document_title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

question_text: who was call me by your name dedicated to

text: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Elio, a seventeen-year-old Jewish American-Italian boy, lives in the northern Italian countryside with his parents. His father, a professor of archaeology, invites a 24-year-old Jewish American graduate student, Oliver, to live with his family during the summer of 1983 and help with his academic paperwork. Elio, an introspective bibliophile and musical prodigy, finds little in common with Oliver's carefree and exuberant personality. Elio also resents vacating his bedroom for the duration of Oliver's stay. Elio spends much of the summer reading books and hanging out with his girlfriend, Marzia, while Oliver is attracted to one of the local girls, much to Elio's chagrin.

text: Elio and Oliver begin to spend time with each other, and a seductive courtship emerges—they swim together, go for long walks in the town, and accompany Elio's father on an archaeological trip. Although Elio begins a sexual relationship with Marzia and brags about it in front of Oliver to gauge his reaction, he increasingly finds himself attracted to Oliver. He sneaks into Oliver's room to smell his bathing suit and thinks about him while masturbating. During a trip to the post office, Elio subtly confesses his feelings to Oliver, who gently tells him that he should not act on them. Later that day, Elio and Oliver kiss, though Oliver is reluctant to go further. The pair subsequently grow distant during the next few days.

text: In response to a note from Elio, Oliver leaves a note on Elio's desk telling Elio to meet him at midnight. Elio spends the day with Marzia, all the while longing to see Oliver. Finally, at midnight, he approaches Oliver on the patio. The two make love for the first time. They grow closer over the next few days, having sex frequently while keeping their relationship secret. In bed, Oliver tells Elio, "Call me by your name and I'll call you by mine". They become more intimate both physically and emotionally. On one occasion, Elio ejaculates into a peach that he has split open, and when Oliver discovers it, he tries to take a bite of the peach in front of a humiliated Elio, who begs him not to. Completely smitten with Oliver by this point, Elio starts avoiding Marzia.

text: With the end of Oliver's stay imminent, the couple find themselves overcome by uncertainty and longing. Elio's parents, conscious of the bond between the two, recommend they take a trip to Bergamo together before Oliver goes back to America. They spend three romantic days together, and a heartbroken Elio calls his mother to pick him up and take him home. He encounters a sympathetic Marzia, who still wants to be his friend, and his father, seeing how forlorn his son is, tells him that he was aware of Elio's affair with Oliver. He confesses to having come close to his own love affair with a friend in his youth, and urges Elio to find pleasure in the grief, since true love of the kind Elio and Oliver shared is rare.

text: During Hanukkah, Elio receives a phone call from Oliver, who tells Elio and his family that he is engaged to be married. Oliver tells Elio that he remembers everything as they call each other by their names a final time. After the phone call, a pained Elio sits by the fireplace. A parade of emotions crosses his face as his parents and the house staff prepare a holiday dinner.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Timothée Chalamet as Elio Perlman
Armie Hammer as Oliver
Michael Stuhlbarg as Mr. Perlman[5]
Amira Casar as Annella Perlman
Esther Garrel as Marzia
Victoire Du Bois as Chiara
Vanda Capriolo as Mafalda
Antonio Rimoldi as Anchise
Elena Bucci as Bambi
Marco Sgrosso as Nico
André Aciman as Mounir
Peter Spears as Isaac

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After seeing an early galley of André Aciman's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007, American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published.[6] Before developing it into a film, the two invited their friend James Ivory to work as an executive producer on the adaptation, which he accepted.[7] Spears and Rosenman read the book independently and produced it in 2008.[8] They soon found themselves in development hell:[9] they met with three different sets of directors and writers—including Gabriele Muccino, Ferzan Özpetek and Sam Taylor-Johnson[10]—but could not find anyone who would commit to the project.[6][11] Scheduling around the need to shoot in Italy during the summer also proved difficult.[6][11]

text: The producers reached out to Luca Guadagnino and lined him up as their first choice to direct, but he declined, citing a busy schedule.[8][12] Living in northern Italy, he was first hired as a location consultant instead,[13][14] to help "put the movie together from the Italian side."[15] Guadagnino later suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory—without any contractual agreement yet in place.[9][15] Ivory accepted the offer,[9] and spent between six and nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay.[7][16] Guadagnino, who has described the novel as "a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things,"[17] wrote the adaptation with Ivory, while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to "really fine-tune it".[15][18] It took place at Ivory's house, Guadagnino's kitchen table in Crema, and sometimes in New York.[19] Ivory hardly met the director during the process, as Guadagnino was busy making A Bigger Splash (2015).[16]

text: Completed in late 2015 and early 2016,[16] the screenplay was approved by Aciman, who commended the adaptation as "direct, ... real and persuasive." He added, "as the writer I found myself saying, 'Wow, they've done better than the book'".[6] The completed screenplay was vital in securing funding for the film's production.[7][9] Among the financiers were the production companies La Cinéfacture (France); Frenesy Film Company (Italy, owned by Guadagnino); M.Y.R.A. Entertainment (United States); RT Features (Brazil), and Water's End Productions (United States)—along with the support of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism.[18][20][21] During negotiations, the production budget was reduced from $12 million to $3.5 million.[22][21]

text: In 2016, Ivory stepped down from directing to avoid conflicts, leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone.[15][12] According to Ivory, financiers from Memento Films International did not want to have two directors involved in the project, as they "thought it would be awkward ... It might take longer, it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set, and so on."[7][16] Guadagnino has said that Ivory's version would have likely been "a much more costly [and] different film"—one which, in fact, could not have been made, because of "market realities".[13][14] Ivory became the solely credited screenwriter,[23] and subsequently sold the rights to the screenplay to Guadagnino's company.[7][16] It marks Ivory's first produced screenplay since Le Divorce (2003), and the only narrative feature that he has only written, not directed.[23] Despite that, Ivory was "very much involved" with other aspects of the production.[23] Guadagnino chose to dedicate the film to Bill Paxton—a friend of the director, Spears and his husband, Brian Swardstrom—after his death in February 2017.[24]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: Call Me by Your Name is the final installment in Guadagnino's thematic Desire trilogy, following I Am Love (2009) and A Bigger Splash (2015).[25][12] The film represents a departure from his previous work, as on it he took a "non-aggressive" and simple approach; he has said this is "the most calm" movie he has made.[15][26] Despite being a literary adaptation, many scenes in the film play out wordlessly. "Words are part of what's going on, but it's not necessarily what's going on underneath. I think this film celebrates the underneath," he said.[8] Guadagnino considers the film an "homage to fathers," referring both to his own father and to four filmmakers who have inspired him—Jean Renoir, Jacques Rivette, Éric Rohmer, and Bernardo Bertolucci.[27]

text: Guadagnino has described Call Me by Your Name as a family-oriented film for the purpose of "transmission of knowledge and hope that people of different generations come to see the film together."[18] He never saw it as a "gay" movie, but rather calls it a film about the "beauty of the newborn idea of desire, unbiased and uncynical," and reflecting his motto of living "with a sense of joie de vivre",[26][15] in which "we should always be very earnest with one's feelings, instead of hiding them or shielding ourselves".[25] The director attempted to avoid the flaws he had seen in most coming-of-age films, in which growth is often portrayed as a result of resolving certain preconceived dilemmas—such as having to choose between two lovers.[14] He also wanted the story to follow two people in the moment, rather than focus on an antagonist or a tragedy,[26] a specific approach inspired by À nos amours (1983), directed by Maurice Pialat.[14][17] As someone who considers sex in film a representation of the characters' behavior and identity,[28] Guadagnino was not interested in including explicit sex scenes in the film, in order to keep the tone as planned, saying, "I wanted the audience to completely rely on the emotional travel of these people and feel first love ... It was important to me to create this powerful universality, because the whole idea of the movie is that the other person makes you beautiful—enlightens you, elevates you."[29]

text: The film differs from its source material in a number of ways. While the novel serves as a memory-piece from Elio's perspective, the filmmakers chose to set the movie entirely in the present timeline, a "much more efficient" solution, to help the audience understand the characters and "reflect the essence of the book."[8][17] The setting was changed from Bordighera to the countryside of Crema, Lombardy, where Guadagnino lives.[8][30] He decided to push up the original setting from 1987 to 1983—which he explained was a year, "in Italy at least, when everything that was great about the '70s is definitely shut down", and one in which the characters "are in a way untouched by the corruption of the '80s—in the U.S., Reagan, and in the UK, Thatcher".[19][31] Mr. Perlman's profession was refined by Ivory from a classics scholar to "an art historian/archeologist type."[8][30]

text: Guadagnino was tempted to remove the scene from the novel in which Elio masturbates into a pitted peach, as he thought it was a metaphor for "sexual impulses and energy", and that it was too explicit.[6][32] Timothée Chalamet was also nervous about the scene,[33] describing it as the key to illuminating the character's "overabundant sexual energy".[8] Despite their reservations, Guadagnino and Chalamet each tested the method by themselves, and both agreed that it worked, so the scene stayed in the film.[34] A scene featuring Elio and Oliver's "enthusiastic" dancing to The Psychedelic Furs' "Love My Way" in a small bar is not drawn from the book, but inspired by the time Guadagnino danced by himself in a bedroom when he was young.[6][35]

