document_title: Pottery

question_text: which process of pottery uses a thrown process

question_tokens: which process of pottery uses a thrown process

text: Pottery

text: Production stages[edit]

text: Clay ware takes on varying physical characteristics during the making of pottery.

text:
Greenware refers to unfired objects. At sufficient moisture content, bodies at this stage are in their most plastic form (they are soft and malleable, and hence can be easily deformed by handling).
Leather-hard refers to a clay body that has been dried partially. At this stage the clay object has approximately 15% moisture content. Clay bodies at this stage are very firm and only slightly pliable. Trimming and handle attachment often occurs at the leather-hard state.
Bone-dry refers to clay bodies when they reach a moisture content at or near 0%. At that moisture level, the item is ready to be bisque fired.
Bisque[6][7] refers to the clay after the object is shaped to the desired form and fired in the kiln for the first time, known as "bisque fired" or "biscuit fired". This firing changes the clay body in several ways. Mineral components of the clay body will undergo chemical changes that will change the colour of the clay.
Glaze fired is the final stage of some pottery making. A glaze may be applied to the bisque form and the object can be decorated in several ways. After this the object is "glazed fired", which causes the glaze material to melt, then adhere to the object. The glaze firing will also harden the body still more as chemical processes can continue to occur in the body.

text: Clay bodies and mineral contents[edit]

text: There are several materials that are referred to as clay. The properties which make them different include: Plasticity, the malleability of the body; the extent to which they will absorb water after firing; and shrinkage, the extent of reduction in size of a body as water is removed. Different clay bodies also differ in the way in which they respond when fired in the kiln. A clay body can be decorated before or after firing. Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be prepared. Each of these different clays are composed of different types and amounts of minerals that determine the characteristics of resulting pottery. There can be regional variations in the properties of raw materials used for the production of pottery, and this can lead to wares that are unique in character to a locality. It is common for clays and other materials to be mixed to produce clay bodies suited to specific purposes. A common component of clay bodies is the mineral kaolinite. Other mineral compounds in the clay may act as fluxes which lower the vitrification temperature of bodies. Following is a list of different types of clay used for pottery.[8]

text:
Kaolin, is sometimes referred to as China clay because it was first used in China. Used for porcelain.
Ball clay An extremely plastic, fine grained sedimentary clay, which may contain some organic matter. Small amounts can be added to porcelain to increase plasticity.
Fire clay A clay having a slightly lower percentage of fluxes than kaolin, but usually quite plastic. It is highly heat resistant form of clay which can be combined with other clays to increase the firing temperature and may be used as an ingredient to make stoneware type bodies.
Stoneware clay Suitable for creating stoneware. This clay has many of the characteristics between fire clay and ball clay, having finer grain, like ball clay but is more heat resistant like fire clays.
Common red clay and Shale clay have vegetable and ferric oxide impurities which make them useful for bricks, but are generally unsatisfactory for pottery except under special conditions of a particular deposit.[9]
Bentonite An extremely plastic clay which can be added in small quantities to short clay to increase the plasticity.

text: Methods of shaping[edit]

text: Pottery can be shaped by a range of methods that include:

text: Hand-building. This is the earliest forming method. Wares can be constructed by hand from coils of clay, combining flat slabs of clay, or pinching solid balls of clay or some combination of these. Parts of hand-built vessels are often joined together with the aid of slip, an aqueous suspension of clay body and water. A clay body can be decorated before or after firing. Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be prepared such as tablewares although some studio potters find hand-building more conducive to create one-of-a-kind works of art.

text: The potter's wheel. In a process called "throwing" (coming from the Old English word thrawan which means to twist or turn,[10]) a ball of clay is placed in the centre of a turntable, called the wheel-head, which the potter rotates with a stick, with foot power or with a variable-speed electric motor.

text:
Granulate pressing: As the name suggests, this is the operation of shaping pottery by pressing clay in a semi-dry and granulated condition in a mould. The clay is pressed into the mould by a porous die through which water is pumped at high pressure. The granulated clay is prepared by spray-drying to produce a fine and free-flowing material having a moisture content of between about 5 and 6 per cent. Granulate pressing, also known as dust pressing, is widely used in the manufacture of ceramic tiles and, increasingly, of plates.
Injection moulding: This is a shape-forming process adapted for the tableware industry from the method long established for the forming of thermoplastic and some metal components.[12] It has been called Porcelain Injection Moulding, or PIM.[13] Suited to the mass production of complex-shaped articles, one significant advantage of the technique is that it allows the production of a cup, including the handle, in a single process, and thereby eliminates the handle-fixing operation and produces a stronger bond between cup and handle.[14] The feed to the mould die is a mix of approximately 50 to 60 percent unfired body in powder form, together with 40 to 50 percent organic additives composed of binders, lubricants and plasticisers.[13] The technique is not as widely used as other shaping methods.[15]
Jiggering and jolleying: These operations are carried out on the potter's wheel and allow the time taken to bring wares to a standardized form to be reduced. Jiggering is the operation of bringing a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay of a piece under construction, the piece itself being set on a rotating plaster mould on the wheel. The jigger tool shapes one face while the mould shapes the other. Jiggering is used only in the production of flat wares, such as plates, but a similar operation, jolleying, is used in the production of hollow-wares such as cups. Jiggering and jolleying have been used in the production of pottery since at least the 18th century. In large-scale factory production, jiggering and jolleying are usually automated, which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labour.

text:
Roller-head machine: This machine is for shaping wares on a rotating mould, as in jiggering and jolleying, but with a rotary shaping tool replacing the fixed profile. The rotary shaping tool is a shallow cone having the same diameter as the ware being formed and shaped to the desired form of the back of the article being made. Wares may in this way be shaped, using relatively unskilled labour, in one operation at a rate of about twelve pieces per minute, though this varies with the size of the articles being produced. Developed in the UK just after World War II by the company Service Engineers, roller-heads were quickly adopted by manufacturers around the world; they remain the dominant method for producing flatware.[16]
Pressure casting: Specially developed polymeric materials allow a mould to be subject to application external pressures of up to 4.0 MPa–so much higher than slip casting in plaster moulds where the capillary forces correspond to a pressure of around 0.1 – 0.2 MPa. The high pressure leads to much faster casting rates and, hence, faster production cycles. Furthermore, the application of high pressure air through the polymeric moulds upon demoulding the cast means a new casting cycle can be started immediately in the same mould, unlike plaster moulds which require lengthy drying times. The polymeric materials have much greater durability than plaster and, therefore, it is possible to achieve shaped products with better dimensional tolerances and much longer mould life. Pressure casting was developed in the 1970s for the production of sanitaryware although, more recently, it has been applied to tableware.[17][18][19][20]
RAM pressing: This is used to shape ware by pressing a bat of prepared clay body into a required shape between two porous moulding plates. After pressing, compressed air is blown through the porous mould plates to release the shaped wares.
Slipcasting: This ideally suited to the making of wares that cannot be formed by other methods of shaping. A slip, made by mixing clay body with water, is poured into a highly absorbent plaster mould. Water from the slip is absorbed into the mould leaving a layer of clay body covering its internal surfaces and taking its internal shape. Excess slip is poured out of the mould, which is then split open and the moulded object removed. Slipcasting is widely used in the production of sanitary wares and is also used for making smaller articles, such as intricately detailed figurines.

text: Decorating and glazing[edit]

text: Pottery may be decorated in many different ways. Some decoration can be done before or after the firing.

text: Decoration[edit]

text:
Painting has been used since early prehistoric times, and can be very elaborate. The painting is often applied to pottery that has been fired once, and may then be overlaid with a glaze afterwards. Many pigments change colour when fired, and the painter must allow for this.
Ceramic glaze Perhaps the most common form of decoration, that also serves as protection to the pottery, by being tougher and keeping liquid from penetrating the pottery. Glaze may be clear, especially over painting, or coloured and opaque. There is more detail in the section below.
Carving Pottery vessels may be decorated by shallow carving of the clay body, typically with a knife or similar instrument used on the wheel. This is common in Chinese porcelain of the classic periods.
Burnishing the surface of pottery wares may be burnished prior to firing by rubbing with a suitable instrument of wood, steel or stone to produce a polished finish that survives firing. It is possible to produce very highly polished wares when fine clays are used or when the polishing is carried out on wares that have been partially dried and contain little water, though wares in this condition are extremely fragile and the risk of breakage is high.
Terra Sigillata is an ancient form of decorating ceramics that was first developed in Ancient Greece.
Additives can be worked into the clay body prior to forming, to produce desired effects in the fired wares. Coarse additives such as sand and grog (fired clay which has been finely ground) are sometimes used to give the final product a required texture. Contrasting coloured clays and grogs are sometimes used to produce patterns in the finished wares. Colourants, usually metal oxides and carbonates, are added singly or in combination to achieve a desired colour. Combustible particles can be mixed with the body or pressed into the surface to produce texture.
Lithography, also called litho, although the alternative names of transfer print or "decal" are also common. These are used to apply designs to articles. The litho comprises three layers: the colour, or image, layer which comprises the decorative design; the cover coat, a clear protective layer, which may incorporate a low-melting glass; and the backing paper on which the design is printed by screen printing or lithography. There are various methods of transferring the design while removing the backing-paper, some of which are suited to machine application.
Banding is the application by hand or by machine of a band of colour to the edge of a plate or cup. Also known as "lining", this operation is often carried out on a potter's wheel.
Agateware is named after its resemblance to the quartz mineral agate which has bands or layers of colour that are blended together, agatewares are made by blending clays of differing colours together but not mixing them to the extent that they lose their individual identities. The wares have a distinctive veined or mottled appearance. The term "agateware" is used to describe such wares in the United Kingdom; in Japan the term "neriage" is used and in China, where such things have been made since at least the Tang Dynasty, they are called "marbled" wares. Great care is required in the selection of clays to be used for making agatewares as the clays used must have matching thermal movement characteristics.

