document_title: 2006 NBA Finals

question_text: who was the leading scorer in the mavs game 1 win in the 2006 nba finals

text: 2006 NBA Finals

text: Background[edit]

text: The Dallas Mavericks franchise joined the NBA in the 1980–81 season. During the mid-1980s they rose to become contenders in the Western Conference, culminating in a 1988 conference finals appearance, which they lost to the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games. The Mavericks would decline shortly after, and from 1988 until 2000, they missed the playoffs in eleven of those years, including a combined 24–140 record in the 1992–93 and 1993–94 seasons. However, with the sale of the team to Mark Cuban, and the addition of Dirk Nowitzki, the Mavericks slowly returned to playoff prominence. The 2005–06 season would see Dallas reach even greater heights. Led by Nowitzki and coached by Avery Johnson, they won 60 games. In the playoffs, they swept the Memphis Grizzlies, then overcame their Texas archrivals the San Antonio Spurs in seven games, and made their first Finals appearance by ousting league MVP and former Mav Steve Nash and the Phoenix Suns in six games.

text: The Miami Heat joined the league in the 1988–89 season, but they did not rise to prominence until they hired Pat Riley to be their head coach and president before the 1995–96 season. In Riley’s first stint, the Heat were playoff regulars between 1996 and 2001, however, the Chicago Bulls and New York Knicks always thwarted Miami’s dreams of a championship or even a Finals berth. However, when the team drafted Dwyane Wade fifth overall in 2003, things started to look up for the Heat. They went 42-40 under interim coach Stan Van Gundy, making the playoffs after a 2-year hiatus. They defeated the New Orleans Hornets in the first round, but they ultimately fell to the Pacers in 6 games.[2] The 2004 offseason saw the addition of Shaquille O'Neal, and with Wade and O'Neal performing well, the Heat won 59 games in the 2004–05 season, as they took the defending champions Detroit Pistons to seven games in the conference finals. The following season, after an early 11–10 start, Van Gundy resigned and Riley returned to coaching. Though injuries and lack of chemistry hobbled the Heat initially, they still managed to win 52 games that season. After a culmination of harmony and momentum came together just before the playoffs, they started their postseason run by defeating the Bulls in six games, then eliminated the New Jersey Nets in five games, and then ousted the Pistons in six games to reach the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history.

text: Path to the Finals[edit]

text:
Dallas Mavericks (Western Conference champion)
Miami Heat (Eastern Conference champion)

#

Western Conference vte

Team

W

L

PCT

GB

1

c-San Antonio Spurs
63
19
.768
-

2

y-Phoenix Suns
54
28
.659
9

3

y-Denver Nuggets
44
38
.537
19

4

x-Dallas Mavericks
60
22
.732
3

5

x-Memphis Grizzlies
49
33
.598
14

6

x-Los Angeles Clippers
47
35
.573
16

7

x-Los Angeles Lakers
45
37
.549
18

8

x-Sacramento Kings
44
38
.537
19

9

Utah Jazz
41
41
.500
22

10

New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets
38
44
.463
25

11

Seattle SuperSonics
35
47
.427
28

12

Golden State Warriors
34
48
.415
29

13

Houston Rockets
34
48
.415
29

14

Minnesota Timberwolves
33
49
.402
30

15

Portland Trail Blazers
21
61
.256
42

4th seed in the West, 3rd best league record

Regular season;

Eastern Conference vte

#

Team

W

L

PCT

GB

1

z-Detroit Pistons
64
18
.780
-

2

y-Miami Heat
52
30
.634
12

3

y-New Jersey Nets
49
33
.598
15

4

x-Cleveland Cavaliers
50
32
.610
14

5

x-Washington Wizards
42
40
.512
22

6

x-Indiana Pacers
41
41
.500
23

7

x-Chicago Bulls
41
41
.500
23

8

x-Milwaukee Bucks
40
42
.488
24

9

Philadelphia 76ers
38
44
.463
26

10

Orlando Magic
36
46
.439
28

11

Boston Celtics
33
49
.402
31

12

Toronto Raptors
27
55
.329
37

13

Charlotte Bobcats
26
56
.317
38

14

Atlanta Hawks
26
56
.317
38

15

New York Knicks
23
59
.280
41
2nd seed in the East, 5th best league record

Defeated the (5) Memphis Grizzlies, 4–0

First Round

Defeated the (7) Chicago Bulls, 4–2

Defeated the (1) San Antonio Spurs, 4–3

Conference Semifinals

Defeated the (3) New Jersey Nets, 4–1

Defeated the (2) Phoenix Suns, 4–2

Conference Finals

Defeated the (1) Detroit Pistons, 4–2

text: Regular-season series[edit]

text: The Dallas Mavericks won both games in the regular season series:

text: November 25, 2005

text: Dallas Mavericks 103, Miami Heat 90

text: American Airlines Arena, Miami

text: February 9, 2006

text: Miami Heat 76, Dallas Mavericks 112

text: American Airlines Center, Dallas

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: ABC had exclusive rights to televise the NBA Finals in the United States.[3] Play-by-play announcer Mike Breen and color commentator Hubie Brown called the action, with courtside reporting by Lisa Salters and Stuart Scott. Radio counterpart ESPN Radio broadcast the Finals, with Jim Durham and Dr. Jack Ramsay calling the action. The featured song, aired throughout the playoffs, was Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' "Runnin' Down a Dream."

text: Game 2 of the Finals, which took place the same evening as the 60th Tony Awards, was the most-watched program of June 11, 2006. ABC won the night with 3.5 rating and 10 share, CBS came in fourth with a 1.5/4 for the Tonys.[4] On June 20, Game 6 had a 4.4/13 among viewers aged 18–49.[5]

text: The finals were shown on Sky Sports in the UK and Ireland.

text: Starting lineups[edit]

text:
Miami
Position
Dallas

 Jason Williams
PG
Jason Terry

Dwyane Wade
SG
Marquis Daniels

Antoine Walker
SF
Josh Howard

Udonis Haslem
PF
Dirk Nowitzki

Shaquille O'Neal‡
C
Erick Dampier

text: Rosters[edit]

text: Miami Heat[edit]

text:
2005–06 Miami Heat roster

Players
Coaches

Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB (YYYY-MM-DD)
From

SG

7000500000000000000♠5

Anderson, Derek

7000195580000000000♠6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)

194 lb (88 kg)

1974–07–18

Kentucky

SF

7001490000000000000♠49

Anderson, Shandon

7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)

208 lb (94 kg)

