document_title: New Delhi

question_text: when was the capital of india transferred from calcutta to delhi

question_tokens: when was the capital of india transferred from calcutta to delhi

text: New Delhi

text: History[edit]

text: Establishment[edit]

text: Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911.

text: Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi.[8] The Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India.[8]

text: The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894.[9]

text: On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India, along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made the announcement[10][11] that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy's residence in the Coronation Park, Kingsway Camp.[12][13] The foundation stone[14] of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, and Herbert Baker, both leading 20th-century British architects.[15] The contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort. Construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed "Lutyens' Delhi" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy.[16] Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial aspirations.[17][18]

text: Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with George Swinton as chairman and John A. Brodie and Lutyens as members, submitted reports for both North and South sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroy's House at one end with Paharganj at the other. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites in the North side, the committee settled on the South site.[19] A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was also considered the site of Indraprastha, the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of the Secretariat. The Rajpath, also known as King's Way, stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the Government of India, and the Parliament House, both designed by Baker, are located at the Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath.

text: In the south, land up to Safdarjung's Tomb was acquired to create what is today known as Lutyens' Bungalow Zone.[20] Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now Parliament House), called the Imperial Delhi Railway, was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the Agra-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial (India Gate) and Kingsway (Rajpath), which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna river, and it began operating in 1924. The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926 with a single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931.[21][22] As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), Central Secretariat, Parliament House, and All-India War Memorial (India Gate) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, Connaught Place, began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught (1850–1942), it was designed by Robert Tor Russell, chief architect to the Public Works Department (PWD).[23]

text: After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in Old Delhi (the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency. Subsequently, housing for them was developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s.[24] Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area, Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens, was the last residential areas built by the British Raj.[25]

text: Post-independence[edit]

text: After India gained independence in 1947, a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1966, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi.[26] A system was introduced under which the elected Government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.

text: The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, Shanti Path.[27]

text: Geography[edit]

text: With a total area of 42.7 km2 (16.5 sq mi), New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area.[28] Since the city is located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravali Range; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge, which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River, it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara. New Delhi falls under the seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to earthquakes.[29]

text: Seismology[edit]

text: New Delhi lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There was a spike in the number of earthquakes between 2011 and 2015, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from 46 °C (115 °F) in summers to around 0 °C (32 °F) in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and very hot summers, relatively dry and mild winters, a monsoonal period, and dust storms. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. The annual mean temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F); monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately 14 to 34 °C (57 to 93 °F). New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is 48.4 °C (119.1 °F) on June 28, 1883 while the lowest temperature ever recorded is −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) on January 11, 1967, both of which are recorded at Indira Gandhi International Airport (formerly known as Palam Airport).[30] The average annual rainfall is 714 millimetres (28.1 in), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.[31]

text:
[hide]Climate data for New Delhi (Safdarjung) 1981–2010

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
30.0
(86)
34.1
(93.4)
40.6
(105.1)
45.6
(114.1)
47.2
(117)
46.7
(116.1)
45.0
(113)
42.0
(107.6)
40.6
(105.1)
39.4
(102.9)
36.1
(97)
29.3
(84.7)
47.2
(117)

Average high °C (°F)
20.5
(68.9)
23.9
(75)
29.6
(85.3)
36.3
(97.3)
39.5
(103.1)
39.2
(102.6)
35.4
(95.7)
34.1
(93.4)
34.1
(93.4)
32.8
(91)
28.2
(82.8)
23.1
(73.6)
31.4
(88.5)

Average low °C (°F)
7.6
(45.7)
10.4
(50.7)
15.6
(60.1)
21.3
(70.3)
25.8
(78.4)
27.9
(82.2)
27.4
(81.3)
26.6
(79.9)
25.0
(77)
19.1
(66.4)
12.9
(55.2)
8.3
(46.9)
19.0
(66.2)

Record low °C (°F)
−0.6
(30.9)
1.6
(34.9)
4.4
(39.9)
10.7
(51.3)
15.2
(59.4)
18.9
(66)
20.3
(68.5)
20.7
(69.3)
17.3
(63.1)
9.4
(48.9)
3.9
(39)
1.1
(34)
−0.6
(30.9)

Average rainfall mm (inches)
19.3
(0.76)
22.1
(0.87)
15.9
(0.626)
13.0
(0.512)
31.5
(1.24)
82.2
(3.236)
187.3
(7.374)
232.5
(9.154)
129.8
(5.11)
14.3
(0.563)
4.9
(0.193)
9.4
(0.37)
762.3
(30.012)

Average rainy days
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.2
2.5
4.6
9.4
9.8
5.5
1.0
0.5
0.9
40.1

Average relative humidity (%)
63
55
47
34
33
46
70
73
62
52
55
62
54

Mean monthly sunshine hours
214.6
216.1
239.1
261.0
263.1
196.5
165.9
177.0
219.0
269.3
247.2
215.8
2,684.6

Source #1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[30][32]

Source #2: NOAA (extremes, sun and humidity, 1971–1990)[33]

text: Air quality[edit]

text: In Mercer's 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution.[34][35] The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world.[36][37][38][39] In 2016, United States Environmental Protection Agency listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on Earth.[40][41]

text: In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi, which gets worse during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 pm, two hours later than the existing restriction.[39] The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8 am and 8 pm, and traffic was not restricted on Sundays.[42] Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.[39]

text: On 16 December 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.[43]

text: Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviation from normal). This means vehicles have lesser idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption.[44] "In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average."[45] However, the subcity of Dwarka, located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.[citation needed]

text: On 7 November 2017, the Indian Medical Association declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels [46]. The highest being in the Punjabi Bagh district with an Air Quality Index of 999 and in the RK Puram district with an index of 852. The lowest index recorded was in the Anand Vihar district with an index of 319[47]. Levels of PM2.5 were recorded at 710µg/m³, more than 11 times the World Health Organisation's safe limit[48].

text: Demographics[edit]

text: New Delhi has a population of 257,803.[2] Hindi is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes.[49] New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is highest in Delhi.[50]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Except for Hinduism, the proportions of other religions are different and relatively lower in New Delhi as compared to entire NCT.[51] According to 2011 census, Hinduism is the religion of 89.8% of New Delhi's population. There are also communities of Muslims (4.5%), Christians (2.9%), Sikhs (2.0%), Jains (0.4%).[51] Other religious groups include Parsis, Buddhists and Jews.[52]

text:
Religion in New Delhi (NDMC)[51][53]

Religion

Percent

Hinduism

89.82%

Islam

4.50%

Christianity

2.93%

Sikhism

1.97%

Jainism

0.42%

Others

0.36%

text: Government[edit]

text: The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.

text: As of 2015[update], the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government.

text: The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial, as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. According to the Indian constitution, if a law passed by Delhi's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India, then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly.[54]

text: New Delhi is governed through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). Other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). However, the entire metropolis of Delhi is commonly known as New Delhi in contrast to Old Delhi.

text: Economy[edit]

text: New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of ₹1,595 billion (US$24 billion) in nominal terms and ~₹6,800 billion (US$100 billion) in PPP terms.[55] As of 2013[update], the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the current prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion (short scale) against Rs 3.11 trillion (short scale) in 2011–12.[56]

text: Connaught Place, one of North India's largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as Barakhamba Road, ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.

text: The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg.[57] New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.[58]

text: The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the Economic Survey of Delhi, the metropolis has a net State Domestic Product (SDP) of Rs. 830.85 billion (for the year 2004–05)[59] and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976($1,200).[59] In the year 2008–09 New Delhi had a Per Capita Income of Rs. 116,886 ($2,595).It grew by 16.2% to reach Rs. 135,814 ($3,018) in 2009–10 fiscal. New Delhi's Per Capita GDP (at PPP) was at $6,860 during 2009–10 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The tertiary sector contributes 78.4% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively.[59]

text: The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011–12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 trillion (short scale), which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.[60]

text: Culture[edit]

text: New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.[61] The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.[62][63]

text: Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of light), Maha Shivaratri, Teej, Durga Puja, Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Holi, Lohri, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Raksha Bandhan, Christmas and Chhath Puja .[63] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event.[64] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.

text: In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the current Dalai Lama.

text: Historic sites, museums and gardens[edit]

text: New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947–48[65] was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.[66]

text: The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.[67] It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War.[67]The monument is barricaded now with entry to inside arch restricted.

text: The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here 2 days later.

text: Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.

text: Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.

text: New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar's International Dolls Museum.[68] and Supreme Court of India Museum.[69]

text: In the coming years, a new National War Memorial and Museum will be constructed in New Delhi[70][71] for ₹4,000 million (US$61 million).[72][73]

text: New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.