text:
Engobe: This is a clay slip, that is used to coat the surface of pottery, usually before firing. Its purpose is often decorative though it can also be used to mask undesirable features in the clay to which it is applied. Engobe slip may be applied by painting or by dipping to provide a uniform, smooth, coating. Engobe has been used by potters from pre-historic times until the present day and is sometimes combined with sgraffito decoration, where a layer of engobe is scratched through to reveal the colour of the underlying clay. With care it is possible to apply a second coat of engobe of a different colour to the first and to incise decoration through the second coat to expose the colour of the underlying coat. Engobes used in this way often contain substantial amounts of silica, sometimes approaching the composition of a glaze.
Gold: Decoration with gold is used on some high quality ware. Different methods exist for its application, including:

text:
Best gold – a suspension of gold powder in essential oils mixed with a flux and a mercury salt extended. This can be applied by a painting technique. From the kiln, the decoration is dull and requires burnishing to reveal the full colour
Acid Gold – a form of gold decoration developed in the early 1860s at the English factory of Mintons Ltd, Stoke-on-Trent. The glazed surface is etched with diluted hydrofluoric acid prior to application of the gold. The process demands great skill and is used for the decoration only of ware of the highest class.
Bright Gold – consists of a solution of gold sulphoresinate together with other metal resonates and a flux. The name derives from the appearance of the decoration immediately after removal from the kiln as it requires no burnishing
Mussel Gold – an old method of gold decoration. It was made by rubbing together gold leaf, sugar and salt, followed by washing to remove solubles

tag: ol

text: Glaze[edit]

text: Glaze is a glassy coating on pottery, the primary purposes of which are decoration and protection. One important use of glaze is to render porous pottery vessels impermeable to water and other liquids. Glaze may be applied by dusting the unfired composition over the ware or by spraying, dipping, trailing or brushing on a thin slurry composed of the unfired glaze and water. The colour of a glaze after it has been fired may be significantly different from before firing. To prevent glazed wares sticking to kiln furniture during firing, either a small part of the object being fired (for example, the foot) is left unglazed or, alternatively, special refractory "spurs" are used as supports. These are removed and discarded after the firing.

text: Some specialised glazing techniques include:

text:
Salt-glazing, where common salt is introduced to the kiln during the firing process. The high temperatures cause the salt to volatize, depositing it on the surface of the ware to react with the body to form a sodium aluminosilicate glaze. In the 17th and 18th centuries, salt-glazing was used in the manufacture of domestic pottery. Now, except for use by some studio potters, the process is obsolete. The last large-scale application before its demise in the face of environmental clean air restrictions was in the production of salt-glazed sewer-pipes.[21][22]
Ash glazing – ash from the combustion of plant matter has been used as the flux component of glazes. The source of the ash was generally the combustion waste from the fuelling of kilns although the potential of ash derived from arable crop wastes has been investigated.[23] Ash glazes are of historical interest in the Far East although there are reports of small-scale use in other locations such as the Catawba Valley Pottery in the United States. They are now limited to small numbers of studio potters who value the unpredictability arising from the variable nature of the raw material.[24]
Underglaze decoration (in the manner of many blue and white wares). Underglaze may be applied by brush strokes, air brush, or by pouring the underglaze into the mold, covering the inside, creating a swirling effect, then the mold is filled with slip.
In-glaze decoration
On-glaze decoration
Enamel

text: Firing[edit]

text: Firing produces irreversible changes in the body. It is only after firing that the article or material is pottery. In lower-fired pottery, the changes include sintering, the fusing together of coarser particles in the body at their points of contact with each other. In the case of porcelain, where different materials and higher firing-temperatures are used, the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the constituents in the body are greatly altered. In all cases, the object of firing is to permanently harden the wares and the firing regime must be appropriate to the materials used to make them. As a rough guide, modern earthenwares are normally fired at temperatures in the range of about 1,000°C (1,830 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F); stonewares at between about 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) to 1,300 °C (2,370 °F); and porcelains at between about 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) to 1,400 °C (2,550 °F). Historically, reaching high temperatures was a long-lasting challenge, and earthenware can be fired effectively as low as 600°C, achievable in primitive pit firing.

text: Firing pottery can be done using a variety of methods, with a kiln being the usual firing method. Both the maximum temperature and the duration of firing influences the final characteristics of the ceramic. Thus, the maximum temperature within a kiln is often held constant for a period of time to soak the wares to produce the maturity required in the body of the wares.

text: The atmosphere within a kiln during firing can affect the appearance of the finished wares. An oxidising atmosphere, produced by allowing air to enter the kiln, can cause the oxidation of clays and glazes. A reducing atmosphere, produced by limiting the flow of air into the kiln, or burning coal rather than wood, can strip oxygen from the surface of clays and glazes. This can affect the appearance of the wares being fired and, for example, some glazes containing iron fire brown in an oxidising atmosphere, but green in a reducing atmosphere. The atmosphere within a kiln can be adjusted to produce complex effects in glaze.

text: Kilns may be heated by burning wood, coal and gas or by electricity. When used as fuels, coal and wood can introduce smoke, soot and ash into the kiln which can affect the appearance of unprotected wares. For this reason, wares fired in wood- or coal-fired kilns are often placed in the kiln in saggars, lidded ceramic boxes, to protect them. Modern kilns powered by gas or electricity are cleaner and more easily controlled than older wood- or coal-fired kilns and often allow shorter firing times to be used. In a Western adaptation of traditional Japanese Raku ware firing, wares are removed from the kiln while hot and smothered in ashes, paper or woodchips which produces a distinctive carbonised appearance. This technique is also used in Malaysia in creating traditional labu sayung.[25][26]

text: In Mali, a firing mound is used rather than a brick or stone kiln. Unfired pots are first brought to the place where a mound will be built, customarily by the women and girls of the village. The mound's foundation is made by placing sticks on the ground, then:

text: [...]pots are positioned on and amid the branches and then grass is piled high to complete the mound. Although the mound contains the pots of many women, who are related through their husbands' extended families, each women is responsible for her own or her immediate family's pots within the mound.

text: When a mound is completed and the ground around has been swept clean of residual combustible material, a senior potter lights the fire. A handful of grass is lit and the woman runs around the circumference of the mound touching the burning torch to the dried grass. Some mounds are still being constructed as others are already burning.[27]

text: History[edit]

text: A great part of the history of pottery is prehistoric, part of past pre-literate cultures. Therefore, much of this history can only be found among the artefacts of archaeology. Because pottery is so durable, pottery and sherds of pottery survive from millennia at archaeological sites, and are typically the most common and important type of artefact to survive. Many prehistoric cultures are named after the pottery that is the easiest way to identify their sites, and archaeologists develop the ability to recognise different types from small sherds.

text: Before pottery becomes part of a culture, several conditions must generally be met.

