a campaign to "save Chuck" was launched for fans, encouraging them to purchase a footlong sub from Subway on April 27, 2009, the date of the season finale. Tony Pace, Subway's marketing officer, called it the best product placement the restaurant chain has done "in several years."[48]

text: To celebrate National Sandwich Day on November 3, 2015, Subway offered a Buy One sandwich, Give One sandwich free promotion.[49]

text: Subway has sponsored a number of sports events, particularly NASCAR races, including the Subway 400 (2002–2004), Subway 500 (2003–2007), Subway Fresh 500 (2005–2013) and the Subway Firecracker 250 (2009–2016). Subway sponsored the Subway Super Series ice hockey tournament from 2009–2014.

text: Jared Fogle[edit]

text: Jared Fogle was a national spokesman for the company in the US starting in January 2000, giving talks on healthy living and appearing in advertisements. Fogle first came to attention in his native Indiana by claiming that he lost over 200 pounds in part by eating at Subway. From 2008, he was featured less often as the company marketed with more emphasis on its "5 dollar footlong" campaign.[50] Subway attributed between one-third and one-half of its growth from 1998 to 2011 to Fogle, the equivalent of a tripling in size.[51] Subway cut ties with Fogle on August 18, 2015, amid expectations that he would plead guilty to child pornography and child molestation charges,[52] which were confirmed the following day.[53] In November 2015, he was sentenced to more than 15 years in federal prison.[54]

text: In December 2015, following the removal of Fogle from its marketing, Subway introduced a new marketing campaign, "Founded on Fresh". The campaign focuses on Subway's establishment and early history, and features Fred DeLuca, as played by his son, Jonathon. The new campaign downplays the use of jingles and celebrity endorsements (besides "targeted" sports marketing), in favor of focusing upon the qualities of its products, and specific products. Chief advertising officer Chris Carroll explained that the focus on fat, calories, and weight loss were "what fresh used to be", and that the new campaign would focus more on the sourcing of Subway's ingredients, such as its phase-out of antibiotic-treated meat. Carroll also explained that the new strategy was being developed prior to the controversy involving Fogle.[55]

text: $5 footlongs[edit]

text: In 2008, Subway began to offer all foot-long submarine sandwiches (excluding premium and double-meat varieties) for five dollars, in the continental United States and Canada, as a "limited time only" promotion. "Five Dollar Footlongs" quickly became the company's most successful promotion ever.[56] Upon the initial promotion's completion, customer response prompted Subway to create a permanent "$5 Footlong Everyday Value Menu" that offered some footlong sandwiches for $5. As of 2011, there has been a monthly rotating $5 footlong.[57]

text: In October 2011, a similar promotion was launched in the United Kingdom. Customers can buy one of nine subs and any drink for £3 (for a six-inch sub) or £5 (for a footlong).[58]

text: In 2012, San Francisco discontinued the five-dollar footlong promotion due to the higher cost of doing business in the city.[59] From June 2014 to the end of that year, some Subway locations began discontinuing the $5 dollar promotion.[60] On November 1, 2014, Subway discontinued the five-dollar footlong promotion, replacing it with the Simple $6 Menu which included a six-inch select with a drink and a choice of cookies or chips.[61][62]

text: On February 4, 2016, all classic footlongs were declared to be set at a new cost of $6 each.[63]

text: On January 1, 2018, the $5 promotion returned with a $4.99 footlong menu of five subs, at participating locations.[64][65][66]

text: Italian Hero[edit]

text: In early 2017, Subway introduced its Italian Hero, and advertised it with a campaign describing it as an authentic Italian[-American] sandwich. Two comedic spots feature stereotypical Italian-American characters on and around the stoop of a New York / New Jersey tenement building, one including a cameo by sportscaster Dick Vitale. Another ad features Food Network's Jeff Mauro, the "Sandwich King", who is Italian-American,[67] discussing the nature and role of the different Italian meats and other ingredients.[68][69][70][71][72][73]

text: Animal welfare[edit]

text: On December 28, 2015, Subway released a commitment to transition to a 100% cage-free egg supply chain by 2025.[74]

text: On April 28, 2017, Subway released a chicken welfare policy[75] that states that by 2024 or sooner, 100% of its U.S. chicken products will be produced in alignment with Global Animal Partnership (GAP) standards for higher welfare breeds, enhanced living environments (including lighting, litter, and enrichment), increased activity levels and optimized stocking density, and improved slaughter methods. To ensure compliance, Subway’s chicken suppliers will be third-party audited with updates communicated annually.[76]

text: The policy announcement followed a nationwide campaign led by high school animal activist Lia Hyman in coordination with the animal protection NGO The Humane League.[77] On April 20, 2017, Hyman and a group of activists traveled to Subway’s global headquarters in Connecticut to deliver more than 53,000 signatures from campaign supporters and held a demonstration outside the building after they were denied entry.[78]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Hepatitis A contamination[edit]

text: In September 1999, at least 32 customers in the north Seattle area contracted hepatitis A after eating food contaminated with the virus at two Subway outlets.[79] The virus, which is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with infected feces, infects the liver causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and fever.[80] Subsequent investigations found that staff failed to adhere to thorough hand washing and the use of plastic gloves during food preparation.[81] A class-action lawsuit on behalf of 31 victims was resolved for $1.6 million.[82][83] The most seriously affected victim—a 6-year-old boy—suffered acute liver failure and required a liver transplant. He was awarded $10 million in an out-of-court settlement in 2001.[81] A previous outbreak of hepatitis A in 1996 had also involved a Subway outlet in the Seattle area, although no legal action had resulted.[79]

text: In April 2015, the Arkansas Department of Health issued a warning to the public that customers who had eaten at the Subway outlet in Morrilton, Arkansas, may have been exposed to infection after an employee tested positive for the virus.[84][85]

text: Sandwich size[edit]

text: On February 2, 2007, KNXV-TV (with the help of the Arizona Department of Weights and Measures) reported that three of Subway's "Giant Sub" sandwiches, nominally each 3-foot (91 cm) long, were actually 2 feet 8 inches (81 cm), 2 feet 8.25 inches (81.92 cm), and 2 feet 8.5 inches (82.6 cm) long. The maximum variance in length allowed in Arizona is 3% (1.08 inches (2.7 cm), for a three-foot sub). The report also showed the boxes designed to store these sandwiches were 2 feet 10.75 inches (88.27 cm) in length; shorter than the maximum allowable variance. In response to the report, Subway said it was reevaluating its advertising, training and packaging materials with regard to the specific or implied length of Giant Subs, and was advising its franchisees to only discuss with customers the approximate number of expected servings and not a specific length of measurement.[86]