text: The New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) area was declared the cleanest in North India, based on solid waste management, access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness, under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017.[74]

text: Transport[edit]

text: Air[edit]

text: Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012–13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers,[78][79] making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.5 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.[80]

text: The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.[81] The airport functioned until 2001, however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses,[81] and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.[82]

text: In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, and Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region by Airports Council International.[83] The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International.[84] Delhi Airport also bags two awards for The Best Airport in Central Asia/India and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.[85]

text: Road[edit]

text: New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India and average vehicle speed is around 15-20 kmph in peak hours in the city.[86]

text: Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of New Delhi's road infrastructure:

text:
Inner Ring Road is one of the most important "state highways" in New Delhi. It is a 51 km long circular road, which connects important areas in New Delhi. Owing to more than 2 dozen grade-separators/flyovers, the road is almost signal-free.
Outer Ring Road is another major artery in New Delhi that links far-flung areas of Delhi.
The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway (DND Flyway) is an eight-laned access controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi and Delhi to Noida (an important satellite city of Uttar Pradesh). The acronym DND stands for "Delhi-Noida Direct".
'The Delhi Gurgaon Expressway is a 28 km (17 mi) expressway connecting New Delhi to Gurgaon, an important satellite city of Haryana.
The Delhi Faridabad Skyway is controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi to Faridabad, an important satellite city of Haryana.

text: National Highways passing through New Delhi

text: New Delhi is connected by road to the rest of India through National highways:

text:
National Highway 19 (India) (old number: NH 2), commonly referred as Delhi-Kolkata Road is a busy Indian National Highway that runs through the states of Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
National Highway 44 (India) is a National Highway that connects Srinagar with Kanyakumari and passes through Delhi.
National Highway 48 (India) is a National Highway that connects New Delhi with Chennai.
National Highway 9 (India) is a National Highway that connects Malout in Punjab to Pithoragarh in Uttarakhand and passes through Delhi.

text: Railway[edit]

text:
Station Name
Station Code
Railway Zone
Total Platforms

New Delhi
NDLS
Northern Railway
16

Old Delhi
DLI
Northern Railway
16

Hazrat Nizamuddin
NZM
Northern Railway
7

Anand Vihar Terminal
ANVT
Northern Railway
7

Delhi Sarai Rohilla
DEE
Northern Railway
7

text: New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla.[87] The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad. As of December 2016, the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 213 km (132 mi) and 160 stations. Several other lines are under construction and expected to be commissioned in 2017 adding another 150 km length.[88] It carries almost 3 million passengers every day.[89] In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[90]

text: Metro[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving New Delhi, Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the Delhi Metro network consists of 213 kilometres (132 miles) of track, with 160 stations along with six more stations of the Airport Express Link. The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach NOIDA and Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh, Gurgaon and faridabad in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge.According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.

text: Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the prestigious Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.

text: Cityscape[edit]

text: Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect Edwin Lutyens, was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial ambitions. New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath. The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to the India Gate. The Janpath (Hindi: "Path of the People"), formerly Queen's Way, begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Hindi: "Path of Peace"), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.[91]

text: At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the Government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy.[18][92][93] All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.[67][92]

text: It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911.[94] Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell.[67]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games and annually hosts Delhi Half Marathon foot-race. The city has previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games. New Delhi was interested[95] in bidding for the 2019 Asian Games but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games.[96]

text: Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Ambedkar Stadium, Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex, Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex.

text:
Club
Sport
League
Venue
Span

Delhi Daredevils
Cricket
IPL
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground
2008–present

Delhi Wizards
Field hockey
WSH
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
2011–present

Delhi Waveriders
Field hockey
HIL
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
2013–present

Delhi Acers
Badminton
PBL
DDA Badminton and Squash Stadium
2015–present

Dabang Delhi
Kabaddi
PKL
Thyagaraj Sports Complex
2014–present

Delhi Dynamos FC
Football
ISL
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
2014–present

Indian Aces
Tennis
IPTL
Indira Gandhi Arena
2014–present

Dilli Veer
Wrestling
PWL
K. D. Jadhav Wrestling Stadium
2015–present

text: Aerial view of New Delhi[edit]

text: International relations and organisations[edit]

text: The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi.[97] New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, ILO, IMF, UNIFEM, IFC and UNAIDS. UNHCR Representation in India is also located in the city.

text: New Delhi hosts 145 foreign embassies and high commissions.

text: New Delhi hosted the 7th NAM Summit in 1983, 4th BRICS Summit[98] in 2012 and the IBSA Summit in 2015.[99][100] It will also host 5th Global Conference on CyberSpace in November 2017.[101][102]

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Moscow, Russia[103]
 Beijing, China (2013)[104]
 Samarkand, Uzbekistan


document_title: Britney Gallivan

question_text: a paper can be folded how many times

question_tokens: a paper can be folded how many times

root

text: Britney Gallivan

text: Biography[edit]

text: In January 2002, while a junior in high school, Gallivan demonstrated that a single piece of toilet paper 4000 ft (1200 m) in length can be folded in half twelve times. This was contrary to the popular conception that the maximum number of times any piece of paper could be folded in half was seven. She calculated that, instead of folding in half every other direction, the least volume of paper to get 12 folds would be to fold in the same direction, using a very long sheet of paper. A special kind of $85-per-roll toilet paper in a set of six met her length requirement. Not only did she provide the empirical proof, but she also derived an equation that yielded the width of paper or length of paper necessary to fold a piece of paper of thickness t any n number of times.

tag: p

text: She was a keynote speaker at the September 22, 2006, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics convention.

text: In 2007, Gallivan graduated from University of California, Berkeley with a degree in Environmental Science from the College of Natural Resources.

text: Paper folding theorem[edit]

text: For single-direction folding (using a long strip of paper), the exact required strip length L is

text: where t represents the thickness of the material to be folded, L is the length of a paper piece to be folded in only one direction, and n represents the number of folds desired.[1]

text: An upper bound and a close approximation of the actual paper width needed for alternate-direction folding is

text: where W is the width of a square piece of paper with a thickness of t, and n is the desired number of folds to be carried out in alternate directions. For paper that is not square, e.g., having a 2:1 ratio, the above equation still gives an accurate limit.[clarification needed]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Gallivan's story was mentioned in the episode "Identity Crisis"[2] of Numb3rs, she served as a consultant and was mentioned in an episode of MythBusters[3] on the Discovery Channel in 2007, and in episode 3 of QI's F series.


document_title: Star Trek Into Darkness

question_text: who played khan in the new star trek movie

text: Star Trek Into Darkness

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 2259, Captain James T. Kirk is removed from command of the starship USS Enterprise  for violating the Prime Directive after exposing the ship to the primitive inhabitants of the planet Nibiru in order to save them, and Spock, from a cataclysmic volcanic eruption. Admiral Christopher Pike is reinstated as commanding officer with Kirk demoted to the rank of Commander and first officer. Commander Spock is transferred to another ship. Shortly after, the Section 31 installation in London is bombed by renegade Starfleet operative John Harrison. Harrison attacks Starfleet Headquarters in a jumpship during an emergency meeting about the situation, killing Pike and other senior officers. Kirk disables the jumpship, but Harrison transports to Kronos, homeworld of the hostile Klingons.

text: Admiral Alexander Marcus reinstates Kirk and Spock to Enterprise with orders to kill Harrison using a new long range stealth photon torpedo. Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott objects to allowing untested torpedoes on board the ship without knowing their specifications; when he is overruled, he resigns. Kirk assigns Pavel Chekov to replace Scotty. En route to Kronos, Enterprise's warp capabilities become disabled. Kirk leads a team with Spock and Uhura onto the planet in a small landing craft, where they are ambushed by Klingon patrols who order them to land. Uhura leaves the landing craft to talk to the Klingons. They decide to kill Uhura, but Harrison kills them. After the battle, Harrison demands that Kirk tell him the number of torpedoes on board the Enterprise, surrendering when Spock tells him.

text: Dr. Leonard McCoy and Marcus's daughter, Dr. Carol Marcus, open a torpedo at Harrison's behest, revealing a man in cryogenic stasis. Upon further investigation, all the other experimental torpedoes are revealed to similarly contain cryogenically frozen humans. Harrison is taken to the ship's brig, where he reveals his true identity as Khan, a genetically engineered superhuman awoken by Admiral Marcus from centuries of suspended animation to develop advanced weapons. Khan reveals that Marcus sabotaged Enterprise's warp drive, intending for the Klingons to destroy the ship after it fired on Kronos, creating an act of war by the Klingon Empire. Khan also gives Kirk a set of coordinates. Kirk contacts Scotty on Earth and asks him to investigate. Scotty discovers the coordinates lead to a covert Starfleet facility near Jupiter.

