document_title: Redeemed Christian Church of God

question_text: who is founder of redeemed christian church of god

text: Redeemed Christian Church of God

text: History[edit]

text: RCCG was founded in 1952 by Rev. Josiah Olufemi Akindayomi (1909–1980) after he had been involved in a number of other churches.[3][4] Rev. Akindayomi chose Enoch Adeboye as the next General overseer. Enoch Adeboye was a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Lagos, Nigeria, as at the time he joined the church in 1973. Adeboye initially became one of the interpreters translating Akindayomi's sermons from Yoruba to English. He was ordained a pastor of the church in 1975, and his appointment as leader(General overseer) of the church was formalized by the posthumous reading of Akindayomi's sealed pronouncement. In 1990, Redeemed Christian Church of God Bible School is founded.[5]

text: Andrew Rice, writing in The New York Times, calls the RCCG "one of [Africa's] most vigorously expansionary religious movements, a homegrown Pentecostal denomination that is crusading to become a global faith".[6] The church's leaders preach that in the future "In every household there will be at least one member of Redeemed Christian Church of God in the whole world."[6][7]

text: In 2016, the weekly worship attendance of the church in Lagos averaged 50,000.[8]

text: Fundamental beliefs[edit]

text: The official RCCG website outlines its beliefs in the Bible and the Holy Trinity, that the Devil exists, that God formed man in his image, in repentance, in cleansing from sins by God's grace, in sanctification, water baptism, Holy Spirit baptism, restitution and that it is possible for God to heal without medicine (by His divine intervention e.g. through prayer). The church is a strong advocate of peace and holiness ("Follow peace with all [men], and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord. Hebrews 12:14 - KJV). The church forbids "worldliness" (such as reveling and lewd dancing) and rebellion against church authority. The church is also against debt to finance either the church or its activities. It encourages abstention from all evil and reverence to parents and constituted authorities.[9]

text: Church status[edit]

text: The church international headquarters is located at Kilometre 46, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria. As of March 2017, RCCG had a presence in 196 nations of the world, and the church is still rapidly expanding, utilizing evangelism as a core tool along with church planting.

text: The international church is structured in different areas throughout the world.[10] The local churches are now grouped into regions, with 25 Regions in Nigeria. Elsewhere in Africa, RCCG has a presence in Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Swaziland, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe, among several other countries.

text: In Europe, the church has a presence in Austria, England, Scotland, Wales, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, Portugal, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Serbia and Switzerland.

text: In the United States, it has a presence in Arizona, Michigan, Mississippi, Illinois, Texas, Tennessee, Florida, New York, New England, District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, Georgia, Oregon, Minnesota, Oklahoma, California, North Carolina, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Colorado, and West Virginia. In the Caribbean, it has a presence in Haiti, Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago. In Canada it has a presence in Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and New Brunswick. The RCCG in the United States and Canada together form the RCCGNA(RCCG North America), which has its headquarters in Dallas, Texas.

text: In Asia and the Pacific it has a presence in Australia (Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Canberra, Newcastle, Adelaide and Perth), New Zealand, Fiji, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Singapore, Cambodia and in the Philippines.

text: In India it has a presence in New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Kolkata. It also has a presence in Hong Kong, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.

text: In Pakistan it has a presence in Lahore, Kasur, Sahiwal, Mureed Ke, Mian Chanu.

text: In the Middle East, the church has parishes in Qatar (two parishes), Kuwait, Lebanon and in all the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates.

text: Major Church events/activities[edit]

text: A major RCCG evangelistic outreach event is the "Let's go fishing" program, which holds primarily during the major Christian festive seasons of Christmas and Easter. The events are typically held at previously unevangelized communities. An RCCG church is usually started at the location for the benefit of the new converts and the larger community.

text: The most popular of the church's activities is the monthly Holy Ghost service attended by millions of people from within Nigeria and abroad[11]. Live broadcasts are transmitted on TV, Radio & also streamed over the internet. The program is regularly attended by RCCG and non RCCG members, as well as people from other faiths. The immediate past venue of the monthly Holy Ghost Services was the 1 km2 main auditorium, located at the popular Redemption Camp on the outskirts of Lagos in Ogun State, Nigeria. Starting in November, 2016, the venue of the monthly Holy Ghost services is now at the new 3 km X 3 km auditorium(in an area popularly referred to as Ṣìmáwá), which is still located on the expansive grounds of the Redemption Camp. Starting with the November 2016 Holy Ghost Service (as well as subsequent services), the 1 km2 auditorium is being used as a primary viewing center.

text: Among other reasons, the ever-growing crowd of worshipers that attend services at the Redemption Camp, especially during the church's Annual Convention that holds in August and the Holy Ghost Congress in December, warranted the construction of and relocation(of the services) to the much larger auditorium, which upon completion will measure 3 kilometres by 3 kilometres in size(area: 9 km2).

text: Holy Ghost services are also held at different times in other locations around the world including the U.K.(where it's known as the Festival of Life), the U.S., in Asia, and on other continents.

text: The RCCG runs bible colleges and school of disciples headquartered in Nigeria, with many campuses in the UK, Europe, Middle East (Qatar) and a few other continents.[12] The church also runs monthly programmes like Divine Encounter and Shiloh Hour. It also holds weekends which are primarily meant for departments of the church to celebrate and pray for themselves.

text: Pastors' Seed Family (PSF)[edit]

text: There is a relatively new movement in The RCCG called the Pastors' Seed Family (PSF). It is a forum for the wards/children of Pastors and Ministers in the RCCG to come together as a body to share areas of common interest, encourage and develop one another in all spheres.

text: It commenced in 2008 during the Annual Convention of the church and since then, holds its meetings at the International Youth Centre of the Redemption Camp during the Special Holy Ghost Service in March, Annual Convention in August and the Holy Ghost Congress in December every year.

text: There are awareness programmes and inaugurated chapters in Nigeria, United Kingdom, Ireland, North America, Canada, Kenya, Zambia and South Africa. The UK chapter already has its annual conference which first held in April, 2015.[13]

text: The coordinator of RCCG PSF International is Leke Adeboye, a child of Pastor Enoch Adeboye. Leke is also the Senior Special Assistant to the General Overseer of the church.[14][15]

text: Mini Photo Gallery[edit]

text:
RCCG

Redeemed Christian Church of God Headquarters, Lagos, Nigeria.

Main Entrance, Redemption Camp, Nigeria.

Redeemed Christian Church of God, (Power Connections) Leeds, UK.

Redeemed Christian Church of God (Everlasting Father's Assembly) Leeds, UK


document_title: Flag of Fiji

question_text: why is the union jack on the fiji flag

question_tokens: why is the union jack on the fiji flag

root

text: Flag of Fiji

text: Design[edit]

text: The flag's bright blue background symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, which plays an important part in the lives of the islanders, both in terms of the fishing industry, and the huge tourist trade. The Union Jack reflects the country's links with the United Kingdom. The shield is derived from the country's coat of arms, which was granted by Royal Warrant in 1908. It is a white shield with a red cross and a red chief (upper third of a shield). The images depicted on the shield represent agricultural activities on the islands, and the historical associations with the United Kingdom. At the top of the shield, a British lion holds a cocoa pod between its paws. The upper left is sugar cane, upper right is a coconut palm, the lower left a dove of peace, and the lower right a bunch of bananas.

tag: p

text: The flag is very similar to the colonial ensign used prior to independence, the main differences being the latter used a darker shade of blue and displayed the entire Fijian coat of arms as opposed to just the shield. While some reformists have called for the removal of the Union Flag, seeing it a British colonial emblem, others support its retention for the sake of historical continuity. The flags of five other independent countries (see Flags of Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Niue, and Tuvalu articles) retain the Union Flag in their national flags. But of these, only Fiji is a republic. The Union flag also remains on the state flag of Hawaii, a state of the USA since 1959.