text:
First, there must be usable clay available. Archaeological sites where the earliest pottery was found were near deposits of readily available clay that could be properly shaped and fired. China has large deposits of a variety of clays, which gave them an advantage in early development of fine pottery. Many countries have large deposits of a variety of clays.
Second, it must be possible to heat the pottery to temperatures that will achieve the transformation from raw clay to ceramic. Methods to reliably create fires hot enough to fire pottery did not develop until late in the development of cultures.
Third, the potter must have time available to prepare, shape and fire the clay into pottery. Even after control of fire was achieved, humans did not seem to develop pottery until a sedentary life was achieved. It has been hypothesized that pottery was developed only after humans established agriculture, which led to permanent settlements. However, the oldest known pottery is from China and dates to 20,000 BC, at the height of the ice age, long before the beginnings of agriculture.
Fourth, there must be a sufficient need for pottery in order to justify the resources required for its production.[28]

text: Early pottery[edit]

text:
Methods of forming: Hand-shaping was the earliest method used to form vessels. This included the combination of pinching and coiling.
Firing: The earliest method for firing pottery wares was the use of bonfires pit fired pottery. Firing times might be short but the peak-temperatures achieved in the fire could be high, perhaps in the region of 900 °C (1,650 °F), and were reached very quickly.[29]
Clay: Early potters used whatever clay was available to them in their geographic vicinity. However, the lowest quality common red clay was adequate for low-temperature fires used for the earliest pots. Clays tempered with sand, grit, crushed shell or crushed pottery were often used to make bonfire-fired ceramics because they provided an open-body texture that allowed water and other volatile components of the clay to escape freely. The coarser particles in the clay also acted to restrain shrinkage during drying, and hence reduce the risk of cracking.
Form: In the main, early bonfire-fired wares were made with rounded bottoms to avoid sharp angles that might be susceptible to cracking.
Glazing: the earliest pots were not glazed.
The potter's wheel was invented in Mesopotamia sometime between 6,000 and 4,000 BC (Ubaid period) and revolutionised pottery production.
Moulds were used to a limited extent as early as the 5th and 6th century BC by the Etruscans[30] and more extensively by the Romans.[31]
Slipcasting, a popular method for shaping irregular shaped articles. It was first practised, to a limited extent, in China as early as the T'ang dynasty.[32]
Transition to kilns: The earliest intentionally constructed were pit-kilns or trench-kilns—holes dug in the ground and covered with fuel. Holes in the ground provided insulation and resulted in better control over firing.[33]
Kilns: Pit fire methods were adequate for creating simple earthenware, but other pottery types needed more sophisticated kilns (see below kilns).

text: History of pottery types[edit]

text: Earthenware[edit]

text: The earliest forms of pottery were made from clays that were fired at low temperatures in pit-fires or in open bonfires. They were hand formed and undecorated. Because the biscuit form of earthenware is porous, it has limited utility for storage of liquids. However, earthenware has a continuous history from the Neolithic period to today. It can be made from a wide variety of clays. it is also called terracotta, especially when used for sculpture. The development of ceramic glaze which makes it impermeable makes it a popular and practical form of pottery making. The addition of decoration has evolved throughout its history.

text: Stoneware[edit]

text: Stoneware is pottery that has been fired in a kiln at a high temperature, and is stronger and non-porous to liquids.[34] The Chinese, who developed stoneware very early on, classify this together with porcelain as high-fired wares. In contrast, stoneware could only be produced in Europe from the late Middle Ages, as European kilns were less efficient.

text: Porcelain[edit]

text: Porcelain is made by heating materials, generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F). The toughness, strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures.

text: Porcelain was first made in China; the date is somewhat controversial and depends on the definition used. It was certainly perfected by the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-906), and was being exported. Porcelain was also made in Korea and in Japan from the end of the 16th century, after suitable kaolin was located in those countries. It was not made effectively outside East Asia until the 18th century.[35]

text: History by region[edit]

text: Beginnings of pottery[edit]

text: Pottery may well have been discovered independently in various places, probably by accidentally creating it at the bottom of fires on a clay soil. All the earliest vessel forms were pit fired and made by coiling, which is a simple technology to learn. The earliest-known ceramic objects are Gravettian figurines such as those discovered at Dolní Věstonice in the modern-day Czech Republic. The Venus of Dolní Věstonice is a Venus figurine, a statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29,000–25,000 BC (Gravettian industry).[3]

text: Sherds have been found in China and Japan from a period between 12,000 and perhaps as long as 18,000 years ago.[5][36] As of 2012, the earliest pottery found anywhere in the world,[37] dating to 20,000 to 19,000 years before the present, was found at Xianrendong Cave in the Jiangxi province of China.[38][39]

text: Other early pottery vessels include those excavated from the Yuchanyan Cave in southern China, dated from 16,000 BC,[36] and those found in the Amur River basin in the Russian Far East, dated from 14,000 BC.[5][40]

text: The Odai Yamamoto I site, belonging to the Jōmon period, currently has the oldest pottery in Japan. Excavations in 1998 uncovered earthenware fragments which have been dated as early as 14,500 BC.[41] The term "Jōmon" means "cord-marked" in Japanese. This refers to the markings made on the vessels and figures using sticks with cords during their production. Recent research has elucidated how Jōmon pottery was used by its creators.[42]

text: It appears that pottery was independently developed in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 10th millennium BC, with findings dating to at least 9,400 BC[43] and in South America during the 10,000s BC.[44] The Malian finds date to the same period as similar finds from East Asia – the triangle between Siberia, China and Japan – and are associated in both regions to the same climatic changes (at the end of the ice age new grassland develops, enabling hunter-gatherers to expand their habitat), met independently by both cultures with similar developments: the creation of pottery for the storage of wild cereals (pearl millet), and that of small arrowheads for hunting small game typical of grassland.[43] Alternatively, the creation of pottery in the case of the Incipient Jōmon civilisation could be due to the intensive exploitation of freshwater and marine organisms by late glacial foragers, who started developing ceramic containers for their catch.[42]

text: East Asia[edit]

text: In Japan, the Jōmon period has a long history of development of Jōmon Pottery which was characterized by impressions of rope on the surface of the pottery created by pressing rope into the clay before firing. Glazed Stoneware was being created as early as the 15th century BC in China. A form of Chinese porcelain became a significant Chinese export from the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-906) onwards.[45] Korean potters produced porcelain as early as the 14th century AD.[46] Koreans brought the art of porcelain to Japan in the 17th century AD.[47]

text: In contrast to Europe, the Chinese elite used pottery extensively at table, for religious purposes, and for decoration, and the standards of fine pottery were very high. From the Song dynasty (960–1279) for several centuries elite taste favoured plain-coloured and exquisitely formed pieces; during this period true porcelain was perfected in Ding ware, although it was the only one of the Five Great Kilns of the Song period to use it. The traditional Chinese category of high-fired wares includes stoneware types such as Ru ware, Longquan celadon, and Guan ware. Painted wares such as Cizhou ware had a lower status, though they were acceptable for making pillows.

text: The arrival of Chinese blue and white porcelain was probably a product of the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) dispersing artists and craftsmen across its large empire. Both the cobalt die used for the blue colour, and the style of painted decoration, usually based on plant shapes, were initially borrowed from the Islamic world, which the Mongols had also conquered. At the same time Jingdezhen porcelain, produced in Imperial factories, took the undisputed leading role in production, which it has retained to the present day. The new elaborately painted style was now favoured at court, and gradually more colours were added.

text: The secret of making such porcelain was sought in the Islamic world and later in Europe when examples were imported from the East. Many attempts were made to imitate it in Italy and France. However it was not produced outside of the Orient until 1709 in Germany.[48]

text: South Asia[edit]

text: Pottery was in use in South Asia dating back to prehistoric times, including areas now forming Pakistan and northwest India, during the Mehrgarh Period II (5,500-4,800 BC) and Merhgarh Period III (4,800-3,500 BC), known as the ceramic Neolithic and chalcolithic. Pottery, including items known as the ed-Dur vessels, originated in regions of the Saraswati River / Indus River and have been found in a number of sites in the Indus Civilization.[49][50]

text: Despite an extensive prehistoric record of pottery, including painted wares, little "fine" or luxury pottery was made in the subcontinent in historic times. Hinduism discourages eating off pottery, which probably largely accounts for this. Most traditional Indian pottery vessels are large pots or jars for storage, or small cups or lamps, often treated as disposable. In contrast there are long traditions of sculpted figures, often rather large, in terracotta.

text: Near East[edit]

text: The earliest history of pottery production in the Near East can be divided into four periods, namely: the Hassuna period (7000–6500 BC), the Halaf period (6500–5500 BC), the Ubaid period (5500–4000 BC), and the Uruk period (4000–3100 BC).

text: Pottery making began in the Fertile Crescent from the 7th millennium BC. The earliest forms, which were found at the Hassuna site, were hand formed from slabs, undecorated, unglazed low-fired pots made from reddish-brown clays.[33] Within the next millennium, wares were decorated with elaborate painted designs and natural forms, incising and burnished.

text: The invention of the potter's wheel in Mesopotamia sometime between 6000 and 4000 BC (Ubaid period) revolutionized pottery production. Newer kiln designs could fire wares to 1,050 °C (1,920 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) which enabled new possibilities and new preparation of clays. Production was now carried out by small groups of potters for small cities, rather than individuals making wares for a family. The shapes and range of uses for ceramics and pottery expanded beyond simple vessels to store and carry to specialized cooking utensils, pot stands and rat traps.[51] As the region developed, new organizations and political forms, pottery became more elaborate and varied. Some wares were made using moulds, allowing for increased production for the needs of the growing populations. Glazing was commonly used and pottery was more decorated.[52]

text: In the Chalcolithic period in Mesopotamia, Halafian pottery achieved a level of technical competence and sophistication, not seen until the later developments of Greek pottery with Corinthian and Attic ware.