1973–12–31

Georgia

C

7001300000000000000♠30

Barron, Earl

7000213360000000000♠7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)

250 lb (113 kg)

1981–08–14

Memphis

C

7001510000000000000♠51

Doleac, Michael

7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)

262 lb (119 kg)

1977–06–15

Utah

PF

7001400000000000000♠40

Haslem, Udonis

7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)

235 lb (107 kg)

1980–06–09

Florida

SF

7001240000000000000♠24

Kapono, Jason

7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)

213 lb (97 kg)

1981–02–04

UCLA

C

7001330000000000000♠33

Mourning, Alonzo

7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)

240 lb (109 kg)

1970–02–08

Georgetown

C

7001320000000000000♠32

O'Neal, Shaquille

7000215899999999999♠7 ft 1 in (2.16 m)

325 lb (147 kg)

1972–03–06

LSU

PG

7001200000000000000♠20

Payton, Gary

7000193040000000000♠6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)

180 lb (82 kg)

1968–07–23

Oregon State

SF

7001420000000000000♠42

Posey, James

7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)

215 lb (98 kg)

1977–01–13

Xavier

PF

7001250000000000000♠25

Simien, Wayne

7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)

255 lb (116 kg)

1983–03–09

Kansas

SG

7000300000000000000♠3

Wade, Dwyane

7000193040000000000♠6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)

220 lb (100 kg)

1982–01–17

Marquette

PF

7000800000000000000♠8

Walker, Antoine

7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)

224 lb (102 kg)

1976–08–12

Kentucky

PG

7001550000000000000♠55

Williams, Jason

7000185420000000000♠6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)

190 lb (86 kg)

1975–11–18

Florida

SF

7000100000000000000♠1

Wright, Dorell

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

200 lb (91 kg)

1985–12–02

South Kent School (CT)

Head coach
Pat Riley
Assistant coach(es)
Keith Askins
Bob McAdoo
Ron Rothstein
Erik Spoelstra
Bill Foran

Legend
(C) Team captain(DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended(DL) On assignment to D-League affiliate Injured

text: Dallas Mavericks[edit]

text:
2005–06 Dallas Mavericks roster

Players
Coaches

Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB (YYYY-MM-DD)
From

PG

7001100000000000000♠10

Armstrong, Darrell

7000182880000000000♠6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)

170 lb (77 kg)

1968–06–22

Fayetteville State

C

7001250000000000000♠25

Dampier, Erick

7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)

265 lb (120 kg)

1975–07–14

Mississippi State

SG

7000600000000000000♠6

Daniels, Marquis

7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)

200 lb (91 kg)

1981–01–07

Auburn

C

7000700000000000000♠7

Diop, DeSagana

7000213360000000000♠7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)

300 lb (136 kg)

1982–01–30

Oak Hill Academy (VA)

SG

7001440000000000000♠44

Griffin, Adrian

7000195580000000000♠6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)

217 lb (98 kg)

1974–07–04

Seton Hall

PG

7001340000000000000♠34

Harris, Devin

7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)

192 lb (87 kg)

1983–02–27

Wisconsin

SF

7000500000000000000♠5

Howard, Josh

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

210 lb (95 kg)

1980–04–28

Wake Forest

C

7001280000000000000♠28

Mbenga, D. J.

7000213360000000000♠7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)

245 lb (111 kg)

1980–12–30

Belgium

PF

7001410000000000000♠41

Nowitzki, Dirk

7000213360000000000♠7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)

245 lb (111 kg)

1978–06–19

Germany

PF

7001330000000000000♠33

Powell, Josh

7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)

225 lb (102 kg)

1983–01–25

North Carolina State

SG

7001420000000000000♠42

Stackhouse, Jerry

7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)

218 lb (99 kg)

1974–11–5

North Carolina

PG

7001310000000000000♠31

Terry, Jason

7000187960000000000♠6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)

185 lb (84 kg)

1977–09–15

Arizona

SF

7000200000000000000♠2

Van Horn, Keith

7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)

220 lb (100 kg)

1975–10–23

Utah

Head coach
Avery Johnson
Assistant coach(es)
Rolando Blackman
Del Harris
Joe Prunty
Larry Riley
Brad Davis

Legend
(C) Team captain(DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended(DL) On assignment to D-League affiliate Injured

text:
Shaquille O'Neal and Gary Payton became the 6th and 7th players to play in the NBA Finals for three different teams. O'Neal played in the 1995 NBA Finals with the Orlando Magic and four times with the Los Angeles Lakers, while Payton played in the 1996 NBA Finals with the Seattle SuperSonics and with O'Neal on the 2004 Lakers team that lost to the Pistons. The other five players to play in the Finals for three teams are: Danny Ainge, Sam Perkins, John Salley, Horace Grant and Robert Horry.
Also, O'Neal and Alonzo Mourning achieved the rare feat of being the former first-round picks from the same year (1992) to win a championship with the same team. O'Neal was the first overall draft pick of the Orlando Magic, while Mourning went second to the Charlotte Hornets.

tag: ul

text: Series summary[edit]

text:
Game
Date
Home Team
Result
Road Team

Game 1
Thursday, June 8
Dallas Mavericks
90–80 (1–0)
Miami Heat

Game 2
Sunday, June 11
Dallas Mavericks
99–86 (2–0)
Miami Heat

Game 3
Tuesday, June 13
Miami Heat
98–96 (1–2)
Dallas Mavericks

Game 4
Thursday, June 15
Miami Heat
98–74 (2–2)
Dallas Mavericks

Game 5
Sunday, June 18
Miami Heat
101–100 (OT) (3–2)
Dallas Mavericks

Game 6
Tuesday, June 20
Dallas Mavericks
92–95 (2–4)
Miami Heat

text: The Heat became the second team since 1985 to sweep the middle three games at home, the 2004 Detroit Pistons being the first. In 1985 the NBA switched the Finals to the 2-3-2 format, which was changed back to the 2-2-1-1-1 format for the 2014 NBA Finals

text: Game summaries[edit]

text: Game One[edit]

text: Dallas' Jason Terry scored a playoff-high 32 points as the Mavericks overcame a 31–23 deficit at the end of the first quarter.

text: ABC

text: June 8 9:00pm ET

text: 1 at the Wayback Machine (archived December 1, 2010)

text:
Miami Heat 80, Dallas Mavericks 90

Scoring by quarter: 31–23, 13–23, 24–24, 12–20
Pts: Dwyane Wade 28Rebs: Udonis Haslem 8Asts: Dwyane Wade 6

