document_title: Google Play

question_text: how many apps are in the google play store

text: Google Play

text: Catalog content[edit]

text: Android applications[edit]

text: As of February 2017[update], Google Play features over 2.7 million Android applications.[1] Users in over 145 countries can purchase apps, although Google notes on its support pages that "Paid content may not be available in some provinces or territories, even if the governing country is listed above."[2] Developers in over 150 locations can distribute apps on Google Play, though not every location supports merchant registration.[3] To distribute apps, developers have to pay a one-time $25 registration fee for a Google Play Developer Console account.[4] App developers can control which countries an app is distributed to, as well as the pricing for the app and in-app purchases in each country.[5][6] Developers receive 70% of the application price, while the remaining 30% goes to the distribution partner and operating fees.[7] Developers can set up sales, with the original price striked out and a banner underneath informing users when the sale ends.[8][9][10] Google Play allows developers to release early versions of apps to a select group of users, as alpha or beta tests.[11] Developers can also release apps through staged rollouts, in which "your update reaches only a percentage of your users, which you can increase over time."[12] Users can pre-order select apps (as well as movies, music, books, and games) to have the items delivered as soon as they are available.[13] Some network carriers offer billing for Google Play purchases, allowing users to opt for charges in the monthly phone bill rather than on credit cards.[14] Users can request refunds within 48 hours after a purchase if "something you bought isn't working, isn't what you expected, was bought by accident, or you changed your mind about the purchase".[15] Apps meeting specific usability requirements can qualify as an Android Wear app.[16]

text: Play Games[edit]

text: Google Play Games is an online gaming service for Android that features real-time multiplayer gaming capabilities, cloud saves, social and public leaderboards, and achievements. The service was introduced at the Google I/O 2013 Developer Conference,[17] and the standalone mobile app was launched on July 24, 2013.[18]

text: Music[edit]

text: Google Play Music is a music and podcast streaming service and online music locker. It features over 40 million songs,[19] and gives users free cloud storage of up to 50,000 songs.[20]

text: As of May 2017[update], Google Play Music is available in 64 countries.[21]

text: Books[edit]

text: Google Play Books is an ebook digital distribution service. Google Play offers over five million ebooks available for purchase,[22] and users can also upload up to 1,000 of their own ebooks in the form of PDF or EPUB file formats.[23]

text: As of January 2017[update], Google Play Books is available in 75 countries.[21]

text: Movies and TV shows[edit]

text: Google Play Movies & TV is a video on demand service offering movies and television shows available for purchase or rental, depending on availability.[24]

text: As of January 2017[update], movies are available in over 110 countries, while TV shows are available only in Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, the United States and the United Kingdom.[21]

text: News publications and magazines[edit]

text: Google Play Newsstand is a news aggregator and digital newsstand service offering subscriptions to digital magazines and topical news feeds.[25][26]

text: As of January 2017[update], the basic Newsstand service, with topical news feeds, is available worldwide. Paid Newsstand content is available in over 35 countries.[21]

text: Devices[edit]

text: Google Play, before March 2015, had a Devices section for users to purchase Google Nexus devices, Chromebooks, Chromecasts, other Google-branded hardware, and accessories. A separate online hardware retailer called the Google Store was introduced on March 11, 2015, replacing the Devices section of Google Play.[27][28]

text: History[edit]

text: Google Play originated from three distinct products: Android Market, Google Music and Google eBookstore.

text: The Android Market was announced by Google on August 28, 2008,[29][30] and was made available to users on October 22.[31][32] In December 2010, content filtering was added to the Android Market, each app's details page started showing a promotional graphic at the top, and the maximum size of an app was raised from 25 megabytes to 50 megabytes.[33][34][35] The Google eBookstore was launched on December 6, 2010, debuting with three million ebooks, making it "the largest ebooks collection in the world".[36] In November 2011, Google announced Google Music, a section of the Play Store offering music purchases.[37][38] In March 2012, Google increased the maximum allowed size of an app by allowing developers to attach two expansion files to an app's basic download; each expansion file with a maximum size of 2 gigabytes, giving app developers a total of 4 gigabytes.[39][40] Also in March, the Android Market was re-branded as Google Play.[41][42][43]

text: In May 2016, it was announced that the Google Play Store, including all Android apps, would be coming to Chrome OS in September 2016.[44][45]

text: User interface[edit]

text: Apart from searching for content by name, apps can also be searched through keywords provided by the developer.[46] When searching for apps, users can press on suggested search filters, helping them to find apps matching the determined filters.[47] For the discoverability of apps, Play Store consists of lists featuring top apps in each category, including "Top Free", a list of the most popular free apps of all time; "Top Paid", a list of the most popular paid apps of all time; "Top Grossing", a list of apps generating the highest amounts of revenue; "Trending Apps", a list of apps with recent installation growth; "Top New Free", a list of the most popular new free apps; "Top New Paid", a list of the most popular new paid apps; "Featured", a list of new apps selected by the Google Play team; "Staff Picks", a frequently-updated list of apps selected by the Google Play team; "Editors' Choice", a list of apps considered the best of all time; and "Top Developer", a list of apps made by developers considered the best.[48] In March 2017, Google added a "Free App of the Week" section, offering one normally-paid app for free.[49][50] In July 2017, Google expanded its "Editors' Choice" section to feature curated lists of apps deemed to provide good Android experiences within overall themes, such as fitness, video calling and puzzle games.[51][52]

text: Google Play enables users to know the popularity of apps, by displaying the number of times the app has been downloaded. The download count is a color-coded badge, with special color designations for surpassing certain app download milestones, including grey for 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 downloads, blue for 10,000 and 50,000 downloads, green for 100,000 and 500,000 downloads, and red/orange for 1 million, 5 million, 10 million and 1 billion downloads.[53][54]

text: Users can submit reviews and ratings for apps and digital content distributed through Google Play, which are displayed publicly. Ratings are based on a 5-point scale. App developers can respond to reviews[55][56] using the Google Play Developer Console.[57]

text: Design[edit]

text: Google has redesigned Google Play's interface on several occasions. In February 2011, Google introduced a website interface for then-named Android Market that provides access through a computer.[58] Applications purchased are downloaded and installed on an Android device remotely, with a "My Market Account" section letting users give their devices a nickname for easy recognition.[59] In May 2011, Google added new application lists to Android Market, including "Top Paid", "Top Free", "Editor's Choice", "Top Grossing", "Top Developers", and "Trending".[60][61] In July, Google introduced an interface with a focus on featured content, more search filters, and (in the US) book sales and movie rentals.[62] In May 2013, a redesign to the website interface matched the then-recently redesigned Android app.[63] In July 2014, the Play Store Android app added new headers to the Books/Movies sections, a new Additional Information screen offering a list featuring the latest available app version, installed size, and content rating, and simplified the app permissions prompt into overview categories.[64] A few days later, it got a redesign consistent with the then-new Material Design design language,[65][66] and the app was again updated in October 2015 to feature new animations, divide up the content into "Apps and Games" and "Entertainment" sections, as well as added support for languages read right-to-left.[67][68][69] In April 2016, Google announced a redesign of all the icons used for its suite of Play apps, adding a similar style and consistent look.[70][71] In May 2017, Google removed the shopping bag from the Google Play icon, with only the triangle and associated colors remaining.[72][73]

text: App monetization[edit]

text: Google states in its Developer Policy Center that "Google Play supports a variety of monetization strategies to benefit developers and users, including paid distribution, in-app products, subscriptions, and ad-based models", and requires developers to comply with the policies in order to "ensure the best user experience". It requires that developers charging for apps and downloads through Google Play must use Google Play's payment system. In-app purchases unlocking additional app functionality must also use the Google Play payment system, except in cases where the purchase "is solely for physical products" or "is for digital content that may be consumed outside of the app itself (e.g. songs that can be played on other music players)."[74] Support for paid applications was introduced on February 13, 2009 for developers in the United States and the United Kingdom,[75] with support expanded to an additional 29 countries on September 30, 2010.[76] The in-app billing system was originally introduced in March 2011.[77] All developers on Google Play are required to feature a physical address on the app's page in Google Play, a requirement established in September 2014.[78]

text: In February 2017, Google announced that it would let developers set sales for their apps, with the original price striked out and a banner underneath informing users when the sale ends. Google also announced that it had made changes to its algorithms to promote games based on user engagement and not just downloads. Finally, it announced new editorial pages for what it considers "optimal gaming experiences on Android", further promoting and curating games.[8][9][10]

text: Payment methods[edit]

text: Google allows users to purchase content with credit or debit cards, carrier billing, gift cards, or through PayPal.[79] Google began rolling out carrier billing for purchases in May 2012,[14][80] followed by support for PayPal in May 2014.[81][82]

text: Gift cards[edit]

text: The rumor of Google Play gift cards started circulating online in August 2012 after references to it was discovered by Android Police in the 3.8.15 version update of the Play Store Android app.[83] Soon after, images of the gift cards started to leak,[84] and on August 21, 2012 they were made official by Google and rolled out over the next few weeks.[85][86]

text: Google Play gift cards are currently available in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.[87]

text: Subscriptions[edit]

text: Google introduced in-app subscriptions to Google Play in May 2012.[88][89] In June 2016, Google announced that subscriptions charged through Google Play would now split the revenue 85/15, where developers receive 85% of revenue and Google only takes 15%, a change from the traditional 70/30 split in years prior. The move followed Apple's then-recently announced change of the same model, although commentators were quick to point out that while Apple only grants the 85/15 revenue share after one year of active subscriptions, Google's subscription change takes effect immediately.[90][91][92]

text: Play Store on Android[edit]

text:
Play Store

Developer(s)
Google Inc.