text: In January 2013, an Australian teen, Matt Corby, complained on Facebook that Subway's "footlong" sandwich was only 11 inches (28 cm) long, rather than 1 foot (30 cm). Subway responded by saying, "With regards to the size of the bread and calling it a footlong, 'Subway Footlong' is a registered trademark as a descriptive name for the sub sold in Subway Restaurants and not intended to be a measurement of length."[87] Discovery during a subsequent class-action lawsuit revealed that most Subway sandwiches were the advertised length. A $530,000 settlement was thrown out of court in 2017 for being "utterly worthless" to consumers.[88][89]

text: Franchise relations[edit]

text: In 1995, Subway Sandwich Shops, Fred DeLuca, Peter Buck, and Doctor's Associates Inc. were held liable for breach of contract. An Illinois jury awarded more than $10 million in damages to Nicholas and Victoria Jannotta after finding lease and contract violations. The plaintiffs claimed the defendants had misrepresented the asset value of Subway Sandwich Shops (a leasing company used by Doctor's Associates for franchising purposes) while negotiating a 1985 lease agreement.[90]

text: The U.S. House of Representatives' small business committee studied the franchise industry from 1992 to 1998. Dean Sagar noted, "Subway is the biggest problem in franchising and emerges as one of the key examples of every abuse you can think of."[91] In 1989, the U.S. Small Business Administration refused small business loans to Subway franchise owners until Subway removed a contract clause which gave it the power to seize and purchase any franchise without cause. The Dallas Morning News reported Subway had seized American soldier Leon Batie Jr.'s Subway stores in 2006 while he was serving in Afghanistan.[92] He had been deployed to support Operation Enduring Freedom in March 2005, three years after buying his first restaurant.[92] Batie alleged Subway had violated the U.S. Servicemembers Civil Relief Act. He filed a federal lawsuit against Subway, which was dismissed. He then filed suit in state court, in Dallas County, Texas. Both parties settled on "mutually agreeable" and confidential terms in January 2010.[93]

text: United Kingdom VAT treatment[edit]

text: In October 2010, Subway franchisees in the United Kingdom lost a high court appeal, against paying standard VAT on all toasted subs, as required by HM Revenue and Customs. Thus, in the United Kingdom, a toasted sub attracts VAT, whereas a cold sub, eaten off the premises, does not. Competitors such as Quiznos & McDonald's do not pay VAT on similar food.[94][95][96]

text: In March 2012, Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne announced plans to close the loophole that allows Subway competitors to offer hot food without paying VAT. This legislation was expected to come into force from October 2012 onward,[97] but the government withdrew plans to charge VAT on originally hot food being allowed to cool naturally on May 28, 2012.[98] In June 2012, Subway launched the "Toast the Tax" campaign to put pressure on the government to drop VAT on toasted sandwiches, as it has done for hot savouries.[99]

text: Casey's trademark case against Subway[edit]

text: On January 31, 2011, Subway lawyer Valerie Pochron, wrote to Casey's General Stores, a chain of Iowa-based convenience stores, demanding the small chain to cease using the term "footlong" in advertisements for its 12-inch sandwiches. Subway threatened to sue. Consequently, in February 2011, Casey's General Stores Inc. filed a petition in a U.S. District Court in Des Moines, seeking a legal declaration that the word "footlong" does not violate Subway's rights.[100] Casey's further sought a declaration that the word "footlong" is a generic description of a sandwich measuring one foot.[101][102] Before serving its complaint on Subway, Casey's voluntarily dismissed its action, ending the litigation.[103]

text: Subway's trademark application for "footlong" has yet to be approved by the federal government. Subway has attempted to register it with the United States Patent and Trademark Office twice. It filed on November 8, 2007,[104] and June 4, 2009.[105] Yum Brands (KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell and non-Canadian A&W locations), Long John Silver's and other competitors are opposing that application.[100]

text: Ingredients[edit]

text: Subway made alterations to its bread after food blogger and activist Vani Hari gathered more than 50,000 signatures in a petition drive. Subway removed azodicarbonamide from its bread.[106] Before Vani Hari's petition, Subway had used azodicarbonamide as a bread conditioner, to whiten the dough and allow sandwich bread to bake more quickly. The ingredient is still used by other fast food restaurants.[107]

text: In August 2015, Vani Hari again petitioned Subway in conjunction with Natural Resources Defense Council, Friends of the Earth, the Center for Food Safety, U.S. Public Interest Research Group to commit to buying meat produced without the routine use of antibiotics and to provide a timeline for doing so.[108] In October 2015, Subway announced it would transition to chicken raised without antibiotics in 2016 and turkey within the following 2–3 years, and would also transition beef and pork raised without antibiotics by 2025.[109][110]

text: Soy protein in chicken products[edit]

text: In an investigation by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)'s consumer affairs television series Marketplace aired in February 2017, chicken from five fast food restaurants were lab-tested to determine constituents. While DNA testing found between 84.9% and 89.4% of the DNA from other restaurants' chicken products to be chicken DNA, with the remaining being unidentifiable plant DNA, on the two Subway chicken items tested, 53.6% and 42.8% of the DNA was found to be chicken, with the remainder being mostly soy. Although ingredients listings did show soy protein to be a constituent of both of the chicken products, Subway states that the proportion is less than or equal to 1%, and that the finding of about 50% soy DNA is not representative of the actual amount of soy in the product. Subway has called CBC's report "absolutely false and misleading" and demanded that it be retracted, a demand the CBC had not acceded to as of July 2017[update]. Meanwhile, however, Subway Canada stated that it was investigating with its supplier to ensure that the proportion of soy protein was as per expectations.[111][112][113][114][115]

text: According to Subway's website, ingredients in U.S. stores may differ from ingredients in Canadian stores. Both countries include soy protein in chicken strips, but only the U.S. version states that it is present in quantities of 2% or less. The Canadian version includes soy as an ingredient in its chicken patty, but the United States version does not.[116]

text: In April 2017, Subway sued the CBC, as well as the reporter and two producers, for $210 million, alleging the CBC acted "recklessly and maliciously", and that "these false statements... were published and republished, maliciously and without just cause or excuse, to a global audience, which has resulted in pecuniary loss to the plaintiffs." The CBC stood by its reports, stating that the DNA tests were done by independent and credible experts.[117] The CBC's Emma Bédard stated that Subway has not provided any alternative explanation for the DNA test results obtained by the CBC.[118]


document_title: Sarcolemma

question_text: the cell membrane of a muscle cell is called the

root

text: Sarcolemma

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Sarcolemma

Skeletal muscle, with sarcolemma labeled at upper left.

