document_title: Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012

question_text: when was the rh bill passed into law

question_tokens: when was the rh bill passed into law

text: Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012

text: Content[edit]

text: Sections[edit]

text: The basic content of the Consolidated Reproductive Health Bill is divided into the following sections.[7]

text:
SEC. 1. Pamagat
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy
SEC. 3. Guiding Principles
SEC. 4. Definition of Terms
SEC. 5. Midwives for Skilled Attendance
SEC. 6. Emergency Obstetric Care
SEC. 7. Access to Family Planning
SEC. 8. Maternal and Newborn Health Care in Crisis Situations
SEC. 9. Maternal Death Review
SEC. 10. Role of the Food and Drug Administration
SEC. 11. Procurement and Distribution of Family Planning Supplies
SEC. 12. Integration of Family Planning and Responsible Parenthood Component in Anti-Poverty Programs
SEC. 13. Roles of Local Government in Family Planning Programs
SEC. 14. Benefits for Serious and Life-Threatening Reproductive Health Conditions
SEC. 15. Mobile Health Care Service
SEC. 16. Mandatory Age-Appropriate Reproductive Health and Sexuality Education
SEC. 17. Pro Bono Services for Indigent Women.
SEC. 18. Certificate of Compliance
SEC. 19. Capability Building of Barangay Health Workers
SEC. 20. Pro Bono Services for Indigent Women
SEC. 21. Sexual And Reproductive Health Programs For Persons With Disabilities (PWDs)
SEC. 22. Right to Reproductive Health Care Information
SEC. 23. Implementing Mechanisms
SEC. 24. Reporting Requirements
SEC. 25. Congressional Oversight Committee
SEC. 26. Prohibited Acts
SEC. 27. Penalties
SEC. 28. Appropriations
SEC. 29. Implementing Rules and Regulations
SEC. 30-32. Separability Clause, Repealing Clause, Effectivity

text: Summary of major provisions[edit]

text: The bill mandates the government to "promote, without biases, all effective natural and modern methods of family planning that are medically safe and legal."[8]

text: Although abortion is recognized as illegal and punishable by law, the bill states that “the government shall ensure that all women needing care for post-abortion complications shall be treated and counseled in a humane, non-judgmental and compassionate manner”.[8]

text: The bill calls for a "multi-dimensional approach" integrates a component of family planning and responsible parenthood into all government anti-poverty programs.[8] Age-appropriate reproductive health and sexuality education is required from grade five to fourth year high school using "life-skills and other approaches."[8]

text: The bill also mandates the Department of Labor and Employment to guarantee the reproductive health rights of its female employees. Companies with fewer than 200 workers are required to enter into partnership with health care providers in their area for the delivery of reproductive health services.[8]

text: Employers with more than 200 employees shall provide reproductive health services to all employees in their own respective health facilities. Those with fewer than 200 workers shall enter into partnerships with health professionals for the delivery of reproductive health services. Employers shall inform employees of the availability of family planning. They are also obliged to monitor pregnant working employees among their workforce and ensure they are provided paid half-day prenatal medical leaves for each month of the pregnancy period that they are employed.[8]

text: The national government and local governments will ensure the availability of reproductive health care services like family planning and prenatal care.[8]

text: Any person or public official who prohibits or restricts the delivery of legal and medically safe reproductive health care services will be meted penalty by imprisonment or a fine.[8]

text: Support[edit]

text: Free choice regarding reproductive health enables people, especially the poor, to have the number of children they want and can feasibly care and provide for. There are several studies cited by those who support the bill:

text:
Economic studies, especially the experience in Asia,[9] show that rapid population growth and high fertility rates, especially among the poor, exacerbate poverty and make it harder for the government to address it.[10][11]
Poverty incidence is higher among big families.[10][12] Smaller families and wider birth intervals could allow families to invest more in each child’s education, health, nutrition and eventually reduce poverty and hunger at the household level[5][9][10]
Studies show that 44% of the pregnancies in the poorest quintile are unanticipated, and among the poorest women who would like to avoid pregnancy, at least 41% do not use any contraceptive method because of lack of information or access[9][10] and "among the poorest families, 22% of married women of reproductive age express a desire to avoid pregnancies but are still not using any family planning method"[9]
Use of contraception, which the World Health Organization has listed as essential medicines,[13][14] will lower the rate of abortions as it has done in other parts of the world, according to the Guttmacher Institute[15]
An SWS survey of 2008 showed that 71% of the respondents are in favor of the bill[16]

tag: ul

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Opponents of the bill argue that:

text:
People's freedom to access contraceptives is not restricted by any opposing law, being available in family planning NGOs, stores, etc. The country is not a welfare state: taxpayer's money should not be used for personal practices that are harmful and immoral; it can be used to inform people of the harm of BCPs.
The penal provisions constitute a violation of free choice and conscience, and establishes religious persecution[17]

text: President Aquino stated he was not an author of the bill. He also stated that he gives full support to a firm population policy, educating parents to be responsible, providing contraceptives to those who ask for them, but he refuses to promote contraceptive use. He said that his position "is more aptly called responsible parenthood rather than reproductive health".[18][19]

text: Economic and demographic premises[edit]

text: The Philippines is the 39th most densely populated country, with a density over 335 per square kilometer,[20] and the population growth rate is 1.9% (2010 Census),[21] 1.957% (2010 est. by CIA World Factbook), or 1.85% (2005–2010 high variant estimate by the UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision) coming from 3.1 in 1960.[citation needed]

text: The 2013 total fertility rate (TFR) is 3.20 births per woman, from a TFR of 7 in 1960.[22] In addition, the total fertility rate for the richest quintile of the population is 2.0, which is about one third the TFR of the poorest quintile (5.9 children per woman). The TFR for women with college education is 2.3, about half that of women with only an elementary education (4.5 children per woman).[23]

text: Congressman Lagman states that the bill "recognizes the verifiable link between a huge population and poverty. Unbridled population growth stunts socioeconomic development and aggravates poverty".[15]

text: The University of the Philippines School of Economics presented two papers in support of the bill: Population and Poverty: the Real Score (2004), and Population, Poverty, Politics and the Reproductive Health Bill (2008). According to these economists, which include Solita Monsod, Gerardo Sicat, Cayetano Paderanga, Ernesto M. Pernia, and Stella Alabastro-Quimbo, "rapid population growth and high fertility rates, especially among the poor, do exacerbate poverty and make it harder for the government to address it", while at the same time clarifying that it would be "extreme" to view "population growth as the principal cause of poverty that would justify the government resorting to draconian and coercive measures to deal with the problem (e.g., denial of basic services and subsidies to families with more than two children)". They illustrate the connection between rapid population growth and poverty by comparing the economic growth and population growth rates of Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, wherein the first two grew more rapidly than the Philippines due to lower population growth rates.[10] They stressed that "the experience from across Asia indicates that a population policy cum government-funded [family planning] program has been a critical complement to sound economic policy and poverty reduction".[9]

text: In Population and Poverty, Aniceto Orbeta, Jr., showed that poverty incidence is higher among big families: 57.3% of Filipino families with seven children are in poverty while only 23.8% of families who have two children live below the poverty threshold.[12]

text: Proponents argue that smaller families and wider birth intervals resulting from the use of contraceptives allow families to invest more in each child’s education, health, nutrition and eventually reduce poverty and hunger at the household level.[9] At the national level, fertility reduction cuts the cost of social services with fewer people attending school or seeking medical care and as demand eases for housing, transportation, jobs, water, food, and other natural resources.[5][10][24] The Asian Development Bank in 2004 also listed a large population as one of the major causes of poverty in the country, together with weak macroeconomic management, employment issues, an underperforming agricultural sector and an unfinished land reform agenda, governance issues including corruption.[11]

text: Criticism of premises[edit]

text: Opponents refer to a 2003 study of Rand Corporation, which concluded that "there is little cross-country evidence that population growth impedes or promotes economic growth...population neutralism has in fact been the predominant school in thinking among academics about population growth for the last half-century". For example, the 1992 study of Ross Levine and David Renelt, which covered 119 countries over 30 years (versus a University of the Philippines study of 3 countries over a few years). The RAND study also said that a large population can promote growth given the right fundamentals.[25] Thus, they refer to the HSBC 2012 projection for 2050 that the Philippines will be 16th largest economy due to its large growing population, and those whose populations are decreasing will suffer decline.[26]

text: In a recent development, two authors of the Reproductive Health Bill changed their stand on the provisions of the bill regarding population and development. Reps. Emerciana de Jesus and Luzviminda Ilagan wanted to delete three provisions which state that "gender equality and women empowerment are central elements of reproductive health and population and development", which integrate responsible parenthood and family planning programs into anti-poverty initiatives, and which name the Population Commission as a coordinating body. The two party-list representatives strongly state that poverty is not due to over-population but because of inequality and corruption.[27]

text: The Wall Street Journal in July 2012 said that Aquino's "promotion of a 'reproductive health' bill is jarring" since it could lead to "a demographic trap of too few workers. The Philippines doesn't have too many people, it has too few pro-growth policies".[28]

text: Opposing the bill, Former Finance Secretary Roberto de Ocampo wrote that it is "truly disingenuous for anyone to proceed on the premise that the poor are to blame for the nation’s poverty:. He emphasized that the government should apply the principle of first things first and focus on the root causes of the poverty (e.g., poor governance, corruption) and apply many other alternatives to solve the problem (e.g., giving up pork barrel, raising tax collection efficiency).[17]