text: Enterprise is intercepted by a much larger Starfleet warship, USS Vengeance, commanded by Admiral Marcus. Marcus demands that Kirk deliver Khan, but Enterprise flees to Earth to expose him. After Vengeance disables Enterprise near the Moon, Carol reveals her presence aboard the ship. Marcus forcibly transports Carol to Vengeance before ordering Enterprise's destruction. Kirk offers Khan and himself for the lives of his crew, but Marcus rejects Kirk's offer, revealing he never intended to spare them and ordering Vengeance to attack. Vengeance suddenly loses power after being sabotaged by Scotty, who infiltrated the ship. With transporters down, Kirk and Khan, with the latter's knowledge of the warship's design, space-jump to Vengeance. Spock contacts his older self, who warns that Khan is ruthless and untrustworthy and that Khan's older self was only defeated at a terrible cost. After capturing the bridge, Khan overpowers Kirk, Scott and Carol, kills Marcus, and takes control of Vengeance.

text: Khan demands that Spock return his crew in exchange for the Enterprise officers. Spock complies but surreptitiously removes Khan's frozen crew from the torpedoes and arms the warheads. Khan beams Kirk, Scott and Carol aboard Enterprise, but betrays their agreement by attacking Enterprise; however, Vengeance is disabled when the torpedoes detonate. With both starships caught in Earth's gravity, they plummet toward the surface. Kirk enters the radioactive reactor chamber to realign the warp core, sacrificing himself to save the ship.

text: Khan crashes the Vengeance into downtown San Francisco in an attempt to destroy Starfleet headquarters. Khan escapes the wreckage so Spock transports down in pursuit. McCoy discovers that Khan's blood has regenerative properties that may save Kirk. Spock pursues Khan through the city and is about to kill him, but Uhura stops him. Khan's blood revives Kirk. One year later, Kirk speaks at Enterprise's re-dedication ceremony. Khan is sealed in his cryogenic pod and stored with his compatriots. The Enterprise crew embarks on a five-year exploratory mission.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Pine as James T. Kirk, commanding officer and temporary first officer of the starship Enterprise
Zachary Quinto as Spock, first officer and science officer
Benedict Cumberbatch as Khan, a genetically engineered superhuman given the alias of John Harrison
Simon Pegg as Montgomery "Scotty" Scott, second officer and chief engineer
Karl Urban as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy, chief medical officer
Zoe Saldana as Nyota Uhura, communications officer
Alice Eve as Dr. Carol Marcus,[9] a science officer who uses the pseudonym of "Carol Wallace" to board the Enterprise
John Cho as Hikaru Sulu, third officer and helmsman
Peter Weller as Alexander Marcus, Carol's father and commander-in-chief of Starfleet
Anton Yelchin as Pavel Chekov, navigator and Scott's temporary replacement as chief engineer
Bruce Greenwood as Christopher Pike, Kirk's mentor and predecessor as captain of the Enterprise[10]

tag: ul

text: Supporting cast and cameos[edit]

text:
Leonard Nimoy as Spock Prime, the original incarnation of Spock.[11]
Noel Clarke as Thomas Harewood, a Starfleet officer working in Section 31, who is extorted by Khan into bombing the facility
Nazneen Contractor as Rima Harewood, Thomas's wife
Christopher Doohan (son of James Doohan) as Transporter officer
Amanda Foreman as Ensign Brackett
Jay Scully as Lieutenant Chapin
Jonathan Dixon as Ensign Froman
Aisha Hinds as Navigation Officer Darwin
Joseph Gatt as Science Officer 0718
Bill Hader as Computer of the USS Vengeance {{small|(voice)))
Deep Roy as Keenser
Sean Blakemore as Klingon
Anjini Taneja Azhar as Lucille Harewood, Thomas's terminally ill daughter[12]
Nolan North as Vengeance Helmsman[13]
Heather Langenkamp[14][15] as Moto

text: Chris Hemsworth and Jennifer Morrison were credited for their archive footage of George Kirk and Winona Kirk.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In June 2008, it was reported that Paramount Pictures was interested in signing producers of the 2009 Star Trek J. J. Abrams, Bryan Burk, Damon Lindelof, Alex Kurtzman, and Roberto Orci for a sequel.[16] In March 2009, it was reported that these five producers had agreed to produce the film, with a script again written by Orci and Kurtzman (with the addition of Lindelof). A preliminary script was said to be completed by Christmas 2009 for a 2011 release.[17][18] Kurtzman and Orci began writing the script in June 2009, originally intending to split the film into two parts.[19] Leonard Nimoy, the original Spock who plays an older version of the character in the 2009 film, said he would not appear in the film.[20] Abrams was reportedly considering William Shatner for the sequel.[21]

text: By 2010, a release date of June 29, 2012, was set,[22] with Lindelof announcing he had begun working on the script with Kurtzman and Orci.[23] Pre-production was set for January 2011, although Burk said actual filming would probably begin during the spring or summer.[24] Actor Zachary Quinto later said that these reports were untrue.[25] Lindelof compared the sequel to The Dark Knight.[26]

text: Abrams, Kurtzman, and Orci said that selecting a villain was difficult; according to Abrams, "the universe Roddenberry created is so vast that it's hard to say one particular thing stands out". They also discussed the possibility of Khan Noonien Singh and Klingons.[27] Kurtzman and Lindelof said they had "broken" the story (created an outline); instead of a sequel, it will be a stand-alone film.[28] Abrams admitted in December 2010 that there was still no script.[29]

text: In January 2011, Abrams said he had not decided whether or not he would direct, since he had not yet seen a script.[30] Paramount Pictures then approached him, asking that the sequel be in 3D.[31] Abrams said that the film would not be shot in 3D, but filmed in 2D and converted during post-production.[32] He was also interested in filming in IMAX: "IMAX is my favorite format; I’m a huge fan."[32] In February, Orci tweeted that he (with Lindelof and Kurtzman) planned to deliver the script in March 2011.[33] Although the script was not finished on schedule, Paramount began financing pre-production;[34] similar circumstances on the next Jack Ryan film meant that Chris Pine would film the Star Trek sequel first.[35] By April, Orci said at WonderCon that the script's first draft had been completed.[36] Abrams told MTV that when he finished his film, Super 8, he would turn his full attention to the Trek sequel.[37]

text: Although a script was completed, uncertainty regarding the extent of Abrams's involvement led to the film's being pushed back six months from its scheduled June 2012 release.[38] Other factors which precluded the release, ending up pushing it further back were the high budget and overall difficulty of finding actors to fit the roles. In June, Abrams confirmed that his next project would be the sequel, noting that he would rather the film be good than ready by its scheduled release date.[39] Simon Pegg, who played Scotty, said in an interview that he thought filming would begin during the latter part of the year.[40] Abrams stated he would prioritize the film's story and characters over an early release date.[41] In September, Abrams agreed to direct the film, with the cast from the previous film reprising their respective roles for a winter 2012 or summer 2013 release.[42] In October, Orci said that location scouting was underway, and a comic book series (of which Orci would be creative director) would "foreshadow" the film.[43] Into Darkness was given a revised release date of 2013,[44] and Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to write the score.[45]

text: Lindelof said that Khan was considered a character they needed to use at some point, given that "he has such an intense gravity in the Trek universe, we likely would have expended more energy NOT putting him in this movie than the other way around." References to Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan were eventually added to the script, but Lindelof, Orci, and Kurtzman "were ever wary of the line between 'reimagined homage' and 'direct ripoff'."[11] Orci and Kurtzman said they wanted a film which would work on its own and as a sequel, not using ideas from previous Star Trek works simply "because you think people are going to love it". Orci noted that when trying to create the "gigantic imagery" required by a summer blockbuster, Kurtzman suggested a scene where Enterprise rose from the ocean. With that as a starting point they (and Lindelof) came up with the cold open in Nibiru, which blended action and comedy and was isolated from the main story in an homage to Raiders of the Lost Ark.[46]

text: Actor Benicio del Toro had reportedly been sought as the villain, and had met with Abrams to discuss the role;[47] however, he later bowed out. In 2011, Alice Eve and Peter Weller agreed to their roles.[48][49] Doctor Who actor Noel Clarke agreed to an unknown role, reported to be "a family man with a wife and young daughter".[50] Demián Bichir auditioned for the villain role, but as reported by Variety on January 4, 2012, Benedict Cumberbatch was cast.[51]