text: In revising Ivory's draft of the script, Guadagnino removed the voice-over narration and a considerable amount of nudity.[13][17] The director did not like the idea of having the main character tell the story retrospectively, stating that "it kills the surprise".[17] Toward the end of the novel, the two protagonists go off on a trip to Rome together, which lasts an entire chapter with new characters in multiple locations.[16][23] Because of the limited budget, Ivory and the producers came up with several variations, including the idea to have "everyone else leave and they are alone in the house"; and changed into "another kind of a little trip", where they spend "some time together away from the house".[16] In his original script, Ivory depicted Elio in the final scene when he was decorating a Christmas tree with candles in his family's home.[23] Ivory also had to cut down Mr. Perlman's speech, which was longer in the novel, but was committed to keeping it in the script.[36] He described the scene where Elio conveys his feelings to Oliver as one of the most important moments, capturing the "euphoric passion and nervousness" of their first love.[37]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In 2015, Shia LaBeouf and Greta Scacchi were reportedly set to be cast in the film.[38] In September 2016, Ivory confirmed that LaBeouf and Scacchi were no longer involved in the project. According to Ivory, LaBeouf had gone to New York City to do a reading for the film, but the production company later felt he was unsuitable due to his "various troubles"; although Ivory thought the two "had good scenes together" and could have made it into the film, the company disagreed.[39]

text: After seeing Armie Hammer's performance in The Social Network (2010), Guadagnino "fell in love" with him and cultivated his passion for Hammer and the movies he made afterwards.[15][34] The director found him to be a "sophisticated actor, with a great range" and had him in mind for the role of Oliver.[15] Hammer, who had expressed interest in Guadagnino's A Bigger Splash, met with the director years before the film went into production.[40][28] When the actor got the script, he almost turned down the role because of the nudity that had been in that draft. "I did want to pass; it scared me," he said. "There's a lot of stuff here that I've never done on film before. But there's no way I can't do this [film], mostly because it scares me so much."[40][41] According to Guadagnino, Hammer was going to pass on the role through his agent, but then changed his mind at the end of their conversation.[15][42] This is the third film in which Hammer has played a homosexual character, following J. Edgar (2011) and Final Portrait (2017).[32][43]

text: Chalamet has acted since he was a child and co-starred on Showtime's Homeland in 2012.[40] The following year, Swardstrom—Spears' husband and agent—introduced the then 17-year-old Chalamet to Guadagnino,[15][28] who immediately felt the actor had "the ambition, the intelligence, the sensitivity, the naivety, and the artistry" to play Elio.[17] Chalamet read Aciman's novel by the time he was seventeen, and described it as "a window into a young person".[33] Chalamet, who can speak fluent French and had played piano for years, arrived in Italy five weeks early to learn Italian, piano, and guitar.[8][44]

text: Michael Stuhlbarg plays Mr. Perlman, Elio's father.[40][45] The actor did not start reading the book until he had already joined the production.[46] He was moved by the "many beautiful sentiments expressed" in the script when he first read it, including Mr. Perlman's "sense of generosity and love and understanding".[47] Amira Casar, Esther Garrel and Victoire Du Bois feature in supporting roles as Annella, Marzia and Chiara respectively.[45] Casting director Stella Savino met Vanda Capriolo when she was biking in the countryside. The non-actor was later cast for the role of the maid, Mafalda.[48] Aciman and Spears themselves also appear briefly in the roles of Mounir and Isaac, a gay couple who attend a dinner party.[8][30] Aciman was asked to be in the movie after actors became unavailable. "It was a last-minute decision," Spears recalled, "Andrė turns out to be a phenomenal actor! So comfortable, not nervous at all. His wife was sitting there and said, 'I had no idea!'"[49]

text: Hammer and Chalamet both signed contracts that prohibited full-frontal nudity. Ivory, whose original screenplay had contained "all sorts of nudity," was dismayed by the decision, criticizing what he saw as an "American" attitude. "Nobody seems to care that much or be shocked about a totally naked woman. It's the men," he said.[9][13] Guadagnino, who remained involved in the casting,[40] chose actors based on their performances and chemistry, rather than choosing to "investigate or label" their sexuality.[29] He said, "The idea that you have to cast only someone who has a certain set of skills, and worse, a certain gender identity in any role: that's oppressive to me".[12]

text: Filming and post-production[edit]

text: Principal photography on Call Me by Your Name lasted between 32–34 days.[50][48] It began on 9 May 2016, shortly after A Bigger Splash was released in the United States,[51] and completed in June 2016.[52][39] The process occurred quietly,[53] with reports only appearing after filming had been underway for two weeks.[54][55] The director's first cut of the film was four hours long.[56][21] Post-production with regular editor Walter Fasano took only a month—between June and July,[15] the fastest Guadagnino had edited.[52]

text: The film was shot primarily in Crema[15][27] and the province of Cremona.[57][58] It was shot during an unexpected historic rainstorm in Italy, described by the weather reports as a "once-in-century rain."[50] The pre-production in Crema was fast:[11] a search for extras began there in March and April.[59][60] Scenes from the nearby villages of Pandino and Moscazzano were filmed from 17 May,[61][62] before moving to Crema on 1 June.[63] Additional outdoor scenes were shot on 4 December 2016.[64][65] Several historical locations in the surrounding streets in Crema and Pandino were chosen during production, including the arch of Torrazzo at the Crema Cathedral.[61][66] Businesses received compensation for financial losses caused by the closure, scheduled for 30 and 31 May.[67] Two days' filming at the cathedral were postponed due to the weather.[68] Production in Crema cost €18,000,[69] with a promotion campaign that cost €7,500.[70]

text: Filming also took place in the Lodigiano area near Crespiatica,[66] and two small towns in the immediate vicinity of Crema: Montodine and Ripalta.[8][64] The archaeological discovery scene was filmed at the Grottoes of Catullus in Sirmione, on the Brescian shores of Lake Garda.[71][66] The trip to Bergamo was shot in multiple historical buildings, including the Bergamo Cathedral, the Santa Maria Maggiore, and the University of Sciences, Letters and Arts.[66] The production team was only able to secure permission to film at the Cascate del Serio in Valbondione for half an hour, owing to concerns about security.[57][66][72]

text: The actors lived in Crema and were able to absorb the rhythm of small-town life.[8] Guadagnino engaged deeply with the cast and filmmakers, and often cooked and showed films for them in his house.[6] Hammer and Chalamet, who did not have to do a screen test together,[17][73] met for the first time during the production in Crema.[52][8] They spent a month together before filming began, watching Mike Tyson documentaries and going to local restaurants to build character development.[52][25][42] "We'd hang out with each other all the time, because we were pretty much the only Americans there, and we were able to defend one another and really get to know one another," Chalamet recalled.[44] In the first two days of production, Guadagnino sat down with the cast to read through the script.[19] Hammer and Chalamet went to the kissing scene during the first rehearsal.[73] The actors rehearsed their scenes every night before shooting, and spent several days shooting nude.[74] "I've never been so intimately involved with a director before. Luca was able to look at me and completely undress me," Hammer said.[34]

text: Guadagnino shot the film in chronological order,[19][75] which allowed the filmmakers to "witness the onscreen maturity of both protagonist and actor".[76] The scene where Mr. Perlman delivered an educational speech to Elio was filmed the day before shooting wrapped.[25][19] Stuhlbarg spent months to prepare for the scene,[25][47] one that Guadagnino wanted to make "as simple as possible" by taking less setups and "let the actors be."[77] According to Fasano, the scene took three takes, where Stuhlbarg was "on three different levels of getting emotional."[76]

text: During the dancing sequence, Hammer had to perform in front of "50 extras off camera," with the music being turned down to record the dialogue. "That was not fun, I don't really enjoy dancing," Hammer said.[42] The filmmakers laid a long camera dolly track and shot the scene where Elio conveys his feelings for Oliver in one take, to provide the flexibility and the "flow of emotion" that a cut scene could not.[78] Chalamet was listening to "Visions of Gideon", one of the original songs written for the film, in an earpiece, while filming the final sequence,[79][80] in which the director asked him to perform for three variations, one per take.[81]

text: Sayombhu Mukdeeprom, who had previously collaborated with Guadagnino on Ferdinando Cito Filomarino's Antonia (2015), served as the director of photography.[28][55] He read Aciman's novel before receiving the script, and spent time walking around filming locations to "get a feeling for everything ... to see the color, to see how the light changed during the day, and input it into my data."[82] Lighting is an important factor in Mukdeeprom's work, as he needs the light to be engaged with the characters.[28] In order to capture the Northern Italian summer atmosphere for Call Me by Your Name,[15] he had to create completely artificial light due to the heavy rains that lasted the entirety of the shoot.[28][50] He also connected to the actors during the scene; when they finished shooting the first take of the confrontation between Oliver and Elio, Mukdeeprom was crying in a corner of the room.[15] The film was shot using 35 mm film and a single lens, a decision influenced by the work of David Cronenberg in order to "solidif[y] the point of view,"[26] and make "the tension of the performance come off the screen."[3]

text: Production design and costume[edit]

text: The main location for the Perlmans' residence was Villa Albergoni, an uninhabited 17th-century mansion in Moscazzano.[8][66] The director initially wanted to buy the house but could not afford it, so he made a film at the place instead.[21][83] A landscape designer was hired to organize an orchard in the mansion's garden.[48] A pergola was shown on the patio, along with apricot and peach trees in the garden, which are not native to Lombardy.[66][84]

text: Six weeks before production, the crew—including production designer Samuel Dehors and first-time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone—gradually decorated the house with furniture, objects, and decoration inspired by the characters.[83][8] Much of the furniture, including the dishes and glassware from the '50s, belonged to Guadagnino and di Modrone's parents. "That made it cozy and personal," di Modrone said, "I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by."[85] The Asian-inspired paintings, maps, and mirrors mostly came from an antiques store in Milan.[85][84] Books used in background were published before 1982.[48][84] The swimming pool used in the film was recreated from a watering trough common in the area.[8][85]