text: Maternal health and deaths[edit]

text: Maternal deaths in the Philippines, according to the World Health Organization, is at 5.7 per day,[29] not 10–11 deaths a day, as per the proponents who repeated these numbers "to drive home the point".[30][31]

text: The proponents state that the passage of the RH Bill would mean:

text:
Access to information on natural and modern family planning
Improvement of maternal, infant, and child health and nutrition
Promotion of breast feeding
Prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion complications
Improvement of adolescent and youth health
Prevention and management of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS and other STDs
Elimination of violence against women
Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health
Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers
Male involvement and participation in reproductive health issues
Prevention and treatment of infertility
Reproductive health education for the youth

text: The Department of Health states that family planning can reduce maternal mortality by about 32%.[13] The bill is "meant to prevent maternal deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth", said Clara Padilla of Engender Rights. She reported that every day, "there are 11 women dying while giving birth in the Philippines. These preventable deaths could have been avoided if more Filipino women have access to reproductive health information and healthcare".[citation needed]

text: The key to solving maternal deaths, according to the Senate Policy Brief on reproductive health, is the establishment of birthing centers.[5]

text: The Philippine Medical Association (PMA) stated in their Position Paper that the goal of reducing the rise of maternal and child deaths "could be attained by improving maternal and child health care without the necessity of distributing contraceptives. The millions of funds intended for the contraceptive devices may just well be applied in improving the skills of our health workers in reducing maternal and child mortality in the Philippines".[32]

text: Magna Carta for Women[edit]

text: Senator Majority Floor Leader Tito Sotto said that the RH Bill is redundant to a 2009 law referred to as the Magna Carta for Women, which contains reproductive health provisions, asking the Senate to drop the bill.[33]

text: Unmet need[edit]

text: Using data from the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey, Lagman stated that "Twenty-two percent of married Filipino women have an unmet need for family planning services, an increase by more than one-third since the 2003 National Demographic and Housing Survey". "Our women are having more children than they desire, as seen in the gap between desired fertility (2.5 children) and actual fertility (3.5 children), implying a significant unmet need for reproductive health services", state some Ateneo de Manila University professors. The Bill provides that "the State shall assist couples, parents and individuals to achieve their desired family size within the context of responsible parenthood for sustainable development and encourage them to have two children as the ideal family size."[9][24]

text: Writing against the bill, Bernardo Villegas wrote about the Myth of Unmet Family Planning Needs, citing development economist Lant Pritchett who said that the term "unmet need" is an elitist construct, an imposition of a need on the poor, disrespectful of their real preferences. Pritchett said that it is "based on a discrepancy...identified by the analyst through the comparison of responses to items in separate blocks of the questionnaire" and is "an inference on the part of the researcher, not a condition reported by the respondents themselves". Pritchett argued this term is applied to women who are not sexually active, are infecund, whose husband is absent, etc., thus bloating the numbers to favor the pharmaceutical companies and those with a population control agenda. Villegas stressed: "Because [the poor] have been deprived of the infrastructures they need, such as farm-to-market roads, irrigation systems, post-harvest facilities and other support services that the State neglected to provide them, the only economic resources they have are their children". He also challenged that he is willing to bet that if the government will provide cash money to the poor to buy condoms, the poor will use the cash for food and basic needs, thus exploding the myth.[34]

text: Access[edit]

text: One of the main concerns of the proponents is the perceived lack of access to family planning devices such as contraceptives and sterilization. The bill intends to provide universal access through government funding, complementing thus private sector initiatives for family planning services, such as those offered by the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) which supports the Family Planning Organizations of the Philippines and the 97 organizations of the Philippine NGO Council.[citation needed]

text: The UP School of Economics argues, in contrast, that there is lack of access especially for poor people, because contraceptive use is extremely low among them and "among the poorest families, 22% of married women of reproductive age express a desire to avoid pregnancies but are still not using any family planning method".[9] They say that lack of access leads to a number of serious problems which demand attention: (1) "too many and too closely-spaced children raises the risk of illness and premature deaths (for mother and child alike)," (2) "the health risks associated with mistimed and unwanted pregnancies are higher for adolescent mothers, as they are more likely to have complications during labor," (3) women who have mistimed pregnancies are "constrained to rely more on public education and health services and other publicly provided goods and services", further complicating limited public resources, (4) families are not able to achieve their desired family size. Thus the UP economists "strongly and unequivocally support" the thrust of the bill to enable "couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have the information and means to carry out their decisions”.[9] Proponents argue that government-funded access is the key to breaking the inter-generational poverty that many people are trapped in.[9][24]

text: Natural family planning[edit]

text: Proponents of the bill contend that "natural family planning methods have not proven to be as reliable as artificial means of birth control".[35]

text: Abortion[edit]

text: Abortifacient issue[edit]

text: According to the RH bill, one of its components is "prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion complications". It provides that "the government shall ensure that all women needing care for post-abortion complications shall be treated and counseled in a humane, non-judgmental and compassionate manner". It also states that "abortion remains a crime and is punishable", as the Constitution declares that “the State shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception”.[36]

text: The position of the Philippine Medical Association (PMA) "is founded strongly on the principle that 'life or conception begins at fertilization' at that moment where there is fusion or union of the sperm and the egg and thus a human person or human being already does exist at the moment of fertilization". The PMA condemns abortifacients that "destroys the fertilized egg or the embryo" and "abhors any procedure...or medication that will interrupt any stage of fertilization and prevents its normal, physiological, uninterrupted growth to adulthood".[32]

text: Jo Imbong, founder of the Abay Pamilya Foundation, reported that "Lagman said in a House hearing that the bill would protect human life 'from implantation' ",[37] and not from fertilization, noting at the same time that the Records of the Constitutional Commission state that “Human life begins at fertilization”.[37][38]

text: Contraception and abortion relationship[edit]

text: Proponents argue that research by the Guttmacher Institute, involved in advancing international reproductive health, reveals that the use of contraceptives can reduce abortion rates by 85%. Proponents such as 14 Ateneo de Manila University professors, argued thus: "Studies show that the majority of women who go for an abortion are married or in a consensual union (91%), the mother of three or more children (57%), and poor (68%) (Juarez, Cabigon, and Singh 2005). For these women, terminating a pregnancy is an anguished choice they make in the face of severe constraints. When women who had attempted an abortion were asked their reasons for doing so, their top three responses were: they could not afford the economic cost of raising another child (72%); their pregnancy occurred too soon after the last one (57%); and they already have enough children (54%). One in ten women (13%) who had attempted an abortion revealed that this was because her pregnancy resulted from forced sex (ibid.). Thus, for these women, abortion has become a family planning method, in the absence of information on and access to any reliable means to prevent an unplanned and unwanted pregnancy".[24]

text: The bill, said Clara Padilla of EnGender Rights Inc, will "help reduce the number of abortions by providing increased access to information and services on modern contraceptive methods, that in turn will reduce the number of unwanted—and often aborted—pregnancies".[39]

text: Both sides of the debate accuse the other side of deception and misleading the public. The pro-RH people accuse the anti-RH group of misleading the public by calling the bill an abortion bill, when the bill states that abortion remains a crime and is punishable. The anti-RH advocates accuse the RH supporters of hiding from the public the international population control agenda which includes abortion and they refer to U.S. Secretary Hillary Clinton who said that RH includes abortion.[40][41][42]

text: Contraceptives[edit]

text: Morality and social effects[edit]

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Fourteen professors from Ateneo de Manila University, a prominent Catholic University, considering the empirical evidence of the dire socioeconomic conditions of the Filipino poor, urged that the bill be passed to help them. They argued: "As Catholics and Filipinos, we share the hope and mission of building a Church of the Poor. We are thus deeply disturbed and saddened by calls made by some members of the Catholic Church to reject a proposed legislation that promises to improve the wellbeing of Filipino families, especially the lives of women, children, adolescents, and the poor". They announced that "Catholic social teachings recognize the primacy of the well-formed conscience over wooden compliance to directives from political and religious authorities", urging Catholic authorities to withdraw their opposition the bill.[24] Citing Catholic documents and scientific studies, they reasoned that "the RH Bill is pro-life, pro-women, pro-poor, pro-youth, and pro-informed choice". They emphasized that the bill "promotes quality of life, by enabling couples, especially the poor, to bring into the world only the number of children they believe they can care for and nurture to become healthy and productive members of our society".[24] Thus, they called their paper "Catholics Can Support the RH Bill in Good Conscience".[24]

text: In response, the Ateneo administration announced its unity with Catholic teaching and that it had "serious objections to the present bill".[43]

text: Proponents such as Lagman also stressed that official Catholic teaching itself, expressed in the Encyclical Humanae Vitae issued only forty years ago in 1964, is not infallible.[15] He said that the Papal Commission on Birth Control, which included ranking prelates and theologians, recommended that the Church change its teaching on contraception as it concluded that “the regulation of conception appears necessary for many couples who wish to achieve a responsible, open and reasonable parenthood in today’s circumstances”. The editorial of the Philippine Daily Inquirer, moreover, stated that Catholic teaching is "only" a religious teaching and should not be imposed with intolerance on a secular state.[citation needed]

