document_title: Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air)

question_text: where did will smith go to college in fresh prince

text: Concept and characteristics[edit]

text: The character of Will Smith is loosely based on the life of his actor of the same name (although in the show 'Will' is short for William, while in real-life it is short for Willard). Smith's charming and mischievous personality earned him the nickname "Prince," which eventually became "Fresh Prince". Smith became a successful rapper, but lost most of his money because of poor budgeting. When NBC signed Smith up for the sitcom, he was almost bankrupt, and it immediately launched his acting career.[1]

text: Background[edit]

text: The premise of the character of Will, and of the show in general, is outlined in the opening theme. Will is a street-smart and laid-back West Philadelphia teenager. After Will gets into a fight his mother sends him to live with his wealthy aunt and uncle (Vivian and Phillip Banks) in Bel-Air.[2][3]

text: Storyline[edit]

text:
Following Will's arrival in Bel-Air, he was a great distance from home and was considered an outsider by many people in his Bel-Air neighborhood. Early on, he had a picture of Malcolm X on his wall. He often disagrees with his cousin Carlton, whom he sees as not quite "black" enough because he doesn't talk in the fashion like other blacks from his perspective. Despite their differences, Will grows extremely close to the Banks family.
Will was often depicted as being immature, egotistical, and hedonistic. He was a frequent womanizer who shows more interest in his own personal pleasures than his academic studies, although at times he has shown surprising moments of intelligence and academic success; in fact, he got the highest score on his S.A.T. scores and was offered a scholarship to Princeton but turned it down. Will is, however, good-hearted and never means any malice. He had more negative actions because of his immaturity and lack of foresight, rather than unkindness. In the show, Will's age changes very slowly throughout the series; for the first three seasons, he is said to be 17 in Season 1 and turn 18 in Season 2 Ans 19 in Season 3 where carlton is 18 Years old until the fourth season, and was 19 by season five; however this would eventually contradict the season one episode "Lucky Charm", in which Will says his birthday is July 3, 1973 (given that Will doesn't turn 20? He goes to Vegas on Carlton's 21st. He would have to be twenty one. until the sixth and final season, which aired during the 1995–96 television season). Although he often teases the Banks, especially Carlton and Philip, he cares for them deeply and always tries to make up for what he does wrong. He is closest to Ashley, (who said himself in "Will Gets A Job", that if he had a choice in which of Uncle Phil's children he'd be like it would be Ashley, seeing as it's her that he has the most influence on in the show) who admires Will and is more understanding of the different lifestyles they have.

text: While Smith sometimes perceives Phil as being overprotective of Ashley, he himself also can be; when Ashley asks him about sex, Will became shocked by Ashley's inquiry, which led him and Carlton to go to a clinic to talk to a doctor about how to discuss sex with Ashley. His father, Lou, who had abandoned him at childhood, returns in the episode  "Papa's Got A Brand New Excuse". His dad promises to take him on the road with him, but later drops Will, which makes him upset. It was by then he realized Philip was the closest to a father he ever had.

text:
Though Will often teases his Uncle Phillip due to his weight and age, he genuinely respects Phillip as a father figure and fiercely defends him when his image or integrity are attacked by outsiders, especially in season 3's "Asses to Ashes". In episode "Bullets Over Bel Air", Will is shot at a bank ATM protecting Carlton from a robber. Carlton then feels that Will could have died because of him. During one of Will's visits back to his old neighborhood, he confronts the old park thug, Omar, to restore his damaged reputation. When Will challenges him, he is startled when a reformed Omar refuses to fight back. Omar shuns Will, and through him Will gradually realizes that his reputation is not important.
At the conclusion of the show's run, the Banks family decided to settle in New York, while Will remained in Los Angeles to finish his last year of college. Will eventually has become considered a close member of the Banks family and a better man throughout the series end. Will delivers the last line of dialogue in the series "I am definitely going to miss you, C."

text: Reception[edit]

text: UGO editor Bryan Enk praised Will Smith's role as the character, stating "Rarely has there been a television series so perfectly tailor-made for its star than The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air [...] Fresh Prince fit Will Smith like a glove; it was obviously a showcase for him, but his co-stars were just as good, and Smith never hogged the spotlight (or the camera), allowing each cast member to shine in every episode."[4]


document_title: It's a Sin to Tell a Lie

question_text: who wrote it's a sin to tell a lie

question_tokens: who wrote it 's a sin to tell a lie

root

text: It's a Sin to Tell a Lie

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: "It's a Sin to Tell a Lie" is a 1936 popular song written by Billy Mayhew,[1] introduced early that year on records by many dance bands including Dick Robertson on the 78rpm record Champion 40106, and later popularized by Fats Waller on Victor 25342 and re-issued on Victor 20-1595,[2] It was recorded in French by Cajun singer Cléoma Breaux in 1936 or 1937.[3] The tune was revived in 1955 by Somethin' Smith and the Redheads, reaching number 7 on the Billboard charts in that year. It was later a Top 40 Country hit for Slim Whitman, reaching #21 on the 'Top Country Singles' chart in 1971, from the album of the same name. John Denver tells a story about the song and does a cover in his 1978 album, Live at the Sydney Opera House (RCA Victor VPL1-7167).[4] Other artists who have recorded versions include Billie Holiday, The Ink Spots, Tony Bennett, Bobbi Martin, Gerry Monroe (a number 13 hit in the UK Singles Chart in 1971),[5] Brent Spiner, Lenny Breau, Buddy Greco, Steve Goodman, The Quebe Sisters Band, Ann Breen, Jerry Murad and the Harmonicats, Bobby Vinton, Patti Page, Vera Lynn, and George Maharis. In the 2010 role-playing game Fallout New Vegas, the song can be heard playing on the in-game radio.

tag: p

text: Originally a waltz, during the British Dixieland Revival in the 1950s and 1960s this melody was often played in fast four/four tempo, notably recorded by the Kenny Ball Band.


document_title: Gun laws in North Carolina

question_text: do i need a permit to purchase a handgun in nc

text: Gun laws in North Carolina

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long Guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

Permit to purchase required?
No
Yes

For handguns, a Pistol Purchase Permit (issued by the sheriff in the county of one's residence) or a North Carolina issued Concealed Handgun Permit is required. Presenting either of these exempts the buyer from the on-the-spot NICS background check.

Firearm registration?
No
No

Durham County formerly required registration of handguns. This was repealed on June 18, 2014. State law now makes it unlawful for any government entity within the state to maintain a firearms registry.

Owner license required?
No
No

Carry permits required?
No
Yes

North Carolina is a "shall issue" state for Concealed Handgun Permits. N.B. The individual must inform a Law Enforcement officer when addressed he/she is carrying a concealed handgun n. (Gen Stat. § 14-415.12A) [4]

Open carry permitted?
Yes
Yes

Open carry is not specifically limited by State law, but some local governments may have ordinances against openly carried weapons. Whether these local ordinances violate the State's firearm preemption laws has not been tested in North Carolina's courts.

State preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes

North Carolina has state preemption for most firearm laws.[5]

Assault weapon law?
No
No

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No

All NFA weapons (Title II weapons) and silencers/suppressors are allowed, as long as federal rules are followed

Shall Certify?
Yes
Yes
Section 13 (§ 14-409.41)
Shall certify within 15 days.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
Yes
Article 52A, § 14-402
A person acquiring a handgun must have either a permit to purchase a handgun or a concealed handgun permit. A background check is required to obtain either of these permits.

text: NC Pistol Purchase Permit law[edit]

text: Currently, in order to buy a handgun, whether from a licensed dealer or a private individual, North Carolinians are required to either A) obtain and present a pistol purchase permit from the sheriff of the county in which they reside, or B) obtain and present a North Carolina Concealed Handgun Permit. Before issuing a purchase permit, the sheriff's office will subject the applicant to a background check. Concealed Handgun Permits require satisfactory completion of an 8-hour handgun safety course, background check, and completion of the CHP application process.

text: Federal Gun Control Act of 1968[edit]

text: The Gun Control Act of 1968 was part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society series of programs. It addresses who may not buy or possess guns. It lists felons, illegal aliens, and other codified persons as prohibited from purchasing or possessing firearms. During the application process for concealed carry, states are supposed to carry out thorough background checks to prevent these individuals from obtaining permits. Additionally, the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act created an FBI maintained system in 1994 for instantly checking the backgrounds of potential firearms buyers in an effort to prevent these individuals from obtaining weapons.

text: Common Law State[edit]

text: North Carolina is a Common Law State.[6] Appearing in a public place, armed with a firearm, may be an affray at common law depending on the circumstances.[7] In State v. Robert S. Huntley (1843), it was ruled, in part:

text: It has been remarked that a double-barrel gun, or any other gun, cannot in this country come under the description of "unusual weapons," for there is scarcely a man in the community who does not own and occasionally use a gun of some sort. But we do not feel the force of this criticism. A gun is an "unusual weapon," wherewith to be armed and clad. No man amongst us carries it about with him, as one of his every day accoutrements—as a part of his dress—and never, we trust, will the day come when any deadly weapon will be worn or wielded in our peace-loving and law-abiding State, as an appendage of manly equipment. But although a gun is an "unusual weapon," it is to be remembered that the carrying of a gun, per se, constitutes no (sic) offence. For any lawful purpose—either of business or amusement—the citizen is at perfect liberty to carry his gun. It is the wicked purpose, and the mischievous result, which essentially constitute the crime. He shall not carry about this or any other weapon of death to terrify and alarm, and in such manner as naturally will terrify and alarm a peaceful people'[8]

text: Because of State v. Huntley, and other court rulings,[7] caution is urged as to the areas a person frequents with firearms.[9]

text: NC Gun Laws[edit]

text: § 14-415.23. Statewide Uniformity reads as follows: "It is the intent of the General Assembly to prescribe a uniform system for the regulation of legally carrying a concealed handgun. To insure uniformity, no political subdivisions, boards, or agencies of the State nor any county, city, municipality, municipal corporation, town, township, village, nor any department or agency thereof, may enact ordinances, rules, or regulations concerning legally carrying a concealed handgun. A unit of local government may adopt an ordinance to permit the posting of a prohibition against carrying a concealed handgun, on local government buildings and their appurtenant premises. A unit of local government may adopt an ordinance to prohibit, by posting, the carrying of a concealed handgun on municipal and county recreational facilities that are specifically identified by the unit of local government. If a unit of local government adopts such an ordinance with regard to recreational facilities, then the concealed handgun permittee may, nevertheless, secure the handgun in a locked vehicle within the trunk, glove box, or other enclosed compartment or area within or on the motor vehicle." Recreational facilities includes only the following: a playground, an athletic field, a swimming pool, and an athletic facility.[10]

text: In North Carolina, it is unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, give away, transfer, purchase, or receive, at any place in the state, any pistol, unless the purchaser or receiver has first obtained a license or permit to receive such a pistol by the sheriff of the county where the purchaser or receiver resides, or the purchaser or receiver possesses a valid North Carolina issued concealed carry permit.[10] To obtain a permit prior to the transfer of a pistol applies not only to a commercial transaction typically at a sporting goods store but also between private individuals or companies throughout North Carolina.[10]

text: Under N.C.G.S. 14-402, a county sheriff is only authorized to issue a permit to receive or purchase a handgun when an application is submitted by a person who is a resident of his or her particular county.[10] The sole exception is that the sheriff may issue a permit to a non-resident when the purpose of the permit is collecting. Before issuing a permit, the sheriff must fully satisfy himself/herself by affidavits, oral evidence, or otherwise, that the applicant is of good moral character and that the person, firm, or corporation wants to possess the weapon for one of the following purposes: The protection of the applicant's home, business, person, family, or property; target shooting; collection;or hunting.[10] The sheriff must also verify by a criminal history background investigation that it is not a violation of the state or federal law for the applicant to purchase, transfer, receive, or possess a handgun.[10] In order to determine criminal history of the applicant, the sheriff must access the computerized criminal history records maintained by the State and Federal Bureaus of Investigation, by conducting a national criminal history records check, and by conducting a criminal history check through the Administrative Office of the Courts.[10]

text: North Carolina State law further states that a permit may not be issued to the following persons: An applicant who is under indictment, or has been convicted in any state, of a felony (other than an offense pertaining to anti-trust violations, unfair trade practices, or restraints of trade). However, a person who has been convicted of a felony and is later pardoned may obtain a permit, if the purchase or receipt of the pistol does not violate the conditions of the pardon. Others that may not be issued a permit are fugitives from justice; the applicant is an unlawful user of or addicted to marijuana, any depressant, stimulant, or narcotic drug; the applicant has been adjudicated incompetent or has been committed to any mental institution; the applicant is an alien illegally or unlawfully in the United States; the applicant has been discharged from the U.S. armed forces under dishonorable conditions; the applicant, having been a citizen of the United States, has renounced their citizenship; the applicant is subject to a court order that: 1. was issued after a hearing of which the applicant received actual notice, and at which the applicant has an opportunity to participate; 2. restrains the person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner of the person or child of the intimate partner of the person, or engaging in other conduct that would place an intimate partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury to the partner or child; and includes a finding that the person represents a credible threat to the physical safety of the intimate partner or child; or by its terms explicitly prohibits the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the intimate partner or child that would reasonable be expected to cause bodily injury.[10]

text: There are some areas in North Carolina where guns are prohibited. It is a Class 1 Misdemeanor for any person to knowingly carry concealed on or about his person on any private premises where notice that carrying a concealed handgun is prohibited by the posting of a conspicuous notice or statement by the person in legal possession or control of the premises.[11] It is also a Class 1 Misdemeanor if a person with or without a permit, for a person to carry concealed a handgun while consuming or having alcohol remain in the person's body. Carrying any dangerous weapon by a person participating in, affiliated with, or present as a spectator at any parade, funeral procession, picket line, or demonstration on public property or private health care facility is also a Class 1 misdemeanor.[12] Furthermore, it is a Class I Felony for any person knowingly to possess or carry, whether openly or concealed, any gun, rifle, pistol, or other firearm of any kind on educational property or to a curricular or extracurricular activity sponsored by a school.[13] It is also unlawful for any person to possess, or carry, whether openly or concealed, any deadly weapon, not used solely for instructional or officially sanctioned ceremonial purposes in the State Capitol Building, the Executive Mansion, the Western Residence of the Governor, or on the grounds of any of these buildings, and in any building housing any court of the General Court of Justice.[14]

text: It is a non-criminal violation of the law (infraction) for an individual to fail to disclose to a law enforcement officer that he has a concealed handgun on/about his person or to provide the concealed handgun permit when required.[15]

text: Guns were previously banned from school grounds, however, they are now allowed if the school ground in question is a public school, as long as the owner is in possession of a concealed weapons permit, and the gun is inside a locked compartment, which is in turn inside a locked car. Private schools may permit or ban guns on their campuses as they wish.[16] However, it is a misdemeanor, rather than a Class I Felony, for any person to possess or carry, whether openly or concealed, any gun, rifle pistol, or other firearm of any kind, on educational property or to an extra curricular activity sponsored by a school if the person is not a student attending schools on the educational property, or an employee employed by the school working on the educational property; and the person is not a student attending a curricular or extracurricular activity sponsored by the school at which the student is enrolled, or an employee attending a curricular or extracurricular activity sponsored by the school at which the employee is working; and the firearm is not loaded, is in a motor vehicle and is locked in a container or a locked firearm rack.[10] A concealed handgun permit does not allow a permittee to carry a gun on any school ground.[10] Guns are not allowed into State buildings unless they are being used for instructional or officially sanctioned ceremonial purposes. It is also unlawful for a person to arm himself or herself with a gun for the purpose of terrifying others[note 1] and go about so on public highways in a manner to cause terror.[10]

text: Recent changes to North Carolina law removed the prohibition on legal gun owners from carrying lawfully possessed firearms during a declared State of Emergency via the Emergency Management Act [10]

text:
5. Areas of Emergency and Riots
Pursuant to North Carolina's Emergency Management Act (Chapter 166A of the General Statutes) local governments may impose restrictions on dangerous weapons such as explosives, incendiary devices, and radioactive materials and devices when a state of emergency is declared but may not impose restrictions on lawfully possessed firearms.