text: In public places, the filmmakers set up faded political billboards to reflect the Italian general election in 1983,[48] and re-created a newsstand full of magazines of that particular time.[48] Guadagnino did not want the film to "look like a reflection on the 80s, ... when it becomes period."[14] His team performed extensive research, with an assist from the residents of Crema, by entering people's houses and collecting their pictures of the '80s.[14][86] Chen Li, a Chinese woman who lives in Milan, served as graphic designer. She wrote the titles in the opening credits, in which the director used Xerox images of statues and placed them with Mr. Perlman's personal items.[48]

text: Costume designer Giulia Piersanti avoided using period costumes, and wanted to provide "a sense of insouciant adolescent sensuality, summer heat and sexual awakening" to the characters.[85] Several costume pieces from the film were made from scratch.[48] The costumes were influenced by the work in French films Pauline at the Beach (1983), A Tale of Springtime (1990), and A Summer's Tale (1996).[85] She took inspiration from her parents' photo albums for the Perlmans' wardrobe. For Oliver's "sexy, healthy American" image, Piersanti referred to "some of Bruce Weber's earliest photographs."[85] His clothes change throughout the film as "he's more able to free himself."[48] Aiming to emphasize Elio's confident style, she chose several Lacoste costumes, and a distinctive New Romantic-looking shirt in the final scene.[14][85] Elio's polo shirt and Fido Dido T-shirt came from her husband's closet.[85]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Guadagnino normally selects the music for his films himself.[8] The director wanted to find an "emotional narrator to the film" through music, a "less heavy, less present, and more enveloping" way than voice and text.[19] He was inspired by the work in Barry Lyndon (1975), The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), and The Age of Innocence (1993).[19] Guadagnino wanted the film's music to be connected to Elio, a young pianist who likes to transcribe and adapt pieces, in order to get close to Oliver.[17] The music is used to reflect the time, the characters' family, level of education, and "the kind of canon they would be a part of".[17] Guadagnino also researched what was popular on the radio that summer, so as to stay true to the time period.[17][87]

text: Guadagnino found that the lyricism of Sufjan Stevens' work resonated with him.[28] The director initially asked Stevens to narrate the film through the older Elio's perspective, and record an original song for Call Me by Your Name, "almost as a break in the narrative".[79][28] Stevens declined the voiceover role,[79] and eventually contributed three songs to the soundtrack: "Mystery of Love", "Visions of Gideon", and a new rendition of "Futile Devices" with piano.[17] Stevens took inspiration from the script, the book, and conversations with the director about the characters.[28] He submitted the songs a few days before shooting began. Surprised by the result, the director listened to them with the actors and Fasano on-set.[8][52] It marks Stevens' first original songs written for a feature film soundtrack.[88][89]

text: A soundtrack album was digitally released under Madison Gate Records and Sony Classical on 3 November 2017[90] and physically on 17 November.[91] It features songs by Stevens, The Psychedelic Furs, Franco Battiato, Loredana Bertè, Bandolero, Giorgio Moroder, Joe Esposito, and F. R. David, with compositions by John Adams, Erik Satie, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Johann Sebastian Bach, and Maurice Ravel.[92]

text: Release[edit]

text: Call Me by Your Name had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2017.[93][94] Prior to its premiere, Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film for $6 million.[95] The deal was negotiated by WME Global and UTA Independent Film Group.[96] International distribution rights were purchased by Memento Films International, a French company that showed the film promo reel at the American Film Market in November 2016.[20][97] It was also screened at the Berlin International Film Festival on 13 February 2017, Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2017,[98][52][15] and New York Film Festival on 3 October 2017.[99] The film was originally scheduled to show on Beijing International Film Festival in April 2018, but it was later dropped from the official program with no explanation.[100]

text: Call Me by Your Name began a limited release in the United Kingdom on 27 October 2017,[27] and United States on 24 November 2017.[4] It expanded from four to thirty locations in the United States on 15 December 2017,[101] and then to 114 theaters on 22 December.[102] It hit 174 theaters on 12 January 2018,[103] before going into wide release, just days before the Oscar nomination announcement ceremony, on 19 January 2018, reaching 815 theaters.[104][105] On the Oscars weekend, the film opened in 914 theaters, its widest in the country.[106]

text: In Italy, Warner Bros. Entertainment released the film on 25 January[107][108][109] in less than 150 theaters,[110] before expanding to nearly 200 theaters on February 2.[111] Special screenings and a public meet-and-greet with Guadagnino, Hammer and Chalamet took place in Crema on 27–30 January,[109][112][113] The film was opened in Brazil on 18 January,[114] and in France on 28 February 2018.[115] In March 2018, distributor in Tunisia reported that the Ministry of Culture has banned the film as an "attack on liberties" motivated by its subject.[116][117]

text: A pirated copy of awards-screener DVD of Call Me by Your Name was leaked onto piracy file-sharing websites by the hacker group "Hive-CM8" on December 24, 2017.[118] Along with it were copies of Last Flag Flying, and fellow Oscar nominees I, Tonya and Lady Bird.[119][120] The film was officially released for digital download on 27 February 2018.[121] It was released on Blu-ray and DVD on 13 March 2018. Disc format bonus included a making-of featurette, a Q&A interview from the cast and filmmakers, an audio commentary track by Chalamet and Stuhlbarg, and a music video for "Mystery of Love".[121][122]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Classics debuted an official poster for Call Me by Your Name on 27 July 2017.[123] The first theatrical trailer was released on 1 August 2017.[124][125] On 11 October 2017, Sony Pictures Classics released a teaser titled "Dance Party" to celebrate National Coming Out Day.[126] The 42-second clip, which consists of one continuous shot of Hammer and Chalamet dancing to "Love My Way" at a bar, became a meme on Twitter.[127][128][35] Due to its placement in the snippet, "Love My Way" also gained streaming popularity, rose 13% on on-demand streams during two months before the film release. In the week ending 30 November 2017, the song collected 177,000 on-demand streams, its biggest streaming week in the country.[129]

text: Reaction to the advertisement on social media was somewhat negative, largely for Sony Pictures' "misleading" use of a still of Chalamet and Garrel instead of focusing on the protagonist's relationship.[130][131] Daniel Megarry of Gay Times described it as "an attempt to 'straight-wash' the movie's predominant same-sex romance",[132] while Benjamin Lee of The Guardian called it a "disastrous attempt to push Oscar-buzzed Call Me by Your Name as a straight love story," and said the advert "belies an industry awkwardly denying queerness".[133] Sony Pictures Classics later aired several commercial spots to promote the film during its nationwide expansion on 19 January 2018.[104]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of March 20, 2018[update], Call Me by Your Name has grossed $17.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $20.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $37.9 million, against a production budget of $3.5 million.[4] The film was Sony Pictures Classics third-highest grossing 2017 release.[134]

text: In the United States, the film began its limited run on 24 November 2017 at four theaters: The Paris Theater and Union Square Theatre in New York City, and the ArcLight Hollywood and Landmark Theater in Los Angeles.[135] The film made $404,874 in its opening weekend—a per-theater average of $101,219.[136][137] It was the highest average of 2017, the biggest since that of La La Land the previous December,[138] and had the best per-screen opening for a gay romance film since Brokeback Mountain (2005).[136][139] In its second weekend, the film grossed $281,288,[140][141] with an "excellent" per-screen average of $70,320.[142][143] The film expanded to nine theaters in its third weekend, grossing $291,101 for a "solid" $32,345 per-theater average.[144] It earned $491,933 from 30 theaters in its fourth weekend, averaging $16,398.[101]

text: The film expanded to 114 theaters in its fifth week and grossed $850,736, averaging $7,463 per screen.[102] It crossed $6 million in its seventh weekend, earning $758,726 from 115 locations.[145] It grossed $715,559 from 174 theaters in its eighth weekend, averaging $4,185 per screen.[103] In its nationwide release week—ninth weekend overall—the film grossed $1.4 million from 815 theaters, an underperformance compared to "some of its competition with similar theater counts".[104][105] The following weekend, following the announcement of its four Oscar nominations, the film dropped 6% to $1.3 million.[146][147] With the total grossing of $9,370,359 by the week of January 23, 2018, the film was the second lowest-grossing among Best Picture nominees.[148] It grossed $919,926, averaging $1,006, from 914 theaters during the Oscar weekend,[106] and went on to earn $304,228 from 309 theaters in its sixteenth weekend.[149]

text: The film opened to number 7 in Italy with £781,000 from less than 150 theaters, and obtained the best per-theater average of the week (almost £5,500).[110][150] It had made a total of £1.5 million in its first ten days of screening,[151] before exceeding £2 million on February 7.[152][153] As of March 13, the film has grossed £2.8 million in the country.[154] In Brazil, the film debuted at number 9 at the box office with $696,000,[155] and earned another $554,000 in the following weekend.[156] It gathered 17,152 viewers in France in its first day of screening, with an "excellent" per-theater average of 184 entries.[157] It went on to attract 108,500 viewers in the opening weekend, earning the second-best average of the week (1,167 entries).[158] In the United Kingdom, the film earned £231,995 ($306,000) from 112 screens in its opening weekend,[159] including £4,000 from previews.[160] After ten days, it had made a total of £568,000 ($745,000),[161] before reaching the $1 million mark (£767,000) in its third weekend.[162][163] As of 13 March 2018[update], the film has grossed $2,240,216 in the United Kingdom.[164]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: At its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, Call Me by Your Name received a standing ovation,[165] followed by a ten-minute ovation at its New York Film Festival screening at the Alice Tully Hall, the longest recorded in the festival's history.[31][166] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 95% based on 278 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy, powerfully affecting portrait of first love, empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer."[167] It was the best-reviewed limited release and second best-reviewed romance film of 2017 on the site.[168][169] On Metacritic, the film has an average weighted score of 93 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[170] It was the year's fifth-best rated film on Metacritic.[171]