Initial release
October 22, 2008; 9 years ago (2008-10-22)

Stable release(s) [±]

Android
8.2.56 / September 27, 2017; 2 months ago (2017-09-27)[93]

Android TV
8.0.28 / August 8, 2017; 4 months ago (2017-08-08)[94]

Android Wear
7.7.19 / May 1, 2017; 7 months ago (2017-05-01)[95]

Development status
Active

Operating system
Android

Type
Digital distribution

Website
play.google.com

text: Play Store is Google's official pre-installed app store on Android-certified devices. It provides access to content on the Google Play Store, including apps, books, magazines, music, movies, and television programs.[96]

text: Play Store filters the list of apps to those compatible with the user's device. Developers can target specific hardware components (such as compass), software components (such as widget), and Android versions (such as 7.0 Nougat).[97] Carriers can also ban certain apps from being installed on users' devices, for example tethering applications.[98]

text: There is no requirement that Android applications must be acquired using the Play Store. Users may download Android applications from a developer's website or through a third-party app store alternative.[99] Play Store applications are self-contained Android Package files (APK), similar to .exe files to install programs on Microsoft Windows computers.[100] On Android devices, an "Unknown sources" feature in Settings allows users to bypass the Play Store and install APKs from other sources.[101] Depending on developer preferences, some apps can be installed to a phone's external storage card.[102]

text: Installation history[edit]

text: The Play Store app features a history of all installed apps. Users can remove apps from the list, with the changes also synchronizing to the Google Play website interface, where the option to remove apps from the history does not exist.[103]

text: Compatibility[edit]

text: Google publishes the source code for Android through its "Android Open Source Project", allowing enthusiasts and developers to program and distribute their own modified versions of the operating system. However, not all these modified versions are compatible with apps developed for Google's official Android versions. The "Android Compatibility Program" serves to "define a baseline implementation of Android that is compatible with third-party apps written by developers". Only Android devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements may install and access Google's Play Store application. As stated in a help page for the Android Open Source Project, "Devices that are "Android compatible" may participate in the Android ecosystem, including Android Market; devices that don't meet the compatibility requirements exist outside that ecosystem. In other words, the Android Compatibility Program is how we separate "Android compatible devices" from devices that merely run derivatives of the source code. We welcome all uses of the Android source code, but only Android compatible devices—as defined and tested by the Android Compatibility Program—may participate in the Android ecosystem."[104]

text: Some device manufacturers choose to use their own app store instead of - or in addition to - the Play Store. Examples include Amazon opting for Amazon Appstore instead of Google Play for its Kindle Fire tablet computers,[105] and Samsung adding Galaxy Apps for its line of Samsung Galaxy smartphones and tablets.[106]

text: Google Play Services[edit]

text: In 2012, Google began decoupling certain aspects of its Android operating system (particularly its core applications) so they could be updated through the Google Play store independently of the OS. One of those components, Google Play Services, is a closed-source system-level process providing APIs for Google services, installed automatically on nearly all devices running Android 2.2 "Froyo" and higher. With these changes, Google can add new system functionality through Play Services and update apps without having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself.[107] As a result, Android 4.2 and 4.3 "Jelly Bean" contained relatively fewer user-facing changes, focusing more on minor changes and platform improvements.[108]

text: History of app growth[edit]

text:
Year
Month
Applications available
Downloads to date

2009
March
2,300[109]

December
16,000[110]

2010
March
30,000[111]

April
38,000[112]

July
70,000[113]

September
80,000[114]

October
100,000[115]

2011
April

3 billion[116]

May
200,000[117]
4,5 billion[117]

July
250,000[118]
6 billion[118]

October
500,000[119][120]

December

10 billion[121]

2012
April

15 billion[122]

June
600,000[123]
20 billion[123]

September
675,000[124]
25 billion[124]

October
700,000[125]

2013
May

48 billion[126]

July
1 million[127]
50 billion[127]

2016

82 billion[128]

2017
February
2.7 million[1]

text: Google Play Awards and yearly lists[edit]

text: In April 2016, Google announced the Google Play Awards, described as "a way to recognize our incredible developer community and highlight some of the best apps and games". The awards showcase five nominees across ten award categories, and the apps are featured in a dedicated section of Google Play. Google stated that "Nominees were selected by a panel of experts on the Google Play team based on criteria emphasizing app quality, innovation, and having a launch or major update in the last 12 months", with the winners announced in May.[129][130]

text: Google has also previously released yearly lists of apps it deemed the "best" on Google Play.[131][132]

text: On March 6, 2017, five years after Google Play's launch, Google released lists of the best-selling apps, games, movies, music, and books over the past five years.[133][134]

text: In June 2017, Google introduced "Android Excellence", a new editorial program to highlight the apps deemed the highest quality by the Google Play editors.[135][136]

text: Application approval[edit]

text: Google places some restrictions on the types of apps that can be published, in particular not allowing sexually explicit content, child endangerment, violence, bullying & harassment, hate speech, gambling, illegal activities, and requiring precautions for user-generated content.[137]

text: In March 2015, Google disclosed that over the past few months, it had been begun using a combination of automated tools and human reviewers to check apps for malware and terms of service violations before they are published in the Play Store. At the same time, it began rolling out a new age-based ratings system for apps and games, based on a given region's official ratings authority (for example, ESRB in the US).[138][139][140]

text: In October 2016, Google announced a new detection and filtering system designed to provide "additional enhancements to protect the integrity of the store". The new system is aimed to detect and filter cases where developers have been attempting to "manipulate the placement of their apps through illegitimate means like fraudulent installs, fake reviews, and incentivized ratings".[141][142][143]

text: Application bans[edit]

text: Some mobile carriers can block users from installing certain apps. In March 2009, reports surfaced that several tethering apps were banned from the store.[144] However, the apps were later restored, with a new ban preventing only T-Mobile subscribers from downloading the apps. Google released a statement:[145]

text:
“
On Monday, several applications that enable tethering were removed from the Android Market catalog because they were in violation of T-Mobile's terms of service in the US. Based on Android's Developer Distribution Agreement (section 7.2), we remove applications from the Android Market catalog that violate the terms of service of a carrier or manufacturer.
We inadvertently unpublished the applications for all carriers, and today we have corrected the problem so that all Android Market users outside the T-Mobile US network will now have access to the applications. We have notified the affected developers.

”

text: In April 2011, Google removed the Grooveshark app from the store due to unspecified policy violations. CNET noted that the removal came "after some of the top music labels have accused the service of violating copyright law".[146] TechCrunch wrote approximately two weeks later that Grooveshark had returned to Android, "albeit not through the official App Market", but rather "Playing on Android's ability to install third-party applications through the browser, Grooveshark has taken on the responsibility of distributing the application themselves".[147]

text: In May 2011, Google banned the account of the developer of several video game emulators. Neither Google nor the developer publicly revealed the reason for the ban.[148]

text: In March 2013, Google began to pull ad blocking apps from the Play Store, per section 4.4 of the developers' agreement, which prohibits apps that interfere with servers and services.[149]

text: Application security[edit]

text: In February 2012, Google introduced a new automated antivirus system, called Google Bouncer, to scan both new and existing apps for malware, spyware, and trojan viruses.[150][151] In 2017, the Bouncer feature and other safety measures within the Android platform were rebranded under the umbrella name Google Play Protect, a system that regularly scans apps for threats.[152][153]

text: Android apps can ask for or require certain permissions on the device, including access to body sensors, calendar, camera, contacts, location, microphone, phone, SMS, and storage.[154]

text: In July 2017, Google described a new security effort called "peer grouping", in which apps performing similar functionalities, such as calculator apps, are grouped together and attributes compared. If one app stands out, such as requesting more device permissions than others in the same group, Google's systems automatically flag the app and security engineers take a closer inspection. Peer grouping is based on app descriptions, metadata, and statistics such as download count.[155][156]

text: Security issues[edit]

text: In early March 2011, DroidDream, a trojan rootkit exploit, was released to then-named Android Market in the form of several free applications that were, in many cases, pirated versions of existing priced apps. This exploit allowed hackers to steal information such as IMEI and IMSI numbers, phone model, user ID, and service provider. The exploit also installed a backdoor that allowed the hackers to download more code to the infected device.[157] The exploit only affected devices running Android versions earlier than 2.3 "Gingerbread".[158] Google removed the apps from the Market immediately after being alerted,[159] but the apps had already been downloaded more than 50,000 times, according to Android Police's estimate.[157] Android Police wrote that the only method of removing the exploit from an infected device was to reset it to factory state, although community-developed solutions for blocking some aspects of the exploit were created.[159] A few days later, Google confirmed that 58 malicious apps had been uploaded to Android Market, and had been downloaded to 260,000 devices before being removed from the store.[160] Google emailed affected users with information that "As far as we can determine, the only information obtained was device-specific (IMEI/IMSI, unique codes which are used to identify mobile devices, and the version of Android running on your device)" as opposed to personal data and account information.[160] It also announced a new "remote kill" functionality, alongside a security update, that lets Google remotely remove malicious apps from users' devices.[160] However, days later, a malicious version of the security update was found on the Internet, though it did not contain the specific DroidDream malware.[161] New apps featuring the malware, renamed DroidDream Light, surfaced the following June, and were also removed from the store.[162]

text: At the Black Hat security conference in 2012, security firm Trustwave demonstrated their ability to upload an app that would circumvent the Bouncer blocker system. The application used a JavaScript exploit to steal contacts, SMS messages, and photos, and was also capable of making the phone open arbitrary web pages or launch denial-of-service attacks. Nicholas Percoco, senior vice president of Trustwave's SpiderLabs advanced security team, stated that "We wanted to test the bounds of what it's capable of". The app stayed on Google Play for more than two weeks, being repeatedly scanned by the Bouncer system without detection, with Percoco further saying that "As an attack, all a malware attacker has to do to get into Google Play is to bypass Bouncer". Trustwave reached out to Google to share their findings, but noted that more manual testing of apps might be necessary to detect apps using malware-masking techniques.[163][164]

text: According to a 2014 research study released by RiskIQ, a security services company, malicious apps introduced through Google Play increased 388% between 2011 and 2013, while the number of apps removed by Google dropped from 60% in 2011 to 23% in 2013. The study further revealed that "Apps for personalizing Android phones led all categories as most likely to be malicious".[165][166] According to PC World, "Google said it would need more information about RiskIQ's analysis to comment on the findings."[167]

text: In October 2016, Engadget reported about a blog post named "Password Storage in Sensitive Apps" from freelance Android hacker Jon Sawyer, who decided to test the top privacy apps on Google Play. Testing two applications, one named "Hide Pictures Keep Safe Vault" and the other named "Private Photo Vault", Sawyer found significant errors in password handling in both, and commented, "These companies are selling products that claim to securely store your most intimate pieces of data, yet are at most snake oil. You would have near equal protection just by changing the file extension and renaming the photos."[168][169]

text: In April 2017, security firm Check Point announced that a malware named "FalseGuide" had been hidden inside approximately 40 "game guide" apps in Google Play.[170] The malware is capable of gaining administrator access to infected devices, where it then receives additional modules that let it show popup ads. The malware, a type of botnet, is also capable of launching DDoS attacks.[171][170] After being alerted to the malware, Google removed all instances of it in the store,[171] but by that time, approximately two million Android users had already downloaded the apps, the oldest of which had been around since November 2016.[170]

text: In June 2017, researchers from Sophos security company announced their finding of 47 apps using a third-party development library that shows intrusive advertisements on users' phones. Even after such apps are force-closed by the user, advertisements remain. Google removed some of the apps after receiving reports from Sophos, but some apps remained. When asked for a comment by Ars Technica, Google didn't respond.[172]

text: In August 2017, 500 apps were removed from Google Play after security firm Lookout discovered that the apps contained an SDK that allowed for malicious advertising. The apps had been collectively downloaded over 100 million times, and consisted of a wide variety of use cases, including health, weather, photo-editing, Internet radio and emoji.[173][174]

text: Patent issues[edit]

text: Some developers publishing on Google Play have been sued for patent infringement by "patent trolls", people who own broad or vaguely worded patents that they use to target small developers. If the developer manages to successfully challenge the initial assertion, the "patent troll" changes the claim of the violation in order to accuse the developer of having violated a different assertion in the patent. This situation continues until the case goes into the legal system, which can have substantial economic costs, prompting some developers to settle.[175] In February 2013, Austin Meyer, a flight simulator game developer, was sued for having used a copy-protection system in his app, a system that he said "Google gave us! And, of course, this is what Google provides to everyone else that is making a game for Android!" Meyer claimed that Google would not assist in the lawsuit, and he stated that he would not settle the case.[176] His battle with the troll continued for several years, uploading a video in June 2016 discussing that he was then being sued for uploading his app to Google Play, because "the patent troll apparently owns the idea [sic] of the Google Play Store itself".[175] Android Authority wrote that "This scenario has played out against many other app developers for many years", and have prompted discussions over "a larger issue at stake", in which developers stop making apps out of fear of patent problems.[175]

text: Availability[edit]

text: Users outside the countries/regions listed below only have access to free apps and games through Google Play.