text: Opponents argue that misery is not the result of the church which they say is the largest charitable organization in the world, but of a breakdown in moral sense that gives order to society, nor does misery come from parents who bring up children in faithfulness, discipline, love and respect for life, but from those who strip human beings of moral dignity and responsibility, by treating them as mere machines, which they believe contraception does.[44]

text: Health reasons[edit]

text: Stating that contraception is a lie and "against the beginning of new life", the Philippine Medical Association also stressed that the "health risks of contraception to women are considerable; the list of side effects is long, and includes high blood pressure, strokes, increased incidence of some forms of cancer".[32]

text: Proponents such as E. Ansioco of Democratic Socialist Women of the Philippines argued that "The World Health Organization (WHO) includes contraceptives in its Model Lists of Essential Drugs" and thus are safe medicines.[13][14] "Medical and scientific evidence," says the main proponent, "shows that all the possible medical risks connected with contraceptives are infinitely lower than the risks of an actual pregnancy and everyday activities...The risk of dying within a year of using pills is 1 in 200,000. The risk of dying from a vasectomy is 1 in 1 million and the risk of dying from using an IUD is 1 in 10 million...But the risk of dying from a pregnancy is 1 in 10,000."[15]

text: HIV/AIDS[edit]

text: The RH bill provides for "prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS and other, STIs/STDs", especially since the number of HIV cases among the young nearly tripled from 41 in 2007 to 110 in 2008.[39] Proponents emphasized that RH will help in stemming the AIDS epidemic that is worsening in the Philippines. Lagman explained that "Globally, the new number of reported cases of HIV infections and deaths has dropped by nearly 20 percent. It is therefore both ironic and tragic that the Philippines’ trajectory is towards the other direction. Our country’s HIV/AIDS statistics have increased by 30 percent!"[45] Primary among the means is distribution of condoms. The proponents applauded government efforts last February 2010 when it distributed condoms in some areas of Manila.[citation needed]

text: Opinion polls and TV debates[edit]

text: Proponents refer to many surveys conducted by two prominent locally based organizations (SWS and Pulse Asia) which show majority support for the bill. A survey conducted in 2008 by the Social Weather Stations, commissioned by the Forum for Family Planning and Development (FFPD), a non-government advocacy group, showed that 68 percent of Filipinos agree that there should be a law requiring government to distribute legal contraceptives.[46] SWS President and RH Bill proponent, Mahar Mangahas reported that the "survey found 71 percent in favor [of the RH Bill], 21 percent undecided, and a mere 8 percent opposed. Among those who originally knew of the bill, the score is 84 percent in favor, and 6 percent opposed. Among those who learned of the bill for the first time because of the survey, the score is 59 percent in favor, versus 11 percent opposed.[16][46] Pulse Asia reported that in an October 2008 survey "most Filipinos are aware of the reproductive health bill pending at the House of Representatives (68%) and are in favor of the bill (63%)".[47] In December 2010, Pulse Asia announced based on the results of an October 2010 survey, 69% of the Filipinos are in favor of the bill.[citation needed]

text: President of Prolife Philippines, Lito Atienza, said that the surveys conducted by SWS and Pulse Asia were misleading, because the participants were not fully informed of the bill, were merely aware of it, and informed that it was about health and "modern methods". Instead he referred to the Filipino Family survey of December 2009 conducted by the HB&A International (an affiliate of Louis Harris & Associates) together with the personnel of Asia Research Organization (the Philippine affiliate of Gallup International). The survey concluded that 92% of people in metropolitan Manila rejected the bill, "85 percent are not aware that once passed the RH bill would allow teenagers to secure 'abortifacient devices and substances' without their parents’ knowledge and consent....90 percent do not agree that Congress should appropriate P2 billion to the detriment of other essential medicines for free children’s vaccinations, treatment of dreaded diseases and other more important health and medical concerns."[48] Mangahas acknowledged that the SWS surveys did not include the penalties.[49]

text: A TV Debate was also hosted by ABS-CBN last May 2011. Leaders of both sides, including Rep. Lagman and Rep. Golez were present. According to the ABS-CBN news which reported on the results: "In the SMS poll, 69.58% of votes cast reject the RH bill while 30.42% support it".[50] In the separate online poll held on the Harapan microsite that livestreamed the debate, majority voted against the bill at the very end of the debate.[dubious – discuss]

text: On TV5's Debate Hamon sa Pagbabago on August 21, 2011, the studio audience voted 100% against the bill, while 58.7% of the viewers voted against the RH Bill via text messaging, versus 41.3% in favor.[51]

text: The online poll conducted by the Philippine Star published on May 18, 2011, showed that 56% were against the RH Bill, while 44% were in favor.[52]

text: Rallies[edit]

text: Beginning in late 2010, there were rallies for and against the bill.[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]

text: Penalties[edit]

text: There is mandatory sexuality education starting grade 5, and "malicious disinformation" is penalized.[63] All health care service providers which provide reproductive health services, including faith-based hospital administrators, may be imprisoned or fined if they refuse to provide family planning services such as tubal ligation and vasectomy. The same may happen to employers who do not provide free services to employees.[63] Imprisonment ranges from one to six months or a fine ranging from ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00).[63] Former Finance Secretary Roberto de Ocampo stated that these punitive provisions "are tantamount to an affront to civil liberties and smack of religious persecution".[17]

text: Defending the bill, Felipe Medalla, former dean of the University of the Philippines School of Economics, said that "although the poor’s access to family planning services can be improved even without the law, the absence of the law makes it easier to block the program".[citation needed]

text: Separation of church and state[edit]

text: The head of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines, Archbishop Luis Antonio Tagle opposes the Reproductive Health Bill, along with abortion and contraception. Because 81% of Filipinos are Catholics, the Catholic Church exerts a strong influence in public and moral life. Its staunch opposition to the bill has drawn the controversy among non-Catholics and Catholics alike who support the bill whereby many invoke the principle of separation of church and state.[64]

text: Fr. Joaquin Bernas, S.J, one of the drafters of the Philippine Constitution and a prominent lawyer and writer, explained that the concept of separation of church and state is directed towards the state, rather than the church, as it is a political concept. Technically it means "non-establishment of religion," as the Constitution states, "No law shall be passed respecting an establishment of religion." It means that the state should be guided by the principle that it should support no specific religion and so government funding should not be allocated for building churches or mosques and not favor any particular religion. It does not prevent the church, parents, supervisors, teachers and other moral educators from expressing their views and educating their wards on the morality of their personal and social actions. The Catholic Church also states that their stand is based on secular reasons and natural law that are both acceptable to non-Catholics as well. Proponents, on the other hand, state that the church should not meddle in matters of the state and should focus on religious matters, not political matters.[65]

text: Culture war and its implications[edit]

text: The national debate is seen as part of a wider culture war.[66] Passing it or not passing it of the bill has negative implications depending on the views. Proponents state that the not passing the bill will make the Philippines no longer be a backward state and unable to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, especially the points on poverty alleviation and maternal health. It will mean reneging on international commitments and will slow down modernization. Also, the poor will not have free access to family planning support that many have want, and thus will have more children than they can care for and will not have the money to invest in education to break the intergenerational poverty they are trapped in. Proponents also accuse the Catholic Church of holding the Philippines "hostage" and violating the separation of church and state.[67] They argue that a decreased population growth will lead to improved quality of life and economic development.

text: Financials[edit]

text: Department of Health is proposing 13.7 billion pesos to be fund the RH Bill if it is passed in 2012, according to Senator Pia Cayetano.[68]

text: Filipinos for Life, an anti-abortion organization, claimed that the bill was funded by foreign population control groups, a claim that Rep. Edcel Lagman denied as "an old yarn which is destitute of factual basis", saying that the lobby opposing the bill was the one which was backed by the "wealthy Catholic hierarchy with the aid of dozens of lay organizations”.[69]

text: Young Nine Legislators (Y9L)—including Aliah Dimaporo, Lucy Torres-Gomez, Karlo Alexei Nograles—said that “The proposed P3 billion appropriation for the RH bill, if put towards education, can help secure the future of young Filipinos. That amount can build 4,644 new classrooms…or it can subsidize the college education of 300,000 scholars—a chance for underprivileged student achievers to earn their diploma”.[70]

text: Lagman on the other hand said that both these priorities are important but with a burgeoning population the budget will become even tighter, thus population growth is a major issue.[citation needed]

text: International reactions[edit]

text: European Union[edit]

text: European Union Ambassador to the Philippines Alistair MacDonald said "We have all seen the figures on illegal abortion a year in the Philippines and I very much hope that both Houses of Congress will take these issues into account in producing a reproductive health legislation which will really help people make their own choices and to provide for their families".[71]

text: MacDonald said that lack of effective access to reproductive health services in the Philippines was "antithetical" to the country’s struggle against poverty and "It seems to me extremely unlikely that the Philippines will be able to meet its commitment under the MDGs under the present policy".[71] MacDonald noted that the total fertility rate for the richest quintile of the population is 2.0, while the total fertility rate of the poorest quintile is 5.9. The total fertility rate for women with a college education is 2.3, about half that of women with only elementary education (4.5). He mentioned that the lack of access to RH services is anti-women, citing the slow decline in the maternal mortality ratio in the Philippines. He also said surveys suggest that the total wanted fertility rate for the Philippines is 2.4 children, or below the actual TFR of 3.3 children.[71]

