document_title: Othello

question_text: what does the title of the play othello the moor of venice mean

text: Othello

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Othello – General in the Venetian military
Desdemona – Othello's wife; daughter of Brabantio
Iago – Othello's trusted, but jealous and traitorous ensign
Cassio – Othello's loyal and most beloved captain
Bianca – Cassio's lover
Emilia – Iago's wife and Desdemona's maidservant
Brabantio – Venetian senator and Desdemona's father (can also be called Brabanzio)
Roderigo – dissolute Venetian, in love with Desdemona
Doge of Venice
Gratiano – Brabantio's brother
Lodovico – Brabantio's kinsman and Desdemona's cousin
Montano – Othello's Venetian predecessor in the government of Cyprus
Clown – servant
Senators
Sailor
Officers, Gentlemen, Messenger, Herald, Attendants, Musicians, etc.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Act I[edit]

text: Roderigo, a wealthy and dissolute gentleman, complains to his friend Iago, an ensign, that Iago has not told him about the secret marriage between Desdemona, the daughter of a Senator named Brabantio, and Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army. Roderigo is upset because he loves Desdemona and had asked her father for her hand in marriage.

text: Iago hates Othello for promoting a younger man named Cassio above him, whom Iago considers less capable a soldier than himself, and tells Roderigo that he plans to use Othello for his own advantage. Iago convinces Roderigo to wake Brabantio and tell him about his daughter's elopement. Meanwhile, Iago sneaks away to find Othello and warns him that Brabantio is coming for him.

text: Brabantio, provoked by Roderigo, is enraged and will not rest until he has beheaded Othello, but he finds Othello's residence full of the Duke of Venice's guards, who prevent violence. News has arrived in Venice that the Turks are going to attack Cyprus; therefore Othello is summoned to advise the senators. Brabantio has no option but to accompany Othello to the Duke's residence, where he accuses Othello of seducing Desdemona by witchcraft.

text: Othello defends himself before the Duke of Venice, Brabantio's kinsmen Lodovico and Gratiano, and various senators. Othello explains that Desdemona became enamoured of him for the sad and compelling stories he told of his life before Venice, not because of any witchcraft. The senate is satisfied, once Desdemona confirms that she loves Othello, but Brabantio leaves saying that Desdemona will betray Othello: "Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see:/She has deceived her father, and may thee," (Act I, Sc 3). Iago, still in the room, takes note of Brabantio's remark. By order of the Duke, Othello leaves Venice to command the Venetian armies against invading Turks on the island of Cyprus, accompanied by his new wife, his new lieutenant Cassio, his ensign Iago, and Iago's wife, Emilia, as Desdemona's attendant.

text: Act II[edit]

text: The party arrives in Cyprus to find that a storm has destroyed the Turkish fleet. Othello orders a general celebration and leaves to consummate his marriage with Desdemona. In his absence, Iago gets Cassio drunk, and then persuades Roderigo to draw Cassio into a fight. Montano tries to calm an angry and drunk Cassio down, but end up fighting one another. Montano is injured in the fight. Othello reenters and questions the men as to what happened. Othello blames Cassio for the disturbance and strips him of his rank. Cassio is distraught. Iago persuades Cassio to importune Desdemona to convince her husband to reinstate Cassio.

text: Act III[edit]

text: Iago now persuades Othello to be suspicious of Cassio and Desdemona. When Desdemona drops a handkerchief (the first gift given to her by Othello), Emilia finds it, and gives it to her husband Iago, at his request, unaware of what he plans to do with it. Othello reenters and vows with Iago for the death of Desdemona and Cassio, after which he makes Iago his lieutenant. Act III, scene iii is considered to be the turning point of the play as it is the scene in which Iago successfully sows the seeds of doubt in Othello's mind, inevitably sealing Othello's fate.

text: Act IV[edit]

text: Iago plants the handkerchief in Cassio's lodgings, then tells Othello to watch Cassio's reactions while Iago questions him. Iago goads Cassio on to talk about his affair with Bianca, a local courtesan, but whispers her name so quietly that Othello believes the two men are talking about Desdemona. Later, Bianca accuses Cassio of giving her a second-hand gift which he had received from another lover. Othello sees this, and Iago convinces him that Cassio received the handkerchief from Desdemona.

text: Enraged and hurt, Othello resolves to kill his wife and asks Iago to kill Cassio. Othello proceeds to make Desdemona's life miserable, hitting her in front of visiting Venetian nobles. Meanwhile, Roderigo complains that he has received no results from Iago in return for his money and efforts to win Desdemona, but Iago convinces him to kill Cassio.

text: Act V[edit]

text: Roderigo, having been manipulated by Iago, attacks Cassio in the street after Cassio leaves Bianca's lodgings. Cassio wounds Roderigo. During the scuffle, Iago comes from behind Cassio and badly cuts his leg. In the darkness, Iago manages to hide his identity, and when Lodovico and Gratiano hear Cassio's cries for help, Iago joins them. When Cassio identifies Roderigo as one of his attackers, Iago secretly stabs Roderigo to stop him revealing the plot. Iago then accuses Bianca of the failed conspiracy to kill Cassio.

text: Othello confronts Desdemona, and then strangles her to death in their bed. When Emilia arrives, Othello accuses Desdemona of adultery. Emilia calls for help. The former governor Montano arrives, with Gratiano and Iago. When Othello mentions the handkerchief as proof, Emilia realizes what her husband Iago has done, and she exposes him, whereupon he kills her. Othello, belatedly realising Desdemona's innocence, stabs Iago but not fatally, saying that he would rather have Iago live the rest of his life in pain.

text: Iago refuses to explain his motives, vowing to remain silent from that moment on. Lodovico apprehends both Iago and Othello for the murders of Roderigo and Emilia, but Othello commits suicide. Lodovico appoints Cassio Othello's successor and exhorts Cassio to punish Iago justly.

text: Cinthio source[edit]

text: Othello is an adaptation of the Italian writer Cinthio's tale "Un Capitano Moro" ("A Moorish Captain") from his Gli Hecatommithi (1565), a collection of one hundred tales in the style of Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron. No English translation of Cinthio was available in Shakespeare's lifetime, and verbal echoes in Othello are closer to the Italian original than to Gabriel Chappuy's 1584 French translation. Cinthio's tale may have been based on an actual incident occurring in Venice about 1508.[2] It also resembles an incident described in the earlier tale of "The Three Apples", one of the stories narrated in the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights).[3] Desdemona is the only named character in Cinthio's tale, with his few other characters identified only as the "Moor", the "Squadron Leader", the "Ensign", and the "Ensign's Wife" (corresponding to the play's Othello, Cassio, Iago and Emilia). Cinthio drew a moral (which he placed in the mouth of Desdemona) that it is unwise for European women to marry the temperamental men of other nations.[4]

text: Cinthio's "Moor" is the model for Shakespeare's Othello, but some researchers believe the poet also took inspiration from the several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England circa 1600.[5] While Shakespeare closely followed Cinthio's tale in composing Othello, he departed from it in some details. Brabantio, Roderigo, and several minor characters are not found in Cinthio, for example, and Shakespeare's Emilia takes part in the handkerchief mischief while her counterpart in Cinthio does not. Unlike in Othello, in Cinthio, the "Ensign" (the play's Iago) lusts after Desdemona and is spurred to revenge when she rejects him. Shakespeare's opening scenes are unique to his tragedy, as is the tender scene between Emilia and Desdemona as the lady prepares for bed. Shakespeare's most striking departure from Cinthio is the manner of his heroine's death. In Shakespeare, Othello suffocates Desdemona, but in Cinthio, the "Moor" commissions the "Ensign" to bludgeon his wife to death with a sand-filled stocking. Cinthio describes each gruesome blow, and, when the lady is dead, the "Ensign" and the "Moor" place her lifeless body upon her bed, smash her skull, and cause the cracked ceiling above the bed to collapse upon her, giving the impression its falling rafters caused her death. In Cinthio, the two murderers escape detection. The "Moor" then misses Desdemona greatly, and comes to loathe the sight of the "Ensign". He demotes him, and refuses to have him in his company. The "Ensign" then seeks revenge by disclosing to the "Squadron Leader" the "Moor's" involvement in Desdemona's death. The two depart Cyprus for Venice, and denounce the "Moor" to the Venetian Seignory; he is arrested, taken to Venice, and tortured. He refuses to admit his guilt and is condemned to exile. Desdemona's relatives eventually find and kill him. The "Ensign", however, continues to escape detection in Desdemona's death, but engages in other crimes while in Venice. He is arrested and dies after being tortured. Cinthio's "Ensign's Wife" (the play's Emilia), survives her husband's death to tell her story.[6]

text: Cinthio's tale has been described as a "partly racist warning" about the dangers of miscegenation.[7] While supplying the source of the plot, the book offered nothing of the sense of place of Venice or Cyprus. For knowledge of this, Shakespeare may have used Gasparo Contarini's The Commonwealth and Government of Venice, in Lewes Lewkenor's 1599 translation.[8][9]

text: Date and context[edit]

text: The earliest mention of the play is found in a 1604 Revels Office account, which records that on "Hallamas Day, being the first of Nouembar ... the Kings Maiesties plaiers" performed "A Play in the Banketinghouse at Whit Hall Called The Moor of Venis." The work is attributed to "Shaxberd." The Revels account was first printed by Peter Cunningham in 1842, and, while its authenticity was once challenged, is now regarded as genuine (as authenticated by A.E. Stamp in 1930).[10] Based on its style, the play is usually dated 1603 or 1604, but arguments have been made for dates as early as 1601 or 1602.[2][11]

text: The play was entered into the Register of the Stationers Company on 6 October 1621, by Thomas Walkley, and was first published in quarto format by him in 1622:

text: One year later, the play was included among the plays in the First Folio of Shakespeare's collected plays. However, the version in the Folio is rather different in length, and in wording: as the editors of the Folger edition explain: "The Folio play has about 160 lines that do not appear in the Quarto. Some of these cluster together in quite extensive passages. The Folio also lacks a scattering of about a dozen lines or part-lines that are to be found in the Quarto. These two versions also differ from each other in their readings of numerous words.[12] Scholars differ in their explanation of these differences, and no consensus has emerged.[12] Kerrigan suggests that the 1623 Folio version of Othello and a number of other plays may have been cleaned-up relative to the Quarto to conform with the 1606 Act to Restrain Abuses, which made it an offence 'in any Stage-play, Interlude, Shew, Maygame, or Pageant, iestingly, and prophanely [to] speake, or vse the holy Name of God, or of Christ Iesus, or of the holy Ghost, or of the Trinitie'.[13] This is not incompatible with the suggestion that the Quarto is based on an early version of the play, whilst the Folio represents Shakespeare's revised version.[12] It may also be that the Quarto was cut in the printing house to meet a fixed number of pages.[2] Most modern editions are based on the longer Folio version, but often incorporate Quarto readings of words when the Folio text appears to be in error.[14] Quartos were also published in 1630, 1655, 1681, 1695, 1699 and 1705.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Iago versus Othello[edit]

text: Although its title suggests that the tragedy belongs primarily to Othello, Iago plays an important role in the plot. He reflects the archetypal villain, and has the biggest share of the dialogue. In Othello, it is Iago who manipulates all other characters at will, controlling their movements and trapping them in an intricate net of lies. He achieves this by getting close to all characters and playing on their weaknesses while they refer to him as "honest" Iago, thus furthering his control over the characters. A. C. Bradley, and more recently Harold Bloom, have been major advocates of this interpretation.[15] Other critics, most notably in the later twentieth century (after F. R. Leavis), have focused on Othello.