Pts: Jason Terry 32Rebs: Josh Howard 12Asts: Nowitzki, Howard 4 eachDallas leads series, 1–0.

text:
American Airlines Center, Dallas, TexasAttendance: 20,475Referees:
No. 17 Joe Crawford
No. 14 Joe DeRosa
No. 15 Bennett Salvatore

text: Game Two[edit]

text: Dirk Nowitzki had a stellar 26 point-16 rebound performance, and the Mavericks cruised past the Heat to take a 2–0 series lead.

text: ABC

text: June 11 9:00pm ET

text: 2 at the Wayback Machine (archived December 1, 2010)

text:
Miami Heat 85, Dallas Mavericks 99

Scoring by quarter: 17–18, 17–32, 24–32, 27–17
Pts: Dwyane Wade 23Rebs: Dwyane Wade 8Asts: Payton, Williams 4 each

Pts: Dirk Nowitzki 26Rebs: Dirk Nowitzki 16Asts: Jason Terry 9Dallas leads series, 2–0.

text:
American Airlines Center, Dallas, TexasAttendance: 20,459Referees:
No. 26 Bob Delaney
No. 29 Steve Javie
No. 32 Eddie F. Rush

text: Game Three[edit]

text: Led by Dwyane Wade's 42 points and 13 rebounds, the Heat rallied from a 13-point deficit with six minutes to go in the fourth quarter. The momentum-changing comeback was capped by a Gary Payton field goal from just inside the three-point line with 9.3 seconds left. Dirk Nowitzki had a chance to tie the game at the free throw line with 3.4 seconds to go, but missed 1 of 2, sealing the win for Miami.

text: ABC

text: June 13 9:00pm ET

text: 3 at the Wayback Machine (archived December 1, 2010)

text:
Dallas Mavericks 96, Miami Heat 98

Scoring by quarter: 21–29, 22–23, 34–16, 19–30
Pts: Dirk Nowitzki 30Rebs: Erick Dampier 9Asts: Jason Terry 5

Pts: Dwyane Wade 42Rebs: Dwyane Wade 13Asts: Shaquille O'Neal 5Dallas leads series, 2–1.

text:
American Airlines Arena, Miami, FloridaAttendance: 20,145Referees:
No. 43 Dan Crawford
No. 41 Ken Mauer
No. 35 Jack Nies

text: Game Four[edit]

text: Dwyane Wade shined again for the Heat with 36 points, and Miami held Dallas to just seven points in the fourth quarter en route to a series-tying, blowout victory. The Mavericks' low-scoring fourth quarter was the lowest ever by any team during the NBA Finals. Jerry Stackhouse caught Shaquille O'Neal with a flagrant foul that resulted in him being suspended for Game 5. Jerry Stackhouse was the final NBA player to be suspended in the NBA Finals until Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors in the 2016 NBA Finals for fighting LeBron James.

text: ABC

text: June 15 9:00pm ET

text: 4 at the Wayback Machine (archived December 1, 2010)

text:
Dallas Mavericks 74, Miami Heat 98

Scoring by quarter: 25–30, 19–24, 23–24, 7–20
Pts: Jason Terry 17Rebs: Dirk Nowitzki 9Asts: Jerry Stackhouse 4

Pts: Dwyane Wade 36Rebs: Shaquille O'Neal 13Asts: Jason Williams 6Series tied, 2–2.

text:
American Airlines Arena, Miami, FloridaAttendance: 20,145Referees:
No. 27 Dick Bavetta
No. 14 Mike Callahan
No. 7 Bernie Fryer

text: Game Five[edit]

text: Dwyane Wade shot 25 free throws --- as many free throws as all the Mavericks combined (a fact that did not sit well with Mavericks head coach Avery Johnson[6]), leading the Heat to their third straight win over Dallas after being down 0–2 in the series.

text: With 9.1 seconds left in overtime and the Heat trailing by 1 point, they inbounded the ball to Wade, who caught the ball in the air and then landed in the backcourt. Mavericks' team owner Mark Cuban felt Wade had therefore committed a backcourt violation after receiving the ball.

text: Dallas was then penalized with a controversial foul call that sent Wade to the line to shoot the go-ahead free throws with 1.9 seconds left on the overtime game clock. Wade hit the first free throw, and Dallas Mavericks coach Avery Johnson signaled to his team to call a timeout after Wade's second attempt. Josh Howard then made a timeout gesture with his hands and began to walk off the floor, and the referees called the Mavericks' last remaining timeout, which prevented them from advancing the ball after the second attempt if Wade converted. After the timeout, Wade made the second free throw to give his team a one-point lead, after which Devin Harris missed a Hail Mary half-court shot as time expired. Wade finished the game with 43 points while setting an NBA Finals record for most made free throws in a game with 21.[7] Shaquille O'Neal added a double-double with 18 points and 12 rebounds. Miami converted 32 of its 49 attempts from the free throw line.

text: Jason Terry led Dallas with 35 points in a losing effort, while Howard added 25. After the game, a frustrated Dirk Nowitzki kicked a ball into the stands and Mavericks owner Mark Cuban caused many "acts of misconduct" resulting in fines of $5,000 and $250,000, respectively, for the two men.[8]

text: ABC

text: June 18 9:00pm ET

text: "5". Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2016-02-04. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)

text:
Dallas Mavericks 100, Miami Heat 101 (OT)

Scoring by quarter: 21–24, 30–19, 20–27, 22–23, Overtime: 7–8
Pts: Jason Terry 35Rebs: Josh Howard 10Asts: Marquis Daniels 4

Pts: Dwyane Wade 43Rebs: Shaquille O'Neal 12Asts: Wade, Williams 4 eachMiami leads series, 3–2.

text:
American Airlines Arena, Miami, FloridaAttendance: 20,145Referees:
No. 17 Joe Crawford
No. 14 Joe DeRosa
No. 15 Bennett Salvatore

text: Game Six[edit]

text: Behind Dwyane Wade's 36 points, Miami edged Dallas to win their first championship in franchise history as Jason Terry missed a critical 3-pointer that would've sent the game to overtime. Averaging 34.7 points per game in the championship series, Wade was named NBA Finals MVP (Most Valuable Player).

text: ABC

text: June 20 9:00pm ET

text: "6". Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2006-06-21. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)

text:
Miami Heat 95, Dallas Mavericks 92

Scoring by quarter: 23–30, 26–18, 22–20, 24–24
Pts: Dwyane Wade 36Rebs: Shaquille O'Neal 12Asts: Jason Williams 7