text: Fully Automatic Rifles and Machine Guns[edit]

text: NFA weapons such as registered fully automatic firearms, short-barreled shotguns, and suppressors are legal to own by private citizens in North Carolina so long as ATF regulations are followed.[17]

text: ATF requires the transfer of fully automatic weapons to be in compliance with State and Local laws. North Carolina General Statute 14-409 Machine Guns and Other Like Weapons, first established in 1933, (http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/enactedlegislation/statutes/html/bysection/chapter_14/gs_14-409.html) states "It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to manufacture, sell, give away, dispose of, use or possess machine guns, submachine guns, or other like weapons ...". The statute goes further to outline seven specific exceptions allowing for the lawful possession of Machine Guns in the state of North Carolina: A. Banks, merchants, and recognized business establishments for use in their respective places of business,who shall first apply to and receive from the sheriff of the county in which said business is located, a permit to possess the said weapons for the purpose of defending the said business; B. United States Army, when in discharge of their official duties; C. Officers and soldiers of the militia when called into actual service; D. Officers of the State, or of any county, city or town ….when acting in the discharge of their official duties; E. The manufacture, use or possession of such weapons for scientific or experimental purposes; F. Resident of this State who now owns a machine gun used in former wars, as a relic or souvenir may retain and keep same as his or her property. G. A person who lawfully possesses or owns a weapon in compliance with 26 U.S.C.Chapter 53,§ §5801-5871

text: Any other possession or use of fully automatic weapons in North Carolina is unlawful.

text: Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act of 2004[edit]

text: The Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act of 2004 is a federal law that allows out-of-state sworn law enforcement officers to carry concealed handguns in all states. These out-of-state law enforcement officers may carry in certain areas of North Carolina as long as they are a qualified officer of a governmental agency. They must also be authorized by law to enforce criminal laws with the statutory powers of arrest and be authorized to carry firearms with their agency. The officer must carry valid photo identification as an officer. In North Carolina, the out-of-state officer may not carry in either public or private areas where the possession of firearms is prohibited. Certain qualified retired officers may also be eligible to carry concealed handguns in North Carolina.[10]

text: Acquiring a handgun[edit]

text: To acquire a handgun in North Carolina (including private sales, gifts, and inheritance) an individual must go to the county sheriff's office in the county in which they reside and obtain a pistol purchase permit. This is not required if one has a CHP (Concealed Handgun Permit).[18] State law requires the applicant to appear in person with government ID, pay a $5 fee, undergo a background check similar in scope and scrutiny to NICS, and have a reason for owning a pistol (hunting, target shooting, self defense, or collecting). Because there are 100 different counties in North Carolina, there are different sets of rules and requirements for obtaining such a permit, which can be determined arbitrarily by the local sheriff. Some sheriffs impose other restrictions such as a limit on the number of permits applied for at a time, waiting periods, and/or proof of good moral character (a witness or references, in some cases notarized with affidavits).[19][20][21][22][23] The Pistol Purchase requirements are a holdover from Jim Crow laws that were designed to prevent African-Americans and other minorities from easily obtaining handguns.[24]

text: In accordance to North Carolina Law, no county or local government can require handgun registration.[24]

text: Shall-Issue state[edit]

text: North Carolina is a "shall issue" state for the concealed carry of handguns. Application for a concealed handgun permit is made through the local county sheriff's office. Applicants must complete a state approved training course given by a state certified trainer. Instructors for these classes must be certified by the North Carolina Department of Justice. The Concealed Carry Handgun Safety Class is regulated to be a minimum of eight (8) hours long and must include a written test on state laws pertaining to the use of deadly force, and restrictions on the locations a handgun may be carried in a concealed fashion. In addition, the applicant must shoot a designated course of fire and obtain a passing score. A concealed handgun permit is valid for a period of five years. Regardless of the possession of a CHP, there are places that are restricted from the carrying of a concealed handgun, or any other firearm. Some restrictions have allowances for emergency medical services, fire and police.[1] Firearms may not be transported or possessed off of one's own premises during a declared state of emergency or in the immediate vicinity of a riot, except for law enforcement and military personnel in the performance of their duties.[25] On March 29, 2012, the provision barring the carry and possession of a firearm during a declared state of emergency was declared unconstitutional by a US Federal Court (No. 5:10-CV-265-H (E.D.N.C. filed Mar. 29, 2012)).

text: Reciprocity with other states[edit]

text: Effective December 1, 2011, North Carolina automatically recognizes concealed carry permits issued in any other state.[26]

text: § 14-415.24. Reciprocity; out-of-state handgun permits (a) A valid concealed handgun permit or license issued by another state is valid in North Carolina.[27]. The statute previously gave reciprocity only when the state the permit was from also gave reciprocity, but this requirement has since been removed.

text: Local government restrictions limited by state[edit]

text: In 2015, the state legislature set out to make the local gun laws in North Carolina more uniform across the board. They acknowledged the need for local governments prohibit firearms in local government buildings, but they also restricted a local government's ability to prohibit on "municipal and county recreational facilities that are specifically identified by the unit of local government"[28].

text: NCGS § 14-415.23 Statewide uniformity identifies this as:

text: (c) For purposes of this section, the term "recreational facilities" includes only the following:

text:
(1) An athletic field, including any appurtenant facilities such as restrooms, during an organized athletic event if the field had been scheduled for use with the municipality or county office responsible for operation of the park or recreational area.
(2) A swimming pool, including any appurtenant facilities used for dressing, storage of personal items, or other uses relating to the swimming pool.
(3) A facility used for athletic events, including, but not limited to, a gymnasium.

tag: ul

text: (d) For the purposes of this section, the term "recreational facilities" does not include any greenway, designated biking or walking path, an area that is customarily used as a walkway or bike path although not specifically designated for such use, open areas or fields where athletic events may occur unless the area qualifies as an "athletic field" pursuant to subdivision (1) of subsection (c) of this section, and any other area that is not specifically described in subsection (c) of this section.

text: Despite this legislation being in place, many buildings still maintain 'gun free zone' signs on the entrances to the property, thus rendering them merely voluntary. Examples of this still being commonplace are Crabtree Creek Trail or buildings within Pullen Park, Raleigh.

text: Open carry[edit]

text: Open carry is also legal throughout North Carolina.[29] In the town of Chapel Hill, open carry is restricted to guns of a certain minimum size, under the theory that small, concealable handguns are more often associated with criminal activity. No permit is required to carry a handgun openly in North Carolina. In the court case of State v. Kerner(1921) the defendant ended up getting into some type of confrontation with another man. The defendant proceeded to walk back to his place of work, get his gun, and then return to the scene to fight. The defendant ended up being charged with "carrying a concealed weapon" and "carrying his pistol off his premises unconcealed,"[30] which violated a local act applicable to Forsyth County and ended up being a misdemeanor. The defendant was taken to trial and the trial judge then dismissed the charge as unconstitutional. The state then appealed, and the supreme court affirmed. During court, the court stated at the beginning that the Second Amendment did not apply, because "the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are restrictions on the federal authority and not the states." Therefore, with that being said, it focused more on the state constitution. The state constitution states that: "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." The court viewed the provision as protecting the right to carry arms in public. Forsyth County's local act was condemned and seen as distasteful, because it ended up putting a restriction on a persons right to carry a pistol, more so an unconcealed pistol. Although, the case of State v. Kerner helped/made more clear the allowance of openly carrying a pistol, it does not preclude all regulations regarding the carrying of firearms.[31]


document_title: List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India

question_text: who has the shortest tenure as rbi governor

text:
Governor of the Reserve Bank of India

Seal of RBI

Incumbent
Urjit Patel
since 3 September 2016

Appointer
Government of India

Inaugural holder
Osborne Smith

Formation
1 April 1935

text: RBI Governor is the chief executive of India's central bank and the ex-officio chairperson of its Central Board of Directors. Indian Rupee currency notes, issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), bear the governor's signature. Since its establishment in 1935 by the British colonial government, the RBI has been headed by 24 governors. The term of office typically runs for 3 years.