text:
Country/Region
Paid apps and games
Devices[177]
Magazines[21]
Books[21]
Movies & TV[21]
Music[21]

Customers can purchase[178]
Developers can sell[179]
Movies
TV shows
Standard
All Access

 Albania
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Algeria
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Angola
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Antigua and Barbuda
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Argentina
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Armenia
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Aruba
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Australia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 Austria
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 Azerbaijan
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Bahamas
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Bahrain
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Bangladesh
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Belarus
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Belgium
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Belize
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Benin
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Bolivia
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Botswana
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Brazil
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Bulgaria
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

 Burkina Faso
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Cambodia
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Cameroon
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Canada
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 Cape Verde
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Chile
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 China
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Colombia
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Costa Rica
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Croatia
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Cyprus
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Czech Republic
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Denmark
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Dominican Republic
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Ecuador
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Egypt
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 El Salvador
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Estonia
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Fiji
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Finland
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 France
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 Gabon
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Germany
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 Ghana
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Greece
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Guatemala
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Guinea-Bissau
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Haiti
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Honduras
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Hong Kong
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Hungary
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Iceland
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 India
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Indonesia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Ireland
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Israel
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Italy
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Ivory Coast
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Jamaica
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Japan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 Jordan
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Kazakhstan
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Kenya
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Kuwait
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Kyrgyzstan
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Laos
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Latvia
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Lebanon
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Liechtenstein
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

 Lithuania
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Luxembourg
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Macedonia
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Malaysia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Mali
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Malta
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Mauritius
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Mexico
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Moldova
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Morocco
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Mozambique
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Namibia
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

   Nepal
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Netherlands
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Netherlands Antilles
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 New Zealand
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Nicaragua
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Niger
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Nigeria
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Norway
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Oman
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Pakistan
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Panama
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Papua New Guinea
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Paraguay
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Peru
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Philippines
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Poland
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Portugal
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Qatar
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Romania
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes

 Russia
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Rwanda
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Saudi Arabia
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Senegal
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Serbia
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

 Singapore
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Slovakia
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Slovenia
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 South Africa
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 South Korea
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Spain
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Sri Lanka
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Sweden
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

  Switzerland
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 Taiwan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Tajikistan
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Tanzania
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Thailand
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Togo
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Trinidad and Tobago
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Tunisia
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Turkey
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Turkmenistan
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Uganda
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Ukraine
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 United Arab Emirates
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 United Kingdom
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 United States[a]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 Uruguay
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Uzbekistan
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Venezuela
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

 Vietnam
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

 Yemen
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Zambia
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

 Zimbabwe
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No


document_title: Academy Award for Best Picture

question_text: who won the oscar for best movie last year

root

text: Academy Award for Best Picture

text: History[edit]

text: Category name changes[edit]

text: At the 1st Academy Awards ceremony (for 1927 and 1928), there were two categories of awards that were each considered the top award of the night: Outstanding Picture and Unique and Artistic Picture, the former being won by the war epic Wings, and the latter by the art film Sunrise. Each award was intended to honor different and equally important aspects of superior filmmaking.

tag: p

text: The following year, the Academy dropped the Unique and Artistic Picture award, and decided retroactively that the award won by Wings was the highest honor that could be awarded.[7] Though the award kept the title Outstanding Picture for the next ceremony, the name underwent several changes over the years as seen below. Since 1962, the award has been simply called Best Picture.[6]

text:
1927/28–1928/29: Academy Award for Outstanding Picture
1929/30–1940: Academy Award for Outstanding Production
1941–1943: Academy Award for Outstanding Motion Picture
1944–1961: Academy Award for Best Motion Picture
1962–present: Academy Award for Best Picture

tag: ul

text: Recipients[edit]

text: Until 1950, this award was presented to a representative of the production company. That year the protocol was changed so that the award was presented to all credited producers. This rule was modified in 1998 to apply a limit of three producers receiving the award, after the five producers of Shakespeare in Love had received the award.[8][9][10]

text: As of 2014[update], the "Special Rules for the Best Picture of the Year Award" limit recipients to those who meet two main requirements:[11]

text:
Those with screen credit of "producer" or "produced by"
those three or fewer producers who have performed the major portion of the producing functions

text: The rules allow "bona fide team[s] of not more than two people to be considered to be a single 'producer' if the two individuals have had an established producing partnership for at least the previous five years and as a producing team have produced a minimum of five theatrically released feature motion pictures during that time.[11]

text: The Academy can make exceptions to the limit, as when Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously included among the four producers nominated for The Reader.[12] As of 2014 the Producers Branch Executive Committee determines such exceptions, noting they take place only in "rare and extraordinary circumstance[s]."[11]

text: Steven Spielberg currently holds the record for most nominations at ten, winning one, while Kathleen Kennedy holds the record for most nominations without a win at eight. Sam Spiegel and Saul Zaentz tie for most amount of wins with 3 each. As for the time when the Oscar was given to production companies instead, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer holds the record with five wins and 40 nominations.

text: Best Picture and Best Director[edit]

text: The Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Director have been closely linked throughout their history. Of the 90 films that have won Best Picture, 63 have also been awarded Best Director. Only four films have been awarded Best Picture without receiving a Best Director nomination: Wings (1927/28), Grand Hotel (1931/32), Driving Miss Daisy (1989), and Argo (2012). The only two Best Director winners to win for films that did not receive a Best Picture nomination were during the early years of the awards: Lewis Milestone for Two Arabian Knights (1927/28), and Frank Lloyd for The Divine Lady (1928/29).[13]

text: Nomination limit increased[edit]

text: On June 24, 2009, AMPAS announced that the number of films to be nominated in the Best Picture award category would increase from five to ten, starting with the 82nd Academy Awards (2009).[14] The expansion was a throwback to the Academy's early years in the 1930s and 1940s, when eight to 12 films were nominated each year. "Having 10 Best Picture nominees is going to allow Academy voters to recognize and include some of the fantastic movies that often show up in the other Oscar categories but have been squeezed out of the race for the top prize," AMPAS President Sid Ganis said in a press conference. "I can't wait to see what that list of 10 looks like when the nominees are announced in February."[14]

text: At the same time, the voting system was switched from first-past-the-post to instant runoff voting (also known as preferential voting).[15] Two years after this change, the Academy revised the rule again so that the number of films nominated was between five and ten; nominated films must earn either 5% of first-place rankings or 5% after an abbreviated variation of the single transferable vote nominating process.[16] Bruce Davis, the Academy executive director at the time, said, "A Best Picture nomination should be an indication of extraordinary merit. If there are only eight pictures that truly earn that honor in a given year, we shouldn't feel an obligation to round out the number."[17]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: One point of contention with the award is the lack of consideration of non-English language films for Best Picture. Only nine foreign language films have been nominated in the category: Grand Illusion (French, 1938); Z (French, 1969); The Emigrants (Swedish, 1972); Cries and Whispers (Swedish, 1973); The Postman (Il Postino) (Italian/Spanish, 1995); Life Is Beautiful (Italian, 1998); Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Mandarin Chinese, 2000); Letters from Iwo Jima (Japanese, 2006, but ineligible for Best Foreign Language Film, as it was an American production); and Amour (French, 2012).[18]

text: Only nine films wholly financed outside the United States have won Best Picture, eight of which were financed, in part or in whole, by the United Kingdom. Those films being: Hamlet (1948), Tom Jones (1963), A Man for All Seasons (1966), Chariots of Fire (1981), Gandhi (1982), The Last Emperor (1987), Slumdog Millionaire (2008), and The King's Speech (2010). The ninth film, The Artist, (2011) was financed by France.[19]

text: In 2017, at the 89th Academy Awards, presenters Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty read La La Land as the winner of the award. However, they had mistakenly been given the envelope for the "Best Actress in a Leading Role" award, which Emma Stone had won for her role in La La Land moments prior. When the mistake was realized, the show's producers rushed onstage to correct it; in the resulting chaos, it was La La Land producer Jordan Horowitz who finally announced that Moonlight was the real winner.[20]

text: Sequel nominations and winners[edit]

text: Few sequels have been nominated for Best Picture; two have won: The Godfather Part II and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. Other nominees include The Bells of St. Mary's, The Godfather Part III, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Toy Story 3, and Mad Max: Fury Road.[18]

text: Another nominee, Broadway Melody of 1936, was a follow-up of sorts to previous winner The Broadway Melody. But, beyond the title and some music, there is no story connection to the earlier film. The Silence of the Lambs was adapted from the sequel novel to Red Dragon. The latter had been adapted for film as Manhunter by a different studio. Best Picture nominee The Lion in Winter features Peter O'Toole as King Henry II, a role he had played previously in the film Becket. But Winter is not a sequel to Becket. Clint Eastwood's Letters from Iwo Jima was a companion piece to his film Flags of Our Fathers, released earlier the same year. These two films depict the same battle from the different viewpoints of Japanese and United States military forces; the two films were shot back-to-back.

text: Several musical adaptations based on material previously filmed in non-musical form have won Best Picture, including Gigi, West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver!, and Chicago.

text: Silent film winners[edit]

text: This article appears to contradict another article. Please see discussion on the linked talk page. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The Artist (with the exception of a single scene of dialogue, and dream sequence with sound effects) was the first silent film since Wings to win Best Picture. It was the first silent nominee since 1928's The Patriot. It was the first Best Picture winner to be shot entirely in black-and-white since 1960's The Apartment. (Schindler's List, the 1993 winner, was predominantly black-and-white but it did contain some color sequences).[19]

text: Version availability[edit]

text: No Best Picture winner has been lost, though a few such as All Quiet on the Western Front and Lawrence of Arabia exist only in a form altered from their original, award-winning release form. This has usually been due to editing for reissue (and subsequently partly restored by archivists). Other winners and nominees, such as Tom Jones and Star Wars, are widely available only in subsequently altered versions. The Broadway Melody originally had some sequences photographed in two-color Technicolor. This footage survives only in black and white.[21]

text: The 1928 film The Patriot is the only Best Picture nominee that is lost (about one-third is extant).[22] The Racket, also from 1928, was believed lost for many years until a print was found in Howard Hughes' archives. It has since been restored and shown on Turner Classic Movies.[23] The only surviving complete prints of 1931's East Lynne and 1934's The White Parade exist within the UCLA film archive.[24]

text: Winners and nominees[edit]

text: In the list below, winners are listed first in the colored row, followed by the other nominees.[6] Except for the early years (when the Academy used a non-calendar year), the year shown is the one in which the film first premiered in Los Angeles County, California; normally this is also the year of first release, however, it may be the year after first release (as with Casablanca and, if the film-festival premiere is considered, Crash). This is also the year before the ceremony at which the award is given; for example, a film exhibited theatrically during 2005 was eligible for consideration for the 2005 Best Picture Oscar, awarded in 2006. The number of the ceremony (1st, 2nd, etc.) appears in parentheses after the awards year, linked to the article on that ceremony. Each individual entry shows the title followed by nominee.