Pts: Dirk Nowitzki 29Rebs: Dirk Nowitzki 15Asts: Jason Terry 5Miami wins series, 4–2.

text:
American Airlines Center, Dallas, TexasAttendance: 20,522Referees:
No. 43 Dan Crawford
No. 29 Steve Javie
No. 32 Eddie F. Rush

text: Player statistics[edit]

text:
Legend

  GP

Games played

  GS

Games started

 MPG

Minutes per game

 FG%

Field-goal percentage

 3P%

3-point field-goal percentage

 FT%

Free-throw percentage

 RPG

Rebounds per game

 APG

Assists per game

 SPG

Steals per game

 BPG

Blocks per game

 PPG

Points per game

text:
Player

GP

GS

MPG

FG%

3FG%

FT%

RPG

APG

SPG

BPG

PPG

Shandon Anderson
4
0
7.7
.333
.000
.500
1.8
0.8
0.0
0.0
1.5

Michael Doleac
1
0
1.2
.000
.000
.000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Udonis Haslem
6
6
29.2
.500
.000
.300
6.2
0.3
1.2
0.0
6.5

Jason Kapono
1
0
1.5
.000
.000
.000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Alonzo Mourning
6
0
11.0
.692
.000
.667
3.2
0.0
0.3
1.5
4.3

Shaquille O'Neal
6
6
35.2
.607
.000
.292
10.2
2.8
0.5
0.8
13.7

Gary Payton
6
0
22.3
.368
.143
.333
2.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
2.7

James Posey
6
0
29.5
.419
.400
.769
6.0
0.3
1.0
0.0
7.3

Dwyane Wade
6
6
43.5
.468
.273
.773
7.8
3.8
2.7
1.0
34.7

Antoine Walker
6
6
36.6
.391
.270
.556
5.5
2.2
0.7
0.5
13.8

Jason Williams
6
6
31.3
.360
.345
.636
1.8
4.7
0.5
0.0
8.8

text:
Player

GP

GS

MPG

FG%

3FG%

FT%

RPG

APG

SPG

BPG

PPG

Darrell Armstrong
1
0
6.3
.000
.000
.000
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Erick Dampier
6
0
24.6
.722
.000
.500
8.2
0.3
1.0
0.7
5.7

Marquis Daniels
6
0
8.8
.545
.333
.800
0.5
1.3
0.0
0.0
2.8

DeSagana Diop
6
6
15.7
.500
.000
.500
3.3
0.2
0.3
0.8
1.7

Adrian Griffin
6
3
13.7
.563
.000
.000
3.2
0.8
0.8
0.0
3.0

Devin Harris
6
3
24.5
.364
.000
.750
0.8
2.8
0.8
0.0
7.3

Josh Howard
6
6
38.4
.388
.263
.808
8.2
1.8
1.2
0.7
14.7

D. J. Mbenga
2
0
4.5
.000
.000
.000
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Dirk Nowitzki
6
6
43.7
.390
.250
.891
10.8
2.5
0.7
0.7
22.8

Josh Powell
1
0
3.6
.000
.000
.000
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Jerry Stackhouse
5
0
30.0
.355
.368
.929
3.4
3.0
0.8
0.6
12.8

Jason Terry
6
6
40.0
.478
.317
.733
2.2
3.5
1.8
0.0
22.0

Keith Van Horn
5
0
7.8
.273
.167
.0000
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.4

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The Mavericks would post the league's best record with 67 victories in the 2006–07 NBA season but were ousted by the eight-seeded Golden State Warriors in a six-game first round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs. The Mavs' playoff defeat marked the first time a top seed was eliminated in a seven-game first round series since it was implemented in 2003. Still, Dirk Nowitzki was named the regular season MVP at season's end. After another playoff loss to the New Orleans Hornets in 2008, in which the Mavericks brought back Jason Kidd, head coach Avery Johnson was fired and replaced by Rick Carlisle. After another two early playoff exits, the Mavericks won 57 games in the 2010–11 season and returned to the Finals.

text: The Heat would lose convincingly by 42 points to the Chicago Bulls in the opening night of the 2006–07 season, the worst opening-day margin of defeat for a defending champion in NBA history. Injuries would keep the team from surpassing or even equaling last season's total, yet they still won the Southeast Division despite winning only 44 games. The Bulls would oust them in a four-game sweep in the first round of the playoffs, the first such occurrence since 1957. The following year, Miami completed its two-year turnaround from NBA champion to the NBA's worst team by winning only 15 games, equaling the mark set by the team in their inaugural season, which saw Shaquille O'Neal traded to the Phoenix Suns in mid-season and Dwyane Wade missing 31 games. The Heat gradually climbed back to contention in the Erik Spoelstra era, culminating in the much-publicized free-agent acquisitions of LeBron James and Chris Bosh. The Heat won 58 games in the 2010–11 season, and along with the Mavericks, returned to the Finals in 2011.

text: The 2011 NBA Finals, which was a rematch of 2006, saw the Mavericks win in six games after trailing 2-1 in the Finals. It was the Mavericks' first NBA championship, as well as both teams' second appearances in the Finals. Dirk Nowitzki was named Finals MVP. Like the Heat in 2006, the Mavericks experienced a post-championship letdown, getting swept by the Oklahoma City Thunder in the opening round of the 2012 NBA Playoffs, and then missed the postseason entirely in 2013.

text: As of 2013, this was Miami's fifth championship out of a total of seven among the Big Four sports leagues; the MLB's National League Florida (now Miami) Marlins won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 while the NFL's Miami Dolphins won the Super Bowl in 1972 and 1973. The Miami Heat would go on to win a second championship in 2012 against the Thunder in 5 games and a third championship in 2013 against the San Antonio Spurs in 7 games before falling in 2014 against the same Spurs team in 5 games.


document_title: United States military casualties of war

question_text: number of us soldiers killed in iraq and afghanistan

root

text: Overview[edit]

text:
War or conflict
Date
Total U.S. deaths
Wounded
Total U.S. casualties
Missing
Sources and notes

Combat
Other
Total

American Revolutionary War
1775–1783
8,000
17,000
25,000
25,000
50,000

Northwest Indian War
1785–1796
1,056+

1,056+
825+
1,881+

[1][2][3]

Quasi-War
1798–1800
20
494[4]
514
42
556

[4][5]

First Barbary War
1801–1805
35
39
74
64
138

[6][7]:25–27[8][9]

Other actions against pirates
1800–1900
36
158+[7]:42
194+
100+
294+

[5][10][11][b]

Chesapeake–Leopard Affair
1807
3
0
3
18
21

[5]