text: Race[edit]

text: Although characters described as "moors" appear in two other Shakespeare plays (Titus Andronicus and The Merchant of Venice), such characters were a rarity in contemporary theatre, and it was unknown for them to take centre stage.[17]

text: There is no consensus over Othello's ethnic origin. E. A. J. Honigmann, the editor of the Arden Shakespeare edition, concluded that Othello's race is ambiguous. "Renaissance representations of the Moor were vague, varied, inconsistent, and contradictory. As critics have established, the term 'Moor' referred to dark-skinned people in general, used interchangeably with terms such as 'African', 'Somali', 'Ethiopian', 'Negro', 'Arab', 'Berber', and even 'Indian' to designate a figure from Africa (or beyond)."[18][19] Various uses of the word black (for example, "Haply for I am black") are insufficient evidence for any accurate racial classification, Honigmann argues, since black could simply mean swarthy to Elizabethans. Iago twice uses the word Barbary or Barbarian to refer to Othello, seemingly referring to the Barbary coast inhabited by Berbers. Roderigo calls Othello "the thicklips", which seems to refer to Sub-Saharan African physiognomy, but Honigmann counters that, as these comments are all intended as insults by the characters, they need not be taken literally.[20]

text: Michael Neill, editor of The Oxford Shakespeare, notes that the earliest critical references to Othello's colour (Thomas Rymer's 1693 critique of the play, and the 1709 engraving in Nicholas Rowe's edition of Shakespeare) assume him to be Sub-Saharan, while the earliest known North African interpretation was not until Edmund Kean's production of 1814.[21] Honigmann discusses the view that Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun, Moorish ambassador of the Arab King of Barbary (Morocco) to Queen Elizabeth I in 1600, was one inspiration for Othello. He stayed with his retinue in London for several months and occasioned much discussion. While Shakespeare's play was written only a few years afterwards, Honigmann questions the view that ben Messaoud himself was a significant influence on it.[22]

text: Othello is referred to as a "Barbary horse" (1.1.113) and a "lascivious Moor" (1.1.127). In 3.3 he denounces Desdemona's supposed sin as being "black as mine own face". Desdemona's physical whiteness is otherwise presented in opposition to Othello's dark skin: 5.2 "that whiter skin of hers than snow". Iago tells Brabantio that "an old black ram / is tupping your white ewe" (1.1.88). In Elizabethan discourse, the word "black" could suggest various concepts that extended beyond the physical colour of skin, including a wide range of negative connotations.[24][25]

text: Othello was frequently performed as an Arab Moor during the 19th century. He was first played by a black man on the London stage in 1833 by the most important of the nineteenth-century Othellos, the African American Ira Aldridge who had been forced to leave his home country to make his career.[26]

text: The first major screen production casting a black actor as Othello did not come until 1995, with Laurence Fishburne opposite Kenneth Branagh's Iago.[27] In the past, Othello would often have been portrayed by a white actor in blackface or in a black mask: more recent actors who chose to 'black up' include Ralph Richardson (1937); John Gielgud (1961); Laurence Olivier (1964); Anthony Hopkins (1981), and Orson Welles (1952).[27] Ground-breaking black American actor Paul Robeson played the role in three different productions between 1930 and 1959. The casting of the role comes with a political subtext. Patrick Stewart played the role alongside an otherwise all-black cast in the Shakespeare Theatre Company's 1997 staging of the play[28][29] and Thomas Thieme, also white, played Othello in a 2007 Munich Kammerspiele staging at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford. Michael Gambon also took the role in 1980 and 1991; their performances were critically acclaimed.[30][31] Carlo Rota, of Mediterranean (British Italian) heritage, played the character on Canadian television in 2008.[32]

text: The race of the title role is often seen as Shakespeare's way of isolating the character, culturally as well as visually, from the Venetian nobles and officers, and the isolation may seem more genuine when a black actor takes the role. But questions of race may not boil down to a simple decision of casting a single role. In 1979, Keith Fowler’s production of Othello mixed the races throughout the company. Produced by the American Revels Company at the Empire Theater (renamed the November Theater in 2011) in Richmond, Virginia, this production starred African American actor Clayton Corbin in the title role, with Henry K. Bal, a Hawaiian actor of mixed ethnicity, playing Iago. Othello’s army was composed of both black and white mercenaries. Iago’s wife, Emilia was played by the popular black actress, Marie Goodman Hunter.[33] The 2016 production at the New York Theatre Workshop, directed by Sam Gold, also effectively used a mixed-race cast, starring English actors David Oyelowo as Othello and Daniel Craig as Iago. Desdemona is played by American actress Rachel Brosnahan, Cassio is played by Finn Wittrock, and Emillia is played by Marsha Stephanie Blake.

text: As the Protestant Reformation of England proclaimed the importance of pious, controlled behaviour in society, it was the tendency of the contemporary Englishman to displace society's "undesirable" qualities of barbarism, treachery, jealousy and libidinousness onto those who are considered "other".[34] The assumed characteristics of black men, or "the other", were both instigated and popularised by Renaissance dramas of the time; for example, the treachery of black men inherent to George Peele's The Battle of Alcazar (1588).[35] It has been argued that it is Othello's "otherness" which makes him so vulnerable to manipulation. Audiences of the time would expect Othello to be insecure about his race and the implied age gap between himself and Desdemona.

text: Religious and philosophical[edit]

text: The title "Moor" implies a religious "other" of North African or Middle Eastern descent. Though the actual racial definition of the term is murky, the implications are religious as well as racial.[36] Many critics have noted references to demonic possession throughout the play, especially in relation to Othello's seizure, a phenomenon often associated with possession in the popular consciousness of the day.[37] Thomas M. Vozar, in a 2012 article in Philosophy and Literature , suggests that the epileptic fit relates to the mind–body problem and the existence of the soul.[38]

text: The hero[edit]

text: There have been many differing views on the character of Othello over the years. A.C. Bradley calls Othello the "most romantic of all of Shakespeare's heroes" (by "hero" Bradley means protagonist) and "the greatest poet of them all". On the other hand, F.R. Leavis describes Othello as "egotistical". There are those who also take a less critical approach to the character of Othello such as William Hazlitt, who said: "the nature of the Moor is noble ... but his blood is of the most inflammable kind".

text: Performance history[edit]

text: Pre-20th century[edit]

text: Othello possesses an unusually detailed performance record. The first certainly known performance occurred on 1 November 1604, at Whitehall Palace in London, being mentioned in a Revels account on "Hallamas Day, being the first of Nouembar", 1604, when "the Kings Maiesties plaiers" performed "A Play in the Banketinge house at Whit Hall Called The Moor of Venis". The play is there attributed to "Shaxberd".[39] Subsequent performances took place on Monday, 30 April 1610 at the Globe Theatre, and at Oxford in September 1610.[40] On 22 November 1629, and on 6 May 1635, it played at the Blackfriars Theatre. Othello was also one of the twenty plays performed by the King's Men during the winter of 1612, in celebration of the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V, Elector Palatine.[41]

text: At the start of the Restoration era, on 11 October 1660, Samuel Pepys saw the play at the Cockpit Theatre. Nicholas Burt played the lead, with Charles Hart as Cassio; Walter Clun won fame for his Iago. Soon after, on 8 December 1660, Thomas Killigrew's new King's Company acted the play at their Vere Street theatre, with Margaret Hughes as Desdemona – probably the first time a professional actress appeared on a public stage in England.

text: It may be one index of the play's power that Othello was one of the very few Shakespearean plays that was never adapted and changed during the Restoration and the eighteenth century.[42]

text: As Shakespeare regained popularity among nineteenth-century French Romantics, poet, playwright, and novelist Alfred de Vigny created a French translation of Othello, titled Le More de Venise, which premiered at the Comédie-Française on 24 October 1829.

text: Famous nineteenth-century Othellos included Ira Aldridge, Edmund Kean, Edwin Forrest, and Tommaso Salvini, and outstanding Iagos were Edwin Booth and Henry Irving.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: The most notable American production may be Margaret Webster's 1943 staging starring Paul Robeson as Othello and José Ferrer as Iago. This production was the first ever in America to feature a black actor playing Othello with an otherwise all-white cast (there had been all-black productions of the play before). It ran for 296 performances, almost twice as long as any other Shakespearean play ever produced on Broadway. Although it was never filmed, it was the first lengthy performance of a Shakespeare play released on records, first on a multi-record 78 RPM set and then on a 3-LP one. Robeson had first played the role in London in 1931 in a cast that included Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona and Ralph Richardson as Roderigo, and would return to it in 1959 at Stratford on Avon with co-stars Mary Ure, Sam Wanamaker and Vanessa Redgrave. The critics had mixed reactions to the "flashy" 1959 production which included mid-western accents and rock-and roll drumbeats but gave Robeson primarily good reviews.[43] W. A. Darlington of The Daily Telegraph ranked Robeson's Othello as the best he had ever seen[44] while the Daily Express, which had for years before published consistently scathing articles about Robeson for his leftist views, praised his "strong and stately" performance (though in turn suggested it was a "triumph of presence not acting").[45]

text: Actors have alternated the roles of Iago and Othello in productions to stir audience interest since the nineteenth century. Two of the most notable examples of this role swap were William Charles Macready and Samuel Phelps at Drury Lane (1837) and Richard Burton and John Neville at The Old Vic (1955). When Edwin Booth's tour of England in 1880 was not well attended, Henry Irving invited Booth to alternate the roles of Othello and Iago with him in London. The stunt renewed interest in Booth's tour. James O'Neill also alternated the roles of Othello and Iago with Booth.