text: Europe[edit]

text: The early inhabitants of Europe developed pottery in the Linear Pottery culture at about the same time as in the Near East, circa 5500–4500 BC. In the ancient Western Mediterranean elaborately painted earthenware reached very high levels of artistic achievement in the Greek world; there are large numbers of survivals from tombs. Minoan pottery was characterized by elaborate painted decoration with natural themes.[53] The classical Greek culture began to emerge around 1000 BC featuring a variety of well crafted pottery which now included the human form as a decorating motif. The pottery wheel was now in regular use. Although glazing was known to these potters, it was not widely used. Instead, a more porous clay slip was used for decoration. A wide range of shapes for different uses developed early and remained essentially unchanged during Greek history.[54]

text: Fine Etruscan pottery was heavily influenced by Greek pottery and often imported Greek potters and painters. Ancient Roman pottery made much less use of painting, but used moulded decoration, allowing industrialized production on a huge scale. Much of the so-called red Samian ware of the Early Roman Empire was in fact produced in modern Germany and France, where entrepreneurs established large potteries.

text: Pottery was hardly seen on the tables of elites from Hellenistic times until the Renaissance, and most medieval wares were coarse and utilitarian, as the elites ate off metal vessels. Imports from Asia revived interest in fine pottery, which European manufacturers eventually learned to make, and from the 18th century European porcelain and other wares from a great number of producers became extremely popular.

text: Islamic pottery[edit]

text: Early Islamic pottery followed the forms of the regions which the Muslims conquered. Eventually, however, there was cross-fertilization between the regions. This was most notable in the Chinese influences on Islamic pottery. Trade between China and Islam took place via the system of trading posts over the lengthy Silk Road. Islamic nations imported stoneware and later porcelain from China. China imported the minerals for Cobalt blue from the Islamic ruled Persia to decorate their blue and white porcelain, which they then exported to the Islamic world.

text: Likewise, Islamic art contributed to a lasting pottery form identified as Hispano-Moresque in Andalucia (Islamic Spain). Unique Islamic forms were also developed, including fritware, lusterware and specialized glazes like tin-glazing, which led to the development of the popular maiolica.[55]

text: One major emphasis in ceramic development in the Muslim world was the use of tile and decorative tilework.

text: Americas[edit]

text: Most evidence points to an independent development of pottery in the Native American cultures, starting with their Archaic Era (3500–2000 BC), and into their Formative period (2000 BC – AD 200). These cultures did not develop the stoneware, porcelain or glazes found in the Old World. Maya ceramics include finely painted vessels, usually beakers, with elaborate scenes with several figures and texts. Several cultures, beginning with the Olmec, made terracotta sculpture, and sculptural pieces of humans or animals that are also vessels are produced in many places, with Moche portrait vessels among the finest.

text: Africa[edit]

text: In 2007, Swiss archaeologists discovered pieces of the oldest pottery in Africa at Ounjougou in Central Mali, dating back to at least 9,500 BC.[43] The relationship of the introduction of pot-making in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa with the spread of Bantu languages has been long recognized, although the details remain controversial and awaiting further research, and no consensus has been reached.[56]

text: Northern Africa includes Egypt, which had several distinct phases of development in pottery. During the early Mediterranean civilizations of the fertile crescent, Egypt developed a unique non-clay-based ceramic which has come to be called Egyptian faience.[note 1]

text: The other major phase came during the Umayyad Caliphate of Islam, Egypt was a link between early center of Islam in the Near East and Iberia which led to the impressive style of pottery.

text: It is, however, still valuable to look into pottery as an archaeological record of potential interaction between peoples, especially in areas where little or no written history exists. Because Africa is primarily heavy in oral traditions, and thus lacks a large body of written historical sources, pottery has a valuable archaeological role. When pottery is placed within the context of linguistic and migratory patterns, it becomes an even more prevalent category of social artifact.[56] As proposed by Olivier P. Gosselain, it is possible to understand ranges of cross-cultural interaction by looking closely at the chaîne opératoire of ceramic production.[57]

text: The methodologies used to produce pottery in early Sub-Saharan Africa are divisible into three categories: techniques visible to the eye (decoration, firing and post-firing techniques), techniques related to the materials (selection or processing of clay, etc.), and techniques of molding or fashioning the clay.[57] We can use these three categories to consider the implications of the reoccurrence of a particular sort of pottery in different areas. Generally, the techniques that are easily visible (the first category of those mentioned above) are thus readily imitated, and may indicate a more distant connection between groups, such as trade in the same market or even relatively close proximity in settlements.[57] Techniques that require more studied replication (i.e., the selection of clay and the fashioning of clay) may indicate a closer connection between peoples, as these methods are usually only transmissible between potters and those otherwise directly involved in production.[57] Such a relationship requires the ability of the involved parties to communicate effectively, implying pre-existing norms of contact or a shared language between the two. Thus, the patterns of technical diffusion in pot-making that are visible via archaeological findings also reveal patterns in societal interaction.

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia

text: Pottery has been found in archaeological sites across the islands of Oceania. It is attributed to an ancient archaeological culture called the Lapita. Another form of pottery called Plainware is found throughout sites of Oceania. The relationship between Lapita pottery and Plainware is not altogether clear.

text: The Indigenous Australians never developed pottery.[58] After Europeans came to Australia and settled, they found deposits of clay which were analysed by English potters as excellent for making pottery. Less than 20 years later, Europeans came to Australia and began creating pottery. Since then, ceramic manufacturing, mass-produced pottery and studio pottery have flourished in Australia.[59]

text: Archaeology[edit]

text: The study of pottery can help to provide an insight into past cultures. Pottery is durable, and fragments, at least, often survive long after artefacts made from less-durable materials have decayed past recognition. Combined with other evidence, the study of pottery artefacts is helpful in the development of theories on the organisation, economic condition and the cultural development of the societies that produced or acquired pottery. The study of pottery may also allow inferences to be drawn about a culture's daily life, religion, social relationships, attitudes towards neighbours, attitudes to their own world and even the way the culture understood the universe.

text: Chronologies based on pottery are often essential for dating non-literate cultures and are often of help in the dating of historic cultures as well. Trace-element analysis, mostly by neutron activation, allows the sources of clay to be accurately identified and the thermoluminescence test can be used to provide an estimate of the date of last firing. Examining fired pottery shards from prehistory, scientists learned that during high-temperature firing, iron materials in clay record the exact state of Earth's magnetic field at that exact moment.

text: Environmental issues in production[edit]

text: Although many of the environmental effects of pottery production have existed for millennia, some of these have been amplified with modern technology and scales of production. The principal factors for consideration fall into two categories: (a) effects on workers, and (b) effects on the general environment. Within the effects on workers, chief impacts are indoor air quality, sound levels and possible over-illumination. Regarding the general environment, factors of interest are fuel consumption, off-site water pollution, air pollution and disposal of hazardous materials.

text: Historically, "plumbism" (lead poisoning) was a significant health concern to those glazing pottery. This was recognised at least as early as the nineteenth century, and the first legislation in the United Kingdom to limit pottery workers' exposure was introduced in 1899.[60] While the risk to those working in ceramics is now much reduced, it can still not be ignored. With respect to indoor air quality, workers can be exposed to fine particulate matter, carbon monoxide and certain heavy metals. The greatest health risk is the potential to develop silicosis from the long-term exposure to crystalline silica. Proper ventilation can reduce the risks, and the first legislation in the United Kingdom to govern ventilation was introduced in 1899.[60] Another, more recent, study at Laney College, Oakland, California suggests that all these factors can be controlled in a well-designed workshop environment.[61]

text: Other usages[edit]

text: The English city of Stoke-on-Trent is widely known as "The Potteries" because of the large number of pottery factories or, colloquially, "Pot Banks." It was one of the first industrial cities of the modern era where, as early as 1785, two hundred pottery manufacturers employed 20,000 workers.[62] For the same reason, the largest football club in the city is known as "The Potters."[63]


document_title: Bells Beach, Victoria

question_text: where was the bells beach scene in point break filmed

root

text: Bells Beach, Victoria

text: Surfing[edit]

text: Bells Beach is the home of the world's longest continuously running surfing competition – now known as the Rip Curl Pro Bells Beach. The event was formerly known as the Bells Easter Classic (among a variety of other titles). The competition was first held in January 1962 and then at Easter every year since although occasionally, when conditions at Bells aren't suitable, the competition has been transferred to other breaks such as Johanna and Woolamai.

tag: p

text: As early as 1939, surfers from Torquay made their way to Bells but access was a considerable problem until 1960, when Torquay surfers and Olympic wrestler Joe Sweeney hired a bulldozer and cleared a road along the Bells cliff [2] from the Cobb & Co Road, where the concrete wave now stands, down to the beach. He charged one pound per surfer to recover his expenses. This is now part of the Surf Coast walking track.