War of 1812
1812–1815
2,260
12,740~
15,000~
4,505
20,000~

[12]

Nuka Hiva Campaign
1813–1814
5
0
5
11
16

[7]:34–38

Creek War
1813–1814

575

575

[13]

Second Barbary War
1815
4
134[14]

10
148

[15]

First Seminole War
1817–1818
47
0
47
36
83

[16]

First Sumatran Expedition
1832
2

2
11
13

[5]

Black Hawk War
1832
47
258[17][18]
305
85
390

[19]

Second Seminole War
1835–1842
328
1,207
1,535

1535

Mexican–American War
1846–1848
1,733
11,550
13,283
4,152
17,435

[20]

Cayuse War
1847–1856
40
1
41
74
115

[21]

Rogue River Wars
1851–1856
190
6
196
293
489

[22]

Yakima War
1855–1856
32
2
34
92
126

[23]

Third Seminole War
1855–1858
26

26
27
53

[24]

Second Opium War
1856–1860
12

12
39
51

[7]

Coeur d'Alene War
1858
36

36
60
96

[25]

Civil War: total
1861–1865
214,938[26]
~ 450,000
~ 655,000

[c][27]

Union Army

140,414[28]
224,097
364,511
281,881
1,031,881

[29]

Confederate Army

74,524[30]
+ 225,000
+ 290,000

Dakota War of 1862
(Little Crow's War)
1862
70–113

70–113
150
220–263

[31][32][33]

Shimonoseki Straits
1863
4–5[5][34]
0
4–5
6[5]
10

[5][34]

Snake Indian War
1864–1868
30

30
128
158

[23]

Indian Wars
1865–1898
919

1,025
1944

[20]

Red Cloud's War
1866–1868
126

126
100
226

[35][36][37]

Korea (Shinmiyangyo)
1871
3

3
9
12

[38]

Modoc War
1872–1873
56

56
88
144

[39][40]

Great Sioux War
1875–1877
314

314
211
525

[41][42]

Nez Perce War
1877
134

134
157
291

[43][44]

Bannock War
1878
12
0
12
22
34

[45][46]

Ute War
1879
15
0
15
52
67

[45][47]

Sheepeater Indian War
1879
1

1
10
11

[45]

Samoan crisis
1887–1889
0
62
62

62

[48]

Ghost Dance War
1890–1891
35

35
64
99

[49][50]

Sugar Point
Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians
1898
7
0
7
16
23
0
[51]

Spanish–American War
1898
385
2,061
2,446
1,622
4,068

[20]

Philippine–American War
1898–1913
1,020
3,176
4,196
2,930
7,126

[20]

Boxer Rebellion
1900–1901
68
63
131
204
335
0
[52]

Santo Domingo Affair
1904
1
0
1
2
3

[5]

United States occupation of Nicaragua
1910, 1912–1925, 1927–1933
90
69
159
290
449

[53][54][55]

Mexican Revolution
1914–1919
120
61
181
319
500

[56]

Occupation of Haiti
1915–1934
10
138
148
26+
184+

[5][57]

World War I
1917–1918
53,402
63,114
116,516
204,002
320,518
3,350
[20][d]

North Russia Campaign
1918–1920

424

424

[58]

American Expeditionary Force Siberia
1918–1920
160
168
328
52+
380+

[7]:228

China
1918; 1921; 1926–1927; 1930; 1937
5

78
83

[53]

World War II
1941–1945
291,557
113,842
405,399
670,846
1,076,245
30,314
[20]See Note DA below

Greek Civil War
1944–1949
1
5
6

6

[59]

Chinese Civil War
1945–1950
14
150
164
51
215

[59]

Berlin Blockade
1948–1949

31

31

[60]

Korean War
1950–1953
33,686
2,830
36,516
92,134
128,650
4,759
Note: 4,759 MIA-See Note E below

U.S.S.R. Cold War
1947–1991
32

12
44

[53]

China Cold War
1950–1972
16

16

[53]

Vietnam War
1955–1975
47,424
10,785
58,209
153,303
211,454
1,603
[20][61] Note as of 1 September 2017 Vietnam MIA Are 1,603

1958 Lebanon crisis
1958
1
5
6
1+
7+

Bay of Pigs Invasion
1961
4

4

4

[62]

Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
1
19
20

20

[59]

Dominican Republic
1965–1966
27
20
47
283
330

[53][59][63]

USS Liberty incident
1967
34

34
171
205

Iran
1980
0
8
8
4
12
0
[64]

El Salvador Civil War
1980–1992
22
15
37
35
72

[65][66][67][68]

Beirut deployment
1982–1984
256
10
266
169
435

[69]

Persian Gulf escorts
1987–1988
39
0
39
31
100

Invasion of Grenada
1983
18
1
19
119
138

[69]

1986 Bombing of Libya
1986
2
0
2
0
2

[70]

Invasion of Panama
1989
23

40
324
364

[69]

Gulf War
1990–1991
149
145
294
849
1,143
0[71]
[72]

Operation Provide Comfort
1991–1996
1
18
19
4
23

[73][74]

Somalia
1992–1993
29
14
43
153
196

[69]

Haiti
1994–1995
1
3
4
3
7

[69]

Colombia
1994–present
0
8[75][76]
8

8

[77]

Bosnia-Herzegovina
1995–2004
1
11
12

12

[78]

Kosovo War
1998–1999
4
14
18
N/A
18+
2
[79]

War in Afghanistan
2001–present
1,897 (2017)[80]
512 (2017)[80]
2,409 (2017)
20,095[81]
22,504
0
[f][82][80]

Iraq War
2003–2011
3,836*
961
4,497
32,222
36,710
2
[82]

Operation Inherent Resolve
2014–
14
47
61
64
125
1
[81]

Raid on Yemen
2017
1

1
3
4

[83]

Total
1775–present
666,441+
673,929+
1,354,664+
1,498,240+
2,852,901+
40,031+

tag: table

text: Wars ranked by total number of U.S. military deaths[edit]

text:
Rank
War
Years
Deaths
Deaths per Day
U.S. Population in First Year of War
Deaths per Population