text: Filming[edit]

text:
Into Darkness began principal photography on January 12, 2012, with a scheduled release date of May 16, 2013. Cinematographer Dan Mindel shot the film using a combination of anamorphic 35mm film and 15 perforation IMAX cameras.[52][53] About 30 minutes of the film is shot in the IMAX format,[54] while some other scenes were also shot on 8 perforation 65mm.[52] Into Darkness was released in 3D. On February 24, 2012, images from the set surfaced of Benedict Cumberbatch's character in a fight with Spock.[55][56] Edgar Wright directed one shot in the film.[57]
Production ended in May 2012.[58]

text: Filming was done on location in Los Angeles, California, and around the area at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore. Additional locations included Paramount Studios in Hollywood, Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, and the Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills. Some shots were made in Iceland.[59][60][61]

text: Marc Okrand, the developer of the Klingon language, provided the Klingon dialogues with on-set coaching from constructed language experts. The dialogue did not make cohesive sense following editing and so new dialogue was constructed and dubbed during post production.[62]

text: Title[edit]

text: On September 10, 2012, Paramount confirmed the film's title as Star Trek Into Darkness.[63][64][65] Abrams had indicated that unlike some of the earlier films in the franchise, his second Star Trek would not include a number in its title.[66] This decision was made to avoid repeating the sequel numbering which began with Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, or making a confusing jump from Star Trek  to Star Trek 12.[66] Lindelof addressed the team's struggle to agree on a title: "There have been more conversations about what we're going to call it than went into actually shooting it... There's no word that comes after the colon after Star Trek that's cool. Not that Star Trek: Insurrection or First Contact aren't good titles, it's just that everything that people are turned off about when it comes to Trek is represented by the colon".[67] Of the titles proposed, he joked that he preferred Star Trek: Transformers 4 best because the title is "technically available".[67]

text: Music[edit]

text: Composer Michael Giacchino composed the film's incidental music.[68] Into Darkness was Giacchino's fourth film collaboration with Abrams, which included Star Trek (2009). The film score was recorded at the Sony Scoring Stage in Culver City, California from March 5 to April 3, 2013.[69] Its soundtrack album was released digitally on May 14, 2013, and was made available on May 28 through Varèse Sarabande.[70] The score contains the original Star Trek theme by Alexander Courage.

text: On April 24, 2013, it was announced that British singer Bo Bruce and Irish songwriter Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol had collaborated on a song for the film's soundtrack entitled "The Rage That's In Us All".[71] Australian songwriter and producer Robert Conley co-wrote a track with Penelope Austin, "The Dark Collide".[72]

text: An expanded soundtrack album was released on July 28, 2014, limited to 6,000 copies.[73]

text: Themes[edit]

text: On May 10, 2013, Cho, Pegg, and Eve were interviewed on The Bob Rivers Show to promote the film. Rivers asked about the title: "The title Star Trek Into Darkness indicates some sort of ominous turn, obviously". Eve suggested that Pegg discuss the theme of terrorism, and Pegg obliged: "I think it's a very current film, and it reflects certain things that are going on in our own heads at the moment; this idea that our enemy might be walking among us, not necessarily on the other side of an ocean, you know. John Harrison, Benedict Cumberbatch's character, is ambiguous, you know? We [the characters in the film] don't know who to support. Sometimes, Kirk, he seems to be acting in exactly the same way as him [Harrison]. They're both motivated by revenge. And the Into Darkness in the title is less an idea of this new trend of po-faced, kind of, everything's-got-to-be-a-bit-dour treatments of essentially childish stories. It's more about Kirk's indecision." Cho agreed about the characterization of Captain Kirk: "It's his crisis of leadership."[74]

text: The pivotal scene near the end when Kirk enters the reactor chamber serves as a role reversal of a similar pivotal scene in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.[75]

text: Originally conceived as a retelling of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, Kurtzman and Orci defined the main theme of Into Darkness as "how far will we go to exact vengeance and justice on an enemy that scares us. How far should we go from our values?" They added that running from personal values is a personal struggle, where "the enemy’s blood is within us; we are the enemy. We must not succumb to it; we are the same."[46]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Dolby Laboratories and Paramount announced that Star Trek Into Darkness would be released in Dolby Atmos, with Andy Nelson and Anna Behlmer handling the mix with supervision from Ben Burtt and Matthew Wood.[76][77] The film was released on May 9, 2013, in international markets and May 16, 2013, in the United States.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: As part of a contest Abrams designed after the release of Super 8 (2011), the prize for answering a series of questions would be walk-on roles for two people in Into Darkness.[78] He debuted three frames of the film on Conan on October 4, 2012, showing what he described as Spock "in a volcano, in this crazy suit".[79] The official poster for the film was released two months later on December 3, 2012, showing a mysterious figure (thought to be Benedict Cumberbatch's villain) standing on a pile of burning rubble looking over what appears to be a damaged London;[80][81] he is standing in a hole in the shape of the Starfleet insignia, blown out of the side of a building.[82]

text: About nine minutes of the opening sequence was shown before IMAX presentations of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, which was released in the United States on December 14, 2012.[83] Alice Eve, Cumberbatch, and Burk unveiled the IMAX prologue in London, England on December 14. A two-minute teaser was released in iTunes Movie Trailers on December 17. The teaser marked the beginning of a viral marketing campaign, with a hidden link directing fans to a movie-related website. A 30-second teaser premiered February 3, 2013 during the stadium blackout of Super Bowl XLVII.[84] The same day, Paramount released apps for Android, iPhone, and Windows Phone which enabled users to unlock tickets for showtimes two days before the film's release date.[85][86]

text: An international trailer was released on March 21, 2013, with an embedded URL revealing an online-only international poster. On April 8, Paramount released the final international one-sheet featuring solely Benedict Cumberbatch's character.[87] On March 24, 2013, at 9:30 pm a swarm of 30 mini-quadrotors equipped with LED lights drew the Star Trek logo over London.[88]  This choreography marked the beginning of the Paramount UK marketing campaign for Star Trek Into Darkness. It was coordinated with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Earth Hour event and was performed and developed by Ars Electronica Futurelab from Linz (Austria) in cooperation with Ascending Technologies from Munich (Germany).[89]

text:
On April 12, 2013, iTunes Movie Trailers revealed the final domestic one-sheet featuring USS Enterprise, and announced that the final US domestic trailer would be released on April 16. In the days leading up to the trailer release, character posters featuring Kirk, Spock, Uhura, and Harrison were released on iTunes.[90]
Paramount attempted to broaden the film's appeal to international audiences, an area where Star Trek and other science-fiction films had generally performed poorly.[91] Into Darkness was dedicated to post-9/11 veterans.[92] J.J. Abrams is connected with The Mission Continues, and a section of the film's website is dedicated to that organization.

text: Promotional tours[edit]

text: The cast (except for Anton Yelchin, Bruce Greenwood, and Peter Weller) participated in May 2013 press junkets. On May 7, Pegg appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. On May 8, Quinto was interviewed on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.[93] He was followed on May 10 by Cumberbatch (who told Fallon that his fans are called "Cumberbitches"; Fallon countered that his are called "FalPals")[94] and on May 17 by Saldana. Saldana said that she lobbied Abrams for four years: "If we make a sequel, Uhura needs to kick ass".[95] On May 9, Cumberbatch appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman.[96]

text: On May 10, Cho, Pegg, and Eve had a radio interview on The Bob Rivers Show. They discussed approaching a body of work already mastered by an earlier generation of actors, agreeing that they would remain with the franchise as long as it lasted.[97] That night, Chris Pine appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman; Letterman showed a gag reel of robots in a black-and-white film before showing a clip from Into Darkness. Pine said that he had to gain weight for the role of Captain Kirk.[98]

text: One story told by cast members during the promotion concerned an on-set prank initially devised by Pegg, which he later noted grew out of proportion. While filming at the National Ignition Facility, Pegg and Pine (with the crew's help) tricked the arriving actors into believing there was "ambient radiation" at the location and they had to wear "neutron cream" to avoid being burned by it.[99][100] Cumberbatch was tricked into signing a release (which was meant to give the joke away, but he signed it without reading it),[101] while Urban and Cho were tricked into recording a public service announcement about the necessity for neutron cream.[102]

text: On May 13, Abrams appeared on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart,[103] and on May 16, Pine appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.[104] On May 14, Abrams, Zachary Quinto, Pine, and Alice Eve appeared on The Urgant Show (Russian: Вечерний Ургант) in Russia.