text: Writing in The Hollywood Reporter, Boyd van Hoeij described Call Me by Your Name as an "extremely sensual [...] intimate and piercingly honest" adaptation of Aciman's novel. He further called Chalamet's performance "the true breakout of the film".[172] Peter Debruge of Variety said the film "advances the canon of gay cinema" by portraying "a story of first love [...] that transcends the same-sex dynamic of its central couple." He compared Guadagnino's "sensual" direction to the films of Pedro Almodóvar and François Ozon, while putting the film "on par with the best of their work."[94] David Ehrlich of IndieWire also praised his direction, which helps the film in "match[ing] the artistry and empathy" of Carol (2015) and Moonlight (2016).[173] Sam Adams of BBC stated that Stuhlbarg's performance "puts a frame around the movie's painting and opens up avenues we may not have thought to explore," and called it "one of his finest" to date. He extolled the film as one of "many movies that have so successfully appealed to both the intellectual and the erotic since the heydays of Patrice Chéreau and André Téchiné."[174]

text: Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three and a half stars, commended the director for "broadens his embrace of humanity while hitting new heights of cinematic bliss," and wrote that the film "may be a fantasy but it's one that's lovely and wise."[175] David Morgan of CBS praised the cinematography, production design and costuming for "making a summer in the 1980s palpably alive again." He also applauded Stuhlbarg's character as "the most forward-thinking parent in movie history."[176] Richard Lawson felt that Guadagnino's adaptation "was made with real love, with good intentions, with a clarity of heart and purposeful, unpretentious intellect" and hailed it as a "modern gay classic" in his Vanity Fair review.[177] Chicago Tribune's Michael Phillips was pleased by the "wonderfully paradoxical" visual interests from the director, and called Stevens' songs "work like magic on your sympathies regarding Elio's emotional awakening." He praised Hammer's performance as one of "the most easy-breathing and relaxed best work of his career."[178]

text: The Economist noted the tension "between pain and pleasure" in the film, and praised Chalamet, specifying that he "evokes so many shades of humanity, portraying a path of youthful self-discovery that is more raw, unhinged, and ultimately honest than many actors could manage."[179] Kate Taylor of Globe and Mail, who gave the film two and a half stars, also enjoyed his effort in capturing "first love and its inevitable heartbreak", but felt that the "multilingual, almost-pre-AIDS idyll does not stretch credulity".[180] Ken Eisner of The Georgia Straight questioned its central message, and said that the film can "alternate wildly between the poetically incisive and the indulgently preposterous."[181] In a negative review, Kyle Turner of Paste wrote "The details of the film are too small for anyone, perhaps particularly a queer person, to see [...] It never gets over that hesitation."[182] Luke Y. Thompson of Forbes criticized its length and called it an "excruciatingly boring travelogue."[183]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Call Me by Your Name was selected by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year.[184][185] At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Original Song ("Mystery of Love"), and Best Adapted Screenplay, winning the latter.[186][187] Chalamet became the youngest Best Actor nominee since 1939, while Ivory became the oldest-ever winner in any competitive category.[188] The film received four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film and Best Direction, and winning Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory.[189] [190] At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, it was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet, and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer.[191] It received eight nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards, with Ivory winning Best Adapted Screenplay.[192] The film led the 33rd Independent Spirit Awards with six nominations, winning Best Male Lead for Chalamet, and Best Cinematography for Mukdeeprom.[193][194] At the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards, Chalamet received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role.[195] The National Board of Review, the Gotham Independent Film Awards and the Hollywood Film Awards awarded Chalamet with their Breakout Actor Awards.[196][197]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Guadagnino has deliberated over the idea of a sequel since the film's premiere at Sundance, when he realized the characters "could go beyond the boundaries of the film."[32] In October 2017, he stated that he hoped to make a sequel to the film in 2020, suggesting it might be in the style of François Truffaut's The Adventures of Antoine Doinel series, while telling the story of Oliver and Elio as they aged. "If I paired the age of Elio in the film with the age of Timothée, in three years' time, Timothée will be 25, as would Elio by the time the second story was set," he said.[198][199] In the novel, Elio and Oliver reunited 15 years later, when Oliver is married. Guadagnino specified that in the sequel, "I don't think Elio is necessarily going to become a gay man. He hasn't found his place yet. I can tell you that I believe that he would start an intense relationship with Marzia again." Guadagnino is also interested in the politics of the 1990s, saying "it would be the beginning of the Berlusconi era in Italy and it would mean dealing with the war of Iraq."[200][201]

text: In November 2017, Guadagnino shared his intention to make a series of five films, where the audience could "see those actors grow older, embodying those characters."[32] A month later, he was reported to have begun writing a script for a sequel, one that would reveal more about Oliver and resembles Michael Apted's Up series.[202][203] Hammer and Chalamet have both expressed interest in participating in a sequel,[204] while Ivory has no interest to the material, saying "that's fine, good. But I don't know how they're going to get a 40-year-old [Chalamet]!".[23] In January 2018, Guadagnino revealed the setting will be "right after the fall of Berlin Wall and that great shift that was the end of [...] the USSR,"[77] and what could be the first scene in the film, is where Elio watching Paul Vecchiali's Once More (1988), the first French film to deal with AIDS, in a movie theater.[205] In March 2018, Guadagnino confirmed working with Aciman on the sequel, which will take place "five or six years afterwards" with "a different tone" than the first film.[206] Hammer also revealed that he was pitched by the director about the script, "it’s not a finished script, but he’s got all the ideas for it," he said.[207]


document_title: Barney Fife

question_text: when did barney fife leave andy griffith show

root

text: Barney Fife

text: Production history[edit]

text: Before joining Griffith's show, Don Knotts was a regular on The Steve Allen Show, in which he played several parts. most notably "Mr. Morrison," a nervous man on the street character, upon which Knotts' based the personality of Barney Fife, who himself was a hyperkinetic but comically inept counterpart to Mayberry's practical and composed Sheriff Andy Taylor.

tag: p

text: According to Andy Griffith, the character of Barney Fife was suggested by Don Knotts himself. At the same time that The Steve Allen Show was ending, Knotts was looking for work. When he saw the episode of The Danny Thomas Show featuring Andy Taylor, he called Griffith suggesting that his sheriff character might reasonably need a deputy. Griffith liked the idea and suggested that he call Executive Producer Sheldon Leonard. Griffith later recalled that Don Knotts' contribution was the show's saving grace because he was uncomfortable with the original concept to have Andy Taylor being the comic lead. In an interview with The Archive of American Television, Griffith admitted: "The second episode was called 'Manhunt' and I knew by that episode that Don should be the comic and I should play straight for him. That made all the difference."

text: Fife appeared on The Andy Griffith Show from the show's beginning in 1960 until 1965, when Knotts left the show to pursue a career in feature films. It is explained that Fife had left Mayberry to take a job as a detective in Raleigh. Knotts reprised the character in guest appearances each season until The Andy Griffith Show left the air in 1968. Barney also appeared in the inaugural Mayberry R.F.D. episode, in which Andy and Helen Crump marry. In 1971, the character, whose name is not explicitly mentioned, appears in the premiere episode of The New Andy Griffith Show, visiting the mid-sized city of Greenwood to catch up with Mayor Andy Sawyer, who looks exactly like Andy Taylor and shares some of Taylor's earlier mannerisms and friendships with Fife, Goober Pyle and Emmett Clark. Fifteen years would pass before the character was again reprised in the reunion film Return to Mayberry in 1986. By then, Fife had moved back and become the town's acting sheriff.

text: Character overview[edit]

text: Sometimes considered a blowhard with delusions of grandeur, he fancies himself an expert on firearms, women, singing, and just about any other topic of conversation brought up while he is around. Conversely, Andy knows that Barney's false bravado is a smokescreen for his insecurities and low self-confidence. In one episode, Barney brags that he knows about the Emancipation Proclamation. When Andy calls Barney's bluff and asks him to elaborate it to Opie for his history class, Barney becomes upset and defensive and blurts out that it was a proclamation for emancipation and leaves, irritated.

text: Barney is often overly analytical and alarmist about benign situations, such as the modest Mayberry crime scene. He takes a minor infraction, blows it out of proportion, and then concocts an elaborate solution (sometimes involving inept civilians, like Otis Campbell or Gomer Pyle) to resolve it. In one early episode, where Andy was briefly summoned away, acting sheriff Barney proceeds to book and lock up nearly everyone in town. Despite his shortcomings, Barney is zealous about law enforcement, regularly spouting off penal codes and ordinances to thugs and jaywalkers alike.

text: An emotional powderkeg, Barney often overreacts with panic, despair or bug-eyed fear. Barney is smug and self-confident, and is known for engaging in gossip and revealing both personal and police secrets, often with dire consequences. Outwardly "a man of the world," Barney is truly naïve and easily duped. Though constantly warned by Andy, Barney falls for countless scams. This gullibility is evident in many episodes, including "Barney's First Car", where he is conned into buying a lemon from a crafty old widow. Andy mentions in the episode "Andy on Trial" that Barney likes to smoke a cigar when he's feeling "sporty".

text: Like Andy, who was stationed in France, Barney served in World War II, although he was a file clerk who never left the United States (he stated that "me and this other fella ran the PX library" on Staten Island). Barney was nevertheless proud of his war record: "I did my part to lick the dreaded Hun," he boasted in the "Quiet Sam" episode.

text: Nonetheless, Barney still has his rare moments of courage and loyalty. Perhaps the greatest example of Barney's courage is in the episode "Jailbreak": Barney, with help from Andy in tracking them down, saves a member of the state police who has been captured, apprehends the criminal and his partner by driving off with the crooks and their hostage attached in their trailer, and drives them to jail with Andy close behind with his siren wailing. It's one of the rare occasions when Barney actually catches the crooks intentionally and not by accident.