Identifiers

Code
TH H2.00.05.0.00003

TH
H2.00.05.0.00003

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

text: The sarcolemma (sarco (from sarx) from Greek; flesh, and lemma from Greek; sheath.) also called the myolemma, is the cell membrane of a striated muscle fiber cell.[1] It consists of a plasma membrane, which is a lipid bilayer, and an outer coat consisting of a thin layer of polysaccharide material (glycocalyx) that contacts the basement membrane, which contains numerous thin collagen fibrils and specialized proteins such as laminin[2] that provide a scaffold for the muscle fiber to adhere to. Through transmembrane proteins residing in the plasma membrane, the actin skeleton inside the cell is connected to the basement membrane and the cell's exterior. At each end of the muscle fiber, the surface layer of the sarcolemma fuses with a tendon fiber, and the tendon fibers in turn collect into bundles to form the muscle tendons that then adhere onto bones.

tag: p

text: The sarcolemma generally maintains the same function in muscle cells as the plasma membrane does in other eukaryote cells.[3] It acts as a barrier between the extracellular and intracellular compartments, defining the individual muscle fiber from its surroundings. The lipid nature of the membrane allows it to separate the fluids of the intra- and extracellular compartments, since it is only selectively permeable to water through aquaporin channels. As in other cells this allows for the compositions of the compartments to be controlled by selective transport through the membrane. Membrane proteins, such as ion pumps, may create ion gradients with the consumption of ATP, that may later be used to drive transport of other substances through the membrane (Co-transport) or generate electrical impulses such as Action potentials.

text: A special feature of the sarcolemma is that it invaginates into the cytoplasm of the muscle cell, forming membranous tubules radially and longitudinally within the fiber called transverse tubules (T-tubules). On either side of the transverse tubules are Terminal cisterna enlargements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum termed sarcoplasmatic reticulum (SR) in muscle. A transverse tubule surrounded by two SR cisterna are known as triads, and the contact between these structures is located at the junction of the A and I bands.


document_title: Criminal Minds (season 1)

question_text: who played patricia and cheryl on criminal minds

text: Criminal Minds (season 1)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Mandy Patinkin as Jason Gideon
Thomas Gibson as Aaron "Hotch" Hotchner
Lola Glaudini as Elle Greenaway
Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan
Matthew Gray Gubler as Dr. Spencer Reid
A. J. Cook as Jennifer "JJ" Jareau
Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Meredith Monroe as Haley Hotchner
Jane Lynch as Diana Reid

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: In the pilot episode, "Extreme Aggressor", Andrew Jackson guest-starred as Timothy Vogel. Chelah Horsdal guest-starred as his victim, Heather Woodland. In the episode "Won't Get Fooled Again", Tim Kelleher guest-starred as Adrian Bale, a serial bomber responsible for the deaths of six FBI agents. In the episode "Plain Sight", Kirk B. R. Woller guest-starred as serial rapist Franklin Graney. In the episode "Broken Mirror", Matt Letscher guest-starred as Vincent Shyer, an erotomaniacal stalker who abducts one of the twin daughters of Executive Assistant District Attorney Evan Davenport, played by Robin Thomas. Elisabeth Harnois guest-starred in a dual role as Davenport's daughters, Patricia and Cheryl.

text: In the episode "L.D.S.K.", Marcus Giamatti guest-starred as Barry Landman, a narcissistic trauma surgeon suspected of committing several shootings. Paula Newsome portrays Detective Shea Calvin, who leads the investigation of the shootings. In the episode "The Fox", Neal Jones guest-starred as one of the series' most notorious criminals, Karl Arnold, aka "The Fox", a serial killer who murders entire families. Tony Todd guest-starred as Eric Miller, a man who was wrongfully imprisoned for the murder of his family. In the episode "Natural Born Killer", Patrick Kilpatrick guest-starred as Vincent Perotta, a professional hitman who abducts FBI agent Josh Cramer of the Organized Crime Unit. Francesco Quinn guest-starred as Michael Russo, a mob boss who hires Perotta to abduct Cramer.

text: In the episode "Derailed", Chris Bauer guest-starred as Dr. Theodore Bryar, a paranoid schizophrenic who held several passengers hostage, including Elle Greenaway, on a train. Jeff Kober guest-starred as Bryar's imaginary friend, Leo, and M. C. Gainey guest-starred as Detective Frank Moretti, who leads the investigation of the hostage situation. In the episode "The Popular Kids", Will Rothhaar guest-starred as Cory Bridges, a cult killer who murdered two high school students. In the episode "Blood Hungry", Kris Lemche guest-starred as cannibalistic spree killer, Eddie Mays, and Lindsay Crouse played his mother, Mary. In the episode "What Fresh Hell?", Ned Vaughn guest-starred as Donald Curtis, a pedophile who abducts an eleven-year-old girl named Belinda Copeland.

text: In the episode "Poison", Nick Jameson guest-starred as Edward Hill, a serial killer who murders people with poisonous drugs. In the episode "Riding the Lightning", Jeannetta Arnette guest-starred as Sarah Jean Mason, an inmate on death row who is determined to make sure her son never finds out the truth of his parentage. Michael Massee guest-starred as Jacob Dawes, a serial killer who murdered several teenage girls. In the episode "Unfinished Business", Aaron Lustig guest-starred as Walter Kern, aka "The Keystone Killer", and Geoff Pierson guest-starred as Max Ryan, a retired FBI Agent who is determined to find the killer.

text: In the episode "The Tribe", Chad Allen guest-starred as Jackson Cally, a cult leader who tortures and murders college students. In the episode "A Real Rain", Ethan Phillips guest-starred as schizophrenic vigilante killer Marvin Doyle. David Aaron Baker played Will Sykes, an attempted copycat of Doyle who wanted to be famous, and Tonya Pinkins played Detective Nora Bennett, who leads the investigation of the killings. In the episode "Somebody's Watching", Katheryn Winnick guest-starred as Maggie Lowe, a serial killer and stalker who obsesses over actress Lila Archer. Ian Anthony Dale guest-starred as Detective Owen Kim, who leads the investigation of the murders.