text: The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith, while C. D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor. The position is currently held by Urjit Patel, who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016.

text: RBI governors[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Term of office

Began
Ended
Duration

1
Osborne Smith
1 April 1935
30 June 1937
7002821000000000000♠2 years, 90 days

2
James Braid Taylor, ICS[1]
1 July 1937
17 February 1943
7003205700000000000♠5 years, 231 days

3
C. D. Deshmukh, ICS
11 August 1943
30 June 1949
7003215000000000000♠5 years, 323 days

4
Benegal Rama Rau, ICS
1 July 1949
14 January 1957
7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days

5
K. G. Ambegaonkar, ICS
14 January 1957
28 February 1957
7001450000000000000♠45 days

6
H. V. R. Iyengar, ICS
1 March 1957
28 February 1962
7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

7
P. C. Bhattacharya
1 March 1962
30 June 1967
7003194700000000000♠5 years, 121 days

8
L. K. Jha, ICS
1 July 1967
3 May 1970
7003103700000000000♠2 years, 306 days

9
B. N. Adarkar
4 May 1970
15 June 1970
7001420000000000000♠42 days

10
S. Jagannathan, ICS
16 June 1970
19 May 1975
7003179800000000000♠4 years, 337 days

11
N. C. Sen Gupta
19 May 1975
19 August 1975
7001920000000000000♠92 days

12
K. R. Puri
20 August 1975
2 May 1977
7002621000000000000♠1 year, 255 days

13
M. Narasimham
3 May 1977
30 November 1977
7002211000000000000♠211 days

14
I. G. Patel
1 December 1977
15 September 1982
7003174900000000000♠4 years, 288 days

15
Manmohan Singh
16 September 1982
14 January 1985
7002851000000000000♠2 years, 120 days

16
Amitav Ghosh
15 January 1985
4 February 1985
7001200000000000000♠20 days

17
R. N. Malhotra, IAS
4 February 1985
22 December 1990
7003214700000000000♠5 years, 321 days

18
S. Venkitaramanan, IAS
22 December 1990
21 December 1992
7002730000000000000♠1 year, 365 days

19
C. Rangarajan
22 December 1992
21 November 1997
7003179500000000000♠4 years, 334 days

20
Bimal Jalan
22 November 1997
6 September 2003
7003211400000000000♠5 years, 288 days

21
Y. V. Reddy, IAS
6 September 2003
5 September 2008
7003182600000000000♠4 years, 365 days

22
D. Subbarao, IAS
5 September 2008
4 September 2013
7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

23
Raghuram Rajan
4 September 2013
4 September 2016
7003109600000000000♠3 years, 0 days

24
Urjit Patel
4 September 2016
Incumbent
7002650000000000000♠1 year, 285 days


document_title: List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

question_text: when were the eagles inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame

text: Inductees[edit]

text: Performers[edit]

text: The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll."[2] Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 600 "rock experts" who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.[2] In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[10]

text:
Year

Image

Name

Inducted members

Inducted by[11]

1986

Chuck Berry

Keith Richards[N2]

1986

James Brown

Steve Winwood[N2]

1986

Ray Charles

Quincy Jones[N2]

1986

Sam Cooke

Herb Alpert[N2]

1986

Fats Domino

Billy Joel[N2]

1986

The Everly Brothers

Don Everly and Phil Everly.[12]

Neil Young[N2]

1986

Buddy Holly

John Fogerty[N2]

1986

Jerry Lee Lewis

Hank Williams Jr.

1986

Little Richard

Roberta Flack

1986

Elvis Presley

Julian and Sean Lennon

1987

The Coasters

Carl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will "Dub" Jones.[13]

Lester Sill

1987

Eddie Cochran

Mick Jones

1987

Bo Diddley

ZZ Top[N2]

1987

Aretha Franklin

Keith Richards[N2]

1987

Marvin Gaye

Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson

1987

Bill Haley

Chuck Berry[N3]

1987

B.B. King

Sting[N2]

1987

Clyde McPhatter

Ben E. King[N2]

1987

Ricky Nelson

John Fogerty[N2]

1987

Roy Orbison

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1987

Carl Perkins

Sam Phillips[N3]

1987

Smokey Robinson

Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1987

Big Joe Turner

Doc Pomus[N2]

1987

Muddy Waters

Paul Butterfield[N2]

1987

Jackie Wilson

Peter Wolf

1988

The Beach Boys

Al Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[14]

Elton John[N2]

1988

The Beatles

George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[15]

Mick Jagger[N2]

1988

The Drifters

Ben E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[16]

Billy Joel[N2]

1988

Bob Dylan

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1988

The Supremes

Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[17]

Little Richard[N3]

1989

Dion

Lou Reed[N2]

1989

Otis Redding

Little Richard[N3]

1989

The Rolling Stones

Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[18]

Pete Townshend[N2]

1989

The Temptations

Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[19]

Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1989

Stevie Wonder

Paul Simon[N2]

1990

Hank Ballard

Boz Scaggs

1990

Bobby Darin

Paul Anka

1990

The Four Seasons

Tom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[20]

Bob Crewe

1990

Four Tops

Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[21]

Stevie Wonder[N3]

1990

The Kinks

Mick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[22]

Graham Nash[N2]

1990

The Platters

David Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[23]

Phil Spector[N3]

1990

Simon & Garfunkel

Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[24]

James Taylor[N2]

1990

The Who

Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[25]

Bono[N2]

1991

LaVern Baker

Chaka Khan

1991

The Byrds

Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[26]

Don Henley[N2]

1991

John Lee Hooker

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1991

—

The Impressions

Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[27]

Tracy Chapman

1991

Wilson Pickett

Bobby Brown

1991

Jimmy Reed

ZZ Top[N2]

1991

Ike & Tina Turner

Ike Turner and Tina Turner.[28]

Phil Spector[N3]

1992

Bobby "Blue" Bland

B.B. King[N3]

1992

Booker T. & the M.G.'s

Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[29]

Jim Stewart

1992

Johnny Cash

Lyle Lovett

1992

The Isley Brothers

Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[30]

Little Richard[N3]

1992

The Jimi Hendrix Experience

Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[31]

Neil Young[N2]

1992

Sam & Dave

Sam Moore and Dave Prater.[32]

Billy Joel[N2]

1992

The Yardbirds

Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[33]

The Edge[N2]

1993

Ruth Brown

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1993

Cream

Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[34]

ZZ Top[N2]

1993

Creedence Clearwater Revival

Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[35]

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1993

The Doors

John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[36]

Eddie Vedder[N2]

1993

Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers

Herman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[37]

Boyz II Men

1993

Etta James

k.d. lang

1993

Van Morrison

Robbie Robertson[N2]

1993

Sly and the Family Stone

Gregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[38]

George Clinton[N2]

1994

The Animals

Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[39]

Dave Pirner

1994

The Band

Rick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[40]

Eric Clapton[N3]

1994

Duane Eddy

Mick Jones

1994

Grateful Dead

Tom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[41]

Bruce Hornsby

1994

Elton John

Axl Rose[N2]