1
American Civil War
1861–65
750,000 ave. (U.S./Confederate)[84]
520
31,443,000
2.385% (1860)

2
World War II
1941–45
405,399
297
133,402,000
0.307% (1940)

3
World War I
1917–18
116,516
279
103,268,000
0.110% (1920)

4
Vietnam War
1961–75
58,209
11
179,323,175
0.032% (1970)

5
Korean War
1950–53
54,246
45
151,325,000
0.036% (1950)

6
American Revolutionary War
1775–83
25,000
11
2,500,000
1.00% (1780)

7
War of 1812
1812–15
15,000
15
8,000,000
0.207% (1810)

8
Mexican–American War
1846–48
13,283
29
21,406,000
0.057% (1850)

9
Iraq War/Afghanistan Wars
2001–present
6,906
2
294,043,000
0.002% (2010)

10
Philippine–American War
1899–1902
4,196
3.8
72,129,001
0.006% (1900)

text: "Deaths per day" is the total number of Americans killed in military service, divided by the number of days between the dates of the commencement and end of hostilities. "Deaths per population" is the total number of deaths in military service, divided by the U.S. population of the year indicated.

tag: p

text:
Total U.S. Deaths by War

Civil War (both U.S. and Confederate)

750,000

World War II

405,399

World War I

116,516

Vietnam

58,209

Korean War

54,246

Revolutionary

25,000

War of 1812

15,000

Mexican American

13,283

Iraq/Afghanistan Wars* present

6,906

Philippine–American War

4,196

text: Wars ranked by U.S. combat deaths[edit]

text:
Rank
War
Years
Deaths

1
World War II
1941–45
291,557

2
American Civil War
1861–65
214,938

3
World War I
1917–18
53,402

4
Vietnam War
1955–75
47,424

5
Korean War
1950–53
33,686

6
American Revolutionary War
1775–83
8,000

7
Iraq War/War in Afghanistan
2001–present
5,733 [81]

8
War of 1812
1812–15
2,260

9
Mexican–American War
1846–48
1,733

10
Second Seminole War
1835–1842
1,500+

text:
U.S. Combat Deaths by War

World War II

291,557

American Civil War

214,938

World War I

53,402

Vietnam

47,424

Korean War

33,686

American Revolutionary War

8,000

Iraq/Afghanistan Wars*

5,733

War of 1812

2,260

Mexican American War

1,733

Second Seminole War

1,500

text: Notes[edit]

text: a. ^ Revolutionary War: All figures from the Revolutionary War are rounded estimates. Commonly cited casualty figures provided by the Department of Defense are 4,435 killed and 6,188 wounded, although the original government report that generated these numbers warned that the totals were incomplete and far too low.[85] In 1974, historian Howard Peckham and a team of researchers came up with a total of 6,824 killed in action and 8,445 wounded. Because of incomplete records, Peckham estimated that this new total number of killed in action was still about 1,000 too low.[86] Military historian John Shy subsequently estimated the total killed in action at 8,000, and argued that the number of wounded was probably far higher, about 25,000.[87] The "other" deaths are primarily from disease, including prisoners who died on British prison ships.

text: b. ^ Other Actions Against Pirates: Includes actions fought in the West Indies, the Greek Isles, off of Louisiana, China and Vietnam. Other deaths resulted from disease and accidents.

text:
c. ^ Civil War: All Union casualty figures, and Confederate killed in action, from The Oxford Companion to American Military History except where noted (NPS figures).[20] estimate of total Confederate dead from James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (Oxford University Press, 1988), 854. Newer estimates place the total death toll at 650,000 to 850,000.[84] 148 of the Union dead were U.S. Marines.[88][89]
CA. ^ Civil War April 2, 2012 Doctor David Hacker after extensive research offered new casualty rates higher by 20%; his work has been accepted by the academic community and is represented here.

text: d. ^ World War I figures include expeditions in North Russia and Siberia. See also World War I casualties

text: da.^ World War II Note: as of March 31, 1946 there were an estimated 286,959 dead of whom 246,492 were identified; of 40,467 who were unidentified 18,641 were located {10,986 reposed in military cemeteries and 7,655 in isolated graves} and 21,826 were reported not located. As of April 6, 1946 there were 539 American Military Cemeteries which contained 241,500 dead. Note the American Battle Monuments Commission database for the World War II reports that in 18 ABMC Cemeteries total of 93,238 buried and 78,979 missing and that "The World War II database on this web site contains the names of those buried at our cemeteries, or listed as Missing in Action, buried or lost at sea. It does not contain the names of the 233,174 Americans returned to the United States for burial..." Similarly, the ABMC Records do not cover inter-War deaths such as the Port Chicago disaster in which 320 died. As of October 2017 total of US World War II casualties {Military and Civilian} not recovered is 72,979[90]

text: e. ^ Korean War: Note:[20] gives Dead as 33,746 and Wounded as 103, 284 and MIA as 8,177. The American Battle Monuments Commission database for the Korean War reports that "The Department of Defense reports that 54,246 American service men and women lost their lives during the Korean War. This includes all losses worldwide. Since the Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. honors all U.S. Military who lost their lives during the War, we have tried to obtain the names of those who died in other areas besides Korea during the period June 27, 1950 to July 27, 1954, one year after the Korean Armistice...". {For a breakdown of Worldwide casualties of 54,246 see The Korean War educator at [91] gives figures as In-theatre/non theater} After their retreat in 1950, dead Marines and soldiers were buried at a temporary gravesite near Hungnam, North Korea. During "Operation Glory" which occurred from July to November 1954 the dead of each side were exchanged; remains of 4,167 US soldiers/Marines were exchanged for 13,528 North Korean/Chinese dead.[92] After "Operation Glory" 416 Korean War "unknowns" were buried in the Punchbowl Cemetery. According to a DPMO white paper [93] 1,394 names were also transmitted during "Operation Glory" from the Chinese and North Koreans, of whom 858 names proved to be correct; of the 4,167 returned remains were found to be 4,219 individuals of whom 2,944 were found to be Americans of whom all but 416 were identified by name. Of 239 Korean War unaccounted for: 186 not associated with Punchbowl unknowns (176 were identified and of the remaining 10 cases 4 were non-Americans of Asiatic descent; one was British; 3 were identified and 2 cases unconfirmed); Of 10 Korean War "Punchbowl Unknowns" 6 were identified. The W.A. Johnson listing of 496 POWs-including 25 Civilians [94]-who died in North Korea can be found here and there[95]

text: According to report of June 24, 2008 at [96]

text:
Number of remains total unaccounted for: 8,055
Number of remains repatriated are: 489 of whom 100 are identified

text: Update of report of October 26, 2011 at [97]

text:
Number of remains total unaccounted for: 7,983
Number of remains either repatriated from North/South Korea; China; Japan or disinterred from Punchbowl cemetery: 678 of which the number have been identified from 1982 to 2011: 174

text: Listed as MIA: 7,718 [90]

text: ea. ^ Cold War – Korea and Vietnam and Middle East-additional US Casualties:

text:
North Korea {Cold War} 1959:1968–1969;1976;1984 killed 41; Wounded 5; 82 captured/released.[98]
USS Liberty incident 1967 killed 34; Wounded 173 by Israeli armed forces
Vietnam War prior to 1964-US Casualties were Laos-2 killed in 1954; and Vietnam 1946–1954 2 killed see;[99]

text: f. ^ Iraq War. See also Casualties of the Iraq War. Sources: .[100]

text: g. ^ Afghanistan. Casualties include those that occurred in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Philippines, Seychelles, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Yemen.