text: The American actor William Marshall performed the title role in at least six productions. His Othello was called by Harold Hobson of the London Sunday Times "the best Othello of our time,"[46] continuing: "...nobler than Tearle, more martial than Gielgud, more poetic than Valk. From his first entry, slender and magnificently tall, framed in a high Byzantine arch, clad in white samite, mystic, wonderful, a figure of Arabian romance and grace, to his last plunging of the knife into his stomach, Mr Marshall rode without faltering the play's enormous rhetoric, and at the end the house rose to him."[47] Marshall also played Othello in a jazz musical version, Catch My Soul, with Jerry Lee Lewis as Iago, in Los Angeles in 1968.[48] His Othello was captured on record in 1964 with Jay Robinson as Iago and on video in 1981 with Ron Moody as Iago. The 1982 Broadway staging starred James Earl Jones as Othello and Christopher Plummer as Iago, who became the only actor to receive a Tony Award nomination for a performance in the play.

text: When Laurence Olivier gave his acclaimed performance of Othello at the Royal National Theatre in 1964, he had developed a case of stage fright that was so profound that when he was alone onstage, Frank Finlay (who was playing Iago) would have to stand offstage where Olivier could see him to settle his nerves.[49] This performance was recorded complete on LP, and filmed by popular demand in 1965 (according to a biography of Olivier, tickets for the stage production were notoriously hard to get). The film version still holds the record for the most Oscar nominations for acting ever given to a Shakespeare film – Olivier, Finlay, Maggie Smith (as Desdemona) and Joyce Redman (as Emilia, Iago's wife) were all nominated for Academy Awards. Olivier was among the last white actors to be greatly acclaimed as Othello, although the role continued to be played by such performers as Donald Sinden at the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1979–1980, Paul Scofield at the Royal National Theatre in 1980, Anthony Hopkins in the BBC Television Shakespeare production (1981), and Michael Gambon in a stage production at Scarborough directed by Alan Ayckbourn in 1990. Gambon had been in Olivier's earlier production. In an interview Gambon commented "I wasn't even the second gentleman in that. I didn't have any lines at all. I was at the back like that, standing for an hour. [It's] what I used to do – I had a metal helmet, I had an earplug, and we used to listen to The Archers. No one knew. All the line used to listen to The Archers. And then I went and played Othello myself at Birmingham Rep I was 27. Olivier sent me a telegram on the first night. He said, "Copy me." He said, "Do what I used to do." Olivier used to lower his voice for Othello so I did mine. He used to paint the big negro lips on. You couldn't do it today, you'd get shot. He had the complete negro face. And the hips. I did all that. I copied him exactly. Except I had a pony tail. I played him as an Arab. I stuck a pony tail on with a bell on the end of it. I thought that would be nice. Every time I moved my hair went wild."[50] British blacking-up for Othello ended with Gambon in 1990, however the Royal Shakespeare Company didn't run the play at all on the main Stratford stage until 1999, when Ray Fearon became the first black British actor to take the part, the first black man to play Othello with the RSC since Robeson.[51]

text: In 1997, Patrick Stewart took the role of Othello with the Shakespeare Theatre Company (Washington, D.C.) in a race-bending performance, in a "photo negative" production of a white Othello with an otherwise all-black cast. Stewart had wanted to play the title role since the age of 14, so he and director Jude Kelly inverted the play so Othello became a comment on a white man entering a black society.[28][29] The interpretation of the role is broadening, with theatre companies casting Othello as a woman or inverting the gender of the whole cast to explore gender questions in Shakespeare's text. Companies have also chosen to share the role between several actors during a performance.[52][53]

text: Canadian playwright Ann-Marie MacDonald's 1988 award-winning play Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet) is a revision of Othello and Romeo and Juliet in which an academic deciphers a cryptic manuscript she believes to be the original source for the tragedies, and is transported into the plays themselves.[54]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: Othello opened at the Donmar Warehouse in London on 4 December 2007, directed by Michael Grandage, with Chiwetel Ejiofor as Othello, Ewan McGregor as Iago, Tom Hiddleston as Cassio, Kelly Reilly as Desdemona and Michelle Fairley as Emillia. Ejiofor, Hiddleston and Fairley all received nominations for Laurence Olivier Awards, with Ejiofor winning. Stand-up comedian Lenny Henry played Othello in 2009 produced by Northern Broadsides in collaboration with West Yorkshire Playhouse.[55] In March 2016 the historian Onyeka produced a play entitled Young Othello, a fictional take on Othello’s young life before the events of Shakespeare’s play.[56][57] In June 2016, baritone and actor David Serero played the title role in a Moroccan adaptation featuring Judeo-Arabic songs and Verdi's opera version in New York.[58][59] In 2017, Ben Naylor directed the play for the Pop-up Globe in Auckland , with Māori actor Te Kohe Tuhaka in the title role, Jasmine Blackborow as Desdemona and Haakon Smestad as Iago.[60] The production transferred to Melbourne, Australia with another Maori actor, Regan Taylor, taking over the title role.[61]

text: In September 2013, a Tamil adaptation entitled Othello, the Fall of a Warrior was directed and produced in Singapore by Subramanian Ganesh.[citation needed]

text: Adaptations and cultural references[edit]

text: Othello as a literary character has appeared in many representations within popular culture over several centuries.


document_title: Bobby Hopper Tunnel

question_text: who was the bobby hopper tunnel named after

root

text: Bobby Hopper Tunnel

text: Description[edit]

text: The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately 1,600 feet (0.49 km) in length, 38 feet (12 m) wide and 25 feet (7.6 m) tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel, while northbound traffic experiences a corresponding ascending gradient.[citation needed] Cross-passages occur every 265 feet (81 m) allowing for five emergency ways in. Besides paved openings, the tunnel has traffic signals, lighting, message signs, carbon monoxide monitors, fire protection, and closed-circuit television systems to monitor traffic remotely at the Fort Smith highway department district headquarters.

tag: p

text: The tunnel was named for the director of the Arkansas Highway Commission (a resident of nearby Springdale, Arkansas) during the time of its construction. This is the only highway tunnel in the state of Arkansas; there are seven railroad tunnels but only one highway tunnel in the state. The Bobby Hopper Tunnel is located on I-49 in Washington County just north of the Crawford County line with its closest exit at Winslow.

text: History[edit]

text: U.S. Route 71 (US 71) once classified as "one of the most dangerous highways in America," includes a perilous stretch between Alma and Fayetteville through the Ozark Plateau. Thus, construction of an alternate route was designed to make the trip safer, as well as reducing travel time. Approved in 1987 and completed in 1999, at a cost of $458 million, the alternate route, eventually named I-49, had an obstacle of an unnamed 1,800-foot-tall (550 m) peak just north of the Washington–Crawford county line in what John Haman of Arkansas Business called "smack in the middle of motoring wilderness."[citation needed] A tunnel feasibility study was awarded to Garver USA, which subcontracted with Sverdrup Corporation of Maryland Heights, Missouri, and TapanAm Associates, Inc., of Kansas City, Missouri, to determine the best option—a tunnel. The alternative would disfigure the topography and necessitate a 200-foot (61 m) cut creating 8 million cubic yards (6.1×10^6 m3) of debris to be disposed, as it was not usable within the project.

text: At an elevation of 1,640 feet (500 m) above sea level, twin parallel tunnels were mined, not bored, through the mountain in a horseshoe contour since a circular shape, like that used in sewer or train projects, was not needed. Blasting, drilling, and excavation removed native shale and sandstone rocks, slowly chipping to the desired width and length. The hollowed-out channel was lined with reinforced concrete, as were both openings. The finished total length is 1,595.2 feet (486.2 m), with a width of 38 feet (12 m) and a height of 25 feet (7.6 m), as measured from the roadway to the top of the arch, allowing for two lanes of traffic and shoulder space on each portal.


document_title: List of School of Rock episodes

question_text: when is season 3 of school of rock coming out

text: List of School of Rock episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
March 12, 2016 (2016-03-12)
June 18, 2016 (2016-06-18)

2
13
September 17, 2016 (2016-09-17)
January 28, 2017 (2017-01-28)

3
20[1]
July 8, 2017 (2017-07-08)
TBA

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [2][3]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [2][3]
Prod.
code [2]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Come Together"
Jonathan Judge
Jim Armogida & Steve Armogida
Mike White
March 12, 2016 (2016-03-12)
112
2.38[4]

Dewey Finn, a rock musician, becomes the new substitute teacher for a class when their teacher, Mrs. Calpakis, was taken to rest indefinitely due to falling from a skateboard. The students quickly discover that he's not a real teacher. Mr. Finn then discovers that the students are very talented with music and has an idea to have them play rock music to learn. The students like it at first, but they're afraid that Principal Mullins will catch them so they come up with a plan to be a secret band. Mr. Finn thinks that he's not qualified to be a teacher and decides to quit, but the students convince him to come back and start a secret band which he agrees to.
Guest stars: Jama Williamson (Principal Mullins), Vernèe Watson

2
2
"Cover Me"
Jonathan Judge
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
March 19, 2016 (2016-03-19)
102
1.68[5]

The band needs a singer to be able to compete in "Battle of the Bands", so Summer decides to do it so that Freddie will notice her. The problem is that she can't sing, so Tomika teaches her but still isn't able to get it right. Tomika helps Summer by having her lip synch and Tomika will do the actual singing. The class realizes that Summer can't sing and that Tomika can. The class tries to convince Tomika to be the singer but she rejects the idea. Summer then tries to convince Tomika to be the singer and finally Tomika agrees.
Special guest star: Pete Wentz

3
3
"Video Killed the Speed Debate Star"
Bruce Leddy
Jeremy Hall
March 26, 2016 (2016-03-26)
104
1.63[6]

In an effort to provide warnings whenever Principl Mullins comes to the class, Lawrence inadvertently suggests to put a camera on the class, which disables the band to practice. Meanwhile, Mr. Finn helps Summer for the speed debate contest through rapping. As Mr. Finn and Lawrence install the video of him teaching on Mullins' office, Summer buys them time by slowing down the debate, but goes rapping when they are finished, which make her winning the speed debate. The next day, Principal Mullins ask Lawrence to put the camera down due to camera tape on her dancing in the hallway gets leaked.
Guest star: Jama Williamson

4
4
"The Story of Us (But More About Me)"
Bruce Leddy
Eric Friedman
April 2, 2016 (2016-04-02)
103
1.42[7]

Guest star: Jama Williamson

5
5
"We're Not Gonna Take It"
Trevor Kirschner
Laurie Parres
April 9, 2016 (2016-04-09)
105
1.47[8]

When Zack's father catches him playing rock on the electric guitar when he is supposed to be playing classical music on the classic guitar, he moves Zack to another class, convinced that Mr Finn is a bad influence on Zack. The class that Zack is moved to is very boring and Mr Finn, Tomika, Lawrence and the gang must work together to get Zack back. They device a plan: every time Mr Finn comes with a distraction for Zack's new teacher, Zack jumps out of the class window to escape for band practice and Freddy and Lawrence catch him. However, Principal Mullins catches Zack when Freddy and Lawrence run away when spotting her, leaving a clueless Zack to jump out right in front of Principal Mullins. Zack's father is called to the school and talks to Principal Mullins, Mr Finn and Zack. After discovering that Mr Finn has been able to influence Zack to be able to express his opinion by himself like Zack's father has never done, Zack's father agrees to let Zack return to Mr Finn's class. The episode ends with Zack returned to Mr Finn's class and the band being able to continue holding practices, ensuring the continuation of the band.
Guest stars: Jama Williamson, James Kyson, Matt Champagne