text: In the episode "Charm and Harm", Andy Comeau guest-starred as Mark Gregory, a serial killer and abductor who murders his victims by drowning them. In the episode, "Secrets and Lies", Ray Baker guest-starred as rogue CIA Agent Bruno Hawks. In the season finale "The Fisher King (Part I)", Charles Haid guest-starred as one of the series most notorious criminals, Randall Garner, aka "The Fisher King", a serial killer and abductor responsible for the attempted murder of Elle Greenaway. The incident proved to be so traumatizing, she resigned from the BAU the following season.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Extreme Aggressor"
Richard Shepard
Jeff Davis
September 22, 2005 (2005-09-22)
101
19.57[1]

When a fourth woman goes missing over the course of four months, the Behavioral Analysis Unit searches Seattle to profile and apprehend her captor before he strikes again. Meanwhile, unit chief Aaron Hotchner is tasked with determining whether veteran profiler Jason Gideon is fit to return to duty.

2
2
"Compulsion"
Charles Haid
Jeff Davis
September 28, 2005 (2005-09-28)
102
10.57[2]

While investigating a series of fires that were set on a college campus in Tempe, Arizona, the BAU must think outside the box in order to identify the unsub. Meanwhile, Gideon continues to recover from a near-death experience.

3
3
"Won't Get Fooled Again"
Kevin Bray
Aaron Zelman
October 5, 2005 (2005-10-05)
103
11.98[3]

When the BAU sets out to catch a serial bomber in Palm Beach, Florida, Gideon begins to suspect that the unsub is copying the M.O. of Adrian Bale (Tim Kelleher), the bomber responsible for killing six FBI profilers several months prior.

4
4
"Plain Sight"
Matt Earl Beesley
Edward Allen Bernero
October 12, 2005 (2005-10-12)
104
13.76[4]

The BAU searches San Diego for a serial rapist who glues his victim's eyes wide open after he kills them. When it becomes clear that the unsub evades the authorities by blending into the neighborhoods, the team must flush him out before he strikes again.

5
5
"Broken Mirror"
Guy Norman Bee
Judith McCreary
October 19, 2005 (2005-10-19)
105
12.79[5]

When the daughter of an Executive Assistant U.S. Attorney is abducted in New Haven, Connecticut, the BAU determines that the kidnapper is after her identical twin sister as well. But the case becomes complicated when the unsub reveals intimate knowledge about each team member's personal life, leading Gideon to conclude that he is one of their own.

6
6
"L.D.S.K."
Ernest Dickerson
Andrew Wilder
November 2, 2005 (2005-11-02)
106
16.22[6]

The BAU travels to Des Plaines, Illinois to help local law enforcement and SWAT identify a killer sniper who shoots his victims in broad daylight. Meanwhile, Reid fails his firearms qualification exam and is forced to work without a gun, which makes things worse when he and Hotchner find themselves in a life-threatening situation.

7
7
"The Fox"
Guy Norman Bee
Simon Mirren
November 9, 2005 (2005-11-09)
107
15.09[7]

The BAU pieces together a profile of a serial killer who stalks families he views as dysfunctional before taking them hostage and living with them while they are supposed to be away on vacation. Meanwhile, Hotch and his wife Haley (Meredith Monroe) introduce the team to their newborn son Jack.

8
8
"Natural Born Killer"
Peter Ellis
Debra J. Fisher & Erica Messer
November 16, 2005 (2005-11-16)
108
14.36[8]

When an undercover cop in Baltimore goes missing in what is believed to be a mob hit, the BAU works with the Organized Crime Unit to catch a serial killer connected to dozens of murders before time runs out.

9
9
"Derailed"
Félix Alcalá
Jeff Davis
November 23, 2005 (2005-11-23)
109
12.83[9]

When Elle and four civilians are held hostage on a passenger train en route to Dallas by a paranoid schizophrenic, the BAU find themselves forced to play into the man's fantasy in order to save the hostages.

10
10
"The Popular Kids"
Andy Wolk
Edward Allen Bernero
November 30, 2005 (2005-11-30)
110
15.56[10]

The BAU is called to a small town located near Massanutten Mountain after local authorities conclude that two high school students may have been the victims of a cult killing. Meanwhile, Reid battles with a recurring nightmare.

11
11
"Blood Hungry"
Charles Haid
Ed Napier
December 14, 2005 (2005-12-14)
111
15.23[11]

The BAU launches an intense manhunt in Tennessee for a cannibalistic serial killer whose fantasies lead him to murder. Meanwhile, Gideon is forced to stay behind and work with Garcia after injuring his leg while skydiving,

12
12
"What Fresh Hell"
Adam Davidson
Judith McCreary
January 11, 2006 (2006-01-11)
112
15.92[12]

When an eleven-year-old girl is abducted from a playground in Wilmington, Delaware, the BAU suspects her father is responsible. But when he turns up with a solid alibi, the team must turn their attention to the family's friends and neighbors in order to determine the kidnapper's true identity.

13
13
"Poison"
Thomas J. Wright
Aaron Zelman
January 18, 2006 (2006-01-18)
113
14.65[13]

The BAU travels to Beachwood, New Jersey when several residents are poisoned with LSD that is ten times more potent than the street version. But when it becomes apparent that a larger-scale incident is imminent, the team must stop the unsub before he strikes again.

14
14
"Riding the Lightning"
Chris Long
Simon Mirren
January 25, 2006 (2006-01-25)
114
14.10[14]

The BAU is sent to the Florida State Penitentiary in Alachua, Florida to interview husband and wife serial killers set to be executed within two days. But when Gideon suspects that the wife is innocent of the crimes committed, the team sets out to prove him right before time runs out.

15
15
"Unfinished Business"
J. Miller Tobin
Debra J. Fisher & Erica Messer
March 1, 2006 (2006-03-01)
115
11.72[15]

When a Philadelphia serial killer resurfaces after eighteen years of silence and releases a statement threatening to claim another life within the next five days, the BAU contacts the now-retired FBI agent who worked the original investigation to help catch the unsub before time runs out.