1994

John Lennon

Paul McCartney[N2]

1994

Bob Marley

Bono[N2]

1994

Rod Stewart

Jeff Beck[N3]

1995

The Allman Brothers Band

Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[42]

Willie Nelson

1995

Al Green

Natalie Cole

1995

Janis Joplin

Melissa Etheridge

1995

Led Zeppelin

John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[43]

Steven Tyler[N2] and Joe Perry[N2]

1995

Martha and the Vandellas

Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, and Martha Reeves.[44]

Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson

1995

Neil Young

Eddie Vedder[N2]

1995

Frank Zappa

Lou Reed[N2]

1996

David Bowie

Madonna[N2] and David Byrne[N2]

1996

Gladys Knight & the Pips

William Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald "Bubba" Knight, and Edward Patten.[45]

Mariah Carey

1996

Jefferson Airplane

Marty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[46]

Mickey Hart[N3] and Phil Lesh[N3]

1996

Little Willie John

Stevie Wonder[N3]

1996

Pink Floyd

Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[47]

Billy Corgan

1996

The Shirelles

Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[48]

Merry Clayton, Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love[N2]

1996

The Velvet Underground

John Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[49]

Patti Smith[N2]

1997

Bee Gees

Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[50]

Brian Wilson[N3]

1997

Buffalo Springfield

Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[51]

Tom Petty[N2]

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash

David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[52]

James Taylor[N2]

1997

The Jackson 5

Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[53]

Diana Ross[N3]

1997

Joni Mitchell

Shawn Colvin

1997

Parliament-Funkadelic

Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William "Billy Bass" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[54]

Prince[N2]

1997

The (Young) Rascals

Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[55]

Steven Van Zandt[N2]

1998

Eagles

Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[56]

Jimmy Buffett

1998

Fleetwood Mac

Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[57]

Sheryl Crow

1998

The Mamas & the Papas

Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[58]

Shania Twain

1998

Lloyd Price

Tony Rich

1998

Santana

Jose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[59]

John Popper

1998

Gene Vincent

John Fogerty[N3]

1999

Billy Joel

Ray Charles[N3]

1999

Curtis Mayfield

Sean Combs

1999

Paul McCartney

Neil Young[N3]

1999

Del Shannon

Art Alexakis

1999

Dusty Springfield

Elton John[N3]

1999

Bruce Springsteen

Bono[N2]

1999

The Staple Singers

Cleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[60]

Lauryn Hill

2000

Eric Clapton

Robbie Robertson[N3]

2000

Earth, Wind & Fire

Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[61]

Lil Kim

2000

The Lovin' Spoonful

Steve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[61]

John Mellencamp[N2]

2000

The Moonglows

Prentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[61]

Paul Simon[N3]

2000

Bonnie Raitt

Melissa Etheridge

2000

James Taylor

Paul McCartney[N3]

2001

Aerosmith

Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[62]

Kid Rock

2001

Solomon Burke

Mary J. Blige

2001

The Flamingos

Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[63]

Frankie Valli[N3]

2001

Michael Jackson

NSYNC

2001

Queen

John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[64]

Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2001

Paul Simon

Marc Anthony

2001

Steely Dan

Walter Becker and Donald Fagen.[65]

Moby

2001

Ritchie Valens

Ricky Martin

2002

Isaac Hayes

Alicia Keys

2002

Brenda Lee

Jewel

2002

Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers

Tom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[66]

Jakob Dylan

2002

Gene Pitney

Darlene Love[N2]

2002

Ramones

Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[67]

Eddie Vedder[N2]

2002

Talking Heads

David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[68]

Anthony Kiedis[N2]

2003

AC/DC

Brian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[69]

Steven Tyler[N3]

2003

The Clash

Terry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[70]

The Edge[N2] and Tom Morello

2003

Elvis Costello & the Attractions

Elvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[71]

Elton John[N3]

2003

The Police

Stewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[72]

Gwen Stefani

2003

The Righteous Brothers

Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[73]

Billy Joel[N3]

2004

Jackson Browne

Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2004

The Dells

Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[74]

Robert Townsend

2004

George Harrison

Tom Petty[N3] and Jeff Lynne[N2]

2004

Prince

Outkast and Alicia Keys

2004

Bob Seger

Kid Rock

2004

Traffic

Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[75]

Dave Matthews

2004

ZZ Top

Frank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[76]

Keith Richards[N3]

2005

Buddy Guy

Eric Clapton[N3] and B.B. King[N3]

2005

The O'Jays

Eddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[77]

Justin Timberlake

2005

The Pretenders

Martin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[78]

Neil Young[N3]

2005

Percy Sledge

Rod Stewart[N3]

2005

U2

Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[79]

Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2006

Black Sabbath

Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[80]

James Hetfield[N2] and Lars Ulrich[N2]

2006

Blondie

Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[81]

Shirley Manson

2006

Miles Davis

Herbie Hancock

2006

Lynyrd Skynyrd

Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[82]

Kid Rock

2006

Sex Pistols

Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[83]

Jann Wenner[N3]

2007

Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five

Melvin "Melle Mel" Glover, Nathaniel "The Kidd Creole" Glover, Eddie "Scorpio" Morris, Joseph "Grandmaster Flash" Sadler, Robert Keith "Keef Cowboy" Wiggins, and Guy Todd "Rahiem" Williams.[84]

Jay-Z

2007

R.E.M.

Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[85]

Eddie Vedder[N2]

2007

The Ronettes

Estelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[86]

Keith Richards[N3]

2007

Patti Smith

Zack de la Rocha

2007

Van Halen

Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[87]

Velvet Revolver

2008

The Dave Clark Five

Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[88]

Tom Hanks

2008

Leonard Cohen

Lou Reed[N2]

2008

Madonna

Justin Timberlake

2008

John Mellencamp

Billy Joel[N3]

2008

The Ventures

Bob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[89]

John Fogerty[N3]

2009

Jeff Beck

Jimmy Page[N3]

2009

Little Anthony and the Imperials

Clarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster "Nat" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[90]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2009

Metallica

Cliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[91]

Flea[N2]

2009

Run-DMC

Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels, Jason "Jam-Master Jay" Mizell, and Joseph "DJ Run" Simmons.[92]

Eminem

2009

Bobby Womack

Ron Wood[N3]

2010

ABBA

Benny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[93]

Barry[N3] and Robin Gibb[N3]

2010

Genesis

Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[94]

Trey Anastasio

2010

Jimmy Cliff

Wyclef Jean

2010

The Hollies

Bernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[95]

Steven Van Zandt[N2]

2010

The Stooges

Dave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[96]

Billie Joe Armstrong[N2]

2011

Alice Cooper

Alice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[97]

Rob Zombie

2011

Neil Diamond

Paul Simon[N3]

2011

Dr. John

John Legend

2011

Darlene Love

Bette Midler

2011

Tom Waits

Neil Young[N3]

2012

Beastie Boys

Michael "Mike D" Diamond, Adam "Ad-Rock" Horovitz, and Adam "MCA" Yauch.[98]

Chuck D[N2] and LL Cool J

2012

—

The Blue Caps[N1]

Backing band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[99]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

The Comets[N1]

Backing band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[100]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

The Crickets[N1]

Backing band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[101]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Donovan

John Mellencamp[N3]

2012

The Famous Flames[N1]

Backing vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[102]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Guns N' Roses

Steven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[103]

Green Day[N2]

2012

—

The Midnighters[N1]

Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[104]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

The Miracles[N1]

Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[105]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Laura Nyro

Bette Midler

2012

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Flea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[106]

Chris Rock

2012

—

Small Faces/Faces

Kenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[107]

Steven Van Zandt[N2]

2013

Heart

Michael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[108]

Chris Cornell

2013

Albert King

John Mayer

2013

Randy Newman

Don Henley[N3]

2013

Public Enemy

Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[109]

Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee

2013

Rush

Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[110]

Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2013

Donna Summer

Kelly Rowland

2014

Peter Gabriel

Chris Martin

2014

Hall & Oates

Daryl Hall and John Oates.[111]

Questlove

2014

Kiss

Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[112]

Tom Morello

2014

Nirvana

Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[113]

Michael Stipe[N3]

2014

Linda Ronstadt

Glenn Frey[N3]

2014

Cat Stevens

Art Garfunkel[N3]

2015

The Paul Butterfield Blues Band

Paul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold,  Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[114]

Peter Wolf

2015

Joan Jett & the Blackhearts

Joan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[115]

Miley Cyrus

2015

Lou Reed[116]

Patti Smith[N3]

2015

Green Day

Billie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[117]

Fall Out Boy

2015

Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble

Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[118]

John Mayer

2015

Bill Withers

Stevie Wonder[N3]

2016

Cheap Trick

Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[119]

Kid Rock

2016

Chicago

Peter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[120]

Rob Thomas

2016

Deep Purple

Ritchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[121]

Lars Ulrich[N3]

2016

N.W.A

DJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[122]

Kendrick Lamar

2016

Steve Miller

The Black Keys

2017

Electric Light Orchestra

Bev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[123]

Dhani Harrison

2017

Joan Baez

Jackson Browne[N3]

2017

Journey

Jonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[124]

Pat Monahan

2017

Pearl Jam

Jeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[125]

David Letterman

2017

Tupac Shakur

Snoop Dogg

2017

Yes

Jon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[126]

Geddy Lee[N3] and Alex Lifeson[N3]

2018

Bon Jovi

Jon Bon Jovi, David Bryan, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such and Tico Torres[127]

Howard Stern

2018

The Cars

Elliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr[128]

Brandon Flowers

2018

Dire Straits

Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers[129]

John Illsley[N4]

2018

The Moody Blues

Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas[130]

Ann Wilson[N3]

2018

Nina Simone

Mary J. Blige

text: ^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.

text: ^ Note 2. This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else.

text: ^ Note 3. This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else.

text: ^ Note 4. Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall's history to not have an official induction speaker. Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself.[131]

text: Early influences[edit]

text: Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists."[2] Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2]

text:
Year

Name

1986

Jimmie Rodgers

1986

Jimmy Yancey

1986

Robert Johnson

1987

Louis Jordan

1987

T-Bone Walker

1987

Hank Williams

1988

Woody Guthrie

1988

Lead Belly

1988

Les Paul

1989

The Ink Spots[A]

1989

Bessie Smith

1989

The Soul Stirrers[B]

1990

Charlie Christian

1990

Louis Armstrong

1990

Ma Rainey

1991

Howlin' Wolf

1992

Elmore James

1992

Professor Longhair

1993

Dinah Washington

1994

Willie Dixon

1995

The Orioles[C]

1996

Pete Seeger

1997

Mahalia Jackson

1997

Bill Monroe

1998

Jelly Roll Morton

1999

Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys[D]

1999

Charles Brown

2000

Nat King Cole

2000

Billie Holiday

2009

Wanda Jackson

2012

Freddie King[E]

2015

The "5" Royales[E][F]

2018

Sister Rosetta Tharpe[E]

text:
^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy" Jones.[132]
^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R. H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E. A. Rundless.[133]
^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp.[134]
^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody" Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin.[135]
^ E. Nominated as a performer.
^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr[136]

text: Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)[edit]

text: The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll."[2] Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2] This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets" and not revealing their full criteria.[137] In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award".[138]

text:
Year

Name

1986

Alan Freed

1986

Sam Phillips

1987

Leonard Chess

1987

Ahmet Ertegun

1987

Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

1987

Jerry Wexler

1988

Berry Gordy, Jr.

1989

Phil Spector

1990

Gerry Goffin and Carole King

1990

Holland–Dozier–Holland

1991

Dave Bartholomew

1991

Ralph Bass

1992

Leo Fender

1992

Bill Graham

1992

Doc Pomus

1993

Dick Clark

1993

Milt Gabler

1994

Johnny Otis

1995

Paul Ackerman

1996

Tom Donahue

1997

Syd Nathan

1998

Allen Toussaint

1999

George Martin

2000

Clive Davis

2001

Chris Blackwell

2002

Jim Stewart

2003

Mo Ostin

2008

Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

2010

David Geffen

2010

Otis Blackwell

2010

Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich

2010

Mort Shuman

2010

Jesse Stone

2010

Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil

2011

Jac Holzman

2011

Art Rupe

2012

Don Kirshner

2013

Lou Adler

2013

Quincy Jones

2014

Brian Epstein

2014

Andrew Loog Oldham

2016

Bert Berns

text: Award for Musical Excellence[edit]

text: This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers."

text:
Year

Name

2011

Leon Russell

2012

Cosimo Matassa

2012

Tom Dowd

2012

Glyn Johns

2014

E Street Band [G]

2015

Ringo Starr

2017

Nile Rodgers[139]

text: ^ G. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.

text: Singles[edit]

text: At the 2018 ceremony, a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt.[140] According to Van Zandt, the category is "a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock 'n' roll, kind of a rock 'n' roll jukebox, records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall. They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment."[140]

text:
Year

Artist

Song (Year)

2018

Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats

"Rocket 88" (1951)[141]

2018

Link Wray

"Rumble" (1958) [141]

2018

Chubby Checker

"The Twist" (1960)[141]

2018

The Kingsmen

"Louie Louie" (1963)[141]

2018

Procol Harum

"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (1967)[141]

2018

Steppenwolf

"Born to Be Wild" (1968)[141]

text: Sidemen[edit]

text: Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert." A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees.[2] In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence". According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[142]

text:
Year

Name

Instrument

2000

Hal Blaine

Drums[143]

2000

King Curtis

Saxophone[144]

2000

James Jamerson

Bass guitar[145]

2000

Scotty Moore

Guitar[146]

2000

Earl Palmer

Drums[147]

2001

James Burton

Guitar[148]

2001

Johnnie Johnson

Piano[149]

2002

Chet Atkins

Guitar[150]

2003

Benny Benjamin

Drums[151]

2003

Floyd Cramer

Piano[152]

2003

Steve Douglas

Saxophone[153]

2008

Little Walter

Harmonica[154]

2009

Bill Black

Bass guitar[155]

2009

D. J. Fontana

Drums[156]

2009

Spooner Oldham

Keyboard[157]

text: Lifetime achievement[edit]

text: The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category."[2]

text:
Year

Name

1986

John Hammond

1991

Nesuhi Ertegun

2004

Jann Wenner

2005

Frank Barsalona

2005

Seymour Stein

2006

Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss

text: Multiple inductees[edit]

text: As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with  Cream and with The Yardbirds.[158] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010.

text: Two inducted bands were spinoffs of other inducted bands. Journey was founded by two former members of Santana. Led Zeppelin was founded by lead guitarist Jimmy Page after The Yardbirds broke up, with the encouragement of the band's management. They were originally billed as "The New Yardbirds."

text: The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back-to-back years (1987/88 for McPhatter, 1992/93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000).

text: The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017.