text: Some influential Fijians have called for the restoration of the full coat of arms to the flag. On 30 November 2005, Fiji's Great Council of Chiefs called for the two warrior figures, who guard the shield on the coat of arms, to be placed on the flag, along with a miniature canoe and the national motto, Rerevaka na kalou ka doka na tui ("Fear God and honour the Queen"[a]) — symbols that were featured on the original flag of the Kingdom of Viti, the first unified Fijian state created under the leadership of Seru Epenisa Cakobau in 1871.

text: "The coat of arms is very significant because it has the word of God, then it has the two warriors and the Fijian canoe also. I think that the council members prefer that the full coat of arms be included in the Fiji flag," said Asesela Sadole, General Secretary of the Great Council of Chiefs.

text: Prior to ceding the country to British rule in 1874, the government of Fiji adopted a national flag featuring blue and white vertical stripes, with in the centre a red shield depicting a white dove.[1] This flag ceased to be used when the colonial era began and Fiji relinquished its independence. Fiji was a British colony from 1874 to 1970.

text: Proposal for a new flag[edit]

text: In his New Year's Day address in 2013, Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama announced that the flag would soon be changed so as "to reflect a sense of national renewal, to reinforce a new Fijian identity and a new confidence in being Fijian on the global stage". The change in the flag would accompany the adoption of a new Constitution, intended by Fiji's military leader (who came to power in a coup in December 2006) to establish a "one person, one vote", non-racial and secular democracy under military oversight. The country, a republic, had removed Queen Elizabeth II from its currency a few weeks earlier.[2]

text: On 3 February 2015, Bainimarama confirmed that the flag of Fiji would be replaced.[3] He announced that a national competition to design the new flag would be held, with the aim of hoisting this flag on 11 October 2015, the 45th anniversary of independence.[4]

text: During the competition, over 2,000 designs were submitted, before a final shortlist of 23 was selected by Fiji's National Flag Committee on 9 June 2015. It was intended to submit these designs to the Cabinet for consideration on 30 June 2015, following a brief public feedback period.[5] However, on 30 June, Bainimarama announced that this feedback period was to be extended to 31 December 2015, saying, "(People) want more time to consider what form the new flag should take... By extending the deadline, there is now ample opportunity for Fijians of all ages and backgrounds to further contribute and consider what symbols most appropriately represent our wonderful nation."[6]

text: On 24 December 2015, the Fijian government announced that it had again put off a decision on the country's new flag via delaying the next stage by another two months to the end of February 2016. In a statement, the government said that it had now received new submissions since it released 23 designs earlier in 2015, and that it was still seeking more. Furthermore, it was announced that five designs would be chosen through the Prime Minister's Office in March 2016, with the public then having three months to select one. The government also said it expected to announce the new flag on 1 July 2016 or at a later date, and that it planned to raise the new flag on Constitution Day, 7 September 2017 (a new public holiday celebrating the 2013 Constitution of Fiji).[7]

text: However, on 17 August 2016, Bainimarama publicly announced that the government was abandoning plans to change the flag. He read out a statement saying: "While I remain convinced personally that we need to replace some of the flag’s colonial symbols with a genuinely indigenous expression of our present and our future, it has been apparent to the Government since February that the flag should not be changed for the foreseeable future". [8] The flag's popularity had been boosted by the country winning its first ever Olympic gold medal under its banner in the 2016 Summer Olympics. The decision to retain the current flag was welcomed by opposition parties.

text: Ensigns of Fiji[edit]

text:
Merchant Ensign

 Government Ensign

 Naval Ensign

Civil Air Ensign

tag: table

text: Historical[edit]

text:
United Tribes of Fiji, 1865-1867

United Tribes of Fiji, 1867-1869

Kingdom of Lau, 1869-1871

Personal flag of the King of Lau, 1869-1871

Governor-General of Fiji, 1970-1987


document_title: List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers

question_text: who gives the most troops to the un

question_tokens: who gives the most troops to the un

text: This is a list of countries by total number of peacekeepers contributed to United Nations operations based on United Nations report as of 30 June 2018.[1]

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
Country
Peacekeepers

1
 Ethiopia
8,508

2
 Bangladesh
7,105

3
 Rwanda
7,086

4
 India
6,719

5
 Pakistan
6,003

6
   Nepal
5,508

7
 Egypt
3,173

8
 Indonesia
2,679

9
 Tanzania
2,671

10
 Ghana
2,604

11
 China
2,519

12
 Senegal
2,468

13
 Burkina Faso
2,119

14
 Morocco
1,614

15
 Chad
1,485

16
 Togo
1,433

17
 South Africa
1,260

18
 Cameroon
1,127

19
 Niger
1,076

20
 Zambia
1,055

21
 Mauritania
1,039

22
 Italy
1,029

23
 Uruguay
955

24
 Guinea
941

25
 Malawi
935

26
 Benin
935

27
 Mongolia
881

28
 Germany
855

29
 Malaysia
854

30
 Jordan
836

31
 Cambodia
799

32
 Burundi
787

33
 France
744

34
 United Kingdom
699

35
 Sri Lanka
686

36
 Fiji
649

37
 Spain
648

38
 South Korea
629

39
 Uganda
561

40
 Ireland
545

41
 Nigeria
467

42
 Gabon
438

43
 Finland
341

44
 Ukraine
316

45
 Sweden
305

46
 Serbia
302

47
 Argentina
297

48
 Cote d'Ivoire
283

49
 Brazil
274

50
 Netherlands
267

51
 Gambia
240

52
 Peru
231

53
 El Salvador
224

54
 Tunisia
210

55
 Austria
204

56
 Portugal
199

57
 Kenya
197

58
 Greece
178

59
 Guatemala
175

60
 Djibouti
174

61
 Republic of the Congo
156

62
 Slovakia
148

63
 Turkey
144

64
 Belgium
138

65
 Zimbabwe
90

66
 Hungary
88

67
 Liberia
84

68
 Namibia
77

69
 Russia
74

70
 Sierra Leone
73

71
 Croatia
69

72
 Norway
69

73
 Mali
63

74
 Romania
63

75
 United States
54

76
 Bhutan
47

77
 Canada
44

78
 Estonia
44

79
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
42

80
 Lithuania
40

81
 Chile
39

82
 Armenia
34

83
  Switzerland
33

84
 Paraguay
33

85
 Thailand
32

86
 Australia
32

87
 Brunei
30

88
 Bolivia
24

89
 Madagascar
22

90
 Denmark
22

91
 Samoa
21

92
 Slovenia
21

93
 Kyrgyzstan
20

94
 Mexico
16

95
 Czech Republic
15

96
 Honduras
14

97
 New Zealand
13

98
 Moldova
10

99
 Ecuador
10

100
 Philippines
10

101
 Latvia
9

102
 Vietnam
8

103
 Solomon Islands
7

104
 Montenegro
6

105
 Cuba
6

106
 Central African Republic
5

107
 Poland
5

108
 Belarus
5

109
 Dominican Republic
5

110
 Colombia
5

111
 Kazakhstan
5

112
 Iran
4

113
 Japan
4

114
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
4

115
 Papua New Guinea
4

116
 Bulgaria
4

117
 Costa Rica
3

118
 Algeria
3

119
 Qatar
2

120
 Cyprus
2

121
 Myanmar
1

116
 Macedonia
1

116
 Cape Verde
1

90
 Yemen
1


document_title: The Fundamentals of Caring

question_text: fundamentals of caring what does the boy have

text: The Fundamentals of Caring

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ben (Paul Rudd) is a retired writer. Needing a new job, he takes a six-week course to become a caregiver. He gets a job from an English woman named Elsa (Jennifer Ehle), a registered caregiver and an office manager at a bank, whose 18-year-old son Trevor (Craig Roberts) suffers from Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Trevor is a sardonic, anxious boy with a fascination with American roadside attractions, and Ben suggests one day that they go to see some of them. Trevor initially refuses, and Elsa worries Ben is becoming too close to him, as Trevor's father left when he was diagnosed, only sending him letters throughout the years. Ben soon finds himself hounded by a court tracker hired by his wife and avoids his visits.