text: Nearby surf breaks include "Southside", "Centreside", "Rincon", "Winki Pop", (Uppers and Lowers), "Boobs" and "Steps". Although Bells is known internationally as one of the best breaks in Victoria, "Winki Pop" often works better under more diverse conditions than the other nearby breaks.[citation needed]

text: The first "Surfboard Rally" at Bells Beach was organized by surfing pioneers Peter Troy and Vic Tantau to help promote sales of T Boards their own brand. Planned to run in December 1961 the event was postponed until January 26 1962. From the following year the Australian Surf rider's Association - ASA (Victorian Branch) - Now called Surfing Victoria hosted and staged the annual surfing competition at Bells Beach held at Easter each year. The ASA also ran the conservation contest at Bells Beach which included tree planting in an effort to help preserve natural values every year since the mid-1970s.

text: Surfing competitions[edit]

text:
Rip Curl GromSearch National Series (under 17s)
Rip Curl Pro every Easter since 1962

tag: ul

text: Surfers Appreciating the Natural Environment (SANE)[edit]

text: In 1988 a group of local surfers who were concerned about the human impact that tourism was having on the Bells Beach Surfing Reserve started a group called Surfers Appreciating the Natural Environment. Since 1988 they have met monthly to revegetate the reserve in an effort to bring it back to its original state. They have planted over 100,000 plants there to date.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Although the final scene of the film Point Break is set at Bells Beach, the scene was not filmed there. Bells Beach is a straight stretch and the beach in the film is a cove with spruce trees atop a hill. The actual location of the film was a beach called Indian Beach, in Ecola State Park, located in Cannon Beach, Oregon, USA.

text: Bells Beach is visited in the 1966 documentary film The Endless Summer.

text: In the 2007 animation film Surf's Up, the Australian surfer is shown to be from Bells Beach.


document_title: 2013 Major League Baseball draft

question_text: who was the first pick in the 2013 mlb draft

text: 2013 Major League Baseball draft

text: Draft order[edit]

text: The Washington Nationals, Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Brewers, and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim all surrendered their first round picks by signing players who had received and rejected qualifying offers from their previous teams: Rafael Soriano,[3] B. J. Upton,[4] Kyle Lohse,[5] and Josh Hamilton,[6] respectively. The Cleveland Indians, whose first round pick was protected as it fell in the top ten, lost their second round pick and a pick in the sandwich round between the second and third rounds for signing two players who received qualifying offers: Nick Swisher and Michael Bourn.[7]

text:
All-Star

*
Player did not sign

tag: table

text: First round[edit]

text:
Pick
Player
Team
Position
School

1
Appel, MarkMark Appel
Houston Astros
Right-handed pitcher
Stanford

2
Bryant, KrisKris Bryant
Chicago Cubs
Third baseman
San Diego

3
Gray, JonJon Gray
Colorado Rockies
Right-handed pitcher
Oklahoma

4
Stewart, KohlKohl Stewart
Minnesota Twins
Right-handed pitcher
St. Pius X High School (TX)

5
Frazier, ClintClint Frazier
Cleveland Indians
Outfielder
Loganville High School (GA)

6
Moran, ColinColin Moran
Miami Marlins
Third baseman
North Carolina

7
Ball, TreyTrey Ball
Boston Red Sox
Left-handed pitcher
New Castle Chrysler High School (IN)

8
Dozier, HunterHunter Dozier
Kansas City Royals
Shortstop
Stephen F. Austin

9
Meadows, AustinAustin Meadows
Pittsburgh Pirates[Compensation 1]
Outfielder
Grayson High School (GA)

10
Bickford, PhillipPhillip Bickford*
Toronto Blue Jays
Right-handed pitcher
Oaks Christian School (CA)

11
Smith, DominicDominic Smith
New York Mets
First baseman
Serra High School (CA)

12
Peterson, D. J.D. J. Peterson
Seattle Mariners
Third baseman
New Mexico

13
Renfroe, HunterHunter Renfroe
San Diego Padres
Outfielder
Mississippi State

14
McGuire, ReeseReese McGuire
Pittsburgh Pirates
Catcher
Kentwood High School (WA)

15
Shipley, BradenBraden Shipley
Arizona Diamondbacks
Right-handed pitcher
Nevada

16
Crawford, J. P.J. P. Crawford
Philadelphia Phillies
Shortstop
Lakewood High School (CA)

17
Anderson, TimTim Anderson
Chicago White Sox
Shortstop
East Central CC (MS)

18
Anderson, ChrisChris Anderson
Los Angeles Dodgers
Right-handed pitcher
Jacksonville

19
Gonzales, MarcoMarco Gonzales
St. Louis Cardinals
Left-handed pitcher
Gonzaga

20
Crawford, JonathonJonathon Crawford
Detroit Tigers
Right-handed pitcher
Florida

21
Ciuffo, NickNick Ciuffo
Tampa Bay Rays
Catcher
Lexington High School (SC)

22
Harvey, HunterHunter Harvey
Baltimore Orioles
Right-handed pitcher
Bandys High School (NC)

23
Gonzalez, AlexAlex Gonzalez
Texas Rangers
Right-handed pitcher
Oral Roberts

24
McKinney, BillyBilly McKinney
Oakland Athletics
Outfielder
Plano West High School (TX)

25
Arroyo, ChristianChristian Arroyo
San Francisco Giants
Shortstop
Hernando High School (FL)

26
Jagielo, EricEric Jagielo
New York Yankees
Third baseman
Notre Dame

27
Ervin, PhillipPhillip Ervin
Cincinnati Reds
Outfielder
Samford

text: Compensatory round[edit]

text:
Pick
Player
Team
Position
School

28
Kaminsky, RobRob Kaminsky
St. Louis Cardinals[Compensation 2]
Left-handed pitcher
Saint Joseph Regional High School (NJ)

29
Stanek, RyneRyne Stanek
Tampa Bay Rays[Compensation 3]
Right-handed pitcher
Arkansas

30
Demeritte, TravisTravis Demeritte
Texas Rangers[Compensation 4]
Third baseman
Winder-Barrow High School (GA)

31
Hursh, JasonJason Hursh
Atlanta Braves[Compensation 5]
Right-handed pitcher
Oklahoma State

32
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
New York Yankees[Compensation 6]
Outfielder
Fresno State

33
Clarkin, IanIan Clarkin
New York Yankees[Compensation 7]
Left-handed pitcher
James Madison High School (CA)

text: Competitive Balance Round A[edit]

text:
Pick
Player
Team
Position
School

34
Manaea, SeanSean Manaea
Kansas City Royals
Left-handed pitcher
Indiana State

35
Krook, MattMatt Krook*
Miami Marlins[Trades 1]
Left-handed pitcher
St. Ignatius High School (CA)

36
Blair, AaronAaron Blair
Arizona Diamondbacks
Right-handed pitcher
Marshall

37
Hart, JoshJosh Hart
Baltimore Orioles
Outfielder
Parkview High School (GA)

38
Lorenzen, MichaelMichael Lorenzen
Cincinnati Reds
Right-handed pitcher
Cal State Fullerton

39
Knebel, CoreyCorey Knebel
Detroit Tigers[Trades 2]
Right-handed pitcher
Texas

text: Other notable selections[edit]

text:
Round
Pick
Player
Team
Position
School

2
40
Thurman, AndrewAndrew Thurman
Houston Astros
Right-handed pitcher
University of California, Irvine

2
41
Zastryzny, RobRob Zastryzny
Chicago Cubs
Left-handed pitcher
University of Missouri

2
42
McMahon, RyanRyan McMahon
Colorado Rockies
Third baseman
Mater Dei High School (CA)

2
43
Eades, RyanRyan Eades
Minnesota Twins
Right-handed pitcher
Louisiana State University

2
44
Williams, TrevorTrevor Williams
Miami Marlins
Right-handed pitcher
Arizona State University

2
45
Stankiewicz, TeddyTeddy Stankiewicz
Boston Red Sox
Right-handed pitcher
Seminole State College

2
46
Reed, CodyCody Reed
Kansas City Royals
Left-handed pitcher
Northwest Mississippi Community College

2
50
Peterson, DustinDustin Peterson
San Diego Padres
Shortstop
Gilbert High School (AZ)

2
52
Williams, JustinJustin Williams
Arizona Diamondbacks
Shortstop
Terrebonne High School (LA)

2
53
Knapp, AndrewAndrew Knapp
Philadelphia Phillies
Catcher
University of California, Berkeley

2
55
Danish, TylerTyler Danish
Chicago White Sox
Right-handed pitcher
Durant High School (FL)

2
56
Windle, TomTom Windle
Los Angeles Dodgers
Left-handed pitcher
University of Minnesota

2
57
Mercado, OscarOscar Mercado
St. Louis Cardinals
Shortstop
Gaither High School (FL)

2
61
Sisco, ChanceChance Sisco
Baltimore Orioles
Catcher
Santiago High School (CA)

2
62
Bostick, AkeemAkeem Bostick
Texas Rangers
Right-handed pitcher
West Florence High School (SC)

2
63
Overton, DillonDillon Overton
Oakland Athletics
Left-handed pitcher
University of Oklahoma