text: Until 1950, the Best Picture award was given to the production company; from 1951 on, it has gone to the producer or producers. The Academy used the producer credits of the Producers Guild of America (PGA) until 1998, when all five producers of Shakespeare in Love made speeches after its win.[8][9] A three-producer limit has been applied some years since.[9][10] There was controversy over the exclusion of some PGA-credited producers of Crash and Little Miss Sunshine.[10] The Academy can make exceptions to the limit, as when Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously among the four nominated for The Reader.[12] However, now any number of producers on a film can be nominated for Best Picture, should they be deemed eligible.

text: For the first ceremony, three films were nominated for the award. For the following three years, five films were nominated for the award. This was expanded to eight in 1933, to ten in 1934, and to twelve in 1935, before being dropped back to ten in 1937. In 1945 it was further reduced to five. This number remained until 2009, when the limit was raised to ten and later adjusted in 2011, to vary between five and ten.

text: For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. For example, the 2nd Academy Awards presented on April 3, 1930, recognized films that were released between August 1, 1928, and July 31, 1929. Starting with the 7th Academy Awards, held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31.

text:
Year
Film
Nominees

1927/28
(1st)

Wings
Paramount Famous Lasky

The Racket
The Caddo Company

7th Heaven
Fox

1928/29
(2nd)
[note 1]

The Broadway Melody
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Alibi
Feature Productions

Hollywood Revue
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

In Old Arizona
Fox

The Patriot
Paramount Famous Lasky

text:
Year
Film
Nominees

1929/30
(3rd)

All Quiet on the Western Front
Universal

The Big House
Cosmopolitan

Disraeli
Warner Bros.

The Divorcee
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Love Parade
Paramount Famous Lasky

1930/31
(4th)

Cimarron
RKO Radio

East Lynne
Fox

The Front Page
The Caddo Company

Skippy
Paramount Publix

Trader Horn
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

1931/32
(5th)

Grand Hotel
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Arrowsmith
Samuel Goldwyn Productions

Bad Girl
Fox

The Champ
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Five Star Final
First National

One Hour with You
Paramount Publix

Shanghai Express
Paramount Publix

The Smiling Lieutenant
Paramount Publix

1932/33
(6th)
[note 2]

Cavalcade
Fox

42nd Street
Warner Bros.

A Farewell to Arms
Paramount

I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang
Warner Bros.

Lady for a Day
Columbia

Little Women
RKO Radio

The Private Life of Henry VIII
London Films

She Done Him Wrong
Paramount

Smilin' Through
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

State Fair
Fox

1934
(7th)
[note 3]

It Happened One Night
Columbia

The Barretts of Wimpole Street
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Cleopatra
Paramount

Flirtation Walk
First National

The Gay Divorcee
RKO Radio

Here Comes the Navy
Warner Bros.

The House of Rothschild
20th Century

Imitation of Life
Universal

One Night of Love
Columbia

The Thin Man
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Viva Villa!
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The White Parade
Jesse L. Lasky (production company)

1935
(8th)
[note 4]

Mutiny on the Bounty
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Alice Adams
RKO Radio

Broadway Melody of 1936
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Captain Blood
Cosmopolitan

David Copperfield
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Informer
RKO Radio

The Lives of a Bengal Lancer
Paramount

A Midsummer Night's Dream
Warner Bros.

Les Misérables
20th Century

Naughty Marietta
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Ruggles of Red Gap
Paramount

Top Hat
RKO Radio

1936
(9th)

The Great Ziegfeld
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Anthony Adverse
Warner Bros.

Dodsworth
Samuel Goldwyn Productions

Libeled Lady
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
Columbia

Romeo and Juliet
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

San Francisco
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Story of Louis Pasteur
Cosmopolitan

A Tale of Two Cities
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Three Smart Girls
Universal

1937
(10th)

The Life of Emile Zola
Warner Bros.

The Awful Truth
Columbia

Captains Courageous
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Dead End
Samuel Goldwyn Productions

The Good Earth
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

In Old Chicago
20th Century-Fox

Lost Horizon
Columbia

One Hundred Men and a Girl
Universal

Stage Door
RKO Radio

A Star Is Born
Selznick International Pictures

1938
(11th)

You Can't Take It with You
Columbia

The Adventures of Robin Hood
Warner Bros.-First National

Alexander's Ragtime Band
20th Century-Fox

Boys Town
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Citadel
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Four Daughters
Warner Bros.-First National

Grand Illusion
Realization D'Art Cinematographique

Jezebel
Warner Bros.

Pygmalion
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Test Pilot
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

1939
(12th)

Gone with the Wind
Selznick International Pictures

Dark Victory
Warner Bros.-First National

Goodbye, Mr. Chips
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Love Affair
RKO Radio

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
Columbia

Ninotchka
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Of Mice and Men
Hal Roach (production company)

Stagecoach
Walter Wanger (production company)

The Wizard of Oz
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Wuthering Heights
Samuel Goldwyn Productions

text:
Year
Film
Nominees

1940
(13th)

Rebecca
Selznick International Pictures

All This, and Heaven Too
Warner Bros.

Foreign Correspondent
Walter Wanger (production company)

The Grapes of Wrath
20th Century-Fox

The Great Dictator
Charles Chaplin Productions

Kitty Foyle
RKO Radio

The Letter
Warner Bros.

The Long Voyage Home
Argosy-Wanger

Our Town
Sol Lesser (production company)

The Philadelphia Story
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

1941
(14th)

How Green Was My Valley
20th Century-Fox

Blossoms in the Dust
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Citizen Kane
Mercury

Here Comes Mr. Jordan
Columbia

Hold Back the Dawn
Paramount

The Little Foxes
Samuel Goldwyn Productions

The Maltese Falcon
Warner Bros.

One Foot in Heaven
Warner Bros.

Sergeant York
Warner Bros.

Suspicion
RKO Radio

1942
(15th)

Mrs. Miniver
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Invaders
Ortus

Kings Row
Warner Bros.

The Magnificent Ambersons
Mercury

The Pied Piper
20th Century-Fox

The Pride of the Yankees
Samuel Goldwyn Productions

Random Harvest
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Talk of the Town
Columbia

Wake Island
Paramount

Yankee Doodle Dandy
Warner Bros.

1943
(16th)

Casablanca
Warner Bros.

For Whom the Bell Tolls
Paramount

Heaven Can Wait
20th Century-Fox

The Human Comedy
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

In Which We Serve
Two Cities Films

Madame Curie
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The More the Merrier
Columbia

The Ox-Bow Incident
20th Century-Fox

The Song of Bernadette
20th Century-Fox

Watch on the Rhine
Warner Bros.

1944
(17th)

Going My Way
Paramount

Double Indemnity
Paramount

Gaslight
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Since You Went Away
Selznick International Pictures

Wilson
20th Century-Fox

1945
(18th)

The Lost Weekend
Paramount

Anchors Aweigh
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Bells of St. Mary's
Rainbow Productions

Mildred Pierce
Warner Bros.

Spellbound
Selznick International Pictures

1946
(19th)

The Best Years of Our Lives
Samuel Goldwyn Productions

Henry V
Two Cities Films

It's a Wonderful Life
Liberty Films

The Razor's Edge
20th Century-Fox

The Yearling
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

1947
(20th)

Gentleman's Agreement
20th Century-Fox

The Bishop's Wife
Samuel Goldwyn Productions

Crossfire
RKO Radio

Great Expectations
J. Arthur Rank-Cineguild

Miracle on 34th Street
20th Century-Fox

1948
(21st)

Hamlet
J. Arthur Rank-Two Cities Films

Johnny Belinda
Warner Bros.

The Red Shoes
J. Arthur Rank-Archers

The Snake Pit
20th Century-Fox

The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Warner Bros.

1949
(22nd)

All the King's Men
Robert Rossen Productions

Battleground
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Heiress
Paramount

A Letter to Three Wives
20th Century-Fox

Twelve O'Clock High
20th Century-Fox

text:
Year
Film
Nominees

1950
(23rd)

All About Eve
20th Century-Fox

Born Yesterday
Columbia

Father of the Bride
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

King Solomon's Mines
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Sunset Boulevard
Paramount

1951
(24th)

An American in Paris
Arthur Freed

Decision Before Dawn
Anatole Litvak and Frank McCarthy

A Place in the Sun
George Stevens

Quo Vadis
Sam Zimbalist

A Streetcar Named Desire
Charles K. Feldman

1952
(25th)

The Greatest Show on Earth
Cecil B. DeMille

High Noon
Stanley Kramer

Ivanhoe
Pandro S. Berman

Moulin Rouge
John Huston, John Woolf and James Woolf

The Quiet Man
John Ford and Merian C. Cooper

1953
(26th)

From Here to Eternity
Buddy Adler

Julius Caesar
John Houseman

The Robe
Frank Ross

Roman Holiday
William Wyler

Shane
George Stevens

1954
(27th)

On the Waterfront
Sam Spiegel

The Caine Mutiny
Stanley Kramer

The Country Girl
William Perlberg

Seven Brides for Seven Brothers
Jack Cummings

Three Coins in the Fountain
Sol C. Siegel

1955
(28th)

Marty
Harold Hecht

Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing
Buddy Adler

Mister Roberts
Leland Hayward

Picnic
Fred Kohlmar

The Rose Tattoo
Hal B. Wallis

1956
(29th)

Around the World in 80 Days
Michael Todd

Friendly Persuasion
William Wyler

Giant
George Stevens and Henry Ginsberg

The King and I
Charles Brackett

The Ten Commandments
Cecil B. DeMille

1957
(30th)

The Bridge on the River Kwai
Sam Spiegel

12 Angry Men
Henry Fonda and Reginald Rose

Peyton Place
Jerry Wald

Sayonara
William Goetz

Witness for the Prosecution
Arthur Hornblow Jr.