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Into Darkness earned $13.5 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada, lower than Star Trek's $30.9 million. The film earned $22 million the following Friday, also lower than its predecessor's earnings four years earlier ($26 million).[105] It earned $70.6 million during its opening weekend, finishing in the US box-office top spot (above The Great Gatsby and Iron Man 3). Total weekend earnings were $84.1 million, including the early-showing grosses. Although these were lower than Paramount's projected box-office earnings, studio vice-chairman Rob Moore said he was "extremely pleased" with the sequel's performance.[106]

text: Several weeks after release, the film grossed $147 million at the foreign box office, surpassing the lifetime international earnings of its predecessor.[107] Into Darkness reached the top spot of China's box office with a $25.8 million gross, tripling the overall earnings of the previous film during its opening weekend.[108] Star Trek Into Darkness ended its North American theatrical run on September 12, 2013, with a box office total of $228,778,661, which places it as the 11th highest-grossing film for 2013.[109] It earned $467,365,246 worldwide, ranking it in 14th place for 2013, and making it the highest-grossing film of the franchise.[4]

text: Scott Mendelson of Forbes contends that the film's box office performance was the result of Paramount's inability to sell the basic components of the film’s story, and inclusion of Khan "for little reason other than marketability and then spent the next year or so lying to everyone and claiming said villain wasn’t in the picture... With no added value elements to sell, Paramount was forced to craft a generic campaign based around Benedict Cumberbatch as "Generic Bad Guy", so the excitement never took hold... This was adding to the idea that merely withholding basic story elements is tantamount to promising stunning plot twists... and it made fans and general moviegoers less excited about Star Trek 2 than they were four, three, or even two years ago."[110] Calculating in all expenses, Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $29.9 million.[111]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 86%, based on 271 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's consensus reads, "Visually spectacular and suitably action packed, Star Trek Into Darkness is a rock-solid installment in the venerable sci-fi franchise, even if it's not as fresh as its predecessor."[112] On Metacritic the film has a score of 72 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[113] It received an average grade of "A" from market-research firm CinemaScore.[114]

text: Critics called it a "rousing adventure"[115] and "a riveting action-adventure in space".[116] Cumberbatch's performance attracted praise from critics, with Peter Travers of Rolling Stone calling it a "tour de force to reckon with" and his character "a villain for the ages".[117] Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News  wrote that Cumberbatch delivered "one of the best blockbuster villains in recent memory".[118] Jonathan Romney of The Independent noted Cumberbatch's voice, saying it was "so sepulchrally resonant that it could have been synthesised from the combined timbres of Ian McKellen, Patrick Stewart, and Alan Rickman holding an elocution contest down a well".[119] The New York Times praised his screen presence: "He fuses Byronic charisma with an impatient, imperious intelligence that seems to raise the ambient I.Q. whenever he's on screen".[120]

text: However, not all of reviews were positive; The Independent said the film would "underwhelm even the Trekkies".[121] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film one-and-a-half stars (out of four), saying it had a "limp plot" and the "special effects are surprisingly cheesy for a big-budget event movie".[122] A.O. Scott dismissed the film in The New York Times: "It's uninspired hackwork, and the frequent appearance of blue lens flares does not make this movie any more of a personal statement".[120]

text: The film was criticized for a scene with actress Alice Eve's character Carol Marcus in her underwear, which was called "wholly unnecessary" and "gratuitous".[123] Screenwriter and producer Damon Lindelof apologized on Twitter for the scene: "I take responsibility and will be more mindful in the future".[124] On Conan, Abrams addressed the matter by debuting a deleted scene of actor Benedict Cumberbatch's character Khan taking a shower.[125] Eve addressed the underwear controversy at a 2013 Las Vegas Star Trek Convention and said, "I didn’t know it would cause such a ruckus. I didn’t feel exploited."[126]

text:
The second one, where Benedict Cumberbatch played Khan, I thought was unfortunate. Benedict Cumberbatch is a wonderful actor. I love everything that he’s done, but if he was going to be playing that character, J.J. should have made him an original character that's singular to him. Because the Khan character first appeared in our TV series, "Space Seed" and Ricardo Montalbán was sensational in our second movie – he was the title character, The Wrath of Khan, you know! The other thought that Gene Roddenberry always had in the back of his mind — and that was his philosophy — was to embrace the diversity of this planet.
—George Takei, who originated the role of Hikaru Sulu and appeared in Star Trek films and TV episodes[127]

tag: div

text: Despite an acclaimed performance from Cumberbatch, Christian Blauvelt of Hollywood.com criticized the casting of the actor as Khan Noonien Singh, saying that the character had been "whitewashed into oblivion", since Khan is an explicitly non-white character Star Trek canon (introduced as a Sikh and former ruler of much of eastern Eurasia).[128] There have been similar accusations of whitewashing by fans[129] and American Sikhs,[130] with Star Trek: Voyager actor Garrett Wang tweeting "The casting of Cumberbatch was a mistake on the part of the producers. I am not being critical of the actor or his talent, just the casting".[131] George Takei, the original Hikaru Sulu, was also disappointed with the casting, as he thought it would have been better to cast Cumberbatch not as an established villain like Khan but as a new character.[127] On Trekmovie.com, co-producer and co-screenwriter Bob Orci addressed Khan's casting: "Basically, as we went through the casting process and we began honing in on the themes of the movie, it became uncomfortable for me to support demonizing anyone of color, particularly any one of Middle Eastern descent or anyone evoking that. One of the points of the movie is that we must be careful about the villain within US, not some other race".[132] An in-canon comic book has subsequently been created to retcon Khan's hitherto unexplained change in ethnicity in the film.[133]

text: In an interview with Buzzfeed two years after the film's release, Abrams addressed some of the film's shortcomings. He thought that the dynamic for Kirk and Spock's relationship in the film "wasn’t really clear." For keeping the identity of Khan a secret prior to the film's release, Abrams felt he "was trying to preserve the fun for the audience, and not just tell them something that the characters don’t learn for 45 minutes into the movie, so the audience wouldn’t be so ahead of it." In the end, Abrams recognized that "there were certain things I was unsure of.... Any movie...has a fundamental conversation happening during it. And [for Into Darkness,] I didn’t have it.... [The problems with the plot] was not anyone’s fault but mine, or, frankly, anyone’s problem but mine. [The script] was a little bit of a collection of scenes that were written by my friends.... And yet, I found myself frustrated by my choices, and unable to hang my hat on an undeniable thread of the main story. So then I found myself on that movie basically tap-dancing as well as I could to try and make the sequences as entertaining as possible.... I would never say that I don’t think that the movie ended up working. But I feel like it didn’t work as well as it could have had I made some better decisions before we started shooting."[134]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Star Trek Into Darkness was released as a digital download on August 20, 2013.[135] It was first released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray 3D in the United Kingdom on September 2[136] and in the United States and Canada on September 10.[137]  The British retailer Sainsbury's has an exclusive edition with a second bonus DVD disc containing 33 minutes of extra features.[citation needed] There is also a Special Limited Edition Blu-ray set available with a model on a stand of USS Vengeance as seen in this movie.[138]

text: In North America, the release is split into various retailer exclusives. Retailer Best Buy has an exclusive Blu-ray edition with 30 minutes of additional content,[139] available on disc in Canada, and via streaming service CinemaNow in the United States.[citation needed] Target's Blu-ray edition also has 30 minutes of additional content that is different from Best Buy's. Online retailer iTunes' version comes with audio commentary for the film not available in the retailer exclusives.[140] A collection of deleted scenes is available exclusively via the Xbox SmartGlass second-screen app paired with the Xbox Video release of the film.[141]

text: The split of the special features between various retailers has attracted criticism from fans. In particular, The Digital Bits' editor Bill Hunt remarked that "taking fully half or more of the disc-based special features created for a major Blu-ray release and casting them to the winds as retailer exclusives, thus forcing your customers to go on an expensive scavenger hunt is, I’m sorry, absolutely outrageous. Seriously, if Paramount is going to treat its Blu-ray customers like this, they should just get out of the business altogether. Or better yet, farm all their titles out to third party licensees who will treat these films and Blu-ray customers in general with greater care and respect."[142] Weeks after posting his article, Hunt himself was invited by Paramount to discuss about the issue of giving away the film's special features to different retail partners. He suggested "[putting] together the true special edition that should have been delivered from the start, with all of the extras that got scattered around to different retailers, including the enhanced audio commentary, plus all-new content just for this release... [and] to consider offering the IMAX version of the film..."[143] This eventually resulted with the release of Star Trek: The Compendium, a box set that includes all of the previously retailer exclusive special features, plus additional features for such as a gag reel, alongside both the theatrical release of Star Trek (2009) and the IMAX 2D version of Star Trek Into Darkness.[citation needed]