text:
Name

First

Year

Second

Year

Third

Year

Jeff Beck

The Yardbirds

1992

Solo career

2009

—

—

Johnny Carter

The Flamingos

2001

The Dells

2004

—

—

Eric Clapton

The Yardbirds

1992

Cream

1993

Solo career

2000

David Crosby

The Byrds

1991

Crosby, Stills & Nash

1997

—

—

Peter Gabriel

Genesis

2010

Solo career

2014

—

—

George Harrison

The Beatles

1988

Solo career

2004

—

—

Michael Jackson

The Jackson Five

1997

Solo career

2001

—

—

John Lennon

The Beatles

1988

Solo career

1994

—

—

Curtis Mayfield

The Impressions

1991

Solo career

1999

—

—

Paul McCartney

The Beatles

1988

Solo career

1999

—

—

Clyde McPhatter

Solo career

1987

The Drifters

1988

—

—

Graham Nash

Crosby, Stills & Nash

1997

The Hollies

2010

—

—

Jimmy Page

The Yardbirds

1992

Led Zeppelin

1995

—

—

Lou Reed

The Velvet Underground

1996

Solo career

2015

—

—

Gregg Rolie

Santana

1998

Journey

2017

—

—

Paul Simon

Simon and Garfunkel

1990

Solo career

2001

—

—

Ringo Starr

The Beatles

1988

Award For Musical Excellence, Solo career

2015

—

—

Rod Stewart

Solo career

1994

Faces

2012

—

—

Stephen Stills

Buffalo Springfield

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash

1997

—

—

Sammy Strain

The O'Jays

2005

Little Anthony & The Imperials

2009

—

—

Ronnie Wood

The Rolling Stones

1989

Faces

2012

—

—

Neil Young

Solo career

1995

Buffalo Springfield

1997

—

—


document_title: Tongue

question_text: what is the tip of the tongue called

question_tokens: what is the tip of the tongue called

text: Tongue

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word tongue derives from the Old English tunge, which comes from Proto-Germanic *tungōn.[3] It has cognates in other Germanic languages — for example tonge in West Frisian, tong in Dutch and Afrikaans, Zunge in German, tunge in Danish and Norwegian, and tunga in Icelandic, Faroese and Swedish. The ue ending of the word seems to be a fourteenth-century attempt to show "proper pronunciation", but it is "neither etymological nor phonetic".[3] Some used the spelling tunge and tonge as late as the sixteenth century.

text: In humans[edit]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The tongue is a muscular hydrostat that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity. The left and right sides of the tongue are separated by a vertical section of fibrous tissue known as the lingual septum. This division is along the length of the tongue save for the very back of the pharyngeal part and is visible as a groove called the median sulcus. The human tongue is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the terminal sulcus which is a V-shaped groove. The apex of the terminal sulcus is marked by a blind foramen, the foramen cecum, which is the remnant of median thyroid diverticulum in early embryonic development. The anterior oral part is the visible part situated at the front and makes up roughly two-thirds the length of the tongue. The posterior pharyngeal part is the part closest to the throat, roughly one-third of its length. These parts differ in terms of their embryological development and nerve supply.

text: The anterior tongue is, at its apex (or tip), thin and narrow, it is directed forward against the lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth. The posterior part is, at its root, directed backward, and connected with the hyoid bone by the hyoglossi and genioglossi muscles and the hyoglossal membrane, with the epiglottis by three glossoepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, with the soft palate by the glossopalatine arches, and with the pharynx by the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the mucous membrane. It also forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx.

text: The average length of the human tongue from the oropharynx to the tip is 10 cm.[4] The average weight of the human tongue from adult males is 70g and for adult females 60g.[citation needed]

text: In phonetics and phonology, a distinction is made between the tip of the tongue and the blade (the portion just behind the tip). Sounds made with the tongue tip are said to be apical, while those made with the tongue blade are said to be laminal.

text: Surface of the tongue[edit]

text: The upper surface of the tongue is called the dorsum, and is divided by a groove into symmetrical halves by the median sulcus. The foramen cecum marks the end of this division (at about 2.5 cm from the root of the tongue) and the beginning of the terminal sulcus. The foramen cecum is also the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the descent of the thyroid diverticulum in embryonic development.

text: The terminal sulcus is a shallow groove that runs forward as a shallow groove in a V shape from the foramen cecum, forwards and outwards to the margins (borders) of the tongue. The terminal sulcus divides the tongue into a posterior pharyngeal part and an anterior oral part. The pharyngeal part is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve and the oral part is suppled by the lingual nerve (a branch of the mandibular branch (V3) of the trigeminal nerve) for somatosensory perception and by the chorda tympani (a branch of the facial nerve) for taste perception.

text: Both parts of the tongue develop from different pharyngeal arches.

text: Muscles[edit]

text: The eight muscles of the human tongue are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic. The four intrinsic muscles act to change the shape of the tongue, and are not attached to any bone. The four extrinsic muscles act to change the position of the tongue, and are anchored to bone.

text: Extrinsic[edit]

text: The four extrinsic muscles originate from bone and extend to the tongue. They are the genioglossus, the hyoglossus (often including the chondroglossus) the styloglossus, and the palatoglossus. Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement.[5]

text: The genioglossus arises from the mandible and protrudes the tongue. It is also known as the tongue's "safety muscle" since it is the only muscle that propels the tongue forward.

text: The hyoglossus, arises from the hyoid bone and retracts and depresses the tongue. The chondroglossus is often included with this muscle.

text: The styloglossus arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and draws the sides of the tongue up to create a trough for swallowing.

text: The palatoglossus arises from the palatine aponeurosis, and depresses the soft palate, moves the palatoglossal fold towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue during swallowing.

text: Intrinsic[edit]

text: Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along its length. They are the superior longitudinal muscle, the inferior longitudinal muscle, the vertical muscle, and the transverse muscle. These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by lengthening and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges as in tongue rolling, and flattening and rounding its surface. This provides shape and helps facilitate speech, swallowing, and eating.[5]

text: The superior longitudinal muscle runs along the upper surface of the tongue under the mucous membrane, and elevates, assists in retraction of, or deviates the tip of the tongue. It originates near the epiglottis, at the hyoid bone, from the median fibrous septum.

text: The inferior longitudinal muscle lines the sides of the tongue, and is joined to the styloglossus muscle.

text: The vertical muscle is located in the middle of the tongue, and joins the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles.

text: The transverse muscle divides the tongue at the middle, and is attached to the mucous membranes that run along the sides.

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The tongue receives its blood supply primarily from the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery. The lingual veins, drain into the internal jugular vein. The floor of the mouth also receives its blood supply from the lingual artery.[5] There is also a secondary blood supply to the tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.

text: An area in the neck sometimes called the Pirogov triangle is formed by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle, the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle, and the hypoglossal nerve.[6][7] The lingual artery is a good place to stop severe hemorrhage from the tongue.

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: Innervation of the tongue consists of motor fibers, special sensory fibers for taste, and general sensory fibers for sensation.[5]

text: Motor supply for all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue is supplied by efferent motor nerve fibers from the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), with the exception of the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X).[5]

text: Innervation of taste and sensation is different for the anterior and posterior part of the tongue because they are derived from different embryological structures (pharyngeal arch 1 and pharyngeal arches 3 and 4, respectively).[8]

text:
Anterior two thirds of tongue (anterior to the vallate papillae):

Taste: chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) via special visceral afferent fibers
Sensation: lingual branch of the mandibular (V3) division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) via general somatic afferent fibers

Posterior one third of tongue:

Taste and sensation: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via a mixture of special and general visceral afferent fibers

Base of tongue

Taste and sensation: internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (itself a branch of the vagus nerve, CN X)

text: Microanatomy[edit]

text: The upper surface of the tongue is covered in masticatory mucosa a type of oral mucosa which is of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Embedded in this are numerous papillae that house the taste buds and their taste receptors.[9] The lingual papillae consist of filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate papillae.[5] and only the filiform papillae are not associated with any taste buds.