text: Eventually, Elsa agrees with Ben's road trip plan, and he and Trevor embark on a journey to the world's deepest pit. On the way there, Trevor says he wants to see his father, who owns a car dealership in Salt Lake City. Stopping at a gas station, the two meet a girl Trevor's age named Dot (Selena Gomez), who Trevor develops a crush on. When they encounter her again at a diner later on, they see her attempting to hitchhike, and Ben decides to give her a ride. Dot informs them on the way that she is heading to Denver to restart her life, and that her mother has died. As the three bond, especially she and Trevor, Ben notices a car that has been following them, and tells the two of it at a motel. He believes it is someone sent by his wife.

text: Further down the highway, the three find a pregnant woman named Peaches (Megan Ferguson), whose car has broken down. She is heading to live with her mother before the baby comes, as the father is currently on his second U.S. military tour. They give her a ride as well, and when they stop for the night, Trevor asks Dot on a date, which she accepts, and the two go to the diner across the street from them. Ben and Peaches watch through from the motel through the diner window, and can see it is going well. The next day, the four make it to Trevor's father's car dealership. When he meets with his dad, he informs Trevor he never wrote him letters, and that it was his mother this whole time, and his father stays distant. Outraged, Trevor berates Ben and tells him he wishes to go home, but Dot insists they continue to the world's deepest pit.

text: The group eventually makes it there, in awe of the abyss. Trevor, Dot, and Peaches head to the bottom, but Ben notices the car that's been following them. He walks over, and finds it's not his wife's tracker, but Dot's father, who wishes to make sure she's safe. Ben then receives a call from Dot, who tells him to quickly come down. When he sees a crowd gathered at the bottom of the pit, he worries and finds Peaches has gone into labor. Despite being tormented by the memory of his son's death, he successfully helps deliver the baby. Peaches thanks him as she and her newborn son are taken to the hospital. In the parking lot, Dot sees her father and walks up to him, the two reconciling. When she comes back, she tells the two she wishes to go the rest of the journey with her father, and the three say their goodbyes, Dot kissing Trevor before she leaves, promising they'll text. With the assistance of the ambulance staff, Trevor gets to fulfill his wish peeing standing over the pit railing.

text: Ben and Trevor make it home safely, and having finally coped with the loss of his son, Ben meets his estranged wife and gives her the divorce papers. He continues writing, his next novel being about Trevor. He narrates his writing the last few lines, informing the audience that he eventually quit as Trevor's caregiver, but the two remained friends. On Trevor's 21st birthday, Ben went into his room to find Trevor lying dead on the floor and his new caregiver crying on the floor next to him, only to find out Trevor was faking. The caregiver quit the next day.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Paul Rudd as Ben
Craig Roberts as Trevor
Selena Gomez as Dot
Jennifer Ehle as Elsa
Megan Ferguson as Peaches
Frederick Weller as Bob
Bobby Cannavale as Cash
Julia Denton as Janet

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: On October 11, 2012, Worldwide Pants' Rob Burnett and Jon Beckerman acquired the film rights to Jonathan Evison's novel The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving.[3] Burnett would adapt and direct the film.[3] On January 7, 2015, Paul Rudd was added to the cast to play the male lead, which Donna Gigliotti and James Spies would produce.[4] On January 13, Selena Gomez also joined the film.[5]

text: On December 7, it was announced that the original title, The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving, had been changed to The Fundamentals of Caring.[6] It was later revealed Bobby Cannavale and Frederick Weller had been cast in the film.[7][8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on January 22, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia.[9][10] In early February filming took place in Cartersville, Georgia.[11] Filming concluded on February 26, 2015, after 26 days of filming.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival as the Closing Night Film.[12] In January 2016, prior to the film's premiere at the festival Netflix acquired global distribution rights to the film.[13] It was released on Netflix on June 24, 2016.[14]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 77%, based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10.[15] On Metacritic the film has a score of 55 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[16]


document_title: New International Version

question_text: who translated the niv version of the bible

text: New International Version

text: History[edit]

text: The NIV began in 1956 with the formation of a small committee to study the value of producing a translation in the common language of the American people.[6] The project was formally started after a meeting in 1965 at Trinity Christian College in Palos Heights, Illinois, of the Christian Reformed Church, National Association of Evangelicals, and a group of international scholars. The initial "Committee on Bible Translation" consisted of E. Leslie Carlson, Edmund Clowney, Ralph Earle, Jr., Burton L. Goddard, R. Laird Harris, Earl S. Kalland, Kenneth Kantzer, Robert H. Mounce, Charles F. Pfeiffer, Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Francis R. Steele, John H. Stek, J. C. Wenger, Stephen W. Paine, and Marten Woudstra. The New York Bible Society (now Biblica) was selected to do the translation. The New Testament was released in 1973 and the full Bible in 1978.

text: The NIV underwent a minor revision in 1984. A planned 1997 edition was discontinued over inclusive language.[7]

text: Current Members of the Committee on Bible Translation[edit]

text: Dr. Douglas Moo, chair

text: Wessner Chair of Biblical Studies, Wheaton College

text: Ph.D. University of St. Andrews

text: Dr. L. Strauss, vice-chair

text: Professor of New Testament, Bethel Seminary San Diego

text: Ph.D. University of Aberdeen

text: Dr. Michael J. Williams, secretary

text: Professor of Old Testament, Calvin Theological Seminary

text: Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania

text: Dr. Blomberg

text: Distinguished Professor of New Testament, Denver Seminary

text: Ph.D. University of Aberdeen

text: Rev. Dr. Mark J. Boda

text: Professor of Old Testament at McMaster Divinity College, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

text: Ph.D. University of Cambridge

text: Dr. Jeannine K. Brown

text: Ph.D. Luther Seminary

text: Dr. Havilah Dharamraj

text: Academic Dean and Head of Old Testament Studies, South Asia Institute of Advanced Christian Studies

text: Ph.D. University of Durham

text: Dr. Simon Gathercole

text: Senior Lecturer in New Testament Studies, University of Cambridge

text: Ph.D. University of Durham

text: Dr. Richard Hess

text: Earl S. Kallard Professor of Old Testament and Semitic Languages, Denver Seminary

text: Ph.D. Hebrew Union College

text: Rev. Dr. David Instone-Brewer

text: Senior Research Fellow in Rabbinics and New Testament, Tyndale House

text: Ph.D. University of Cambridge

text: Dr. Bill Mounce

text: President, BiblicalTraining.org

text: Founder, Teknia.com

text: Ph.D. University of Aberdeen

text: Rev. Dr. Andrew G. Shead

text: Head of Old Testament Studies, Moore Theological College, Sydney

text: Ph.D. University of Cambridge

text: Rev. Dr. Paul Swarup

text: Presbyter in Charge, Cathedral Church of the Redemption, New Delhi

text: Ph.D. University of Cambridge

text: Dr. Bruce Waltke

text: Distinguished Professor of Old Testament, Knox Theological Seminary

text: Ph.D. Harvard University[8]

text: 2011 update[edit]

text: A revised English edition titled Today's New International Version (TNIV) released a New Testament in March 2002, with the complete Bible published February 2005.

text: In 2011, an updated version of the NIV was released. The update modified and dropped some of the gender-neutral language of the TNIV, along with other changes.[9] Translational issues with Paul's letters were also addressed.[10][11] Keith Danby, president and chief executive officer of Biblica, speaking of the TNIV, said they had failed to convince people revisions were needed and underestimated readers' loyalty to the 1984 edition.[7]

text: Derivative versions[edit]

text: Plain English version (NIrV)[edit]

text: An 'easy-reader' version, New International Reader's Version (NIrV), was published in 1996; it was written at a third grade reading level.