text: One major comedic source is Barney's lack of ability with a firearm. After numerous misfires (usually a Colt .38 caliber revolver), Andy restricts Barney to carrying only one bullet in his shirt pocket, "in case of an emergency." However, the bullet always seems to find its way back into the gun, where Barney accidentally shoots it, usually into the floor, the ceiling, or his own gun holster. The accidental discharge of Barney's gun becomes a running gag. Another gag has Barney locking himself or together with Andy in one of the jail cells, with the keys just out of reach. Realizing that they can't get out, they shamelessly yell for help.

text: In the first season, Andy and Barney comment that they are cousins, and is also curtly mentioned several times in subsequent shows. Genetics aside, Barney and "Ange" (as he frequently addresses Andy, a derivation from Knotts' real-life nickname for Griffith) are best friends, having grown up together in Mayberry, even graduating from the same class at Mayberry High School in 1945. Barney maintains warm relations with Andy's son Opie and his Aunt Bee. In another episode, Andy finds a document indicating he issued Barney his gun in August, 1953 when he gave Barney his oath of office as his deputy.

text: When he's not patrolling the streets of Mayberry, Barney spends his free time dating a local girl named Thelma Lou (Betty Lynn) (whom he eventually marries in Return to Mayberry, a 1986 NBC movie). Thelma Lou is Barney's main girlfriend until his 1965 departure. He had two other girlfriends; the first Miss Rosemary followed by Hilda May.[2] Barney also dates other women, in particular, an oft-mentioned but never seen Junction Cafe and Bluebird Diner waitress named Juanita. She is first mentioned in the episode "Andy Forecloses". Not content to focus solely on his own love life, Barney quite often gets involved in Andy's romantic interests. Lydia Crosswaithe was one of the young ladies whom he and Thelma Lou tried to match with Mayberry's sheriff. Unfortunately, Lydia's withdrawn, exceedingly odd personality doomed any hopes that Andy would actually date her.

text: Barney takes up residence in a few places including the Raleigh YMCA and Mrs. Mendelbright's boarding house (where she forbids him from owning either a hot plate or light bulb over 40 watts). In "Sheriff Barney" we learn that Barney lives at 411 Elm Street, but it is unclear if this address refers to Barney's own home or Mrs. Mendelbright's boarding house address. When not on duty, he is usually seen in a Panama straw hat and a tweed suit (the "old salt and pepper.") Although the deputy fancies himself a singer, he has a tin ear, as highlighted by several episodes, most notably, "Barney and the Choir" and "The Song Festers."

text: Some continuity slip-ups can be expected, as the series had several writers. An illustration of this is with the various middle names given for both Barney and Andy. In the episode "Class Reunion", Barney's middle name is Milton, though at other times he is called "Bernard P. Fife". In another episode, where he believes he is the descendant of Nathan Tibbs, a Mayberry Revolutionary hero, he says his name is "Barney 'Tibbs' Fife". Andy jokingly says, "I thought your middle name was Oliver." A similar problem exists with Andy's middle name, which was given as Jackson on his own show (when his high school photo was shown), but his newborn son's name was given as Andrew Samuel Taylor Jr. on Mayberry RFD (during a christening).

text: Andy Griffith Show appearances[edit]

text: He is featured in these Andy Griffith Show episodes:

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Episode 1: "The New Housekeeper"
Episode 2: "The Manhunt"
Episode 3: "The Guitar Player"
Episode 4: "Ellie Comes to Town"
Episode 5: "Irresistible Andy"
Episode 6: "Runaway Kid"
Episode 7: "Andy the Matchmaker"
Episode 10: "Ellie for Council"
Episode 11: "Christmas Story"
Episode 12: "Stranger in Town"
Episode 13: "Mayberry Goes Hollywood"
Episode 14: "The Horse Trader"
Episode 15: "Those Gossipin' Men"
Episode 17: "Alcohol and Old Lace"
Episode 18: "Andy the Marriage Counselor"
Episode 19: "Mayberry on Record"
Episode 20: "Andy Saves Barney's Morale"
Episode 21: "Andy and the Gentleman Crook"
Episode 22: "Cyrano Andy"
Episode 24: "The New Doctor"
Episode 25: "A Plaque for Mayberry"
Episode 26: "The Inspector"
Episode 27: "Ellie Saves a Female"
Episode 28: "Andy Forecloses"
Episode 29: "Quiet Sam"
Episode 30: "Barney Gets His Man"
Episode 31: "The Guitar Player Returns"
Episode 32: "Bringing Up Opie"

tag: ul

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Episode 1: "Opie and the Bully"
Episode 2: "Barney's Replacement"
Episode 3: "Andy and the Woman Speeder"
Episode 5: "Barney on the Rebound"
Episode 6: "Opie's Hobo Friend"
Episode 7: "Crime-Free Mayberry"
Episode 8: "The Perfect Female"
Episode 10: "The Clubmen"
Episode 11: "The Pickle Story"
Episode 12: "Sheriff Barney"
Episode 13: "The Farmer Takes a Wife"
Episode 14: "Keeper of the Flame"
Episode 15: "Bailey's Bad Boy"
Episode 16: "The Manicurist"
Episode 17: "The Jinx"
Episode 18: "Jailbreak"
Episode 19: "A Medal for Opie"
Episode 20: "Barney and the Choir"
Episode 21: "Guest of Honor"
Episode 22: "The Merchant of Mayberry"
Episode 23: "Aunt Bee the Warden"
Episode 24: "The County Nurse"
Episode 25: "Andy and Barney in the Big City"
Episode 27: "Three's a Crowd"
Episode 28: "The Bookie Barber"
Episode 29: "Andy on Trial"
Episode 30: "Cousin Virgil"
Episode 31: "Deputy Otis"

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
Episode 1: "Mr. McBeevee"
Episode 2: "Andy's Rich Girlfriend"
Episode 3: "Andy and the New Mayor"
Episode 5: "The Cow Thief"
Episode 6: "Barney Mends a Broken Heart"
Episode 7: "Lawman Barney"
Episode 8: "The Mayberry Band"
Episode 11: "Convicts-at-Large"
Episode 13: "The Bank Job"
Episode 14: "One-Punch Opie"
Episode 15: "Barney and the Governor"
Episode 16: "Man in a Hurry"
Episode 17: "High Noon in Mayberry"
Episode 18: "The Loaded Goat"
Episode 19: "Class Reunion"
Episode 20: "Rafe Hollister Sings"
Episode 21: "Opie and the Spoiled Kid"
Episode 22: "The Great Filling Station Robbery"
Episode 23: "Andy Discovers America"
Episode 24: "Aunt Bee's Medicine Man"
Episode 26: "Andy's English Valet"
Episode 27: "Barney's First Car"
Episode 28: "The Rivals"
Episode 29: "A Wife for Andy"
Episode 30: "Dogs, Dogs, Dogs"
Episode 31: "Mountain Wedding"
Episode 32: "The Big House"

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
Episode 1: "Opie the Birdman"
Episode 2: "The Haunted House"
Episode 3: "Ernest T. Bass Joins the Army"
Episode 4: "The Sermon for Today"
Episode 7: "A Black Day for Mayberry"
Episode 8: "Opie's Ill-Gotten Gain"
Episode 9: "A Date for Gomer"
Episode 10: "Up in Barney's Room"
Episode 11: "Citizen's Arrest"
Episode 12: "Opie and His Merry Men"
Episode 13: "Barney and the Cave Rescue"
Episode 14: "Andy and Opie's Pal"
Episode 15: "Aunt Bee the Crusader"
Episode 16: "Barney's Sidecar"
Episode 17: "My Fair Ernest T. Bass"
Episode 18: "Prisoner of Love"
Episode 19: "Hot Rod Otis"
Episode 20: "The Song Festers"
Episode 21: "The Shoplifters"
Episode 22: "Andy's Vacation"
Episode 25: "Divorce, Mountain Style"
Episode 26: "A Deal is a Deal"
Episode 27: "Fun Girls"
Episode 28: "The Return of Malcolm Merriweather"
Episode 29: "The Rumor"
Episode 30: "Barney and Thelma Lou, Phfftt"
Episode 31: "Back to Nature"

text: Season 5[edit]

text:
Episode 1: "Opie Loves Helen"
Episode 2: "Barney's Physical"
Episode 4: "The Education of Ernest T. Bass"
Episode 6: "Barney's Bloodhound"
Episode 7: "Man in the Middle"
Episode 8: "Barney's Uniform"
Episode 9: "Opie's Fortune"
Episode 10: "Goodbye, Sheriff Taylor"
Episode 11: "The Pageant"
Episode 12: "The Darling Baby"
Episode 13: "Andy and Helen Have Their Day"
Episode 14: "Three Wishes for Opie"
Episode 15: "Otis Sues the County"
Episode 16: "Barney Fife, Realtor"
Episode 18: "The Rehabilitation of Otis"
Episode 19: "The Lucky Letter"
Episode 20: "Goober and the Art of Love"
Episode 21: "Barney Runs for Sheriff"
Episode 22: "If I Had a Quarter-Million Dollars"
Episode 23: "TV or Not TV"
Episode 25: "The Case of the Punch in the Nose"
Episode 26: "Opie's Newspaper"
Episode 27: "Aunt Bee's Invisible Beau"
Episode 28: "The Arrest of the Fun Girls"
Episode 29: "The Luck of Newton Monroe"
Episode 30: "Opie Flunks Arithmetic"

text: Season 6[edit]

text:
Episode 17: "The Return of Barney Fife"
Episode 18: "The Legend of Barney Fife"

text: Season 7[edit]

text:
Episode 18: "A Visit to Barney Fife"
Episode 19: "Barney Comes to Mayberry"

text: Season 8[edit]

text: Episode 21: "Barney Hosts a Summit Meeting"