16
16
"The Tribe"
Matt Earl Beesley
Andrew Wilder
March 8, 2006 (2006-03-08)
116
15.27[16]

The BAU examines the circumstances surrounding the mass murder of five New Mexico college students, leading them to believe that a killing pack may be responsible. Meanwhile, Hotch endures a tense reunion with his younger brother Sean.

17
17
"A Real Rain"
Gloria Muzio
Chris Mundy
March 22, 2006 (2006-03-22)
117
13.03[17]

The BAU is called in to New York City to assist the investigation into a series of murders that appear to be the work of a vigilante exacting revenge on criminals the justice system has let go. But with public opinion becoming increasingly divided, the team must work fast to find a killer whose confidence is escalating.

18
18
"Somebody's Watching"
Paul Shapiro
Ed Napier
March 29, 2006 (2006-03-29)
118
12.54[18]

While conducting a profiling seminar with the Los Angeles Police Department, Gideon and Reid are asked to help identify a murderous stalker obsessed with television actress Lila Archer (Amber Heard). But as the team becomes embroiled in a dangerous game of cat-and-mouse, Reid finds himself growing closer to Lila.

19
19
"Machismo"
Guy Norman Bee
Aaron Zelman
April 12, 2006 (2006-04-12)
119
11.76[19]

The BAU travels to Mexico to assist local law enforcement in catching a serial killer who preys on elderly women only to find themselves facing skepticism and resistance from police officials. Meanwhile, Hotchner juggles his responsibilities at work and his responsibilities at home.

20
20
"Charm & Harm"
Félix Alcalá
Debra J. Fisher & Erica Messer
April 19, 2006 (2006-04-19)
120
13.53[20]

The BAU travels to St. Petersburg, Florida to assist the investigation into a serial killer who changes his appearance like a chameleon in order to evade capture. Now the team must look beneath the surface and find the unsub before he takes his next victim.

21
21
"Secrets and Lies"
Matt Earl Beesley
Simon Mirren
May 3, 2006 (2006-05-03)
121
12.17[21]

The BAU faces one of their toughest challenges yet when the CIA suspects a mole within the Counter-Terrorism Unit is leaking classified information and putting a prized asset's life on the line. With the stakes higher than ever before, the team must expose the mole before more lives are lost.

22
22
"The Fisher King, Part One"
Edward Allen Bernero
Edward Allen Bernero
May 10, 2006 (2006-05-10)
122
12.67[22]

After each receiving mysterious items while on their respective vacations, Gideon, Hotchner and the rest of the team realizes that they have become pawns in an elaborate fantasy game. Now the BAU must put all the clues together in order to catch a killer obsessed with Arthurian legend. But the stakes begin to rise when one of their own earns the wrath of the unsub.

text: Home media[edit]

text:
The Complete First Season

Set details
Special features

22 episodes
6-disc set
Widescreen
Subtitles: English
English: Dolby Digital 5.1

Deleted Scenes
The Making of Criminal Minds
Inside Quantico & The Criminal Mind
Meet Matthew Gray Gubler

DVD release date

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

November 28, 2006 (2006-11-28)[23]
February 12, 2007 (2007-02-12)[24]
November 3, 2007 (2007-11-03)[25]


document_title: Frank Mundus

question_text: largest great white shark ever caught on rod and reel

text: Frank Mundus

text: Early life[edit]

text: Mundus, who was of German descent, was born in Long Branch, New Jersey and moved to Brooklyn when he was young. In 1945, he began a charter fishing operation in Brielle, New Jersey, with the Cricket. In 1947, he had the Cricket II custom-built.

text: The Pelican[edit]

text: Mundus moved to Montauk in 1951 saying he wanted to start charters for bluefish. In his first year at Montauk he played an important role in the rescue and retrieval of the Pelican, an overloaded party boat in which 45 of 64 on board perished after capsizing in a squall, including its captain Eddie Carroll. He was among the second wave of searchers, and helped tow the hull of the Pelican to port with ten dead bodies still trapped inside. The disaster was the worst in Montauk recreational history and led to numerous laws regulating the industry.[3]

text: Monster Fish[edit]

text: Mundus soon discovered that bluefish were not plentiful but the sharks were in the Montauk waters.[4]

text: Mundus started what he called "Monster Fishing" with boats leaving the port at Lake Montauk. Mundus with his colorful character became immediately popular He further helped his reputation by catching a 4,500 pound white shark by harpoon (the weight was estimated without the shark having been weighed). In 1986 he and Donnie Braddick caught a 3,427-pound great white about 28 miles off Montauk, and only 18 miles from Block Island,[5] which still holds the record, not only for the largest shark, but for the largest fish of any kind ever caught by rod and reel. The capture of the shark was controversial at the time, with some saying the shark was feeding on a whale when caught (which would have negated the so-called "official record"). The International Game Fishing Association ruled that the catch was legitimate based on photographs.

text: In 1991 the U.S. Coast Guard said that Mundus' license had expired and he had to reapply. He initially attempted to sell the Cricket II and moved to Hawaii. The sale did not go through although the boat would be operated by others. He officially retired as a charter captain in 1997. In the years before his death he would come back to Montauk for its shark tournaments and would ride along on higher priced Cricket II excursions. He died in Hawaii shortly after returning from Montauk.

text: Colourful character[edit]

text: Mundus' reputation was enhanced by his eccentric personality and ostentatious displays of the killed sharks (something he would say later he regretted). "He always said the charter business was 90 percent show and 10 percent go," said Chris Miller, a Montauk resident who had seen him on the docks. He coloured his big toenails red and green for port and starboard. He wore a hoop earring and an Australian slouch hat and a shark tooth necklace.[6]

text: In 2005, he appeared in a Shark Week documentary, Shark Hunter: Chasing the Great White, which was narrated by actor Roy Scheider, who played Martin Brody in Jaws and Jaws II. The special told of Mundus' early career, how he became the inspiration for Quint, his world record capture, and how he turned from shark hunter to shark conservationist. Mundus also joined Chris Fallows and other shark conservationists in viewing great whites in their natural habitat. In one such viewing of the breaching great whites (made famous in the Air Jaws series of specials), during which Fallows brought out a seal decoy he had humorously named "Frank" after Mundus (a hat like the ones Mundus usually wore was even added to it) and they used it to fool them into breaching.