text: Status[edit]

text: Legislature[edit]

text: On January 31, 2011, six different bills were consolidated into a single RH Bill which was then unanimously approved for plenary debate by the House Committee on Population and Family Relations. On February 7, 2011, the bill was scheduled to go before the House Appropriations Committee. On February 16, 2011, the bill was endorsed by the House Appropriations Committee with amendment and referred back to the Population Committee for finalizing the language.[citation needed]

text: President and Cabinet[edit]

text: President Noynoy Aquino during the presidential campaign said that it confounds him why he is always associated with the RH Bill and reiterated that he is neither an author nor a co-author and did not sign the committee report regarding the bill. He said that "he will fully support the crafting of a firm policy that will address the serious problem on population"[18] At the same time, Aquino said that "artificial contraception was a matter of choice and conscience and that health professionals who fool people into using artificial contraceptives should be penalized. As a Catholic, Aquino said he himself was not promoting artificial contraception but believes that the government should be able to provide it to Filipinos who ask for it". Aquino stressed, "I’m a Catholic, I'm not promoting it. My position is more aptly called responsible parenthood rather than reproductive health."[19]

text: According to Rina Jimenez David who is pro-RH, during the “Women Deliver Philippines” Conference held September 2010, Dinky Soliman, Aquino's Secretary of Social Welfare and Development, said that "choice and access” constituted the keystone of the Aquino government’s policy, reiterating the administration’s support for the pending reproductive health bills.[72]

text: On December 2010, the Cabinet and the CBCP agreed to have a joint campaign providing full information on the advantages and risks of contraceptives, natural and artificial family planning and responsible parenthood. They have established a technical working group for this purpose. They also agreed that government will not be an "instrument to enforce or violate the conscience of the people about these issues."[73]

text: However, by April 2011 Aquino has given his full support to the entire RH Bill in a speech at the University of the Philippines and promised to push for its passage even at the "risk of excommunication."[74]

text: Compromise and alternatives[edit]

text: Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile, Congressman Roilo Golez and Buhay party-list separately filed bills that seek to restrict abortion and birth control use. These bills have been seen either as a nullification of the RH Bill, its alternative, or as a way of achieving unity among the populace, since the RH Bill proponents have stated their concern in preventing abortion.

text: Presidential candidate Gilbert Teodoro or Gibo suggested a cash transfer from the government to individuals wanting access to family planning methods, whether natural or artificial. The individuals can then make use of the cash they receive to purchase birth control devices they may choose, thus guaranteeing freedom of choice.[75]

text: The Loyola School of Theology and the John J. Carroll Institute on State and Church Issues issued nine talking points on the RH Bill. Among other points, they proposed a study on the meaning of conception in the Constitution, and if it means fertilization, abortifacients "are to be banned even now and regardless of whether the RH Bill is passed". They also proposed "parallel programs for providing information and training, one for Natural Family Planning (NFP) and another for artificial methods of family planning".[76] Columnist Jose Sison of the Philippine Star criticized that "a Catholic School of theology has actually proposed in public, the use of tax payers’ money to train Filipinos to employ methods that are objectively and intrinsically evil" and cites "empirical evidence and scientific proofs confirming the harmful and evil effects of contraceptives to individuals and to society."[77]

text: Other events 2010–2012[edit]

text: In September 2010, Aquino, during this visit to the United States, reiterated his stand that he is in favor of responsible parenthood and respects the decision of each couple as to the number of children they want, and if they need the government support for contraception, the government will provide it. This statement has created a furor as Catholic church leaders say that Aquino has sold out the Filipino soul in exchange for some "measly" aid from the United States. The President of the Catholic Bishops Conference said that there could be an excommunication of the President if he continues his stance. Pro-RH Bill snators encouraged the President to be steadfast to do his duties towards the state. The President's spokesperson Edwin Lacierda explained that the President "has not changed his stand" and is reaching out to the prelates and said that he has not made any decision in support of the Reproductive Health Bill as he was still studying the document. Lacierda said that the Executive Branch "is not involved in the passage of the RH bill, saying the measure's fate rests solely on the legislative branch."

text: Filipino Freethinkers, an association of agnostics, atheists, progressives, etc., very active in the fight in favor of the RH bill, stepped up the pressure, creating more controversy that fired up renewed interest in the bill on both sides. On September 30, 2010, one of the freethinkers, Carlos Celdran staged a protest action against the Catholic Church, holding a sign which read "DAMASO," a reference to the villainous, corrupt clergyman Father Dámaso of the novel Noli Me Tangere by Filipino revolutionary writer Jose Rizal, and shouting "stop getting involved in politics!" A fan page, Free Carlos Celdran was created in Facebook, which generated 23,808 fans in 24 hours. Francisco Montalvan of the Inquirer said that in the end the Damasos are the scheming, corrupt and deceptive people, implying that the "pro-death advocates" are these, while the Cardinal Rosales who started a nationwide fund for the poor is very far from Damaso. Meanwhile, the Imam Council of the Philippines, the top leaders of the Moslem population which at 4.5 million constitutes 5% of the Philippine population, declared that they are against contraceptives since using them "underestimates God" and "makes one lose morality in the process."

text: During the first public hearing on 24 Nov, the chair of the Committee on Population handling the bill said that there is no instruction from the Speaker of the House to expedite the bill. Upon the call of anti-RH congressmen, the Committee Chair decided to refer the bill also to the Committee on Health since the bill is about Reproductive Health. Leader of the pro-RH group, Elizabeth Ansioco, said that the bill is doomed if it is referred to the Committee on Health. Anti-RH Deputy Speaker Congressman Pablo Garcia said the members of the Committee on Health knew of the WHO announcement on the carcinogenicity of combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives.

text: House Speaker Belmonte said that Congress is not likely to rush the legislation of the bill and will tackle it in plenary early next year. Belmonte said it is better that highly contentious bills be given more attention.

text: On 3 December, the Senate cut the proposed budget of P 880M for contraceptives down to P 8M for condoms since other contraceptives violated the Constitution's ban on abortifacients, and Senator Tito Sotto III said that his constituents never asked for contraceptives.

text: On 27 July 2012, the Speaker of the House decided to put to a vote, by August 7, 2012, on whether the debates have to be terminated. Meanwhile, six co-authors of the bill withdrew support, with the head of the minority group of the house declaring that eight of their group are withdrawing their previous support for the bill.[78]

text: Congressional approval and presidential assent[edit]

text: At 3 in the morning on December 13, 2012, the House of Representatives voted on second reading in favor of the bill with 113–109 while five representatives abstained. In the upper house, the Senate voted, on December 18, 2012, to pass the bill on second reading with 13–8, while Senators Sergio Osmeña III and Lito Lapid were absent.[79]

text: On the same day, both houses passed the bill on the third and final reading. Members of the House of Representatives voted 133–79, while seven representatives abstained. The Senate registered 13–8, the same result as the second reading.[80]

text: On December 19, 2012, both versions of the bill were passed to the Bicameral Committee to produce a final version to be signed by the President Aquino. The committee quickly passed the bill in just one session. It was transmitted back to the House of Representatives and the Senate, which both ratified the bill, with the Senate voting 11–5 in favor of ratification, and the House of Representatives voting via voice vote[81][82]

text: On December 21, 2012, President Aquino signed the bill into law, codifying the bill as Republic Act No. 10354, otherwise known as the "Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012". News of the signing was announced by House Majority Leader Neptali Gonzales II on December 28, 2012.[83]

text: Supreme Court challenge and delay of implementation[edit]

text: In response to petitions challenging the law's constitutionality, the Supreme Court voted 10-5 on March 19, 2013 to issue a status quo ante order halting the implementation of the law for four months.[84] Oral arguments were set for June 18 but postponed until July 9 after the Supreme Court received additional petitions and interventions.[85]

text: During oral arguments, several justices indicated that the court "does not seem to be the right forum–at least for now." Ir could not settle medical issues, such as whether any contraceptives to be made available were actually abortifacients. Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno said the court might have no choice but to exercise "judicial restraint" on the 15 petitions opposing the law.[86]

text: On July 16, the justices voted 8-7 to extend the status quo ante order, which would have expired the next day "until further orders effective immediately."[87] Oral arguments concluded on August 27, with the petitioners against and for the law being instructed to submit memorandums within 60 days.[88]

text: On April 8, 2014, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the law. The justices, however, struck down eight provisions of the law partially or in full.[2]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Section 30 of the law provides that “this act shall take effect 15 days after its publication in at least two newspapers of general circulation". The law was restrained by the Supreme Court from March 19, 2013 to April 8, 2014.[1]
Jump up ^ Legislative History at the House of Representatives
Jump up ^ Legislative History at the Senate


document_title: Jason Morgan (General Hospital)

question_text: who is jason's real mother on general hospital

question_tokens: who is jason 's real mother on general hospital

root

text: Jason Morgan (General Hospital)

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The role was originated on November 11, 1981, by Quinn Carlson until June 3, 1982.[3] Child actor Bryan Beck stepped into the role on September 8, 1982[3] to 1986.