2
64
Jones, RyderRyder Jones
San Francisco Giants
Third baseman
Watauga High School (NC)

2
65
Caratini, VictorVictor Caratini
Atlanta Braves
Catcher
Miami Dade College

2
71
Pinder, ChadChad Pinder
Oakland Athletics
Shortstop
Virginia Tech

2
73
Suggs, ColbyColby Suggs
Miami Marlins
Right-handed pitcher
University of Arkansas

3
75
Hannemann, JacobJacob Hannemann
Chicago Cubs
Outfielder
Brigham Young University

3
77
Moll, SamSam Moll
Colorado Rockies
Left-handed pitcher
University of Memphis

3
78
Turner, StuartStuart Turner
Minnesota Twins
Catcher
University of Mississippi

3
83
Murphy, PatrickPatrick Murphy
Toronto Blue Jays
Right-handed pitcher
Hamilton High School (AZ)

3
84
Meisner, CaseyCasey Meisner
New York Mets
Right-handed pitcher
Cypress Woods High School (TX)

3
85
O'Neill, TylerTyler O'Neill
Seattle Mariners
Outfielder
Garibaldi Secondary School (BC)

3
87
Jones, JaCobyJaCoby Jones
Pittsburgh Pirates
Outfielder
Louisiana State University

3
88
Palka, DanielDaniel Palka
Arizona Diamondbacks
First baseman
Georgia Tech

3
89
Sandberg, CordCord Sandberg
Philadelphia Phillies
Outfielder
Manatee High School (FL)

3
90
Astin, BarrettBarrett Astin
Milwaukee Brewers
Right-handed pitcher
University of Arkansas

3
91
May, JacobJacob May
Chicago White Sox
Outfielder
Coastal Carolina University

3
92
Dixon, BrandonBrandon Dixon
Los Angeles Dodgers
Third baseman
University of Arizona

3
93
Mayers, MikeMike Mayers
St. Louis Cardinals
Right-handed pitcher
University of Mississippi

3
95
Middleton, KeynanKeynan Middleton
Los Angeles Angels
Right-handed pitcher
Lane Community College

3
98
Tarpley, StephenStephen Tarpley
Baltimore Orioles
Left-handed pitcher
Scottsdale Community College

3
100
Healy, RyonRyon Healy
Oakland Athletics
First baseman
University of Oregon

3
101
Johnson, ChaseChase Johnson
San Francisco Giants
Right-handed pitcher
California Polytechnic State University

3
105
Ward, DrewDrew Ward
Washington Nationals
Third baseman
Leedey High School (OK)

4
109
Patterson, JordanJordan Patterson
Colorado Rockies
Outfielder
University of South Alabama

4
110
Gonsalves, StephenStephen Gonsalves
Minnesota Twins
Left-handed pitcher
Cathedral Catholic High School (CA)

4
111
Crockett, KyleKyle Crockett
Cleveland Indians
Left-handed pitcher
University of Virginia

4
116
Mazzilli, L. J.L. J. Mazzilli
New York Mets
Second baseman
University of Connecticut

4
122
Williams, TaylorTaylor Williams
Milwaukee Brewers
Right-handed pitcher
Kent State University

4
124
Bellinger, CodyCody Bellinger
Los Angeles Dodgers
First baseman
Hamilton High School (AZ)

4
128
Wong, KeanKean Wong
Tampa Bay Rays
Second baseman
Waiakea High School (HI)

4
129
Heim, JonahJonah Heim
Baltimore Orioles
Catcher
Amherst Central High School (NY)

4
130
Covey, DylanDylan Covey
Oakland Athletics
Right-handed pitcher
University of San Diego

4
134
Wade, TylerTyler Wade
New York Yankees
Shortstop
Murrieta Valley High School (CA)

4
135
Lively, BenBen Lively
Cincinnati Reds
Right-handed pitcher
University of Central Florida

4
136
Pivetta, NickNick Pivetta
Washington Nationals
Right-handed pitcher
New Mexico Junior College

5
137
Kemp, TonyTony Kemp
Houston Astros
Second baseman
Vanderbilt University

5
140
Slegers, AaronAaron Slegers
Minnesota Twins
Right-handed pitcher
Indiana University Bloomington

5
142
Wallach, ChadChad Wallach
Miami Marlins
Catcher
California State University, Fullerton

5
143
Littrell, CoreyCorey Littrell
Boston Red Sox
Left-handed pitcher
University of Kentucky

5
147
Reinheimer, JackJack Reinheimer
Seattle Mariners
Shortstop
East Carolina University

5
150
Westbrook, JamieJamie Westbrook
Arizona Diamondbacks
Shortstop
Basha High School (AZ)

5
156
Farmer, BuckBuck Farmer
Detroit Tigers
Right-handed pitcher
Georgia Institute of Technology

5
157
McGowin, KyleKyle McGowin
Los Angeles Angels
Right-handed pitcher
Savannah State University

5
158
Field, JohnnyJohnny Field
Tampa Bay Rays
Second baseman
University of Arizona

5
161
Wahl, BobbyBobby Wahl
Oakland Athletics
Right-handed pitcher
University of Mississippi

5
162
Slania, DanDan Slania
San Francisco Giants
Right-handed pitcher
University of Notre Dame

5
166
Voth, AustinAustin Voth
Washington Nationals
Right-handed pitcher
University of Washington

6
167
Nottingham, JacobJacob Nottingham
Houston Astros
Catcher
Redlands High School (CA)

6
169
Nunez, DomDom Nunez
Colorado Rockies
Third baseman
Elk Grove High School (CA)

6
174
Farrell, LukeLuke Farrell
Kansas City Royals
Right-handed pitcher
Northwestern University

6
175
Boyd, MatthewMatthew Boyd
Toronto Blue Jays
Left-handed pitcher
Oregon State University

6
176
Stuart, ChampChamp Stuart
New York Mets
Outfielder
Brevard College

6
178
Gott, TrevorTrevor Gott
San Diego Padres
Right-handed pitcher
University of Kentucky

6
179
Frazier, AdamAdam Frazier
Pittsburgh Pirates
Shortstop
Mississippi State University

6
182
Cooper, GarrettGarrett Cooper
Milwaukee Brewers
First baseman
Auburn University

6
184
Rhame, JacobJacob Rhame
Los Angeles Dodgers
Right-handed pitcher
Grayson College

6
190
Wolff, SamSam Wolff
Texas Rangers
Right-handed pitcher
University of New Mexico

6
191
Finnegan, KyleKyle Finnegan
Oakland Athletics
Right-handed pitcher
Texas State University

6
195
Weiss, ZackZack Weiss
Cincinnati Reds
Right-handed pitcher
University of California, Los Angeles

7
204
Bartsch, KyleKyle Bartsch
Kansas City Royals
Left-handed pitcher
University of South Alabama

7
205
Greene, ConnerConner Greene
Toronto Blue Jays
Right-handed pitcher
Santa Monica High School (CA)

7
207
Olson, TylerTyler Olson
Seattle Mariners
Left-handed pitcher
Gonzaga University

7
208
Bauers, JakeJake Bauers
San Diego Padres
First baseman
Marina High School (CA)

7
213
Michalczewski, TreyTrey Michalczewski
Chicago White Sox
Third baseman
Jenks High School (OK)

7
219
Dosch, DrewDrew Dosch
Baltimore Orioles
Third baseman
Youngstown State University

7
220
Gardewine, NickNick Gardewine
Texas Rangers
Right-handed pitcher
Kaskaskia College

7
224
Rumbelow, NickNick Rumbelow
New York Yankees
Right-handed pitcher
Louisiana State University

7
225
Mahle, TylerTyler Mahle
Cincinnati Reds
Right-handed pitcher
Westminster High School (CA)

8
235
Graveman, KendallKendall Graveman
Toronto Blue Jays
Right-handed pitcher
Mississippi State University

8
237
Smith, TylerTyler Smith
Seattle Mariners
Shortstop
Oregon State University

8
240
Keller, BradBrad Keller
Arizona Diamondbacks
Right-handed pitcher
Flowery Branch High School (GA)

8
244
Farmer, KyleKyle Farmer
Los Angeles Dodgers
Catcher
University of Georgia

8
246
Reininger, ZacZac Reininger
Detroit Tigers
Right-handed pitcher
Hill College

8
247
Smith, NateNate Smith
Los Angeles Angels
Left-handed pitcher
Furman University

8
249
Mancini, TreyTrey Mancini
Baltimore Orioles
First baseman
University of Notre Dame

8
253
Wren, KyleKyle Wren
Atlanta Braves
Outfielder
Georgia Institute of Technology

9
259
Valaika, PatPat Valaika
Colorado Rockies
Shortstop
University of California, Los Angeles

9
260
Garver, MitchMitch Garver
Minnesota Twins
Catcher
University of New Mexico

9
261
Pannone, ThomasThomas Pannone
Cleveland Indians
Left-handed pitcher
College of Southern Nevada