text: The tongue can also divide itself in dorsal and ventral surface. The dorsal surface is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium which is characterized by numerous mucosal projections called papillae.[10] The lingual papillae covers the dorsal side of the tongue towards the front of the terminal groove . The ventral surface is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium which is smooth.[11]

text: Development[edit]

text: The tongue begins to develop in the fourth week of embryogenesis from a median swelling, the median tongue bud known as the tuberculum impar, of the first pharyngeal arch.[12]

text: In the fifth week a pair of lateral swellings, the lateral lingual swellings (distal tongue buds) one on the right side and one on the left, form on the first pharyngeal arch. These lingual swellings quickly expand and cover the tuberculum impar and continue to develop through prenatal development. They form the anterior part of the tongue that makes up two thirds of the length of the tongue. The line of their fusion is marked by the median sulcus.[12]

text: In the fourth week a swelling appears from the second pharyngeal arch, in the midline, called the copula. During the fifth and sixth weeks the copula is overgrown by a swelling from the third and fourth arches (mainly from the third arch) called the hypopharyngeal eminence, and this develops into the posterior part of the tongue (the other third). The hypopharyngeal eminence develops mainly by the growth of endoderm from the third pharyngeal arch. The boundary between the two parts of the tongue, the anterior from the first arch and the posterior from the third arch is marked by the terminal sulcus.[12] The terminal sulcus is shaped like a V with the tip of the V situated posteriorly. At the tip of the terminal sulcus is the foramen caecum, which is the point where the embryological thyroid begins to descend.[5]

text: Function[edit]

text: Taste[edit]

text: Chemicals that stimulate taste receptor cells are known as tastants. Once a tastant is dissolved in saliva, it can make contact with the plasma membrane of the gustatory hairs, which are the sites of taste transduction.[13]

text: The tongue is equipped with many taste buds on its dorsal surface, and each taste bud is equipped with taste receptor cells that can sense particular classes of tastes. Distinct types of taste receptor cells respectively detect substances that are sweet, bitter, salty, sour, spicy, or taste of umami.[14] Umami receptor cells are the least understood and accordingly are the type most intensively under research.[15]

text: Mastication[edit]

text: The tongue is an important accessory organ in the digestive system. The tongue is used for crushing food against the hard palate, during mastication and manipulation of food for softening prior to swallowing. The epithelium on the tongue’s upper, or dorsal surface is keratinised. Consequently, the tongue can grind against the hard palate without being itself damaged or irritated.[16]

text: Speech[edit]

text: The intrinsic muscles of the tongue enable the shaping of the tongue which facilitates speech.

text: Intimacy[edit]

text: The tongue has a role in physical intimacy and sexuality. The tongue is part of the erogenous zone of the mouth and can be employed in intimate contact as in the French kiss.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Disease[edit]

text: A congenital disorder of the tongue is that of ankyloglossia also known as tongue-tie. The tongue is tied to the floor of the mouth by a very short and thickened frenulum and this affects speech, eating, and swallowing.

text: The tongue is prone to several pathologies including glossitis and other inflammations such as geographic tongue, and median rhomboid glossitis; burning mouth syndrome, oral hairy leukoplakia, oral candidiasis (thrush) and black hairy tongue.

text: There are several types of oral cancer that mainly affect the tongue. Mostly these are squamous cell carcinomas.[17][18]

text: Food debris, desquamated epithelial cells and bacteria often form a visible tongue coating.[19] This coating has been identified as a major contributing factor in bad breath (halitosis),[19] which can be managed by using a tongue cleaner.[20]

text: Medication delivery[edit]

text: The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is an ideal location for the administration of certain medications into the body. The oral mucosa is very thin underneath the tongue, and is underlain by a plexus of veins. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This is the only convenient and efficacious route of administration (apart from Intravenous therapy) of nitroglycerin to a patient suffering chest pain from angina pectoris.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: The tongue evolved with the amphibians from the same structures that form fins in fishes.[citation needed] Most amphibians show a proper tongue after their metamorphosis. As a consequence most vertebrate animals - amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals - have tongues. In mammals such as dogs and cats, the tongue is often used to clean the fur and body by licking. The tongues of these species have a very rough texture which allows them to remove oils and parasites. Some dogs have a tendency to consistently lick a part of their foreleg which can result in a skin condition known as a lick granuloma. A dog's tongue also acts as a heat regulator. As a dog increases its exercise the tongue will increase in size due to greater blood flow. The tongue hangs out of the dog's mouth and the moisture on the tongue will work to cool the bloodflow.[21][22]

text: Some animals have tongues that are specially adapted for catching prey. For example, chameleons, frogs, and anteaters have prehensile tongues.

text: Other animals may have organs that are analogous to tongues, such as a butterfly's proboscis or a radula on a mollusc, but these are not homologous with the tongues found in vertebrates, and often have little resemblance in function. For example, butterflies do not lick with their proboscides; they suck through them, and the proboscis is not a single organ, but two jaws held together to form a tube.[23] Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods.[24][25]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Figures of speech[edit]

text: The tongue can be used as a metonym for language. For example, the New Testament of the Bible, in the Book of Acts of the Apostles, Jesus' disciples on the Day of Pentecost received a type of spiritual gift: "there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues....", which amazed the crowd of Jewish people in Jerusalem, who were from various parts of the Roman Empire but could now understand what was being preached. The phrase mother tongue is used as a child's first language. Many languages[26] have the same word for "tongue" and "language".

text: A common temporary failure in word retrieval from memory is referred to as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. The expression tongue in cheek refers to a statement that is not to be taken entirely seriously – something said or done with subtle ironic or sarcastic humour. A tongue twister is a phrase made specifically to be very difficult to pronounce. Aside from being a medical condition, "tongue-tied" means being unable to say what you want due to confusion or restriction. The phrase "cat got your tongue" refers to when a person is speechless. To "bite one's tongue" is a phrase which describes holding back an opinion to avoid causing offence. A "slip of the tongue" refers to an unintentional utterance, such as a Freudian slip. The "gift of tongues" refers to when one is uncommonly gifted to be able to speak in a foreign language, often as a type of spiritual gift. Speaking in tongues is a common phrase used to describe glossolalia, which is to make smooth, language-resembling sounds that is no true spoken language itself. A deceptive person is said to have a forked tongue, and a smooth-talking person said to have a silver tongue.

text: Gestures[edit]

text: Sticking one's tongue out at someone is considered a childish gesture of rudeness and/or defiance in many countries; the act may also have sexual connotations, depending on the way in which it is done. However, in Tibet it is considered a greeting.[27] In 2009, a farmer from Fabriano, Italy was convicted and fined by the country's highest court for sticking his tongue out at a neighbor with whom he had been arguing. Proof of the affront had been captured with a cell phone camera.[28] Blowing a raspberry can also be meant as a gesture of derision.[citation needed]

text: Body art[edit]

text: Being a cultural custom for long time, tongue piercing and splitting has become quite common in western countries in recent decades. In one study, one-fifth of young adults were found to have at least one type of oral piercing, most commonly the tongue.[29]

text: As food[edit]

text: The tongues of some animals are consumed and sometimes considered delicacies. Hot tongue sandwiches are frequently found on menus in kosher delicatessens in America. Taco de lengua (lengua being Spanish for tongue) is a taco filled with beef tongue, and is especially popular in Mexican cuisine. As part of Colombian gastronomy, Tongue in Sauce (Lengua en Salsa), is a dish prepared by frying the tongue, adding tomato sauce, onions and salt. Tongue can also be prepared as birria. Pig and beef tongue are consumed in Chinese cuisine. Duck tongues are sometimes employed in Szechuan dishes, while lamb's tongue is occasionally employed in Continental and contemporary American cooking. Fried cod "tongue" is a relatively common part of fish meals in Norway and Newfoundland. In Argentina and Uruguay cow tongue is cooked and served in vinegar (lengua a la vinagreta). In the Czech Republic and Poland, a pork tongue is considered a delicacy, and there are many ways of preparing it. In Eastern Slavic countries, pork and beef tongues are commonly consumed, boiled and garnished with horseradish or jelled; beef tongues fetch a significantly higher price and are considered more of a delicacy. In Alaska, cow tongues are among the more common.

text: Tongues of seals and whales have been eaten, sometimes in large quantities, by sealers and whalers, and in various times and places have been sold for food on shore.[30]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
The human tongue

Spots on the tongue

Exclusive Lines on the tongue

An okapi cleaning its muzzle with its tongue

Medical illustration of a human mouth by Duncan Kenneth Winter