tag: p

text: On December 19, 1991, Burton stepped into the role on a contractual basis as a SORASed Jason Quartermaine.[3][5] In November 1999, ABC confirmed that Burton had decided not to renew his contract which expired in December to pursue other opportunities.[6] Burton last appeared on contract on January 27, 2000.[7] In June 2000, ABC confirmed that Burton would reprise his role for a six-week stint starting on August 25, 2000 until he last appeared on October 10, 2000.[8] In December 2000, it was announced that Burton would return to the series once again and began airing on January 29, 2001.[9] In January 2001, Burton announced that his return was only temporary due to his commitment to film a pilot for his DreamWorks Television development deal. Whether he returned to the role full-time would depend on whether the series was picked up. The pilot was not picked up, Burton landed a role in a major motion picture leading to his departure on April 29, 2001.[10][11] Burton returned to the series on contract in 2002 during May Sweeps.[12]

text: In late 2008, Burton's contract expired and forcing to make a decision on re-signing with the show. After months of speculation, he announced in a public appearance that he re-signed with the show. Burton stated that he would be willing to take a pay cut because he understands that money is a lot tighter now than it has been in recent years and stated that he is blessed to have a job right now.[13] In 2011, rumors began circulating that Burton could depart from the series due to contract negotiations. However, in May 2011 Burton announced via Twitter that he had re-signed with the series again.[14][15] On August 23, 2012, Jamey Giddens of the website Daytime Confidential reported that contract negotiations were not going well and Burton was close to walking away from the series.[16] On August 28, 2012, Burton confirmed in an interview with TV Guide's Michael Logan that he would exit the series and agreed to stay long enough for the producers to write his character out properly.[17][18][19][20][21][22] Following the announcement that Sean Kanan (A. J. Quartermaine) was returning to the series in an undisclosed role, rumors began circulating that Kanan might be a recast of Jason.[23] Kanan's resemblance to Burton fed into the rumors.[24]

text: On September 2, 2014, executive producer Frank Valentini announced on Twitter that former All My Children and The Young and the Restless actor Billy Miller would join the cast as Jason.[25][26][27] On September 30, 2014, Miller's air date as Jason was revealed to be on October 1.[28]

text: In June 2017, it was announced that Burton would return to the series in an undisclosed role, later referred to as "Patient 6."[29] In November 2017, it was announced that Burton had reprised the role of Jason, while Miller's casting was retconned to the character of Andrew Cain.

text: Characterization[edit]

text:
"I guess the writers started seeing something that was happening and they had the idea of making me a new character and basically starting from scratch. It has been a great journey for me as an actor and for me, personally."

—Burton on Jason Morgan[30]

tag: div

text: Steve Burton's early years on the soap as the "rich, wholesome preppy" Jason Quartermaine would come to a shocking, and dramatic end in 1995 after a car accident caused by his brother, A. J. leaves the character as a brain damaged amnesiac. Following Jason's split from the Quartermaines, except for his sister Emily and grandmother Lila Morgan Quartermaine (Anna Lee), and a change of his surname to Morgan, he would become the right-hand man for mob boss, Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard).[31] At the time, Burton was considering leaving the show and joked that a producer noted that he played every scene, the same way, as if someone was about to die. Burton's decision to stay stemmed from a conversation with Benard who gave him advice on how to improve. While still portraying Jason Quartermaine, the writers saw the chemistry between him and Benard and decided to create Jason Morgan.[30]

text:
"Am I a villain? I guess. If I kill people, then I guess I'm a villain. The audience knows that it's been done. But they don't care."

—Burton on his character's change in direction[32]

text: With a new personality shift, Burton's Jason went from "preppy and wholesome" to "angry, stoic and emotionless."[33] In the early stages of his transformation into Jason Morgan, he would experience fits of rage and was even given the nickname "anger boy." Post accident, as Jason matured the fits of rage subsided, Jason was very light and fun during his relationship with Robin Scorpio. It wasn't until after he was hurt multiple times that Jason grew darker and more intense. Jason was seen as "stone cold," and he didn't show much personality, unless it was with his closest loved ones.[34] Despite the drastic change, Burton described his character as "vulnerable, caring, honest, and honorable" around those that he loves.[32] Burton welcomed the change in story for his character, noting that it can sometimes become annoying playing "just plain nice" all the time.[32] Within the mob and despite constant conflicts with law enforcement, Jason operated as a vigilante often taking down criminals who targeted the Corinthos family and tried to bring illegal substances and weapons into Port Charles, New York. Jason was known to show loyalty and compassion to those he held closest to him. His acts of extreme loyalty and compassion could be seen through his friendships with Sonny and Carly, his romantic relationships and his relationship with his nephew Michael, who he raised for the first year of Michael's life.[35] The passing years also saw a thaw in Jason's relationship with the Quartermaines. The death of his father Alan and a shooting that left Michael in a year-long coma opened his eyes to what the Quartermaines suffered after his own accident. For that point on, Jason was shown to be more open to a relationship with his mother Monica, and eventually his grandfather Edward Quartermaine (John Ingle). The extent of the thaw with his family could also be seen through Jason's decision to name his son, Daniel Edward, after his grandfather.

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Jason was conceived out of his father, Alan Quartermaine's (Stuart Damon), affair with Susan Moore (Gail Ramsey). Jason was born on September 14, 1981[36] at Our Lady of Mercy Hospital in New York City.[37] When Jason was born, Alan supported him financially, but was fighting for custody of his other son, A.J.. Jason lived with his mother and Scott Baldwin (Kin Shriner) up until her death, upon which he lived with Susan's aunt, Alice Grant (Lieux Dressler). Then he moved into the Quartermaine mansion with Alan. Alan's wife, Monica (Leslie Charleson), initially rejected Jason, but eventually grew to love him and later adopted him. Jason and A.J. were sent off to boarding school as children. In December 1991, Jason was aged several years, re-establishing his birth year as 1974.

text: When a newly SORASed Jason[38] and older brother A.J. return to town, Jason, who is a successful student and athlete, is treated as the family favorite while A.J. is failing and dealing with alcoholism. Jason has relationships with Karen Wexler (Cari Shayne), Brenda Barrett (Vanessa Marcil), Robin Scorpio (Kimberly McCullough) and Keesha Ward (Senait Ashenafi). Jason supports Monica through her health crisis with breast cancer and adores his adoptive sister, Emily Quartermaine (then Amber Tamblyn). In December 1995, an intoxicated A.J. runs his car into a tree. Jason, who was attempting to stop A.J. from driving, is in the passenger seat and hits his head on a large boulder after being ejected from the car. Jason suffers brain injuries that result in total memory loss.[39] Upon waking up from his coma, Jason had no recollection of his past and resented all of the Quartermaines except his grandmother Lila Quartermaine (Anna Lee) and sister Emily. His personality drastically changes.[39] Jason eventually turns his back on his family, and changes his surname to Morgan,[39] Lila's maiden name. Jason meets Robin again on a bridge and they begin a friendship which turns into a romantic relationship. Robin encouraged Jason to develop relationships with Lila, Emily, and Monica, and he stood by Robin at the Nurses Ball, where she shares with Port Charles for the first time that she is HIV positive. Robin leaves for college at Yale University and Jason asks her friend Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard) for a job. His loyalty and hard work impress Sonny. Jason becomes Sonny's personal enforcer in his mob business.[39] Robin returns in 1997 and was with Jason when he was shot for the first time by the Tin Man. Jason was operated on and saved. Robin begged Jason to leave his dangerous life behind. When Jason refused Robin begged Sonny to fire Jason. Initially hesitant, Sonny finally relented. Jason was infuriated when Sonny told him he was fired, and knew Robin was to blame. He and Robin broke up, and Robin made plans to leave town again. Jason met Robin on the bridge, and they said a last goodbye.

text: To help Carly Benson (then Sarah Joy Brown), Jason pretends to be the father of her baby. Carly develops postpartum depression after giving birth to her son, Michael, and leaves town. Robin returns to Port Charles and Jason confesses that the child is A.J.'s. Jason and Michael bond with Robin during Carly's absence. Dr. Tony Jones (Brad Maule) kidnaps Michael and Robin. Jason eventually rescues them both. At trial, Carly shoots Tony in a moment of temporary insanity and is remanded to a mental facility. In Carly's absence, Jason and Robin reunite. After Robin is almost killed in an explosion, Jason leaves the mob. Carly is released from the hospital, which puts a strain on Jason and Robin's relationship. Robin tells A.J. that he is Michael's father, and Jason temporarily loses custody of Michael. A.J. and Carly marry, and a judge awards joint custody to Jason, A.J. and Carly. Jason fears his hatred of A.J. will hurt Michael and signs away all rights; however he remains an integral part of Michael's life. Jason later comforts Elizabeth Webber (Rebecca Herbst) over the supposed death of her boyfriend, Lucky Spencer (Jonathan Jackson). Carly misunderstands their relationship and sleeps with Sonny. Jason is unable to deal with the betrayal of Sonny and Carly, and leaves town. Jason and Elizabeth are later romantically drawn to each other, but a relationship is never established.