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Calling a police officer or authority figure "Barney Fife" has become an American slang term for gross ineptitude or overzealousness. A notable example occurred during the Scott Peterson case, in which the defendant's mother referred to the local police captain as "Barney Fife."[3]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ In the episode "A Plaque for Mayberry", Andy states that Barney's middle name is Oliver. In later episodes Barney refers to himself as Barney "P." Fife and in the episode "Class Reunion" the Mayberry Union High yearbook lists Barney's name as Bernard Milton Fife.

tag: ol


document_title: Jane the Virgin

question_text: what is rafael from jane the virgin's real name

question_tokens: what is rafael from jane the virgin 's real name

text: Jane the Virgin

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in Miami, the series details the surprising and unforeseen events that take place in the life of Jane Gloriana Villanueva, a hard-working, religious young Venezuelan American woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until her marriage to her detective boyfriend are complicated when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup. To make matters worse, the biological donor is a married man, a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works, but was also her former teenage crush. In addition to adjusting to pregnancy and then motherhood, in the initial episodes Jane is faced with questions about her professional future and the daunting prospect of choosing between the father of her baby or her boyfriend. As the series evolves, in predictably unpredictable telenovela fashion, the issues shift as her child grows into a toddler, her writing career moves forward, and her family members likewise develop independent plotlines.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva, a 23-year-old, religious young Latina woman who becomes pregnant after being artificially inseminated by mistake. After meeting Rafael and hearing his situation, she agrees to carry the baby full term and turn over custody to him and his wife Petra, but only if she is sure her baby will be safe and loved with them. But, as the pregnancy grows, they both start to have feelings for each other. Jane ends up having a baby boy named Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva. She marries Michael Cordero in the Season 2. In Season 3 Episode 10, she becomes widowed when he dies from his gunshot wound. She later finds her feelings resurfacing for Rafael again. Executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman stated that Gina Rodriguez "was literally the third person that came in" during the casting.[8]

Jenna Ortega as Young Jane, at age 10, is the most frequent (21 chapters as of season 3) of the four younger "Janes" seen in flashbacks.

Andrea Navedo as Xiomara "Xo" Gloriana Villanueva, Jane's outgoing mother. She was only sixteen years old when she had Jane, which is why Jane would rather keep her virginity until marriage than make the same mistake her mother did. She is a dance teacher, but dreams of having a singing career. She marries Jane's father in the Season 3 finale.
Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano (birthname: Natalia), Rafael's scheming wife and a member of a shady Czech crime family who got married to Rafael in order to steal his wealth, though over time she did fall in love with him. She later divorces Rafael and in Season 2, she gives birth to their twin daughters, Anna and Elsa.
Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano, the 31-year-old owner of the Marbella Hotel and the biological father of Jane's child who has fallen out of love with his wife. As the series progresses, he develops growing feelings for Jane, and divorces Petra after discovering her affair. In Season 2 he has two daughters with Petra and in Season 3 briefly goes to jail.
Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Villanueva, Jane's pious maternal grandmother. She is highly religious, and encourages Jane to save her virginity until marriage. Although she rarely speaks English, she understands it, since her granddaughter usually only speaks to her in English. She was in the country illegally until she got her green card in season 2.
Brett Dier as Michael Cordero, Jr., Jane's 29-year-old husband who was a detective. He is aware of Petra's affair, and blackmails her to ensure that her marriage remains intact, so that Jane will give the baby to them, however later he decides to support Jane's decision to keep the baby. He also dislikes Rafael due to Jane's, and eventually Rafael's, attraction to one another. He is the head detective in the hunt for Sin Rostro, a high-profile drug dealer who seems to be based in the Marbella Hotel, however he later quits to become a lawyer. Jane and Michael get married in the season two finale.
Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega, a self-involved, famous telenovela star and Jane's biological father. He is currently trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter. He also has feelings for Xiomara, who was his girlfriend in high school. He marries Xiomara in the season 3 finale.
Anthony Mendez (voice over) as the Latin Lover Narrator; Third-person omniscient.[9] The narration features both metanarration and metafiction.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Joseph Sanders as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva, Jane and Rafael's baby. Named after Jane's grandfather and Alba's husband, who died before Jane was born.

Aria Rose Garcia as toddler Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva.

Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver, Rafael's lesbian, neurotic, recovering alcoholic sister, and the doctor who accidentally artificially inseminated Jane.
Bridget Regan as Rose, a former lawyer, former girlfriend of Luisa, and eventually stepmother of Luisa and Rafael who defends Luisa against the malpractice suit. She is later revealed to be the crime lord Sin Rostro, and is arrested in season 3.

Megan Ketch as Susanna Barnett, Michael's partner who was in fact Rose in disguise. After being discovered, she shot Michael in the chest.
Elisabeth Röhm as Eileen, the second woman whose identity Rose steals for the next three years. In the meantime, the real Eileen murdered Scott.

Mia and Ella Allan as Anna and Elsa Solano, Petra and Rafael's twin daughters as a result of Petra's artificial insemination.
Carlo Rota as Emilio Solano, Luisa's biological father and Rafael's adopted father. He is murdered by his wife, Rose.
Michael Rady as Lachlan Moore, Rafael's rival and Petra's former fiancé.
Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan, Jane's best friend and co-worker.
Azie Tesfai as Detective Nadine Hansan, a police detective and rival, partner, and brief lover to Michael. She was killed taking a bullet that was meant for Michael, after she was revealed to be working with Sin Rostro.
Camille Collard as Frankie, Jane's co-worker and friend.
Brian Dare as Luca, Jane's co-worker and friend.
Vanessa Merrell and Veronica Merrell as Valeria and Victoria, twins and Rogelio's former step-daughters.
Priscilla Barnes as Magda, Petra's mother. She is confined to a wheelchair (but only pretends to be paraplegic) and she is Petra's co-conspirator in her plot to steal Rafael's hotel and wealth. She is currently imprisoned, but still working against Petra from inside.
Yael Grobglas also portrays Anezka, Petra's long-lost twin sister who grew up with a rough life in the Czech Republic. At the end of the second season she drugs Petra and begins a scheme with Magda to impersonate Petra, this is so they can gain controlling shares in the Marbella.
Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez, one of Jane's teachers at grad school and briefly her love interest.
Alano Miller as Roman Zazo, Rafael's best friend and Petra's lover. He is believed to be murdered in the hotel, causing tension for everyone, including Petra and Rafael.

Alano Miller as Aaron Zazo, Roman's twin brother, who appears from "Chapter Fourteen" onwards investigating his brother's murder, is later revealed to be Roman; it was Aaron who was murdered. Roman is later killed, in self-defense, by Petra.

Rita Moreno as Liliana De La Vega, Jane's paternal grandmother. She is the mother of Rogelio and is always sour on Xiomara and Rogelio's relationship.
Cástulo Guerra as Manuel De La Vega, Jane's paternal grandfather. He is the father of Rogelio and has recently came out as gay.
Dennis Mencia as Mateo Villanueva, Alba's late husband and the maternal grandfather of Jane. His great-grandson is named in honor of him.
Sofia Pernas as Catalina Maria Mora, Jane's newfound maternal cousin and a brief love interest of Rafael.
Ricardo Chavira as Bruce, Xiomara's boyfriend of three years who she becomes briefly engaged to, only to break things off due to her lingering feelings for Rogelio.
Justina Machado as Darci Factor, Rogelio's ex-girlfriend and the mother of her and Rogelio's unborn daughter. She runs a matchmaking business.
Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge, Alba's love interest and later boyfriend.
Johnny Messner as Chuck Chesser, the new owner of the rival hotel to the Marbella who serves as a new love interest for Petra.
Francisco San Martin as Fabian, Rogelio's costar on telenovela Los Viajes de Guillermo who has a brief fling with Jane.

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)

2
22
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)

3
20
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)

4
17[10]
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)[11]
TBA

tag: table

text: Development and production[edit]

text: On June 27, 2013, American television network The CW announced that it was planning to release a new show based on the Venezuelan soap opera Juana La Virgen.[12] On February 23, 2014, Entertainment Weekly announced that Rodriguez would play the title role of Jane Villanueva.[13][14] On May 8, 2014, during The CW's 2014–2015 upfronts, the series was officially picked up.[15] On July 18, 2014, an extended trailer was released by The CW. On August 8, 2014, it was announced that White Collar's Bridget Regan and Azie Tesfai would join the series as respectively Rose, a former lawyer, and Detective Nadine Hansan, a police detective and rival to Dier's character.[16] On August 10, 2014, TVLine announced that Melrose Place and Emily Owens, M.D. actor Michael Rady would join the series as Lachlan.[17] Filming for season one commenced on July 28, 2014.[18] The show is filmed on soundstages in Los Angeles[18][19] and the pilot was filmed in Huntington Beach, California.[20] On October 21, 2014, the show was given a full season order.[21] On January 11, 2015, the show was renewed for a second season, set to air during the 2015–16 television season.[22] Its second season premiered on October 12, 2015.[23] On March 11, 2016, the show was renewed for a third season,[24] which premiered on October 17, 2016.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW on October 13, 2014, during the 2014–15 television season.[25] Unique to the CW, it is the network's only program to feature a Spanish language audio track on the second audio program channel; however, as many CW stations usually do not carry the SAP channel due to a lack of need, this is more limited than the major networks, which are required by the FCC to have a SAP channel for the Descriptive Video Service track, which as a minor network the CW is not required to carry.