text: He said that the name of his boat was inspired by the fact that his profile resembled that of Jiminy Cricket.

text: Inspiration for Quint in Jaws[edit]

text: Mundus is often said to be the inspiration for charter captain Quint in the book and film Jaws. The novel's author Peter Benchley denied that he was the inspiration and Mundus was not used as a source in the movie. However, Robert Shaw did indeed say that in the film Jaws he portrayed him. Furthermore, many Montauk residents say that Mundus was definitely the inspiration. John Ebel, a mate on the Cricket said that Benchley had privately acknowledged that Mundus was the inspiration but had publicly denied the association for legal reasons.[7] They note the following:

text:
Mundus and Benchley had gone on shark hunting expeditions out of Montauk prior to the 1974 novel and were filmed together aboard the Cricket II in a 1974 episode of American Sportsman[7]
In the book the fictional Jaws community of Amity is described as being between Bridgehampton, New York and East Hampton, New York, the latter the location of Montauk.
Quint's boat was said to be berthed at a place called "Promised Land." Mundus' boat at one time was docked at the fish factory called Promised Land in Napeague, New York immediately west of Montauk.[6]
Joe Gaviola, a Montauk businessman, was quoted as saying, "He is Quint. If you read the book, he was everything Frank was. Benchley spent weeks fishing with him. Give me a break. He is Quint."[6]
Both Frank and Quint possessed a hatred for the two-way radio.

text: In comparisons to his character in Jaws, his wesites quotes him:[8]

text: What did you think about the movie Jaws?

text: Is it true that the shark hunter "Quint" in Jaws is based on you? In what ways does he resemble you?

text: Bibliography[edit]

text:
Fifty Years a Hooker - ISBN 978-1-4134-8428-1 - 2005
White Shark Sam Meets the Monster Man - ISBN 978-1-59926-099-0 - 2005 (coloring book)
Sportfishing for Sharks - ISBN 978-0-02-587950-8 - 1971


document_title: Teletubbies

question_text: what is the name of the vacuum in teletubbies

text: Teletubbies

text: Plot

text: The programme takes place in a grassy, floral landscape populated by rabbits with bird calls audible in the background. The main shelter of the four Teletubbies is an earth house known as the "Tubbytronic Superdome" implanted in the ground and accessed through a hole at the top or an especially large semicircular door at the dome's foot. The creatures co-exist with a number of strange contraptions such as the Noo-noo, the group's anthropomorphic blue vacuum cleaner, and the Voice Trumpets. The show's colourful, psychedelic setting was designed specifically to appeal to the attention spans of infants and unlock different sections of the mind while also educating young children of transitions that can be expected in life.

text: An assortment of rituals are performed throughout the course of every episode, such as the playful interactions between the Teletubbies and the Voice Trumpets, the mishaps caused by the Noo-noo, the footage of live children displayed on the screens in the Teletubbies' stomachs, and the magical event that occurs once per episode. The event differs each time; it is often caused inexplicably and is frequently strange yet whimsical. Each episode is closed by the Voice Trumpets and the narrator. The disappointed, reluctant, but eventually obedient Teletubbies bid farewell to the viewer as they go back to the Tubbytronic Superdome while the Sun Baby sets.

text: Characters

text: Main characters

text:
Tinky Winky (played by Dave Thompson and Simon Shelton in the original series and by Jeremiah Krage in the revival series)[17] is the first Teletubby, as well as the largest and oldest of the group. He is covered in purple terrycloth and has a triangular antenna on his head. He almost always carries a red bag.
Dipsy (played by John Simmit in the original series and by Nick Kellington in the revival series)[18] is the second Teletubby. He is green and named after his antenna, which resembles a dipstick. Dipsy is the most stubborn of the Teletubbies, and will occasionally refuse to go along with the others' group opinion. His face is notably darker than the rest of the Teletubbies, and the creators have stated that he is black.[19]
Laa-Laa (played by Nikky Smedley in the original series and by Rebecca Hyland in the revival series)[18] is the third Teletubby. She is yellow and has a curly antenna. Laa-Laa is very sweet, likes to sing and dance, and is often shown looking out for the other Teletubbies. Her favourite toy is an orange rubber ball.
Po (played by Pui Fan Lee in the original series and by Rachelle Beinart in the revival series)[18] is the fourth Teletubby, as well as the shortest and youngest. She is red and has an antenna shaped like a stick used for blowing soap bubbles. Po normally speaks in a soft voice and has been stated by the show's creators to be Cantonese.[19]

text: Supporting characters

text:
The Noo-noo (operated by Mark Dean in the original series and Olly Taylor in the revival series)[20] is a conscientious vacuum cleaner who acts as both the Teletubbies' guardian and housekeeper. He hardly ever ventures outside the Tubbytronic Superdome, instead remaining indoors and constantly cleaning with his sucker-like nose. He communicates through a series of slurping and sucking noises.
The Voice Trumpets (voiced by Fearne Cotton, Jim Broadbent and Antonia Thomas in the revival series)[21] are several devices resembling periscopes that rise from the ground and interact with the Teletubbies, often engaging in games with them and serving as supervisors. They are the only residents of Teletubbyland who speak in complete sentences.
The Sun Baby (played by Jess Smith in the original series)[22] appears at the beginning and end of each episode. She acts as a wake-up call for the Teletubbies.
Numerous rabbits are found throughout Teletubbyland, and are depicted by several Flemish Giant rabbits. The Teletubbies enjoy watching them hop and play. The rabbits are the only type of Earth animal found in the land, and take residence in rabbit holes and bushes.
The Tubby Phone (voiced by Jane Horrocks)[21] is a character in the revival series, who transports the Teletubbies to the modern world.
The Tiddlytubbies (voiced by Teresa Gallagher) are baby Teletubbies appearing in the revival series. Their names are Mi-Mi, Daa Daa, Baa, Ping, RuRu, Nin, Duggle Dee and Umby Pumby.[23]

text: Release

text: On 31 March 1997, the first episode of Teletubbies aired on BBC2. It filled a timeslot previously held by Playdays. This schedule change initially received backlash from parents, but the show was not moved.[24] The programme's unconventional format quickly received attention from the media, and it was attracting two million viewers per episode by August.[25] In February 1998, The Sydney Morning Herald noted that it had "reached cult status" in less than a year on the air.[26]