text: Jason marries Brenda to avoid testifying against each other in a murder trial. They are cleared of the charges, and later get divorced. Soon after, Jason ends up falling in love with Sonny's sister, Courtney Matthews (Alicia Leigh Willis), and they begin a relationship, despite Sonny's disapproval. Courtney and Jason marry, but a miscarriage and the stress of the mob life tear them apart, and they annul their marriage. When Jason discovers that Sonny's mistress, Sam McCall (Kelly Monaco), is pregnant, he pretends to be the father of Sam's baby so Sonny will stay with his wife, Carly. The two bonded as the pregnancy advanced, and Sam wanted Jason to be a part of her baby's life. Sadly, Sonny and Sam's daughter is stillborn, but Jason helped Sam cope with the loss, and the two eventually fall in love and got engaged. When all three of Sonny's children are kidnapped, Jason and Sam rescue them from A.J., who is killed soon after. Jason takes a drug to remember A.J.'s killer, but later causes memory loss. Sam convinces Jason to go on an experimental drug that Robin finds, to help him regain his memory. The drug works but causes a brain aneurysm. They moved back to Hawaii where they plan to spend the last days of Jason's life. Jason later changes his mind, and has an operation that saves his life.

text: When Sam is shot and almost dies, Sam's mother Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn) guilts Jason into breaking up with Sam. Upset at his decision, Sam sleeps with Ric Lansing (Rick Hearst) and Jason witnesses the incident. Jason goes home and Elizabeth shows up. Jason and Elizabeth sleep together, and she ends up pregnant. Elizabeth claims Lucky is the father but later tells Jason the truth during the Metro Court hostage crisis, when his father, Alan, dies. Jason regrets all the years he pushed his father away. Elizabeth gives birth to a son, Jacob Martin Spencer. Jake is kidnapped soon after, and Jason rescues him. Sam finds out about Jake's paternity, and she and Jason break up. After Jake's paternity is revealed to Lucky, Jason and Elizabeth start dating. When Michael is shot and left in a coma, Jason ends his relationship with Elizabeth. Jason's relationship with his mother, Monica, becomes increasingly strained after Emily is killed by Diego Alcazar (Ignacio Serricchio), Jason's enemy. Monica's self-destructive behavior and drinking leads to her getting hospitalized and arrested; Jason helps her go to rehab, and they reconcile. Jason denies Sonny access to the organization when he wants it back. In order to regain his power, Sonny becomes head of the Zacchara organization by marrying Claudia Zacchara (Sarah Joy Brown).

text: Jason is offered blanket immunity by Agent Thomas Rayner (Mark Pinter) if he provides information on Sonny and Anthony Zacchara (Bruce Weitz). After Damian Spinelli (Bradford Anderson) is set up and arrested for his illegal activity, Jason is forced to agree to Rayner's deal to gain Spinelli's freedom. Spinelli is freed when Sam, helps destroy the evidence against him. Jason and Sonny reconcile, and Jason gives the business back. Michael wakes up from his year-long coma, and Jason suspects that Claudia is responsible for Michael's shooting. Jason resumes a friendship with Sam, who has partnered with Spinelli to start a private investigation firm. When Michael and Kristina Davis (Lexi Ainsworth) run away to Mexico, Sam and Jason track the siblings but encounter Jerry Jacks (Sebastian Roché). Jason is shot and left to die by Jerry. Sam rescues Jason, and cares for him; the two reconnect. Jason and Sam find Michael and Kristina, and bring them back to Port Charles. Sam and Jason remain drawn to each other, and start a relationship again. Jason and Sam find the proof they need to confirm Claudia's involvement in Michael's shooting. They hand it over to Sonny, who confronts Claudia. Cornered, Claudia takes a pregnant Carly hostage, and escapes. Michael ends up finding them before Jason & Sam can, and kills Claudia to protect Carly and his baby sister, Josslyn. To protect Michael, Jason covers up the crime and makes it look like Claudia disappeared.

text: Jason and his close ones are stalked by crazed artist Franco (James Franco). When Michael is exposed as the killer, and sent to prison, Jason makes a deal goes to prison to protect him. Michael is released, but Jason is forced to remain in jail. He's temporarily released to find Franco, before being permanently released. Jake gets hit by a car and dies on the operating table, leaving Jason devastated. Realizing how much he wants a family, Jason proposes to Sam, who accepts. Jason is rushed to the hospital and has to undergo surgery after getting into an accident. Fortunately, he recovers, and marries Sam soon after. During their honeymoon in Hawaii, Sam and Jason are drugged by Franco. He locks Jason in a room and forces him to watch as he apparently rapes Sam. After returning to Port Charles, Jason kills Franco, but Sam finds out she's pregnant. A paternity test establishes Jason as the father. However, Sam finds out that Franco is Jason's fraternal twin brother, sold at birth. Sam runs another DNA test and is devastated when it says Franco is the father. Jason has a hard time accepting the news, and they separate. Sam eventually gives birth to a baby boy while trapped by a storm. Jason finds her, and is led to believe her son is dead. Both of them mourn the loss of her son. Unknown to either, Sam's son was actually switched by Heather Webber (Robin Mattson) and Todd Manning (Roger Howarth) with the stillborn son of Téa Delgado (Florencia Lozano). It's revealed that Jason is the baby's father because Heather switched the paternity test. The baby's "death" causes Jason and Sam's marriage to deteriorate, and they agree to divorce.

text: Jason eventually figures out that the baby that died wasn't Sam's. He finds out about Téa and her son, and acquires a DNA sample from baby Victor, Téa's son, but the results are not a match. Elizabeth later confesses to switching the DNA test – the baby with Téa is Sam's son. Jason tells Sam, but finds out the baby has been kidnapped by Heather. Jason saves the baby, and he and Sam are reunited with their son, whom they rename Daniel Edward Morgan. Jason goes to help his accountant Bernie Abrahms (Richard Fancy) at Pier 52 and shoots Joe Scully Jr. (Richard Steinmetz) to protect Bernie. However, Jason is shot by Cesar Faison (Anders Hove), who kicks him into the water; Jason is presumed dead. Not long after he disappears, Sam finds out Jason is Danny's biological father.

text: When Victor Cassadine (Thaao Penghlis) visits Robin, he reveals that Jason is alive, and tells her to help bring his relatives, the Cassadines, and Jason back to life. She agrees to help Victor for Jason's sake. Robin succeeds in reviving Jason, but Victor forces her and Jason apart. Jason manages to escape, only to be hit by a car. Jason is brought to General Hospital, as a John Doe. Following multiple reconstructive surgeries to his face, an unconscious Jason (Billy Miller) is tended to by Elizabeth. He wakes up with amnesia, and later believes his name to be Jake. Helena uses "Jake" through mind control as her soldier to wreak havoc on the town. In the meantime, he and Elizabeth grow closer. When Jason is caught for his crimes, they find a chip inside his head that Helena uses to control him. Jason undergoes surgery to remove the chip, but still can't remember his real identity.

text: Hayden Barnes (Rebecca Budig) comes to Elizabeth's house claiming to be "Jake's" wife, but it is really a scheme set up by Ric, Elizabeth's ex-husband. Carly exposes Hayden and Ric's fraud. Unknown to "Jake," Nikolas Cassadine (Tyler Christopher) tells Elizabeth "Jake"'s identity. Elizabeth keeps Jason's identity a secret to pursue a relationship with him. Elizabeth and Jason's son, Jake, is found alive and being held captive by Helena. He is rescued by Lucky, and returned to Elizabeth & Jason. "Jake" proposes to Elizabeth, and she accepts. He asks Sam for help to figure out his real identity. Spinelli creates a facial reconstruction program that reveals his identity. Carly helps gets confirmation that "Jake" is actually Jason. "Jake" finds out his true identity from Carly on his wedding day. Jason still can't remember his past, and decides to divorce Sam so he can marry Elizabeth. He bonds with both his sons, Jake and Danny, and reconnects with Sonny and Carly. Sam figures out that Elizabeth knew who Jason was. Though Jason doesn't believe Sam, he confronts Elizabeth and, cornered, Elizabeth finally admits the truth. Heartbroken, Jason breaks up with Elizabeth.

text: Jason realizes that Nikolas knew about his identity, igniting a feud between the two. Jake, who is upset about his father moving out, is stalked by a mysterious intruder who vandalizes Elizabeth's home. Jason later realizes it was actually Jake, hoping Jason would come back. Jason and Elizabeth try to get Jake help, but he gets hit by a car. Jake survives, and is treated for his injuries. Jason finds Sam injured and unconscious after she fell trying to help Jake. He saves her life, and the incident brings them closer together. The two slowly start to rebuild their relationship. Sam asks Jason for a divorce, though, hoping to not pressure Jason into remembering their past. Jason reluctantly agrees. Sam investigates Hayden, and figures out that Nikolas tried to kill Hayden to cover up Jason's true identity. Using this information, Jason blackmails Nikolas into selling him ELQ, which Nikolas had stolen from the Quartermaines, and gives them back the company. Soon after, Jason is in an accident, and ends up falling off his motorcycle. When he regained consciousness, he found Dante Falconeri (Dominic Zamprogna) trapped under the van. While trying to rescue Dante, he starts having visions of Robin, Carly, Helena, Sam, and Sonny. Jason manages to rescue Dante, and his memory finally returns. He reconnects with his family and friends; despite reconnecting with Sonny, Jason decides not to go back into the mob for the sake of his family.