text: The show premiered in Canada on Global TV and in Australia on Fox8 on December 1, 2014.[26] It has aired in the United Kingdom on E4 since 2015.[27] Sony Channel will broadcast the series throughout Southeast Asia as replacements of Sony Entertainment Television in the region (including BeTV in the Philippines). In Canada, new episodes are added each week to the streaming service Shomi, in addition to cable carriage by some providers of American CW affiliates (Chicago's WGN-TV, available as a superstation in Canada, carried the series' first two seasons until it ended its CW affiliation before the 2016-17 television season). The show premiered in New Zealand on July 24 on Prime.

text: In the Philippines, Jane the Virgin premiered on ABS-CBN on March 28, 2016, dubbed in Filipino.[28] The show replaced the local drama series You're My Home on a late-night timeslot, as part of the Primetime BIDA evening block.[29] Days before the premiere, a teaser showing Gina Rodriguez promoting the show was also released.[30] ABS-CBN only aired the first two seasons, locally editing and splitting the episodes into half-hour segments similar to the network's teleserye and anime programs. For a total of 74 modified episodes, the season-two finale aired on July 8, 2016.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
100% (49 reviews)
80% (23 reviews)

2
100% (11 reviews)
87% (4 reviews)

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Jane the Virgin has received critical acclaim, with critics praising its writing and Gina Rodriguez's performance. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a "certified fresh" rating of 100% based on 49 reviews, with a rating average of 7.7 out of 10. The site's consensus states, "Jane the Virgin's dubious premise has become part of its unlikely charm – along with delightfully diverse writing and a knockout performance by Gina Rodriguez."[31] Metacritic, another review aggregator, gives the show a score of 80 out of 100, based on 23 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[32]

text: The second season also received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, the season holds a 87 out of 100, based on four reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[33] Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rating of 100% based on 11 reviews and a rating average of 9.7 out of 10. The site's consensus reads, "Jane the Virgin stays true to its over-the-top telenovela roots in season two while layering in more humor and increasingly complex storytelling."[34] Maureen Ryan of Variety praised the show, saying that the series "is envisioned, edited and curated with great deftness and economy, and the fact that it is so entertaining and accessible should not preclude it from being at the center of conversations about the best the medium has to offer."[35]

text: Critics' top ten lists[edit]

text:
[show]2014[36]

No. 3 TV Guide
No. 3 The Salt Lake Tribune
No. 6 TV.com
No. 7 Las Vegas Weekly
No. 8 Sioux City Journal
No. 10 Boston Globe
 – American Film Institute
 – Associated Press
 – Chicago Reader
 – Huffington Post
 – Los Angeles Times
 – Philadelphia Daily News
 – ScreenCrush

text:
[show]2015[37]

No. 3 Village Voice
No. 4 Vulture
No. 4 Slate
No. 5 The Salt Lake Tribune
No. 6 Las Vegas Weekly
No. 7 TV.com
 – Boob Tube Dude
 – Criticwire
 – Variety
 – The Week

text:
[show]2016[38]

No. 1 Variety
No. 2 Boob Tube Dude
No. 8 MTV
 – CNN

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Monday 9:00 pm
22
October 13, 2014
1.61[39]
May 11, 2015
1.24[40]
2014–15
177
1.55
0.6[41]

2
22
October 12, 2015
1.06[42]
May 16, 2016
0.97[43]
2015–16
180
1.48
0.6[44]

3
20
October 17, 2016
1.09[45]
May 22, 2017
0.96[46]
2016–17
155
1.60
0.7[47]

4
Friday 9:00 pm
17[48]
October 13, 2017
TBD
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The show has been acknowledged by the People's Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards, the Image Awards and the Television Critics Association as well as honored by the American Film Institute and the George Foster Peabody Awards.

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Outcome

2014
America Film Institute Award[49]
AFI Television Program Of The Year
Jane the Virgin
Won

TV Guide Award
Favorite New Show
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

2015
People's Choice Award[50]
Favorite New TV Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Won

Golden Globe Award[51]
Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Peabody Award[52]
Honoree
Jane the Virgin
Won

Critics' Choice Award[53]
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[54]
Honoree
Jaime Camil ("Chapter Twelve")
Won

TV Line Performer of the Week[55]
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez ("Chapter Twenty")
Won

Teen Choice Award
Choice TV Actor: Comedy
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Choice TV: Breakout Show
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Choice TV: Breakout Star
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Choice TV: Liplock
Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni
Nominated

Television Critics Association Award[56]
Outstanding New Program
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Individual Achievement in Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Imagen Award
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Won

Best Actress – Television
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Best Supporting Actor – Television
Justin Baldoni
Nominated

Jaime Camil
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Television
Ivonne Coll
Nominated

Andrea Navedo
Won

Gold Derby Award
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Comedy Lead Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Breakthrough Performer
Gina Rodriguez
Won

EWwy Award
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Won

Best Actress – Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Best Supporting Actor – Comedy
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Emmy Award[57]
Outstanding Narrator
Anthony Mendez
Nominated

Voice Arts Award
Outstanding Narration – TV or Film, Best Voice over
Anthony Mendez
Won

Gotham Award
Breakthrough Series – Long Form
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Dorian Award
Campy TV Show of the Year
Jane the Virgin
Won

Online Film and Television Association Award
Best Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Guest Actress
Rita Moreno
Won

Maxwell Weinberg Award

Arpi Ketendjian
CBS Studios
Won

NHMC Impact Gala Award
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez
Won

HOLA Award
Breakthrough Performance
Andrea Navedo
Won

GiRL POWER Media Role Model Award
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Honoree
Andrea Navedo
Won

Honoree
Ivonne Coll
Won

Paleyfest LA
Honoree
Jane the Virgin
Won

2016
Satellite Award[58]
Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

NAACP Image Award[59]
Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series
Jennie Snyder Urman
Nominated

Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series
Brad Silberling
Nominated

Golden Globe Award[60]
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Critics' Choice Award[61]
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[62]
Honoree
Yael Grobglas ("Chapter Thirty-Six")
Nominated

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing
Susan Ham, Sharyn Gersh
Nominated

GMS Award
Best Music Supervision
Kevin J. Edelman
Nominated

The Women's Image Award
Best Actress in a Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Series
Jennie Snyder Urman ("Chapter One: Pilot")
Nominated

Artios Award
Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Comedy
Alyson Silverberg, Jonathan Clay Harris
Nominated

Frijolywood Award /Frijoldeoro Award
Screenwriter in Comedy
Carolina Rivera
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Won

NHMC Impact Award
Outstanding Performance in a Comedy Series
Andrea Navedo
Won

Cine Award in Portugal
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Ivonne Coll
Won

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a TV Series
Madison Rojas
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
Choice TV: Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Choice TV: Actor
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Choice TV: Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Emmy Award[63]
Outstanding Narrator
Anthony Mendez
Nominated

EWwy Award
Best Actress – Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Comedy
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Imagen Award
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Won

Best Actress – Television
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Won

Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Andrea Navedo
Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[64]
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez ("Chapter Forty-Seven")
Won

2017
Golden Globe Award[65]
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

People's Choice Award[66]
Favorite TV Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Favorite TV Comedy Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

MTV Award
Best American Story
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actor in a Show
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
Choice Comedy TV Show
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Choice Comedy TV Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Choice Comedy TV Actor
Jaime Camil
Nominated

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Name
Release date
Ep #
Additional information

The Complete First Season
September 29, 2015
22

Features

Immaculate Creation - 'Behind the Scenes'
Getting to Know the Cast
Gag Reel
Deleted Scenes

The Complete Second Season[67]

22

Features


document_title: macOS version history

question_text: what animal was used as a code name for mac os x 10.3

text: macOS version history

text: Development[edit]

text: Development outside Apple[edit]

text: After Apple removed Steve Jobs from management in 1985, he left the company and attempted to create the "next big thing", with funding from Ross Perot[6] and himself. The result was the NeXT Computer. As the first workstation to include a digital signal processor (DSP) and a high-capacity optical disc drive, NeXT hardware was advanced for its time, but was expensive relative to the rapidly commoditizing workstation market and marred by design problems. The hardware was phased out in 1993; however, the company's object-oriented operating system NeXTSTEP had a more lasting legacy.

text: NeXTSTEP was based on the Mach kernel developed at CMU (Carnegie Mellon University)[7] and BSD, an implementation of Unix dating back to the 1970s. It featured an object-oriented programming framework based on the Objective-C language. This environment is known today in the Mac world as Cocoa. It also supported the innovative Enterprise Objects Framework database access layer and WebObjects application server development environment, among other notable features.

text: All but abandoning the idea of an operating system, NeXT managed to maintain a business selling WebObjects and consulting services, but was never a commercial success. NeXTSTEP underwent an evolution into OPENSTEP which separated the object layers from the operating system below, allowing it to run with less modification on other platforms. OPENSTEP was, for a short time, adopted by Sun Microsystems. However, by this point, a number of other companies — notably Apple, IBM, Microsoft, and even Sun itself — were claiming they would soon be releasing similar object-oriented operating systems and development tools of their own. (Some of these efforts, such as Taligent, did not fully come to fruition; others, like Java, gained widespread adoption.)

text: On February 4, 1997, Apple Computer acquired NeXT for $427 million, and used OPENSTEP as the basis for Mac OS X, as it was called at the time.[8] Traces of the NeXT software heritage can still be seen in macOS. For example, in the Cocoa development environment, the Objective-C library classes have "NS" prefixes, and the HISTORY section of the manual page for the defaults command in macOS straightforwardly states that the command "First appeared in NeXTStep."