1958
(31st)

Gigi
Arthur Freed

Auntie Mame
Jack L. Warner

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
Lawrence Weingarten

The Defiant Ones
Stanley Kramer

Separate Tables
Harold Hecht

1959
(32nd)

Ben-Hur
Sam Zimbalist

Anatomy of a Murder
Otto Preminger

The Diary of Anne Frank
George Stevens

The Nun's Story
Henry Blanke

Room at the Top
John Woolf and James Woolf

text:
Year
Film
Nominees

1960
(33rd)

The Apartment
Billy Wilder

The Alamo
John Wayne

Elmer Gantry
Bernard Smith

Sons and Lovers
Jerry Wald

The Sundowners
Fred Zinnemann

1961
(34th)

West Side Story
Robert Wise

Fanny
Joshua Logan

The Guns of Navarone
Carl Foreman

The Hustler
Robert Rossen

Judgment at Nuremberg
Stanley Kramer

1962
(35th)

Lawrence of Arabia
Sam Spiegel

The Longest Day
Darryl F. Zanuck

The Music Man
Morton DaCosta

Mutiny on the Bounty
Aaron Rosenberg

To Kill a Mockingbird
Alan J. Pakula

1963
(36th)

Tom Jones
Tony Richardson

America America
Elia Kazan

Cleopatra
Walter Wanger

How the West Was Won
Bernard Smith

Lilies of the Field
Ralph Nelson

1964
(37th)

My Fair Lady
Jack L. Warner

Becket
Hal B. Wallis

Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb
Stanley Kubrick

Mary Poppins
Walt Disney and Bill Walsh

Zorba the Greek
Michael Cacoyannis

1965
(38th)

The Sound of Music
Robert Wise

Darling
Joseph Janni

Doctor Zhivago
Carlo Ponti

Ship of Fools
Stanley Kramer

A Thousand Clowns
Fred Coe

1966
(39th)

A Man for All Seasons
Fred Zinnemann

Alfie
Lewis Gilbert

The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming
Norman Jewison

The Sand Pebbles
Robert Wise

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
Ernest Lehman

1967
(40th)

In the Heat of the Night
Walter Mirisch

Bonnie and Clyde
Warren Beatty

Doctor Dolittle
Arthur P. Jacobs

The Graduate
Lawrence Turman

Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
Stanley Kramer

1968
(41st)

Oliver!
John Woolf

Funny Girl
Ray Stark

The Lion in Winter
Martin Poll

Rachel, Rachel
Paul Newman

Romeo and Juliet
Anthony Havelock-Allan and John Brabourne

1969
(42nd)

Midnight Cowboy
Jerome Hellman

Anne of the Thousand Days
Hal B. Wallis

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
John Foreman

Hello, Dolly!
Ernest Lehman

Z
Jacques Perrin and Ahmed Rachedi

text:
Year
Film
Nominees

1970
(43rd)

Patton
Frank McCarthy

Airport
Ross Hunter

Five Easy Pieces
Bob Rafelson and Richard Wechsler

Love Story
Howard G. Minsky

M*A*S*H
Ingo Preminger

1971
(44th)

The French Connection
Philip D'Antoni

A Clockwork Orange
Stanley Kubrick

Fiddler on the Roof
Norman Jewison

The Last Picture Show
Stephen J. Friedman

Nicholas and Alexandra
Sam Spiegel

1972
(45th)

The Godfather
Albert S. Ruddy

Cabaret
Cy Feuer

Deliverance
John Boorman

The Emigrants
Bengt Forslund

Sounder
Robert B. Radnitz

1973
(46th)

The Sting
Tony Bill, Michael Phillips and Julia Phillips

American Graffiti
Francis Ford Coppola and Gary Kurtz

Cries and Whispers
Ingmar Bergman

The Exorcist
William Peter Blatty

A Touch of Class
Melvin Frank

1974
(47th)

The Godfather Part II
Francis Ford Coppola, Gray Frederickson and Fred Roos

Chinatown
Robert Evans

The Conversation
Francis Ford Coppola

Lenny
Marvin Worth

The Towering Inferno
Irwin Allen

1975
(48th)

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz

Barry Lyndon
Stanley Kubrick

Dog Day Afternoon
Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand

Jaws
Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown

Nashville
Robert Altman

1976
(49th)

Rocky
Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff

All the President's Men
Walter Coblenz

Bound for Glory
Robert F. Blumofe and Harold Leventhal

Network
Howard Gottfried

Taxi Driver
Michael Phillips and Julia Phillips

1977
(50th)

Annie Hall
Charles H. Joffe

The Goodbye Girl
Ray Stark

Julia
Richard Roth

Star Wars
Gary Kurtz

The Turning Point
Herbert Ross and Arthur Laurents

1978
(51st)

The Deer Hunter
Barry Spikings, Michael Deeley, Michael Cimino and John Peverall

Coming Home
Jerome Hellman

Heaven Can Wait
Warren Beatty

Midnight Express
Alan Marshall and David Puttnam

An Unmarried Woman
Paul Mazursky and Tony Ray

1979
(52nd)

Kramer vs. Kramer
Stanley R. Jaffe

All That Jazz
Robert Alan Aurthur

Apocalypse Now
Francis Ford Coppola, Fred Roos, Gray Frederickson and Tom Sternberg

Breaking Away
Peter Yates

Norma Rae
Tamara Asseyev and Alex Rose

text:
Year
Film
Nominees

1980
(53rd)

Ordinary People
Ronald L. Schwary

Coal Miner's Daughter
Bernard Schwartz

The Elephant Man
Jonathan Sanger

Raging Bull
Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff

Tess
Claude Berri and Timothy Burrill

1981
(54th)

Chariots of Fire
David Puttnam

Atlantic City
Denis Héroux

On Golden Pond
Bruce Gilbert

Raiders of the Lost Ark
Frank Marshall

Reds
Warren Beatty

1982
(55th)

Gandhi
Richard Attenborough

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy

Missing
Edward Lewis and Mildred Lewis

Tootsie
Sydney Pollack and Dick Richards

The Verdict
Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown

1983
(56th)

Terms of Endearment
James L. Brooks

The Big Chill
Michael Shamberg

The Dresser
Peter Yates

The Right Stuff
Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff

Tender Mercies
Philip S. Hobel

1984
(57th)

Amadeus
Saul Zaentz

The Killing Fields
David Puttnam

A Passage to India
John Brabourne and Richard B. Goodwin

Places in the Heart
Arlene Donovan

A Soldier's Story
Norman Jewison, Ronald L. Schwary and Patrick Palmer

1985
(58th)

Out of Africa
Sydney Pollack

The Color Purple
Steven Spielberg, Kathleen Kennedy, Frank Marshall and Quincy Jones

Kiss of the Spider Woman
David Weisman

Prizzi's Honor
John Foreman

Witness
Edward S. Feldman

1986
(59th)

Platoon
Arnold Kopelson

Children of a Lesser God
Burt Sugarman and Patrick J. Palmer

Hannah and Her Sisters
Robert Greenhut

The Mission
Fernando Ghia and David Puttnam

A Room with a View
Ismail Merchant

1987
(60th)

The Last Emperor
Jeremy Thomas

Broadcast News
James L. Brooks

Fatal Attraction
Stanley R. Jaffe and Sherry Lansing

Hope and Glory
John Boorman

Moonstruck
Patrick J. Palmer and Norman Jewison

1988
(61st)

Rain Man
Mark Johnson

The Accidental Tourist
Lawrence Kasdan, Charles Okun and Michael Grillo

Dangerous Liaisons
Norma Heyman and Hank Moonjean

Mississippi Burning
Frederick Zollo and Robert F. Colesberry

Working Girl
Douglas Wick

1989
(62nd)

Driving Miss Daisy
Richard D. Zanuck and Lili Fini Zanuck

Born on the Fourth of July
A. Kitman Ho and Oliver Stone

Dead Poets Society
Steven Haft, Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas

Field of Dreams
Lawrence Gordon and Charles Gordon

My Left Foot
Noel Pearson

text:
Year
Film
Nominees

1990
(63rd)

Dances with Wolves
Jim Wilson and Kevin Costner

Awakenings
Walter F. Parkes and Lawrence Lasker

Ghost
Lisa Weinstein

The Godfather Part III
Francis Ford Coppola

Goodfellas
Irwin Winkler

1991
(64th)

The Silence of the Lambs
Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt and Ron Bozman

Beauty and the Beast
Don Hahn

Bugsy
Mark Johnson, Barry Levinson and Warren Beatty

JFK
A. Kitman Ho and Oliver Stone

The Prince of Tides
Barbra Streisand and Andrew S. Karsch

1992
(65th)

Unforgiven
Clint Eastwood

The Crying Game
Stephen Woolley

A Few Good Men
David Brown, Rob Reiner and Andrew Scheinman

Howards End
Ismail Merchant

Scent of a Woman
Martin Brest

1993
(66th)

Schindler's List
Steven Spielberg, Gerald R. Molen and Branko Lustig

The Fugitive
Arnold Kopelson

In the Name of the Father
Jim Sheridan

The Piano
Jan Chapman

The Remains of the Day
Mike Nichols, John Calley and Ismail Merchant

1994
(67th)

Forrest Gump
Wendy Finerman, Steve Tisch and Steve Starkey

Four Weddings and a Funeral
Duncan Kenworthy

Pulp Fiction
Lawrence Bender

Quiz Show
Michael Jacobs, Julian Krainin, Michael Nozik and Robert Redford

The Shawshank Redemption
Niki Marvin

1995
(68th)

Braveheart
Mel Gibson, Alan Ladd Jr. and Bruce Davey

Apollo 13
Brian Grazer

Babe
Bill Miller, George Miller and Doug Mitchell

The Postman (Il Postino)
Mario Cecchi Gori, Vittorio Cecchi Gori and Gaetano Daniele

Sense and Sensibility
Lindsay Doran

1996
(69th)

The English Patient
Saul Zaentz

Fargo
Ethan Coen

Jerry Maguire
James L. Brooks, Laurence Mark, Richard Sakai and Cameron Crowe

Secrets & Lies
Simon Channing-Williams

Shine
Jane Scott

1997
(70th)

Titanic
James Cameron and Jon Landau

As Good as It Gets
James L. Brooks, Bridget Johnson and Kristi Zea

The Full Monty
Umberto Pasolini

Good Will Hunting
Lawrence Bender

L.A. Confidential
Curtis Hanson, Arnon Milchan and Michael Nathanson

1998
(71st)

Shakespeare in Love
David Parfitt, Donna Gigliotti, Harvey Weinstein, Edward Zwick and Marc Norman

Elizabeth
Alison Owen, Eric Fellner and Tim Bevan

Life Is Beautiful
Elda Ferri and Gianluigi Braschi

Saving Private Ryan
Steven Spielberg, Ian Bryce, Mark Gordon and Gary Levinsohn

The Thin Red Line
Robert Michael Geisler, John Roberdeau and Grant Hill

1999
(72nd)

American Beauty
Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks

The Cider House Rules
Richard N. Gladstein

The Green Mile
Frank Darabont and David Valdes

The Insider
Pieter Jan Brugge and Michael Mann

The Sixth Sense
Frank Marshall, Kathleen Kennedy and Barry Mendel

text:
Year
Film
Nominees

2000
(73rd)