text: Teletubbies has been aired in over 120 countries in 45 different languages.[27][28] In the United States, the series airs on Nickelodeon as part of the Nick Jr. block.[29][30] Episodes are also released through the Nick Jr. mobile application and on-demand services.[31][32] The original series is available as part of the Noggin subscription service in North America.[33][34] It had aired on PBS Kids until 2008. BBC Worldwide channels carry the series in most of Africa, Asia and Poland.[35] A Spanish dub airs on Clan in Spain.[36] In Greece, the series airs on Nickelodeon Greece.[37] NPO Zappelin carries the show in the Netherlands and MTVA airs it in Hungary.[35] In Australia and New Zealand, the series airs on CBeebies Australia[38] and ABC Kids. JimJam's Benelux feed airs the series and Ultra airs it in Serbia.[36] Teletubbies also airs on SIC in Portugal and e-Junior in the Middle East.[35]

text: Promotion

text: Merchandising

text: Golden Bear Toys distributed the first line of Teletubbies dolls shortly after the programme's debut.[39] They were sold internationally, with talking toys available in multiple languages.[40] Hasbro signed on to develop a new range of products in 1998.[41] In 1999, Microsoft UK released a set of interactive "ActiMates" toys based on the characters.[42] The Rasta Imposta company introduced Teletubbies costumes for children and adults in the same year.[43] Two educational video games featuring the characters were also released throughout the series' run.[44][45]

text: Teletubbies dolls were the top-selling Christmas toy in 1997.[46][47] Demand outstripped supply at most retailers, reportedly prompting many shops to ration them to one per customer.[48] In some cases, shoppers camped outside stores overnight in hopes of purchasing Teletubbies merchandise.[49][50] Fights over the toys broke out among parents and collectors on occasion.[51][52] Over one million dolls were sold in Britain by 25 December of that year, with Golden Bear representatives estimating that sales could have reached three million if supplies had been available.[53] The plush toys were named "Toy of the Year" by the British Association of Toy Retailers in 1998.[54]

text: Kids' meal tie-ins have been released at fast-food restaurants throughout North America. In May 1999, Burger King distributed a set of six Teletubbies plush toys.[55] They also included chicken nuggets shaped like the characters on their menu for a brief period of time.[56] Keychains modelled after the characters were available at McDonald's in April 2000.[57] These promotions became controversial among adults who believed they were intended to attract toddlers to high-fat food.[58] Psychiatrist Alvin Francis Poussaint considered the deals "troubling."[59] He voiced his opinion on the matter publicly, but did not take action against the companies.[60]

text: Two kiddie rides featuring the characters were manufactured by Jolly Roger.[61] They were available at select amusement parks and arcades, such as Chuck E. Cheese's and Fantasy Island.[62]

text: Overseas Teletubbies merchandise sales throughout the 1990s delivered €136 million in profits for the BBC.[63] By the time of the programme's cancellation, Teletubbies toys had generated over £200 million in revenue for co-creator Anne Wood alone.[64] In 2005, Chris Hastings and Ben Jones of The Daily Telegraph called Teletubbies "the most lucrative show in BBC television history."[65]

text: Live events

text: To commemorate the tenth anniversary of the premiere of Teletubbies, a series of events took place from March to April 2007.[66] The characters headlined an invitation-only event in London on 21 March 2007. They appeared in New York City's Times Square, Grand Central Terminal, and Apollo Theater. They were also interviewed on The Today Show in an episode that included the first televised appearance of the actors without their costumes. A partnership was formed with Isaac Mizrahi in which Mizrahi designed Teletubbies-inspired bags to be auctioned off to benefit charities. A new line of clothing was launched at the Pop-Up Shop[67] and other specialty stores. New York City mayor Mike Bloomberg announced 28 March 2007 "Teletubbies Day" and gave the key to the city to the Teletubbies. Following their show in New York, the Teletubbies went on their first live European tour, performing in London, Paris, Bremen, Darmstadt, Halle, Hamburg, Köln, and Hannover.[68]

text: In January 2016, costumed Teletubbies characters appeared at the American International Toy Fair.[69] In April 2016, the series' premiere on the Greek Nickelodeon channel was advertised with a series of appearances by the Teletubbies at malls throughout Athens.[70][71] This began with a live show at Avenue Mall on 16 April, which featured both the Teletubbies and a host from the network.[72] Throughout May 2016, the characters appeared on various breakfast television programmes to promote the upcoming series' debut on Nickelodeon in the United States.[73][74]

text: In November 2017, the show was given its first ever live show/musical entitled Teletubbies Live!, which toured the UK beginning the weekend of November 17th, 2017. In October 2018, DHX Media announced a second Teletubbies live show/musical and the first Christmas themed one entitled Teletubbies Live! 2: The Christmas Show which would be performed at Hyde Park UK as part of theyr annual Winter Wonderland event and will tour from Thursday November 22nd, 2018 until Sunday January 6th, 2019.

text: Reception

text: Critical reception

text: Common Sense Media's Emily Ashby found that "while the show's examples of cooperative play, wonder, and simple joys are gentle and pleasing, the creatures can still be a little grating to parents watching along."[75] Caryn James of The New York Times stated in her review that the episodes "offer a genuinely appealing combination: cute and slightly surreal."[76]

text: Upon the show's release, some critics feared that the characters' use of babbling in place of complete sentences would negatively affect young viewers' ability to communicate. The Daily Mirror reported in 1997 that many parents objected to its "goo-goo style" and "said the show was a bad influence on their children."[77] Marina Krcmar, a professor of communication at the Wake Forest University, told interviewers in 2007 that "toddlers learn more from an adult speaker than they do from a program such as Teletubbies."[78] However, Paul McCann of The Independent defended this aspect of the show, stating that "Teletubbies upsets those who automatically assume that progressive and creative learning is trendy nonsense. Those who believe that education should be strictly disciplined and functional, even when you're 18 months old. Thankfully Teletubbies isn't for them. It's for kids."[24]