text: Both of Abrams' Star Trek films were among the first titles released by Paramount Home Media Distribution for the Ultra HD Blu-ray format, and were widely praised as reference quality titles.[citation needed]


document_title: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

question_text: who plays harry potter in harry potter and the cursed child

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

text: Plot[edit]

text: Act 1[edit]

text: In the opening scene, set during the epilogue of Deathly Hallows in the year 2017, Harry Potter and Ginny Potter send their second son, Albus Severus Potter, on the Hogwarts Express to begin his first year at Hogwarts. Harry is now working in a desk job as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic, while Ginny is the editor of the sports section of The Daily Prophet. Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also send their daughter Rose Granger-Weasley on the train. Hermione is now Minister of Magic, while Ron manages Weasley's Wizard Wheezes in Diagon Alley. Albus makes an unlikely friendship in Scorpius Malfoy, the son of Harry's former nemesis Draco Malfoy and Astoria Malfoy (née  Greengrass). The school is stunned when, in a break with the tradition of Potters being sorted into Gryffindor, Albus is sorted into Slytherin alongside Scorpius.

text: Both boys are bullied by other students over the next few years, Albus due to his perceived failure to live up to his parents, Scorpius due to unproven rumours that he is the son of Lord Voldemort. In addition, Albus and Harry begin to drift apart, owing to Albus's struggles with his father's shadow and Harry's uncertainty on how to deal with his son's issues. Albus also drifts apart from Rose, with whom he was friends before meeting Scorpius and was sorted into Gryffindor. Prior to Albus and Scorpius's fourth year, Albus gets into a fight with his father after he is given Harry's baby blanket and a love potion from Ron. During the fight, Harry accidentally says that he sometimes wishes Albus was not his son, and Albus spills the potion on the blanket.

text: Harry obtains a prototype of a more powerful version of the Time-Turner, built by a Slytherin contemporary of Harry's, Theodore Nott, that allows one to travel back several years into the past and change history. Simultaneously, Harry's scar begins to hurt again, causing him to become concerned that Voldemort may somehow be returning. Amos Diggory, who has become old and is cared for by his niece, Delphi Diggory, asks Harry to use the Time-Turner to prevent the death of his son, Cedric Diggory. After overhearing Harry refuse to help the Diggorys, Albus is inspired to do so himself and convinces Scorpius to help him. The two escape from the Hogwarts Express and the trolley operator, who is revealed to be a monster placed on the train to prevent students from escaping. The two arrive at St. Oswald's Home for Old Witches and Wizards in Yorkshire, where Amos lives, and team up with Delphi to steal the Time-Turner from Hermione's office, in the Ministry of Magic, while disguised with Polyjuice Potion.

text: Act 2[edit]

text: Knowing that Cedric's death was the result of him winning the Triwizard Tournament alongside Harry, the boys use the Time-Turner to travel back to the first challenge of the Triwizard Tournament in 1994 and sabotage Cedric during the tournament's first task in the hope of preventing his victory. Instead, they only succeed in creating an alternate reality in which Ron and Hermione never married, and thus Rose was never born, and Albus was sorted into Gryffindor. Albus discovers that this was because they chose to disguise themselves as Durmstrang students, causing Hermione to become suspicious of Viktor Krum and go to the Yule Ball with Ron instead of Viktor. As a result, Ron never experienced the jealousy fundamental to his relationship with Hermione, fell in love with Padma Patil at the Ball, and eventually became married to her, having a son named Panju. Hermione, in turn, became a frustrated and mean professor at Hogwarts, teaching Defense Against the Dark Arts.

text: At around the same time, Harry's fear increases that Voldemort may return as his scar continues to hurt and as he has Voldemort-related nightmares. After speaking with a portrait of Dumbledore, and being told by centaur Bane that a "dark cloud" is around Albus, he becomes convinced that Scorpius is a threat to Albus and tries to have the boys kept apart at Hogwarts by forcing a reluctant Minerva McGonagall, now Headmistress of Hogwarts, to keep tabs on Albus using the Marauder's Map, threatening to shut down the school otherwise.

text: Albus and Scorpius's friendship is destroyed, but the two eventually reconcile after Albus steals Harry's old Invisibility Cloak from James Sirius (Albus’ older brother), and after McGonagall refuses to enforce Harry's request. Harry himself is persuaded to relent after a conversation with Draco and Ginny. Meanwhile, Albus and Scorpius decide to make another attempt to use the Time-Turner to change Cedric's fate, this time by humiliating him during the Triwizard Tournament's second task. When Scorpius returns to the present day, however, Albus is not with him, and Scorpius finds himself in a reality in which Harry is dead, and Lord Voldemort rules the wizarding world.

text: Act 3[edit]

text: Scorpius discovers that – as a result of his actions – an embittered Cedric joined the Death Eaters and killed Neville Longbottom during the events of Deathly Hallows, preventing him from killing Nagini and allowing Voldemort to win the Battle of Hogwarts. With Harry now dead, Albus subsequently never existed, while Voldemort was able to completely consolidate power and transform the Ministry of Magic into a dictatorial regime. In the new timeline, Scorpius became a popular Head Boy and Quidditch star, helping the staff and students torment Muggle-borns. Dolores Umbridge became the new Headmistress of Hogwarts, and patrols the school with Dementors and a revived Inquisitorial Squad led by Scorpius. Draco Malfoy occupies Harry's old position as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement, using his post to encourage routine attacks on Muggles and bribe the Prime Minister to remain silent on the actions of the Death Eaters.

text: A powerful dark figure called "The Augurey" leads the Ministry of Magic. With help from Ron, Hermione, and Severus Snape, now the final members of a dwindling anti-Voldemort resistance movement, Scorpius is able to use the Time-Turner to prevent the interference of Albus and his past self and restore the events of the original timeline, the alternate Ron, Hermione, and Snape sacrificing themselves to the Dementors in order to allow him to do so. Scorpius reunites with Albus, and the two boys are eventually found by their parents, as well as Ron and Hermione. Following these events, Harry scolds Albus for his actions, but the two nevertheless begin to reconcile.

text: Realising the danger the Time-Turner poses and deciding their parents will continue to keep it (as Hermonie had done in the Ministry of Magic), Scorpius and Albus attempt to destroy it themselves, but they are joined by Delphi Diggory. Scorpius realizes that Delphi was in charge of the Ministry of Magic in the alternate timeline (from her tattoo of the wings of a magical bird, which she says is called an Augurey), and she takes them captive, later revealing her intention of restoring the alternate timeline.

text: After the adults learn Albus and Scorpius were seen disappearing with Delphi, they confront Amos, only to discover Delphi is not his niece, but the daughter of Lord Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange. Delphi had placed Amos under a "confundus" charm.  Searching her room, they discover she is following a prophecy that, if fulfilled, would lead to Lord Voldemort's return. Delphi takes the boys to the final challenge of the Triwizard Tournament, but Albus and Scorpius prevent her from acting, and Delphi uses the Time-Turner again to travel further back in time. She inadvertently takes the boys with her and then destroys the Time-Turner to leave them all stranded in time.

text: Act 4[edit]

text: Abandoned by Delphi, Albus and Scorpius discover they have been taken back to the night before Harry's parents were killed at Godric's Hollow (30 October 1981), and assume Delphi is planning to kill Harry before Voldemort attempts to do so (which severely weakens Voldemort). Albus and Scorpius write an invisible message on Harry's baby blanket, knowing in the present (which is now also the night of the anniversary of the death of Harry's parents, when he often looks for his blanket as it is the only physical memento he has), the blanket would become stained with love potion and expose the message to Harry.

text: Meanwhile, Draco reveals the Time-Turner was actually a prototype for a perfected model owned by him (it was made for his father), but they remain unable to rescue the boys due to their uncertainty over which time period they have entered. After Harry receives the message from the boys, he and his allies use Draco's Time-Turner to travel back in time to save them and stop Delphi. While waiting for Delphi, they deduce she intends to convince Voldemort to abandon his doomed attempt to kill Harry, ensuring her father's survival and allowing her to be with him.

text: Harry disguises himself as Voldemort using Transfiguration to distract Delphi, and after a struggle, the group manages to subdue her. Rather than killing Delphi, it is decided that she will be brought to Azkaban Prison. Lord Voldemort then appears and is oblivious to the presence of Harry and the group. The group allows the murder of Harry's parents to play out again, unwilling to risk the consequences of altering the past.