text: Spanish version (NVI)[edit]

text: In 1979 it was decided to produce a version of the New Testament in Spanish with the title La Santa Biblia, Nueva Versión Internacional (often abbreviated NVI)[12] though at this point this version was based only on the former English translation of the historic manuscripts. In 1990 the committee on Bible translation headed by Drs. René Padilla and Luciano Jaramillo conducted a translation from the historic manuscripts directly into Spanish of both testaments, bypassing English altogether and producing a complete Spanish NVI Bible in 1999.

text: Textual basis[edit]

text: The manuscript base for the Old Testament was the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Masoretic Hebrew Text. Other ancient texts consulted were the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, the Latin Vulgate, the Syriac Peshitta, the Aramaic Targum, and for the Psalms the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome.[13] The manuscript base for the New Testament was the Koine Greek language editions of the United Bible Societies and of Nestle-Aland.[14] The deuterocanonical books are not included in the translation.

text: Translation methodology[edit]

text: The core translation group consisted of fifteen Biblical scholars using Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts whose goal was to produce a more modern English language text than the King James Version. The translation took ten years and involved a team of over 100 scholars.[15][16] from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The range of those participating included many different denominations such as Anglicans, Assemblies of God, Baptist, Christian Reformed, Lutheran and Presbyterian.[17][verification needed]

text: The NIV is a balance between word-for-word and thought-for-thought or literal and phrase by phrase translations.[18]

text: Recent archaeological and linguistic discoveries helped in understanding passages that have traditionally been difficult to translate. Familiar spellings of traditional translations were generally retained.[19]

text: In Genesis 2:19 a translation such as the NRSV uses "formed" in a plain past tense "So out of the ground the LORD God formed every animal...". Some have questioned the NIV choice of pluperfect "Now the LORD God had formed out of the ground all the wild animals..." to try to make it appear that the animals had already been created.[20] Theologian John Sailhamer states "Not only is such a translation ... hardly possible ... but it misses the very point of the narrative, namely, that the animals were created in response to God's declaration that it was not good that the man should be alone."[21] Yet, it is important to note that the English Standard version translators also chose the pluperfect rendering in this passage.

text: Biblical scholar Bruce M. Metzger criticized the NIV 1984 edition[22] for the addition of just into Jeremiah 7:22 so the verse becomes "For when I brought your forefathers/ancestors out of Egypt and spoke to them, I did not just give them commands about burnt offerings and sacrifices." Metzger also criticized[22] the addition of your into Matthew 13:32, so it becomes "Though it (the mustard seed) is the smallest of all your seeds." The usage of your was removed in the TNIV and did not return in the 2011 revision.

text: Circulation[edit]

text: According to the Association for Christian Retail (CBA), the New International Version has become the most popular selling English translation of the Bible in CBA bookstores, having sold more than 450 million copies worldwide.[23]

text: There are numerous study Bibles available with extensive notes on the text and background information to make the Biblical stories more comprehensible. Among these are the NIV Spirit of the Reformation Study Bible, Concordia Study Bible, the Zondervan published NIV Study Bible, the Wesleyan revision, Reflecting God Study Bible, as well as the Life Application Study Bible.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 2009, N. T. Wright wrote that the NIV obscured what Paul the Apostle was saying, making sure that Paul's words conformed to Protestant and Evangelical tradition. Wright believes that due to paraphrasing and interpretation, Protestants and Evangelicals will never understand what Paul was talking about if they rely on the NIV. According to Wright, this happens in several of Paul's letters: Galatians and Romans.[24]

text: 2011 revision[edit]

text: Professor of New Testament Studies Daniel B. Wallace[25] has praised the 2011 update, stating: "it is a well-thought out translation, with checks and balances through rigorous testing, overlapping committees to ensure consistency and accuracy".[26] The Southern Baptist Convention rejected the 2011 update because of gender-neutral language,[27] although it had dropped some gender-neutral language of the 2005 revision.[9] Southern Baptist publisher LifeWay declined the SBC's censor request to remove the NIV from their stores.[28] While the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod[29] rejected its use, some in the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) believe many of the translations changes are right and defensible.[30]

text: Professor of New Testament Studies, Rodney J. Decker wrote in Themelios Journal review of the NIV 2011 that,

text: "By taking a mediating position between formal and functional equivalence (though tending, i think, closer to the formal end of the spectrum), the Niv has been able to produce a text that is clearer than many translations, especially those weighted more heavily with formal equivalence...If we are serious about making the word of God a vital tool in the lives of English-speaking Christians, then we must aim for a translation that communicates clearly in the language of the average English-speaking person. It is here that the Niv excels."[31] Dr. Decker went on to say, "it not only communicates the meaning of God’s revelation accurately, but does so in English that is easily understood by a wide range of English speakers. It is as well-suited for expository preaching as it is for public reading and use in Bible classes and children’s ministries."[32]


document_title: The Simpsons shorts

question_text: the simpsons first debuted as a short and what american variety tv show

text: The Simpsons shorts

text: Development[edit]

text: When producer James L. Brooks was working on the television variety show The Tracey Ullman Show, he decided that he wanted to include short animated wraparounds before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonist Matt Groening's Life in Hell comic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts, which Groening initially intended to present as his Life in Hell series.[6] Groening later realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons.[6][7] He named the characters after his own family members, substituting "Bart" for his own name.[6] Bart was modeled after Groening's older brother, Mark, but given a different name which was chosen as an anagram of "brat".[8] The stories were written and storyboarded by Matt Groening.[9] The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead they just traced over his drawings.[6] The animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo,[10] with Wesley Archer, David Silverman, and Bill Kopp being animators for the first season. After season one, it would be animated by Archer and Silverman thereafter.[9] Gyorgyi Peluce was the colorist and the person who decided to make the characters yellow.[9]

text: The actors who voiced the characters in the short later reprised their roles in The Simpsons series. Dan Castellaneta performed the voices of Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, and Krusty the Clown.[11] Homer's voice sounds different in the shorts compared to most episodes of the half-hour show, as Castellaneta originally tried to impersonate Walter Matthau. Although he would retain this characteristic through the early episodes of the regular series, it was gradually dropped as Homer's personality evolved away from that of a stereotypical sitcom father.[12] The producers of the show were in need of someone to do voiceovers, so rather than hire actors, they asked Castellaneta (who had already done some voice work) and Julie Kavner, both members of the Ullman Show cast, to do it.[13][14] The kids still needed voices, and Nancy Cartwright, a journeyman voice actress, came in to audition. She recalled that "I was already doing voicework for eight different shows at the time and thought this would just be another job. They originally wanted me for Lisa's voice, but I thought 'Nah, I don't want to be the boring middle child, I want to be a bratty 10-year old boy.' So as soon as I gave a demonstration, [Brooks and Groening] hired me on the spot." Some time later, Yeardley Smith, a 22-year-old B-movie actress whose most notable accomplishment to date was featuring in the notorious 1986 Stephen King film Maximum Overdrive, was brought in to do Lisa's voice.[11] The recording of the shorts was often primitive; according to Cartwright, the dialogue for the Ullman shorts was recorded on a portable tape deck in a makeshift studio, which consisted of the video engineer suite, above the bleachers on the Ullman show set.[15] While most of the characters' personalities are similar to what they are in the series, Lisa is simply a clone of Bart and did not have a distinct personality until a few episodes into the regular series.