text: Internal development[edit]

text: Meanwhile, Apple was facing commercial difficulties of its own. The decade-old Macintosh System Software had reached the limits of its single-user, co-operative multitasking architecture, and its once-innovative user interface was looking increasingly outdated. A massive development effort to replace it, known as Copland, was started in 1994, but was generally perceived outside Apple to be a hopeless case due to political infighting and conflicting goals. By 1996, Copland was nowhere near ready for release, and the project was eventually cancelled. Some elements of Copland were incorporated into Mac OS 8, released on July 26, 1997.

text: After considering the purchase of BeOS — a multimedia-enabled, multi-tasking OS designed for hardware similar to Apple's — the company decided instead to acquire NeXT and use OPENSTEP as the basis for their new OS. Avie Tevanian took over OS development, and Steve Jobs was brought on as a consultant. At first, the plan was to develop a new operating system based almost entirely on an updated version of OPENSTEP, with the addition of a virtual machine subsystem — known as the Blue Box — for running "classic" Macintosh applications. The result was known by the code name Rhapsody, slated for release in late 1998.

text: Apple expected that developers would port their software to the considerably more powerful OPENSTEP libraries once they learned of its power and flexibility. Instead, several major developers such as Adobe told Apple that this would never occur, and that they would rather leave the platform entirely. This "rejection" of Apple's plan was largely the result of a string of previous broken promises from Apple; after watching one "next OS" after another disappear and Apple's market share dwindle, developers were not interested in doing much work on the platform at all, let alone a re-write.

text: Changed direction under Jobs[edit]

text: Apple's financial losses continued and the board of directors lost confidence in CEO Gil Amelio, asking him to resign. The board asked Steve Jobs to lead the company on an interim basis, essentially giving him carte blanche to make changes to return the company to profitability. When Jobs announced at the World Wide Developer's Conference that what developers really wanted was a modern version of the Mac OS, and Apple was going to deliver it[citation needed], he was met with thunderous applause. Over the next two years, major effort was applied to porting the original Macintosh APIs to Unix libraries known as Carbon. Mac OS applications could be ported to Carbon without the need for a complete re-write, making them operate as native applications on the new operating system. Meanwhile, applications written using the older toolkits would be supported using the "Classic" Mac OS 9 environment. Support for C, C++, Objective-C, Java, and Python were added, furthering developer comfort with the new platform.

text: During this time, the lower layers of the operating system (the Mach kernel and the BSD layers on top of it[9]) were re-packaged and released under the Apple Public Source License. They became known as Darwin. The Darwin kernel provides a stable and flexible operating system, which takes advantage of the contributions of programmers and independent open-source projects outside Apple; however, it sees little use outside the Macintosh community[citation needed]. During this period, the Java programming language had increased in popularity, and an effort was started to improve Mac Java support. This consisted of porting a high-speed Java virtual machine to the platform, and exposing macOS-specific "Cocoa" APIs to the Java language.

text: The first release of the new OS — Mac OS X Server 1.0 — used a modified version of the Mac OS GUI, but all client versions starting with Mac OS X Developer Preview 3 used a new theme known as Aqua. Aqua was a substantial departure from the Mac OS 9 interface, which had evolved with little change from that of the original Macintosh operating system: it incorporated full color scalable graphics, anti-aliasing of text and graphics, simulated shading and highlights, transparency and shadows, and animation. A key new feature was the Dock, an application launcher which took advantage of these capabilities. Despite this, OS X maintained a substantial degree of consistency with the traditional Mac OS interface and Apple's own Apple Human Interface Guidelines, with its pull-down menu at the top of the screen, familiar keyboard shortcuts, and support for a single-button mouse. The development of Aqua was delayed somewhat by the switch from OpenStep's Display PostScript engine to one developed in-house that was free of any license restrictions, known as Quartz.

text: Releases[edit]

text: With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, the first several macOS versions were named after big cats. Prior to its release, version 10.0 was code named "Cheetah" internally at Apple, and version 10.1 was code named internally as "Puma". After the code name "Jaguar" for version 10.2 received publicity in the media, Apple began openly using the names to promote the operating system: 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", 10.4 as "Tiger", 10.5 as "Leopard", 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", 10.7 as "Lion", and 10.8 as "Mountain Lion". "Panther", "Tiger", and "Leopard" were registered as trademarks, and Apple registered "Lynx" and "Cougar", but these were allowed to lapse,[10] with Apple instead using the name of iconic locations in California for subsequent releases: 10.9 Mavericks is named after Mavericks, a popular surfing destination; 10.10 Yosemite is named after Yosemite National Park; 10.11 El Capitan is named for El Capitan; 10.12 Sierra is named for the Sierra Nevada mountain range; and 10.13 High Sierra is named for the area around the High Sierra Camps.

text: Public Beta: "Kodiak"[edit]

text: On September 13, 2000 Apple released a $29.95[11] "preview" version of Mac OS X (internally codenamed Kodiak) in order to gain feedback from users.[12] It marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface, and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in spring 2001.[13]

text: Version 10.0: "Cheetah"[edit]

text: On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah).[14] The initial version was slow, incomplete, and had very few applications available at the time of its launch, mostly from independent developers. While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve. Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment, for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, kernel panics became much less frequent.

text: Version 10.1: "Puma"[edit]

text: Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released on September 25, 2001.[15] It had better performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.[16] On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.[17]

text: Version 10.2: "Jaguar"[edit]

text: On August 23, 2002,[18] Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding.[19] It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple[20] ), including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book, and an instant messaging client named iChat.[21] The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X 10.2.

text: Version 10.3: "Panther"[edit]

text: Mac OS X Panther was released on October 24, 2003. In addition to providing much improved performance, it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Exposé (Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added videoconferencing features to iChat), improved Portable Document Format (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability.[22] Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.

text: Version 10.4: "Tiger"[edit]

text: Mac OS X Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features.[23] As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with a built-in FireWire port. Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services. On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release dropping support for the Classic environment.[24] Only PowerPC Macs can be booted from retail copies of the Tiger client DVD, but there is a Universal DVD of Tiger Server 10.4.7 (8K1079) that can boot both PowerPC and Intel Macs.

text: Version 10.5: "Leopard"[edit]

text: Mac OS X Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel x86-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed,[25] full support for 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification.[1][26] Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications,[27] and was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.

text: Version 10.6: "Snow Leopard"[edit]

text: Mac OS X Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009, the last version to be available on disc. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, the development of Snow Leopard was deliberately focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes are these: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean installation compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Machine backups, more reliable and user friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster Safari web browser. An update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications and subsequent macOS upgrades.[28] Snow Leopard only supports machines with Intel CPUs, requires at least 1 GB of RAM, and drops default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rosetta can be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).[29]

text: Version 10.7: "Lion"[edit]

text: Mac OS X Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications (Launchpad) and (a greater use of) multi-touch gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it incapable of running PowerPC applications. It dropped support for 32-bit Intel processors and requires 2GB of memory. Changes made to the GUI (Graphical User Interface) include the Launchpad (similar to the home screen of iOS devices), auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used, and Mission Control, which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface.[30] Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed (similar to iOS). Documents auto-save by default.

text: Version 10.8: "Mountain Lion"[edit]

text: OS X Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud. 2GB of memory is required.[31] Notification Center, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features, including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine.[32] Notification Center is added, providing an overview of alerts from applications. Notes is added, as an application separate from Mail, synching with its iOS counterpart[33][34] through the iCloud service. Messages, an instant messaging software application,[35] replaces iChat.[36]

text: Version 10.9: "Mavericks"[edit]

text: OS X Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013, as a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide.[37] It placed emphasis on battery life, Finder enhancements, other enhancements for power users, and continued iCloud integration, as well as bringing more of Apple's iOS apps to the OS X platform. iBooks and Apple Maps applications were added. Mavericks requires 2GB of memory to operate. It is the first version named under Apple's then-new theme of places in California, dubbed Mavericks after the surfing location.[38][39] Unlike previous versions of OS X, which had progressively decreasing prices since 10.6, 10.9 was available at no charge to all users of compatible systems running Snow Leopard (10.6) or later,[40] beginning Apple's policy of free upgrades for life on its operating system and business software.[41]

text: Version 10.10: "Yosemite"[edit]

text: OS X Yosemite was released to the general public on October 16, 2014, as a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide. It featured a major overhaul of user interface, replaced skeuomorphism with flat graphic design and blurred translucency effects, following the aesthetic introduced with iOS 7. It introduced features called Continuity and Handoff, which allow for tighter integration between paired OS X and iOS devices: the user can handle phone calls or text messages on either their Mac or their iPhone, and edit the same Pages document on either their Mac or their iPad. A later update of the OS included Photos as a replacement for iPhoto and Aperture.

text: Version 10.11: "El Capitan"[edit]

text: OS X El Capitan was revealed on June 8, 2015, during the WWDC keynote speech.[42] It was made available as a public beta in July and was made available publicly on September 30, 2015. Apple described this release as containing "Refinements to the Mac Experience" and "Improvements to System Performance" rather than new features. Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to the Notes application, as well as adopting San Francisco as the system font. Metal API, an application enhancing software, had debuted in this operating system, being available to "all Macs since 2012".[43]

text: Version 10.12: "Sierra"[edit]

text: macOS Sierra was announced on June 13, 2016, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released publicly on September 20, 2016.

text: Version 10.13: "High Sierra"[edit]

text: macOS High Sierra was announced on June 5, 2017, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released on September 25, 2017. The release includes many under-the-hood improvements, including a switch to Apple File System (APFS), the introduction of Metal 2, support for HEVC video, and improvements to VR support. In addition, numerous changes were made to standard applications including Photos, Safari, Notes, and Spotlight.[44]

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Timeline of Macintosh operating systems