text: They all stand with Harry to watch the sad event replay. After returning to the present day, Delphi is sent to Azkaban. Albus and Scorpius now decide to be more active at Hogwarts, with Scorpius expressing interest in trying out for Quidditch and asking Rose on a date. Harry and Albus visit Cedric's grave, with Harry apologizing for his role in Cedric's death. Albus has also witnessed the death of a fellow student, Craig Bowker Jr. (the only current timeline murder in the play), who tried to intervene when Delphi held Albus and Scorpius captive on the Quidditch pitch.

text: Background[edit]

text: In December 2013, it was revealed that a stage play based on Harry Potter had been in development for around a year,[3] with the view to bringing it to the stage sometime in 2016.[4] At the time of the announcement, Rowling revealed that the play would "explore the previously untold story of Harry's early years as an orphan and outcast".[5] The following May, Rowling began establishing the creative team for the project.[6]

text: On 26 June 2015, the project was officially confirmed under the title of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child,[7] and it was revealed it would receive its world premiere in mid-2016 at London's Palace Theatre.[8] The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone,[9] published on 26 June 1997.[10]

text: On announcing plans for the project, Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel.[11] In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel, Rowling has stated that she "is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story".[12] Rowling has also assured audiences that the play will contain an entirely new story and will not be a rehashing of previously explored content.[13] On 24 September 2015, Rowling announced that the play had been split into two parts.[14] The parts are designed to be viewed on the same day or consecutively over two evenings.[15][16]

text: On 23 October 2015, it was confirmed the plays were set nineteen years after the conclusion of the final novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,[17] and would open at London's Palace Theatre in July 2016.[18] The plays principally follow Harry, now Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement, and his younger son Albus Severus Potter.[19] As of 22 July 2016, little more had been revealed about the plot even by those who had attended the previews since 7 June.[20]

text: #KeepTheSecrets[edit]

text: The producers and Rowling have maintained a campaign called #KeepTheSecrets to ask people who have seen the play not to reveal its major twists.  The slogan is printed on the tickets for the play and badges with the slogan are handed out for free during intervals. People buying their tickets online are emailed a video after the play from J.K. Rowling asking them to support the campaign.[21]

text: Productions[edit]

text:
Production
Venue/Location
Opening Night
Closing Night
Notes

 London, England
Palace Theatre
July 30, 2016
Currently running
Debut production.

 Broadway
Lyric Theatre
April 16, 2018
Currently running
First production outside of the UK.

 Melbourne
Princess Theatre
January 16, 2019
TBC

 San Francisco
Curran Theatre
Fall 2019
TBC

 Hamburg
Mehr! Theater
Early 2020
TBC
First non-English language production.

tag: table

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, a two-part play, was written by British playwright Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne, John Tiffany and Rowling. Some websites were listing all three as authors of the script[22] but by 26 July 2016, the official web site for the play[23] and many others (including the BBC)[24] were listing Thorne as the sole script writer.

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is directed by John Tiffany[25][26] with choreography by Steven Hoggett,[27] set design by Christine Jones,[28] costume design by Katrina Lindsay,[29] lighting design by Neil Austin,[30] music by Imogen Heap,[31] and sound design by Gareth Fry.[32] In addition, special effects were created by Jeremy Chernick,[33] with illusions by Jamie Harrison, and musical supervision by Martin Lowe.[34]

text: West End[edit]

text: Previews at the West End Palace Theatre, London began on 7 June 2016,[2] with the official opening night for both parts on 30 July,[35] and originally booking until 18 September 2016.[36] Tickets went on sale to pre-registered priority bookers on 28 October 2015, with a public sale scheduled to commence on 30 October.[37] In just under 8 hours of priority booking 175,000 tickets were sold for the world premiere production,[38] with the play's booking period extended to January 2017.[39] On commencement of the public sale booking was extended until 30 April 2017,[40] with a further extension issued the same day to 27 May 2017.[41]

text: Tickets for the opening performance were priced from £30 up to £130 for a ticket for both parts,[42] although ticket resale agencies were selling seats for up to £3,000.[38] Ticket resale has been banned by the producers, with tickets no longer valid if sold on.[43] In mid-July 2016, the theatre began holding a ticket lottery at 1 pm each Friday, releasing 40 for sale on their website for “some of the best seats” in the theatre for the lowest price, advertised at £20 per part. For example, the "Friday Forty" tickets sold on 29 July 2016 were for performances on 3, 5, 6, and 7 August.[44]

text: On 20 December 2015, initial casting was announced with Jamie Parker playing Harry Potter, Noma Dumezweni playing Hermione Granger and Paul Thornley playing Ron Weasley.[45][46][47] The casting of the dark-skinned Noma Dumezweni as Hermione sparked fervent discussion, to which Rowling responded that Hermione's skin was never specified as white.[48][49] Further notable casting includes Poppy Miller as Ginny Potter, Alex Price as Draco Malfoy, Sam Clemmett as Albus Severus Potter and Anthony Boyle as Scorpius Malfoy.[50] The production features an overall cast of 42.[51][52]

text: Broadway[edit]

text: The production began previews on 16 March 2018, officially opening on 22 April at the Lyric Theatre. Clemmett, Boyle, Dumezweni, Miller, Parker, Price and Thornley reprised their roles, from the West End.[53][54] The theatre removed 400 seats from the auditorium and moved the entrance to 43rd Street[55]. The production is produced by Sonia Friedman Productions, Sir Colin Callender, and Harry Potter Theatrical Productions. Tickets initially went on sale through Ticketmaster Verified Fan on 18 October 2017, for performances from 16 March through 18 November 2018.[56]  The New York Times estimates that it is the most expensive non-musical Broadway play ever, incurring $68 million in opening costs.[57]

text: Melbourne[edit]

text: On 24 October 2017, the Michael Cassel Group announced that it will be producing the Australian premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The production will begin performances early 2019 in Melbourne's Princess Theatre.[58] Sale of tickets to the general public is scheduled to commence 6 August 2018.[59]

text: Cast and principal roles[edit]

text:
Character

Original West End Cast[60](2016–2017)

Original Broadway Cast[61](2018)

Harry Potter

Jamie Parker

Ron Weasley

Paul Thornley

Hermione Granger

Noma Dumezweni

Ginny Potter

Poppy Miller

Draco Malfoy

Alex Price

Albus Severus Potter

Sam Clemmett

Scorpius Malfoy

Anthony Boyle

Rose Granger-Weasley

Cherrelle Skeete

Susan Heyward

Young Hermione

Delphi Diggory

Esther Smith

Jessie Fisher

Craig Bowker Jr.

Jeremy Ang Jones

Joshua DeJesus

Moaning Myrtle

Annabel Baldwin

Lauren Nicole Cipoletti

Lily Potter Sr.

Polly Chapman

Claudia Grant

Madeline Weinstein

Vernon Dursley

Paul Bentall

Byron Jennings

Severus Snape

Lord Voldemort

Rubeus Hagrid

Chris Jarman

Brian Abraham

Sorting Hat

Yann Fredericks

James Le Lacheur

Jess Barbagallo

Petunia Dursley

Helena Lymbery

Kathryn Meisle

Madam Hooch

Dolores Umbridge

Amos Diggory

Barry McCarthy

Edward James Hyland

Albus Dumbledore

Trolley Witch

Sandy McDade

Geraldine Hughes

Minerva McGonagall

Cedric Diggory

Tom Milligan

Benjamin Wheelwright

James Sirius Potter

James Potter Sr.