text: The shorts were featured on the first three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show. By the fourth and last season of The Tracey Ullman Show the first season of the half-hour show was on the air. In the two first seasons the shorts were divided into three or four parts,[16] but in the third season they were played as a single story.[16] Tracey Ullman later filed a lawsuit, claiming that her show was the source of The Simpsons' success and therefore should receive a share of the show's profit. Eventually the courts ruled in favor of the network.[17]

text: Shorts[edit]

text: From season 1 (1987)[edit]

text:
No.TitleThe Tracey Ullman Show episodeOriginal air date1"Good Night""Good Night Simpsons"Season 1, Episode 3April 19, 1987 (1987-04-19)
Marge and Homer say goodnight to their children. As they do, Bart ponders the nature of the mind, Lisa develops a fear of bedbugs, and Maggie has a nightmare about "Rock-a-bye Baby". All three of the kids end up crowding Homer and Marge's bed.
2"Watching TV"Season 1, Episode 5May 3, 1987 (1987-05-03)
Bart and Lisa fight while watching TV. They eventually find something they agree on: stopping Maggie from changing the channel.
3"Jumping Bart"Season 1, Episode 6May 10, 1987 (1987-05-10)
Homer has Bart attempt to jump off a table and into his arms. Each time Bart jumps, Homer is distracted and fails to catch him.
4"Babysitting Maggie"Season 1, Episode 8May 31, 1987 (1987-05-31)
Marge puts Bart and Lisa in charge of babysitting Maggie; however, they end up ignoring her.
5"The Pacifier"Season 1, Episode 10June 21, 1987 (1987-06-21)
Bart and Lisa take Maggie's pacifier away to stop her from sucking on it, but Maggie refuses to kick the habit. Bart and Lisa eventually learn if they cannot get Maggie to quit sucking on pacifiers, it is better to join in.
6"Burping Contest"Season 1, Episode 11June 28, 1987 (1987-06-28)
Bart and Lisa compete in a contest, while Maggie watches, to see who can make the most disgusting burp. Marge objects several times, but to no avail. Homer does not help matters when he joins in on the kids' burp contest to Marge's disgust.
7"Dinnertime"Season 1, Episode 12July 12, 1987 (1987-07-12)
Marge makes dinner and the family sits down for the meal. She insists that everyone should have table manners, but the family's crude eating habits are hard to stop.

text: From season 2 (1987–1988)[edit]

text:
No.TitleThe Tracey Ullman Show episodeOriginal air date8"Making Faces"Season 2, Episode 1September 27, 1987 (1987-09-27)
Marge warns the kids that if they make scary faces, their faces will freeze in place forever. Bart, Lisa, and Maggie ignore her--until Marge gives them a scare with a mirror.
9"The Funeral"Season 2, Episode 2October 4, 1987 (1987-10-04)
The family attends the funeral of Uncle Hubert. Bart proves to be disruptive and Homer swears to never take the kids to another funeral, much to their dismay.
10"Maggie's Brain"Season 2, Episode 3October 11, 1987 (1987-10-11)
Bart and Lisa wonder what is inside Maggie's mind when looking at her in her crib. The audience sees her imagination: she is a giant, and she is tickling baby-sized versions of Bart and Lisa.
11"Football"Season 2, Episode 4October 18, 1987 (1987-10-18)
Homer promises the kids chocolate milkshakes if Bart can catch one of his long football passes. Unfortunately, there are many obstacles to overcome, like falling down a cliff, but Bart finally manages to catch the football — with his mouth.
12"House of Cards"Season 2, Episode 5October 25, 1987 (1987-10-25)
Bart tries to make a house of cards, but Lisa and Maggie make noises that cause the house to fall every time.
13"Bart and Dad Eat Dinner"Season 2, Episode 6November 1, 1987 (1987-11-01)
Marge takes the girls out to watch a ballet, leaving Homer in charge of dinner. Bart cannot stomach it when he is forced to eat a mix of fish nuggets and pork-a-roni.
14"Space Patrol"Season 2, Episode 7November 8, 1987 (1987-11-08)
Bart, Lisa and Maggie play a game of "Space Patrol" while Homer and Marge are out. Lisa plays a superhero with Maggie as her sidekick, while Bart puts a jug on his head with the pretense of it being the helmet of an alien warlord. However, his head gets stuck in the jug and Lisa "frees" Bart using a croquet mallet.
15"Bart's Haircut"Season 2, Episode 8November 15, 1987 (1987-11-15)
When Bart's hair grows too long, Homer and Marge order him to get it cut. The barber ends up shaving Bart's entire head, and he attempts to disguise his scalp using glue, his old hair, and eventually a paper bag. The family promises not to laugh if he shows them the haircut, but fail to keep their vow when they see how ridiculous Bart looks.
16"World War III"Season 2, Episode 9November 22, 1987 (1987-11-22)
Homer wakes up the family in the middle of the night to test their readiness for a nuclear war. They manage to escape to a bunker in the basement in 18 seconds, but Homer says that this is too slow. After two more drills, the exhausted family members trick Homer into racing into the bunker alone and lock him inside. Bart asks Marge if this is a good thing to do; she ignores the question and says they'll let him out in the morning.
17"The Perfect Crime"Season 2, Episode 10December 13, 1987 (1987-12-13)
When Marge makes a batch of chocolate chip cookies, Bart becomes obsessed with pulling off "the perfect crime" and stealing them all. His various attempts are foiled by the heat of the cookies and Maggie, but eventually, all of the treats vanish from the tray. Maggie takes Homer and Marge along a trail of cookie crumbs that leads to Bart's bedroom, where he is lying with a bloated stomach and complaining that the "perfect crime" is impossible.
18"Scary Stories"Season 2, Episode 11December 20, 1987 (1987-12-20)
Bart tells Lisa and Maggie a series of scary stories in the dark, only to believe they're coming true.
19"Grampa and the Kids"Season 2, Episode 12January 10, 1988 (1988-01-10)
Grampa tells the kids stories from the good old days. When the kids stop listening to him, he feigns his own death to recapture their attention.This marks the first speaking appearance of Grampa Simpson.
20"Gone Fishin'"Season 2, Episode 13January 24, 1988 (1988-01-24)
Bart and Homer go on a fishing trip. Homer asks Bart for a baloney sandwich, but Bart forgot the baloney. He puts the bait on the sandwich instead. When they get the boat in the water, they hit rapids and later fall off of a waterfall.
21"Skateboarding"Season 2, Episode 14February 7, 1988 (1988-02-07)
Bart teaches his sisters how to skateboard, but is outdone every time he tries to show off.
22"The Pagans"Season 2, Episode 15February 14, 1988 (1988-02-14)
When the family is on their way to church, the kids declares themselves pagans. After the car breaks down, the kids start acting like pagans, much to Homer's dismay.
23"Closeted"Season 2, Episode 16February 21, 1988 (1988-02-21)
When Bart hears Homer calling him, he fears that his father will make him do chores. He hides in a closet, only to accidentally lock himself in. After a failed attempt to get Maggie to help him, Bart breaks down the door and decides to do his chores--only to discover a note explaining that the whole family has left to get chocolate milkshakes.
24"The Aquarium"Season 2, Episode 17February 28, 1988 (1988-02-28)
Homer takes Bart, Lisa and Maggie to the aquarium. Bart finds a way to get into the shark tank and swims with a shark. When Homer finds out, he threatens him, prompting Bart to stay in the tank--it's safer than dealing with his father's anger.
25"Family Portrait"Season 2, Episode 18March 6, 1988 (1988-03-06)
Homer has trouble taking a normal family portrait. Every time they are close to a good picture, the family sabotages the shot. Features the first time Homer says Why You Little!.
26"Bart's Hiccups"Season 2, Episode 19March 13, 1988 (1988-03-13)
Lisa and Maggie try to cure Bart's hiccups using some rather unorthodox methods.
27"The Money Jar"Season 2, Episode 20March 20, 1988 (1988-03-20)
Marge warns the kids that they shouldn't steal from the money jar. Lisa and Maggie's consciences appear to prevent them from taking the jar's contents, but Bart's conscience encourages him to help himself to the cash. However, the money jar only contains a dollar, prompting Bart to remark "You can't even trust your own mother."
28"The Art Museum"Season 2, Episode 21May 1, 1988 (1988-05-01)
The Simpsons go to an art museum. Bart stares at a nude painting and Lisa plays with an ancient vase. Marge realizes that the kids are too young to appreciate fine arts. However, Bart decides to become a collector by stealing an art piece. This action embarrasses Homer.
29"Zoo Story"Season 2, Episode 22May 8, 1988 (1988-05-08)
Homer takes Marge and the kids on an outing to the zoo. While there, he points out how stupid a family of chimpanzees look--and fails to realize that the chimps look identical to his own brood. Homer then teases the monkeys by taunting them with peanuts, only to have them throw excrement in his face. On the ride home, the family discovers that Bart has switched places with his chimpanzee lookalike, while he is fed bananas by his new family.