document_title: Miranda v. Arizona

question_text: when did the miranda vs arizona take place

text: Miranda v. Arizona

text: Background[edit]

text: Legal aid movement[edit]

text: During the 1960s, a movement which provided defendants with legal aid emerged from the collective efforts of various bar associations.

text: In the civil realm, it led to the creation of the Legal Services Corporation under the Great Society program of President Lyndon Baines Johnson. Escobedo v. Illinois, a case which closely foreshadowed Miranda, provided for the presence of counsel during police interrogation. This concept extended to a concern over police interrogation practices, which were considered by many[who?] to be barbaric and unjust. Coercive interrogation tactics were known in period slang as the "third degree".[citation needed]

text: Arrest and conviction[edit]

text: On March 13, 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested, by the Phoenix Police Department, based on circumstantial evidence linking him to the kidnapping and rape of an eighteen-year-old woman ten days earlier.[2] After two hours of interrogation by police officers, Miranda signed a confession to the rape charge on forms that included the typed statement: "I do hereby swear that I make this statement voluntarily and of my own free will, with no threats, coercion, or promises of immunity, and with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me."[3]

text: However, at no time was Miranda told of his right to counsel. Before being presented with the form on which he was asked to write out the confession he had already given orally, he was not advised of his right to remain silent, nor was he informed that his statements during the interrogation would be used against him. At trial, when prosecutors offered Miranda's written confession as evidence, his court-appointed lawyer, Alvin Moore, objected that because of these facts, the confession was not truly voluntary and should be excluded. Moore's objection was overruled and based on this confession and other evidence, Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping. He was sentenced to 20–30 years of imprisonment on each charge, with sentences to run concurrently. Moore filed Miranda's appeal to the Arizona Supreme Court, claiming that Miranda's confession was not fully voluntary and should not have been admitted into the court proceedings. The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's decision to admit the confession in State v. Miranda, 401 P.2d 721 (Ariz. 1965). In affirmation, the Arizona Supreme emphasized heavily the fact that Miranda did not specifically request an attorney.[4]

text: Attorney John Paul Frank, former law clerk to Justice Hugo Black, represented Miranda in his appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.[5]

text: Opinion of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: Chief Justice Earl Warren, a former prosecutor, delivered the opinion of the Court[6], ruling that due to the coercive nature of the custodial interrogation by police (Warren cited several police training manuals which had not been provided in the arguments), no confession could be admissible under the Fifth Amendment self-incrimination clause and Sixth Amendment right to an attorney unless a suspect had been made aware of his rights and the suspect had then waived them:

text: The person in custody must, prior to interrogation, be clearly informed that he has the right to remain silent, and that anything he says will be used against him in court; he must be clearly informed that he has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during interrogation, and that, if he is indigent, a lawyer will be appointed to represent him.[7]

text: Thus, Miranda's conviction was overturned. The Court also made clear what had to happen if the suspect chose to exercise his or her rights:

text: If the individual indicates in any manner, at any time prior to or during questioning, that he wishes to remain silent, the interrogation must cease... If the individual states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present. At that time, the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning.

text: Warren pointed to the existing practice of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the rules of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, both of which required notifying a suspect of his right to remain silent; the FBI warning included notice of the right to counsel.

text: However, the dissenting justices accused the majority of overreacting to the problem of coercive interrogations, and anticipated a drastic effect. They believed that, once warned, suspects would always demand attorneys, and deny the police the ability to gain confessions.

text: Clark's concurrence in part, dissent in part[edit]

text: In a separate concurrence in part, dissent in part, Justice Tom C. Clark argued that the Warren Court went "too far too fast". Instead, Justice Clark would use the "totality of the circumstances" test enunciated by Justice Goldberg in Haynes v. Washington. Under this test, the court would:

text: consider in each case whether the police officer prior to custodial interrogation added the warning that the suspect might have counsel present at the interrogation and, further, that a court would appoint one at his request if he was too poor to employ counsel. In the absence of warnings, the burden would be on the State to prove that counsel was knowingly and intelligently waived or that in the totality of the circumstances, including the failure to give the necessary warnings, the confession was clearly voluntary.

text: Harlan's dissent[edit]

text: In dissent, Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote that "nothing in the letter or the spirit of the Constitution or in the precedents squares with the heavy-handed and one-sided action that is so precipitously taken by the Court in the name of fulfilling its constitutional responsibilities". Harlan closed his remarks by quoting former Justice Robert H. Jackson: "This Court is forever adding new stories to the temples of constitutional law, and the temples have a way of collapsing when one story too many is added."

text: White's dissent[edit]

text: Justice Byron White took issue with the court announcing a new constitutional right when it had no "factual and textual bases" in the Constitution or previous opinions of the Court for the rule announced in the opinion. He stated: "The proposition that the privilege against self-incrimination forbids in-custody interrogation without the warnings specified in the majority opinion and without a clear waiver of counsel has no significant support in the history of the privilege or in the language of the Fifth Amendment." Nor did Justice White believe it had any basis in English common law.

text: White further warned of the dire consequences of the majority opinion:

text: I have no desire whatsoever to share the responsibility for any such impact on the present criminal process.

text: In some unknown number of cases, the Court's rule will return a killer, a rapist or other criminal to the streets and to the environment which produced him, to repeat his crime whenever it pleases him. As a consequence, there will not be a gain, but a loss, in human dignity.