Dudley Dursley

Jack North

Joey LaBrasca

Karl Jenkins

Viktor Krum

Bane

Nuno Silva

David St. Louis

Young Harry Potter

Rudi GoodmanAlfred JonesBili KeoghEwan RutherfordNathaniel SmithDylan Standen

Will CoombsLandon Maas

Lily Luna Potter

Zoe BroughCristina FrayChristiana Hutchings

Olivia BondBrooklyn Shuck

text: West End cast replacements[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In May 2017, Jamie Glover took over from Jamie Parker as Harry Potter, while Emma Lowndes will play his wife Ginny Potter. Thomas Aldridge is to play Ron Weasley, replacing Paul Thornley, while Rakie Ayola will play Hermione Granger, replacing Noma Dumezweni. Annabel Baldwin, previously playing Moaning Myrtle will take over from Esther Smith as Delphi.

text: Original cast members Helen Aluko and James Howard play Rose Granger-Weasley and Draco Malfoy respectively. Samuel Blenkin and Theo Ancient made their professional debut, playing Scorpius Malfoy and Albus Potter, respectively.

text: The lead cast are joined by new cast members David Annen, Ruthxjiah Bellenea, Danny Dalton, Leah Haile, Rupert Henderson, Elizabeth Hill, April Hughes, James McGregor, Sarah Miele, Jordan Paris, James Phoon, Henry Rundle, Ged Simmons, Mark Theodore, Gideon Turner and Ed White.

text: Original cast members who will continue include Nicola Alexis, Rosemary Annabella, Phoebe Austen, Annabel Baldwin, Jabez Cheeseman, Morag Cross, Esme Grace, Lowri James, Martin Johnston, Alfred Jones, Barry McCarthy, Sandy McDade, Tom Mackley, Harrison Noble, Ben Roberts, Nuno Silva, Hope Sizer and Joshua Wyatt.

text: The second cast took over on 24 May 2017, with the original cast having their final performance on 21 May 2017.[62]

text: The third cast took over on 23 May 2018.

text: Script publication[edit]

text: Editions[edit]

text:
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Special Rehearsal Edition coverAuthor
Jack Thorne (script)J. K. Rowling, John Tiffany & Jack Thorne (story)Country
United KingdomLanguage
EnglishSeries
Harry PotterGenre
Fantasy, DramaPublished
31 July 2016 (Special Rehearsal Edition)25 July 2017 (Definitive Collector's Edition)Publisher
Little, Brown and Company (UK)Scholastic (US)Pottermore (digital)Publication date
31 July 2016Pages
328 (Special Rehearsal Edition)321 (Definitive Collector's Edition)ISBN
978-1-338-09913-3 (US); 978-0-7515-6535-5 (UK)

text: Both parts of the stage play's script have been released in print and digital formats as Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II.[63][64]

text: The first edition, entitled "Special Rehearsal Edition", corresponded to the script used in the preview shows and was scheduled to be published on 31 July 2016,[65] the date of Harry's birthday in the series and Rowling's birthday, as well.[66] Since revisions to the script continued after the book was printed, an edited version was released on 25 July 2017, as the "Definitive Collector's Edition".[67] According to CNN, this was the most preordered book of 2016.[68]

text: Sales[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, the book sold over 2 million copies in its first two days of release.[69] 847,885 copies were sold during the book's first week of release in the United Kingdom. By June 2017, the book had sold over 4.5 million copies in the United States.[70]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child has received critical acclaim. Audiences and critics have complimented the casting and performances, while many debate the quality of the piece and how it compares to entries in the main Harry Potter series.

text: Publications awarding five star ratings included The Independent, the London Evening Standard, The Stage and WhatsOnStage.com.[71][72][73][74] The Telegraph also gave five, although "there are some quibbles," while The Guardian's Michael Billington awarded four stars.[75][76]

text: Anthony Boyle's performance as Scorpius Malfoy garnered particular acclaim. WhatsOnStage.com wrote that "Boyle gives a career-making performance," while The Wall Street Journal described him as "the break-out performance".[74][77] Variety's critic, Matt Trueman, agreed, writing, "it's Boyle who really stands out", and both Trueman and Henry Hitchings, in the Evening Standard, noted that his performance was sure to be a fan favourite.[72][78]

text: Response within the Harry Potter fandom[edit]

text: The response to the play from the Harry Potter fandom was mixed. Some fans said the story seemed "like a work of fan fiction" and claimed that it diverged from previously established rules of the universe, criticising the script's characterisation.[79][80][81] Some also took issue with the style and plot of the script, complaining that the Time-Turner storylines had already been used, as had Cedric Diggory's death, and that the writers were rehashing old storylines.[82][83] These criticisms have led to some of the fandom to reject the play as separate from the Potter canon.[84] Some potential “plot holes” in the story have been highlighted, such as the likelihood of Lord Voldemort's infertility, the speed at which Polyjuice Potion is created, the unexplained non-operation of the Fidelius Charm,[85][86] and Cedric Diggory's dramatic turn to becoming a Death Eater.[87][88]

text: However, some fans responded positively to the play and its characters, with Scorpius Malfoy being particularly popular.[89] Some fans commented that the dialogue between the familiar characters was "spot on",[90] celebrating it as a faithful continuation of the books.[91][92] Others have noted that the play sheds light on some of the relationships between the characters, such as Harry and Dumbledore's.[93] The response had been particularly positive among fans who watched the play on stage.[94]

text: Identity of the "Cursed Child"[edit]

text: The play never explicitly states who the "Cursed Child" is. There are several possible answers, including Delphi, who is cursed by her parentage; Harry himself, whose difficult childhood is the subject of several flashbacks in the play and who must accept and relive the death of his parents to conquer Lord Voldemort; Albus, who at one stage Harry says he wished "was not his son" and can do no right in this father's eyes being "cursed" by the Potter reputation; Scorpius, who is rumoured to be Lord Voldemort's child and whose mother dies during the play; and Cedric Diggory, whose tragic death is a focus of the play, and whose death is also finally accepted as a necessary condition for future peace.[95]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Original London Production[edit]

text:
Year

Award Ceremony

Category

Nominee

Result

2016

Evening Standard Theatre Awards

Best Play

Won

Best Director

John Tiffany

Nominated

Best Design

Christine Jones

Nominated

Emerging Talent Award

Anthony Boyle

Nominated

Critics' Circle Theatre Awards

Best Director

John Tiffany

Won

Best Designer

Christine Jones

Won

Most Promising Newcomer

Anthony Boyle

Won

2017

WhatsOnStage Awards

Best New Play

Won

Best Actor in a Play

Jamie Parker

Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Play

Anthony Boyle

Won

Paul Thornley

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Play

Poppy Miller

Nominated

Noma Dumezweni

Won

Best Direction

John Tiffany

Won

Best Costume Design

Katrina Lindsay

Nominated

Best Set Design

Christine Jones

Won

Best Lighting Design

Neil Austin

Won

Best Video Design

Finn Ross and Ash Woodward

Won

Laurence Olivier Awards

Best New Play

Won

Best Director

John Tiffany

Won

Best Actor

Jamie Parker

Won

Best Actress in a Supporting Role

Noma Dumezweni

Won

Best Actor in a Supporting Role

Anthony Boyle

Won

Best Costume Design

Katrina Lindsay

Won

Best Set Design

Christine Jones

Won

Best Sound Design

Gareth Fry

Won

Best Lighting Design

Neil Austin

Won

Best Theatre Choreographer

Steven Hoggett

Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Music

Imogen Heap

Nominated

2018

WhatsOnStage Awards

Best West End Show

Won

Best Show Poster

Won

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref.

2018

Tony Awards

Best Play

Won

[96][97]

Best Actor in a Play

Jamie Parker

Nominated

Best Featured Actor in a Play

Anthony Boyle

Nominated

Best Featured Actress in a Play

Noma Dumezweni

Nominated

Best Direction of a Play

John Tiffany

Won

Best Choreography

Steven Hoggett

Nominated

Best Scenic Design in a Play

Christine Jones

Won

Best Costume Design in a Play

Katrina Lindsay

Won

Best Lighting Design in a Play

Neil Austin

Won

Best Sound Design in a Play

Gareth Fry

Won

Drama Desk Awards

Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play

Anthony Boyle

Nominated

[98]

Outstanding Director of a Play

John Tiffany

Won

Outstanding Music in a Play

Imogen Heap

Won

Outstanding Costume Design for a Play

Katrina Lindsay

Nominated

Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play

Neil Austin

Won

Outstanding Projection Design

Finn Ross and Ash Woodward

Won

Outstanding Sound Design in a Play

Gareth Fry

Won

Outstanding Wig and Hair

Carole Hancock

Nominated

Outer Critics Circle Awards

Outstanding New Broadway Play

Won

[99]

Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play

Anthony Boyle

Nominated

Outstanding New Score (Broadway or Off-Broadway)

Imogen Heap

Nominated

Outstanding Director of a Play

John Tiffany

Won

Outstanding Choreographer

Steven Hoggett

Nominated

Outstanding Scenic Design (Play or Musical)

Christine Jones

Won

Outstanding Costume Design (Play or Musical)

Katrina Lindsay

Nominated

Outstanding Lighting Design (Play or Musical)

Neil Austin

Won

Outstanding Projection Design (Play or Musical)

Finn Ross and Ash Woodward

Won

Outstanding Sound Design (Play or Musical)

Gareth Fry

Won

Drama League Awards

Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Play

Won

[100]

Distinguished Performance Award

Anthony Boyle

Nominated

Noma Dumezweni

Nominated