text: From season 3 (1988–1989)[edit]

text:
No.TitleThe Tracey Ullman Show episodeOriginal air date30"Shut Up, Simpsons"Season 3, Episode 1November 6, 1988 (1988-11-06)
Maggie squeaks her toy, which causes a chain reaction of anger in the family--Lisa attacks Maggie for making noise, Bart attacks Lisa for yelling at a baby, Homer attacks Bart for hitting a girl, and Grampa attacks Homer for attacking his children. Bart then encourages the family to make up, only to sabotage his own good deed by insulting Homer. Lisa and Maggie discover they're more Bouvier than Simpson, especially when they see Homer, Bart and Grampa locked in a strangle match with each other.
31"Shell Game"Season 3, Episode 2November 13, 1988 (1988-11-13)
Bart tries to hide one of the cookies he stole from the jar by distracting his parents with the shell game. Although his plan seems to succeed, he is busted by Maggie, who then eats the cookie.
32"The Bart Simpson Show"Season 3, Episode 3November 20, 1988 (1988-11-20)
The kids are watching TV and Homer tells them to stop watching The Itchy & Scratchy Show because it's "too violent". Unable to watch cartoons, Bart puts on his own show, which eventually angers Homer even more because Bart removed the TV's components to appear "on screen."First appearance of The Itchy & Scratchy Show.
33"Punching Bag"Season 3, Episode 4November 27, 1988 (1988-11-27)
Marge and Homer throw the kids into their toy room and tell them to "play nice." A frustrated Bart takes out his anger on a punching bag; Lisa then takes a turn and adds motivation by drawing Homer's face on the bag. Homer, trying to nap, rudely commands Marge to make the kids stop; when the noise suddenly gets louder, he discovers Marge punching the bag. Homer then attempts to break the bag, only to be hit in the face and knocked unconscious. Features the first time Homer says D'oh.
34"Simpson Christmas"Season 3, Episode 5December 18, 1988 (1988-12-18)
Bart tells a story of Christmas with the Simpson family in the style of The Night Before Christmas.
35"The Krusty the Clown Show"Season 3, Episode 7January 15, 1989 (1989-01-15)
The kids get to see Krusty the Clown's show live for the first time. Bart believes Krusty is an impostor and exposes it on television, much to his parents' dismay.First appearance of Krusty the Clown.
36"Bart the Hero"Season 3, Episode 8January 29, 1989 (1989-01-29)
When Bart is sent outside to exercise his legs by Homer's orders, he gets handsomely rewarded for stopping a burglar from robbing a candy store. But he asks for the reward to be in candy bars, much to Homer's dismay.
37"Bart's Little Fantasy"Season 3, Episode 9February 5, 1989 (1989-02-05)
After the kids are ordered to clean their room by Homer and Marge, Bart forces his sisters to do all the work while he tells a story about a parallel world where large kids are the bosses of their small parents, who are made to do chores. However, Bart is caught red-handed by Marge and Homer makes him mow the lawn for his lack of involvement. Lisa ends Bart's story with her and Maggie living happily ever after, while Bart watches them from outside in dismay.
38"Scary Movie"Season 3, Episode 10February 12, 1989 (1989-02-12)
Bart, Lisa and Maggie go to the movie to see "The Return of the Happy Little Elves", but Bart convinces the girls to see "Revenge of the Space Mutants" instead. However, Bart ends up being scared by it because one of the space mutants looks like himself. As he screams, Lisa and Maggie try to comfort him.
39"Home Hypnotism"Season 3, Episode 11February 19, 1989 (1989-02-19)
When Homer sees Bart, Lisa and Maggie going crazy and bouncing off the walls, he and Marge try using hypnotism to tame the kids. They pretend to become mindless zombies, and a repentant Homer and Marge vow to never hypnotize them again--that is, until Bart hits his father in the stomach with a toy ball.
40"Shoplifting"Season 3, Episode 12February 26, 1989 (1989-02-26)
Bart, hungry for chocolate bars, steals some from the supermarket, despite Lisa's warnings. He is quickly caught by security, but when the guard leaves the room to talk to his boss, he sneakily eats the candy and claims the cops have "no evidence." However, he is caught red handed thanks to the guard looking at the mirror and his face covered in chocolate. A furious Homer and Marge scold him on the ride back to the house. However, he is nonchalant, pointing out that his parents are still driving him around. They force Bart from the car and drive away, leaving him to walk home.
41"Echo Canyon"Season 3, Episode 13March 12, 1989 (1989-03-12)
The family drives to Echo Canyon and take turns making echoes. However, Bart is very disruptive and leads Homer to chase after him.
42"Bathtime"Season 3, Episode 14March 19, 1989 (1989-03-19)
Homer makes Bart take his "Sunday Night Bath", but he ends up flooding the bathroom.
43"Bart's Nightmare"Season 3, Episode 15March 26, 1989 (1989-03-26)
The family discovers that someone has eaten every last cookie in the cookie jar. The culprit turns out to be Bart, who regrets gorging on the snack, especially when he has a terrible nightmare in which he is only an inch tall and nearly crushed by giant cookies in the kitchen. Lisa then awakens Bart, who is relieved that his experience was only a dream--but he seems to have developed a severe cookie phobia as a result.
44"Bart of the Jungle"Season 3, Episode 17April 16, 1989 (1989-04-16)
The kids swing from the trees using Homer's neckties, and Homer, who is angered by this, ends up being caught in their trap.
45"Family Therapy"Season 3, Episode 18April 23, 1989 (1989-04-23)
Homer takes the family to a psychologist because he claims they cannot laugh anymore. The psychologist tries to remain calm, but the disruptions caused by the Simpsons eventually drive him over the edge, and he kicks them out of his office. This turns out to be the cure the family needed, and they laugh all the way home.
46"Maggie In Peril (Chapter One)"Season 3, Episode 19April 30, 1989 (1989-04-30)
After Maggie accidentally kicks her ball on Bart's face, he kicks it out of sight and she takes off to retrieve it. She ends up being caught on a branch... and the story is to be continued.
47"Maggie In Peril (The Thrilling Conclusion)"Season 3, Episode 20May 7, 1989 (1989-05-07)
Sequel to "Maggie In Peril", Maggie floats in the air hanging on to balloons and lands safely back in her playpen.
48"TV Simpsons"Season 3, Episode 21May 14, 1989 (1989-05-14)
While Homer is watching his TV show, Bart flies a kite outside with Maggie and Lisa. The wind suddenly blows and the kite gets stuck on the TV antenna, which messes up the reception. Homer gets a ladder, climbs on the roof and he struggles to get the kite out of the antenna. He eventually becomes furious and shreds the kite into pieces, causing him to lose his balance and fall off the roof, while Bart and Lisa laugh at their show, unaware of what just happened.