9
263
Martin, KyleKyle Martin
Boston Red Sox
Right-handed pitcher
Texas A&M University

9
265
Girodo, ChadChad Girodo
Toronto Blue Jays
Left-handed pitcher
Mississippi State University

9
269
Kuhl, ChadChad Kuhl
Pittsburgh Pirates
Right-handed pitcher
University of Delaware

9
278
Pruitt, AustinAustin Pruitt
Tampa Bay Rays
Right-handed pitcher
University of Houston

10
288
Godley, ZackZack Godley
Chicago Cubs
Right-handed pitcher
University of Tennessee

10
289
Tauchman, MikeMike Tauchman
Colorado Rockies
Outfielder
Bradley University

10
297
Pagan, EmilioEmilio Pagan
Seattle Mariners
Right-handed pitcher
Belmont Abbey College

10
299
Carle, ShaneShane Carle
Pittsburgh Pirates
Right-handed pitcher
California State University, Long Beach

10
303
Goldberg, BradBrad Goldberg
Chicago White Sox
Right-handed pitcher
Ohio State University

10
314
Webb, TylerTyler Webb
New York Yankees
Left-handed pitcher
University of South Carolina

10
315
Wright, DanielDaniel Wright
Cincinnati Reds
Right-handed pitcher
Arkansas State University

11
321
Plutko, AdamAdam Plutko
Cleveland Indians
Right-handed pitcher
University of California, Los Angeles

11
323
Asuaje, CarlosCarlos Asuaje
Boston Red Sox
Shortstop
Nova Southeastern University

11
336
Green, ChadChad Green
Detroit Tigers
Right-handed pitcher
University of Louisville

11
339
Brault, StevenSteven Brault
Baltimore Orioles
Left-handed pitcher
Regis University

12
355
Mayza, TimTim Mayza
Toronto Blue Jays
Left-handed pitcher
Millersville University of Pennsylvania

13
382
Riddle, J. T.J. T. Riddle
Miami Marlins
Second baseman
University of Kentucky

13
399
Yacabonis, JimmyJimmy Yacabonis
Baltimore Orioles
Right-handed pitcher
Saint Joseph's University

14
420
Hathaway, SteveSteve Hathaway
Arizona Diamondbacks
Left-handed pitcher
Franklin Pierce University

15
437
Farris, JamesJames Farris
Houston Astros
Right-handed pitcher
University of Arizona

15
460
Ege, CodyCody Ege
Texas Rangers
Left-handed pitcher
University of Louisville

15
463
Marksberry, MattMatt Marksberry
Atlanta Braves
Left-handed pitcher
Campbell University

16
474
McCarthy, KevinKevin McCarthy
Kansas City Royals
Right-handed pitcher
Marist College

16
475
Jansen, DannyDanny Jansen
Toronto Blue Jays
Catcher
Appleton West High School (WI)

17
521
Brugman, JaycobJaycob Brugman
Oakland Athletics
Outfielder
Brigham Young University

18
554
Fowler, DustinDustin Fowler
New York Yankees
Outfielder
West Laurens High School (GA)

19
573
Engel, AdamAdam Engel
Chicago White Sox
Outfielder
University of Louisville

20
594
Sparkman, GlennGlenn Sparkman
Kansas City Royals
Right-handed pitcher
Wharton County Junior College

22
651
Heller, BenBen Heller
Cleveland Indians
Right-handed pitcher
Olivet Nazarene University

22
661
Leiter Jr., MarkMark Leiter Jr.
Philadelphia Phillies
Right-handed pitcher
New Jersey Institute of Technology

22
665
Voit, LukeLuke Voit
St. Louis Cardinals
Catcher
Missouri State University

22
675
Somsen, LayneLayne Somsen
Cincinnati Reds
Right-handed pitcher
South Dakota State University

23
699
Crichton, StefanStefan Crichton
Baltimore Orioles
Right-handed pitcher
Texas Christian University

24
724
De León, JoséJosé De León
Los Angeles Dodgers
Right-handed pitcher
Southern University

25
757
Busenitz, AlanAlan Busenitz
Los Angeles Angels
Right-handed pitcher
Kennesaw State University

27
816
Mantiply, JoeJoe Mantiply
Detroit Tigers
Left-handed pitcher
Virginia Tech

27
819
Hart, DonnieDonnie Hart
Baltimore Orioles
Left-handed pitcher
Texas State University

28
835
Dermody, MattMatt Dermody
Toronto Blue Jays
Left-handed pitcher
University of Iowa

29
878
Wood, HunterHunter Wood
Tampa Bay Rays
Right-handed pitcher
Howard College

31
945
Benintendi, AndrewAndrew Benintendi
Cincinnati Reds
Outfielder
Madeira High School (OH)

33
977
White, TylerTyler White
Houston Astros
Third baseman
Western Carolina University

35
1,037
Clemens, KacyKacy Clemens
Houston Astros
Right-handed pitcher
Memorial High School (TX)

35
1,056
Puk, A. J.A. J. Puk
Detroit Tigers
Left-handed pitcher
Washington High School (IA)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Compensation pick for failing to sign Mark Appel in the 2012 Major League Baseball Draft
Jump up ^ Compensation pick for the Milwaukee Brewers signing Kyle Lohse
Jump up ^ Compensation pick for the Atlanta Braves signing B. J. Upton
Jump up ^ Compensation pick for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim signing Josh Hamilton
Jump up ^ Compensation pick for the Cleveland Indians signing Michael Bourn
Jump up ^ Compensation pick for the Cleveland Indians signing Nick Swisher
Jump up ^ Compensation pick for the Washington Nationals signing Rafael Soriano

text:
Jump up ^ The Marlins acquired the 35th overall pick, and Gorkys Hernández from the Pirates in exchange for Gaby Sánchez, and Kyle Kaminska on July 31, 2012.[8]
Jump up ^ The Tigers acquired the 39th overall pick, Aníbal Sánchez, and Omar Infante from the Marlins in exchange for Brian Flynn, Rob Brantly, and Jacob Turner on July 23, 2012.[9]

text: NCAA investigation[edit]

text: The Philadelphia Phillies selected college juniors Ben Wetzler of Oregon State University in the fifth round and Jason Monda of Washington State University in the sixth round of the draft. Both entered into negotiations with the Phillies with the help of a financial adviser, which is against National Collegiate Athletic Association rules. Both also chose to return to college for their senior year. The Phillies reported Wetzler and Monda to the NCAA, which cleared Monda and suspended Wetzler for the first 11 games of the college season.[10][11]

text: Player Notes[edit]

text: Kyle Crockett, the Cleveland Indians fourth round pick out of the University of Virginia, was promoted to the Indians on May 16, 2014. This made Crockett the first 2013 draftee to reach the major leagues.[12]

text: Marco Gonzales, the St. Louis Cardinals' first round pick, made his MLB Debut on June 25, 2014. This made Gonzales the first 2013 first round pick to reach the major leagues.[13]


document_title: 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship

question_text: where are the ncaa football playoffs being played

text: Background[edit]

text: The Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015.[2]

text: 2018 College Football Playoff[edit]

text:
Semifinals

Championship

January 1 – Sugar Bowl

Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans

  1
  Clemson
6

  4
  Alabama
24

January 8 – National Championship

Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta

  4
  Alabama (OT)
26

January 1 – Rose Bowl

Rose Bowl, Pasadena

  3
  Georgia
23

  2
  Oklahoma
48

  3
  Georgia (2OT)
54

text:
view
talk
edit

text: The College Football Playoff (CFP) selected four teams to advance to the playoff: the Clemson Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, Georgia Bulldogs, and Alabama Crimson Tide.[3]

text: Teams[edit]

text: Alabama[edit]

text: The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24–6 to reach the championship game. The Tide had a 12–1 season, becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers. The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban.[4]

text: Georgia[edit]

text: The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54–48 in double overtime to reach the championship game. The Bulldogs had a 13–1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers, 28–7. The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart.[5]

text: Game summary[edit]

text: After winning the coin toss, Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game. After two plays, quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown. Alabama began their first drive of the game, and, after eleven plays, that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40-yard field goal. The teams each had three-and-outs for the game's first two punts. During Georgia's ensuing drive, the quarter ended, with no score.[6]

text: After a failed third down conversion, on the second play of the second quarter, Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41-yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three. Alabama's ensuing drive went nowhere, as they gained four yards on three plays and punted. Georgia took the ball and drove down the field, and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10-yard-line; the Tide defense held, however, and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6–0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half. On Alabama's next drive, the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama's JK Scott punted for the third time. Just prior to the punt, Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room, reportedly with a left shoulder injury. Both defenses then forced punts, and Georgia took back over with 1:19 remaining in the half on their own 31-yard-line. Nine plays later, on Alabama's 1-yard-line, Mecole Hardman took a direct snap, faked a handoff, and ran into the end zone for the game's first touchdown, putting Georgia up 13–0 going into halftime.[6]