6
6
"A Band with No Name"
Michael Shea
Kevin Jakubowski
April 16, 2016 (2016-04-16)
106
1.42[9]

As the band gets their first gig on the birthday party of a seven-year-old girl, they are faced with a challenge: they have to choose a band name or else they will end up with a princess band name. Mr. Finn suggests "Paradoxx", but nobody seems to like that idea. After a lot of arguing over the name, the band splits up to two parts, "Summer and the Timewarps" and "Smog Check". Mr. Finn gets them back together by lying to both of them that only they will be performing at the birthday party. The girl notices that the band split up and makes the princess she hired as a backup perform a song instead, but after some time, the band stops fighting and they sing a rock version of the princess' song, and everyone likes it. They end up with the name "School of Rock".
Guest stars: Kira Kosarin, Tom Wilson, Ashlyn Faith Williams

7
7
"We Can Be Heroes, Sort Of"
Savage Steve Holland
Jay Kogen
April 23, 2016 (2016-04-23)
108
1.25[10]

Tomika becomes shy after her brothers post some videos of her making silly faces while practicing at home. Mr. Finn helps her overcome her fear by suggesting her to take inspiration from her idol, who is Demi Lovato. Mr. Finn lies that he knows Lovato, who is in town for the week, but he fails to find her in the hotel because she used a fake name. Meanwhile, Tomika dresses up like Lovato, but she ends up pushing the band too hard by trying to match Lovato's band too closely. Tomika apologizes to the band for pushing them too hard, and after some rehearsals they have done earlier, they end up performing Lovato's song "Heart Attack" by being themselves rather than trying to copy her band. As Mr. Finn enters the classroom dressed up like Lovato, the students immediately recognize him and he says he was unable to find her. To everyone's surprise, Lawrence says he met Lovato in the hotel, and everyone gets tickets to her show that night.
Guest stars: Jama Williamson, Iqbal Theba

8
8
"Should I Stay or Should I Go?"
Sean Lambert
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
April 30, 2016 (2016-04-30)
107
1.41[11]

Guest stars: Kendall Schmidt, Sam Horrigan

9
9
"Money (That's What I Want)"
Trevor Kirschner
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
May 7, 2016 (2016-05-07)
110
1.11[12]

Guest stars: Jama Williamson, Shaun Brown

10
10
"Freddy Fights for His Right to Party"
Jay Kogen
Jeremy Hall
June 4, 2016 (2016-06-04)
109
1.40[13]

Guest star: Lucas Adams

11
11
"(Really Really) Old Time Rock and Roll"
Jonathan Judge
Eric Friedman
June 11, 2016 (2016-06-11)
111
1.29[14]

Guest stars: Jama Williamson, Haley Powell, Shanti Lowry, Aaron Hendry

12
12
"We Are the Champions ... Maybe"
Trevor Kirschner
Jay Kogen
June 18, 2016 (2016-06-18)
113
1.39[15]

The band rehearse their song for Battle of the Bands, unaware that Justin and The Night Lizards is spying on them. The band sneak out of the school to go the competition, outsmarting a suspicious Clark. However, they face some troubles on their way. When they arrived wet, they are denied entry, so they decide to put some pajamas (as there was only a pajama store open nearby). Things got worse when they discover that their song is being performed by the Lizards. As they begin to lose hope, they rehearse "Shut Up and Dance" on the rooftop, where the Lizards lock them up. To cheer the kids, Mr. Finn encourage them to perform for themselves. The judges overhear their performance and go upstairs, where School of Rock was crowned winner, much to the dismay of Justin. As everyone is upstairs, Clark failed to show Principal Mullins that the students snuck out.
Special guest star: Pete Wentz
Guest stars: Jama Williamson, Kendall Schmidt, Sam Horrigan

text: Season 2 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [2][16]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [2][16]
Prod.
code [2]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

13
1
"Changes"
Trevor Kirschner
Jim Armogida & Steve Armogida
September 17, 2016 (2016-09-17)
201
1.34[17]

After their victory at Battle of the Bands, they still have to keep their band a secret. Unexpectedly, Mrs. Calpakis returns and Mr. Finn was released from duty. The class gets bored by Mrs. Calpakis' strict guide-ridden teaching style. Then they realize they would rather have Mr. Finn as their teacher and they plan to get Mr. Finn back. Principal Mullins agrees to rehire Mr. Finn as a regular teacher for kindergarteners, where he gets tortured by them. When the kids discovers that Mrs. Calpakis could discipline the kindergarteners more, Summer made a deal with them to exchange their respective teachers. Mr. Finn finally becomes their regular and permanent teacher.
Guest star: Vernee Watson

14
2
"Wouldn't It Be Nice?"
Trevor Kirschner
Jay Kogen
September 24, 2016 (2016-09-24)
202
1.33[18]

Guest stars: Brec Bassinger (Kale), Haley Powell, David Pressman

15
3
"With or Without You"
Jody Margolin Hahn
Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie V. Freeman
October 1, 2016 (2016-10-01)
203
0.96[19]

Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, David Pressman, Meyrick Murphy
Absent: Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins

16
4
"Brilliant Disguise"
Trevor Kirschner
Steve Skrovan
October 8, 2016 (2016-10-08)
204
1.32[20]

Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Ivan Mallon

17
5
"I Put a Spell on You"
Jonathan Judge
Lindsay Golder
October 15, 2016 (2016-10-15)
208
1.58[21]

Future Superstars, a singing competition and Summer and Tomika’s favourite show comes to town. Summer wants to audition with Tomika, but Tomika wants to audition alone, fearing that Summer would embarrass herself. Summer has Mr Finn hypnotise her to sing beautifully so she can audition with Tomika without embarassment. Summer performs Hide Away in front of the whole class, much to their amazement. After the performance, Summer finds out that Tomika only wanted to audition alone because she is afraid that Summer would embarrass her, they have a fight and they storm out of the classroom. Later, at the audition, they reconcile with help from Mr Finn and they decide to audition together. However, after the judges repeatedly say the trigger word for Summer’s singing, Summer sings horribly again. Summer tries to let Tomika audition alone, but Tomika says that no matter what, they were best friends and would audition together. Later, it is revealed that their audition was so terrible it made the episode where they showed the failed auditions.
Guest stars: Daya, Ivan Mallon

18
6
"Welcome to My Nightmare"
Trevor Kirschner
Alison Flierl & Scott Chernoff
October 22, 2016 (2016-10-22)
210
1.50[22]

As Halloween approaches, the students inform Mr. Finn that Principal Mullins has banned Halloween and changed it to a harvest festival. With Principal Mullins sick, the school holds a Halloween party, where Vice Principal Sternhagen offers a pizza party for the scariest class. The band competes with Clark's class by building a haunted house, where it almost fails when a drunken by meds Principal Mullins returns to school. When she's aware of what's going on, Freddy pretends to be the schoolboard head to praise the Halloween celebration, making Principal Mullins officially disband her restriction towards Halloween.
Guest stars: Ivan Mallon, Elisha Henig, Haley Powell, David Pressman

19
7
"Truckin' "
Trevor Kirschner
Jeremy Hall
November 5, 2016 (2016-11-05)
209
1.22[23]

When the cafetaria gets closed due to a rat invading it, Zack brings a food truck to sell his "Meal Shakes". It is a success until Justin from the Night Lizards comes to the school and brings his own food truck and sells sticked food called "Stick It to Ya!" in revenge for School of Rock's victory in Battle of the Bands. The food trucks compete as the Principal only allows one to operate, and Stick It to Ya! quickly outshines Meal Shakes. Zack gets angry when the rest of his bandmates eat Stick It to Ya!. They make it up by helping Zack improve his truck and promoting it better, which beats Stick It to Ya's popularity and forces Justin to leave the school in disgrace. Mr. Finn is assigned to catch the rat, but is so frightened. He overcomes his fear when the rat is willing to go to the cage and in return he secretly keeps him in his teacher desk.
Guest stars: Kendall Schmidt, Ivan Mallon, Will Kindrachuk

20
8
"Voices Carry"
Eric Dean Seaton
Jeremy Hall
November 12, 2016 (2016-11-12)
207
1.42[24]

Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Ivan Mallon, Augie Isaac

21
9
"Is She Really Going Out with Him?"
Jonathan Judge
Harry Hannigan
November 19, 2016 (2016-11-19)
206
1.70[25]

Summer is very jealous of Freddy’s relationship with Kale. After a few failed tries to get Freddy’s attention, she almost gives up when Kale asks her what to give Freddy for their one-month anniversary. Summer attempts to sabotage their relationship by telling Kale to give Freddy a hat, which he will hate. She plans to swoop in with the perfect gift for Freddy after he unwraps Kale’s gift. Tomika tries to stop Summer from doing it, but to no avail. At the last moment, Summer decides against it and quickly swaps Kale’s gift for her own. Although Kale and Freddy are still together , she is satisfied she did the right thing. Tomika tells Summer that she is proud of her.
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Ivan Mallon

22
10
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Jay Kogen
Corinne Marshall
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
211
1.29[26]

Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Ivan Mallon, Will Kindrachuk
Absent: Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins

23
11
"Takin' Care of Business"
Jonathan Judge
Scott Chernoff & Alison Flierl
January 14, 2017 (2017-01-14)
205
1.56[27]

Absent: Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins

24
12
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
Trevor Kirschner
Jay Kogen
January 21, 2017 (2017-01-21)
212
1.23[28]

Guest stars: Haley Powell, Devion Harris

25
13
"Don't Stop Believin' "
Jonathan Judge
Steve Armogida & Jim Armogida
January 28, 2017 (2017-01-28)
213
1.18[29]

Special guest star: Ryan Tedder
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Will Kindrachuk, Ivan Mallon, Haley Powell, Johnathan McClain, Cleo Berry

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [2][30]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [2][30]
Prod.
code [2]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

26
1
"Hold On Loosely"
Jonathan Judge
Jim Armogida & Steve Armogida
July 8, 2017 (2017-07-08)
301
1.03[31]

Guest stars: Ivan Mallon, Augie Isaac, Tamara Mello, Christopher Darga

27
2
"Do You Want to Know a Secret?"
Eric Dean Seaton
Suzie V. Freeman & Sarah Jane Cunningham
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
302
0.91[32]

Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Will Kindrachuk

28
3
"True Colors"
Victor Gonzalez
Steve Skrovan
July 22, 2017 (2017-07-22)
303
1.14[33]