document_title: Sarla Thakral

question_text: who is the first lady pilot in india

question_tokens: who is the first lady pilot in india

text: Sarla Thakral

text:
Sarla Thakral

Sarla Thakral

Born
1914
New Delhi, India

Died
(2008-03-15)15 March 2008

Spouse(s)
P. D. Sharma , R.P Thakral

text: Sarla Thakral (1914 – 15 March 2008) was the first Indian woman to fly an aircraft.[1][2][3] Born in 1914, she earned an aviation pilot license in 1936 at the age of 21 and flew a Gypsy Moth solo. She had a four-year-old daughter. After obtaining the initial licence, she persevered and completed one thousand hours of flying in the aircraft owned by the Lahore Flying Club. Her husband P. D. Sharma[4] whom she married at 16 and comes from a family which had 9 pilots encouraged her to achieve it. While Sharma had been the first Indian to get his airmail pilot's license, flying between Karachi and Lahore; his wife would be first woman in India to attain her 'A’ license when she accumulated over 1000 hours of flying.[5]

text: Tragically, Captain Sharma died in an airplane crash in 1939. After some time, his young widow tried to apply to train for her commercial pilot license, but World War II had begun and civil training was suspended. With a child to raise, and needing to earn her livelihood, Thakral abandoned her plans to become a commercial pilot, returning to Lahore and attending the Mayo School of Art where she trained in the Bengal school of painting, obtaining a diploma in fine arts.

text: Thakral was a dedicated follower of the Arya Samaj, a spiritual community dedicated to following the teachings of the Vedas.[6] Within this community, remarriage was a possibility for Thakral.

text: After the Partition she moved to Delhi with her two daughters where she met her second husband R. P. Thakral and married him in 1948. Sarla, also known as Mati, became a successful businesswoman, painter and began designing clothes and costume jewellery.[5] She died in 2008.[7][8]


document_title: Bubonic plague

question_text: what was the host animal of the black plague

text: Bubonic plague

text: Signs and symptoms

text: The best-known symptom of bubonic plague is one or more infected, enlarged, and painful lymph nodes, known as buboes. After being transmitted via the bite of an infected flea, the Y. pestis bacteria become localized in an inflamed lymph node, where they begin to colonize and reproduce. Buboes associated with the bubonic plague are commonly found in the armpits, upper femoral, groin and neck region. Acral gangrene (i.e., of the fingers, toes, lips and nose) is another common symptom.

text: Because of its bite-based mode of transmission, the bubonic plague is often the first of a progressive series of illnesses. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly a few days after exposure to the bacterium. Symptoms include:

text:
Chills
General ill feeling (malaise)
High fever >39 °C (102.2 °F)
Muscle cramps[10]
Seizures
Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo, commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often near the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch)
Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears
Gangrene of the extremities such as toes, fingers, lips and tip of the nose.[11]

text: Other symptoms include heavy breathing, continuous vomiting of blood (hematemesis), aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain caused by the decay or decomposition of the skin while the person is still alive. Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium, and coma.

text: Cause

text: Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the rat flea). In very rare circumstances, as in the septicemic plague, the disease can be transmitted by direct contact with infected tissue or exposure to the cough of another human. The flea is parasitic on house and field rats, and seeks out other prey when its rodent hosts die. The bacteria remain harmless to the flea, allowing the new host to spread the bacteria. The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas and this results in the flea regurgitating ingested blood, which is now infected, into the bite site of a rodent or human host. Once established, bacteria rapidly spread to the lymph nodes and multiply.

text: Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can haemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic. Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases. The plague is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague.

text: Diagnosis

text: Laboratory testing is required in order to diagnose and confirm plague. Ideally, confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from a patient sample. Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early and late stages of infection. To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients, rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use.[12]

text: Samples taken for testing include:[13]

text:
Buboes: Swollen lymph nodes (buboes) characteristic of bubonic plague, a fluid sample can be taken from them with a needle.
Blood
Lungs

text: Treatment

text: Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague. These include aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin, tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1–15%, compared to a mortality of 40–60% in untreated cases.[14]

text: People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death. Other treatments include oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics.[15] Using the broad-based antibiotic streptomycin has proven to be dramatically successful against the bubonic plague within 12 hours of infection.[16]

text: History

text: First pandemic

text: The first recorded epidemic affected the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment.[17][18] The pandemic resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25 million (6th century outbreak) to 50 million people (two centuries of recurrence).[19][20] The historian Procopius wrote, in Volume II of History of the Wars, of his personal encounter with the plague and the effect it had on the rising empire. In the spring of 542, the plague arrived in Constantinople, working its way from port city to port city and spreading around the Mediterranean Sea, later migrating inland eastward into Asia Minor and west into Greece and Italy. Because the infectious disease spread inland by the transferring of merchandise through Justinian’s efforts in acquiring luxurious goods of the time and exporting supplies, his capital became the leading exporter of the bubonic plague. Procopius, in his work Secret History, declared that Justinian was a demon of an emperor who either created the plague himself or was being punished for his sinfulness.[20]

text: Second pandemic

text: In the Late Middle Ages (1340–1400) Europe experienced the most deadly disease outbreak in history when the Black Death, the infamous pandemic of bubonic plague, hit in 1347, killing a third of the human population.[where?] Some historians believe that society subsequently became more violent as the mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare, crime, popular revolt, waves of flagellants, and persecution.[21] The Black Death originated in Central Asia and spread from Italy and then throughout other European countries. Arab historians Ibn Al-Wardni and Almaqrizi believed the Black Death originated in Mongolia. Chinese records also showed a huge outbreak in Mongolia in the early 1330s.[22] Research published in 2002 suggests that it began in early 1346 in the steppe region, where a plague reservoir stretches from the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea into southern Russia. The Mongols had cut off the trade route, the Silk Road, between China and Europe which halted the spread of the Black Death from eastern Russia to Western Europe. The epidemic began with an attack that Mongols launched on the Italian merchants' last trading station in the region, Caffa in the Crimea.[16] In late 1346, plague broke out among the besiegers and from them penetrated into the town. When spring arrived, the Italian merchants fled on their ships, unknowingly carrying the Black Death. Carried by the fleas on rats, the plague initially spread to humans near the Black Sea and then outwards to the rest of Europe as a result of people fleeing from one area to another.

text: Third pandemic

text: The plague resurfaced for a third time in the mid-19th century. Like the two previous outbreaks, this one also originated in Eastern Asia, most likely in Yunnan Province of China, where there are several natural plague foci.[23] The initial outbreaks occurred in the second half of the eighteenth century.[24][25] The disease remained localized in Southwest China for several years before spreading. In the city of Canton, beginning in January 1894, the disease killed 80,000 people by June. Daily water-traffic with the nearby city of Hong Kong rapidly spread the plague there, killing over 2,400 within two months.[26]

text: Also known as the modern pandemic, the third pandemic spread the disease to port cities throughout the world in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century via shipping routes.[27] The plague inflicted people in Chinatown in San Francisco from 1900-1904,[28] and the people of Oakland and east bay again from 1907-1909.[29] During the outbreak from 1900-1904 in San Francisco is when authorities made permanent the Chinese Exclusion Act. This law was originally signed into existence by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882. The Chinese Exclusion Act was supposed to last for ten years but was renewed in 1892 with the Geary Act and subsequently made permanent in 1902 during the outbreak of plague in Chinatown, San Francisco. The last major outbreak in the United States occurred in Los Angeles in 1924,[30] though the disease is still present in wild rodents, and can be passed to humans that come in contact with them.[31] According to the World Health Organization, the pandemic was considered active until 1959, when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year. In 1994, a plague outbreak in five Indian states caused an estimated 700 infections (including 52 deaths) and triggered a large migration of Indians within India as they tried to avoid the plague.