Gladiator
Douglas Wick, David Franzoni and Branko Lustig

Chocolat
David Brown, Kit Golden and Leslie Holleran

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
William Kong, Hsu Li-kong and Ang Lee

Erin Brockovich
Danny DeVito, Michael Shamberg and Stacey Sher

Traffic
Edward Zwick, Marshall Herskovitz and Laura Bickford

2001
(74th)

A Beautiful Mind
Brian Grazer and Ron Howard

Gosford Park
Robert Altman, Bob Balaban and David Levy

In the Bedroom
Graham Leader, Ross Katz, and Todd Field

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh and Barrie M. Osborne

Moulin Rouge!
Martin Brown, Baz Luhrmann and Fred Baron

2002
(75th)

Chicago
Martin Richards

Gangs of New York
Alberto Grimaldi and Harvey Weinstein

The Hours
Scott Rudin and Robert Fox

The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
Barrie M. Osborne, Fran Walsh and Peter Jackson

The Pianist
Roman Polanski, Robert Benmussa and Alain Sarde

2003
(76th)

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Barrie M. Osborne, Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh

Lost in Translation
Ross Katz and Sofia Coppola

Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World
Samuel Goldwyn Jr., Peter Weir and Duncan Henderson

Mystic River
Robert Lorenz, Judie G. Hoyt and Clint Eastwood

Seabiscuit
Kathleen Kennedy, Frank Marshall and Gary Ross

2004
(77th)

Million Dollar Baby
Clint Eastwood, Albert S. Ruddy and Tom Rosenberg

The Aviator
Michael Mann and Graham King

Finding Neverland
Richard N. Gladstein and Nellie Bellflower

Ray
Taylor Hackford, Stuart Benjamin and Howard Baldwin

Sideways
Michael London

2005
(78th)

Crash
Paul Haggis and Cathy Schulman

Brokeback Mountain
Diana Ossana and James Schamus

Capote
Caroline Baron, William Vince and Michael Ohoven

Good Night, and Good Luck
Grant Heslov

Munich
Steven Spielberg, Kathleen Kennedy and Barry Mendel

2006
(79th)

The Departed
Graham King

Babel
Alejandro González Iñárritu, Steve Golin and Jon Kilik

Letters from Iwo Jima
Clint Eastwood, Steven Spielberg and Robert Lorenz

Little Miss Sunshine
David T. Friendly, Peter Saraf and Marc Turtletaub

The Queen
Andy Harries, Christine Langan and Tracey Seaward

2007
(80th)

No Country for Old Men
Scott Rudin, Joel Coen and Ethan Coen

Atonement
Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Paul Webster

Juno
Lianne Halfon, Mason Novick and Russell Smith

Michael Clayton
Jennifer Fox, Kerry Orent and Sydney Pollack

There Will Be Blood
Paul Thomas Anderson, Daniel Lupi and JoAnne Sellar

2008
(81st)

Slumdog Millionaire
Christian Colson

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
Kathleen Kennedy, Frank Marshall and Ceán Chaffin

Frost/Nixon
Ron Howard, Brian Grazer and Eric Fellner

Milk
Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks

The Reader
Anthony Minghella, Sydney Pollack, Donna Gigliotti and Redmond Morris

2009
(82nd)

The Hurt Locker
Kathryn Bigelow, Mark Boal, Nicolas Chartier and Greg Shapiro

Avatar
James Cameron and Jon Landau

The Blind Side
Gil Netter, Andrew A. Kosove and Broderick Johnson

District 9
Peter Jackson and Carolynne Cunningham

An Education
Finola Dwyer and Amanda Posey

Inglourious Basterds
Lawrence Bender

Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire
Lee Daniels, Sarah Siegel-Magness and Gary Magness

A Serious Man
Joel Coen and Ethan Coen

Up
Jonas Rivera

Up in the Air
Daniel Dubiecki, Ivan Reitman and Jason Reitman

text:
Year
Film
Nominees

2010
(83rd)

The King's Speech
Iain Canning, Emile Sherman and Gareth Unwin

127 Hours
Danny Boyle, John Smithson and Christian Colson

Black Swan
Scott Franklin, Mike Medavoy and Brian Oliver

The Fighter
David Hoberman, Todd Lieberman and Mark Wahlberg

Inception
Christopher Nolan and Emma Thomas

The Kids Are All Right
Gary Gilbert, Jeffrey Levy-Hinte and Celine Rattray

The Social Network
Dana Brunetti, Ceán Chaffin, Michael De Luca and Scott Rudin

Toy Story 3
Darla K. Anderson

True Grit
Joel Coen, Ethan Coen, and Scott Rudin

Winter's Bone
Alix Madigan and Anne Rosellini

2011
(84th)

The Artist
Thomas Langmann

The Descendants
Jim Burke, Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor

Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close
Scott Rudin

The Help
Brunson Green, Chris Columbus and Michael Barnathan

Hugo
Graham King and Martin Scorsese

Midnight in Paris
Letty Aronson and Stephen Tenenbaum

Moneyball
Michael De Luca, Rachael Horovitz and Brad Pitt

The Tree of Life
Sarah Green, Bill Pohlad, Dede Gardner and Grant Hill

War Horse
Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy

2012
(85th)

Argo
Grant Heslov, Ben Affleck and George Clooney

Amour
Margaret Menegoz, Stefan Arndt, Veit Heiduschka and Michael Katz

Beasts of the Southern Wild
Dan Janvey, Josh Penn and Michael Gottwald

Django Unchained
Stacey Sher, Reginald Hudlin and Pilar Savone

Les Misérables
Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Debra Hayward and Cameron Mackintosh

Life of Pi
Gil Netter, Ang Lee and David Womark

Lincoln
Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy

Silver Linings Playbook
Donna Gigliotti, Bruce Cohen and Jonathan Gordon

Zero Dark Thirty
Mark Boal, Kathryn Bigelow and Megan Ellison

2013
(86th)

12 Years a Slave
Brad Pitt, Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner, Steve McQueen and Anthony Katagas

American Hustle
Charles Roven, Richard Suckle, Megan Ellison and Jonathan Gordon

Captain Phillips
Scott Rudin, Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca

Dallas Buyers Club
Robbie Brenner and Rachel Winter

Gravity
Alfonso Cuarón and David Heyman

Her
Megan Ellison, Spike Jonze and Vincent Landay

Nebraska
Albert Berger and Ron Yerxa

Philomena
Gabrielle Tana, Steve Coogan and Tracey Seaward

The Wolf of Wall Street
Martin Scorsese, Leonardo DiCaprio, Joey McFarland and Emma Tillinger Koskoff

2014
(87th)

Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)
Alejandro G. Iñárritu, John Lesher and James W. Skotchdopole

American Sniper
Clint Eastwood, Andrew Lazar, Robert Lorenz, Bradley Cooper and Peter Morgan

Boyhood
Richard Linklater and Cathleen Sutherland

The Grand Budapest Hotel
Wes Anderson, Scott Rudin, Steven M. Rales and Jeremy Dawson

The Imitation Game
Nora Grossman, Ido Ostrowsky and Teddy Schwarzman

Selma
Christian Colson, Oprah Winfrey, Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner

The Theory of Everything
Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lisa Bruce and Anthony McCarten

Whiplash
Jason Blum, Helen Estabrook and David Lancaster

2015
(88th)

Spotlight
Blye Pagon Faust, Steve Golin, Nicole Rocklin and Michael Sugar

The Big Short
Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner and Brad Pitt

Bridge of Spies
Steven Spielberg, Marc Platt and Kristie Macosko Krieger

Brooklyn
Finola Dwyer and Amanda Posey

Mad Max: Fury Road
Doug Mitchell and George Miller

The Martian
Simon Kinberg, Ridley Scott, Michael Schaefer and Mark Huffam

The Revenant
Arnon Milchan, Steve Golin, Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Mary Parent and Keith Redmon

Room
Ed Guiney

2016
(89th)

Moonlight
Adele Romanski, Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner

Arrival
Shawn Levy, Dan Levine, Aaron Ryder and David Linde

Fences
Scott Rudin, Denzel Washington and Todd Black

Hacksaw Ridge
Bill Mechanic and David Permut

Hell or High Water
Carla Hacken and Julie Yorn

Hidden Figures
Donna Gigliotti, Peter Chernin, Jenno Topping, Pharrell Williams and Theodore Melfi

La La Land
Fred Berger, Jordan Horowitz and Marc Platt

Lion
Emile Sherman, Iain Canning and Angie Fielder

Manchester by the Sea
Matt Damon, Kimberly Steward, Chris Moore, Lauren Beck and Kevin J. Walsh

2017
(90th)

The Shape of Water
Guillermo del Toro and J. Miles Dale

Call Me by Your Name
Peter Spears, Luca Guadagnino, Emilie Georges and Marco Morabito

Darkest Hour
Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lisa Bruce, Anthony McCarten and Douglas Urbanski

Dunkirk
Emma Thomas and Christopher Nolan

Get Out
Sean McKittrick, Jason Blum, Edward H. Hamm Jr. and Jordan Peele

Lady Bird
Scott Rudin, Eli Bush and Evelyn O'Neill

Phantom Thread
JoAnne Sellar, Paul Thomas Anderson, Megan Ellison and Daniel Lupi

The Post
Amy Pascal, Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger

Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
Graham Broadbent, Pete Czernin and Martin McDonagh

text: Individuals with multiple wins[edit]

text:
3 wins

Sam Spiegel
Saul Zaentz

2 wins

Arthur Freed
Clint Eastwood
Dede Gardner
Jeremy Kleiner
Branko Lustig
Albert S. Ruddy
Robert Wise

text: Individuals with multiple nominations[edit]

text:
10 nominations

Steven Spielberg

9 nominations

Scott Rudin

8 nominations

Kathleen Kennedy

6 nominations

Eric Fellner
Stanley Kramer

5 nominations

Tim Bevan
Francis Ford Coppola
Clint Eastwood
Dede Gardner
Frank Marshall

4 nominations

Warren Beatty
James L. Brooks
David Brown
Megan Ellison
Ethan Coen
Donna Gigliotti
Peter Jackson
Norman Jewison
Jeremy Kleiner
Sydney Pollack
David Puttnam
Sam Spiegel
George Stevens
Irwin Winkler

3 nominations

Lawrence Bender
Robert Chartoff
Joel Coen
Bruce Cohen
Christian Colson
Michael De Luca
Steve Golin
Brian Grazer
Alejandro González Iñárritu
Graham King
Stanley Kubrick
Robert Lorenz
Ismail Merchant
Barrie M. Osborne
Brad Pitt
Hal B. Wallis
Fran Walsh
Robert Wise
John Woolf
Saul Zaentz
Richard D. Zanuck