Guest stars: Ivan Mallon, Augie Isaac

29
4
"Leader of the Band"
Trevor Kirschner
Jeremy Hall
July 29, 2017 (2017-07-29)
305
0.89[34]

Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, David Anthony Higgins
Absent: Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins

30
5
"The Other Side of Summer"
Victor Gonzalez
Jay Kogen
August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)
307
1.32[35]

Guest stars: Miriam Flynn, David Pressman

31
6
"Minimum Wage"
Jay Kogen
Clay Lapari
August 12, 2017 (2017-08-12)
309
1.00[36]

Guest stars: JoJo Siwa, Chelsea Ricketts, Jason Michael Snow
Absent: Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins

32
7
"Heroes & Villains"
Trevor Kirschner
Harry Hannigan
November 18, 2017 (2017-11-18)
304
1.06[37]

Guest stars: Ivan Mallon, Will Kindrachuk

33
8
"Jingle Bell Rock"
Jonathan Judge
Suzie V. Freeman & Sarah Jane Cunningham
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)
315
0.85[38]

Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Ivan Mallon, Augie Isaac

TBA
TBA
"Puppy Love"
TBA
TBA
TBA
306
TBD

TBA
TBA
"Would I Lie to You?"
TBA
TBA
TBA
308
TBD

TBA
TBA
"A Matter of Trust"
TBA
TBA
TBA
310
TBD

TBA
TBA
"Love Is a Battlefield"
TBA
TBA
TBA
312
TBD

TBA
TBA
"Kool Thing"
TBA
TBA
TBA
311
TBD


document_title: England national football team

question_text: who is number 10 on england soccer team

question_tokens: who is number 10 on england soccer team

text: England national football team

text: History[edit]

text:
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text: The England national football team is the joint-oldest in the world; it was formed at the same time as Scotland. A representative match between England and Scotland was played on 5 March 1870, having been organised by the Football Association. A return fixture was organised by representatives of Scottish football teams on 30 November 1872.

text: This match, played at Hamilton Crescent in Scotland, is viewed as the first official international football match, because the two teams were independently selected and operated, rather than being the work of a single football association.[5] Over the next forty years, England played exclusively with the other three Home Nations—Scotland, Wales and Ireland—in the British Home Championship.

text: At first, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908. Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928, before they rejoined in 1946. As a result, they did not compete in a World Cup until 1950, in which they were beaten in a 1–0 defeat by the United States, failing to get past the first round in one of the most embarrassing defeats in the team's history.[6]

text: Their first defeat on home soil to a foreign team was a 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1. This stands as England's largest ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, "it was like playing men from outer space".[7] In the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay.

text: Although Walter Winterbottom was appointed as England's first ever full-time manager in 1946, the team was still picked by a committee until Alf Ramsey took over in 1963. The 1966 FIFA World Cup was hosted in England and Ramsey guided England to victory with a 4–2 win against West Germany after extra time in the final, during which Geoff Hurst famously scored a hat-trick. In UEFA Euro 1968, the team reached the semi-finals for the first time, being eliminated by Yugoslavia.

text: England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain (the first time competitively since 1962); despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage.

text: The team under Bobby Robson fared better as England reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup, losing 2–1 to Argentina in a game made famous by two goals by Maradona for very contrasting reasons, before losing every match in UEFA Euro 1988. They next went on to achieve their second best result in the 1990 FIFA World Cup by finishing fourth – losing again to West Germany in a semi-final finishing 1–1 after extra time, then 3–4 in England's first penalty shoot-out.

text: Despite losing to Italy in the third place play-off, the members of the England team were given bronze medals identical to the Italians’. The England team of 1990 were welcomed home as heroes and thousands of people lined the streets, for a spectacular open-top bus parade. However, the team did not win any matches in UEFA Euro 1992, drawing with tournament winners Denmark, and later with France, before being eliminated by host nation Sweden.

text: The 1990s saw four England managers, each in the role for a relatively brief period. Graham Taylor was Robson's successor, but resigned after England failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. At UEFA Euro 1996, held in England, Terry Venables led England, equalling their best performance at a European Championship, reaching the semi-finals as they did in 1968, before exiting via a penalty shoot-out loss to Germany.[8]

text: He resigned following investigations into his financial activities.[9] His successor, Glenn Hoddle, similarly left the job for non-footballing reasons after just one international tournament – the 1998 FIFA World Cup — in which England were eliminated in the second round again by Argentina and again on penalties (after a 2–2 draw). Following Hoddle's departure, Kevin Keegan took England to UEFA Euro 2000, but performances were disappointing and he resigned shortly afterwards.

text: Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non-English manager of England. He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. England lost only five competitive matches during the Swede's tenure, and England rose to number four in the world ranking under his guidance. Eriksson's contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 World Cup's conclusion.

text: Steve McClaren was then appointed as head coach, and was sacked unanimously by The Football Association on 22 November 2007, after failing to get the team to Euro 2008. The following month, he was replaced by a second foreign manager, Italian Fabio Capello, whose experience included stints at Juventus and Real Madrid.

text: England won all but one of their qualifying games for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but at the tournament itself, England drew their opening two games; this led to questions about the team's spirit, tactics and ability to handle pressure.[10] They progressed to the next round, however, where they were beaten 4–1 by Germany, their heaviest defeat in a World Cup finals tournament match.

text: In February 2012, Capello resigned from his role as England manager, following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from team captaincy after accusations of racial abuse concerning the player.[11] Following this, there was media speculation that Harry Redknapp would take the job. However, on 1 May 2012, Roy Hodgson was announced as the new manager, just six weeks before UEFA Euro 2012.[12] England managed to finish top of their group, winning two and drawing one of their fixtures, but exited the Championships in the quarter-finals via a penalty shoot-out, this time to Italy.[13]

text: In the 2014 FIFA World Cup, England were eliminated at the group stage for the first time since the 1958 World Cup, and the first time at a major tournament since Euro 2000.[14] England's points total of one from three matches was its worst ever in the World Cup, obtaining one point from drawing against Costa Rica in their last match.[15] England qualified for UEFA Euro 2016, with 10 wins from 10 qualifying matches,[16] but were ultimately eliminated in the Round of 16, losing 2–1 to Iceland.[17] Hodgson resigned as manager immediately,[18] and just under a month later was replaced by Sam Allardyce.[19] After only 67 days Allardyce resigned from his managerial post by mutual agreement, after alleged breach of rules of the FA, making him the shortest serving permanent England manager. However, because his sole game as England manager was a 1–0 victory against Slovakia, he left the job with a 100% win rate, the best any England manager in history has ever had.[20]

text: Gareth Southgate, then the coach of the England under-21 team, was put in temporary charge of the national team until November of that year.,[21] before being given the position on a permanent basis.[22] Under Southgate, England finished 1st in the qualifying group for the FIFA World Cup 2018, remaining unbeaten in the process.[23] At the tournament, held in Russia, England came second in their group, behind Belgium and ahead of Tunisia and debutants Panama.[24][25][26][27][28] They defeated Colombia on penalties in the first knock-out round,[29][30] and then beat Sweden 2-0 in the quarter-final to reach only their third World Cup semi-final.[31][32] In the semi-final, they were beaten 2-1 in extra time by Croatia.[33][34][35] England were beaten by Belgium, 2-0, in the third place match.[36]

text: Team image[edit]

text: Colours[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to England national football team kits.

text: England's traditional home colours are white shirts, navy blue shorts and white or black socks. The team has periodically worn an all-white kit.

text: Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 1996 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it.

text: England have occasionally had a third kit. At the 1970 World Cup England wore a third kit with pale blue shirts, shorts and socks against Czechoslovakia. They had a kit similar to Brazil's, with yellow shirts, yellow socks and blue shorts which they wore in the summer of 1973. For the World Cup in 1986 England had a third kit of pale blue, imitating that worn in Mexico sixteen years before and England retained pale blue third kits until 1992, but they were rarely used.

text: Umbro first agreed to manufacture the kit in 1954 and since then has supplied most of the kits, the exceptions being from 1959–1965 with Bukta and 1974–1984 with Admiral. Nike purchased Umbro in 2008 and took over as kit supplier in 2013 following their sale of the Umbro brand.[37]

text: Logo[edit]

text: The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199.[38] In 1872, English players wore white jerseys emblazoned with the three lions crest of the Football Association.[39] The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance.[40] Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms; this introduced ten Tudor roses, one for each of the regional branches of the FA.[39][41] Since 2003, England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit, and a year later was moved to its current position, first on the away shirt.[42]

text: Kit manufacturer[edit]

text:
Manufacturer

Period

Umbro
1954–1961

Bukta
1959–1965

Umbro
1965–1974

Admiral
1974–1984

Umbro
1984–2013

Nike
2013–

text: Kit deals[edit]

text:
Kit supplier

Period

Contract date

Contract duration

Value

Notes

Nike

2013–present

3 September 2012

Spring 2013–July 2018 (5 years)[43]

Total £125m[44](£25m per year)

13 December 2016

August 2018–2030 (12 years)

Total £400m[45](£33.3m per year)

text: Home stadium[edit]

text: For the first fifty years of their existence, England played their home matches all around the country. They initially used cricket grounds before later moving on to football clubs' stadiums. The original Empire Stadium was built in Wembley, London, for the British Empire Exhibition.

text: England played their first match at the stadium in 1924 against Scotland and for the next 27 years Wembley was used as a venue for matches against Scotland only. The stadium later became known simply as Wembley Stadium and it became England's permanent home stadium during the 1950s. In October 2000, the stadium closed its doors, ending with a defeat.

text: This stadium was demolished during the period of 2002–2003, and work began to completely rebuild it. During this time, England played at venues across the country, though by the time of the 2006 World Cup qualification, this had largely settled down to having Manchester United's Old Trafford stadium as the primary venue, with Newcastle United's St. James' Park used on occasions when Old Trafford was unavailable.

text: They returned to the new Wembley Stadium in March 2007. The stadium is now owned by the Football Association, via its subsidiary Wembley National Stadium Limited.

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live. From the 2008–09 season until the 2017–18 season, England's home and away qualifiers, and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV (often with the exception of STV, the ITV franchisee in central and northern Scotland). England's away qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup were shown on Setanta Sports until that company's collapse. As a result of Setanta Sports's demise, England's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis via the internet only. This one-off event was the first time an England game had been screened in such a way. The number of subscribers, paying between £4.99 and £11.99 each, was estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000 and the total number of viewers at around 500,000.[46]

text: Coaching staff[edit]

text:
Manager

 Gareth Southgate

Assistant Manager

 Steve Holland

First Team Coach

 Jack Butler

Goalkeeping Coach

 Martyn Margetson

Striker Coach

 Allan Russell

First-Team Doctor

 Ian Beasley

Fitness Coach

 Chris Neville

Masseur

 Mark Sertori

Physiotherapist

 Gary Lewin

text: Players[edit]

text: Current squad[edit]

text:
The following players were called up to the England squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and preceding friendlies.[47][48][49]
Caps and goals correct as of: 14 July 2018, after the match against Belgium.