text: Tinky Winky controversy

text: Tinky Winky started a controversy in 1999 because of his carrying a bag that looks much like a woman's handbag (although he was first "outed" by the academic and cultural critic Andy Medhurst in a letter of July 1997 to The Face).[79] He aroused the interest of Jerry Falwell in 1999 when Falwell alleged that the character was a "gay role model". Falwell issued an attack in his National Liberty Journal, citing a Washington Post "In/Out" column which stated that lesbian comedian Ellen DeGeneres was "out" as the chief national gay representative, while trendy Tinky Winky was "in". He warned parents that Tinky Winky could be a covert homosexual symbol, because "he is purple, the gay pride colour, and his antenna is shaped like a triangle: the gay pride symbol."[80] The BBC made an official response, explaining that "Tinky Winky is simply a sweet, technological baby with a magic bag."[81] Ken Viselman of Itsy-Bitsy Entertainment commented, "He's not gay. He's not straight. He's just a character in a children's series."[82]

text: In May 2007, Polish Ombudsman for Children, Ewa Sowińska revisited the matter, and planned to order an investigation.[83] "I noticed that he has a woman's handbag, but I didn't realise he's a boy," Sowińska said in a public statement. She asked her office's psychologists to look into the allegations. After the research in late 2007, she stated: "The opinion of a leading sexologist, who maintains that this series has no negative effects on a child's psychology, is perfectly credible. As a result I have decided that it is no longer necessary to seek the opinion of other psychologists."[84]

text: Despite the objections, the Independent on Sunday's editors included Tinky Winky as the only fictional character in the 2008 inaugural "Happy List", alongside 99 real-life adults recognised for making Britain a better and happier place.[85]

text: Cult following

text: Although the programme is aimed at children between the ages of one and four, it had a substantial cult following with older generations, mainly university and college students.[51][86][87] The mixture of bright colours, unusual designs, repetitive non-verbal dialogue, ritualistic format, and occasional forays into physical comedy appealed to many who perceived the programme as having psychedelic qualities.[88]

text: Analysis

text: Adam Roberts suggests that Teletubbies constitutes an example of radical utopian fiction. In this reading, the Teletubbies are an advanced culture which has eliminated all need to work, worry, or struggle in any way, and regressed into a childlike state. Roberts positions the Teletubbies as the endpoint of the science-fictional idea of paradise based on infantilisation – a more extreme version of the future humans in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and the Eloi in H. G. Wells's The Time Machine (who are mentally childlike, but still physically and sexually adult). Following Sigmund Freud's insight that adult pleasure must mediate id and super-ego – gratification and anxiety – the only way to completely attain life is to surrender the super-ego, including sex. It follows that the broadcasts shown on the Teletubbies' in-set televisions are historical documentaries suggesting infantile existence as the paradigm, with the baby in the sun likely being the society's central machine intelligence. Roberts concludes:

text: In other words, the toddler-oriented aspect of the show can be read not in clumsily production-intention terms (‘the show is designed to appeal to toddlers’), but as a commentary upon the necessary infantilisation implicit in any utopian fantasy. It poses a question: to achieve a total happiness for all on the planet, once technology has removed the practical barriers, how far along the road towards infantile consciousness will it be necessary to travel? Will we become like the citizens of Huxley’s Brave New World? Or more infantile, like Wells’s Eloi? Or will we go the whole hog, and subsume our angst-ridden adult consciousnesses completely in the bright colours and satisfying repetitions of Teletubbyland? The enduring appeal of the Teletubbies to adults suggests, perhaps, this latter."[89]

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Presenter
Award/Category
Nominee
Status
Ref.

1997

City of Birmingham Awards

Best Midlands-Produced Children's Television Production

Ragdoll Productions

Won

[90]

NHK Japan Prize

Grand Prize (Pre-School Education)

[91]

Royal Television Society

Children's Entertainment Award

[92]

1998

British Academy of Film and Television Arts

Best Pre-School Programme

[93]

Marketing Society Awards

New Product of the Year

Golden Bear Toys

[94]

Online Film & Television Association

Best Children's Series

Ragdoll Productions

Nominated

[95]

Television Critics Association

Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming

[95]

UK Independent Television Productions Awards

NATS Children's Award

Won

[96]

1999

Daytime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Pre-School Children's Series

Nominated

[97]

Licensing Industry Merchandiser's Association

Overall License of the Year

Won

[98]

Independent Television Productions Awards

Nickelodeon UK Children's Award

[99]

Television Critics Association

Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming

Nominated

[100]

2000

Independent Television Productions Awards

Audiocall Indie Children's Award

Won

[101]

Daytime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Pre-School Children's Series

Nominated

[102]

Royal Television Society

Education Award

Won

[103]

British Academy of Film and Television Arts

Outstanding Contribution in Children's Television and Film

Anne Wood

[104]

2002

British Academy of Film and Television Arts

Best Pre-School Live Action Series

Ragdoll Productions

[11]

2014

Prix Jeunesse

"Most Edgy" Programme of the Last 50 Years

[105]

Greatest Impact Programme of the Last 50 Years

[105]

text: Other media

text: In popular culture

text:
In episode 12 of The Vicar of Dibley, Laa-Laa and Po are bridesmaids. They hold the wedding-dress train of Alice Springs Tinker when she marries Hugo Horton.
In an episode of The Simpsons titled "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder", Homer dresses up like a Teletubby to entertain Maggie, the Teletubbies are also referenced in 9 other episodes of the show, it is also known that one side character, Milhouse, wears Teletubbies underpants.
In the eleventh episode of the second series of The Chaser's War on Everything, the possibility of Tinky Winky being homosexual was parodied when the Chasers tested the Peel Hotel (in Collingwood, Melbourne, Victoria)'s gaydar with a Tinky Winky costumed figure that acted in a stereotypical homosexual fashion.
An episode of Harry Enfield and Chums featured a parody of the Teletubbies called Telecockneys.
In 2012, during the second and third series of tvN's Saturday Night Live Korea, the programme was referenced as Yeouido Teletubbies (여의도 텔레토비) to portray the 2012 presidential election campaign. This experimental skit caused the popularity of SNL Korea's 'Crew', Kim Seul-gie and Kim Min-kyo, who acted major candidates respectably, to skyrocket.[106]

text: CD single

text: In December 1997, BBC Worldwide released a CD single from the series, based on the show's theme song, called "Teletubbies say 'Eh-oh!'" It is the only single from Teletubbies, making the characters a one-hit wonder in the United Kingdom. The song was written by Andrew McCrorie-Shand and Andrew Davenport, and produced by McCrorie-Shand and Steve James. The single reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart in December 1997, and remained in the Top 75 for 32 weeks after its release.[107]

text: Mobile app

text: In December 2017, Teletubbies Play Time was released worldwide for mobile devices by Built Games.[108]