2 nominations

Buddy Adler
Robert Altman
Paul Thomas Anderson
Kathryn Bigelow
Jason Blum
Mark Boal
John Boorman
John Brabourne
Lisa Bruce
Dana Brunetti
James Cameron
Iain Canning
Ceán Chaffin
Cecil B. DeMille
Finola Dwyer
John Foreman
Gray Frederickson
Arthur Freed
Richard N. Gladstein
Jonathan Gordon
Jerome Hellman
Grant Heslov
Grant Hill
Ron Howard
Stanley R. Jaffe
Dan Jinks
Ross Katz
A. Kitman Ho
Arnold Kopelson
Kristie Macosko Krieger
Gary Kurtz
Jon Landau
Ang Lee
Ernest Lehman
Daniel Lupi
Branko Lustig

Mark Johnson
Michael Mann
Anthony McCarten
Frank McCarthy
Barry Mendel
Arnon Milchan
George Miller
Doug Mitchell
Patrick J. Palmer
Julia Phillips
Michael Phillips
Marc Platt
Amanda Posey
Christopher Nolan
Fred Roos
Albert S. Ruddy
Tracey Seaward
Ronald L. Schwary
Martin Scorsese
JoAnne Sellar
Michael Shamberg
Stacey Sher
Emile Sherman
Bernard Smith
Ray Stark
Oliver Stone
Emma Thomas
Jerry Wald
Jack L. Warner
Harvey Weinstein
Douglas Wick
Jams Woolf
William Wyler
Peter Yates
Sam Zimbalist
Fred Zinnemann
Edward Zwick

text: Production companies with multiple nominations and wins[edit]

text:
Production Company
Nominations
Wins

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
40
5

Fox
20th Century
20th Century-Fox
26
4

Warner Bros.
First National
Warner Bros.-First National
25
2

Paramount
Paramount Famous Lasky
Paramount Publix
20
3

Columbia
12
1

RKO Radio
11
1

Samuel Goldwyn Productions
8
1

Selznick International Pictures
5
2

Universal
4
1

Two Cities Films
J. Arthur Rank-Two Cities Films
3
1

Cosmopolitan
3
0

The Caddo Company
2
0

Walter Wanger (production company)
2
0

Mercury
2
0

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The 2nd Academy Awards is unique in being the only occasion where there were no official nominees. Subsequent research by AMPAS has resulted in a list of de facto nominees, based on records of which films were evaluated by the judges at the time.
Jump up ^ The Academy also announced that A Farewell to Arms came in second, and Little Women third.
Jump up ^ The Academy also announced that The Barretts of Wimpole Street came in second, and The House of Rothschild third.
Jump up ^ The Academy also announced that The Informer came in second, and Captain Blood third.

tag: ol


document_title: The Waste Land

question_text: the title for the second section of the waste land is taken from

text: The Waste Land

text: Composition history[edit]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Eliot probably worked on the text that became The Waste Land for several years preceding its first publication in 1922. In a May 1921 letter to New York lawyer and patron of modernism John Quinn, Eliot wrote that he had "a long poem in mind and partly on paper which I am wishful to finish".[5]

text: Richard Aldington, in his memoirs, relates that "a year or so" before Eliot read him the manuscript draft of The Waste Land in London, Eliot visited him in the country.[6] While walking through a graveyard, they discussed Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. Aldington writes: "I was surprised to find that Eliot admired something so popular, and then went on to say that if a contemporary poet, conscious of his limitations as Gray evidently was, would concentrate all his gifts on one such poem he might achieve a similar success."[6]

text: Eliot, having been diagnosed with some form of nervous disorder, had been recommended rest, and applied for three months' leave from the bank where he was employed; the reason stated on his staff card was "nervous breakdown". He and his first wife, Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot, travelled to the coastal resort of Margate, Kent for a period of convalescence. While there, Eliot worked on the poem, and possibly showed an early version to Ezra Pound when, after a brief return to London, the Eliots travelled to Paris in November 1921 and stayed with him. Eliot was en route to Lausanne, Switzerland, for treatment by Doctor Roger Vittoz, who had been recommended to him by Ottoline Morrell; Vivienne was to stay at a sanatorium just outside Paris. In Hotel Ste. Luce (where Hotel Elite stands since 1938) in Lausanne, Eliot produced a 19-page version of the poem.[7] He returned from Lausanne in early January 1922. Pound then made detailed editorial comments and significant cuts to the manuscript. Eliot later dedicated the poem to Pound.

text: Manuscript drafts[edit]

text: Eliot sent the manuscript drafts of the poem to John Quinn in October 1922; they reached Quinn in New York in January 1923.[D] Upon Quinn's death they were inherited by his sister, Julia Anderson. Years later, in the early 1950s, Mrs Anderson's daughter, Mary Conroy, found the documents in storage. In 1958 she sold them privately to the New York Public Library.

text: It was not until April 1968 that the existence and whereabouts of the manuscript drafts were made known to Valerie Eliot, the poet's second wife and widow.[8] In 1971, Faber and Faber published a "facsimile and transcript" of the original drafts, edited and annotated by Valerie Eliot. The full poem prior to the Pound editorial changes is contained in the facsimile.

text: Editing[edit]

text: The drafts of the poem reveal that it originally contained almost twice as much material as the final published version. The significant cuts are in part due to Ezra Pound's suggested changes, although Eliot himself is also responsible for removing large sections.

text: The now famous opening lines of the poem—"April is the cruellest month, breeding / Lilacs out of the dead land"—did not appear until the top of the second page of the typescript. The first page of the typescript contained 54 lines in the sort of street voice that we hear again at the end of the second section, A Game of Chess. This page appears to have been lightly crossed out in pencil by Eliot himself.

text: Although there are several signs of similar adjustments made by Eliot, and a number of significant comments by Vivienne, the most significant editorial input is clearly that of Pound, who recommended many cuts to the poem.

text: 'The typist home at teatime' section was originally in entirely regular stanzas of iambic pentameter, with a rhyme scheme of abab—the same form as Gray's Elegy, which was in Eliot's thoughts around this time. Pound's note against this section of the draft is "verse not interesting enough as verse to warrant so much of it". In the end, the regularity of the four-line stanzas was abandoned.

text: At the beginning of 'The Fire Sermon' in one version, there was a lengthy section in heroic couplets, in imitation of Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock. It described one lady Fresca (who appeared in the earlier poem "Gerontion"). As Richard Ellmann describes it, "Instead of making her toilet like Pope's Belinda, Fresca is going to it, like Joyce's Bloom."[9] The lines read:

text:
Leaving the bubbling beverage to cool,
Fresca slips softly to the needful stool,
Where the pathetic tale of Richardson
Eases her labour till the deed is done ...

text: Ellmann notes: "Pound warned Eliot that since Pope had done the couplets better, and Joyce the defecation, there was no point in another round."

text: Pound also excised some shorter poems that Eliot wanted to insert between the five sections. One of these, that Eliot had entitled 'Dirge', begins

text:
Full fathom five your Bleistein lies[I]
Under the flatfish and the squids.

Graves' disease in a dead Jew's eyes!
Where the crabs have eat the lids
...

text: At the request of Eliot's wife, Vivienne, a line in the A Game of Chess section was removed from the poem: "And we shall play a game of chess/The ivory men make company between us / Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door". This section is apparently based on their marital life, and she may have felt these lines too revealing. However, the "ivory men" line may have meant something to Eliot: in 1960, thirteen years after Vivienne's death, he inserted the line in a copy made for sale to aid the London Library, of which he was President at the time; it fetched £2,800.[10] Rupert Hart-Davis had requested the original manuscript for the auction, but Eliot had lost it long ago (though it was found in America years later).[11]

text: In a late December 1921 letter to Eliot to celebrate the "birth" of the poem, Pound wrote a bawdy poem of 48 lines entitled "Sage Homme" in which he identified Eliot as the mother of the poem but compared himself to the midwife.[12] The first lines are:

text:
These are the poems of Eliot
By the Uranian Muse begot;
A Man their Mother was,
A Muse their Sire.
How did the printed Infancies result
From Nuptials thus doubly difficult?
If you must needs enquire
Know diligent Reader
That on each Occasion
Ezra performed the Caesarean Operation.

text: Publishing history[edit]

text: Before the editing had even begun Eliot found a publisher.[E] Horace Liveright of the New York publishing firm of Boni and Liveright was in Paris for a number of meetings with Ezra Pound. At a dinner on 3 January 1922 (see 1922 in poetry), he made offers for works by Pound, James Joyce (Ulysses) and Eliot. Eliot was to get a royalty of 15% for a book version of the poem planned for autumn publication.[13]

text: To maximise his income and reach a broader audience, Eliot also sought a deal with magazines. Being the London correspondent for The Dial magazine[14] and a college friend of its co-owner and co-editor, Scofield Thayer, The Dial was an ideal choice. Even though The Dial offered $150 (£34)[15] for the poem (25% more than its standard rate) Eliot was offended that a year's work would be valued so low, especially since another contributor was found to have been given exceptional compensation for a short story.[16] The deal with The Dial almost fell through (other magazines considered were the Little Review and Vanity Fair), but with Pound's efforts eventually a deal was worked out where, in addition to the $150, Eliot would be awarded The Dial's second annual prize for outstanding service to letters. The prize carried an award of $2,000 (£450).[17]

text: In New York in the late summer (with John Quinn, a lawyer and literary patron, representing Eliot's interests) Boni and Liveright made an agreement with The Dial allowing the magazine to be the first to publish the poem in the US if they agreed to purchase 350 copies of the book at discount from Boni and Liveright.[18] Boni and Liveright would use the publicity of the award of The Dial's prize to Eliot to increase their initial sales.

text: The poem was first published in the UK, without the author's notes, in the first issue (October 1922) of The Criterion, a literary magazine started and edited by Eliot. The first appearance of the poem in the US was in the November 1922 issue of The Dial magazine (actually published in late October). In December 1922, the poem was published in the US in book form by Boni and Liveright, the first publication to print the notes. In September 1923, the Hogarth Press, a private press run by Eliot's friends Leonard and Virginia Woolf, published the first UK book edition of The Waste Land in an edition of about 450 copies, the type handset by Virginia Woolf.

text: The publication history of The Waste Land (as well as other pieces of Eliot's poetry and prose) has been documented by Donald Gallup.[1]

text: Eliot, whose 1922 annual salary at Lloyds Bank was £500 ($2,215)[19] made approximately £630 ($2,800) with The Dial, Boni and Liveright and Hogarth Press publications.[20][F]

text: Title[edit]

text: Eliot originally considered entitling the poem He do the Police in Different Voices.[21] In the version of the poem Eliot brought back from Switzerland, the first two sections of the poem—'The Burial of the Dead' and 'A Game of Chess'—appeared under this title. This strange phrase is taken from Charles Dickens' novel Our Mutual Friend, in which the widow Betty Higden says of her adopted foundling son Sloppy, "You mightn't think it, but Sloppy is a beautiful reader of a newspaper. He do the Police in different voices." Some critics use this working title to support the theory that, while there are many different voices (speakers) in the poem, there is only one central consciousness. What was lost by the rejection of this title Eliot might have felt compelled to restore by commenting on the commonalities of his characters in his note about Tiresias, stating that 'What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem.'