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Goals

Club

1

1GK

Jordan Pickford

 (1994-03-07) 7 March 1994 (age 24)

10

0

 Everton

13

1GK

Jack Butland

 (1993-03-10) 10 March 1993 (age 25)

8

0

 Stoke City

23

1GK

Nick Pope

 (1992-04-19) 19 April 1992 (age 26)

1

0

 Burnley

2

2DF

Kyle Walker

 (1990-05-28) 28 May 1990 (age 28)

40

0

 Manchester City

3

2DF

Danny Rose

 (1990-07-02) 2 July 1990 (age 28)

23

0

 Tottenham Hotspur

5

2DF

John Stones

 (1994-05-28) 28 May 1994 (age 24)

33

2

 Manchester City

6

2DF

Harry Maguire

 (1993-03-05) 5 March 1993 (age 25)

12

1

 Leicester City

12

2DF

Kieran Trippier

 (1990-09-19) 19 September 1990 (age 27)

13

1

 Tottenham Hotspur

15

2DF

Gary Cahill RET

 (1985-12-19) 19 December 1985 (age 32)

61

5

 Chelsea

16

2DF

Phil Jones

 (1992-02-21) 21 February 1992 (age 26)

27

0

 Manchester United

18

2DF

Ashley Young

 (1985-07-09) 9 July 1985 (age 33)

39

7

 Manchester United

22

2DF

Trent Alexander-Arnold

 (1998-10-07) 7 October 1998 (age 19)

2

0

 Liverpool

4

3MF

Eric Dier

 (1994-01-15) 15 January 1994 (age 24)

32

3

 Tottenham Hotspur

7

3MF

Jesse Lingard

 (1992-12-15) 15 December 1992 (age 25)

18

2

 Manchester United

8

3MF

Jordan Henderson

 (1990-06-17) 17 June 1990 (age 28)

44

0

 Liverpool

10

3MF

Raheem Sterling

 (1994-12-08) 8 December 1994 (age 23)

44

2

 Manchester City

17

3MF

Fabian Delph

 (1989-11-21) 21 November 1989 (age 28)

15

0

 Manchester City

20

3MF

Dele Alli

 (1996-04-11) 11 April 1996 (age 22)

30

3

 Tottenham Hotspur

21

3MF

Ruben Loftus-Cheek

 (1996-01-23) 23 January 1996 (age 22)

8

0

 Chelsea

9

4FW

Harry Kane (Captain [50])

 (1993-07-28) 28 July 1993 (age 25)

30

19

 Tottenham Hotspur

11

4FW

Jamie Vardy RET

 (1987-01-11) 11 January 1987 (age 31)

26

7

 Leicester City

14

4FW

Danny Welbeck

 (1990-11-26) 26 November 1990 (age 27)

40

16

 Arsenal

19

4FW

Marcus Rashford

 (1997-10-31) 31 October 1997 (age 20)

25

3

 Manchester United

text: Recent call-ups[edit]

text: The following players have also been called up to the England squad within the last twelve months.

text:
Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Goals

Club

Latest call-up

GK

Tom Heaton

 (1986-04-15) 15 April 1986 (age 32)

3

0

 Burnley

2018 FIFA World Cup PRE

GK

Joe Hart

 (1987-04-19) 19 April 1987 (age 31)

75

0

 Burnley

v.  Italy, 27 March 2018

GK

Angus Gunn

 (1996-01-22) 22 January 1996 (age 22)

0

0

 Southampton

v.  Brazil, 14 November 2017

GK

Fraser Forster

 (1988-03-17) 17 March 1988 (age 30)

6

0

 Southampton

v.  Lithuania, 8 October 2017

DF

James Tarkowski

 (1992-11-19) 19 November 1992 (age 25)

1

0

 Burnley

2018 FIFA World Cup PRE / INJ

DF

Joe Gomez

 (1997-05-23) 23 May 1997 (age 21)

3

0

 Liverpool

v.  Italy, 27 March 2018

DF

Alfie Mawson

 (1994-01-19) 19 January 1994 (age 24)

0

0

 Fulham

v.  Italy, 27 March 2018

DF

Ryan Bertrand

 (1989-08-05) 5 August 1989 (age 29)

19

1

 Southampton

v.  Netherlands, 23 March 2018

DF

Michael Keane

 (1993-01-11) 11 January 1993 (age 25)

4

0

 Everton

v.  Brazil, 14 November 2017

DF

Chris Smalling

 (1989-11-22) 22 November 1989 (age 28)

31

1

 Manchester United

v.  Lithuania, 8 October 2017

DF

Aaron Cresswell

 (1989-12-15) 15 December 1989 (age 28)

3

0

 West Ham United

v.  Lithuania, 8 October 2017

MF

Adam Lallana

 (1988-05-10) 10 May 1988 (age 30)

34

3

 Liverpool

2018 FIFA World Cup PRE

MF

Jake Livermore

 (1989-11-14) 14 November 1989 (age 28)

7

0

 West Bromwich Albion

2018 FIFA World Cup PRE

MF

Lewis Cook

 (1997-02-03) 3 February 1997 (age 21)

1

0

 Bournemouth

2018 FIFA World Cup PRE

MF

Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain

 (1993-08-15) 15 August 1993 (age 25)

32

6

 Liverpool

v.  Italy, 27 March 2018

MF

Jack Wilshere

 (1992-01-01) 1 January 1992 (age 26)

34

2

 West Ham United

v.  Netherlands, 23 March 2018

MF

Jack Cork

 (1989-06-25) 25 June 1989 (age 29)

1

0

 Burnley

v.  Brazil, 14 November 2017

MF

Harry Winks

 (1996-02-02) 2 February 1996 (age 22)

1

0

 Tottenham Hotspur

v.  Germany, 10 November 2017

MF

Nathaniel Chalobah

 (1994-12-12) 12 December 1994 (age 23)

0

0

 Watford

v.  Slovakia, 4 September 2017

FW

Tammy Abraham

 (1997-10-02) 2 October 1997 (age 20)

2

0

 Chelsea

v.  Brazil, 14 November 2017

FW

Dominic Solanke

 (1997-09-14) 14 September 1997 (age 20)

1

0

 Liverpool

v.  Brazil, 14 November 2017

FW

Jermain Defoe

 (1982-10-07) 7 October 1982 (age 35)

57

20

 Bournemouth

v.  Lithuania, 8 October 2017

FW

Daniel Sturridge

 (1989-09-01) 1 September 1989 (age 28)

26

8

 Liverpool

v.  Lithuania, 8 October 2017

INJ Withdrew from latest squad due to injury
PRE Preliminary squad / standby
RET Player retired from the national team

text: Results and fixtures[edit]

text:
1 September 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

Malta

0–4

 England

showTa' Qali, Malta

19:45 BST

Report

Kane  53', 90+2'Bertrand  85'Welbeck  90+1'

Stadium: Ta' Qali National Stadium Attendance: 16,994Referee: Artur Dias Soares (Portugal)

text:
4 September 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

England

2–1

 Slovakia

showLondon, England

19:45 BST

Dier  37'Rashford  59'

Report

Lobotka  3'

Stadium: Wembley Stadium Attendance: 67,823Referee: Clément Turpin (France)

text:
5 October 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

England

1–0

 Slovenia

showLondon, England

19:45 BST

Kane  90+4'

Report

Stadium: Wembley Stadium Attendance: 61,598Referee: Felix Zwayer (Germany)

text:
8 October 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

Lithuania

0–1

 England

showVilnius, Lithuania

17:00 BST

Report

Kane  27' (pen.)

Stadium: LFF Stadium Attendance: 5,067Referee: Orel Grinfeld (Israel)

text:
10 November 2017 Friendly

England

0–0

 Germany

showLondon, England

20:00 GMT

Gomez  45+1'Livermore  59'

Report

Stadium: Wembley Stadium Attendance: 81,382Referee: Pawel Raczkowski (Poland)

text:
14 November 2017 Friendly

England

0–0

 Brazil

showLondon, England

20:00 GMT

Livermore  54'

Report

Alves  56'

Stadium: Wembley Stadium Attendance: 84,595Referee: Artur Dias Soares (Portugal)

text:
23 March 2018 Friendly

Netherlands

0–1

 England

showAmsterdam, Netherlands

19:45 GMT

Report

Lingard  59'

Stadium: Amsterdam Arena Referee: Jesús Gil Manzano (Spain)

text:
27 March 2018 Friendly

England

1–1

 Italy

showLondon, England

20:00 BST

Vardy  26'Oxlade-Chamberlain  40'Walker  72'Young  83'

Report

Insigne  87' (pen.)

Stadium: Wembley Stadium Referee: Deniz Aytekin (Germany)

text:
2 June 2018 Friendly

England

2–1

 Nigeria

showLondon, England

17:15 BST

Cahill  7'Kane  39'Sterling  68'

Report

Iwobi  47'Musa  77'

Stadium: Wembley Stadium Attendance: 70,025Referee: Marco Guida (Italy)

text:
7 June 2018 Friendly

England

2–0

 Costa Rica

showLeeds, England

20:00 BST

Rashford  13'  Welbeck  76'

Report

Matarrita  68' González  69'

Stadium: Elland Road Attendance: 36,104Referee: Hiroyuki Kimura (Japan)

text:
18 June 2018 2018 WC Group G

Tunisia

1–2

 England

showVolgograd, Russia

19:00 BST

Sassi  35' (pen.)

Report

Kane  11', 90+1'Walker  34'

Stadium: Volgograd Arena Attendance: 41,064Referee: Wilmar Roldán (Colombia)

text:
24 June 2018 2018 WC Group G

England

6–1

 Panama

showNizhny Novgorod, Russia

13:00 BST

Stones  8', 40'Kane  22' (pen.), 45+1' (pen.), 62'Loftus-Cheek  23'Lingard  36'

Report

Cooper  10'Escobar  44'Murillo  72'Baloy  78'

Stadium: Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Attendance: 43,319Referee: Gehad Grisha (Egypt)

text:
28 June 2018 2018 WC Group G

England

0–1

 Belgium

showKaliningrad, Russia

19:00 BST

Report

Tielemans  19'Dendoncker  33'Januzaj  51'

Stadium: Kaliningrad Stadium Attendance: 33,973Referee: Damir Skomina (Slovenia)

text:
3 July 2018 2018 WC Round of 16

Colombia

1–1 (a.e.t.)(3–4 p)

 England

showMoscow, Russia

19:00 BST

Mina  90+3'

Report

Kane  57' (pen.)