text: Subsequent developments[edit]

text: Retrial[edit]

text: Miranda was retried in 1967 after the original case against him was thrown out. This time the prosecution, instead of using the confession, introduced other evidence and called witnesses. One witness was Twila Hoffman, a woman with whom Miranda was living at the time of the offense; she testified that he had told her of committing the crime.[8][9] Miranda was convicted in 1967 and sentenced to serve 20 to 30 years.[9] The Supreme Court of Arizona affirmed,[10] and the United States Supreme Court denied review.[11] Miranda was paroled in 1972. After his release, he returned to his old neighborhood and made a modest living autographing police officers' "Miranda cards" which contained the text of the warning, for reading to arrestees. He was stabbed to death during an argument in a bar on January 31, 1976.[12] A suspect was arrested, but he, unlike Miranda, exercised his right to remain silent. With no evidence against him, he was released.[13]

text: Another three defendants whose cases had been tied in with Miranda's – an armed robber, a stick-up man, and a bank robber – either made plea bargains to lesser charges or were found guilty again despite the exclusion of their confessions.[14]

text: Reaction[edit]

text: The Miranda decision was widely criticized when it came down, as many felt it was unfair to inform suspected criminals of their rights, as outlined in the decision. Richard Nixon and other conservatives denounced Miranda for undermining the efficiency of the police, and argued the ruling would contribute to an increase in crime. Nixon, upon becoming President, promised to appoint judges who would be "strict constructionists" and who would exercise judicial restraint. Many supporters of law enforcement were angered by the decision's negative view of police officers.[citation needed]

text: Miranda warning[edit]

text: After the Miranda decision, the nation's police departments were required to inform arrested persons or suspects of their rights under the ruling prior to custodial interrogation.[15] Such information is called a Miranda warning. Since it is usually required that the suspects be asked if they understand their rights, courts have also ruled that any subsequent waiver of Miranda rights must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.[16]

text: Many American police departments have pre-printed Miranda waiver forms which a suspect must sign and date (after hearing and reading the warnings again) if an interrogation is to occur.[17][18]

text: Data from the FBI Uniform Crime Reports shows a sharp reduction in the clearance rate of violent and property crimes after Miranda.[19] However, according to other studies from the 1960s and 1970s, "contrary to popular belief, Miranda had little, if any, effect on detectives’ ability to solve crimes."[9]

text: Legal developments[edit]

text: The federal Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 purported to overrule Miranda for federal criminal cases and restore the "totality of the circumstances" test that had prevailed previous to Miranda.[20] The validity of this provision of the law, which is still codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3501, was not ruled on for another 30 years because the Justice Department never attempted to rely on it to support the introduction of a confession into evidence at any criminal trial.[citation needed]

text: Miranda was undermined by several subsequent decisions which seemed to grant exceptions to the "Miranda warnings", challenging its claim to be a necessary corollary of the Fifth Amendment. The exceptions and developments that occurred over the years included:

text:
The Court found in Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 (1971), that a confession obtained in violation of the Miranda standards may nonetheless be used for purposes of impeaching the defendant's testimony: that is, if the defendant takes the stand at trial and the prosecution wishes to introduce the defendant's confession as a prior inconsistent statement to attack the defendant's credibility, the Miranda holding will not prohibit this.
The Court found in Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291 (1980), that a "spontaneous" statement made by a defendant while in custody, even though the defendant has not been given the Miranda warnings or has invoked the right to counsel and a lawyer is not yet present, is admissible in evidence, as long as the statement was not given in response to police questioning or other conduct by the police likely to produce an incriminating response.
The Court found in Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420 (1984), that a person subjected to custodial interrogation is entitled to the benefit of the procedural safeguards enunciated in Miranda, regardless of the nature or severity of the offense of which he is suspected or for which he was arrested.
The Court found in New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649 (1984), that there is also a "public safety" exception to the requirement that Miranda warnings be given before questioning: for example, if the defendant is in possession of information regarding the location of an unattended gun or there are other similar exigent circumstances which require protection of the public, the defendant may be questioned without warning and his responses, though incriminating, will be admissible in evidence. In 2009, the California Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Richard Allen Davis, finding that the public safety exception applied despite the fact that 64 days had passed from the disappearance of the girl later found to be murdered.[21]
The Court found in Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157 (1986), that the words "knowing, intelligent, and voluntary" mean only that suspects reasonably appear to understand what they are doing and are not being coerced into signing the waiver; the Court ruled that it is irrelevant whether the suspect may actually have been insane at the time.

text: United States v. Garibay (1998) pointed out an important matter in regards to expansion of Miranda. Garibay barely spoke English and clearly showed a lack of understanding; indeed, "the agent admitted that he had to rephrase questions when the defendant appeared confused."[22] The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled a "clear error" when the district court found that Garibay had "knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights" due to the defendant’s low I.Q. and poor English language skills.[23] The court investigated many facets of his waiver and discovered that Mr. Garibay was missing all items that they were looking for: he never signed a waiver, he only received his warnings verbally and in English, and no interpreter was provided although they were available. With an opinion that stressed "the requirement that a defendant 'knowingly and intelligently' waive his Miranda rights", the Court reversed Garibay's conviction and remanded his case.[23]

text: Miranda survived a strong challenge in Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000), where the validity of Congress's overruling of Miranda through § 3501 was tested. At issue was whether the Miranda warnings were actually compelled by the Constitution, or were rather merely measures enacted as a matter of judicial policy.[citation needed] In Dickerson, the Court, speaking through Chief Justice Rehnquist, upheld Miranda 7–2 and stated that "the warnings have become part of our national culture". In dissent, Justice Scalia argued Miranda warnings were not constitutionally required. He cited several cases demonstrating a majority of the then-current court, counting himself, and Justices Kennedy, O'Connor, and Thomas, as well as the Chief Justice (who had just delivered a contrary opinion), "[were] on record as believing that a violation of Miranda is not a violation of the Constitution".[citation needed]

text: Over time, interrogators began to think of techniques to honor the "letter" but not the "spirit" of Miranda. In the case of Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004), the Supreme Court halted one of the more controversial practices. Missouri police were deliberately withholding Miranda warnings and questioning suspects until they obtained confessions, then giving the warnings, getting waivers, and getting confessions again. Justice Souter wrote for the plurality: "Strategists dedicated to draining the substance out of Miranda cannot accomplish by training instructions what Dickerson held Congress could not do by statute."[24]

text: Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) is a ruling where the Supreme Court held that a suspect's "ambiguous or equivocal" statement or no statements do not mean that police must end an interrogation.[25] At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda. In The Right to Remain Silent, Charles Weisselberg wrote that "the majority in Thompkins rejected the fundamental underpinnings of Miranda v. Arizona’s prophylactic rule and established a new one that fails to protect the rights of suspects" and that

text: But in Thompkins, neither Michigan nor the Solicitor General were able to cite any decision in which a court found that a suspect had given an implied waiver after lengthy questioning. Thompkins persevered for almost three hours before succumbing to his interrogators. In finding a waiver on these facts, Thompkins gives us an implied waiver doctrine on steroids.[1]