text: In the end, the title Eliot chose was The Waste Land. In his first note to the poem he attributes the title to Jessie L. Weston's book on the Grail legend, From Ritual to Romance. The allusion is to the wounding of the Fisher King and the subsequent sterility of his lands; to restore the King and make his lands fertile again, the Grail questor must ask, "What ails you?" A poem strikingly similar in theme and language called "Waste Land," written by Madison Cawein, was published in 1913 in Poetry.[22]

text: The poem's title is often mistakenly given as "Waste Land" (as used by Weston) or "Wasteland", omitting the definite article. However, in a letter to Ezra Pound, Eliot politely insisted that the title was three words beginning with "The".[23]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The poem is preceded by a Latin and Greek epigraph from The Satyricon of Petronius. In English, it reads: "I saw with my own eyes the Sibyl of Cumae hanging in a jar, and when the boys said, Sibyl, what do you want? she replied I want to die."

text: Following the epigraph is a dedication (added in a 1925 republication) that reads "For Ezra Pound: il miglior fabbro". Here Eliot is both quoting line 117 of Canto XXVI of Dante's Purgatorio, the second cantica of the Divine Comedy, where Dante defines the troubadour Arnaut Daniel as "the best smith of the mother tongue", and also Pound's title of chapter 2 of his The Spirit of Romance (1910) where he translated the phrase as "the better craftsman".[24] This dedication was originally written in ink by Eliot in the 1922 Boni & Liveright edition of the poem presented to Pound; it was subsequently included in future editions.[25]

text: The five parts of The Waste Land are entitled:

text:
The Burial of the Dead
A Game of Chess
The Fire Sermon
Death by Water
What the Thunder Said

text:
The Waste Land

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The text of the poem is followed by several pages of notes, purporting to explain his metaphors, references, and allusions. Some of these notes are helpful in interpreting the poem, but some are arguably even more puzzling, and many of the most opaque passages are left unannotated. The notes were added after Eliot's publisher requested something longer to justify printing The Waste Land in a separate book.[G] Thirty years after publishing the poem with these notes, Eliot expressed his regret at "having sent so many enquirers off on a wild goose chase after Tarot cards and the Holy Grail".[26]

text: There is some question as to whether Eliot originally intended The Waste Land to be a collection of individual poems (additional poems were supplied to Pound for his comments on including them) or to be considered one poem with five sections.

text: The structure of the poem is also meant to loosely follow the vegetation myth and Holy Grail folklore surrounding the Fisher King story as outlined by Jessie Weston in her book From Ritual to Romance (1920). Weston's book was so central to the structure of the poem that it was the first text that Eliot cited in his "Notes on the Waste Land".

text: Style[edit]

text: The style of the poem is marked by the hundreds of allusions and quotations from other texts (classic and obscure; "highbrow" and "lowbrow") that Eliot peppered throughout the poem. In addition to the many "highbrow" references and/or quotes from poets like Baudelaire, Shakespeare, Ovid, and Homer, Eliot also included a couple of references to "lowbrow" genres. A good example of this is Eliot's quote from the 1912 popular song "The Shakespearian Rag" by lyricists Herman Ruby and Gene Buck.[27] There were also a number of lowbrow references in the opening section of Eliot's original manuscript (when the poem was entitled "He Do The Police in Different Voices"), but they were removed from the final draft after Eliot cut this original opening section.[28]

text: The style of the work in part grows out of Eliot's interest in exploring the possibilities of dramatic monologue. This interest dates back at least as far as "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock". The Waste Land is not a single monologue like "Prufrock". Instead, it is made up of a wide variety of voices (sometimes in monologue, dialogue, or with more than two characters speaking).

text: The Waste Land is notable for its seemingly disjointed structure, indicative of the Modernist style of James Joyce's Ulysses (which Eliot cited as an influence and which he read the same year that he was writing The Waste Land).[29] In the Modernist style, Eliot jumps from one voice or image to another without clearly delineating these shifts for the reader. He also includes phrases from multiple foreign languages (Latin, Greek, Italian, German, French and Sanskrit), indicative of Pound's influence.

text: Sources[edit]

text: Sources from which Eliot quotes, or to which he alludes, include the works of Homer, Sophocles, Petronius, Virgil, Ovid,[30] Saint Augustine of Hippo, Dante Alighieri, William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Gérard de Nerval, Thomas Kyd, Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas Middleton, John Webster, Joseph Conrad, John Milton, Andrew Marvell, Charles Baudelaire, Richard Wagner, Oliver Goldsmith, Hermann Hesse, Aldous Huxley, Paul Verlaine, Walt Whitman and Bram Stoker.

text: Eliot also makes extensive use of Scriptural writings including the Bible, the Book of Common Prayer, the Hindu Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, and the Buddha's Fire Sermon, and of cultural and anthropological studies such as Sir James Frazer's The Golden Bough and Jessie Weston's From Ritual to Romance (particularly its study of the Wasteland motif in Celtic mythology). Eliot wrote in the original head note that "Not only the title, but the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbolism of the poem were suggested by Miss Jessie L Weston"[H] The symbols Eliot employs, in addition to the Waste Land, include the Fisher King, the Tarot Deck, the Chapel perilous, and the Grail Quest.


document_title: Salicylate poisoning

question_text: what dose of salicylate can cause severe toxicity in a patient

text: Salicylate poisoning

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Aspirin overdose has potentially serious consequences, sometimes leading to significant morbidity and death. Patients with mild intoxication frequently have nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy, ringing in the ears, and dizziness. More significant signs and symptoms occur in more severe poisonings and include high body temperature, fast breathing rate, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, low blood potassium, low blood glucose, hallucinations, confusion, seizure, cerebral edema, and coma. The most common cause of death following an aspirin overdose is cardiopulmonary arrest usually due to pulmonary edema.[7]

text: Severity[edit]

text:
Severity
Mild (150 mg/kg)
Moderate (150–300 mg/kg)
Severe (300–500 mg/kg)

Toxicity
No toxicity expected
Mild to moderate toxicity expected
Life-threatening toxicity expected

Symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, dizziness
Nausea, vomiting, ringing in the ears, headache, confusion, hyperventilation, tachycardia, fever
Delirium, hallucinations, seizures, coma, respiratory arrest

text: Pathophysiology[edit]

text: Acute aspirin or salicylates overdose or poisoning can cause initial respiratory alkalosis though metabolic acidosis ensues thereafter. The acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte abnormalities observed in salicylate toxicity can be grouped into three broad phases:

text:
Phase I: Characterized by hyperventilation resulting from direct respiratory center stimulation, leading to respiratory alkalosis and compensatory alkaluria. Potassium and sodium bicarbonate are excreted in the urine. This phase may last as long as 12 hours.[8]
Phase II: Characterized by paradoxic aciduria in the presence of continued respiratory alkalosis occurs when sufficient potassium has been lost from the kidneys. This phase may begin within hours and may last 12–24 hours.[8]
Phase III: Characterized by dehydration, hypokalemia, and progressive metabolic acidosis. This phase may begin 4–6 hours after ingestion in a young infant[9] or 24 hours or more after ingestion in an adolescent or adult.[8]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: The acutely toxic dose of aspirin is generally considered greater than 150 mg per kg of body mass.[10] Moderate toxicity occurs at doses up to 300 mg/kg, severe toxicity occurs between 300 and 500 mg/kg, and a potentially lethal dose is greater than 500 mg/kg.[11] Chronic toxicity may occur following doses of 100 mg/kg per day for two or more days.[11]

text: Monitoring of biochemical parameters such as electrolytes and solutes, liver and kidney function, urinalysis, and complete blood count is undertaken along with frequent checking of salicylate and blood sugar levels. Arterial blood gas assessments will typically find respiratory alkalosis early in the course of the overdose due to hyperstimulation of the respiratory center, and may be the only finding in a mild overdose. An anion-gap metabolic acidosis occurs later in the course of the overdose especially if it is a moderate to severe overdose, due to the increase in protons (acidic contents) in the blood.

text: The diagnosis of poisoning usually involves measurement of plasma salicylate, the active metabolite of aspirin, by automated spectrophotometric methods. Plasma salicylate levels generally range from 30–100 mg/L (3–10 mg/dL) after usual therapeutic doses, 50–300 mg/L in patients taking high doses and 700–1400 mg/L following acute overdose.[12] Patients may undergo repeated testing until their peak plasma salicylate level can be estimated.[13] Optimally, plasma levels should be assessed four hours after ingestion and then every two hours after that to allow calculation of the maximum level, which can then be used as a guide to the degree of toxicity expected.[14] Patients may also be treated according to their individual symptoms.

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Efforts to prevent poisoning include child-resistant packaging and a lower number of pills per package.[1]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Initial treatment of an acute overdose involves resuscitation followed by gastric decontamination by administering activated charcoal, which adsorbs the aspirin in the gastrointestinal tract. Stomach pumping is no longer routinely used in the treatment of poisonings but is sometimes considered if the patient has ingested a potentially lethal amount less than one hour before presentation.[15] Inducing vomiting with syrup of ipecac is not recommended.[10] Repeated doses of charcoal have been proposed to be beneficial in cases of aspirin overdosing,[16] although one study found that they might not be of significant value.[17] Regardless, most clinical toxicologists will administer additional charcoal if serum salicylate levels are increasing.

text: Intravenous fluids[edit]

text: Intravenous fluids containing dextrose such as D5W are recommended to keep a urinary output between 2 and 3 ml/kg/h.[18]

text: Sodium bicarbonate is given in a significant aspirin overdose (salicylate level greater than 35 mg/dl 6 hours after ingestion) regardless of the serum pH, as it enhances elimination of aspirin in the urine. It is given until a urine pH between 7.5 and 8.0 is achieved.[19]

text: Dialysis[edit]

text: Hemodialysis can be used to enhance the removal of salicylate from the blood. Hemodialysis is usually used in those who are severely poisoned. Example of severe poisoning include people with high salicylate blood levels: 7.25 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) in acute ingestions or 40 mg/dL in chronic ingestions,[19] significant neurotoxicity (agitation, coma, convulsions), kidney failure, pulmonary edema, or cardiovascular instability.[13] Hemodialysis also has the advantage of restoring electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities while removing salicylate.[20]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: During the latter part of the 20th century, the number of poisonings from salicylates declined, mainly because of the increased popularity of other over-the-counter analgesics such as paracetamol (acetaminophen). Fifty-two deaths involving single-ingredient aspirin were reported in the United States in 2000; however, in all but three of these cases, the reason for the ingestion of lethal doses was intentional—predominantly suicidal.[21]

text: History[edit]

text: Aspirin poisoning has controversially been cited as a possible cause of the high mortality rate during the 1918 flu pandemic, which killed 50 to 100 million people.[22]