Stadium: Spartak Stadium Attendance: 44,190Referee: Mark Geiger (United States)

Penalties

Falcao
Ju. Cuadrado
Muriel
Uribe
Bacca

 Kane
 Rashford
 Henderson
 Trippier
 Dier

text:
7 July 2018 2018 WC Quarter-finals

Sweden

0–2

 England

showSamara, Russia

15:00 BST

Report

Maguire  30'Alli  58'

Stadium: Cosmos Arena Attendance: 39,991Referee: Björn Kuipers (Netherlands)

text:
11 July 2018 2018 WC Semi-finals

Croatia

2–1 (a.e.t.)

 England

showMoscow, Russia

19:00 BST

Perišić  68'Mandžukić  109'

Report

Trippier  5'

Stadium: Luzhniki Stadium Attendance: 78,011Referee: Cüneyt Çakır (Turkey)

text:
14 July 2018 2018 WC 3rd place

Belgium

2–0

 England

showSaint Petersburg, Russia

15:00 BST

Meunier  4'E. Hazard  82'

Report

Stadium: Krestovsky Stadium Attendance: 64,406Referee: Alireza Faghani (Iran)

text:
8 September 2018 2018–19 UEFA Nations League A

England

v

 Spain

showLondon, England

19:45 BST

Stadium: Wembley Stadium

text:
11 September 2018 Friendly

England

v

  Switzerland

showLeicester, England

Stadium: King Power Stadium

text:
12 October 2018 2018–19 UEFA Nations League A

Croatia

v

 England

showRijeka, Croatia

19:45 BST

Stadium: Stadion Rujevica Attendance: [a]

text:
15 October 2018 2018–19 UEFA Nations League A

Spain

v

 England

showSeville, Spain

19:45 BST

Stadium: Estadio Benito Villamarín

text:
15 November 2018 Friendly

England

v

 United States

showLondon, England

Stadium: Wembley Stadium

text:
18 November 2018 2018–19 UEFA Nations League A

England

v

 Croatia

showLondon, England

14:00 GMT

Stadium: Wembley Stadium

text: Records[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Most capped players[edit]

text: Updated 9 October 2017.

text: Players in bold are still active, at least at club level.

text: Players with an equal number of caps are ranked in chronological order of reaching the milestone.

text:
#

Name

Career

Caps

Goals

Position

1

Peter Shilton

1970–1990

125

0

GK

2

Wayne Rooney

2003–2016

119

53

FW

3

David Beckham

1996–2009

115

17

MF

4

Steven Gerrard

2000–2014

114

21

MF

5

Bobby Moore

1962–1973

108

2

DF

6

Ashley Cole

2001–2014

107

0

DF

7

Bobby Charlton

1958–1970

106

49

MF

Frank Lampard

1999–2014

106

29

MF

9

Billy Wright

1946–1959

105

3

DF

10

Bryan Robson

1980–1991

90

26

MF

11

Michael Owen

1998–2008

89

40

FW

12

Kenny Sansom

1979–1988

86

1

DF

13

Gary Neville

1995–2007

85

0

DF

14

Ray Wilkins

1976–1986

84

3

MF

15

Rio Ferdinand

1997–2011

81

3

DF

16

Gary Lineker

1984–1992

80

48

FW

17

John Barnes

1983–1995

79

11

MF

18

Stuart Pearce

1987–1999

78

5

DF

John Terry

2003–2012

78

6

DF

20

Terry Butcher

1980–1990

77

3

DF

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Updated 9 October 2017.

text:
#

Name

Career

Goals

Caps

Position

Average

1

Wayne Rooney

2003–2016

53

119

FW

0.4454

2

Bobby Charlton

1958–1970

49

106

MF

0.4622

3

Gary Lineker

1984–1992

48

80

FW

0.6000

4

Jimmy Greaves

1959–1967

44

57

FW

0.7719

5

Michael Owen

1998–2008

40

89

FW

0.4494

6

Nat Lofthouse

1950–1958

30

33

FW

0.9090

Alan Shearer

1992–2000

30

63

FW

0.4762

Tom Finney

1946–1958

30

76

FW

0.3947

9

Vivian Woodward

1903–1911

29

23

FW

1.2609

Frank Lampard

1999–2014

29

106

MF

0.2735

11

Steve Bloomer

1895–1907

28

23

FW

1.2174

12

David Platt

1989–1996

27

62

MF

0.4355

13

Bryan Robson

1981–1991

26

90

MF

0.2889

14

Geoff Hurst

1965–1972

24

49

FW

0.4898

15

Stan Mortensen

1947–1953

23

25

FW

0.9200

16

Tommy Lawton

1938–1948

22

23

FW

0.9565

Peter Crouch

2005–2010

22

42

FW

0.5238

18

Mick Channon

1972–1977

21

46

FW

0.4565

Kevin Keegan

1972–1982

21

63

FW

0.3333

Steven Gerrard

2000–2014

21

114

MF

0.1842

text: Competitive record[edit]

text: For the all-time record of the national team against opposing nations, see the team's all-time record page

text: FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, and have subsequently qualified for a total of 15 FIFA World Cup Finals tournaments, tied for sixth best by number of appearances. They are also tied for sixth by number of wins, alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966. The tournament was played on home soil, and England defeated West Germany 4–2 in the final. In 1990, England finished in fourth place, losing 2–1 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off, after losing on penalties to champions West Germany in the semi-final. They also finished in fourth place in 2018. The team also reached the quarter-final stage in 1954, 1962, 1970, 1986, 2002 and 2006.

text: England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974, 1978 and 1994. The team's earliest exit in the finals tournament was its elimination in the first round in 1950, 1958 and, most recently, the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D. In 1950, four teams remained after the first round, in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained. In 2010, England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat, 4–1 to Germany, in the Round of 16. This after drawing with the United States and Algeria, and defeating Slovenia 1–0, in the group stage.

text:
Champions       Runners-up       Third place
     Fourth place

text:
FIFA World Cup record

FIFA World Cup qualification record

Manager(s)

Year

Result

Position

Pld

W

D *

L

GF

GA

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930

Not a FIFA member

No qualification

None

 1934

Not a FIFA member

 1938

 1950

Group stage

8th

3

1

0

2

2

2

3

3

0

0

14

3

Winterbottom

 1954

Quarter-finals

7th

3

1

1

1

8

8

3

3

0

0

11

4

 1958

Group stage

11th

4

0

3

1

4

5

4

3

1

0

15

5

 1962

Quarter-finals

8th

4

1

1

2

5

6

4

3

1

0

16

2

 1966

Champions

1st

6

5

1

0

11

3

Qualified as hosts

Ramsey

 1970

Quarter-finals

8th

4

2

0

2

4

4

Qualified as defending champions

Ramsey

 1974

Did not qualify

4

1

2

1

3

4

 1978

6

5

0

1

15

4

Revie

 1982

Second group stage

6th

5

3

2

0

6

1

8

4

1

3

13

8

Greenwood

 1986

Quarter-finals

8th

5

2

1

2

7

3

8

4

4

0

21

2

Robson

 1990

Fourth Place

4th

7

3

3

1

8

6

6

3

3

0

10

0

 1994

Did not qualify

10

5

3

2

26

9

Taylor

 1998

Round of 16

9th

4

2

1

1

7

4

8

6

1

1

15

2

Hoddle

  2002

Quarter-finals

6th

5

2

2

1

6

3

8

5

2

1

16

6

Keegan, Wilkinson, Eriksson[52]

 2006

7th

5

3

2

0

6

2

10

8

1

1

17

5

Eriksson

 2010

Round of 16

13th

4

1

2

1

3

5

10

9

0

1

34

6

Capello

 2014

Group stage

26th

3

0

1

2

2

4

10

6

4

0

31

4

Hodgson

 2018

Fourth Place

4th

7

3

1

3

12

8

10

8

2

0

18

3

Allardyce, Southgate[53]

Total

1 title

15/21

69

29

21

19

91

64

108

73

24

11

271

67

text: UEFA European Championship[edit]

text: England's greatest achievements at the UEFA European Championship have been to finish in third place in 1968 and 1996. England hosted Euro 96, and have qualified for nine UEFA European Championship finals tournaments, tied for fourth best by number of appearances. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions, in 2004 and 2012. The team's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000. The team did not enter in 1960, and failed to qualify for the finals in 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008.

text:
UEFA European Championship record

UEFA European Championship qualification record

Manager(s)

Year

Round

Position

Pld

W

D *

L

GF

GA

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1960

Did not enter

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 1964

Did not qualify

2

0

1

1

3

6

Winterbottom, Ramsey[54]

 1968

Third place

3rd of 4

2

1

0

1

2

1

8

6

1

1

18

6

Ramsey

 1972

Did not qualify[55]

8

5

2

1

16

6

Ramsey

 1976

Did not qualify

6

3

2

1

11

3

Revie

 1980

Group stage

6th of 8

3

1

1

1

3

3

8

7

1

0

22

5

Greenwood

 1984

Did not qualify

8

5

2

1

23

3

Robson

 1988

Group stage

7th of 8

3

0

0

3

2

7

6

5

1

0

19

1

 1992

Group stage

7th of 8

3

0

2

1

1

2

6

3

3

0

7

3

Taylor

 1996

Semi-finals

3rd of 16

5

2

3

0

8

3

Qualified as hosts

Venables

  2000

Group stage

11th of 16

3

1

0

2

5

6

10

4

4

2

16

5

Hoddle, Keegan[56]

 2004

Quarter-finals

5th of 16

4

2

1

1

10

6

8

6

2

0

14

5

Eriksson

  2008

Did not qualify

12

7

2

3

24

7

McClaren

  2012

Quarter-finals

5th of 16

4

2

2

0

5

3

8

5

3

0

17

5

Capello, Hodgson[57]

 2016

Round of 16

12th of 24

4

1

2

1

4

4

10

10

0

0

31

3

Hodgson

 2020

To be determined

TBD

Total

Third place (x2)

9/15

31

10

11

10

40

35

96

62

24

10

208

58

text: Minor tournaments[edit]

text:
Year

Round

Position

GP

W

D*

L

GS

GA

 1964 Taça de Nações
Group stage
3rd
3
0
1
2
2
7

 1976 USA Bicentennial Cup Tournament
Group stage
2nd
3
2
0
1
6
4

 1985 Rous Cup
One match
2nd
1
0
0
1
0
1

 1985 Ciudad de México Cup Tournament
Group stage
3rd
2
0
0
2
1
3

 1985 Azteca 2000 Tournament
Group stage
2nd
2
1
0
1
3
1

 1986 Rous Cup
Winners, one match
1st
1
1
0
0
2
1

  1987 Rous Cup
Group stage
2nd
2
0
2
0
1
1

  1988 Rous Cup
Winners, group stage
1st
2
1
1
0
2
1

  1989 Rous Cup
Winners, group stage
1st
2
1
1
0
2
0

 1991 England Challenge Cup
Winners, group stage
1st
2
1
1
0
5
3

 1993 U.S. Cup
Group stage
4th
3
0
1
2
2
5

 1995 Umbro Cup
Group stage
2nd
3
1
1
1
6
7

 1997 Tournoi de France
Winners, group stage
1st
3
2
0
1
3
1

 1998 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament
Group stage
2nd
2
1
1
0
1
0