text: When Jason is accused of killing Nikolas, he goes on the run with Sam, and figures out that Nikolas staged his death so he could disappear. He and Sam find Nikolas, but get taken hostage by Valentin Cassadine (James Patrick Stuart). They manage to escape, and return to Port Charles, where Jason is cleared of the murder charges. Jason had a brief malaria scare after returning from Greece, but was treated and released. Afterwards, Sam revealed to Jason that she's pregnant. Jason was ecstatic, and proposed to Sam; she accepted, and they remarried soon after. Jason tries to keep a mob war from starting when Sonny's rival Julian Jerome (William deVry) gets acquitted of murder. Soon after, Julian's car explodes, killing Morgan Corinthos (Bryan Craig), Sonny and Carly's son. Jason investigates the car bombing, wanting to get answers for Sonny and Carly. When Jason finds out Sonny is not responsible for the hit, he teams up with Curtis Ashford (Donnell Turner) to find out who killed Morgan. They figure out the culprit was Olivia St. John (Tonja Walker), Julian's sister. Trying to find her, Jason realizes that Sam is in danger because Olivia kidnapped her. He rescues her, but Sam goes into labor, and Jason is forced to deliver their daughter, Emily Scout Morgan. Olivia tries to bomb the hospital, but Jason and Curtis are able to thwart her.

text: In late 2017, a name under the alias of "Patient 6," (Burton) who Ava helped escape the Russian clinic where she was awaiting surgery to fix her burn scars. "Patient 6" was held against his will at the clinic and, after escaping, he realized it had been five years, thinking it had only been a few weeks. He finds his way back to Port Charles, where he seeks out Sonny, claiming to be Jason Morgan. Soon, many of Jason's friends and loved ones begin to accept "Patient 6" as Jason. While the support for "Patient 6" as Jason begins to heighten, Jason relies on Curtis to help seek out proof that he is the man he says he is. When "Patient 6" is arrested, a DNA is performed by the PCPD and it confirms that both men claiming to be Jason Morgan are in fact a match. When Andre Maddox is named a suspect that could identity the true Jason, he disappears, and is eventually found by Curtis and Jordan. Upon his return to Port Charles, Andre admits to creating a memory mapping program, which was declined by the WSB, and later funded by an anonymous backer. He admits that he was hired to give Jason's twin brother, Andrew Cain, Jason's memories and admits that he was sent to Port Charles to watch Andrew; this thus confirms that "Patient 6" is Jason Morgan, and the man claiming to be Jason is in fact his twin brother, Andrew.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Burton's portrayal of Jason Morgan earned him two Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Younger Lead Actor in 1997 and 1998.[40][41] He was nominated for the 1997 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series and won the 1998 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. He also received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in 2000. He won two Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in 2003 and Outstanding Actor in 2005. Also in 2005, he received a nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and in 2012 he received a pre-nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.[42] With the 2014 casting of Billy Miller, Michael Fairman of On Air, On Soaps questioned: "Knowing now that Miller is taking on the role, do you think the Jason that comes to life after Robin revived him, will be a hitman, killer, or will he be Jason Quartermaine-esque or none of the above?"[27]


document_title: Impractical Jokers

question_text: who has lost the most in impractical jokers

text: Impractical Jokers

text: Development[edit]

text: Joseph "Joe" Gatto, James "Murr" Murray, Brian "Q" Quinn, and Salvatore "Sal" Vulcano, four high school friends who attended Monsignor Farrell High School, from Staten Island, New York, formed the live improv and sketch comedy troupe, The Tenderloins in 1999. After a long and successful history, including winning the $100,000 grand prize in NBC's "It’s Your Show" competition, the group went into television. In 2008, they filmed a pilot episode for a scripted sitcom for Spike TV, but the show did not go to series. TruTV announced the series Impractical Jokers, originally slated to be named Mission: Uncomfortable, on April 12, 2011, eight months before the show's debut. Murray explained how the hidden camera format made sense based on the jokesters skills. "We needed to find the right format... thing is, we've been doing this for years, but when it's on camera, the embarrassment is amplified."[5] Q and Sal have said when they gave their pilot episode to TruTV, it was recorded on their iPhones. At the time they pitched the idea to TruTV, Murray was VP of Development for NorthSouth Productions; the company that has produced the series since its inception.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
16
December 15, 2011 (2011-12-15)
May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04)

2
28
September 6, 2012 (2012-09-06)
December 12, 2013 (2013-12-12)

3
31
January 2, 2014 (2014-01-02)
October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)

4
26
January 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)
October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)

5
26
February 11, 2016 (2016-02-11)
November 3, 2016 (2016-11-03)

6
26
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)

7
26[6]
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
TBA

Specials
24
February 2, 2012 (2012-02-02)
TBA

tag: table

text: Before every challenge, the Jokers explain where they are, what the challenge is, and what will happen if they fail. Often (but not always) there is an ear piece placed on the cast member(s) performing the prank while the others have a mic in a covert location. There are also hidden cameras near the area to capture the action. The location in which the challenge takes place is usually a public area in or around New York City such as a city park, or store. The criteria of each challenge are the same for each of the jokers competing in the round. If the joker cannot complete their task, they get a Thumbs-Down. At the end of the episode, the joker or jokers with the most thumbs down is punished, and the punishments are usually more embarrassing, humiliating, disgusting, painful or scary than any of the challenges. Punishments cannot be refused, or the joker is off the show.

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Impractical Jokers statistics

Joker
Punishments
Thumbs down
Thumbs up
Challenges

Joe
35 (23.4%)
134 (35.9%)
253 (68.5%)
377 (92.0%)

Murr
49 (33.2%)
166 (48.7%)
226 (59.3%)
379 (92.6%)

Q
39 (26.1%)
137 (38.0%)
250 (69.0%)
375 (91.4%)

Sal
53 (35.7%)
158 (42.3%)
234 (65.8%)
377 (92.0%)

text:
Punishments include double, triple, and in one episode, all four punished
Some statistics have been rounded.
Some challenges involved double-thumbs down (Sal 3, Murr 3, Joe 2, Q 1); punishment percentage rates based on total episodes that involve punishments (147 out of 150) challenge percentage rates based on total challenges attempted (418 as of October 12, 2017)

text: In some instances, a joker can bet that another joker can't complete a (usually difficult) task. If the task is complete, the challenge will end (even if not all jokers participated), and the joker who loses the bet loses the entire episode, regardless of the loser board. This has only happened on three occasions in the show's run; one of those occasions, the joker was successful on the bet and didn't take the loss on the episode.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: Brian "Q" Quinn (born March 14, 1976) is an American improvisational comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island. He attended Monsignor Farrell High School where he was involved in numerous activities including drama and sports.[7] Following his graduation, he attended Brooklyn College and later went on to join the New York City Fire Department.[8] He is also the third host of the podcast Tell 'Em Steve-Dave! on SModcast.com.

text: James "Murr" Murray (born May 1, 1976) is an American improvisational comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island. He attended Monsignor Farrell High School there and was also a part of a community theatre.[7] He continued his education at Georgetown University where he received a BA in English.[9] He currently continues to work at NorthSouth Productions where he is the Senior Vice President of Development.[10]

text: Salvatore "Sal" Vulcano (born November 5, 1976) is an American improvisational and stand-up comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island. He attended Monsignor Farrell High School in Staten Island where he took part in various sports such as hockey, basketball and football. He received a degree in Finance from St. John's University.

text: Joseph "Joe" Gatto Jr. (born June 5, 1976) is an American improvisational comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island. While in Staten Island, he went to Monsignor Farrell High School.[7] After graduation, he studied at LIU Post where he received a degree in Accounting.[11] He founded the Tenderloins comedy troupe in 2000 and worked at the baby retail store, Giggle, until January 2011.[12]

text: Guest appearances[edit]

text:
Daniel Ribacoff Season 2
Rosie O'Donnell Season 2
Imagine Dragons Season 2
Joey Fatone Seasons 3, 5-6
Tommy Dreamer Seasons 3, 6
Soren Thompson Season 4
Danica McKellar Seasons 4, 6
Ulambayaryn Byambajav Season 4
Grant Marshall Season 4
Colin White Season 4
Alex Brightman Season 5
Howie Mandel Season 4
James Buckley Season 5
Travis Pastrana Season 5
Gary Busey Seasons 6-7
Bully Ray Season 6
Velvet Sky Season 6
Jesse Bravo Season 6
Matthew Lewis Season 6
Victoria Justice Season 6
Noah Syndergaard Season 6
Kayla Harrison Season 6
Casey Jost Seasons 2-3, 5-7
Johnny Launonen Seasons 4-5
Mike Langan Season 4
Rob Emmer Seasons 2-6

text: Reception[edit]

text: Impractical Jokers has been very well received by some critics with Linda Stasi of the New York Post calling it "possibly the funniest, most ridiculous show I’ve seen in years."[13]

text: While it has been compared to earlier hit prank shows such as Candid Camera and Jackass, critics have offered praise for its unique twist on the genre, wherein the stars' reactions to the pranks are often equally as humorous as those of the innocent bystanders. Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times stated that "the gag pays off twice: once in the reaction of the unsuspecting passer-by, once in the discomfort of the fellow doing the asking." He later wrote that the cast-members' occasional integrity [kept] these four clowns a little bit lovable."[14] Dean Robbins of The Daily Page echoed this sentiment, stating that "the friends are jovial rather than Jackass-obnoxious, even rejecting some dares as too offensive."[15]

text: The series has been generally well received, garnering 1.5 million viewers during its December 15, 2011, premiere.[16]

text: The review of the show by Variety's Brian Lowry was less positive, ending with this statement: "Nobody will ever confuse Impractical Jokers with high art, certainly, but as low-brow, micro-cost comedy in the context of TruTV's programming resources, it's actually quite practical—and occasionally funny."[17]

text: Impractical Jokers: Inside Jokes[edit]

text: Impractical Jokers: Inside Jokes is a spin-off of Impractical Jokers in which episodes that have already aired are shown again with pop-up facts throughout, including behind-the-scenes stories and facts directly from the Jokers. The first episode of Impractical Jokers: Inside Jokes aired on July 14, 2016, following the mid season British special"[18][19]

text: Impractical Jokers: After Party[edit]

text: Impractical Jokers: After Party is a spin-off of Impractical Jokers, hosted by Joey Fatone, in which the Jokers and surprise guests go through a deep dive of challenges, special play-by-play punishment analysis from the latest episode, and bonus content from the latest episode or the whole show. The first episode of the series aired on August 3, 2017 after the episode "The Q-Pay" had aired.