text: For over a decade since 2001, Zambia, India, Malawi, Algeria, China, Peru, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo had the most plague cases with over 1,100 cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone. From 1,000 to 2,000 cases are conservatively reported per year to the WHO.[32] From 2012 and to 2017 and reflecting political unrest and poor hygienic conditions, Madagascar began to host regular epidemics.[32]

text: Between 1900 and 2015, the United States had 1,036 human plague cases with an average of 9 cases per year. In 2015, 16 people in the Western United States developed plague, including 2 cases in Yosemite National Park.[33] These US cases usually occur in rural northern New Mexico, northern Arizona, southern Colorado, California, southern Oregon, and far western Nevada.[34]

text: In November 2017, the Madagascar Ministry of Health reported an outbreak to WHO (World Health Organization) with more cases and deaths than any recent outbreak in the country. Unusually most of the cases were pneumonic rather than bubonic.[35]

text: Society and culture

text: The scale of death and social upheaval associated with plague outbreaks has made the topic prominent in a number of historical and fictional accounts since the disease was first recognized. The Black Death in particular is described and referenced in numerous contemporary sources, some of which, including works by Chaucer, Boccaccio, and Petrarch, are considered part of the Western canon. The Decameron, by Boccaccio, is notable for its use of a frame story involving individuals who have fled Florence for a secluded villa to escape the Black Death. First person, sometimes sensationalized or fictionalized, accounts of living through plague years have also been popular across centuries and cultures.

text: Later works, such as Albert Camus's novel The Plague or Ingmar Bergman's film The Seventh Seal have used bubonic plague in settings, such quarantined cities in either medieval or modern times, as a backdrop to explore a variety of concepts. Common themes include the breakdown of society, institutions, and individuals during the plague, the cultural and psychological existential confrontation with mortality, and the allegorical use of the plague in reference to contemporary moral or spiritual questions.

text: Biological warfare

text: Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been products of the plague, as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages to spread the pestilence.

text: Later, plague was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War as a bacteriological weapon by the Imperial Japanese Army. These weapons were provided by Shirō Ishii's units and used in experiments on humans before being used on the field. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague.[36] During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on Changde. These operations caused epidemic plague outbreaks.[37]


document_title: Gedde Watanabe

question_text: who played long duck dong in 16 candles

question_tokens: who played long duck dong in 16 candles

text: Gedde Watanabe

text: Career[edit]

text: In 1976, Watanabe's first role was as a member of the original Broadway cast of Pacific Overtures, originating the roles of Priest, Girl, and The Boy. He has since appeared in a number of films and television series, the first of which was The Long Island Four in 1980.

text: Many of his roles are caricatured East Asians with heavy accents, though he does not speak Japanese.[2] Jason Buchanan wrote for Allmovie, "The character that Gedde Watanabe is most remembered for is Long Duk Dong, the clumsy foreign exchange student in [the 1984 film] Sixteen Candles,"[3] a role decried by some Asian-American groups as "stereotypical, racist and part of a long history of Hollywood's offensive depictions of Asian men."[4] "I was making people laugh. I didn't realize how it was going to affect people," Watanabe said in 2008. "It took me a while to understand that. In fact, I was working at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and I was accosted a couple of times by a couple of women who were just really irate and angry. They asked, 'How could you do a role like that?' But it's funny, too, because at the same time I laugh at the character. It's an odd animal."[4]

text: He had a starring role in both the film Gung Ho[1] and its television spinoff.[1] In the 1989 movie UHF[1] starring "Weird Al" Yankovic, Watanabe co-starred as Kuni, a karate instructor and abusive host of a TV game show called Wheel of Fish. He later reprised this role on the Weird Al Show. Watanabe appeared on Sesame Street from 1988 to 1991 as Hiroshi and had a recurring role as gay nurse Yoshi Takata on the television drama ER[1] from 1998 to 2002. During the nineties, Watanabe studied acting at Theater Theater in Hollywood, California, with Chris Aable who introduced him to fellow actors Jon Cedar and Steve Burton. He voiced various Japanese characters on the animated television comedy The Simpsons. In 1998, he voiced Ling in the Disney animated film Mulan and reprised this role for the 2004 direct-to-video sequel, Mulan II and the 2005 video game Kingdom Hearts II.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Watanabe grew up in Ogden, Utah in a Japanese American family. His mother, who had been previously interned during the World War II internment of Japanese Americans,[4] worked as a seamstress at the Utah Tailoring Company.[5] He was in several dramatic productions in high school, both acting and singing. After graduation, Watanabe left Ogden for San Francisco, where he hoped to make his living as a street musician while honing his acting skills.[citation needed]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
The Long Island Four (1980)
Sixteen Candles (1984) as Long Duk Dong
Volunteers (1985) as At Toon
Gung Ho (1986) as Oishi Kazuhiro
Vamp (1986) as Duncan
The Spring (1989) as Matty
UHF (1989) as Kuni
Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990) as Mr. Katsuji
Boys on the Side (1995) as Steve
Perfect Alibi (1995) as Detective Onoda
That Thing You Do (1996) as Play-Tone Photographer
Psycho Sushi (1997) as Yoshi
Nick and Jane (1997) as Enzo
Booty Call (1997) as Chan
Mulan (1998) as Ling (voice)
Armageddon (1998) as Asian Tourist (uncredited)
Frank in Five (1999) as Waiter
Guinevere (1999) as Ed
EDtv (1999) as Greg
Thank You, Good Night (2001) as Cafe Owner
Slackers (2002) as Japanese Proctor
On the Couch (2004) as Charlie
Alfie (2004) as Wing
Mulan II (2004) as Ling (voice)
Two for the Money (2005) as Milton
Fortune Hunters (2007) as Mr. Yu
Sunny & Share Love You (2007) as Eliza's Dad, The Doctor
Forgetting Sarah Marshall (2008) as Hotel Manager
The Onion Movie (2008)
Not Forgotten (2009) as Agent Nakamura
Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword (2009) as Kenji (voice)
Parental Guidance (2012) as Mr. Cheng
47 Ronin (2013) as Troupe Leader

text: Television[edit]

text:
Gung Ho (1986) as Kaz Kazuhiro
Booker – "Someone Stole Lucille" (1986), as Max
Sesame Street (1988), as Hiroshi
Murphy Brown – "The Bitch's Back" (1988), as Guru Prem
On the Television – "Babe Watch" and "My Five Dads" (1990), Various
Grand – "An Obtuse Triangle" (1990), as Taki Mifune
Down Home (1990) as Tran
Newhart – "The Last Newhart" (1990), as Mr. Takadachi
Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child – "The Emperor's New Clothes" (1995), as Nuri (voice), "The Little Mermaid" (1997), as Emperor (voice)
Duckman – "The Mallardian Candidate" (1996)
Seinfeld – "The Checks" (1996), as Mr. Oh
ER (1997–2003) as Nurse Yoshi Takata
The Weird Al Show – "Back to School" (1997), as Kuni
The Simpsons – "In Marge We Trust" (1997), as Factory Foreman (voice), and "Thirty Minutes Over Tokyo" (1999), as Japanese Father (voice)
Rugrats (1998) "Chuckie's Duckling/A Dog's Life", as Kangaroo (voice)
Home Improvement – "Home Alone" (1999), as Nobo Nakamura
Secret Agent Man (2000) "Uncle S.A.M." episode, as Ling
Batman Beyond – "Revenant" (1999), as Principal Nakamura and "Untouchable" (2000), as Dr. Suzuki
L.A. Law: The Movie (2002) as Cyril
My Wife and Kids (2002) "Diary Of A Mad Teen" episode, as Dr. Phil Ling
Kim Possible – "Attack of the Killer Bebes" (2002) and "Graduation: Part I" (2007), as Prof. Bob Chen
What's New, Scooby-Doo? – "Lights! Camera! Mayhem!" (2003), as Vincent Wong (voice)
Everwood – "Oh, The Places You'll Go" (2005), as Art
Model Family (2006) as Terrence

text: Video games[edit]

text: Kingdom Hearts II (2005) as Ling