 2004 FA Summer Tournament
Winners, group stage
1st
2
1
1
0
7
2

Total

6 titles
33
12
10
11
43
37

text: Honours and achievements[edit]

text: Major:

text: Regional:

text: British Home Championship

tag: ul

text: Rous Cup:

text: Other:

text: FIFA Fair Play Trophy:


document_title: Digboi

question_text: who discover the occurence of oil in assam

text: Digboi

text: Etymology[edit]

text:
" Barely seven years after Edwin L. Drake drilled the world's first oil well in 1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA, history registered another exploration of the black liquid gold, in the largest continent. More than a century ago, history was made in a remote corner of Assam in the midst of the dense and malaria infested jungles, by a band of intrepid pioneers searching for black gold. In 1867 Italian Engineers, commissioned by the Assam Railways and Trading Company, to build a railway line from Dibrugarh to Margherita (Headquarters of Assam Railways and Trading Company) accidentally discovered oil at Digboi around 10 miles from Margherita. ‘Dig boy, dig’, shouted the English engineer, Mr W L Lake, elephants emerging out of the dense forest with oil stains on their feet".[2] This is possibly the most distilled – though fanciful – version of the legend explaining the siting and naming of Digboi. Two events separated by seven years have become fused, but although neither is likely to be provable, such evidence that does exist appears sufficiently detailed to be credible.
Various web sites offer variations on the elephant’s foot story, a consensus of which would be that engineers extending the Dibru-Sadiya railway line to Ledo for the Assam Railways and Trading Company (AR&TC) in 1882 were using elephants for haulage and noticed that the mud on one pachyderm’s feet smelled of oil. Retracing the trail of footprints, they found oil seeping to the surface. One of the engineers, the Englishman Willie Leova Lake, was an ‘oil enthusiast’ and persuaded the company to drill a well.
Oil India Ltd makes no reference to elephants’ feet in its company history,[3] although on its previous web site the company noted that Lake had noticed "the oil seepages around Borbhil". Once the project had been approved, Lake assembled equipment, boilers, and local labour, and engaged elephants to haul the machinery to the site. The first well was started in September 1889, but an encouraging first strike at 178 feet (54 m) turned out to be a small pocket, and drilling recommenced. This continued until November 1890 when the well was completed at a total depth of 662 feet (202 m), and it was during this extended period of drilling that Oil India's old web site placed the legend of Lake exhorting one or more of his labourers to "Dig, boy!"

text: Digboi as an oil town[edit]

text: It is said that the town gets its name from the phrase "dig-boy-dig," which is what the English told the labourers as they dug for crude oil. The town's history begins in 1867 when a small group of men from the Assam Railway and Trading Co. found their elephants' legs soaked in black mud, that smelt somewhat like oil. The men began exploring more, and in 1889, the English started a small oil installation. India (and Asia) obtained its first refinery in Digboi in the year 1901. Assam Oil Company was formed in 1899 to look after the running of the oil business in this area. The Digboi oil field produced close to 7,000 barrels per day (1,100 m3/d) of crude oil at its peak, which was during World War II. The field was pushed to produce the maximum amount of oil with little regard to reservoir management; as a result, production started to drop almost immediately after the war. The current production from the Digboi fields is about 240 barrels per day (38 m3/d). Over 1,000 wells have been drilled at Digboi – the first well in 1889 had stuck oil at 178 feet (54 m). In 1989, the Department of Posts, India came out with a stamp commemorating 100 years of the Digboi fields.

text: Today, though the crude production is not high, Digboi has the distinction of being India's oldest continuously producing oilfield. Digboi refinery, now a division of Indian Oil Corporation, had a capacity of about 0.65 MMTPA as of 2003.

text: Digboi is now Headquarter of Assam Oil Division of Indian Oil Corporation Limited. The Earliest recorded to the existence of oil in India is found in the memories and dispatches of the Army Officers who penetrated the jungles of Upper Assam since 1825. Lt. R. Wilcox, Major A. White, Capt. Francis Jenkins, Capt. P.S. Hanney—they all saw at different times petroleum exuding from banks of the Dihing River. Mr. C.A. Bruce (1828) and Mr. H.B. Medicott (1865) of the Geological Survey of India also saw oil while prospecting for coal in Upper Assam.

text: Mr. Goodenough of McKillop, Stewart & Co. Calcutta was the first in India to start a systematic programme of drilling for oil in November 1866, at Nahorpung about 30 miles (48 km) south east of Dibgoi, just seven years after the world's first commercial oil well was drilled in 1859, by Col Edwin L Drake in Pennsylvania, USA. This hand dug well—the first oil well in India—was drilled up to 102 feet (31 m) and proved dry. However the second well struck oil at Makum near Tinsukia, about 14 miles (23 km) from Digboi.

text: In 1939, there was a major labour union strike in the Refinery. The Gandhi Movement of Congress for Indian Independence struggle; backed by labour rights and equality status was headed by Sardar Amar Singh Marwah. The break of the World War II coincided with the Digboi labour strike resulted in harsh steps taken by the British Administrative offices to crush the strike. The Viceroy and the Governor had intervened to bring a settlement adopting sturdy steps were take to crush the union by shooting down of the president of the labour union to be followed by issuing orders of Quit Digboi, Quit Lakhimpur and finally Quit Assam to the leaders of the labour union.

text: Digboi Refinery[edit]

text: The Digboi Refinery modernization project was taken up in large scale in order to overcome the technological obsolescence of the old refinery. Subsequently, a number of other major projects were undertaken by Assam Oil Division to further revamp and modernise Digboi Refinery.Digboi refinery has been awarded the ISO-14001 and OHSMC certificate.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Digboi is located at 27°22'48.0"N 95°37'48.0"E.[4] It has an average elevation of 165 metres (541 ft).It is situated 510 km north east of Guwahati.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of 2001[update] India census,[5] Digboi had a population of 20,405. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Digboi has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85% and, female literacy is 77%. In Digboi, 10% of the population is under six years of age.

text: Digboi Oil Town was considered as a separate census town in 2001 India census.[5] As of 2001 India census, Digboi Oil Town had a population of 16,584. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Digboi Oil Town has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84% and, female literacy is 79%. In Digboi Oil Town, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. The population is largely heterogeneous. Assamese, Bengali, Nepali, Bihari, Marwari communities form the majority. People from various tribes such as the tea-tribes (brought in by the colonial planters as indentured labourers from the Chhotanagpur plateau region), Bodos, Mishings etc. have also made it their home.

text: Culture & economy[edit]

text: As being a small part of the diverse state Assam. It is flooded with assamese culture and heritage. As being colonised by British and rising of industrial era the place have seen adverse changes. Workers, labourers were brought in. Digboi township accounted for diverse group of people that entered in search of livelihood. But the outskirts were still agriculture based. Assam being rich in fertility, tea is produced throughout the place bringing a bright opportunity to the people and the place itself. Yet small people here portrait the picture of the nation itself.

text: How to reach Digboi[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015)

text: There are many ways to reach Digboi. The nearest airport is the Mohanbari Airport, Dibrugarh and the nearest railway junction is the Tinsukia Junction. One can get flight to Dibrugarh from Delhi and Kolkata on daily basis. Also Dibrugarh-New Delhi Rajdhani express runs daily from Dibrugarh via New Tinsukia Junction. There are also proper roadways which link the Digboi Oil town to some other towns like Duliajan, Makum etc. Digboi has got a railway station and it connects well with Guwahati. Digboi can be reached by public transport bus and mini-vans as well. Various companies run bus between Digboi and other neighbouring towns and Guwahati. Rickshaw is the main mode of transport within the city.

text: Places of interest[edit]

text:
Digboi Oil Centenary Museum
Digboi War Cemetery
Digboi 18 hole Golf Course
Digboi Oil Field
Digboi Centenary Park
Digboi Bar

text: Politics[edit]

text: Digboi is part of Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency) which is represented by Mr Rameswar Teli of Bharatiya Janata Party.It lies in the Digboi Constituency of the State Assembly where it is represented by Mr. Suren Phukan of Bharatiya Janata Party. [6]


document_title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

question_text: when was marjory stoneman douglas high school built

text: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: History

text: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School was named after the Everglades environmentalist Marjory Stoneman Douglas. The school opened in 1990, the year of her centennial[3] with students in grade 9 through grade 11, most of whom transferred from nearby schools Coral Springs High School and J. P. Taravella High School. The first senior class graduated in 1992.

text: Shooting

text: On February 14, 2018, a shooting occurred at the campus leaving 17 dead and many wounded. The shooter was apprehended.[4][5]

text: Academics

text: Newsweek magazine's 2009 national ranking of high schools rated Douglas as No. 208 in the U.S., and No. 38 in Florida, which was the highest ranking of any school in Broward County.[6]

text: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School had a Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) school grade of "A" for the 2011–2012 academic year.[7]

text: The school has an Army Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (AJROTC) unit.[8]

text: Demographics

text: As of 2015 and 2016, the total student enrollment was 3,158. The ethnic makeup of the school was 59% White, 12% Black, 20% Hispanic, 7% Asian and 2% multiracial. 23% of the students were eligible for free or reduced cost lunch.[2]

text: Stoneman Douglas Drama Club

text: Several students in the Stoneman Douglas Drama Club wrote "Shine", a song which is a memorial to the victims of the school shooting and to "anyone who has ever experienced gun violence." It has been performed at various venues, including a nationally broadcast CNN town hall, and at the March for Our Lives rally in Washington, D.C. on March 24, 2018. It has also been performed by other musical groups, such as the Badiene Magaziner Vocal Studio at the March for Our Lives rally in New York City on the same day.[9][10][11][12][13]

text: Notable alumni

text:
Dave Aizer, news anchor of Southflorida.com on The CW, former Slime Time Live host on Nickelodeon[14]
Nick Bilton, journalist and author[citation needed]
Karamo Brown, TV personality[15]
Mike Caruso, Major League Baseball player[16]
Matt Fox, Major League Baseball player[17]
Shayne Gostisbehere, National Hockey League player[18]
Ian Grushka, bassist[19]
Cameron Kasky, activist
Steve Klein, guitarist[19]
Jordan Pundik, singer[19]
Anthony Rizzo, Major League Baseball player[20]
Cassie Scerbo, actress, singer, and model[21]
Nicholas Thompson, pro golfer[22]