text: International versions[edit]

text:
A UK version of Impractical Jokers began airing in winter 2012 on BBC Three. It starred comedians Paul McCaffrey, Joel Dommett, Marek Larwood and Roisin Conaty.[20] The pilot was filmed and placed online as part of "The Comedy Kitchen" in 2012. The first series included six episodes, which aired from November 15 - December 20, 2012. The second series also included six episodes, and aired from February 24 - April 2, 2014. It is produced by Yalli Productions.[21] It was cancelled after Series 2 in April 2014 mainly due to its unpopularity. However, more recently, Comedy Central and Channel 5 picked up the rights to co-produce a third season of Impractical Jokers UK with Yalli Productions, starring Late Night Gimp Fight.[22]
 A Dutch version was broadcast on Veronica in 2013, called "De Fukkers". In 2015 a new version started at RTL 5 with the name "Foute Vrienden", like the Flemish version.[23]
 A Belgian (Flemish) version broadcast on 2BE in fall 2012, with the title "Foute Vrienden". James Murray was spotted in episode 5 of the first season.[24] The second season, which started in March 2014, includes 10 episodes.
 A Brazilian version is currently being broadcast on SBT with the title "Amigos da Onça". The series premiere aired January 7, 2013[25] and ended August 13, 2013. James Murray was spotted in episode 3 of the second season.
 A Lebanese version broadcast on Al Jadeed in autumn / fall 2013.
 A Mexican version broadcast on TBS Latin America started on May 20, 2015 with the title "Impractical Jokers".
 A Greek version broadcast on Ant1 in February 2014 with the title "Wanted".
 A French-Canadian version broadcast on V on February 24, 2014 with the title "Les Jokers".
 A Swedish version broadcast on TV6 in April 2014 with the title "Radiostyrd".
 A Spanish version broadcast on Neox in 2014 with the title "Sinvergüenzas".
 An Egyptian version was released in 2015 with the title "Al Mohayesoun".[26]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text:
On April 18, 2014, during the first ever live recording of their "What Say You?" Podcast at the Prince Charles Cinema in London, Q and Sal stated that, when the BBC bought the rights to create a UK version of the show, they also bought the rights to air the US version of the show in the UK. This was meant to be aired after the 1st season of the UK show, but the BBC never aired it. However it finally came to air on August 22, 2014. The US version now airs on Comedy Central UK and Channel 5.
 It is presently airing on RTÉ2 in Ireland
 The series currently airs on Comedy Central India (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives), WB Channel (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives) and WB Channel Pakistan (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan)
 The series currently airs in Canada on ACTION, CMT and OLN.[27]
 It is currently being shown in Australia on The Comedy Channel.
 It is currently being shown in New Zealand on Comedy Central New Zealand.
 The series currently airs in France and Belgium on MTV France with the title "Les Jokers".
 The series currently airs in Italy on DMAX with the title "Cattivissimi amici".
 The series currently airs in Spain on Neox and Comedy Central Spain with the title "Agárralos como Puedas".
 The series currently airs in Brazil on TBS with the title "Tirando a Maior Onda".
 The series currently airs in Bulgaria on BTV with the title "Шегаджии".[28]
 The series currently airs in Germany on ProSieben Maxx.[29]
 The original series currently airs in Poland on TTV.
 The original series currently airs in Russia on MTV Russia with the title "Нереальные подставы" (Unreal Trolling).[30]
 The show aired on +TVI with the original title.
 In Malaysia, Impractical Jokers is shown in Warner TV.
 The original series currently airs in the Netherlands on RTL 5.
 The series currently airs in Vietnam on Warner TV.


document_title: Give It to Me Baby

question_text: who sings the song give it to me baby

question_tokens: who sings the song give it to me baby

text: Give It to Me Baby

text:
"Give It to Me Baby"

Single by Rick James

from the album Street Songs

B-side
"Don't Give Up on Love"

Released
February 20, 1981

Format
7"

Genre
Funk

Length
4:08

Label
Gordy

Songwriter(s)
Rick James

Producer(s)
Rick James

Rick James singles chronology

"Big Time"
(1980)
"Give It to Me Baby"
(1981)
"Super Freak"
(1981)

"Big Time"
(1980)
"Give It to Me Baby"
(1981)
"Super Freak"
(1981)

Music video

"Give It To Me Baby" on YouTube

text: "Give It to Me Baby" is a song written by American singer Rick James. Taken from his album Street Songs, the song charted on the Billboard Hot 100, spending two weeks at No. 40 and spent five weeks at No. 1 on the R&B chart.[1] Along with two other tracks from Street Songs, "Super Freak" and "Ghetto Life", topped the American dance chart for three weeks in the summer of 1981.[2] The song proved to be even more successful with R&B and dance club audiences. This song was also featured in the 1999 romantic comedy film She's All That as the theme soundtrack for the eccentric character Brock Hudson (played by Matthew Lillard), and was also featured in the video games EA Skate, Scarface: The World is Yours and in Grand Theft Auto V, on the radio station Space 103.2. DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince's "I'm All That" used a sample of the song as the opening track from the Homebase album in 1991.

text: Sampling[edit]

text: Parts of the track were sampled or interpolated on:

text:
Let's Get It Started by MC Hammer (1988)
Fight the Power by Public Enemy (1989)
Libera L'anima by Jovanotti (1991)
Gitty Up by Salt-N-Pepa (1998)
Dooinit by Common (2000)
I Just Wanna Love U (Give It To Me) by Jay-Z (2000)
P&P 1.5 by Kendrick Lamar (2010)


document_title: Amphion and Zethus

question_text: who builds the walls of thebes with song

text: Amphion and Zethus

text: Mythology[edit]

text: Childhood[edit]

text: Amphion and Zethus were the sons of Antiope, who fled in shame to Sicyon after Zeus raped her, and married King Epopeus there. However, either Nycteus or Lycus attacked Sicyon in order to carry her back to Thebes and punish her. On the way back, she gave birth to the twins and was forced to expose them on Mount Cithaeron. Lycus gave her to his wife, Dirce, who treated her very cruelly for many years.[1]

text: Antiope eventually escaped and found her sons living near Mount Cithaeron. After they were convinced that she was their mother, they killed Dirce by tying her to the horns of a bull, gathered an army, and conquered Thebes, becoming its joint rulers.[1]

text: Rule of Thebes[edit]

text: Amphion became a great singer and musician after his lover Hermes taught him to play and gave him a golden lyre. Zethus became a hunter and herdsman, with a great interest in cattle breeding. They built the walls around the Cadmea, the citadel of Thebes. While Zethus struggled to carry his stones, Amphion played his lyre and his stones followed after him and gently glided into place.[2]

text: Amphion married Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus, the Lydian king. Because of this, he learned to play his lyre in the Lydian mode and added three strings to it.[3] Zethus married Thebe, after whom the city of Thebes was named.

text: Later misfortunes[edit]

text: Amphion's wife Niobe had many children, but had become arrogant and because of this she insulted the goddess Leto, who had only two children, Artemis and Apollo. Leto's children killed Niobe's children in retaliation (see Niobe). In Ovid, Amphion commits suicide out of grief; according to Telesilla, Artemis and Apollo murder him along with his children. Hyginus, however, writes that in his madness he tried to attack the temple of Apollo, and was killed by the god's arrows.[4]

text: Zethus had only one son, who died through a mistake of his mother Thebe, causing Zethus to kill himself.[2] In the Odyssey, however, Zethus's wife is called a daughter of Pandareus in book 19, who killed her son Itylos in a fit of madness and became a nightingale.[5]

text: After the deaths of Amphion and Zethus, Laius returned to Thebes and became king.

text: Compare with Castor and Polydeuces (the Dioscuri) of Greece, and with Romulus and Remus of Rome.

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Amphion[edit]

text:
Amphion, son of Zeus and Antiope, and twin brother of Zethus

Amphion by NathanJacquin (November 16, 2015)

Amphion

Mercury and Amphion by Jean Vignaud (1819)

Amphion by Krauss, Johann Ulrich (ca. 1690)

text: Amphion and Zethus[edit]

text:
The Famese Bull

Amphion and Zethus

Julius Troschel, Amphion and Zethus (1840-1850), Neue Pinakothek.

Dirce being tied to a bull by Amphion as Zethus looks on; Antiope tries to stop her son's hand. (fresco, 1st century AD)

The Farnese Bull depicting the punishment of Dirke by Amphion and Zethos