text: Because they deferred the coin toss, Alabama received the ball first in the second half. They started their drive on their own 22-yard-line. Tua Tagovailoa, Alabama's backup quarterback, started the second half for the Tide; that drive quickly resulted in a three-and-out. The initial punt was blocked, but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt. Georgia started their drive on their own 36-yard-line, but punted on 4th & 17. Alabama took over on their own 44-yard-line.[6] The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6-yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs, but Georgia immediately responded with an 80-yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman, putting Georgia up 20–7. On the second play of Alabama's ensuing drive, Tagovailoa, while scrambling to the left, threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia's Deandre Baker. Up 13, the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama's 39-yard-line. The Tide defense responded immediately, however, as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia's drive, returning the pick to the UGA 40-yard-line. The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43-yard field goal that put Bama within ten. The teams then traded punts. Just prior to Alabama's punt, it was announced that an Alabama defensive back, Kyriq McDonald, had collapsed on the sideline; the situation was described as a "serious medical emergency". He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious. Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive, and punted. The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3:49. With three seconds remaining in the game, Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game-winning 36-yard field goal to the left, sending the game to overtime.[6]

text: In overtime, Georgia scored on a 51-yard field goal. On Alabama's first offensive play in overtime, Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16-yard loss, but immediately followed that with a game-winning 41-yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith.[6] Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game, and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game.[7]

text: Scoring summary[edit]

text:
[hide]Scoring summary

Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score

Plays
Yards
TOP
Alabama
Georgia

2
14:14
14
55
7:40
Georgia
41-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship
0
3

2
7:33
13
70
5:19
Georgia
27-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship
0
6

2
0:07
9
69
1:12
Georgia
Mecole Hardman 1-yard touchdown run, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good
0
13

3
8:52
7
56
1:59
Alabama
Henry Ruggs III 6-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa, Andy Pappanastos kick good
7
13

3
6:52
4
93
1:55
Georgia
Mecole Hardman 80-yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good
7
20

3
5:20
6
15
1:06
Alabama
43-yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos
10
20

4
9:24
8
71
2:15
Alabama
30-yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos
13
20

4
3:49
8
66
3:21
Alabama
Calvin Ridley 7-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa, Andy Pappanastos kick good
20
20

OT

4
-9

Georgia
51-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship
20
23

OT

2
25

Alabama
DeVonta Smith 41-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa
26
23

"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
26
23

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
OT
Total

No. 4 Crimson Tide
0
0
10
10
6
26

No. 3 Bulldogs
0
13
7
0
3
23

text:
Statistics
Alabama
Georgia

First downs
20
22

Plays–yards
71–371
77–365

Rushes–yards
39–184
45–133

Passing yards
187
232

Passing: Comp–Att–Int
17–32–1
16–32–2

Time of possession
26:17
33:43

Sources: ESPN, StatBroadcast

text:
Team
Category
Player
Statistics

Alabama
Passing
Tua Tagovailoa
14/24, 166 yds, 3 TD, 1 INT

Rushing
Najee Harris
6 car, 64 yds

Receiving
Calvin Ridley
4 rec, 32 yds, 1 TD

Georgia
Passing
Jake Fromm
16/32, 232 yds, 1 TD, 2 INT

Rushing
Sony Michel
14 car, 98 yds

Receiving
Riley Ridley
6 rec, 82 yds

Sources: ESPN, StatBroadcast

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The game was televised nationally by ESPN. On January 8, 2018, the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime. This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes-Benz Stadium (which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams), and originated from Centennial Olympic Park.[8]

text: Dispute[edit]

text: Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl, the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football.[9] [3] UCF held a victory parade at Disney World[10] and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement.[11] The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches, many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska; Frost himself (who coached UCF in the game) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract.[12]

text: The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season, below a number of two-loss teams from the Power Five conferences, which left them out of the CFP. The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll, receiving 57 first-place votes, while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first-place votes — the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team.[13] Additionally, the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings. The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of “national champion major selections.” [14]


document_title: Chenab River

question_text: asikni is the ancient name of which river

text: Chenab River

text: History[edit]

text: The river was known to Indians in the Vedic period[5] as Chandrabhaga (Sanskrit: चंद्रभाग), also Asikni (Sanskrit: असिक्नी) or Iskamati (Sanskrit: इस्कामति) and as Acesines to the Ancient Greeks.[6][7] In 325 BC, Alexander the Great allegedly founded the town of Alexandria on the Indus (present day Uch Sharif or Mithankot or Chacharan in Pakistan) at the confluence of the Indus and the combined stream of Punjab rivers (currently known as the Panjnad River).[8]

text: Chanderbhaga name for the combination of two rivers in Lahul Valley is found more visible in old Hindu texts called Puranas. The ancient name of this river in Vedic period was Asikni which is praised in “Nadi Sukat” of Rig-Veda along with Ganga, Yamuna and Sarasvati Rivers. According to Shiv Puran, the mountain range starting from Chanderkhani in Kullu region to Drilbu Ri in Lahul is called Chanderbhag Parvat, so the river flowing underneath was named Chanderbhaga whereas one river was called Chandra and second one Bhaga. There are three rivers originating from Baralacha Massif situated in Lahul valley, which are Chandra, Bhaga and Yunam. Chandra and Bhaga meet at Tandi and form Chanderbhaga Sangam whereas Yunam moves to other direction in Zanskar. Baralacha Massif is the unique source of three different and popular rivers in the world. This river is well known as Chenab too. The eminent historian of Trans Himalaya; Tsering Dorje believes that Persian travelers named it Aab- E- Cheen which means River of China and later generations made it simple calling Chenab. Google links it with two words, Chan and Aab where Chan means Moon and Aab means River. The river further moves to Jammu Kashmir and later enters into Pakistan through Punjab. The Greek named this river as Sandro Fagus which means the river which devoured Alexandra. Chenab becomes very significant once we recall the eternal love stories of Heer Ranjha, Sohni Mahiwal and Suni Bhunku who made Chenab a River of Love. Prominent Urdu poets Iqbal and Faiz Ahmad Faiz constructed long-lasting literature on the banks of Chenab and Shiv Kumar Batalvi, who was most known for his romantic poetry, noted for its heightened passion, pathos, separation and lover's agony, also remained associated with Chenab because he was born near Sialkot. Time faded the ancient name Asikni and somehow Chanderbhaga and people remembered Chenab. Shiv Puran mentions meditation of Devi Sandhya at the confluence of Chanderbhaga. According to Bhagwat Puran great saint Vashisht got married at this confluence and Sakand Puran ensures a holy dip in Chanderbhaga River is equivalent to Ganges. Vaikunt Puran links this river with lord Shiva and Matsaya Puran claims the wind which flows touching this river gets the medicinal effect and is very useful for the sentient beings. Chanderbhaga Sangam is used by the locals to immerse mortal remains and it is mentioned by several historians that Droupadi was died here while she was moving to heavens with her husbands. She was found dead near Sangam by the local people who performed her last rituals after establishing a relation of mother and sons with her dead appearance. It is believed that from that time locals are immersing the mortal remains in this river. Later when the valley got Buddhist influence, this ritual was decorated in even better way naming it Tsa –Tsa. It was a technique to keep the mortal remains in nearby monastery of Ghanta Pa Siddha and later monks used to mix the powder of last remains with clay and make small Buddhist stupas to be kept under the rocks and immerse in Sangam. A huge celebration was followed with locally made beer and different dances during the Tsa- Tsa celebration those days. Slowly Tsa- Tsa celebration went invisible but revived in 2016 when a huge tribute was paid by this tribal Hindu- Buddhist population to VHP leader Ashok Singhal whose mortal remains got immersed in this holy Sangam. Using his mortal remains Buddhist monks revived almost a century year old Tsa- Tsa ritual. People have gathered from every corner of this frontier land and a big festival was started named Chanderbhaga Sangam Parv.

text: Bhandarkote Cave

text: There is a small cave at Bhandarkote just above the Bhandarkote bridge over chenab river. Sheikh Zain-ud-Din Wali (R. A) is believed to have stayed in it for many years.The sheikh who hailed from kishtwar later moved to kashmir.Bhandarkot is about 12 km from kishtwar town.[9]

text: Dams[edit]

text: The river has rich power generation potential in India.[10]

text:
Salal Dam - 690 MW hydroelectric power project in Jammu and Kashmir
Baglihar Dam - a hydroelectric power project in Jammu and Kashmir
Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Plant - 390 MW run-of-the-river type power project
Pakal Dul Dam - a proposed dam on Marusadar River, a right bank tributary of Chenab
Ratle Hydroelectric Plant - an under construction power station of run-of-the-river type
Marala Headworks - located near Sialkot
Khanki Headworks - located in Gujranwala District
Trimmu Barrage - located in Jhang District

text:
Kiru Hydro electric Power Project - proposed project located in Kishtwar District-624 MW
Kwar HE Power Project - proposed project located in Kishtwar District - 540 MW